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http://chemicalstories.blogspot.com/2010/11/sucrose-is-not-reducing-sugar-why.html | Sucrose is not reducing sugar . . . WHY ? ? ? Diposting oleh uZaMi hAmZah Jumat , 19 November 2010 Definition reducing sugar If a sugar contains aldehyde groups that are oxidised to carboxylic acids , then that sugar is classified as a reducing sugar . It is called a reducing sugar because it reduces the number of chemicals present in its structure through oxidation . Examples Reducing sugars include glucose , fructose , glyceraldehyde , lactose , arabinose and maltose . Reducing Capabilities Reducing capability is defined by the presence of potential aldehyde or ketone group , anomeric carbons found in sugars , which determine a substance ' s ability to lose or gain electrons to form new or more stable solutions or its reaction to other substances . Testing Benedict and Fehling ' s reagent are two solutions used to determine the reducing capability of a sugar . These solutions are used to determine the presence of free aldehyde or ketone group in sugars . Non - Reducing Sugar The reason that sucrose is a non - reducing sugar is that it has no free aldehyde or keto group . Additionally , its anomeric carbon is not free and ca n ' t easily open up its structure to react with other molecules . SUCROSE The common name for sucrose is table sugar . Just as the name implies , sucrose is used throughout the world as a sweetener for cooking , baking and sweetening edibles . Sucrose is commonly made by refining plant matter , such as sugarcane or sugar beets . In its most commonly used form , it is a white , orderless powder that is sweet to the taste . Although sucrose is a disaccharide , it is not a reducing sugar . Sucrose is the technical term for table sugar such as cane sugar or white sugar . It is composed of the combination of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule . Formation The process starts with a condensation reaction , a process involving the release of water . This process is followed by the formation of a glycosidic bond between two available and appropriate monosaccharide molecules , creating disaccharides like sucrose . Properties Sucrose is soluble in water but its molecules are too big to pass through the cell membrane during diffusion . It can only be broken down through a hydrolysis reaction , a reverse condensation reaction . Disaccharide Sucrose is a complex carbohydrate known as a disaccharide , meaning made up of two simple carbohydrates or monosaccharides . The monosaccharides that form sucrose are glucose and fructose . Disaccharide is the most common form of sugar that is found in nature . It results from the combination or reaction of two simple sugars ( monosaccharides ) . It has two types , the reducing and non - reducing sugar . Sucrose is a classic example of a non - reducing sugar . Significance Although both glucose and fructose are reducing sugars , sucrose is not because it does not contain anomeric hydroxyl groups , and does not reduce the chemicals present in its structure through oxidation . Identification It is possible to test a substance such as sucrose for the qualities that make it a reducing sugar using Fehling ' s solution , a mixture of copper sulfate , distilled water , Rochelle salt and sodium hydroxide . In the presence of reducing sugars , the copper sulfate in the solution will oxidize and turn red . Read more : Why Is Sucrose a Non - Reducing Sugar ? | eHow . com http : / / www . ehow . com / facts_5882980_sucrose - non_reducing - sugar_ . html # ixzz15o22o2m6 Pija Says : Posted on 7 Januari 2013 18.10 Thankss simbarashe desha Says : Posted on 22 September 2013 20.57 thanks a lot . nice blog simbarashe desha 22 September 2013 20.57 thanks a lot . nice blog Norfaizah Mohd Yunus 29 Desember 2015 08.46 a very nice explanation ! i can easily understand . thank you ! Unknown 8 Maret 2017 11.34 THANK YOU ! ! ! ! all the way from Cape Town , South Africa Posting Komentar | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howtos/ht/exothermic.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science How to Create an Exothermic Chemical Reaction JMacPherson by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated July 16 , 2018 Exothermic chemical reactions produce heat . In this reaction , vinegar is used to remove the protective coating from steel wool , allowing it to rust . When the iron combines with oxygen , heat is released . This takes about 15 minutes . What You Need Thermometer Jar with lid Steel wool Vinegar Instructions Place the thermometer in the jar and close the lid . Allow about 5 minutes for the thermometer to record the temperature , then open the lid and read the thermometer . Remove the thermometer from the jar ( if you did n ' t already in Step 1 ) . Soak a piece of steel wool in vinegar for 1 minute . Squeeze the excess vinegar out of the steel wool . Wrap the wool around the thermometer and place the wool / thermometer in the jar , sealing the lid . Allow 5 minutes , then read the temperature and compare it with the first reading . Results Not only does the vinegar remove the protective coating on the steel wool , but once the coating is off , its acidity aids in oxidation ( rust ) of the iron in the steel . The thermal energy given off during this chemical reaction causes the mercury in the thermometer to expand and rise up the column of the thermometer tube . In the rusting of iron , four atoms of solid iron react with three molecules of oxygen gas to form two molecules of solid rust ( iron oxide ) . | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/examples-of-polymers.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science What Are Some Examples of Polymers ? Polymers in the World Around You Slime is a fun example of a polymer . Kevin Tobar / EyeEm / Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated July 11 , 2018 A polymer is a large molecule that is made up of repeating subunits connected to each other by chemical bonds . Do you need some examples of polymers ? Here is a list of materials that are polymers , plus some examples of materials that are not polymers . While plastics are used as a common example of polymers , there are many other materials which are also polymers . Polymers include : Anything plastic Proteins , such as hair , nails , tortoise shell Cellulose in paper and trees DNA Silly putty Slime Rubber So while paper plates , styrofoam cups , plastic bottles , and a block of wood are all examples of polymers , there are some materials which are not polymers . Examples of materials which are not polymers include : Elements Metals Ionic compounds , such as salt Usually , these materials form chemical bonds , but not the long chains that characterize polymers . There are exceptions . For example , graphene is a polymer made up of long carbon chains . | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/basedefinition.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Base Definition in Chemistry Chemistry Glossary Definition of Base Sodium hydroxide is an example of a base . Ben Mills / Wikimedia Commons by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated January 14 , 2019 In chemistry , a base is a chemical species that donates electrons , accepts protons , or releases hydroxide ( OH - ) ions in aqueous solution . Bases display certain characteristic properties that can be used to help identify them . They tend to be slippery to the touch ( e.g. , soap ) , can taste bitter , react with acids to form salts , and catalyze certain reactions . Types of bases include Arrhenius base Bronsted - Lowry base , and Lewis base . Examples of bases include alkali metal hydroxides , alkaline earth metal hydroxides , and soap Key Takeaways : Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid - base reaction . The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history . Generally , a base either accepts a proton , releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water , or donates an electron . Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap . Word Origin The word " base " came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Lémery . Lémery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus ' alchemical concept of a " matrix " in alchemy . Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix . While Lémery may have used the word " base " first , its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaume - François Rouelle . Rouelle defined a neutral salt as the product of the union of an acid with another substance that acted as a " base " for the salt . Examples of Rouelle ' s bases included alkalis , metals , oils , or absorbent earth . In the 18th century , salts were solid crystals , while acids were liquids . So , it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties : Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity . Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic . They react vigorously with acids and organic matter . Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators . A base turns litmus paper blue , methyl orange yellow , and phenolphthalein pink . Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base . A basic solution has a pH greater than 7 . Bases have a bitter flavor . ( Do n ' t taste them ! ) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity . A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton ( H + ) from a very weak acid . Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) and potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) . A weak base incompletely dissociates in water . Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid . A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base . These bases have very weak conjugate acids . Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid . A superbase can not remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion . An example of a superbase in sodium hydride ( NaH ) . The strongest superbase is the ortho - diethynylbenzene dianion ( C 6 H 4 ( C 2 2 2 − neutral base is one which forms a bond with a neutral acid such that the acid and base share an electron pair from the base . A solid base is active in solid form . Examples include silicon dioxide ( SiO ) and NaOH mounted on alumina . Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids . Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction . In neutralization , an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water . If the salt is saturated or insoluble , then it may precipitate out of the solution . While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites , some species can act as either an acid or a base . In fact , some strong acids can act as bases . Sources Jensen , William B . ( 2006 ) . " The origin of the term " base " . The Journal of Chemical Education . 83 ( 8 ) : 1130 . doi : 10.1021 / ed083p1130 Johll , Matthew E . ( 2009 ) . Investigating chemistry : a forensic science perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W . H . Freeman and Co . ISBN 1429209895 . Whitten , Kenneth W . ; Peck , Larry ; Davis , Raymond E . ; Lockwood , Lisa ; Stanley , George G . ( 2009 ) . Chemistry ( 9th ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 495 - 39163 - 8 . Zumdahl , Steven ; DeCoste , Donald ( 2013 ) . Chemical Principles ( 7th ed . ) . Mary Finch . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Chemical-Property-Definition.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Chemical Property Definition and Examples Learn About Chemical Properties of Matter by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated March 06 , 2017 A chemical property is a characteristic or behavior of a substance that may be observed when it undergoes a chemical change or reaction . Chemical properties are seen either during or following a reaction since the arrangement of atoms within a sample must be disrupted for the property to be investigated . This is different from a physical property , which is a characteristic that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a specimen . Examples of Chemical Properties Examples of chemical properties of a substance can include : toxicity oxidation flammability heat of combustion enthalpy of formation chemical stability under specific conditions radioactivity Remember , a chemical change must occur for a chemical property to be observed and measured . For example , iron oxidizes and becomes rust . Rusting is not a property that can be described based on analysis of the pure element . Uses of Chemical Properties Chemical properties are of great interest to materials science . These characteristics help scientists classify samples , identify unknown materials , and purify substances . | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Formal-Charge-Definition.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Formal Charge Definition in Chemistry What Is Formal Charge ? Formal charge looks at the electrical charges assigned to each atom in a molecule . ALFRED PASIEKA , Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated October 08 , 2018 Formal charge of FC is the difference between the number of valence electrons of each atom and the number of electrons the atom is associated with . Formal charge assumes any shared electrons are equally shared between the two bonded atoms . Formal charge is calculated using the equation : FC = e V - e N - e B / 2 where e V = number of valence electrons of the atom as if it were isolated from the molecule e N = number of unbound valence electrons on the atom in the molecule B = number of electrons shared by the bonds to other atoms in the molecule Formal Charge Example Calculation For example , carbon dioxide or CO 2 is a neutral molecule that has 16 valence electrons . There are three different ways to draw the Lewis structure for the molecule to determine formal charge : The carbon atom may be joined to both oxygen atom via double bonds ( carbon = 0 , oxygen = 0 , formal charge = 0 ) The carbon atom may have a single bond with one oxygen atom and a double bond to the other oxygen atom ( carbon = + 1 , oxygen - double = 0 , oxygen - single = - 1 , formal charge = 0 ) The carbon atom may be joined to each oxygen atom via single bonds ( carbon = + 2 , oxygens = - 1 each , formal charge = 0 ) Each possibility results in a formal charge of zero , but the first choice is the best one because it predicts no charge in the molecule . This is more stable and thus is most likely . See how to calculate formal charge with another example problem Formal Charge Key Takeaways Formal charge ( FC ) is the electric charge of an atom in a molecule . It is calculated as the number of valence electrons minus half the number of electrons shared in a bond minus the number of electrons not bound in the molecule . Formal charge is used to estimate the way electric charge is distributed in a molecule . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Polar-Bond-Definition.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Polar Bond Definition and Examples ( Polar Covalent Bond ) Understand Polar Bonds in Chemistry A polar bond is a type of covalent chemical bond . Encyclopaedia Britannica / UIG / Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated October 05 , 2018 Chemical bonds may be classified as being either polar or nonpolar . The difference is how the electrons in the bond are arranged . Polar Bond Definition A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed . This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative . The charge of the electric dipoles is less than a full unit charge , so they are considered partial charges and denoted by delta plus ( δ + ) and delta minus ( δ - ) . Because positive and negative charges are separated in the bond , molecules with polar covalent bonds interact with dipoles in other molecules . This produces dipole - dipole intermolecular forces between the molecules . Polar bonds are the dividing line between pure covalent bonding and pure ionic bonding . Pure covalent bonds ( nonpolar covalent bonds ) share electron pairs equally between atoms . Technically , nonpolar bonding only occurs when the atoms are identical to each other ( e.g. , H 2 gas ) , but chemists consider any bond between atoms with a difference in electronegativity less than 0.4 to be a nonpolar covalent bond . Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and methane ( CH 4 ) are nonpolar molecules . In ionic bonds , the electrons in the bond are essentially donated to one atom by the other ( e.g. , NaCl ) . Ionic bonds form between atoms when the electronegativity difference between them is greater than 1.7 . Technically ionic bonds are completely polar bonds , so the terminology can be confusing . Just remember a polar bond refers to a type of covalent bond where electrons are n ' t equally shared and electronegativity values are slightly different . Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference between 0.4 and 1.7 . Examples of Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds Water ( H O ) is a polar bonded molecule . The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.44 , while the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.20 . The inequality in electron distribution accounts for the bent shape of the molecule . The oxygen " side " of the molecule has a net negative charge , while the two hydrogen atoms ( on the other " side " ) have a net positive charge . Hydrogen fluoride ( HF ) is another example of a molecule that has a polar covalent bond . Fluorine is the more electronegative atom , so the electrons in the bond are more closely associated with the fluorine atom than with the hydrogen atom . A dipole forms with the fluorine side having a net negative charge and the hydrogen side having a net positive charge . Hydrogen fluoride is a linear molecule because there are only two atoms , so no other geometry is possible . The ammonia molecule ( NH 3 ) has polar covalent bonds between the nitrogen and hydrogen atoms . The dipole is such that the nitrogen atom is more negatively charged , with the three hydrogen atoms all on one side of the nitrogen atom with a positive charge . Which Elements Form Polar Bonds ? Polar covalent bonds form between two nonmetal atoms that have sufficiently different electronegativities from each other . Because the electronegativity values are slightly different , the bonding electron pair is n ' t equally shared between the atoms . For example , polar covalent bonds typically form between hydrogen and any other nonmetal . The electronegativity value between metals and nonmetals is large , so they form ionic bonds with each other . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/ht/glowindarkslime.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science How to Make Glow in the Dark Slime Simple Recipe for Glowing Slime It ' s easy and fun to make eerie glowing slime . Anne Helmenstine by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated February 01 , 2018 It only takes one more ingredient to turn normal slime into glowing slime . This is a great Halloween project , though it ' s fun for any time of the year . Glowing slime is safe for kids to make . Difficulty : Easy Time Required : about 15 minutes Materials for Glow in the Dark Slime Elmer ' s glue gel or 4 % polyvinyl alcohol solution 4 % ( saturated ) borax solution Phosphorescent zinc sulfide ( ZnS ) or glowing paint Measuring cups / spoons Bowl or zip - top plastic baggie Spoon ( optional ) Make Glowing Slime Basically , you make glowing slime by adding zinc sulfide or glowing paint to normal slime . These instructions make a clear slime that glows in the dark . However , you could add zinc sulfide to any of the recipes for slime with different characteristics . The slime is made by preparing two separate solutions , which are then mixed . You can double , triple , etc . the recipe if you want more slime . The ratio is 3 parts PVA or glue solution to 1 part borax solution , with a little glow - in - the - dark agent thrown in ( measurement is n ' t critical ) . First , let ' s prepare the glue gel or polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA ) solution . If you have polyvinyl alcohol , you want to make a 4 % polyvinyl alcohol solution . 4 grams of PVA in 100 ml of water is great , but the project still works if your solution is a different percent of PVA ( just takes more or less ) . Most people do not have PVA sitting around their homes . You can make a glue gel solution by mixing 1 part of glue gel ( either clear or pale blue ) Stir the glow agent into the glue gel or PVA solution . You want 1 / 8 teaspoon of zinc sulfide powder per 30 ml ( 2 tablespoons ) of solution . If you can not find zinc sulfide powder , you can stir in some glow - in - the - dark paint . You can find glowing paint at some paint stores or glowing paint powder ( which is zinc sulfide ) at craft or hobby stores . The zinc sulfide or paint powder will not dissolve . You just want it mixed in really well . Please The other solution you need is a saturated borax solution . If you are in a chemistry lab , you can make this by mixing 4 g of borax with 100 ml warm water . Again , most of us are n ' t going to be doing the project in a lab . You can make a saturated borax solution by stirring borax into warm water until it stops dissolving , leaving borax at the bottom of the glass . Mix together 30 ml ( 2 tablespoons ) of PVA or glue gel solution with 10 ml ( 2 teaspoons ) of borax solution . You can use a spoon and a cup or you can just squish it together with your hands or inside a sealed baggie . The phosphorescent glow is activated by shining a light on the slime . Then you turn out the lights and it will glow . Please do n ' t eat the slime . The slime solution itself is n ' t exactly toxic , but it is n ' t good for you , either . Zinc sulfide can be irritating to the skin , so wash your hands after playing with this slime . It may be harmful if swallowed , not because ZnS is toxic , but because it can react to form hydrogen sulfide gas , which is n ' t great for you . In a nutshell : wash your hands after using the slime and do not eat it . Do not inhale or ingest the glow - in - the Store your slime in a baggie or other sealed container to keep it from evaporating . You can refrigerate it if desired . The slime cleans up well with soap and water . Tips for Slime Success The glowing slime in the photo was made using a glowing paint called ' Glow Away ' at Michael ' s craft store , for $ 1.99 , that is good for many , many batches of glowing slime ( or other glowing projects ) . It ' s safe , washes away with water , and is easy to mix into the slime gel . It was located with the tempera paints . Other products may work equally well , just be sure to check the label for safety information . Instead of zinc sulfide ( the compound used to make plastic glow - in - the - dark stars ) , you can substitute any phosphorescent pigment . Be sure the product is marked phosphorescent ( glows in the dark ) and not fluorescent ( glows only under black light ) . You can use Elmer ' s non - toxic blue glue gel for this project , sold with school supplies , but there is a clear glue gel made by another manufacturer , plus there are red or blue glue gels with stars and glitter that you could use . Usually , borax is sold in stores right next to laundry detergent . If you do n ' t see it there , try looking near household cleaning chemicals or on the insecticide aisle ( note : boric acid is n ' t the same chemical , so it ' s not a good idea to make substitutions ) . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/cleanerchemistry/a/how-soap-cleans.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science How Does Soap Work ? Soap is an Emulsifier A soap micelle has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails . SuperManu / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY - SA 3.0 by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated September 19 , 2018 Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts , produced from the hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification . Each soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain , sometimes called its ' tail ' , with a carboxylate ' head ' . In water , the sodium or potassium ions float free , leaving a negatively - charged head . Key Takeaways : Soap Soap is a fatty acid of a salt . Soaps are used as cleansers and lubricants . Soap cleans by acting as a surfactant and emulsifier . It can surround oil , making it easier to rinse it away with water . How Soap Cleans Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an emulsifying agent . An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid . This means that while oil ( which attracts dirt ) does n ' t naturally mix with water , soap can suspend oil / dirt in such a way that it can be removed . The organic part of a natural soap is a negatively - charged , polar molecule . Its hydrophilic ( water - loving ) carboxylate group ( - CO 2 ) interacts with water molecules via ion - dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding . The hydrophobic ( water - fearing ) part of a soap molecule , its long , nonpolar hydrocarbon chain , does not interact with water molecules . The hydrocarbon chains are attracted to each other by dispersion forces and cluster together , forming structures called micelles . In these micelles , the carboxylate groups form a negatively - charged spherical surface , with the hydrocarbon chains inside the sphere . Because they are negatively charged , soap micelles repel each other and remain dispersed in water . Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water . When soap and soiling oils are mixed , the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break up the nonpolar oil molecules . A different type of micelle then forms , with nonpolar soiling molecules in the center . Thus , grease and oil and the ' dirt ' attached to them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away . The Disadvantage of Soap Although soaps are excellent cleansers , they do have disadvantages . As salts of weak acids , they are converted by mineral acids into free fatty acids : CH 3 ( CH 2 16 CO Na + + HCl → CH 3 ( CH 16 CO H + Na + + Cl These fatty acids are less soluble than the sodium or potassium salts and form a precipitate or soap scum . Because of this , soaps are ineffective in acidic water . Also , soaps form insoluble salts in hard water , such as water containing magnesium , calcium , or iron . 2 CH Na + Mg 2 + → [ CH Mg 2 + + 2 Na The insoluble salts form bathtub rings , leave films that reduce hair luster , and gray / roughen textiles after repeated washings . Synthetic detergents , however , may be soluble in both acidic and alkaline solutions and do n ' t form insoluble precipitates in hard water . But that is a different story . . . Sources IUPAC . Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed . ( the " Gold Book " ) . Compiled by A . D . McNaught and A . Wilkinson . Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford ( 1997 ) . Archived . Klaus Schumann , Kurt Siekmann ( 2005 ) . " Soaps " . Ullmann ' s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . Thorsten Bartels et al . ( 2005 ) . " Lubricants and Lubrication " . Ullmann ' s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/aspirin.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science How to Make Aspirin - Acetylsalicylic Acid by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated June 09 , 2018 Aspirin is the most widely used over - the - counter drug in the world . The average tablet contains about 325 milligrams of the active ingredient acetylsalicylic acid with an inert binding material such as starch . Aspirin is used to relieve pain , reduce inflammation , and lower fever . Aspirin originally was derived by boiling the bark of the white willow tree . Although the salicin in willow bark has analgesic properties , purified salicylic acid was bitter and irritating when taken orally . Salicylic acid was neutralized with sodium to produce sodium salicylate , which was better - tasting but still irritated the stomach . Salicylic acid could 01 of 04 Objectives & Materials LAGUNA DESIGN / Getty Images In this laboratory exercise , you can prepare aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride using the following reaction : salicylic acid ( C7H6O3 ) + acetic anhydride ( C4H6O3 ) → acetylsalicylic acid ( C9H8O4 ) + acetic acid ( C2H4O2 ) First , gather the chemicals and equipment used to synthesize the aspirin . Aspirin Synthesis Materials 3.0 g salicylic acid 6 mL acetic anhydride * 5 - 8 drops of 85 % phosphoric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid * Distilled water ( about 50 mL ) 10 mL ethanol 1 % iron III chloride ( optional , to test purity ) * Use extreme caution when handling these chemicals . Phosphoric or sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride can cause severe burns . Equipment Filter paper ( 12.5 cm ) Ring stand with funnel Two 400 mL beakers 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL buret or measuring pipet 10 mL and 50 mL graduated cylinder Fume hood , hot plate , balance Dropper Stirring rod Ice bath Wash bottle Let ' s synthesize aspirin ! 02 of 04 Procedure Pure acetylsalicylic acid is white , but a yellowish color is common from slight impurities or from mixing aspirin with caffeine . Caspar Benson , Getty Images Accurately weigh 3.00 grams of salicylic acid and transfer to a dry Erlenmeyer flask . If you will be calculating actual and theoretical yield , be sure to record how much salicylic acid you actually measured . Add 6 mL of acetic anhydride and 5 - 8 drops of 85 % phosphoric acid to the flask . Gently swirl the flask to mix the solution . Place the flask in a beaker of warm water for ~ 15 minutes . Add 20 drops of cold water dropwise to the warm solution to destroy the excess acetic anhydride . Add 20 mL of water to the flask . Set the flask in an ice bath to cool the mixture and speed crystallization . When the crystallization process appears complete , pour the mixture through a Buckner funnel . Apply suction filtration through the funnel and wash the crystals with a few milliliters of ice cold water . Be sure the water is near freezing to minimize loss of product . Perform a recrystallization to purify the product . Transfer the crystals to a beaker . Add 10 mL of ethanol . Stir and warm the beaker to dissolve the crystals . After the crystals have dissolved , add 25 mL of warm water to the alcohol solution . Cover the beaker . Crystals will reform as the solution cools . Once crystallization has started , set the beaker in an ice bath to complete the recrystallization . Pour the contents of the beaker into a Buckner funnel and apply suction filtration . Remove the crystals to dry paper to remove excess water . Confirm you have acetylsalicylic acid by verifying a melting point of 135 ° C . 03 Activities Acetylsalicylic Acid or Aspirin Structure . Callista Images / Getty Images Here are some examples of follow - up activities and questions which may be asked upon synthesizing aspirin : You can compare the actual and theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid based on the initial quantity of salicylic acid . Can you identify the limiting reactant in the synthesis ? You can compare the quality of the synthesized aspirin with commercial aspirin and salicylic acid . Add one drop of 1 % iron III chloride to separate test tubes containing a few crystals of each substance . Observe the color : Pure aspirin would show no color , while salicylic acid or traces of it in impure aspirin will show a purple color . Examine the aspirin crystals under a microscope . You should see white small - grained crystals with obvious repeating units . Can you identify the functional groups in salicylic acid ? Can you predict how these groups affect the properties of the molecule and how the body reacts to it ? Salicylic acid has an - OH group ( an alcohol ) and a carboxyl group - COOH ( an organic acid ) . The acid portion of the molecule is one of the factors that cause irritation in the stomach . In addition to irritation caused by acidity , aspirin causes stomach irritation by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins , hormones responsible for slowing gastric acid production . 04 Follow - Up Questions Aspirin tablets contain acetylsalicylic acid and a binder . Sometimes the pills also include a buffer . Jonathan Nourok , Getty Images Here are some additional questions relating to aspirin synthesis : Can you explain what happened to the - OH group in the salicylic acid when the acetic acid was added ? The - OH group from the salicylic acid combined with the acetic acid , producing water and an ester group . Can you see what effect this had on the end product ? This reduced the strength of the acid and made the aspirin easier to ingest . Why do you think the aspirin was washed with distilled water ? How did this affect the end product ? How did this affect the actual product yield ? Washing the aspirin removed most of the unreacted salicylic acid and acetic anhydride to yield a purer product . Some product was dissolved and lost in the washing process . Cold water was used to minimize dissolving the product . How did the synthesis use different temperatures to affect the solubility of aspirin ? At higher temperatures ( warm water ) , molecules have more kinetic energy and collide with each other more often to interact with water molecules , increasing the solubility of the aspirin . The ice bath slowed the molecules , allowing them to more easily stick together and " fall out " of the solution or crystallize . | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/dictionariesglossaries/g/defmolmass.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Molecular Mass Definition What Molecular Mass Is and How to Calculate It Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses in a molecule . Lawrence Lawry , Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated April 05 , 2018 In chemistry , there are different types of mass . Often , the terms are called weight rather than mass and used interchangeably . A good example is molecular mass or molecular weight . Molecular Mass Definition Molecular mass is a number equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule . The molecular mass gives the mass of a molecule relative to that of the 12 C atom , which is taken to have a mass of 12 . Molecular mass is a dimensionless quantity , but it is given the unit Dalton or atomic mass unit as a means of indicating the mass is relative to 1 / 12th the mass of a single atom of carbon - 12 . Also Known As Molecular mass is also called molecular weight . Because the mass is relative to carbon - 12 , it ' s more correct to call the value " relative molecular mass " . A related term is molar mass , which is the mass of 1 mol of a sample . Molar mass is given in units of grams . Sample Molecular Mass Calculation Molecular mass may be calculated by taking the atomic mass of each element present and multiplying it by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula . Then , the number of atoms of each element is added together . For example . to find the molecular mass of methane , CH 4 , the first step is to look up the atomic masses of carbon C and hydrogen H using a periodic table carbon atomic mass = 12.011 hydrogen atomic mass = 1.00794 Because there is no subscript following the C , you know there is only one carbon atom present in methane . The subscript 4 following the H means there are four atoms of hydrogen in the compound . So , adding up the atomic masses , you get : methane molecular mass = sum of carbon atomic masses + sum of hydrogen atomic masses methane molecular mass = 12.011 + ( 1.00794 ) ( 4 ) methane atomic mass = 16.043 This value may be reported as a decimal number or as 16.043 Da or 16.043 amu . Note the number of significant digits in the final value . The correct answer uses the smallest number of significant digits in the atomic masses , which in this case is the number in the atomic mass of carbon . The molecular mass of C 2 H 6 is approximately 30 or [ ( 2 x 12 ) + ( 6 x 1 ) ] . Therefore the is about 2.5 times as heavy as the 12 C atom or about the same mass as the NO atom with a molecular mass of 30 or ( 14 + 16 ) . Problems Calculating Molecular Mass While it ' s possible to calculate molecular mass for small molecules , it ' s problematic for polymers and macromolecules because they are so large and may not have a uniform formula throughout their volume . For proteins and polymers , experimental methods may be used to obtain an average molecular mass . Techniques used for this purpose include crystallography , static light scattering , and viscosity measurements . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/dnarna/f/What-Are-The-3-Parts-Of-A-Nucleotide-How-Are-They-Connected.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science What Are the 3 Parts of a Nucleotide ? How Are They Connected ? How Nucleotides Are Constructed A nucleotide consists of base , sugar , and phosphate group . ThoughtCo . by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated August 17 , 2018 Nucleotides are the building blocks of the DNA and RNA used as genetic material . Nucleotides also are used for cell signaling and to transport energy throughout cells . You may be asked to name the three parts of a nucleotide and explain how they are connected or bonded to each other . Here ' s the answer for both DNA and RNA Nucleotides in DNA and RNA Both deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are made up of nucleotides which consist of three parts : Nitrogenous Base Purines and pyrimidines are the two categories of nitrogenous bases . Adenine and guanine are purines . Cytosine , thymine , and uracil are pyrimidines . In DNA , the bases are adenine ( A ) , thymine ( T ) , guanine ( G ) , and cytosine ( C ) . In RNA , the bases are adenine , thymine , uracil , and cytosine , Pentose Sugar In DNA , the sugar is 2 ' - deoxyribose . In RNA , the sugar is ribose . Both ribose and deoxyribose are 5 - csrbon sugars . The carbons are numbered sequentially , to help keep track of where groups are attached . The only difference between them is that 2 ' - deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom attached to the second carbon . Phosphate Group A single phosphate group is PO 4 3 - . The phosphorus atom is the central atom . One atom of oxygen is connected to the 5 - carbon in the sugar and to the phosphorus atom . When phosphate groups link together to form chains , as in ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , the link looks like O - P - O - P - O - P - O , with two additional oxygen atom attached to each phosphorus , one on either side of the atom . Although DNA and RNA share some similarities , they are built from slightly different sugars , plus there is a base substitution between them . DNA uses thymine ( T ) , while RNA uses uracil ( U ) . Both thymine and uracil bind to adenine ( A ) . How Are the Parts of a Nucleotide Connected or Attached ? The base is attached to the primary or first carbon . The number 5 carbon of the sugar is bonded to the phosphate group . A free nucleotide may have one , two , or three phosphate groups attached as a chain to the 5 - carbon of the sugar . When nucleotides connect to form DNA or RNA , the phosphate of one nucleotide attaches via a phosphodiester bond to the 3 - carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide , forming the sugar - phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid . Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/beryllium.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Beryllium Facts Beryllium Chemical & Physical Properties This is a bead of pure beryllium ( 1.0 x 1.5 cm , 2.5 g ) . Jurii , Creative Commons License by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated March 15 , 2019 Beryllium Atomic Number 4 Symbol : Be Atomic Weight 9.012182 ( 3 ) Reference : IUPAC 2009 Discovery : 1798 , Louis - Nicholas Vauquelin ( France ) Electron Configuration [ He ] 2s 2 Other Names : Glucinium or Glucinum Word Origin : Greek : beryllos , beryl ; Greek : glykys , sweet ( note that beryllium is toxic ) Properties : Beryllium has a melting point of 1287 + / - 5 ° C , boiling point of 2970 ° C , specific gravity of 1.848 ( 20 ° C ) , and valence of 2 . The metal is steel - gray in color , very light , with one of the highest melting points of the light metals . Its modulus of elasticity is a third higher than that of steel . Beryllium has high thermal conductivity , is nonmagnetic , and resists attack by concentrated nitric acid . Beryllium resists oxidation in air at ordinary temperatures . The metal has a high permeability to x - radiation . When bombarded by alpha particles , it yields neutrons in the ratio of approximately 30 million neutrons per million alpha particles . Beryllium and Uses : Precious forms of beryl include aquamarine , morganite , and emerald . Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper , which is used for springs , electrical contacts , nonsparking tools , and spot - welding electrodes . It is used in many structural components of the space shuttle and other aerospace craft . Beryllium foil is used in x - ray lithography for making integrated circuits . It is used as a reflector or moderator in nuclear reactions . Beryllium is used in gyroscopes and computer parts . The oxide has a very high melting Sources : Beryllium is found in approximately 30 mineral species , including beryl ( 3BeO Al 2 O 3 · 6SiO ) , bertrandite ( 4BeO · 2SiO · H O ) , chrysoberyl , and phenacite . The metal may be prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal . Element Classification : Alkaline - earth Metal Isotopes Beryllium has ten known isotopes , ranging from Be - 5 to Be - 14 . Be - 9 is the only stable isotope . Density ( g / cc ) : 1.848 Specific Gravity ( at 20 ° C ) : 1.848 Appearance : hard , brittle , steel - gray metal Melting Point 1287 ° C Boiling Point 2471 ° C Atomic Radius ( pm ) : 112 Atomic Volume ( cc / mol ) : 5.0 Covalent Radius ( pm ) : 90 Ionic Radius 35 ( + 2e ) Specific Heat ( @ 20 ° C J / g mol ) : 1.824 Fusion Heat ( kJ / mol ) : 12.21 Evaporation Heat ( kJ / mol ) : 309 Debye Temperature ( K ) : 1000.00 Pauling Negativity Number : 1.57 First Ionizing Energy ( kJ / mol ) : 898.8 Oxidation States 2 Lattice Structure : Hexagonal Lattice Constant ( Å ) : 2.290 Lattice C / A Ratio : 1.567 CAS Registry Number 7440 - 41 - 7 Beryllium Trivia Beryllium was originally named ' glyceynum ' due to the sweet taste of beryllium salts . ( glykis is Greek for ' sweet ' ) . The name was changed to beryllium to avoid confusion with other sweet tasting elements and a genus of plants called glucine . Beryllium became the official name of the element in 1957 . James Chadwick bombarded beryllium with alpha particles and observed a subatomic particle with no electrical charge , leading to the discovery of the neutron . Pure beryllium was isolated in 1828 by two different chemists independently : German chemist Friederich Wöhler and French chemist Antoine Bussy . Wöhler was the chemist who first proposed the name beryllium for the new element Source Los Alamos National Laboratory ( 2001 ) , Crescent Chemical Company ( 2001 ) , Lange ' s Handbook of Chemistry ( 1952 ) , CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics ( 18th Ed . ) , CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 89th Ed . ) Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/f/heaviest-element.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science What Is the Heaviest Element ? Why It ' s Hard to Identify the Element with Highest Density Osmium is generally considered the heaviest element , but sometimes iridium surpasses it . Periodictableru by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated December 10 , 2017 Are you wondering which element is the heaviest ? There are three possible answers to this question , depending on how you define " heaviest " and the conditions of the measurement . Osmium and iridium are the elements with the highest density , while oganesson is the element with the largest atomic weight . Heaviest Element in Terms of Atomic Weight The heaviest element in terms of heaviest per a given number of atoms is the element with the highest atomic weight . This is the element with the largest number of protons , which is presently element 118 , oganesson or ununoctium . When a heavier element is discovered ( e.g. , element 120 ) , then that will become the new heaviest element . Ununoctium is the heaviest element , but it is man - made . The heaviest naturally - occurring element is uranium ( atomic number 92 , atomic weight 238.0289 ) . Heaviest Element in Terms of Density Another way to look at heaviness is in terms of density , which is mass per unit volume . Either of two elements can be considered the element with the highest density osmium and iridium . The density of the element depends on many factors , so there is n ' t a single number for density that would allow us to identify one element or the other as the most dense . Each of these elements weigh approximately twice as much as lead . The calculated density of osmium is 22.61 g / cm 3 and the calculated density of iridium is 22.65 g / cm 3 , though the density of iridium has not been experimentally measured to exceed that of osmium . Why Osmium and Iridium Are So Heavy Even though there are many elements with higher atomic weight values , osmium and iridium are the heaviest . This is because their atoms pack together more tightly in solid form . The reason for this is that their f electron orbitals are compacted when n = 5 and n = 6 . The orbitals feel the attraction of the positive - charged nucleus because of this , so the atom size contracts . Relativistic effects also play a role . The electrons in these orbitals go around the atomic nucleus so fast their apparent mass increases . When this Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/equilibrium/ | Science , Tech , Math Science Biochemistry Biochemistry applies chemistry concepts to the study of living organisms and the atoms and molecules that comprise them . Find articles on topics such as metabolic pathways and enzymology , biochemical structures and sequences , genome databases , and more . Article The Difference Between Purines and Pyrimidines Article What Is a Peptide ? Definition and Examples List 10 Fascinating Photosynthesis Facts List Facts About Green Fluorescent Protein Chemosynthesis Definition and Examples Nitrogenous Bases - Definition and Structures What Are the Products of Photosynthesis ? Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis Biochemistry Introduction and Overview Protein and Polypeptide Structure What Is the Chemical Composition of Urine ? How Much Weight Can You Gain in a Day ? Equilibrium Constant Kc and How to Calculate It What Causes Rigor Mortis ? Science Explains Why You Lose Water Weight The 5 Kinds of Nucleotides Steps of Transcription From DNA to RNA The 3 Types of RNA and Their Functions What Is the Chemical Composition of Blood ? 10 Examples of Carbohydrates Types of Chemical Bonds in Proteins Oil Comes from Dinosaurs - Fact or Fiction ? Enzyme Biochemistry - What Enzymes Are and How They Work What You Need To Know About Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP How Many Atoms There Are in the Human Body How to Calculate Molarity of a Solution What Is Fermentation ? Definition and Examples View More Learn more about Science Chemistry Biology Physics Geology Astronomy Weather & Climate | [
"Biochemistry",
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/makechemicalsyourself/a/Potassium-Chlorate-From-Bleach-And-Salt-Substitute.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach and Salt Substitute How to Make Potassium Chlorate from Household Chemicals Wikimedia Commons by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated March 03 , 2019 Potassium chlorate is an important potassium compound that can be used as an oxidizer , disinfectant , source of oxygen , and component in pyrotechnics and chemistry demonstrations . You can make potassium chlorate from common household bleach and salt substitute . The reaction is not particularly efficient , but it ' s something to keep in mind if you need potassium chlorate right away or just want to know how to make it . Key Takeaways : Make Potassium Chlorate From Bleach and Salt Substitute Potassium chlorate is used as an oxidizer , disinfectant , and colorant ( purple ) in chemistry demonstrations and fireworks projects . While it ' s not the most efficient chemical reaction , it ' s simple to make potassium chlorate by boiling bleach , cooling it , and mixing in a saturated solution of salt substitute in water . The synthesis works because potassium from the salt substitute displaces sodium from the sodium chlorate made by boiling the bleach . The product is sodium chloride and potassium chlorate . Since potassium chlorate is not very soluble in water , it precipitates and may be collected by filtration . Materials for Making Potassium Chlorate You only need two ingredients to synthesize potassium chlorate : Chlorine bleach Potassium chloride ( sold as a salt substitute ) Filter paper or coffee filter Take care to check the label on the salt substitute to make certain the ingredient is just potassium chloride . While salt substitute is potassium chloride , " lite salt " is a mixture of sodium chloride ( table salt ) and potassium chloride . The reason this project works is because potassium replaces sodium in sodium chlorate . Basically , you need to make certain you are supplying the potassium . While it should n ' t be significant , keep in mind household bleach has a shelf life . If your bottle of bleach has been opened and stored a long time , it ' s a good idea to get a fresh one for the project . Prepare Potassium Chlorate Boil a large volume ( at least a half liter ) of chlorine bleach , just until crystals start to form . Do this outdoors or under a fume hood , to avoid inhaling the vapor . Boiling bleach disproportionates sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate . 3 NaClO → 2 NaCl + NaClO 3 As soon as crystals start to form , remove the bleach from heat and allow it to cool . In a separate container , prepare a saturated solution of potassium chloride by stirring potassium chloride into the water until no more will dissolve . Mix equal volumes of the boiled bleach solution and potassium chloride solution , taking care to keep solids from either solution out of the mixture . This is a substitution or single replacement reaction . The two products are separated based on solubility . Potassium chlorate will precipitate out , leaving sodium chloride in solution . KCl + NaClO 3 → NaCl + KClO Cool the solution in the freezer to increase the potassium chlorate yield . Filter the mixture through filter paper or a coffee filter . Keep the solid potassium chlorate ; discard the sodium chloride solution . Allow the potassium chlorate to dry before storing or using it . NurdRage has a video of the process if you ' d prefer to see how it ' s done . Potassium chlorate is used in fireworks as an oxidizer and to produce a purple flame . Teeraphon Phooma / EyeEm / Getty Images You can test the potassium chlorate in a simple chemistry demonstration : Purple Fire ( shown ) - Mix potassium chlorate and half as much sugar . Ignite the mixture either by applying a flame or adding a few drops of sulfuric acid instant chemical fire ) . Dancing Gummi Bear - The candy is the source of the sugar in this demonstration . The vigorous reaction between the candy bear and the potassium chlorate makes the bear appear to dance in purple fire . Other uses of potassium chlorate include safety matches , fireworks , disinfectants , pesticides , firearm primer , and to force plant blooming . It is also a good starting point to prepare oxygen gas or chlorine gas . Safety Tips This is a project that should be performed with responsible adult supervision . Undiluted bleach can cause skin irritation and damage eyes and mucous membranes if splashed . Heating bleach should be done outdoors or under a fume hood , as irritating vapors are released . Finally , keep the potassium chlorate collected in this project away from heat or flame until you are ready to use it . It should be stored away from sulfuric acid and sulfur , as spontaneous ignition may occur . Continue Reading | [
"Potassium Chlorate",
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/matter/a/Types-Of-Solids.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Learn How to Categorize the Different Types of Solids Joanna Cepuchowicz / EyeEm / Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated June 11 , 2018 In the broadest sense , solids may be categorized as either crystalline solids or amorphous solids , but usually , 6 main types of solids are recognized , each characterized by specific properties and structures . Here is a look at the main types of solids : Ionic Solids Ionic solids form when electrostatic attraction sticks together anions and cations to form a crystal lattice . In an ionic crystal , each ion is surrounded by ions having an opposite charge . Ionic crystals are extremely stable since considerable energy is required to break ionic bonds Example : table salt or sodium chloride Metallic Solids Positively charged nuclei of metal atoms are held together by valence electrons to form metallic solids . The electrons are considered to be " delocalized " because they are n ' t bound to any particular atoms , as in covalent bonds . Delocalized electrons can move throughout the solid . This is the " electron sea model " of metallic solids . Positive nuclei float in a sea of negative electrons . Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity and are typically hard , shiny and ductile . Example : almost all metals and their alloys , such as gold , brass , steel Network Atomic Solids This type of solid also is known simply as a network solid . Network atomic solids are huge crystals consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds Many gemstones are network atomic solids Example : diamond , amethyst , ruby Atomic Solids Atomic solids form when weak London dispersion forces bind atoms of cold noble gasses . Example : These solids are not seen in everyday life since they require extremely low temperatures . An example would be solid krypton or solid argon . Molecular Solids Covalent molecules are held together by intermolecular forces to form molecular solids . While the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the molecules in place , molecular solids typically have lower melting and boiling points than metallic , ionic , or network atomic solids , which are held together by stronger bonds . Example : water ice Amorphous Solids Unlike all of the other types of solids , amorphous solids do not exhibit a crystal structure . This type of solid is characterized by having an irregular bonding pattern . Amorphous solids may be soft and rubbery when they are formed by long molecules , tangled together and held by intermolecular forces . Glassy solids are hard and brittle , formed by atoms irregularly joined by covalent bonds . Examples : plastic , glass Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/metalsalloys/a/Sterling-Silver.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Sterling Silver Chemical Composition David Sucsy / Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated July 26 , 2018 Sterling silver is a popular metal for jewelry , silverware , and decorations . Sterling silver is an alloy of silver that consists of 92.5 % pure silver and 7.5 % of other metal , usually copper . Fine silver ( 99.9 % pure ) typically is too soft for practical objects . Alloying with copper maintains the silvery color of the metal while increasing its strength . However , the copper is much more susceptible to oxidation and corrosion , so sterling silver tarnishes more easily than fine silver . Other metals that may be used in sterling silver include zinc , platinum , and germanium . Silicon or boron may be added to improve the properties of the metal . Although these metals and additions may improve the resistance of the sterling silver to firesale and tarnish , most sterling silver is still made using copper . | [
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http://chemistry.about.com/od/moleday/a/Mole-Day-Jokes.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Funny Mole Day Jokes and Humor Meme Generator by Anne Marie Helmenstine , Ph . D . Updated June 16 , 2018 Mole Day is October 23 from 6 : 02 a.m. to 6 : 02 p.m. in honor of Avogadro ' s Number ( 6.02 x 10 23 ) . A mole is a unit of measurement used when existing measurements are inadequate and its particle measurement is based on Avogadro ' s number . Like Pie Day which is celebrated on March 14 due to the fact that it mirrors the pie number , Mole Day is celebrated on either October 23 or June 2 due to the dates being similar to Avogadro ' s number . What better way to celebrate a holiday born out of chemistry humor than with jokes ? Mole Day Jokes Q : What did Avogadro teach his students in math class ? A : Moletiplication Q : What do you call a 10th grader who is taking chemistry ? A : A sophomole . Q : Why does Avogadro like Cindy Crawford ? A : She ' s his favorite super - mole - dle ( and she has a mole ) . Q : Why is it bad to tell mole jokes ? A : It ' s mole - itically incorrect Q : What did the generous mole say when people crashed his party ? A : The mole the merrier ! Q : What are mammoles ? A : Four - legged animoles ! Q : How would you describe a stinky chemist ? A : Mole - odorous Q : What kind of fruit did Avogadro eat in the summer ? A : Watermolens Q : What kind of test do chemistry students like best ? A : Mole - tiple choice . Q : Why is Avogadro so rich ? A : He ' s a multi - mole - ionare ! Q : Which tooth did Avogadro have pulled ? A : One of his molars . Q : What does Avogadro put in his hot chocolate ? A : Marsh - mole - ows ! Q : What did one mole say to the other ? A : We make great chemistry together . Q : Why was there only one Avogadro ? A : When they made him , they broke the Moled . Q : What illness kept Avogadro in bed for two months ? A : Moleonucleosis Q : What do you get when you have a bunch of moles acting like idiots ? A : A bunch of Moleasses Mole Day Pledge # 1 I pledge allegiance to the mole , and to the science from which it comes , one SI unit , extremely divisible , with micromoles and millimoles for all . ~ R . Thomas Myers - Kent State University , Kent , OH Mole Day Pledge # 2 I pledge allegiance to the mole , to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , and to the atomic mass for which it stands , one number , most divisible , with atoms and molecules for all . ~ Sylvia Cooper - Morgantown High School , Morgantown , WV Mole Day Definitions In addition to pledges and one - line jokes , there are plenty of opportunities for mole puns : Demoleition : destruction moles cause in your yard ( or on your chemistry paper , if you forget Avogadro ' s number ) Dismole : being sad on Mole Day Imoleble : anything that is completely unrelated to a mole Mol : the symbol for mole ( of course ! ) Mole - mole : a mole double agent Molearchy : government controlled by Moles - - Mole Day is celebrated more than once a year Molebile : a mole decoration which hangs from the ceiling Molect : the obsessive collection of Mole Day t - shirts , games , and other stuff Molectomy : the study of mole anatomy Molehill : a small mound of dirt in your backyard made by burrowing moles Moleism : the reverence given to moles on Mole Day or on any day by a chemist Molelaberate : working together on a Mole Day project Moleodic : a word describing the sound of Mole Day songs Moleskito : a tiny winged mole - like creature that drinks the blood of a person who forgets the date of Mole Day Remolte control : a devise used to watch television shows about chemistry and moles Remoletly : having to do with a mole , barely Sophmole : anyone in the tenth grade who is taking chemistry Thermole : an adjective describing one mole of an explosive Continue Reading | [
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http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/aqueous.html | Precipitation reactions Precipitation reactions are sometimes called " double displacement " reactions . To determine whether a precipitate will form when aqueous solutions of two compounds are mixed : 1 . Write down all ions in solution . 2 . Combine them ( cation and anion ) to obtain all potential precipitates . 3 . Use the solubility rules to determine which ( if any ) combination ( s ) are insoluble and will precipitate . Examples a . What happens when Ba ( NO 3 2 ( aq ) and Na 2 CO 3 ( aq ) are mixed ? Ions present in solution : Ba 2 + , NO , Na + , CO 2 - Potential precipitates : BaCO , NaNO Solubility rules : BaCO is insoluble ( rule 5 ) , NaNO is soluble ( rule 1 ) . Complete chemical equation : Ba ( NO ( aq ) + Na CO ( aq ) BaCO ( s ) + 2 NaNO ( aq ) Net ionic equation : Ba 2 + ( aq ) + CO 2 - ( aq ) BaCO ( s ) b . What happens when Pb ( NO ( aq ) and NH 4 I ( aq ) are mixed ? Ions present in solution : Pb , NO , NH 4 + , I Potential precipitates : PbI , NH NO Solubility rules : PbI is insoluble ( rule 3 ) , NH NO is soluble ( rule 1 ) . Complete chemical equation : Pb ( NO ( aq ) + 2 NH I ( aq ) PbI ( s ) + 2 NH ( aq ) Net ionic equation : Pb ( aq ) + 2 I PbI ( s ) c . What happens when CuSO ( aq ) and Na PO ( aq ) are mixed ? Ions present in solution : Cu , SO , Na , PO 3 - Potential precipitates : Cu ( PO SO Solubility rules : Cu ( PO is insoluble ( rule 5 ) , Na SO is soluble ( rule 1 ) . Complete chemical equation : 3 CuSO ( aq ) + 2 Na PO Cu ( s ) + 3 Na Net ionic equation : 3 Cu ( aq ) + PO 3 - Cu d . What happens when CoCl ( aq ) and KOH ( aq ) are mixed ? Ions present in solution : Co , Cl , K , OH Potential precipitates : Co ( OH ) , KCl Co ( OH ) is insoluble ( rule 5 ) , KCl is soluble ( rule 1 ) . Complete chemical equation : CoCl ( aq ) + 2 KOH ( aq ) Co ( OH ) ( s ) + 2 KCl ( aq ) Net ionic equation : Co ( aq ) + 2 OH Co ( OH ) Acid - Base Reactions Arrhenius definition An acid produces H ions in water . A base produces OH ions in water . An acid donates a H A base accepts a H Reactions in water 1 . A strong acid is completely dissociated in water HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid HNO nitric acid HClO perchloric acid HClO chloric acid H sulfuric acid Example HCl ( aq ) H ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) HF hydrofluoric acid HC H O ( or CH COOH ) acetic acid HC 7 5 O benzoic acid Example H ( aq ) + C ( aq ) LiOH Ca ( OH ) NaOH Sr ( OH ) KOH Ba ( OH ) RbOH TlOH CsOH NaOH ( aq ) Na ( aq ) + OH NH ammonia CH NH methyl amine ( CH dimethyl amine C 6 5 aniline ( phenyl Amines are a common class of weak bases which can be considered to be derivatives of NH Reactions of weak bases are considered from the point of view of the Brønsted - Lowry definition , with water acting as an acid . ( aq ) + H O ( l ) NH ( aq ) + OH 1 . Strong acid + strong base : Produces a neutral solution ( neither acidic nor basic ) and a salt ( an ionic compound ) . Complete equation : HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) O ( l ) + NaCl Net ionic : ( aq ) + OH O ( l ) Complete equation : HCl ( aq ) + NH NH Cl Net ionic : ( aq ) + NH Complete equation : ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) H O ( l ) + NaC ( aq ) + OH O ( l ) + C Oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions One species loses electrons - and is oxidized Another species gains electrons - and is reduced 1 . Formation of an ionic compound from its elements ( not usually aqueous ) . 2 Na ( s ) + Cl ( g ) NaCl ( s ) Na ( s ) Na ( aq ) + e oxidation ( Each Na atom loses one electron ) 2 e + Cl ( g ) 2 Cl reduction ( Each Cl atom gains one electron ) Each of the reactions above is called a " half - reaction " . They are useful in sorting out the oxidation and reduction parts of a reaction and in counting electrons being transfered . . 6 Li ( s ) + N 2 Li N ( s ) Li ( s ) Li ( aq ) + e oxidation ( Each Li atom loses one electron ) 6 e + N 2 N reduction ( Each N atom gains three electrons ) The word come from the fact that oxygen causes many things to be oxidized . Oxygen is reduced in the process . 2 Mg ( s ) + O 2 MgO ( s ) Mg ( s ) Mg ( aq ) + 2 e ( Each Mg atom loses two electrons ) 4 e + O 2 O reduction ( Each O atom gains two electrons ) 4 Fe ( s ) + 3 O 2 Fe ( s ) Fe ( s ) Fe 3 + ( aq ) + 3 e ( Each Fe atom loses three electrons ) 4 e + O 2 O ( Each O atom gains two electrons ) This is the rusting of iron . 2 . Oxidation - reduction in aqueous solution . Redox reactions in aqueous solution are often complex . One type involves a metal reacting with a cation to produce a new metal and cation . These are sometimes called " single displacement " reactions . They are usually written in net ionic form . Zn ( s ) + Cu ( NO Cu ( s ) + Zn ( NO or Zn ( s ) Zn ( aq ) + 2 e ( Each Zn atom loses two electrons ) 2 e + Cu Cu ( s ) ( Each Cu atom gains two electrons ) Cu ( s ) + 2 AgNO Ag ( s ) + Cu ( NO or Cu ( s ) Cu ( Each Cu atom loses two electrons ) e + Ag Ag ( s ) ( Each Ag atom gains one electron ) Zn ( s ) + 2 HCl ( aq ) ZnCl ( aq ) + H ( g ) Zn ( s ) Zn ( Each Zn atom loses two electrons ) + 2 H ( g ) ( Each H atom gains one electron ) Many other redox reactions are more difficult to understand in terms of electron transfer . Cu ( s ) + 4 HNO 2 NO ( g ) + 2 H O ( l ) + Cu ( NO Cu ( s ) Cu ( Each Cu atom loses two electrons ) e + 2 H ( aq ) + NO NO ( g ) + H O ( l ) ( Each " N " gains one electron ) K Cr 7 ( aq ) + 3 C OH ( aq ) + 4 H Cr ( SO ( aq ) + K ( aq ) + 3 C O ( aq ) + 7 H O ( aq ) OH ( aq ) C O ( aq ) + 2 H ( Each " C " loses one electron ) 6 e + Cr ( aq ) + 14 H 2 Cr ( aq ) + 7 H ( Each " Cr " gains three electrons ) Solution Stoichiometry 1 . What volume of 0.200 M CuSO solution is required to react exactly with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH ? CuSO ( aq ) + 2 NaOH ( aq ) Cu ( OH ) ( s ) + Na 2 . Calculate the mass of precipitate formed when 45.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH and 22.50 mL of 0.150 M Cr ( NO are mixed . Cr ( NO ( aq ) + 3 NaOH ( aq ) Cr ( OH ) ( s ) + 3 NaNO 3 . 22.0 mL of 0.150 M K Cr is required to react with an iodide sample weighing 5.00 g according to : ( aq ) + 6 I ( aq ) + 14 H 3 I ( s ) + 2 Cr ( aq ) + 7 H O ( l ) Calculate the percent I in the sample . | [
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http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/lewis.html | Hydrogen Oxygen Chlorine Chloride ion A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms . The Lewis structure of a covalent compound or polyatomic ion shows how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule to show the connectivity of the atoms . Instead of using two dots to indicate the two electrons that comprise the covalent bond , a line is substituted for the two dots that represent the two electrons . Below is shown the Lewis structure for water . Two hydrogens ( H ) are separately covalently bonded to the central oxygen ( O ) atom . The bonding electrons are indicated by the dashes between the oxygen ( O ) and each hydrogen ( H ) and the other two pairs of electrons that constitute oxygens octet , are called non - bonding electrons as they are not involved in a covalent bond . There are several steps to keep in mind when drawing a Lewis structure . 1 . Determine the number of electrons to be used to connect the atoms . This is done by simply adding up the number of valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule . Consider carbon dioxide CO 2 carbon ( C ) has four valence electrons x 1 carbon = 4 e oxygen ( O ) has six valence electrons x 2 oxygens = 12 e total = 16 There are a total of exactly 16 to be placed in the Lewis structure . 2 . Determine the connectivity . The unique atom is usually central . Avoid long chains . Connect the central atom to the other atoms in the molecule with single bonds . Carbon is the central atom , the two oxygens are bound to it . 3 . Complete the octet of all the atoms in the structure . 4 . Remove electrons , from the central atom , in excess of the number calculated in step 1 . There are 20 electrons in this example , but only 16 needed and required . Remove 2 pair from the carbon . 5 . If the valence shell of the central atom is complete , you have drawn an acceptable Lewis structure . If not , the electron deficiency ( below an octet ) is made up by sharing lone pair electrons from the outer atoms to make double or triple bonds . Continue this process of making multiple bonds between the outer atoms and the central atom until the valence shell of the central atom is complete . Carbon is electron deficient - it only has four electrons around it . This is not an acceptable Lewis structure . becomes The central atom is still electron deficient , so share another pair . becomes The best Lewis structure that can be drawn for carbon dioxide is : 6 . Calculate formal charge ( FC ) on each atom . FC = # of valence e - ( # of lone pair e + 1 / 2 # of bonding e The formal charge on each atom in CO 2 is zero , so a different example will be used . Consider the molecule H CO . There are two possible Lewis structures for this molecule . Each has the same number of bonds . We can determine which is better by determining which has the least formal charge . It takes energy to get a separation of charge in the molecule ( as indicated by the formal charge ) so the structure with the least formal charge should be lower in energy and thereby be the better Lewis structure . FC ( H ) = 1 e - ( 0 e + 1 / 2 ( 2 ) e ) = 0 FC ( C ) = 4 e - ( 0 e + 1 / 2 ( 8 ) e ) = 0 FC ( O a ) = 6 e - ( 6 e + 1 / 2 ( 2 ) e ) = - 1 FC ( O b ) = 6 e - ( 2 e + 1 / 2 ( 6 ) e ) = + 1 FC ( H ) = 1 e + 1 / 2 ( 2 ) e FC ( C ) = 4 e + 1 / 2 ( 8 ) e a - ( 4 e + 1 / 2 ( 4 ) e b - ( 4 e + 1 / 2 ( 4 ) e The two possible Lewis structures are shown below . They are connected by a double headed arrow and placed in brackets . The non - zero formal charge on any atoms in the molecule have been written near the atom . The two structures differ only in the arrangement of the valence electrons in the molecule . No atoms have been moved . These are called resonance structures . The better Lewis structure or resonance structure is that which has the least amount of formal charge . The bond length is the distance between those two atoms . The greater the number of electrons between two atoms , the closer the atoms can be brought towards one another , and the shorter the bond . The BO is an indication of the bond length , the greater the bond order , the shorter the bond . | [
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http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/543glucose.html | Glucose Glucose is by far the most common carbohydrate and classified as a monosaccharide , an aldose , a hexose , and is a reducing sugar . It is also known as dextrose , because it is dextrorotatory ( meaning that as an optical isomer is rotates plane polarized light to the right and also an origin for the D designation . Glucose is also called blood sugar as it circulates in the blood at a concentration of 65 - 110 mg / dL ( or 65 - 110 mg / 100 ml ) of blood . Glucose is initially synthesized by chlorophyll in plants using carbon dioxide from the air and sunlight as an energy source . Glucose is further converted to starch for storage . Click for larger image Ring Structure for Glucose : Up until now we have been presenting the structure of glucose as a chain . In reality , an aqueous sugar solution contains only 0.02 % of the glucose in the chain form , the majority of the structure is in the cyclic chair form . Since carbohydrates contain both alcohol and aldehyde or ketone functional groups , the straight - chain form is easily converted into the chair form - hemiacetal ring structure . Due to the tetrahedral geometry of carbons that ultimately make a 6 membered stable ring , the - OH on carbon # 5 is converted into the ether linkage to close the ring with carbon # 1 . This makes a 6 member ring - five carbons and one oxygen . Steps in the ring closure ( hemiacetal synthesis ) : 1 . The electrons on the alcohol oxygen are used to bond the carbon # 1 to make an ether ( red oxygen atom ) . 2 . The hydrogen ( green ) is transferred to the carbonyl oxygen ( green ) to make a new alcohol group ( green ) . The chair structures are always written with the orientation depicted on the left to avoid confusion . Hemiacetal Functional Group : Carbon # 1 is now called the anomeric carbon and is the center of a hemiacetal functional group . A carbon that has both an ether oxygen and an alcohol group is a hemiacetal . Open graphic of hemiacetal in a new window Click for larger image Compare Alpha and Beta Glucose in the Chair Structures : The position of the - OH group on the anomeric carbon ( # 1 ) is an important distinction for carbohydrate chemistry . The Beta position is defined as the - OH being on the same side of the ring as the C # 6 . In the chair structure this results in a horizontal projection The Alpha position is defined as the - OH being on the opposite side of the ring as the C # 6 . In the chair structure this results in a downward projection The alpha and beta label is not applied to any other carbon - only the anomeric carbon , in this case # 1 . Compare Alpha and Beta Glucose - Chime in new window Compare Alpha and Beta Glucose in the Haworth Structures : Open graphic of Haworth Structures in a new window Beta position is defined as the - OH being on the same side of the ring as the C # 6 . In the Haworth structure this results in an upward projection Alpha position is defined as the - OH being on the opposite side of the ring as the C # 6 . In the Haworth structure this also results in a downward projection Quiz on Alpha and Beta Anomeric Carbons : Write your answer down . Then check the answer from the drop down menu . Which structure is shown in the graphic - alpha or beta ? Open graphic of Chair Structures in a new window Open graphic of Haworth Structures in a new window Which structure is shown in the graphic - alpha or beta ? Open graphic of Chair Structures in a new window Open graphic of Haworth Structures in a new window | [
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http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/553bilayer.html | Lipid Bilayer Membranes Introduction : Every cell is enclosed by a membrane which gives structure to the cell and allows for the passage of nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell . The purpose of the bilayer membrane is to separate the cell contents from the outside enevrionment . The outside of the cell is mostly water and the inside of the cell is mostly water . The cell membrane may be coated with other molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins , which serve as receptor sites for other messenger molecules . Interaction with the cell membrane allows for molecular communication signals to Cell membranes are composed of two classes of molecules : lipids and proteins . The proteins serve as enzymes , carry molecules , and provide the membrane with distinctive functional properties . Details of proteins and enzyme structures are given elsewhere . The lipids provide the structural integrity for the cell . The lipids found in the membrane consist of two parts : hydrophilic ( water soluble ) and hydrophobic ( water insoluble ) . The hydrophobic portion of the lipids is the non - polar long hydrocarbon chains of two fatty acids . The fatty acids are present as esters bonded to glycerol . The third - OH group on glycerol is ester bonded to phosphate hence the term phospholipid . The phosphate ester portion of the molecule is polar or even ionic and hence is water soluble . A simple interaction of several phospholipids is shown in the graphic on There are two common phospholipids found in the bilayer : Lecithin contains the amino alcohol , choline . Cephalins contain the amino alcohols serine or ethanolamine . Lipid Bilayer : The arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes has been deduced by X - Ray diffraction data . The phospholipids are arranged as a bilayer ( two molecules thick ) . The phospholipids are stacked with the non - polar hydrocarbon chains pointed inward while the polar ends act as the external surface as shown in graphic on the left . The structure of the bilayer is another application of the solubility principle of " likes dissolve likes " . Most of the fatty acids in the membrane are unsaturated because this allows the membrane to be more flexible ( cis bonds are bent ) to allow certain molecules through the membrane . However , the interaction of the hydrophobic inside of the layer acts as a barrier for ionic and polar molecules from entering the inside of the cell . In animal cells cholestrol is inserted between the non - polar chains , and makes up abot 20 % of the molecules of the membrane . This helps to make the memebrane more rigid and adds strength . Lipid Bilayer Graphic - left : Red / white sphers represent water molecules on the outside surfaces of the bilayer which are hydrophilic ( water loving ) . The gray spheres represent the non - polar hydrocarbon chains , which are hydrophobic or water hating . The purple spheres represent individual phospholid molecules . The graphic shows 200 phospholipids in a gel crystal structure . Bilayer Chime in new window Credits : Chime from : Dr . William McClure , Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA 15213 The coordinates are from the work of H . Heller , M . Schaefer , and K . Schulten ( 1993 ) " Molecular dynamics simulation of a bilayer of 200 lipids in the gel and in the liquid - crystal phases " , J . Phys . Chem . 97 , 8343 - 60 . | [
"Lipid Bilayer Membranes",
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http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/16785/positive-or-negative-anode-cathode-in-electrolytic-galvanic-cell | Positive or Negative Anode / Cathode in Electrolytic / Galvanic Cell Ask Question 38 24 In a galvanic ( voltaic ) cell , the anode is considered negative and the cathode is considered positive . This seems reasonable as the anode is the source of electrons and cathode is where the electrons flow . However , in an electrolytic cell , the anode is taken to be positive while the cathode is now negative . However , the reaction is still similar , whereby electrons from the anode flow to the positive terminal of the battery , and electrons from the battery flow to the cathode . So why does the sign of the cathode and anode switch when considering an electrolytic cell ? physical - chemistry electrochemistry share improve this question edited Jan 22 ' 17 at 9 : 55 Melanie Shebel 3,487 7 29 70 asked Sep 27 ' 14 at 2 : 37 1110101001 1,342 13 28 56 add a comment 5 Answers active oldest votes 30 The anode is the electrode where the oxidation reaction takes place while the cathode is the electrode where the reduction reaction takes place . That ' s how cathode and anode are defined . Galvanic cell Now , in a galvanic cell the reaction proceeds without an external potential helping it along . Since at the anode you have the oxidation reaction which produces electrons you get a build - up of negative charge in the course of the reaction until electrochemical equilibrium is reached . Thus the anode is negative . At the cathode , on the other hand , you have the reduction reaction which consumes electrons ( leaving behind positive ( metal ) ions at the electrode ) and thus leads to a build - up of positive charge in the course of the reaction until electrochemical equilibrium is reached . Thus the cathode is positive . Electrolytic cell In an electrolytic cell , you apply an external potential to enforce the reaction to go in the opposite direction . Now the reasoning is reversed . At the negative electrode where you have produced a high electron potential via an external voltage source electrons are " pushed out " of the electrode , thereby reducing the oxidized species , because the electron energy level inside the electrode ( Fermi Level ) is higher than the energy level of the LUMO of and the electrons can lower their energy by occupying this orbital - you have very reactive electrons so to speak . So the negative electrode will be the one where the reduction reaction will take place and thus it ' s the cathode . At the positive electrode where you have produced a low electron potential via an external voltage source electrons are " sucked into " the electrode leaving behind the the reduced species because the electron energy level inside the electrode ( Fermi Level ) is lower than the energy level of the HOMO of . So the positive electrode will be the one where the oxidation reaction will take place and thus it ' s the anode . A tale of electrons and waterfalls Since there is some confusion concerning the principles on which an electrolysis works , I ' ll try a metaphor to explain it . Electrons flow from a region of high potential to a region of low potential much like water falls down a waterfall or flows down an inclined plane . The reason is the same : water and electrons can lower their energy this way . Now the external voltage source acts like two big rivers connected to waterfalls : one at a high altitude that leads towards a waterfall - that would be the minus pole - Ok , what happens at the electrolysis reaction ? At the cathode , you have the high altitude situation . So the electrons flow to the " edge of their waterfall " . They want to " fall down " because behind them the river is pushing towards the edge exerting some kind of " pressure " . But where can they fall down to ? The other electrode is separated from them by the solution and usually a diaphragm . But there are molecules that have empty states that lie energetically below that of the electrode . Those empty states are like small ponds lying at a lower altitude where a little bit of the water from the river can fall into . So every time such an molecule comes near the electrode an electron takes the opportunity to jump to it and reduce it to . But that does not mean that the electrode is suddenly missing an electron because the river is replacing the " pushed out " electron immediately . And the voltage source ( the source of the river ) ca n ' t run dry of electrons because it gets its electrons from the power socket . Now the anode : At the anode , you have the low altitude situation . So here the river lies lower than everything else . Now you can imagine the HOMO - states of the molecules as small barrier lakes lying at a higher altitude than our river . When a molecule comes close to the electrode it is like someone opening the floodgates of the barrier lake ' s dam . The electrons flow from the HOMO into the electrode thus creating an molecule . But the electrons do n ' t stay in the electrode , so to speak , they are carried away by the river . And since the river is such a vast entity ( lots of water ) and usually flows into an ocean , the little " water " that is added to it does n ' t change the river much . It stays the same , unaltered so that everytime a floodgate gets opened the water from the barrier lake will drop the same distance . share improve this answer edited Jan 22 ' 17 at 10 : 00 Melanie Shebel 3,487 7 29 70 answered Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 02 Philipp 14.6k 2 55 104 1 I ' m still a little confused . You say that At the positive electrode where you have produced a low electron potential via an external voltage source electrons are " sucked into " the electrode . However , because the anode ' s electrons are sucked into the positive terminal of the battery , should n ' t the anode be considered negative ? 1110101001 Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 47 Also , since by definition the anode is where a loss of electrons occurs , wo n ' t there always be a buildup of negative charge and thus should n ' t the anode always be considered negative ? Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 50 2 @ user2612743 In an electrolytic cell you are the person that determines which electrode is positive and which is negative via the external potential . And this external potential does n ' t get altered in the course of the reaction because the " sucked in " electrons are transported away by the voltage source . Thus , those electrons ca n ' t build - up a negative charge at the electrode and the electrode potential stays the same . Philipp Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 54 @ user2612743 In a galvanic cell the reaction proceeds spontaneously according to the difference in Gibb ' s free energy . At the anode you have the oxidation and electrons enter the electrode leading to a build - up of neg . charge . At the cathode you have the reduction and electrons pass out of the electrode leading to a build - up of pos . charge . The electrodes are often made of metal and the electrons originate from those metal atoms by leaving them thus creating positive metal ions . Sep 27 ' 14 at 5 : 17 1 @ user2612743 Concerning electrolysis : The electrodes are charged according to the potential you enforce . This charge is not altered during the reaction because any electrons that go in or out are immediately transported away or replaced by the external voltage source . The voltage source is the force behind the pull that electrons feel at the anode and it is also the force behind the push the electrons feel in the cathode . The electrons do n ' t flow directly from the anode to the cathode . They are rather collected and redistributed by the voltage source Sep 27 ' 14 at 5 : 26 show 4 more comments 13 The electrode at which oxidation takes place is known as the anode , while the electrode at which reduction take place is called the cathode . Reduction - > cathode Oxidation - > anode If you see galvanic cell reduction take place at the left electrode , so the left one is the cathode . Oxidation takes place at the right electrode , so the right one is the anode . While in electrolytic cell reduction takes place at the right electrode , so right one is the cathode . Oxidation takes place at the left electrode , so the left one is the anode . improve this answer Jan 22 ' 17 at 10 : 02 answered Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 19 Freddy 4,172 6 27 61 Yes , I got that , but why does is the anode considered negative in a galvanic cell but positive in a electrolytic cell ? Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 26 Unless I ' m missing something , I do n ' t quite yet understand why the anode is considered negative in a galvanic cell but positive in a electrolytic cell . . . Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 36 @ user2612743 I have tried to make it clear , see if you get it . Freddy Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 45 My question was about the sign convention for the cathode and anode though , not about the definition of anode and cathode . I understand that oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode . I am looking to understand why the cathode is considered positive in a galvanic cell but negative in an electrolytic cell . Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 49 add a comment 4 I ' m no expert nor scholar , but from what I am reading in all of these explanations , and what I notice from the illustration , it becomes obvious . . .at least to me . . .which I feel may clarify the polarity change between the Galvanic cell and electrolytic cell for this user . As established and understood , the source of electrons and transfer of ions flows from the negative pole , ( Anode ) and is received by the positive pole ( Cathode ) ( intentionally using most basic terms ) the anode is negative here because the the flow originates FROM the electrolyte , into the light bulb , for which , if the terminals of the bulb were labeled , they would match the electrolyte in the other cell as it is the force coming from the bulb pushing the flow to the cell ' s cathode , and the In the electrolytic cell , the " electrolyte " is taking the role of the light bulb of the Galvanic cell , since the electrons are being SENT TO it from the power source , and is not in itself the SOURCE of flow , but is SUBJECT TO the force from the source of flow . SO just as the Galvanic cell ' s anode sends to the light bulb , and the electrolyte is labeled like the load of the galvanic cell , and transferring its incoming negative force from the current source , and this pushes through the electrolyte like the flow FROM the light bulb . It may be easier if you note that the SOURCE of power is NOT the electrolyte and technically , the black terminal of the power supply is the TRUE anode ( Sending ) , and the red side the TRUE Cathode , ( Receiving ) but when identifying the reactive substance submerged / surrounded by the electrolytic substance , the anode is giving up its ions , which then add to the Cathode which is receiving them . Therefore the tags in the electrolytic cell are not naming the " source of flow " , but the reaction of the substances involved , due TO the force / flow imposed on them from the power source , but is not THE source of power , and therefore should not be labeled AS one . . .and there are only two options for labeling them , and since it can not be changed at the power source it can only b changed at the point of contact with the electrolyte ! At least this is what I have come to understand by reviewing the comments and illustrations . I sincerely hope it helps clarify the rationale for the reversal of labels for this user and any others struggling with the concept of being due to the source of current having to be labeled as - Anode and + Cathode . . . forcing the object the current plays upon to be the opposite despite their poles and due to direction of flow . Jan 22 ' 17 at 10 : 06 Feb 7 ' 15 at 3 : 35 Daniel 41 The anode is the electrode at which the oxidation half - reaction takes place . In a galvanic cell , the reaction is spontaneous , there is no external potential applied , and when the anode material is oxidized that makes the anode the negative electrode . In an electrolytic cell , it is the external potential that drives the reaction , the anode is the electrode where the oxidation reaction happens , consequently this time it is the electrode with the positive potential . Jan 22 ' 17 at 10 : 06 Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 02 Abel Friedman 2,273 21 The anode is the electrode where the oxidation reaction happens , consequently this time it is the electrode with the positive potential . I do n ' t see the link between these two statements . Does n ' t oxidation always occur at the anode , regardless of whether it is a galvanic or electrolytic cell ? So why is it considered positive for an electrolytic cell but negative for a galvanic one ? Sep 27 ' 14 at 4 : 53 I mean this answer as a complement to previous answers . As alreadey disccused , in the ANODE you will always have an oxidation reaction , while in the CATHODE you will observe the reduction reaction The reduction an oxidation reactions are always coupled so one electrode acts as a source of electrons and the other as a sink . In the galvanic cell the overall reaction is spontaneous and the current flows from the anode to the cathode . On the other hand , in an electrolitic cell we drive the reaction in a non - spontaneous sense applying an external potential ( for example , using a power supply ) . I think this image should make clear the operation of both kinds of cells , the processes that occur at each electrode and the sign convention . Although it illustrates a specific reaction , you may generalised it to other systems . The source of the image is Electrolysis I at Chemistry . LibreTexts Dec 17 ' 18 at 19 : 49 Dec 17 ' 18 at 12 : 34 PAEP 120 This does constitute enough meat to be an answer to the question , but a few words of your own could get my upvote , making it a very good answer in my opinion . M.A.R. ಠ_ಠ Dec 17 ' 18 at 12 : 54 protected by Community ♦ Mar 8 ' 15 at 21 : 50 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged physical - chemistry electrochemistry or ask your own question | [
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http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/21709/why-does-coordinate-covalent-bond-form | Why does coordinate covalent bond form ? up vote 9 down vote favorite 3 Coordinate covalent bonds are bonds on which both electrons from one atom . But why does this happen ? Some may think it is because one of the bonding atoms have strong electronegativity . But experimental evidence suggests otherwise . For example , carbon monoxide . The EN of carbon is 2.6 , and oxygen 3.4 . This may lead you to think that carbon will donate a pair of electron , but on Princeton . edu : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) can be viewed as containing one coordinate bond and two " normal " covalent bonds between the carbon atom and the oxygen atom . This highly unusual description illustrates the flexibility of this bonding description . Thus in CO , carbon is the electron acceptor and oxygen is the electron donor . Nevertheless , in some cases like NO2 , it does follows that the less electronegative atom domates electron . But why ? ? bond share improve this question edited Dec 14 ' 14 at 20 : 43 asked Dec 14 ' 14 at 19 : 59 most venerable sir 1,223 10 26 46 1 That simply follows from the fact that oxygen normally can not have three bonds . With three bonds it has to donate electrons , else it would end up with more than 8 electrons in its outer shell . Jori Dec 14 ' 14 at 20 : 51 add a comment | [
"covalent bonds"
] |
http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/33250/are-all-homogeneous-mixtures-just-solutions | Are all homogeneous mixtures just solutions ? Ask Question 13 Or can there be a homogeneous mixture that is not a solution ? solutions mixtures share improve this question asked Jun 23 ' 15 at 16 : 03 la . vie . en . rose 196 2 2 8 6 I think this largely rests on what one means by " homogeneity " . It ' s a concept which changes depending on the scale . The entire Universe is homogeneous on the scales of billions of light years , but below that it is not . A steel plate might seem homogeneous at the metre scale , but view it with an electron microscope and all sorts of aggregates and domains become visible . The limits of homogeneity are somewhat loosely defined . Nicolau Saker Neto Jun 23 ' 15 at 17 : 08 add a comment 3 Answers active oldest votes 13 Homogeneous and heterogeneous classifications are scale - dependent . What we mean when we say a mixture is homogeneous is that there are no visible phase differences on the scale of interest . For example , milk ( when homogenized ) and lotions are both examples of colloidal suspensions . There are no phase differences at the human scale , but neither one is a solution . On a more microscopic scale , you could call the suspended micelles phase boundaries , and in that case might not call the mixture homogeneous . " Solution " always implies mixing on the molecular level ( single - phase ) . To summarize : Solutions are always homogeneous mixtures , but homogeneous mixtures are not always solutions . share improve this answer answered Jun 23 ' 15 at 18 : 54 thomij 9,141 23 56 add a comment 8 According to IUPAC gold book : A solution is a liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance . . . So , the concept " solution " is reserved to solid and liquid phases . In gas phase : Air is an example of homogeneous mixture of nitrogen , oxygen , carbon dioxide and other gases present in air . It ' s obvious that air is not a solution . improve this answer answered Jun 23 ' 15 at 16 : 30 Yomen Atassi 7,619 1 11 31 3 For the liquid phase , I think it is probably true that all homogeneous mixtures are solutions . But the situation is more complicated for solid phases . In a diamond crystal , if the atoms are homogeneously distributed in the crystal , could you really say that the diamond is a " solution " of in a 12 " solvent " ? I do n ' t think so . - doped or - doped silicon is another example . In contrast , other homogeneous solids , like brass , are correctly regarded as solid solutions . No one usually regards gas phases as " solutions " , so mixtures of gases are probably not solutions . edited Mar 11 ' 16 at 23 : 22 mhchem 2,603 9 29 Jun 23 ' 15 at 16 : 08 Curt F . 15.7k 1 36 87 Your comment suggests another part of the definition of a solution : the components of a solution can not be covalently bonded together . iad22agp Jun 23 ' 15 at 17 : 33 @ iad22agp - But now you have ruled out things like Si - Ge that forms a continuous solid solution in the diamond cubic structure . It is homogeneous , and is definitely a solution ( and a near - ideal solution as well ) . So I do not believe that the type of bonding has anything to do with the question . Jon Custer Jun 23 ' 15 at 18 : 12 Well , metal bonding is not exactly covalent . I think the key here may be that , when liquefied , a true solution ' s components able to freely diffuse within the bulk . iad22agp Jun 23 ' 15 at 19 : 00 Si - Ge is not metallic - it is a covalently bonded semiconductor . And , diffusion in the liquid may be quite different from diffusion in the solid , since the bonding environment may be very different . Again , Si is a metallic liquid , but not a metallic solid . Jon Custer Jun 23 ' 15 at 19 : 30 protected by Loong ♦ Jul 8 ' 16 at 20 : 53 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged solutions mixtures or ask your own question | [
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http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5734/why-dont-metals-form-covalent-bonds-in-bulk-metal | Why do n ' t metals form covalent bonds in bulk metal ? up vote 12 down vote favorite 2 I really do n ' t understand why metals form metallic bonds . I mean , it makes no sense . It would make much more sense for them to form covalent bonds with themselves and have a ' pseudo - full ' outer shell . How does freeing off electrons make them any more stable ? bond metal share improve this question edited Jan 25 ' 14 at 15 : 27 matt_black 17.8k 2 50 106 asked Jul 31 ' 13 at 12 : 26 Gerard 1,496 10 29 43 add a comment 5 Answers active oldest votes up vote 12 down vote accepted This is due to the low ionization energies of the metals . It ' s easier for them to release few electrons from the outer shell to obtain a noble gas configuration rather than consuming several ones . However , the difference between an ionic and a polar covalent bond is always fringe . Again , it ' s not true that metals do n ' t form covalent bonds at all . I guess you never heard of quadruple bond or δ - bond . There are several examples such as 8 and Chromium ( II ) acetate hydrate share improve this answer edited Jul 31 ' 13 at 23 : 20 ashu 3,207 1 13 31 answered Jul 31 ' 13 at 13 : 50 blackSmith 698 5 11 3 > This is due to the low ionization energies of the metals | | This is BS . silicon : ionisation energy 8 eV ( nonmetallic bond ) ; mercury : ionisation energy 10 eV ( metallic bond ) . permeakra Dec 1 ' 15 at 8 : 17 Silicon is not entirely nonmetallic , it becomes a metal when melted . The point is , what makes things metallic is not as simple and brute force as ionization energy . Oscar Lanzi Feb 24 at 14 : 02 add a comment 9 Bulk d - metals and especially intermetallic compounds often do have significant covalent bonding . Strictly speaking , metal bonding is a kind of covalent bonding in a sense . It is a common knowledge , that 3 - or more atoms may be bound by one pair of electrons , like 3 ion . In bulk metals , similar bonding bond is working for valence electron . Even more strictly speaking , to fully understand the matter you have to consider the matter from position of theory of molecular orbitals . Let ' s assume we have a nanocrystal of 100 3d row element atoms . From 400 orbitals of said atoms 400 molecular orbitals are formed , with strict distribution of their energies depending on shape and size of the crystal and crystal cell . Then , the only difference between metals and non - metals is that metals have semi - full group of orbitals of same energy ( so called conductivity zone , while non - metals have only full and vacant orbitals . improve this answer Feb 24 at 11 : 20 Gaurang Tandon 5,126 5 23 58 answered Jan 26 ' 14 at 18 : 02 permeakra 17.7k 1 36 79 3 is rather misleading , and in this form does not explain why metals would have such orbitals or what is special about them Greg Nov 12 ' 16 at 9 : 08 4 Certain metals under certain conditions form highly covalently bonded structures . Certain allotropes ( phases ) of metals have no metal qualities such as alpha - tin . Formed at about 13.2 degrees celcius with pure tin - it has no metallic qualities and pure covalent bonds . Nov 5 ' 13 at 2 : 28 user2617804 797 The difference between covalent and metallic bonding looks much clearer when written on paper than it does in the real world . If you take the elements from group 15 from phosphorus downwards and analyse them , you have ‘ true ’ covalent bonding for one allotrope of phosphorus ( the white one , 4 ) and ‘ true ’ metallic bonding for bismuth . The entire transition downwards from phosphorus — technically already including phosphorus ’ red and black allotropes — is a transition from covalent to metallic bonding . If you look at an orbital picture of metallic bonding , you see the clear similarity to covalent bonding , except that you are n ’ t dealing with discreet molecules but a huge network . Sep 15 ' 16 at 18 : 56 Jan 48.3k 7 114 254 First of all ! Metal do form covalent bond . It is very common in transition metal like platinum , palladium . However , it is not the way you are talking about . Typically , when pure metal atoms bond together , they prefer metallic bond . Aug 6 ' 13 at 21 : 10 Ian Fang 1,672 7 Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged bond metal or ask your own question | [
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http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/729/differences-between-phenols-and-alcohols | Differences between phenols and alcohols Ask Question 37 6 I know phenols are more acidic as compared to alcohols , but are they considered different from alcohols ? Sure , you can study something as a subset , but are phenols considered a subset of alcohols , or are they considered as completely different from alcohols ? My confusion is due to the fact that both of them contain a hydroxyl group . organic - chemistry alcohols phenols share improve this question edited May 24 ' 16 at 22 : 10 bon 12.5k 9 42 79 asked Jul 3 ' 12 at 5 : 42 Kartik Anand 291 1 3 7 Then what are the difference between above mentioned ones and carboxylic acid ? On the way to success Jun 19 ' 15 at 14 : 39 add a comment 2 Answers active oldest votes 45 Nope . Alcohols consist of an group bonded to a saturated carbon ( hybridized , no multiple bonds ) IUPAC says : alcohols Compounds in which a hydroxy group , , is attached to a saturated carbon atom 3 . The term ' hydroxyl ' refers to the radical species , and Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring , e.g. 2 - naphthol : ( source : iupac . org A phenol consists of an bonded to an unsaturated carbon . Thus , it does not qualify as an alcohol . One can classify it as an enol , though . Really , to me , the classification does n ' t matter . Classifications are artificial , what is important is how well the properties fit in the classification . Many of the alcohol properties depend upon : Its unsaturated nature : oxidation to ketone / aldehyde / acid The weaker bond and its ability to easily break and form an cation ( this makes it a good participant in reactions ) Phenol can obviously not be oxidised at the to a ketone / acid ( though one can do stuff to make it into a quinone ) . Phenylic carbocations are unstable , thus we do n ' t get any reactions , and the bond stays put . On the other hand , most of the reactions of phenol depend upon its Aromatic phenyl ring : All the EAS reactions Weaker bond ( i.e. , acidic nature ) : Reimer - Tiemann reaction , etc Thus phenols and alcohols do n ' t have too many reactions in common . So , in this case , they have been classified in a sensible manner - - if phenols were classified as alcohols , we would basically be clubbing two radically different classes of compounds under one umbrella . share improve this answer edited Feb 16 at 13 : 13 Glorfindel 1,504 4 8 19 answered Jul 3 ' 12 at 8 : 10 ManishEarth ♦ 10.7k 12 59 106 Actually the question in my book was " Which of these can not be considered as an alcohol " , and phenol was an option . Kartik Anand Jul 3 ' 12 at 14 : 46 2 @ kartik It is not an alcohol by definition . The second part of my answer deals with why we can not even consider it as one . ManishEarth ♦ Jul 3 ' 12 at 14 : 48 1 @ KartikAnand , one must remember that what is taught in a course is not always necessarily agreed on in the field . The " Central Dogma " comes to mind . bobthejoe Jul 3 ' 12 at 21 : 51 ( Re : last paragraph ) I agree that classifications are somewhat artificial . But I disagree that phenols and alcohols have nearly no reactions in common . Both alcohols and phenols are capable of acting as weakly acidic species ; when deprotonated , their conjugate bases are both strong bases and good nucleophiles ; and they can undergo many reactions in common at oxygen , such as alkylation , silylation , acylation , and many others . This is a significant facet of the chemistry of alcohols and should not be overlooked . james_ash Jul 9 ' 12 at 2 : 15 @ james_ash : ( I converted your post to a comment , once you have 50 rep you can comment yourself ) . Hmm , I sort of disagree with your comments on their strengths as acids / bases / nucleophiles , but that is only because their relative strengths are quite different . I ' ll edit my post , though - - you ' re absolutely right about the other reactions . Basically I want to say that their nature is different enough for them to be classified differently . Jul 9 ' 12 at 4 : 29 add a comment - 3 Phenols are the aromatic organic compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly connected to a ring and alcohols are the non - aromatic compounds that have a hydroxyl group connected to the main chain . The difference is that one is cyclic and one is non - cyclic . improve this answer answered May 15 ' 14 at 4 : 59 Devashish 13 8 Your differentiation is not correct . For example , cyclohexanol is an alcohol although the hydroxy group is attached to a ring . Loong Sep 23 ' 15 at 17 : 43 protected by jonsca Jun 20 ' 15 at 7 : 17 Thank you for your interest in this question . Because it has attracted low - quality or spam answers that had to be removed , posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site ( the association bonus does not count ) . Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead ? Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged organic - chemistry or ask your own question | [
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http://chemistry.tutorcircle.com/inorganic-chemistry/lanthanides-and-actinides.html | Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Inner Transition Metals Lanthanides and Actinides Lanthanides and Actinides Sub Topics Definition Characteristics Contraction Comparison Uses T he lanthanide and actinide form large families of iso - structural compounds of great interest for fundamental solid state research . These compounds allow a systematic and comparative study of the physical properties among the three series of elements . By means of solid solutions material with a continuous and progressive variation of the number of f electrons of chemical pressure and of interatomic distance are obtained . The investigations in progress for years together on the lanthanides and actinides have enabled the discovery of new compounds with behaviors like complex magnetic structures etc . Lanthanides and actinides are placed in two rows at the bottom of the periodic table Definition Back to Top Lanthanides and actinides are also called inner transition elements . They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table . Each row has its own name . The elements cerium ( Ce ) through lutetium ( Lu ) are called the lanthanides and thorium ( Th ) through lawrencium ( Lr ) make up the actinides . Except for uranium few of the inner transition elements are well known . The lanthanides begin with lanthanum ( La ) . The 4f energy levels are very close in energy to the 5d levels . All of the lanthanides have chemical properties that are quite similar to La and Lu . In the same manner the actinides begin with actinium ( Ac ) . After filling the 5f orbitals with 14 electrons , lawrencium begins the fifth transition metal series . All of the actinides have chemical properties that are very similar to Ac and Lr . Characteristics Back to Top Characteristic of lanthanides The lanthanides are silvery white metals , the lighter lanthanides retain their lustre at room temperature but the higher lanthanides get tarnished due to oxidation . The lanthanides are not good conductors of heat and electricity and their mechanical characteristics are also very poor . All the elements of the family have a very low electronegative character as their ions exist in a stable state . Characteristic of actinides Actinides especially lighter ones are much sensitive to redox conditions and are dissolved in various valence states in aqueous solutions . Very different chemical behaviors are observed in different valence states . Actinide ions are usually of multi valence and are easily hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions . Very low solubility and colloidal behaviour are often observed . Actinide ions are also likely to interact with mineral components in geological formations . Very high distribution ratios are known for a rock specimen of many kinds . Contraction Lanthanide contraction As we move along the lanthanide series from lanthanum to lutetium there is a continuous decrease in the size of the lanthanide ion with increase in atomic number . This decrease is known as lanthanide contraction . The radii of the atoms increase on descending a group . But such a trend is absent with some elements of the sixth period . Ongoing from Nb to Ta and Mo to W the reduction in radii values contrary to the expected values is called lanthanide contraction . Actinide contraction There is a regular decrease in Ionic radii with increase in atomic number from actinium to lawrencium . This is called actinide contraction . This contraction is similar to lanthanide contraction . The actinide contraction is caused due to to imperfect shielding of one 5f electron by another in the same shell . Thus , as we move along actinide series the nuclear charge and the number of 5f electrons increase by one unit . Comparison The difference between lanthanides and actinides are listed below . S . No Lanthanides Actinides 1 Lanthanides occur in nature . Actinides are synthetic . 2 Lanthanides form spectral lines which is less intense . Spectral lines formed by actinides are about ten times as intense as those formed by the lanthanides . 3 + 3 oxidation state is the most stable oxidation state formed by lanthanides . Though all the actinides form + 3 oxidation state , it is not the most stable especially for the first four actinides - Th , Pa , U and Np . The stable + 4 state is much more common than in the lanthanides . 4 In lanthanides the 4f orbitals are burried deep inside the atom , totally shielding by outer orbitals and thus unable to take pat in bonding . The 5f orbitals in the actinides extend into space beyond the 6s and 6p orbitals and participate in bonding . Uses Lanthanides Ceric sulphate is used as an oxidizing agent in volumetric analysis Cerium salts are also used in dyeing cotton in lead accumulators and also catalysts . Oxides of neodymium and praseodymium are used for making colored glasses for goggles . Actinides Thorium is used in atomic reactors as fuel rods and in the treatment of cancer . A mixture of thorium and cerium nitrate in the ratio of 99 : 1 is used for making incandescent gas mantles . Uranium is used as nuclear fuel . Its salts are used in glass industry , textile industry and also in medicines . Plutonium is used as fuel for atomic reactors as well as in atomic bombs . Photochemical Reaction Topics in Lanthanides and Actinides Lanthanide Contraction | [
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http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/leucine.html | Chemistry Biochemistry Amino Acids Leucine Leucine Proteins are complex substances found in many foods and composed of thousands of small monomer units known as amino acids . They are essential in everybody ' s diet and act as Building blocks of life . Amino acids bonded ion various sequences and form different types of proteins found in different foods in our diet . There are only twenty alpha amino acids which involves in the formation of various proteins can be further divided into essential and non - essential amino acids . Essential amino acids must appear in diet as they can not be synthesized by the body , while non - essential amino acids can be synthesized in human body by biochemical process . Protein rich food breaks down by digestive system to the constituent amino acids , which enter the body " pool " of amino acids . These amino acids are assembling in various sequences to form proteins as per requirement of body . During the deficiency of one or more of the needed amino acids , they can not be utilized to form a protein , hence a complete diet must contain all of the essential amino acids with additional amino acids for synthesis of the nonessential amino acids . Carbohydrates and fats act as main energy source as proteins release less energy around four kcal per gram . These bio molecules are mainly required for regulation , functions and structure of the cells , tissues , and organs of body . Each protein has unique functions and act as key to muscle building and development . Proteins act as major structural component of all body tissue and also a functional component of hormones and enzymes . Generally proteins are constantly being broken down in our bodies and amino acids are reused for the formation of other proteins and completely used amino acids are replaced by new one through the process of protein turnover . What is Leucine ? Back to Top Leucine is a branched , aliphatic - amino acid with the chemical formula and molecular mass is 131.17 g . Because of the presence of aliphatic isobutyl side chain , Leucine is hydrophobic in nature . There are six codons for Leucine CUU , CUC , UUA , UUG , CUG and CUA Leucine acts as a major component for astacin , ferritin , and other ' buffer ' proteins . Leucine is quite similar to valine , has only one additional methylene group in its side chain . Because of hydrophobic nature leucine is generally buried in folded proteins . Leucine is an essential amino acid , hence can not be manufactured in the body and must be taken in diet or as supplements . The major sources of leucine amino acid are as follow . Pyruvic acid acts as a precursor for the synthesis of leucine which catalyzed by a series of enzymes , Acetohydroxy acid isomer reductase , - Isopropylmalate isomerise , Acetolactate synthase , - Isopropylmalate synthase leucine aminotransferase and Dihydroxyacid dehydratase in plants and other micro organism . Leucine can also be synthesized by using - ketoisovalerate which is an intermediate in the valine synthesis . In synthesis process , Acetyl - CoA acts as acetyl donor for reactant Electrons are transferred to NAD + followed by decarboxylation process and in the final step , glutamate transfers one amine group to - ketoisocaproate and form leucine . Leucine Structure Back to Top Leucine is one of the essential amino acid out of ten acids contains one side branched aliphatic side chain with amino and carboxyl group . The pK a1 - carboxyl group ) for leucine is 2.40 , pK a2 - ammonium ion ) is 9.60 with isoelectric point 5.98 for leucine . Leucine Benefits L - Leucine regulates the blood sugar levels and also increases growth hormone production . It combines with other branched amino acids like iso - leucine and valine to protect and provide fuel to the muscles to increase endurance level and boost energy . L - Leucine involves in the preservation of lean muscle mass and helps to preserve muscle tissue during the aging process . This amino acid can also involve speeding up the recovery process for muscle damage and skin injuries . L - Leucine regulates the protein synthesis and essential in the building of muscle tissue . A sufficient level of Leucine amino acid helps to prevent tissue catabolism and in the rebuilding of muscle tissue after intense training . It also helps to increase endurance and energy to promote muscle tissue health and protection , hence good for bodybuilding . Leucine regulates the growth and repair of muscle tissue like bones , skin and muscles and wound healing . L - leucine is also be beneficial for in phenylketonuria disease in which the body can not metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine amino acid . The deficiency of L - leucine causes hypoglycemia with irritability , depression , dizziness , fatigue , confusion , headaches , etc . The group of branched - chain amino acids ( BCAA ) includes leucine , isoleucine , and valine which are excellent sources of energy production in skeletal muscle and serving as building blocks for muscle protein synthesis . Leucine acts as a primary mediator of the metabolic changes during consumption of high protein diet . It also involves in the activation of the metabolic regulatory kinase known as mammalian target of rapamycin , mTOR which increase the rate of protein synthesis and regulates the feeding behaviors . Leucine is the most effective branched - chain amino acids ( BCAA ) compare to other amino acids as during muscle loss , it breaks down and glucose more quickly compare to isoleucine and valine . Leucine also helps in treatment of traumatic injury and is often recommended for those recovering from surgery . No doubt leucine is an essential amino acid ; the excess intake of leucine causes the development of pellagra which is a deficiency of the vitamin niacin The main symptoms of pellagra are mental disorders , dermatitis , and diarrhea . The high concentration of leucine can disrupt liver and kidney function in the body . Valine Chemistry Help Chemistry Tutor | [
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http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/penetrating-power.html | Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Molecular Structure Rutherford Model of the Atom Penetrating Power Penetrating Power Negatively charged electrons are placed in certain energy levels which are known as orbits and positively charged particles ( protons ) are placed in nucleus with neutrons . Electrons can move between different energy levels by absorption or emission of energy in the form of radiations . The energy that come from a source and travels through some medium or space is called as radiation . Radiations can be in the form of light , sound or heat . The radiations which can produce charged particles in matter are called as ionizing radiations . Usually unstable atoms emit this kind of radiation . Unstable atoms have excess of energy or mass and tend to come in stable form by emission of energy in the form radiations . Therefore unstable atoms are also known as radioactive Radiations show dual nature ( particulate and electromagnetic nature ) . Some common examples of electromagnetic radiations are gamma , X - rays . Similarly beta and alpha radiations are particulate radiations . Radiations can be measured in various units like Roentgen ( R ) , Rad etc . Roentgen is used to measure a quantity called exposure . It measures the energy produced by gamma radiation and also used to describe the amount of radiations in air . Similarly Rad or Radiation Absorbed Dose is used to measure a quantity that is known as absorbed dose . It indicates the amount of energy absorbed in some material . It can be defined as the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of material . Another unit of radiation is Rem ( Roentgen Equivalent Man ) which is used to derive equivalent dose . Curie ( Ci ) is a unit used to measure a radioactivity . Here 1curie represents the number of particles / second from 1 gram of Radium . What is Penetrating Power ? Back to Top The penetrating power of radiations is the measurement of energy of those radiations . As the energy of radiations increases , the penetration power of radiations also increases . Alpha particles can be blocked by a paper sheet whereas beta particles pass through paper and blocked by aluminum foil . Gamma rays require concrete , lead , or other heavy shielding to block them . Penetrating Power Definition Back to Top Penetrating power can be defined as the tendency of radiations to cross by certain mediums . It also indicates the energy content of radiations . Different radiations show different penetrating power . Penetrating Power of Radiation Let ’ s discuss some common types of radiations and their penetrating power . The alpha particles are heaviest particles and are produced during decay of some heaviest elements . They are particulate radiations and have high energy so they usually expelled from unstable nucleus . An alpha particle is ahelium atom with two neutrons and two protons . Beta rays or particles are energetic electrons which given off by the nucleus of unstable isotopes . These particles leave the nucleus at a speed of 270,000 km / second . They can be stopped by an aluminum sheet or by air . Gamma rays are very high energy X - rays . They are energetic photons or light wave but much more energetic and harmful . These rays are capable of damaging living cells and can also be slow down by transferring its energy to surrounding cell components . So we can say that alpha particles can not penetrate even a paper while beta rays can penetrate it but stopped by an aluminum sheet . Gamma rays are high energy rays and can penetrate paper and aluminum sheet but stopped by concrete layer . Penetrating Power of Alpha Beta and Gamma Alpha particles are positively charge particles which leave an unstable nucleus at the speed of 16 x 10 3 km / sec . It is around a tenth of the speed of light . They are relatively large and heavy particles therefore these particles are not very penetrating . Hence alpha particles can be stopped by a 3 - cm layer of air . These particles easily transfer their energy to the surrounding medium and can not penetrate the outer layer of our skin . It does not mean that alpha particles are not dangerous they are if inhaled or swallowed . Beta particles can be detected through the tube window . These particles are around 8000 times smaller than the alpha particles but are capable of penetrating living matter . The penetration of beta particles in living cells is deep enough and damages can pass to next generation also . Penetrating Power of x Rays X - rays are photons or high - energy light - waves which are usually emitted by radium or cobalt . These rays can easily penetrate our body therefore also called as penetrating radiation . X - rays can be stopped by a thick lead barrier or a wall . Human bones or human organs are differentially penetrable and absorb the energy therefore no X - rays hit the sensitive X - ray film which gives a contrast in the form the picture of the bones . Penetrating Power of x Ray and Gamma Ray X - rays and gamma rays are mainly used in medical field medicine . X - rays and gamma rays are ionizing rays and have almost similar wavelengths but these rays are produced in different ways . Some of the body parts like skin and bone have tendency to absorb these radiations therefore the amount of absorption indicate the thickness and density of the material . Gamma rays have a very high frequency and can not be seen . These rays pass through skin and soft tissues . They have high penetrating power compare to alpha and beta rays . Related Topics Chemistry Help Chemistry Tutor | [
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http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/nuclear-chemistry/quarks.html | Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity Radioactive Decay Quarks Quarks The fundamental particles are those particles which do n ’ t have any kind of constituent particles and their own substructure . So it is not possible to break them in their substituent . For example , the fundamental particle of an atom is electron while proton and neutron have their own substructure . ' Total 12 fundamental particles are discovered . They are classified in two categories . One is Leptons and the other is Quarks . Thus , they are elementary particles for formation of matter . ' What are Quarks ? Back to Top The quarks is a category of fundamental particles . Main six elementary particles are included in quarks class . These are up quark , down quark ; charm , strange , top quark , bottom quark . All the six types of quarks can found in three colors . The very popular mesons and baryons are made by the quarks . The special property of quarks is that they always find in combination of two quarks or three quarks or five quarks ( penta quarks ) etc . Quark Definition Back to Top " These are those fundamental particles which can not be isolated and works as main block in the formation of matter with the other fundamental particles . " Their mass can not be measure directly or done only by scattering experiments . It is observed that the mass of up and down quarks is about one - third of the mass of proton because the proton is made with three quarks . But that is not true for all as they show different masses due to different combination in different particles . Like in the Pion , the mass energy of generating particles is 139.6 MeV which is the combination of up and anti down quark . But in rho vector meson , the mass energy is equal to 770 MeV for the same combination . Quark Particle A quark particle is considered as one of the most important fundamental particles in physics . They are always found in combination which forms hadrons like protons and neutrons . Anti quark is the anti particle of quark . The interaction between all the quarks and their study comes in quantum chromo dynamics . The interaction between quark and anti quark takes place by fundamental force of physics . Quarks are confined particles so their properties like mass , spin , paring etc can not be measured directly . The effectiveness of quarks force is only in specific condition . The attraction is effective only in color less combinations of quarks like in three quarks ( baryons ) , quark - anti quark pairs ( mesons ) and also in penta quarks . The transformations by the exchange of W bosons determine the rate and nature of the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction . Quark Star Neutron is made up with three quarks The quarks are also able to make degeneracy pressure just as neutrons stars . The neutron stars are basically dense massive stars They are capable to undergo in supernova condition and thus crush the matter in their cores and increase the densities up to 1014 grams per cc and the density is made nearly equal to nuclear matter . At that point , the combination of protons and electrons takes place to form neutrons and the matter core is converted into 100 % pure neutron core . But the further gravitational collapse is not possible as neutrons are the particles of ½ quantum spin and only two can exist in the same quantum state . Thus , the Fermi Degeneracy Pressure is the pressure at which densities and masses of neutron star become strong like gravity but a repulsion force is also exists . As the quarks can also be produced the degeneracy pressure like neutrons stars . For this process , the neutron star must be compressed up to densities equal or higher to 1016 grams / cc . The compression needs a particular mass in the neutron star so that it can be put in the black hole . The limit for its size can be approx more or less than 25 kilometers in radius . Thus the core neutron begins to dissolve in their particles quarks at these densities . This process continues till a gaseous quarks is formed and are known as “ Quark Stars ” . At a higher density , more quarks are formed but their size and mass are almost nearly equal to the black hole . Thus in reality , the quarks stars are found to be unstable and is a kind of fleeting phase of massive neutron stars . Types of Quarks There are main three generation of quarks which are based on the pairing between weak positive or negative weak ISO - spin . Up & down quarks , Strange & charm quarks Top & bottom quarks Thus the main six fundamental particles of quarks are given as below . Up quark ( u ) Down quark ( d ) Charm quark ( c ) Strange quark ( s ) Top quark ( t ) Bottom quark ( b ) 1 . Up quark This is common and least massive quark . The mass of up quark is in range 1.5 to 4.0 MeV / c 2 and ISO - spin value is + 1 / 2 . They have charge up to + 2 / 3 . This is a constituent particle of protons and neutrons with down quark . Table of various quark are given below . Types of quark Spin number Charge on quark Baryon Strangeness Charmness Bottomness Topness Up 1 / 2 + 2 / 3 1 / 3 0 0 Down 1 / 2 - 1 / 3 1 / 3 Charm + 2 / 3 + 1 Strange - 1 / 3 - 1 Top + 1 Bottom - 1 2 . Down quark This comes in first generation of quark . The mass of up quark is in range 4 to 8 Me V / c 2 and ISO - spin value is - 1 / 2 . They have charge up to - 1 / 3 . This is constituent particle of protons and neutrons with up quark . Down quark is also common and least massive like up - quark . The process can be explained as below . The free neutron decay can be shown as n → p + e + v e The nuclei decay by beta decay is P 32 → S 32 + e + v e Thus the quark process is D → U + e + v e , where , n = neutron , p = proton , U = up quark and D = down quark 3 . Charm quark This comes in second generation quark . It was first discovered in the formation of J / Psi particle which is the combination of charm - anti charm quark . The charm are the quark having mass in the range of 1150 to 1350 Me V / c and + 1 / 2 ISO - spin . They have + 2 / 3 charge . The meson is made by charm quark . The D - meson is the lightest meson having charm quark as constituent particle . The formation of D - meson occurs by transformation of charm quark in to a strange quark by the weak interaction for further decay process . A lambda ( Λ + c ) is a baryon with mass of 2281 Me V / c is also made by charm quark . 4 . Top quark This is kind of third generation quark . The top quark contains mass in the range of 170200 to 174800 Me V / c and + 1 / 2 ISO - spin . They have + 2 / 3 charge . It was first discovered in the collision between protons and anti protons of equal energy ( 0.9 Te V ) in the proton - anti proton collides . The interaction is described as below . First the quark and anti quark interact each other to form top - anti top pair of quark . This interaction is due to proton - anti proton collision . Or q q ’ t t ’ Then the decay process of top quark gives the W - boson ( W+ ) and bottom quark ( b ) . Or t → W+ b Thus in last step both W - boson and bottom quark ( b ) undergo decay and form the hadrons . The decay of bottom quark can have probability for the formation of either both lepton ( l ) and lepton neutrino ( v ’ ) or only hadrons . But the decay of W - boson gives either lepton ( l ) and lepton neutrino ( v ’ ) or the combination of various quarks . 5 . Strange quark This comes in second generation quark like charm quark . The strange are the quark having mass in the range of 80 to 130 Me V / c and - 1 / 2 ISO - spin . They have - 1 / 3 charge . It was first fund in the generation of lambda particle ( Λ 0 ) having a short life time up to 10 - 23 seconds . This is a type of baryon and is a combination of three quarks ; up , down and strange quark . The small period of life time is due to take part in strong interaction of baryon . So for the long life time , conservation of strangeness is developed . This decay occurs under strong interaction and the particles must have the strangeness quantum number . But there is no any lighter particle so the transformation of strange quark takes place into another quark by weak interaction . But the particle strangeness is not preserved . The conservation of strangeness can be shown as combination of charge , ISO - pin and baryon number combination . It express as hyper charge Y . so hyper charge Y = S+ B = 2 ( Q - 1 ) where , S = strangeness , B = baryon number Q = electrical charge I = ISO - spin . The pairing of ISO - spin with hyper charge or strangeness is very useful to draw the particle diagram of hardons as these are quantum numbers . 6 . Bottom quark This is again third generation quark like top quark . The mass of bottom quark is in range 4100 to 4400 MeV / c and ISO - spin value is - 1 / 2 . They have charge up to - 1 / 3 . It is first observed in the formation of upsilon meson which is the combination of bottom - anti bottom quark pair . The reaction is p + N → µ + + µ + X where N shows the nucleus of platinum or copper . 3 Quarks Baryons are the particles which are made with the combination of three quarks . Protons and neutrons come in this category . The particles like lambda , omega , sigma , and xi particles are also types of baryons . Baryons are the particles having both charge and spin up to ½ and other quantum number , baryon number ( B ) and strangeness ( S ) is equal to 1 and - 1 respectively . Both baryons and mesons are the type of hardons . But mesons are made up with the combination of two quarks . Baryons are included in fermions as they have half integer spin . Baryon diagram is shown below which is drawn strangeness as vertical axis and ISO - spin projection as the horizontal axis . Quarks and Leptons Leptons are the basic particles of a matter . There are six types of leptons which are the electron , muon , and tau and associated neutrinos . Electron , muon , and tau have mass energy up to 0.000511 GeV , 0.1066GeV and 1.777GeV respectively . Generally leptons are not taken part in strong interaction so they are not found in nucleus . The fundamental particle electron is a fermion with ½ spin . They are used to make the periodic table of elements . The anti particle of electron is known as the positron . The mass of positron is same as electron but it has a positive charge . The decay of muon gives an electron or positron . The lifetime of muon is 2.20 micro seconds . It is generated by the decay of pion by cosmic rays . The mass of muon is 105.7MeV / c p → µ + vµ p + v ’ µ The tau is the leptons having mass of 1777MeV / c . It is the most massive particle of leptons . The life time of tau is 2 . 96x10 - 13 seconds . The different leptons are given in table . Leptons particle Symbol of particle Anti - particle L ( electron ) L ( muon ) L ( tau ) Lifetime Electron e+ Stable Neutrino electron v v Stable Muon μ μ 0 2.20x 10 - 6 neutrino muon Stable Tau T T 2.20 x 10 - 13 Neutrino tau Quarks and Gluons The gluons are interaction force which holds the atomic nucleus together . It operates only an extremely small distance . The atomic nucleus contains nucleons and gluons . The gluons do n ’ t have any mass . After emitting or absorbing gluon , the color charge conserves by changing the color quark . Like in the conversion of red quark in to blue quark , the emission of red and anti blue gluon takes place with net emission of red gluon . This is due to the cancellation of blue color with anti blue color of gluon . The process of emission and absorption of gluons by quarks is frequently done in hadron and the net system is in color neutral state . Theory of Quarks Some theories are given for observing the nature of extremely small particles like the cloud chamber which is the first method given by physicists . Cloud Chamber A box filled with fine mist is taken and particles enter in the mist where they react with the mist . The properties of the particles are determined by the trial which they left behind them . This method was used in discovering the cosmic rays . These rays contained hundreds of particles but they are not made by electrons , protons or neutrinos . A couple of new particles are detected and they are leptons and bosons . Leptons includes electron and neutrino and bosons include the proton and neutron The nature of boson was explained by tiny particles which were called quark . The name was given by James joyee . First two types of quark were discovered ; and are better known as Up and down quarks . The up quark has a positive charge which is equal to two third of the charge of an electron . " The proton is made by combination of two up and one down quark while neutron is made by the pairing of two down quarks and an up quark . " Thus the complete nature of bosons is explained by all six types of quarks . Each type of quark has possessed some fraction of electric charge and other properties which determine the nature of the particle . Each quark has its own an anti - quark having the opposite properties . The new quark theory also explains that quarks are always found in combination or in pairs . The theory is also known as the color theory . It was discovered that quarks are found in three colors ; red , green and blue . And the anti protons have anti - red or green or blue . These colors can not be seen but only combinations are made by one of the specified color . Thus the quarks are extremely small particles so their existence is observed only in theories . Quark Gluon Plasma Gluons are the exchange particles in the interaction of quarks . As the protons and neutrons are made up with quark so gluons is the force which holds protons and neutrons in a nucleus . The quark gluon plasma is made up with quarks , nucleons , gluons and some other fundamental particles . Generally a plasma is referred as an ionized gas like the matter that is constrained in a electric spark . The quark gluon plasma consist of some exotic particles . The interaction between quark and gluon is not like the interaction between other particles . But they interacts each other more strongly like a separated molecule . It requires high energy . For the formation and investigation of this exotic quark gluon plasma in a laboratory , scientist requires high energy . The particle accelerator is used for this experiment . The particles are accelerated towards each other in counter rotating beams . The plasma is formed by the collision between these accelerated particles . It can not be formed by slamming of particles into a fixed target because it does not provide the complete energy of incoming particles for the reaction . If a fixed target is used then all the energy of incoming particle is not available for the reaction . In fact some amount of energy is also consumed in the collision with large fragment of nuclei . Some other collides can also be used for producing a good the quark - gluon plasma especially Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ( RHIC ) . The RHIC contains 2.4 - mile - long ring and at a time fully - ionized gold ions go in both directions and thus the collision takes place as they meet at six places around the ring . The radio frequency radiation is used to accelerate the gold ions . Thus the spray of thousands of particles is formed by the collision between gold nuclei . If there is head on collision by gold nuclei , the dissociation of many nucleons occur . This dissociation forms the hot and dense quarks and gluons plasma . As this hot dense plasma is short life up to only 10 - 23 seconds so it must be quickly expand and cool . The cool plasma gives a spray of thousands of elementary particles . Related Topics Chemistry Help Chemistry Tutor | [
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http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/physical-chemistry/brownian-motion.html | Chemistry Physical Chemistry Kinetic Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory Brownian Motion Brownian Motion The movement of particle ( random ) suspended in a fluid is called Brownian motion . Brownian motion ' s mathematical model has several applications in real world . This theory is closely related to that of normal distribution . The motivation of this theory depends on mathematical convenience instead of the accuracy of models . Related Calculators Calculate Projectile Motion History of Brownian Motion Back to Top Thorvald N . Thiele first described Mathematics of Brownian motion in 1880 which was followed by Louis Bachelier ’ s thesis ‘ the speculation theory ’ in 1900s which contains stochastic analysis of stock and option markets . A prediction made by Einstein that , at thermodynamic temperature T , Brownian motion of a particle in a fluid is characterized by a diffusion coefficient . D = μ k B T k B is the Boltzmann ' s constant and b being the particle ’ s linear drag coefficient . After a time t , the root mean square displacement in any direction is √ 2 D t Brownian Motion Definition Back to Top Brownian motion was named after the b ritish Botanist Robert Brown . The Brownian movement is mainly observed in the suspended particles . Brownian movement is seen in the colloidal solution . Colloidal solutions are those which have particle size in between that of the true solution and the suspension . The diameter range of the particles is between 1nm to 1000nm . Colloidal solution consist of dispersion medium and dispersed phase . The dispersion medium may be liquid , solid or gas and the dispersed phase may also be solid , liquid or gas . Some example of the colloidal solutions are Milk which is the emulsion of liquid in liquid , which means the dispersed phase is liquid and dispersion medium is also liquid . Fog is an Aerosol , which liquid particles dispersed in the gas . Smoke is also an colloidal solution of solid in gas . The Brownian motion is the zigzag movement of the dispersed phase in the continuous dispersion medium . The Brownian movement will be observed under the powerful ultra microscope . When the colloidal particles are viewed under the ultra microscope Brownian observed that the particles are moving here and there without rest in a zigzag way all over the place under observation . The motions of the particles are independent of the nature of the colloid , that what way the colloidal solution is made , but it is dependent on the size of the colloidal particles . The size of the particle is very important in deciding the Brownian movement . Larger particles are slower to move and the movement would be restricted due to their sizes and they show lesser Brownian motion . Where as smaller particles because of their lightness can move faster in a given field and hence would show higher Brownian movement . Thus larger the size lesser is the motion and lower the size higher would be the motion . The size and Brownian movement are inversely proportional to each other . The Brownian movement also depends on another important factor , viscosity of the dispersion medium . The medium is very important in deciding the Brownian movement . If the medium has very high viscosity , then the movement of the colloidal particles is restricted . Because the viscous forces hinder the movement of the colloidal particles thus retarding the movement of the dispersed phase , hence the Brownian motion is restricted . When the viscosity of the dispersion medium is less , then the colloidal particles can move very freely around with the hindrance , thus Brownian motion will large . Hence it can be concluded higher the viscosity , lower will be the motion and lower the viscosity higher would be the Brownian movement . Brownian Motion Diffusion A one dimensional model which describes a particle that usually undergoes Brownian motion was published in 1906 by Smoluchowski . The collisions are assumed with M > > m ( M is actually the mass of the test particle , whereas m is the mass of any of the singleton particles that composes the fluid ) . After collision the test particle ’ s velocity will increase by Δ V ( m Δ M ) v if V is test particles velocity and fluid particle velocity is v . If the number of collisions from the right is N R and the number of collisions from the left is N L , then the changed particle velocity after N collisions is given by V ( 2N R – N ) . The multiplicity is then given by , N N R − And total possible states are 2 . Thus the probability that the particle will hit from the right N R times is P = 2 − Unfortunately , 1D model of Smoluchowski ' s can only explain Brownian motion more qualitatively assumptions can not be made for a real particle that undergoes the Brownian motion . The end of any diffusion process results in an uniform concentration of particles in any environment resulted out of a constant bombardment against each other and causing a movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration . Causes of Brownian Movement The main cause of the Brownian movement is that the dispersed phase continuously bombards with the dispersion medium . Due to the collision of the colloidal particles with the Dispersion medium the particles tends to move randomly . The bombardment of the colloidal particle with the dispersion medium is random , there by the motion is not continuously in a straight line . The dispersion medium is present continuously and hence when the colloidal particles hits one dispersion medium molecules it moves in a direction and finds another molecule of dispersion medium and hence the movement is zigzag and random . So the Brownian movement is explained by the unequal bombardment of the dispersed phase with the dispersion medium Colloidal Particles Colloidal particles are differentiated into two types . Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids Lyophilic colloids are those in which the dispersed phase and dispersion medium , attraction is very less . Because of the less attraction between the dispersed phase and dispersion phase , colloidal particles can easily be coagulated . Even an addition of the small amount of the electrolyte can cause the precipitation of the colloids immediately . The colloidal particles are charged , due to the adsorption of ions on the surface of the colloids . The colloidal particle may be positively charged or negatively charged . This is because of the excess of electrolyte that maybe present in the solution . When an electric current is applied to the colloidal solution the colloids can move in the opposite electrode . The movement of the colloidal particle under the potential difference is called as Electrophoresis Since the colloidal particle is charged , the dispersion medium is oppositely charged . The movement of the dispersion medium under the potential difference is called as the Electro - osmosis The path of the light is visible in the colloidal solution . The light is scattered by the colloidal particles when it moves into the colloidal solution . Thus the path of the light is visible when the light passes into the colloidal solution . This effect is called as the Tyndall effect The most important application of the Brownian movement is that it does not allow the colloidal particle to settle down . Brownian movement makes the colloidal particles not to come together , because of the charge of the colloidal particles they repel each other , and when they are in constant motion the colloidal particle does not have the attraction . Because of the constant bombardment of the molecules of the colloidal particle with the dispersion medium , the colloids are always in motion and the size of the colloidal particle is maintained , because aggregation is prevented due to But when an electrolyte is added to the colloidal solution , the electrolyte attracts the moving colloidal particles , the Brownian movement stops and the colloidal particle aggregate and they become solid in nature . Formation of delta in the river mouth is due to the aggregation of the colloidal particles . River water contains many colloidal particles and when they mix with the sea water , sea water contains lot of salt which can act as electrolyte and hence the Brownian movement in the water is arrested by the sea water and the colloidal particles settles in the mouth of the river thus making the delta . Bleeding of the blood is also arrested by same procedure . The Colloidal particles present in the blood gets coagulated when ferric chloride and alum is applied . The electrolytes stops the Brownian movement of the colloids . Market Analysis It used for the background information . Brownian motion is used in stock market . In Optical dynamic trading along with Leverage constraints . In Price stabilization schemes , investments and uncertainty . A Brownian motion model is used for decision making . Internal Combustion Engine More topics in Brownian Motion Molecular Motion Related Topics Chemistry Help Chemistry Tutor History of Brownian Motion Brownian Motion Definition Brownian Motion Diffusion Causes of Brownian Movement Colloidal Particles Market Analysis | [
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http://chemistryrx.com/ | Experts in Customizing Compound Therapies Philadelphias leading compounding and specialty pharmacy dedicated to providing the highestquality medications and exceptional service Pediatric Adult Dermatology i MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLIC DISORDERS i Clinical Specialties Access to Novel Treatments through Clinical Compounding One of the unique aspects of our compounding services is our clinicallycentered approach We efficiently use our clinical and scientific expertise extensive networking and targeted research to identify develop and optimize novel treatment options for patients Our specialty is the design and compounding of medications for patients with rare diseases for which very limited therapeutic options currently exist Experts in Customizing Compound Therapies for Various Disorders We have extensive experience managing pediatric and adult patients who need customized therapies for various diseases and conditions Using an interdisciplinary approach we work very closely with prescribers patients and insurance carriers to identify the most suitable formulation for each patient and to provide access to medications that are otherwise not commercially available Wonderful to have a style of pharmaceutical medicine that I thought was extinct The service harkens back to my childhood bringing pleasant memories and after 6 monthspain relief Linda Very appreciative of Lars the pharmacist who called me late Sunday to explain details of insurance coverage Professional and efficient Jennifer I am extremely pleased with how Chemistry Rx follows up to see how my compound is working how they respond in a timely manner to my questions and the overall outstanding job they do John Affected by the Vaniqa Shortage We can help | [
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http://chemistscorner.com/what-are-the-startup-costs-for-a-cosmetic-business/ | What are the startup costs for a cosmetic business ? Article by : Valerie Patton If you have an idea to startup a cosmetic business you might be wondering how much it will cost you and whether it will be profitable . The original question posed to us was on a business forum and the questioner specifically wondered , how profitable a natural cosmetic business ( skin care line ) that was started in my kitchen . Many of you may be wondering the same , so here are some key things you need to know . When beginning a cosmetic business you first need to know a little bit about the cosmetic industry . Cosmetic Industry While you might think the cosmetic industry is limited to products like lipstick , nail polish , or eyeshadow , it is actually much bigger than just that . Color cosmetics represent only one part of the cosmetic industry . Other products like skin lotions , shampoos , body washes , and even toothpastes are considered cosmetics . In fact , almost any personal care product is considered a cosmetic . That means the cosmetic market is a great one to get into as nearly everyone on the planet uses some kind of personal care product . There is a ton of competition of course , but consumers are always looking to try something new and with the right dedication you can create a following of loyal consumers who will be the basis of your business for years to come . Cosmetic Regulations You may have seen on the Internet or elsewhere that the cosmetic industry in the US is not regulated , but this is just wrong . In fact , the cosmetic industry is regulated by the Food & Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Before you even get started , it would be a good idea to check out the information published by the FDA specifically for startups and home based cosmetic businesses . This will help you when you get started and are figuring out your costs . Cosmetic start up costs While starting your own skincare line from home * can * be profitable , how quickly it becomes profitable is where it gets sticky . If you are a small shop starting out , it is unlikely that you are going to get your products into major retail stores or even mid sized local stores . Your best bet is to begin online where you can build some sales data and get some customers . You can then use this information to take to your local markets when you try to convince them to carry your product . The more To start any cosmetic business , or really any business your key start - up costs will be in three primary areas including : Product Development – approximately $ 5000 for a single product Business Expenses – varies but at least $ 2000 Marketing & Sales – starting at $ 500 and up I ’ m going to assume that you are going to start small so the best way to do that is to start online . Of course , costs can vary widely depending on the formulations you are making , but here is a general ballpark for what you can expect . We ’ ll break down each cost type in more detail . Cosmetic Product Development Costs When people think of starting their own cosmetic line , the product development costs are what they generally think about . Basically , these costs include anything related to creating your product such as raw material costs , packaging , and labeling . It also includes the cost of production activities such as mixing the materials together and filling them into the packaging . Now , you might think you can just get a recipe off the Internet and start making the product yourself . Unfortunately , it is not that easy . Most of those formulas do n ’ t work and even if they do you ’ ll need to find suppliers for ingredients , a company who can manufacturer it for you , and conduct testing . If you want to make it yourself you ’ ll have to spend some money to set up your own manufacturing space based on FDA guidelines . If you ’ re really serious about creating a product you ’ ll want to work with a cosmetic formulator to get your product made . Their services are not free and could run you anywhere from $ 500 to $ 25,000 depending on the chemist and the formulations you make . The average cost of working with a chemist will be around $ 2500 . Product manufacturing Cosmetic formulations can run anywhere from $ 0.10 per pound to $ 3 per pound but on average you can guess products will cost about $ 1 per pound . Packaging & labeling will cost another $ 1 per unit . Add in production and filling costs and your average per bottle cost will be about $ 2 – $ 3 per unit . But you ca n ’ t just make a few bottles at a time as you ’ ll have to buy minimum quantities of the raw materials and bottles . To get the costs to $ 2 – $ 3 per unit you are going to have to make a minimum of 500 — 1000 units . If you make less your costs will go up significantly . To get your products made you typically will work with a contract manufacturer who produces products based on your formula or requested formula characteristics . If you do n ’ t want to invest in a lot of expensive manufacturing equipment ( mixers , raw materials , filling equipment ) then it is best to work with a contract manufacturer to make your products . If you are producing the products in your own home , your raw materials may be much higher so the cost per unit will ultimately be higher too . Of course , you ’ ll also have to pay someone to make your product labels and this can vary in cost from $ 500 to $ 2000 . It ’ s best to work with someone who has previously made cosmetic labels because they will know all the proper information to include on the front and back labels . Considering everything that it takes to produce a cosmetic product first production run , you should figure that making one type of product will cost you around $ 5000 . It may be less if you can find someone who can do smaller runs and you ’ re working with a product like a skin lotion or a body wash . It will be more if you ’ re wishing to launch a cosmetic line that includes a variety of different color cosmetics . Hidden product development costs While $ 5000 might not seem too bad , the product development costs are not done yet . In the US , there are no specific laws about the type of testing you must do to start a line but there is one overriding law . It is illegal to sell unsafe products . You must be able to prove that your products are safe . If you are serious about running a cosmetic business you MUST test your products to ensure they are safe and effective . There are a number of tests you should run before launching a cosmetic line . Microbial testing : Preservative Efficacy Testing is a must . It can be a little pricey to start out if you have multiple products , but the one - time cost of this ( ~ $ 350 / product ) is far less than payment on a lawsuit . Stability testing : Cosmetic stability testing is a type of testing which just looks at how your product reacts when stored at different conditions over time . It will tell you if the product separates , changes color , gets contaminated or still continues to work and for how long . See the following where we ’ ve written about cosmetic stability testing . This is something you should consider hiring a lab to do . Safety testing : Sensitivity testing should be done too , but can be optional , if your budget is super tight . However , if the product is going to be applied near the eyes or has ingredients like SPF , AHAs or BHAs , etc , you should really consider budgeting this in . These tests start at $ 800 and go to $ 1500 at some labs in the California area . If you ’ re selling an SPF product , do n ’ t forget that SPF testing will probably cost you around $ 3000 - $ 4000 . Note So , the hidden costs of formula development have now pushed your cosmetic start - up costs to about $ 8000 . Remember , this is just for a single product . Cosmetic business costs If you are going to sell cosmetics and you want to protect your personal assets , you should incorporate . In the US you could conduct your business under a Sole Proprietorship , but this makes you completely liable for anything bad that might happen as a result of your products . You would be risking your savings , your car , and your home . You do not want to do this . And unhappy consumers can be quick to hire lawyers and start lawsuits which could wipe out a small business . The best strategy is to incorporate Business Insurance Now , you also need to further protect yourself . Whether you ’ re the formulator , manufacturer , or skincare company , get insurance . There are two basic types to be considered – Property Insurance and General Liability Insurance . Property Insurance : Property insurance is just that – it protects your property , like rental insurance would . In the event of , let ’ s say , a fire , everything related to the retail aspect of your business ( computers , your product inventory ) are covered . The insurance company will write you a nice , big check for what you lost . This insurance is a great idea for a skincare or hair care company , in the event of misfortune , but if your budget is tight , it is probably not necessary . Formulators and manufacturers Liability Insurance : Anyone serious about a cosmetic business should have is general liability insurance . And , unfortunately , this is the expensive one . This insurance is in the event that someone experiences an adverse reaction to your product , or slips and falls on your property . The cost of this insurance is typically based on how much sales your business has during the year . The limits are set so that the insurance company will pay a total of X amount of dollars ( general aggregate limit ) , and will only pay a certain number of occurrences or The higher your sales , limits , and occurrences , the higher the monthly premium . Formulators should have this insurance in case their formulation is the reason for the occurrence , and likewise for manufacturers – if something they did during the manufacturing process contaminates the product and causes the adverse reaction , they are responsible . Sometimes , if you work with contract manufacturers and or contracted formulators they will “ umbrella ” the cosmetic company on their policy . This means that the manufacturer or formulator ’ s insurance company is including your products on their insurance . It does not mean that you are insured individually as a cosmetic company . This is why it is important for your company to have its own insurance . Formulators and manufacturers can be insured until kingdom come , but ultimately responsibility falls on your company for the safety of the products . If the product does n ’ t perform the advertised claim , or you do something to make the product unsafe , you are responsible . Selling homemade products is a huge risk – and any adverse reaction can potentially cost you thousands or millions . So , you just have to weigh the odds . Finally , the last thing to consider about insurance . If your dream is to get your product into a large retailer or sell it on Amazon – most major companies require proof of insurance before selling your product , as they will assume no liability . Insurance costs will depend on lots of factors but a rough estimate is ~ $ 100 per month per $ 1,000,000 of insurance . So , figure you ’ ll need at least $ 1200 for yearly insurance . There are lots of other business related costs such as fees for lawyers , accountants , employees and taxes , but the details will be highly dependent on where you are located and how you run your business . You have a lot of control in how much this will cost you . Just be sure to figure on some number for business costs like these . Marketing & Sales Costs The final area of start - up costs that we ’ ll cover is your marketing costs . This represents any money you put out to develop and sell your cosmetic product . If you begin an online business ( which is what we would suggest ) the initial costs can be fairly low . Running a website can be done for less than $ 500 a year . Online promotion via social media or email can be done for next to nothing and requires mostly an investment of your time . The amount of time you dedicate to online marketing will directly relate to how much product you sell . More time and communication generally will mean greater sales . The activities that you should spend your time on will depend a lot on who your customers are but things like writing blog posts about your topic , publishing videos , participating in social networking sites like Facebook or Instagram , commenting on other people ’ s sites , and conducting online auctions are all things that can boost sales of your cosmetic product . Cosmetic order filling Filling orders will be your next significant cost . You need to have money available for boxes for shipping , people to actually fill the orders and shipping costs . When you are coming up with the price of your product do n ’ t forget to including shipping as part of your costs . This can often be as much or more than the cost of the product . For example , if it costs you $ 3 to make your product , shipping costs will easily be $ 3 so you need to charge $ 6 per unit One of the biggest mistakes people make when starting out is not charging enough for their products . Remember there will be hidden costs and if you ’ re not making a profit , you ’ ll go out of business . Another option for distributing your products is to get a booth at a local market and sell directly . Booth costs vary but you can get some for between $ 50 and $ 125 a day . If you can sell more than that in a day then you ’ re making a profit . Once you ’ ve established your brand you may also attempt to get your product sold by some of the local shops in your area . For hair care brands , go see if your local salon will carry your brand . For skin products Cosmetic Start up Costs A cosmetic business can be profitable but it is much more complicated than making a lotion in your kitchen and selling the product to a demanding public . When you figure in the costs of product development , business , and marketing you realistically need about $ 10,000 – $ 20,000 to invest up front . And if you are going to make more than one type of product you should figure on adding $ 5000 for each additional cosmetic product . Once you start making sales you can make that money back but understand that this is the minimum Product ideas may be free to conceive but they are n ’ t free to launch . If you want to start up a cosmetic line , start saving your money now . This is a joint article written by cosmetic chemists Valerie Patton ( @ thelahobo ) & Perry Romanowski TAGS : Cosmetic Industry start your own cosmetics 374 About the Author Valerie Patton Valerie Patton is currently a cosmetic chemist specializing in hair color and hair care in Southern California . She is the 2016 Chair of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists , California Chapter , and a board member at the College of Arts & Sciences at Kent State University . You can follow her on Twitter as @ thelahobo . Previous Creating a cosmetic – what is a concept Next Secrecy in the cosmetic industry | [
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/alimta.aspx | ALIMTA ® Generic name : Pemetrexed Alimta is the trade name for generic drug name Pemetrexed . In some cases , health care professionals may use the trade name Alimta when referring to the generic drug name Pemetrexed . Drug type : Pemetrexed is an anti - cancer ( " antineoplastic " or " cytotoxic " ) chemotherapy drug . Pemetrexed is classified as an " antimetabolite . " ( For more detail , see " How Pemetrexed Works " section below ) . What Pemetrexed Is Used For Pemetrexed is used in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma Locally advanced or metastatic nonsquamous non - small cell lung cancer Note : If a drug has been approved for one use , physicians may elect to use this same drug for other problems if they believe it may be helpful . How Pemetrexed Is Given Pemetrexed is given as an infusion into the vein ( intravenous , IV ) . Patients treated with pemetrexed will usually require folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation to reduce treatment related side effects . The amount of pemetrexed that you will receive depends on many factors , including your height and weight , your general health or other health problems , and the type of cancer or condition being treated . Your doctor will determine your exact dose and schedule . Side Effects Important things to remember about the side effects of pemetrexed : Most people do not experience all of the pemetrexed side effects listed . Pemetrexed side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset , duration , and severity . Side effects are almost always reversible and will go away after treatment is complete . Pemetrexed side effects will improve after therapy is complete . Pemetrexed side effects may be quite manageable . There are many options to minimize or prevent the side effects of pemetrexed . The following side effects are common ( occurring in greater than 30 % ) for patients taking pemetrexed : Fatigue Nausea These side effects are less common side effects ( occurring in about 10 - 29 % ) of patients receiving pemetrexed : Poor appetite Vomiting Stomatitis Diarrhea Anemia Low blood cell count ( Nadir : 8 - 10 days ) Pharyngitis Rash , skin irritation Your fertility , meaning your ability to conceive or father a child , may be affected by pemetrexed . Please discuss this issue with your health care provider . Not all side effects are listed above . Some that are rare ( occurring in less than 10 % of patients ) are not listed here . However , you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms . When to Contact Your Doctor or Health Care Provider Contact your health care provider immediately , day or night , if you should experience any of the following symptoms : Fever of 100.4 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or higher , chills ( possible signs of infection ) The following symptoms require medical attention , but are not an emergency . Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following : Nausea ( interferes with ability to eat and unrelieved with prescribed medication ) . Vomiting ( vomiting more than 4 - 5 times in a 24 hour period ) . Unusual bleeding or bruising . Black or tarry stools , or blood in your stools . Blood in the urine . Pain or burning with urination . Extreme fatigue ( unable to carry on self - care activities ) . Constipation unrelieved by laxative use . Signs of infection such as redness or swelling , pain on swallowing , coughing up mucous , or painful urination . Unable to eat or drink for 24 hours or have signs of dehydration : tiredness , thirst , dry mouth , dark and decrease amount of urine , or dizziness . Depressed ( interfering with your ability to carry on your regular activities ) . Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms . Precautions Before starting pemetrexed treatment , make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking ( including prescription , over - the - counter , vitamins , herbal remedies , etc . ) . Do not take aspirin , or products containing aspirin unless your doctor specifically permits this . Do not take non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS ) such as ibuprofen unless your doctor specifically permits this . Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctor ' s approval while taking pemetrexed . Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment . Pregnancy category D ( pemetrexed may be hazardous to the fetus . Women who are pregnant or become pregnant must be advised of the potential hazard to the fetus ) . For both men and women : Do not conceive a child ( get pregnant ) while taking pemetrexed . Barrier methods of contraception , such as condoms , are recommended . Discuss with your doctor when you may safely become pregnant or conceive a child after therapy . Do not breast feed while taking this medication . Self - Care Tips Folic acid supplementation should be started before you first dose of pemetrexed , continued during your course of therapy , and should continue until 21 days after your last dose of pemetrexed . Vitamin B12 is to be given 1 week before your first dose of pemetrexed , with doses of vitamin B12 every 9 week thereafter . Folic acid and vitamin B12 are used to minimize some of the side effects of pemetrexed . Drink at least two to three quarts of fluid every 24 hours , unless you are instructed otherwise . You may be at risk of infection so try to avoid crowds or people with colds and those not feeling well , and report fever or any other signs of infection immediately to your health care provider . Wash your hands often . Use an electric razor and a soft toothbrush to minimize bleeding . Avoid contact sports or activities that could cause injury . To reduce nausea , take anti - nausea medications as prescribed by your doctor , and eat small , frequent meals . Avoid sun exposure . Wear SPF 15 ( or higher ) sunblock and protective clothing . In general , drinking alcoholic beverages should be kept to a minimum or avoided completely . You should discuss this with your doctor . Get plenty of rest . Maintain good nutrition . Keep your bowels moving . Your health care provider may prescribe a stool softener to help prevent constipation that may be caused by this medicine . For flu - like symptoms , keep warm with blankets and drink plenty of liquids . There are medications that can help reduce the discomfort caused by chills . Acetaminophen may help relieve discomfort from fever , headache and / or generalized aches and pains . However , be sure to talk with your doctor before taking it . If you experience symptoms or side effects , be sure to discuss them with your health care team . They can prescribe medications and / or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems . Monitoring and Testing While Taking Pemetrexed You will be checked regularly by your health care professional while you are taking pemetrexed to monitor side effects and check your response to therapy . Periodic blood work to monitor your complete blood count ( CBC ) as well as the function of other organs ( such as your kidneys and liver ) will also be ordered by your doctor . How Pemetrexed Works Cancerous tumors are characterized by cell division , which is no longer controlled as it is in normal tissue . " Normal " cells stop dividing when they come into contact with like cells , a mechanism known as contact inhibition . Cancerous cells lose this ability . Cancer cells no longer have the normal checks and balances in place that control the limit cell division . The process of cell division , whether normal or cancerous cells , is through the cell cycle . The cell cycle goes from the resting phase , through active growing phases , and The ability of chemotherapy to kill cancer cells depends on its ability to halt cell division . Usually , the drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division . If the cells are unable to divide , they die . The faster the cells are dividing , the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells , causing the tumor to shrink . They also induce cell suicide ( self - death or apoptosis ) . Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell - cycle specific . Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells when they are at rest are called cell - cycle non - specific . The scheduling of chemotherapy is set based on the type of cells , rate at which they divide , and the time at which a given drug is likely to be effective . This is why chemotherapy is typically given in cycles . Chemotherapy is most effective at killing cells that are rapidly dividing . Unfortunately , chemotherapy does not know the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells . The " normal " cells will grow back and be healthy but in the meantime , side effects occur . The " normal " cells most commonly affected by chemotherapy are the blood cells , the cells in the mouth , stomach in the bowel , and the hair follicles ; resulting in low blood counts , mouth sores , nausea , diarrhea , and / or hair loss . Different Pemetrexed belongs to the class of chemotherapy drugs called antimetabolites . Antimetabolites are very similar to normal substances within the cell . When the cells incorporate substances like pemetrexed into themselves during growth , the cells lose the ability to divide . Antimetabolites are cell - cycle specific meaning they act of the cells at very specific phases in the cells ' replication cycle . Antimetabolites are classified according to the substances with which they interfere . Pemetrexed is classified as an antifolate antimetabolite . Pemetrexed exerts its chemotherapeutic effect by disrupting production of folate which is essential for cell Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/calcium-leucovorin.aspx | Calcium Leucovorin Generic Name Leucovorin Other Names Citrovorum Factor Folinic Acid Drug type Leucovorin is a reduced folic acid Used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to either enhance effectiveness or as a chemoprotectant For more detail see How this drug works section below What This Drug Is Used For In combination with fluoruracil to treat cancers such as colon and rectal head and neck esophageal and other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract As an antidote to effects of certain chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate Treatment of megaloblastic anemia when folic acid deficiency is present Note If a drug has been approved for one use physicians sometimes elect to use this same drug for other problems if they believe it might be helpful How This Drug Is Given As an injection or short infusion through the vein intravenous IV As a tablet by mouth As an injection into the muscle intramuscular IM The amount of leucovorin that you will receive and how it will be given depends on many factors including your height and weight your general health or other health problems and the type of cancer or condition being treated Your doctor will determine your dose route and schedule Side Effects Important things to remember about the side effects of leucovorin The side effects with treatment of leucovorin are likely attributable to other chemotherapy medications being given in combination with leucovorin When given in combination with fluorouracil 5FU the side effects of fluorouracil may be more severe see fluorocuracil When given in combination with methotrexate leucovorin is given to lessen the side effects of methotrexate see methotrexate The following are possible side effects of leucovorin Allergic reaction rash itching facial flushing Rarely severe Nausea and vomiting rare When to contact your doctor or health care provider Contact your health care provider immediately day or night if you should experience any of the following symptoms Shortness of breath wheezing difficulty breathing closing up of the throat swelling of facial features hives possible allergic reaction Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms Precautions Before starting leucovorin treatment make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking including prescription overthecounter vitamins herbal remedies etc Do not take aspirin products containing aspirin unless your doctor specifically permits this Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment Pregnancy category C use in pregnancy only when benefit to the mother outweighs risk to the fetus For both men and women Do not conceive a child get pregnant while taking leucovorin Barrier methods of contraception such as condoms are recommended Discuss with your doctor when you may safely become pregnant or conceive a child after therapy Do not breast feed while taking this medication SelfCare Tips If given leucovorin tablets take at evenly spaced intervals aroundtheclock Drink at least two to three quarts of fluid every 24 hours unless you are instructed otherwise Get plenty of rest Maintain good nutrition If you experience symptoms or side effects be sure to discuss them with your health care team They can prescribe medications andor offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems Monitoring and Testing You will be checked regularly by your health care professional while you are taking leucovorin to monitor side effects and check your response to therapy How This Drug Works Leucovorin is a compound similar to folic acid which is a necessary vitamin It has been around and in use for many decades Leucovorin is a medication frequently used in combination with the chemotherapy drugs fluoruracil and methotrexate Leucovorin is not a chemotherapy drug itself however it is used in addition to these chemotherapy drugs to enhance anti cancer effects with fluorouracil or to help prevent or lessen side effects with methotrexate Fluorouracil when given alone stays in the body for only a short time When given in combination with leucovorin leucovorin can enhance the binding of fluorouracil to an enzyme inside of the cancer cells As a result fluorouracil may stay in the cancer cell longer and exert its anti cancer effect on the cells Leucovorin has almost no side effects of its own but when used in combination with fluorouracil it can increase the severity of side effects of that drug Methotrexate exerts its chemotherapeutic effect by being able to counteract and compete with folic acid in cancer cells resulting in folic acid deficiency in the cells and causing their death This action also effects normal cells which can cause significant side effects in the body such as low white red and platelet blood cell counts hair loss mouth sores difficulty swallowing diarrhea liver lung nerve and kidney damage These complications and side effects of methotrexate can be either prevented or decreased by using leucovorin which provides a source of folic acid for the bodys cells Leucovorin is normally started 24 Leucovorin is also used by itself to treat certain anemia problems when folic acid deficiency is present Note We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational but is not a substitute for medical advice | [
"Calcium Leucovorin"
] |
http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/doxorubicin.aspx | Doxorubicin ( doks oh ROO bi sin ) Trade Names : Adriamycin ® , Rubex ® Doxorubicin is the generic name for the trade name drug , Adriamycin ® , as well as , Rubex ® . In some cases health care professionals may use the trade names Adriamycin ® or Rubex ® when referring to the generic drug name Doxorubicin . Drug Type : Doxorubicin is an anti - cancer ( “ antineoplastic ” or “ cytotoxic ” ) chemotherapy drug . Doxorubicin is classified as an “ anthracycline antibiotic . ” ( For more detail , see “ How Doxorubicin Works ” section below ) . What Doxorubicin Is Used For : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) Acute myeloblastic leukemia ( AML ) Bone sarcoma Breast cancer Endometrial cancer Gastric cancer Head and neck cancer Hodgkin lymphoma Non - Hodgkin lymphoma Liver cancer Kidney cancer Multiple myeloma Neuroblastoma Ovarian cancer Small Cell Lung cancer Soft tissue sarcoma Thyomas Thyroid cancer Transitional cell bladder cancer Uterine sarcoma Wilms ’ tumor Waldenström macroglobulinemia Note : If a drug has been approved for one use , physicians sometimes elect to use this same drug for other problems if they believe it might be helpful . How Doxorubicin Is Given : Doxorubicin is administered via an intravenous ( IV ) injection through a central line or a peripheral venous line , and the drug is given over several minutes . Doxorubicin can also be given by continuous infusion through a central catheter line . There is no pill form of Doxorubicin . Doxorubicin is a vesicant . A vesicant is a chemical that causes extensive tissue damage and blistering if it escapes from the vein . The nurse or doctor who gives Doxorubicin must be carefully trained . If you notice redness or swelling at the IV site while you are receiving Doxorubicin , alert your health care provider immediately . The amount of Doxorubicin you will receive depends on many factors , including your height and weight , your general health or other health problems , and the type of cancer you have . Your doctor will determine your exact dosage and schedule . Side Effects : Important things to remember about the side effects of Doxorubicin : Most people will not experience all of the side effects listed . Doxorubicin ’ s side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset , duration , and severity . Doxorubicin ’ s side effects will improve after therapy is complete . Doxorubicin ’ s side effects may be quite manageable . There are many options to minimize or prevent the side effects of Doxorubicin The following side effects are common ( occurring in greater than 30 % ) for patients taking Doxorubicin : Pain along the site where the medication was given Nausea or vomiting ( You will be pretreated for this side effect ) Later Side Effects : ( within two weeks after treatment begins ) Low blood counts . Your white and red blood cells and platelets may temporarily decrease . This can put you at increased risk for infection , anemia and / or bleeding . § Nadir : Meaning low point , nadir is the point in time between chemotherapy cycles in which you experience low blood counts . Nadir : 10 - 14 days Recovery : 21 - 28 days Hair loss on the scalp or elsewhere on the body ( called alopecia ) . Most patients do lose some or all of their hair during their treatment . But your hair will grow back after treatment is completed . The following side effects are less common ( occurring in 10 - 29 % ) for patients taking Doxorubicin : Eyes watering Mouth sores Urine may appear red , red - brown , orange or pink from the color of the medication for one to two days after you receive a dose . Darkening of the nail beds . Darkening of the skin where previous radiation treatment has been given . Problems with fertility – ability to bear children ( occurs in about 10 % of both men and women – this should be discussed with our doctor prior to therapy ) . A serious , but uncommon side effect of Doxorubicin is a decrease in the heart ’ s pumping capability . Therefore , there is a lifetime maximum on the amount of doxorubicin you can receive . This “ lifetime maximum dose ” may be lower if you have heart disease risk factors such as radiation to the chest , advancing age , and use of other heart - toxic drugs . Your doctor will check your heart function ( with an ECHO test ) before you may take any Doxorubicin and will monitor your heart closely during your treatment . Dose - related heart problems can occur as late as 7 or 8 years after treatments have ended . Another rare , yet serious risk that is associated with doxorubicin therapy is the risk of developing a blood cancer , such as leukemia , up to years after taking the drug . Talk to your doctor about this risk . Tumor lysis syndrome may occur as a result of treatment with Doxorubicin . Tumor lysis syndrome occurs when large amounts of cancerous cells are rapidly killed by the therapy . Tumor lysis syndrome can lead to kidney failure and other sudden health problems . Tumor lysis syndrome usually occurs within 24 – 48 hours of therapy . Your health care provider may prescribe intravenous fluids and medications to prevent this complication . Your health care provider will monitor your progress carefully during therapy Not all side effects are listed above . Side effects that are very rare - - occurring in less than about 10 percent of patients - - are not listed here . But you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms . When to contact your doctor or health care provider : Contact your health care provider immediately , day or night , if you should experience any of the following symptoms : Fever of 100.4 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , chills ( possible signs of infection ) Blistering at the IV site Shortness of breath , wheezing , difficulty breathing , closing up of the throat , swelling of facial features , hives ( possible allergic reaction ) . The following symptoms require medical attention , but are not emergency situations . Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following : Mouth sores ( painful redness , swelling or ulcers ) Nausea ( interferes with ability to eat and unrelieved with prescribed medication ) Vomiting ( vomiting more than 4 - 5 times in a 24 hour period ) Diarrhea ( 4 - 6 episodes in a 24 - hour period ) Fast or irregular heart beats Unusual bleeding or bruising Black or tarry stools , or blood in your stools or urine Extreme fatigue ( unable to carry on self - care activities ) Swelling of the feet or ankles Precautions : Before starting Doxorubicin treatment , make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking ( including over - the - counter , vitamins , or herbal remedies ) . Do not take aspirin or products containing aspirin unless your doctor permits this . Do not receive any kind of vaccination without your doctor ’ s approval while taking Doxorubicin . Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment . Pregnancy category D , Doxorubicin may be hazardous to the fetus . Women who are pregnant or become pregnant must be advised of the potential hazard to the fetus . For both men and women : Use contraceptives , and do not conceive a child ( get pregnant ) while taking Doxorubicin . Barrier methods of contraception , such as condoms , are recommended while on Doxorubicin and for 6 months following therapy . Discuss with your doctor if you are considering pregnancy . Do not breast feed while taking Doxorubicin . People with congestive heart failure , those who have already had high doses of Doxorubicin or a similar drug , and those with permanent problems with blood counts ( bone marrow suppression ) can not receive Doxorubicin . Self - Care Tips : Apply ice if you have any pain , redness or swelling at the IV site , and notify your doctor . You may be at risk of infection so try to avoid crowds or people with colds , and report fever or any other signs of infection immediately to your health care provider . Wash your hands often , to avoid infection To reduce nausea , take anti - nausea medications as prescribed by your doctor , and eat small , frequent meals . To help treat / prevent mouth sores , use a soft toothbrush , and rinse three times a day with 1 teaspoon of baking soda mixed with 8 ounces of water . Use an electric razor and a soft toothbrush to minimize bleeding . Avoid contact sports or activities that could cause injury . Avoid sun exposure . Wear SPF 30 ( or higher ) sunblock and protective clothing . Drink two to three quarts of fluid every 24 hours , unless you are instructed otherwise . Get plenty of rest . Maintain good nutrition . In general , drinking alcoholic beverages should be minimized or avoided . You should discuss this with your doctor . Use care to keep body fluids from coming in contact with family members or caregivers . Wash soiled clothes immediately and use gloves when touching body fluids for at least 5 days . · Remain active as you are able . Gentle exercise is encouraged such as a daily walk . · If you experience symptoms or side effects , be sure to discuss them with your health care team . They can prescribe medications and / or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems . Monitoring and Testing You will be checked regularly by your doctor while you are taking Doxorubicin , to monitor side effects and check your response to therapy . A baseline heart evaluation is recommended before starting treatment , usually a MUGA or ECHO . A full blood count will be done regularly , and heart function tests will be done as your doctor prescribes . Various tests to monitor the function of other organs ( such as your kidneys and liver ) will also be ordered by your physician . How Doxorubicin Works : Cancerous tumors are characterized by cell division , which is no longer controlled as it is in normal tissue . “ Normal ” cells stop dividing when they come into contact with like cells , a mechanism known as contact inhibition . Cancerous cells lose this ability . Cancer cells no longer have the normal checks and balances in place that control and limit cell division . The process of cell division , in both normal and cancerous cells , is through the cell cycle . The cell cycle goes from the resting phase , through active growing phases , The ability of chemotherapy to kill cancer cells depends on its ability to halt cell division . Usually , the drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division . If the cells are unable to divide , they die . The faster the cells are dividing , the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells , causing the tumor to shrink . They also induce cell suicide ( self - death or apoptosis ) . Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell - cycle specific . Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells when they are at rest are called cell - cycle non - specific . The scheduling of chemotherapy is set based on the type of cells , rate at which they divide , and the time at which a given drug is likely to be effective . This is why chemotherapy is typically given in cycles . Unfortunately , chemotherapy does not know the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells . Chemotherapy will kill all cells that are rapidly dividing . The “ normal ” cells will grow back healthy , but in the meantime , side effects occur . The “ normal ” cells most commonly affected by chemotherapy are blood cells ; cells in the mouth , stomach and bowel , and hair follicles ; resulting in low blood counts , mouth sores , nausea , diarrhea , and / or hair loss . Different drugs may affect different parts of the Doxorubicin is classified as an antitumor antibiotic . Antitumor antibiotics are made from natural products produced by species of the soil fungus Streptomyces . These drugs act during multiple phases of the cell cycle and are considered cell - cycle specific . There are several types of antitumor antibiotics : Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
"Doxorubicin",
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/enzalutamide.aspx | Enzalutamide en za LOO ta mide Trade Name Xtandi Enzalutamide is the generic name for the trade name drug Xtandi In some cases health care professionals may use the trade name Xtandi when referring to the generic drug name enzalutamide Drug Type Enzalutamide is a hormone therapy It is classified as an antiandrogen For more detail see How enzalutamide Works below What Enzalutamide Is Used For Treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer prostate cancer that is resistant to medical or surgical treatments that lower testosterone Note If a drug has been approved for one use physicians may elect to use this same drug for other problems if they believe it may be helpful How Enzalutamide Is Given Taken as a capsule by mouth Take with or without food at the same time each day with a full glass of water Swallow the capsule whole Do not crush chew or dissolve capsules If you miss a dose take it as soon as you remember that day If you miss a day do not double your dose the next day Just skipped the missed dose Call your healthcare provider if you are not sure what to do Store enzalutamide at room temperature 6877 degrees F or 2025 degrees C Keep the container closed tightly dry and out of the reach of children The amount of enzalutamide that you will receive depends on many factors Your doctor will determine your dose and schedule Side Effects Important things to remember about the side effects of enzalutamide Most people will not experience all of the enzalutamide side effects listed Enzalutamide side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset duration and severity Enzalutamide side effects will improve after therapy is complete Enzalutamide side effects may be quite manageable There are many options to minimize or prevent the side effects There is no relationship between the presence or severity of side effects and the effectiveness of the medication The following side effects are common occurring in greater than 30 for patients taking enzalutamide Fatigue These are less common occurring in 1029 side effects for patients receiving enzalutamide Back pain joint aches musculoskeletal pain Diarrhea Hot flashes Peripheral edema swelling in your hand arms legs or feet Low white blood cell count Headache Upper respiratory tract infection Dizziness Muscle weakness Not all side effects are listed above Side effects that are very rare occurring in less than about 10 percent of patients are not listed here However you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms Among the uncommon side effects patients taking enzalutamide should be aware that there is a risk for seizures in patients taking this medication Although it occurs in less than 1 of patients they should be aware of the risk when engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm to themselves or others When to contact your doctor or health care provider Contact your health care provider immediately day or night if you should experience any of the following symptoms Contact your health care provider immediately day or night if you should experience any of the following symptoms Fever of 1004º F 38º C or higher chills possible signs of infection Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms The following symptoms require medical attention but are not an emergency Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following Diarrhea 46 episodes in a 24hour period Unusual bleeding or bruising Extreme fatigue unable to carry on selfcare activities Swelling of the legs feet arms or hands If you have difficulty thinking confusion If you have falls dizziness Signs of infection such as redness or swelling pain on swallowing coughing up mucous or painful urination Pinktinged or blood in urine Feeling very tired or weak unable to carry on selfcare activities Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms Precautions Before starting enzalutamide treatment make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking including prescription overthecounter vitamins herbal remedies etc There are potential drug interactions with enzalutamide If you are on warfarin Coumadin your blood tests INR may need to be monitored more closely Be sure to tell your health care provider if you have any history of seizures brain injury stroke or brain tumors Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctors approval Pregnancy category X Enzalutamide may cause fetal harm when given to a pregnant woman It is not indicated for women This drug must not be given to a pregnant woman or a woman who intends to become pregnant For both men and women Use contraceptives and do not conceive a child get pregnant while taking enzalutamide Barrier methods of contraception such as condoms are recommended while on treatment and for at least 3 months after the last dose SelfCare Tips Drink at least two to three quarts of fluid every 24 hours unless you are instructed otherwise You may be at risk of infection so try to avoid crowds or people with colds and report fever or any other signs of infection immediately to your health care provider Wash your hands often If you are experiencing hot flashes wearing light clothing staying in a cool environment and putting cool cloths on your head may reduce symptoms Consult you health care provider if these worsen or become intolerable Avoid contact sports or activities that could cause injury In general drinking alcoholic beverages should be kept to a minimum or avoided completely You should discuss this with your doctor Get plenty of rest Maintain good nutrition Maintain your normal physical activity as you are able If you experience symptoms or side effects be sure to discuss them with your health care team They can prescribe medications andor offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems Monitoring and Testing You will be checked regularly by your doctor while you are taking enzalutamide to monitor side effects and check your response to therapy Periodic blood work will be obtained to monitor your complete blood count CBC as well as the function of other organs such as your kidneys and liver will also be ordered by your doctor If you are on warfarin Coumadin your INR blood tests may be monitored more often How Enzalutamide Works Normally in prostate cells there are androgen receptors Androgens bind with these receptors to aid in the growth of these cells Antiandrogens interfere with the ability of the receptors to bind with the androgens which then decreases the ability of the prostate cancer cells to grow Enzalutamide also prevents the androgens from working within the prostate cancer cells Enzalutamide is categorized as an antiandrogen Antiandrogens are substances that block the effects of testosterone Cancer of the prostate depends on the male hormone testosterone or related androgens for its growth If the amount of androgens are reduced it is possible to slow down or shrink the cancer Note We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational but is not a substitute for medical advice | [
"Enzalutamide",
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"hormone therapy"
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/hydrocortisone-sodium-succinate.aspx | Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate Generic : Hydrocortisone Other Trade Names : Ala - Cort ® , Hydrocortone Phosphate Solu - Cortef ® , Lanacort ® , Hydrocort Acetate ® Other Names : Cortisone Hydrocortisone Sodium Phosphate Drug type : Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate has many uses in the treatment of cancer . Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is used most often as a supportive care medication . Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is classified as a glucocorticosteroid . ( For more detail , see " How this drug works " section below ) . What This Drug Is Used For : As an anti - inflammatory medication . Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate relieves inflammation in various parts of the body . To treat or prevent allergic reactions . As treatment of certain kinds of autoimmune diseases , skin conditions , asthma and other lung conditions . As treatment for a variety of cancers , such as leukemia , lymphoma , and multiple myeloma . To treat nausea and vomiting associated with some chemotherapy drugs . Used to stimulate appetite in cancer patients with severe appetite problems . The lotion ( topical ) is used in treatment of allergic skin reactions , and relieves symptoms of itching , redness , and swelling . Also used to replace steroids in conditions of adrenal insufficiency ( low production of needed steroids produced by the adrenal glands ) . Note : If a drug has been approved for one use , physicians sometimes elect to use this same drug for other problems if they believe it might be helpful . How This Drug Is Given : This medication may be given to you in many forms . In a pill form , it is available in 5 mg , 10 mg , and 20 mg tablets . If you are on a daily dose of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate , and you miss a dose , take the dose as soon as you remember . You may be instructed to repeat the missed dose , and continue the medication . Take pills with food or after meals . This medication may also be given by injection into the muscle ( intramuscular , IM ) or into the vein ( intravenously , IV ) , by a healthcare provider . Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate eye ointment , or eye drops , is given to treat or prevent many inflammatory eye conditions . You may be given Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate as a lotion or a cream ( topical ) to treat skin disorders . The amount of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate you will receive depends on many factors , including your height and weight , your general health or other health problems , and the reason you are receiving this drug . Your doctor will determine your exact dosage and schedule . Side Effects : Important things to remember about the side effects of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate include : Most people do not experience all of the side effects listed . Side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset and duration . Side effects are almost always reversible and will go away after treatment is complete . There are many options to help minimize or prevent side effects . The following side effects are common ( occurring in greater than 30 % ) for patients taking Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate : Increased appetite Irritability Difficulty sleeping ( insomnia ) Swelling in your ankles and feet ( fluid retention ) Nausea , take with food Heartburn Muscle weakness Impaired wound healing Increased blood sugar levels . ( Persons with Diabetes may need to have blood sugar levels monitored more closely and possible adjustments to diabetes medications ) . The following are less common side effects ( occurring in 10 to 29 % ) for patients receiving Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate : Headaches Dizziness Mood swings Cataracts and bone thinning ( with long - term use ) This list includes common and less common side effects for individuals taking Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate . Side effects that are very rare , occurring in less than 10 % of patients , are not listed here . However , you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms . When to contact your doctor or health care provider : Contact your health care provider immediately , day or night , if you should experience any of the following symptoms : Fever of 100.4 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , chills ( possible signs of infection ) If you feel an irregular or fast heart beat , shortness of breath , or chest or jaw pain , seek emergency help and notify your healthcare provider . If you become suddenly confused The following symptoms require medical attention , but are not emergency situations . Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following : Extreme fatigue ( unable to carry on self - care activities ) Any unusual bleeding or bruising Black or tarry stools , or blood in your stools or urine Nausea ( interferes with ability to eat and unrelieved with prescribed medications ) Vomiting ( vomiting more than 4 - 5 times in a 24 - hour period ) Dizziness or lightheadedness , feeling faint Persistent headache Severe hot flashes or mood swings Inability to sleep ( insomnia ) Severe skeletal ( bone ) pain Difficult or painful urination ; increased urination , or severe thirst Changes in vision , blurred vision , eye pain , enlarged pupils , discharge Any new rashes or changes in your skin Swelling of the feet or ankles . Sudden weight gain ( greater than 3 pounds a week ) Swelling , redness and / or pain in one leg or arm and not the other Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms . Precautions : Before starting Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate treatment , make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking ( including prescription , over - the - counter , vitamins , herbal remedies , etc . ) . Do not take aspirin , or products containing aspirin unless your doctor specifically permits this . Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctor ' s approval while taking Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate . If you have been on hydrocortisone pills daily , for a long period of time , serious side effects may occur if you discontinue the medication abruptly . Do not stop taking this medication unless directed by your healthcare provider . Do not change the dose of hydrocortisone on your own . Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment . Pregnancy category C ( use in pregnancy only when benefit to the mother outweighs risk to the fetus ) . For both men and women : Do not conceive a child ( get pregnant ) while taking hydrocortisone . Barrier methods of contraception , such as condoms , are recommended . Discuss with your doctor when you may safely become pregnant or conceive a child after therapy . Do not breast feed while taking this medication . Self - Care Tips : If you are on this medication for a long period of time , you may be more susceptible to infection . Wash your hands well , and report any symptoms of infection to your healthcare provider if noted . If you are given eye drops or eye ointment : You may be more sensitive to the light . Wearing sunglasses may help . It is normal to notice a little blurriness for a short time after the drops or ointment are placed in your eyes . Notify your healthcare provider with any changes in vision , blurriness , or eye pain . If you are given eye drops or eye ointment : Ask your healthcare provider if you may wear contact lenses . Contact lenses may absorb the medication . Wash your hands well before putting eye drops , to decrease the chance of a bacterial infection in your eyes . If you are hydrocortisone as a lotion ( topical ) to treat skin disorders : Do not apply to open areas of skin , or if you have open or weeping sores . Topical hydrocortisone should not be used for a long time . Discuss this with your healthcare provider . Certain brands of hydrocortisone can be applied to the rectal area to treat hemorrhoids , or local inflammation , either by a suppository of ointment . Make sure that the preparation that you are using was made specifically for the rectal area . In a pill form : Take this medication with food to lessen an upset stomach . Also take this medication early on in the day ( before 12 : 00 noon , if possible ) , so you will be able to sleep better at night . If you have diabetes , this medication may increase your blood sugar levels . Notify your healthcare provider that you are diabetic . You may need close monitoring . Drink 2 to 3 quarts of fluid every 24 hours , unless you were told to restrict your fluid intake , and maintain good nutrition . To reduce nausea , take anti - nausea medications as prescribed by your doctor , and eat small , frequent meals . In general , drinking alcoholic beverages should be avoided . You should also limit caffeine intake ( colas , tea , coffee and chocolate , especially ) . These beverages may irritate your stomach . If you experience symptoms or side effects , especially if severe , be sure to discuss them with your health care team . They can prescribe medications and / or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems . Monitoring and Testing : You will be checked regularly by your health care professional while you are taking hydrocortisone , to monitor side effects and check your response to therapy . Periodic blood work to monitor your complete blood count ( CBC ) as well as the function of other organs ( such as your kidneys and liver ) will also be ordered by your doctor . How This Drug Works : Corticosteroids are naturally produced by the adrenal gland in the body . Corticosteroids influence the functioning of most of the body ' s systems ( heart , immune , muscles and bones , endocrine and nervous system ) . They exert a wide array of effects including effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates , protein and fats . They help to maintain balance of fluids and electrolytes . Hydrocortisone is classified as a corticosteroid ( more precisely a glucocorticosteroid ) , and has many uses in the treatment of cancer . One way that it works is to decrease inflammation ( swelling ) . It does this by preventing infection - fighting white blood cells ( polymorphonuclear leukocytes ) from traveling to the area of swelling in your body . ( This is why you are more prone to infection while taking steroids ) . Taking advantage of the anti - inflammatory properties of the medication , corticosteroids are used to decrease the swelling around tumors . For example , by decreasing swelling around tumors in the spine , brain , or bone , it can decrease the pressure of the Another way this drug works is by altering the body ' s normal immune system responses . Corticosteroids are used to treat certain conditions that effect the immune system such as aplastic anemia ( AA ) , Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura ( ITP ) , Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura ( TTP ) , or hemolytic anemia . In addition , it is thought that corticosteroids may help in the treatment of patients with blood disorders , such as multiple myeloma . Corticosteroids may work by causing programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) of certain cells , which may help to fight your disease . Corticosteroids are also used in the short - term treatment of nausea caused by chemotherapy . How it does this is not fully understood . They also have been used to stimulate appetite for patients with severe appetite problems . Corticosteroids are used to replace steroids in conditions of adrenal insufficiency ( low production of needed steroids produced by the adrenal glands ) . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/blood-clots-and-chemotherapy.aspx | Blood Clots and Chemotherapy Other terms : Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) , Pulmonary Embolus ( PE ) , embolus , thrombus What Is a Blood Clot ? A blood clot is a jelly - like mass of thickened blood . Your body needs to be able to clot blood as this is the normal way bleeding is stopped to begin the healing following an injury . This process involves complex chemical reactions between many substances that are present in the blood plasma . Many factors can contribute to the creation of blood clots , including some types of chemotherapy . However , blood clots can also be caused by biological factors not related to cancer or chemotherapy treatments . A blood clot becomes harmful when it can block an artery or vein to stop the blood flow , termed thrombus . A thrombus in a brain artery can cause a stroke to occur . A thrombus blocking an artery in the heart can cause a heart attack . A thrombus in the leg or pelvic vein is called a deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) . If a thrombus dislodges and travels through the bloodstream it is called an embolus . As it travels it may become lodged in a smaller blood vessel and cause a blockage . For example if it blocks an artery in the lung it is called a pulmonary embolism ( PE ) . Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) : Pain in the calf or leg muscle , swelling , tenderness , discoloration , or prominent veins . All , one , or none of these may be present for a DVT to be present . Symptoms of an Embolus : When an embolus moves , it causes lack of blood flow . Symptoms depend on where the embolus travels and lodges : To the brain - stroke . Common symptoms of stroke are : Sudden numbness or weakness of face , arm or leg , especially on one side of the body Sudden confusion , trouble speaking or understanding Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking , dizziness , loss of balance or coordination Sudden severe headache with no known cause To the heart - heart attack . Common symptoms of heart attack are : Uncomfortable pressure squeezing , fullness or pain in the center of your chest , it lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back . Pain or discomfort in one or both arms , your back , neck , jaw or stomach . Feel out of breath with the chest discomfort , or before the chest discomfort . Break out in a cold sweat , feel sick to your stomach or light - headed . To the lungs - pulmonary embolism ( PE ) . Classic symptoms of PE are : Coughing up blood , shortness of breath and chest pain . However , other symptoms may be present instead such as : pain in the back , shoulder or upper abdomen , dizziness , fainting , painful respiration , new onset of wheezing , any new heart arrhythmia , any other unexplained symptom referable to the chest . To the eye - sudden blindness in one eye . These are life - threatening conditions or as in the case of clot to the eye can cause severe disability . Presence of these symptoms requires immediate care . Risk Factors : Several factors , including chemotherapy , can increase the risk of blood clots , patients with cancer are at higher risk , some other factors are : Decreased mobility , bed rest . Indwelling venous infusion catheters . Chemotherapy History of deep vein thrombosis Fractures Obesity Arteriosclerosis Oral contraceptives ( birth control pills ) Smoking Tests Used to Diagnose a Blood Clot : Duplex Ultrasound ( Doppler study ) : This test is used to look for a DVT . To look for DVT using ultrasound , the ultrasound transducer is placed against the skin and then is pressed inward firmly enough to compress the vein being examined . In an area of normal veins , the veins are easily compressed completely closed , while the muscular arteries are extremely resistant to compression . Where DVT is present , the veins do not collapse completely when pressure is applied using the ultrasound probe . Chest x - ray : This is a quick and painless procedure where a picture , or an x - ray , will be taken to look at the internal structures of your chest . The chest x - ray will look specifically at your lungs , heart , and ribs . This one - dimensional view may provide your healthcare provider with important information about what is happening inside your chest wall , and lung region . Lung scan : ( Ventilation - Perfusion scan [ VQ ] ) - Your doctor or healthcare provider will order this test if he or she suspects that you may have developed a blood clot in your lungs , ( PE ) . A radioactive dye is injected into your vein . A camera photographs how the blood is flowing through your lungs . If there is a blockage in the flow of blood , this may mean that you have a blood clot . Venogram : Your doctor or healthcare provider may order this test if you are having a problem with the blood flow , through your veins , back to your heart . A radioactive dye is injected into the vein that needs to be examined . X - rays will be taken to determine the cause of the problem . One problem may be a blood clot . Other tests : blood tests to check the oxygen levels in the blood , clotting factors etc , or electrocardiogram ( EKG ) to check your heart rhythm may be performed as part of the evaluation . This You Can Do for Blood Clots : If you are undergoing chemotherapy and you think you have a blood clot in your arm or leg , waiting to see what happens is not appropriate . If you have symptoms of a blood clot in your arm or leg , you should be seen immediately by your doctor . If you are unsure of your symptoms , call your health care professional . Try to decrease blood clotting risk factors that can be controlled such as : Keep moving , do not prolong bed rest . An exercise routine can also be helpful , or if partially immobilized try keep the blood flow going by using other non - immobilized muscles in the lower extremity . Stop smoking . If placed on blood thinner medication such as warfarin ( Coumadin ® ) : Follow instructions regarding lab work and taking the medication . Be careful when using razors . We suggest an electric razor or hair - removing creams to minimize the chance of cuts . Use a soft toothbrush . Brush and floss gently to prevent bleeding from the gums . Call your doctor if you have any symptoms of illness , such as vomiting , diarrhea , infection , or fever . Illness can change the way blood thinners work . Always carry or wear identification that states you are taking blood thinners . In an emergency , you may not be able to speak for yourself . Avoid situations where you may get hurt at home or at work . Even minor injuries must be watched for bleeding because blood thinners affects clotting . Falls that cause bruising ( bleeding under the skin ) and cuts from sharp objects are more serious when you are taking blood thinners . Call your doctor if you have any injuries that involve falls or blows to the body or head . Drugs that may be prescribed by your doctor : Once a diagnosis of a deep venous thrombosis is made is usually aimed at thinning the blood to prevent further formation of clots and an embolism . This treatment usually is started in the hospital where you are closely monitored . The treatment may continue for 6 - 12 weeks or you may be put on a lifetime level of medication for further prevention . Anticoagulants : Heparin comes in liquid form and is given by an injection under the skin or via an intravenous ( IV ) infusion . Warfarin ( Coumadin ® ) comes in pill form . Enoxaparin ( Lovenox ) comes in liquid form and is given by an injection under the skin ( subcutaneous , SubQ ) When to Contact Your Doctor or Health Care Provider : Seek emergency help immediately ( Call 911 ) and notify your health care provider , it you experience : Symptoms of pulmonary embolism , heart attack or stroke . Call your doctor or health care professional if : You have redness , swelling , warmth , or tenderness in your arm or leg . If you have pain in your leg that gets worse when you stand or walk . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
"Blood Clots",
"Chemotherapy",
"Deep Vein Thrombosis"
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/chest-pain.aspx | Chest Pain What Is Chest Pain ? Chest pain is a painful or unpleasant sensation in your chest , which may or may not be associated with heart tissue damage . Chest pain can happen in adults for a variety of reasons . Some causes of chest pain may include : Lung - you may have pneumonia , or another type of infection in your lung that may cause chest pain . Coughing may also cause pain . Musculoskeletal - Common causes of chest pain include pain as a result of injury , joint or muscle strain . If you have had any damage to your ribs , from injuries or tumors , this can cause you to feel pain in your chest . Gastrointestinal - You may have a type of gastro - esophageal reflux . This where the contents of your stomach travel up you esophagus pipe instead of downwards . This may cause pain after eating a large meal , lying down , or ending over . Antacids , such as famotidine ( Pepcid ® ) , omeprazole ( Prilosec ® ) , or Mylanta , may relieve these symptoms . Angina may cause your chest pain , which may be a feeling of " squeezing " in your chest . Anxiety or depression may often cause you to feel angina . Some other causes of angina may include : Coronary artery disease ( the most common cause of angina ) - Fatty deposits ( called atherosclerosis ) , may develop over time . This damages the walls of the arteries that carry blood to the heart , restricting the flow of blood to the heart . It causes less oxygen to reach the heart muscle . This lack of oxygen causes angina . Coronary artery spasm - the coronary artery will " spasm " which creates a temporary narrowing of blood flow , and a temporary lack of oxygen to the heart muscle . When the spasm stops , the pain usually resolves when blood flow is returned to normal . Anemia - low blood hemoglobin ( Hgb ) levels may cause angina . Hgb carries oxygen in the blood . Polycythemia - This is when your blood has too many red blood cells ( RBC ' s ) . This will cause your blood to thicken . Polycythemia can be a result of a lifelong illness , such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( COPD ) , or due to problems with the blood itself . o Irregular heart rhythms , heart valve problems , and thyroid disease will also cause angina . Chest pain should not be ignored for any reason . Below are some serious symptoms to look for . If you experience any of these symptoms , you should seek emergency care , and then notify your doctor . Symptoms : Chest pain may start in the chest , and spread to the throat , jaw , shoulder blades , or arms ( left or right ) . Chest pain may be sharp or burning in character You may experience a feeling of chest heaviness , or tightness . You may have nausea , sweating , or dizziness associated with your chest pain . It may also cause you to feel short of breath . Chest pain may spread to the stomach , and feel like indigestion . You may feel palpitations instead of pain . Some people may feel terribly excruciating chest pain , and others may experience a mild discomfort . The severity of pain does not indicate how severe the damage to the heart muscle may be . Things You Can Do : The goal of chest pain is to relieve the cause . If your chest pain is due to musculoskeletal problems , such as muscle strain , there is most likely an area you can locate that is causing most of the pain . Anti - inflammatory drugs ( such as ibuprofen ) , along with a local application of heat , for no more than 20 minutes at a time , 3 or 4 times a day , may help . If you have chest pain due to lung problems , such as pneumonia or pleurisy , your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat the condition . You may also have to be hospitalized , depending on how severe your problems are . If you have chest pain due to anemia , your healthcare provider may order a blood transfusion , depending on your symptoms . If your chest pain is due to coronary artery spasms , you may be prescribed drugs to control your discomfort . These include nitrates , such as nitroglycerin , which work by increasing blood flow to the heart . Nitrates also decrease the work of the heart by dilating ( expanding ) the arteries . If you smoke , be sure to quit . Smoking can increase the chance of developing chest pain and heart disease . Make sure to exercise , under the supervision of your healthcare provider . Walking , swimming , or light aerobic activity may help you to lose weight , and promote the flow of oxygen in your lungs and blood . Make sure you tell your doctor , as well as all healthcare providers , about any other medications you are taking ( including over - the - counter , vitamins , or herbal remedies ) . Remind your doctor or healthcare provider if you have a history of diabetes , liver , kidney , or heart disease . You can try to control your heart disease , high blood pressure , and diabetes to decrease your chances of developing chest pain . Discuss this with your doctor . Keep a diary of your chest pain , if it is occurring regularly . Write down the foods that you have eaten , the exercise or activity you were undergoing when the chest pain , and how you felt before the symptoms occurred . This diary may be valuable in determining the cause of your chest pain . Questions to ask yourself , may include : Did my symptoms occur gradually , or did this episode come on all of a sudden ? Was I feeling anxious ? Did I perform any kind of activity , or was I resting ? If you have a family history of heart disease , stroke , high blood cholesterol , or high blood pressure , in a first or second - degree relative , you may be at risk for certain problems . Notify your healthcare provider if you have any of these diseases in your family . If you are ordered a medication to treat this disorder , do not stop taking any medication unless your healthcare provider tells you to . Take the medication exactly as directed . Do not share your pills with anyone . If you miss a dose of your medication , discuss with your healthcare provider what you should do . Use relaxation techniques to decrease the amount of anxiety you have . If you feel anxious , place yourself in a quiet environment , and close your eyes . Take slow , steady , deep breaths , and try to concentrate on things that have relaxed you in the past . If you experience symptoms or side effects , especially if severe , be sure to discuss them with your health care team . They can prescribe medications and / or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems . Keep all your appointments for your treatments . Drugs That May Be Prescribed By Your Doctor : Your doctor or healthcare provider may prescribe certain drugs to help your heart muscle work more effectively , or to control your symptoms . These may include : ACE inhibitors - These drugs work by opening , or dilating , your arteries . They will lower your blood pressure , and improve blood flow to your kidneys , and through out your body . Your healthcare provider may also prescribe these medications if you have diabetes or protein in your urine , to protect your kidneys . Some examples of this medication may include : enalapril maleate ( Vasotec ) , lisinopril ( Zestril ) , and fosinopril sodium ( Monopril Antacids - If you have stomach upset , which may cause your chest pain , your healthcare provider may prescribe an antacid , such as Mylanta Antianxiety medications : If your chest pain is due to anxiety , your healthcare provider may prescribe an Anti - anxiety medication , called an anxiolytic . These medications will help you to relax . These may include lorazepam ( Ativan ) , or alprazolam ( Xanax ) . It is important to take these medications only when you are feeling anxious . Do not operate heavy machinery , or drive an automobile while taking these . If these medications do not control your symptoms , discuss this with your doctor . Aspirin - Depending on your overall health status , and the type and severity of your arrhythmia , your healthcare provider may prescribe aspirin as a " blood thinner . " Aspirin works by preventing platelets in your blood from forming blood clots ( anti - platelet ) . Beta - blockers - can be used to slow down your heart rate , and improve blood flow through your body . You may take this drug if you have been diagnosed with irregular heartbeats , or high blood pressure . Some examples of this medication may include : metoprolol ( Lopressor ) , propanolol ( Inderal ) , and atenolol ( Tenormin ) . Calcium Channel Blockers - These medications may be given to treat chest pain , high blood pressure , or irregular heart beats . A few common drugs include verapamil HCL ( Calan ) , and diltiazem ( Dilacor XR ) . Nitrates - such as nitroglycerin , work to increase blood flow to the heart . They also decrease the work of the heart by dilating ( expanding ) the arteries . You may take this during an episode of chest pain , if your doctor has determined that it is safe . Non - steroidal anti - inflammatory ( NSAID ) agents - Such as naproxen sodium and ibuprofen , may provide relief of musculoskeletal pain . If you are to avoid NSAID drugs , because of your type of cancer or chemotherapy you are receiving , acetaminophen ( Tylenol ) up to 4000 mg per day ( two extra - strength tablets every 6 hours ) may help . It is important not to exceed the recommended daily dose of Tylenol , as it may cause liver damage . Discuss this with your healthcare provider . Do not stop any of these medications abruptly , as serious side effects may occur When to Contact Your Doctor or Health Care Provider : Fever of 100.5 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , chills , sore throat ( possible signs of infection ) . If you are sweating a lot with chest pain , or if you are taking medication to treat your chest pain , seek emergency assistance if the pain is not relieved by nitroglycerin despite taking 3 pills each , 5 minutes apart . Also notify your doctor if you : Feel your heart beat rapidly ( palpitations ) , and have not noticed this before Any new rashes on your skin , especially if you have recently changed medications Any unusual swelling in your feet and legs Weight gain of greater than 3 to 5 pounds in 1 week . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
"Chest Pain",
"Lung -",
"Musculoskeletal"
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/itching.aspx | Itching Other terms : Pruritis What Is Itching ? Itching can occur suddenly ( acute ) , or over a period of time ( chronic ) . It may occur alone or in combination with other symptoms , and may be localized or generalized . Itching may be associated with various types of cancers such as Hodgkin ' s disease , Lymphoma , Leukemia , Kaposi ' s sarcoma , AIDs , liver metastases , renal failure , and may be associated with some antibiotics . Acute itching , during the infusion of chemotherapy could be an early sign of a hypersensitivity reaction . Chemotherapy medications commonly associated with risk of allergic reactions include : L - asparaginase , paclitaxel , docetaxel , teniposide , procarbazine , and cytarabine . Itching can occur as chronic side effect of anti - cancer treatments including Proleukin ® ( Interleukin - 2 ) , Interferon ( Intron ® & Roferon ® ) , radiation therapy , acute and chronic graft - versus - host disease ( GVHD ) , and occasionally supportive growth factors including Neupogen ( G - CSF ) and Leukine ( GM - CSF ) . Symptom Management : Things you can do : Early intervention is important for both acute and chronic itching . Acute itching : It is important to notify your treatment nurse immediately if itching develops during an intravenous chemotherapy treatment . Medications used to treat allergic reactions may be given , including diphenhydramine ( Benadryl ) , epinephrine , and hydrocortisone . The chemotherapy treatment may be temporarily stopped to allow medications to be given . The chemotherapy treatment will be resumed once itching and other symptoms associated with the hypersensitivity reaction have resolved . Your physician or nurse should be notified if itching or rash develop within 48 hours of beginning a new cancer treatment or antibiotic . Early assessment and intervention will reduce the severity of symptoms , and ensure rapid improvement in symptoms . Chronic itching : It is important to notify your nurse or doctor if a rash or itching develops . Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic side effects will allow your treatment to continue while reducing side effects and their impact on quality of life . Your health care team will want to evaluate the onset , pattern , severity , and duration of itching . They will also want information regarding other medications you are taking , as these may be contributing to your symptoms . Skin care : Good skin care is important to reducing itching and it ' s impact on quality of life . Maintaining a cool room temperature Use gently , hypoallergenic laundry detergents ( i.e. Ivory Snow or Dreft ) . Rinse bed linens twice to ensure that all soap residues have been removed . Tepid baths and the use of mild soaps such as Neutrogena or Basis Addition of soothing or moisturizing bath products such as Aveeno ® Oatmeal bath or Keri ® bath . Addition of bath oils if the skin is intact . Taking showers instead of baths Frequent application of lotions such as Nivea , Aveeno , Lubriderm , Aquaphor , or Keri lotion . Cool compresses applied to area for 20 minutes as needed to provide soothing relief . Adequate hydration : Drinking plenty of liquids is very important in reducing dry skin or itching . The use of a water bottle is a very handy way of having liquids easily accessible throughout the day . Drink a minimum of 2 liters each day , especially water . Drugs or Treatments That May Be Prescribed by Your Doctor : Antihistamines : These drugs block histamine receptors . There are 2 types of histamine receptors that have differing actions , H1 receptors are part of the body ' s response that controls airway constriction , capillary dilation and constriction of veins . By blocking these receptors it interferes with the production of symptoms such as redness , urticaria ( hives ) , or shortness of breath . Examples of antihistamines are : diphenhydramine ( Benadryl ) , hydroxyzine , and cyproheptadine . Corticosteroids : Steroids work by decreasing inflammation and swelling . Used as part of the treatment of an acute allergic reaction . For itching that does not respond to other treatments your doctor may prescribe a steroid cream to be applied topically ( directly to the skin ) . When to Contact Your Doctor or Health Care Provider : Seek emergency help immediately and notify your health care provider , it you experience the following symptoms : Shortness of breath , wheezing , difficulty breathing , closing up of the throat , swelling of facial features , hives ( possible allergic reaction ) . Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following so the following can be evaluated : Skin rash Itching Hives If itching does not improve ( or worsens ) following use of medications prescribed to treat . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
"Itching",
"Chronic itching",
"Treatments"
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http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/skin-reactions.aspx | Skin Reactions What Are Skin Reactions ? Includes : dry skin flushing hyperpigmentation nail changes photosensitivity radiation recall rash Skin reactions to drug therapy are extremely common . All drugs may induce skin reactions , although if they do occur they are usually mild , however , some skin reactions are serious and potentially life - threatening . Because of this , all drug - associated rashes should be reported to your health care professional for evaluation . The cause of skin reactions is often unknown although many have an allergic or toxic basis . Skin reactions can be independent of dose and can persist long after the drug causing the allergic reaction has been discontinued . For example , with a hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin , the skin condition may worsen for seven to ten days after the drug has been stopped . It is especially important that allergic skin reactions are correctly identified , since future exposure to the same drug could cause much more severe skin reactions . Toxic reactions , in contrast , are dose - dependent and skin reactions generally resolve fairly soon after the drug causing the reaction is stopped . There are factors that may increase the risk of developing skin reactions , which include : Liver disease Kidney disease Systemic lupus erythematosus ( lupus ) AIDS Drug allergies are more common in the elderly and may be related to development of an immune response or to an increased exposure to drugs . The way drugs are given can influence drug allergy ; in general , topical application ( applied directly on the skin ) has the greatest likelihood to induce skin reactions , followed by intravenous ( IV ) then medications given by mouth . Types of Skin Reactions : Dry Skin What is dry skin ? Dry skin is characterized by mild scaling , roughness , feeling of tightness , and possibly itching . With dry skin reactions , the skin cells at the lower layer of the epidermis ( top layer of skin ) are dry and flat , with no moisture . Factors that contribute to dry skin reactions include : Dehydration Extreme weather conditions Perfumed products Allergy When a moisturizer is used on the surface of the skin , the product penetrates and restores moisture to the skin cells . Creams and lotions are effective ways of restoring moisture following dry skin reactions . Ointments are designed to be a barrier and stay on the surface of the skin for protection against harsh elements . Things you can do to manage dry skin reactions : Avoid : Perfumed products Bubble bath Soap , particularly perfumed soaps . Soap - free cleansing bars , these can be drying and potentially irritating . Lanolin - based creams , lotions , ointments etc . Anything that you think you might be allergic to . ( common allergy - causing agents ; detergents , plants , pets , harsh chemicals in household cleaning products , rubber gloves , jewelry , feathers , grass and pollen , artificial fingernails and adhesive ) . Personal Hygiene : Dry yourself by patting your skin with a soft towel , rather than rubbing vigorously . Use mild , non - perfumed , non - deodorent soaps such as Dove , Basis , Aveeno or Neutrogena dry skin soaps . Or low allergy soap of soap substitute - cream , cleaning gels . Take showers or short , cool baths instead of long , hot baths . Shaving for men - if dry skin reactions occurs on your face , skip a couple of days ( over a weekend ? ) to give your face a rest . Do not use perfumed after - shave . Shaving for women - if after shaving your legs a rash appears do not shave again until the skin has completely healed . Clothes : Wear cotton clothes where possible next to the skin , rather than wool , synthetic fibers or rough clothing . Wash clothes in mild detergent . Weather : Extreme weather conditions can worsen and cause dry skin reactions ( hot and sunny , cold and windy ) . Wear gloves in cold weather . Avoid sun exposure . Wear SPF 15 ( or higher ) sunblock and protective clothing . Fluids : Drink plenty of fluids keep your body well hydrated . You should drink 2 - 3 quarts of non - alcoholic , non - caffienated beverages daily , unless you are instructed to restrict your fluid intake . Lotions and creams : Use moisturizers regularly . Moisturizers prevent water loss by layering an oily substance over the skin to keep water in or by attracting water to the outer skin layer from the inner skin layer . Substances that stop water loss include petroleum , mineral oil , lanolin and silicone products . Substances that attract water to the skin include glycerin , propylene glycol , proteins and some vitamins . Bath oils such as baby oil , mineral oil , Herbal Bath Oil , Lubriderm Bath Oil , or Neutrogena Body Oil can be applied to your wet skin after you emerge from the bath or shower . Protect hands : Always rinse and dry hands carefully , particularly after contact with cleaning products . Wear rubber or vinyl gloves to protect hands , underneath wear thin cotton gloves . Do not wear for long periods of time . ( Wash the cotton gloves frequently ) . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website about skin reactions and other medical conditions is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . Flushing What is flushing ? Flushing Is a temporary redness of the face and neck caused by dilation of the blood capillaries . Flushing is due to a variety of causes such as certain chemotherapy drugs . Carcinoid tumors can also cause flushing as part of carcinoid syndrome . Other causes are alcohol and other drugs . Several chemotherapy drugs are associated with this flushing such as : asparaginase , bleomycin , carboplatin , carmustine , cisplatin , cyclophosphamide , dacarbazine , diethylstilbestrol , docetaxel , doxorubicin , fluorouracil , lomustine , paclitaxel , plicamycin , procarbazine , and teniposide . Biologic therapies associated with flushing include interleukin - 2 . Note : We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . Hyperpigmentation What is hyperpigmentation ? Hyperpigmentation is a darkening of the skin . This can occur as an overall darkening of the skin , or it can be localized . This may be connected to phototoxic reaction where the areas exposed to light may have a golden - brown or slate - grey color change . Some drugs will cause changes in the nails , darkening of the tongue , gums , and over finger joints . Most skin reactions occur within two to three weeks of initiation of chemotherapy and resolve 10 to 12 weeks after stopping treatment . Hyperpigmentation most commonly accompanies use of alkylating agents and antitumor antibodies . Methotrexate may produce a characteristic " flag sign " on the hair - horizontal hyperpigmented bands alternating with normal hair color in light - haired individuals . Discoloration can occur in areas of pressure , such as under tape or dressings . This has been reported with busulfan , cyclophosphamide , cisplatin , ifosfamide , thiotepa , docetaxel , and etoposide . Serpentine hyperpigmentation : Some chemotherapy drugs ( fluorouracil , vinorelbine , and some combination regimens ) given intravenously ( IV ) can cause a darkening of the venous pathways up the arm . This darkening over the veins will eventually fade . The cause of these skin reactions is currently unknown , but may involve direct toxicity , stimulation of melanocytes ( cells in skin responsible for skin color ) , and postinflammatory changes . Although skin reactions may occasionally be permanent , in most cases , discoloration will gradually resolve after chemotherapy is stopped . We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website about skin reactions and other medical conditions is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . Nail Changes What are nail changes ? There are several types of nail changes which may occur in patients receiving chemotherapy . The most common of these skin reactions seen , particularly in dark - skinned persons , is hyperpigmentation ( darkening ) . Vertical or horizontal bands , or general darkening . Drugs in which these skin reactions been known to occur include : Bleomycin , cyclophosphamide , daunorubicin , doxorubicin , fluorouracil , hydroxyurea , aminoglutethimide , busulfan , cisplatin , dacarbazine , docetaxel , idarubicin , ifosfamide , melphalan , methotrexate , mitomycin and mitoxantrone . This hyperpigmentation generally grows out with the nail . Other nail changes include : Beau ' s lines ( horizontal depressions of the nail plate ) . These skin reactions can occur a few weeks after a course of chemotherapy . Mee ' s lines ( white horizontal discoloration of the nail plate involving the entire nail width ) . Leukonychia ( white horizontal discoloration involving partial nail width ) . Onycholysis ( The separation or loosening of a fingernail or toenail from its nail bed ) . Onychodystrophy ( A malformation of the nail ) . All of these skin reactions are temporary and eventually resolve once the drug causing the change is stopped and the affected nails grow out ( this may take weeks to months ) . Things you can do to manage nail changes : Nails should be trimmed and kept clean . Gloves should be worn for housecleaning and gardening to minimize damage and prevent infection . Nail polish and imitation fingernails should not be worn until the nails have grown out and returned to normal . Drugs that may be prescribed by your doctor for skin reactions : Antibiotics may be necessary to treat infections in the nail beds . Notify your doctor or health care provider if : You suspect an infection of the nails . We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website about skin reactinos and other medical conditions is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . Photosensitivity What is photosensitivity ? Photosensitivity is an enhanced skin response to ultraviolet radiation ( sunlight ) . There are three types of photosensitivity reactions phototoxic , photoallergic and UV recall reaction . Phototoxic reactions are common photosensitivity reactions and can be produced in most individuals given a high enough dose of drug and sufficient light exposure . These photosensitivity reactions are usually evident within 5 - 20 hours of exposure and resembles an exaggerated sunburn ( redness , swelling , blistering , weeping and peeling ) . The rash is confined to areas exposed to light . Drugs associated with these photosensitivity reactions are dacarbazine , fluorouracil , methotrexate and vinblastine . Photoallergic reactions are less common than phototoxic reactions . A photoallergic reaction is similar to a phototoxic reaction but the reaction may spread beyond area ' s exposed to light . A drug that may have this photosensitivity reaction is flutamide . UV recall reaction causes a sunburn reactivation if the drugs are administered within 1 week of obtaining a sunburn . This reactivation may actually be more severe than the primary sunburn . Things you can do to manage photosensitivity : Prevention : Use sunscreen or protective clothing when out in the sun , even on cloudy days . Sunblock with physical barrier such as zinc oxide , may be needed . Avoid tanning booths . Being able to tan previously without damaging burns or skin reactions to sunlight does not mean that skin will respond the same way while on chemotherapy or radiation . Reduce inflammation : Use cool wet dressings . Apply lotions . Drugs or treatments your doctor may recommend or prescribe for photosensitivity reactions : Topical creams containing corticosteroids and / or anti - itching properties . If a reaction is severe systemic corticosteroids may be prescribed . Radiation Recall What is radiation recall ? Radiation Recall is a redness that can occur at the site of previous radiation when certain chemotherapy drugs are given . Radiation recall resembles severe sunburn in the area of the previous radiation . This effect of radiation recall can occur from 8 days to 15 years after radiation therapy . These skin reactions are most commonly associated with antitumor antibiotics such as dactinomycin and doxorubicin . Treatment of radiation recall is symptomatic with an effort to avoid or treat secondary infections that may occur . Sometimes corticosteroids may be used in order to allow continuation of offending drug without further radiation recall effects . Things you can do to manage radiation recall : Stay out of the sun and avoid tanning beds . If you must be out of the sun , use protective clothing and sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher over previously radiated skin . We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website about skin reactions and other medical conditions is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . Rash What is a rash ? A rash is a general term for skin reactions , some more specific terms are used to describe what the rash looks like such as : Erythematous - redness . Macular - small , distinct , flat areas . Papular - small raised lesions . A macularpapular rash is the most common type of drug - induced skin reaction . These skin reactions usually start on the trunk . The arms and legs are often involved but the face may be spared . The rash is usually bright red in color and the skin may feel hot , burning or itchy . This rash can occur with almost any drug at any time up to two to three weeks after the drug has been given , but are most common within the first 10 days . A severe form of this type of rash would be a wide spread , red rash that blends together . Often associated with peeling of the skin , and desquamation ( areas of wet or dry open sores ) . There may be other symptoms such as fever , lymph node enlargement , and loss of appetite . Hives : raised , itchy , red blotches or wheals which may be pale in the center and red around the outside . This is also a common drug reaction usually occurring within 36 hours of drug exposure . The lesions rarely last for more than 24 hours . However on giving the drug again the skin reactions may develop within minutes . Management of hives involves stopping the causative agent and treatment with antihistamines . Swelling or edema may also occur with hives as part of an allergic reaction . It is a vascular reaction resulting in an increased ability for fluid in the cells to " leak " into the layers of the skin causing swelling . These skin reactions happen much less often than hives alone . The tongue , lips , or eyelids are generally affected . Swelling of the airways can result in difficulty breathing , closing off of the airway and death . If swelling is happening and any sign of breathing difficulty seek help immediately . Acne : Some drugs can cause or make acne worse . The lesions in acne like rashes are papular and pus filled but blackheads are usually absent . Drugs commonly associated with this type of rash are corticosteroids , androgens ( in females ) , dactinomycin , vinblastin , oral contraceptives . Psoriasis : Typically described as reddish patches covered with large dry silvery scales . Some drugs are associated with psoriasis in persons with no prior history of this skin condition ( interferon alfa ) or occasionally can worsen pre - existing psoriasis ( interferon alfa and interleukin - 2 ) . Purpura : A condition characterized by bleeding under the skin or mucous membranes . This results in the appearance of purplish spots or patches . The main cause of these skin reactions is thrombocytopenia ( very low platelet count ) . Steven - Johnson syndrome ( SJS ) : A very severe , uncommon skin reaction that includes flu - like symptoms ( fever , chills , generalized aches , fatigue ) and extensive skin reaction with a variety of patterns . Skin reactions may include skin blistering and erosions . This syndrome is frequently drug induced . A large number of drugs have been implicated as a cause of SJS , most common are penicillins , tetracyclines , sulphonamides and NSAID ' s ( non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ) . Drugs that may be responsible for these skin reactions should be stopped immediately . Patients are usually hospitalized to receive IV corticosteroids , fluid replacement and antibiotics , if needed . Drug rechallenge is never justified . Things you can do to manage rashes : Wear loose non - irritating clothing . When bathing use a mild soap with out perfumes . When washing and drying the skin gently pat the area instead of rubbing with the towel or washcloth . Use sunscreen or protective clothing when out in the sun , even on cloudy days . Avoid tanning booths . Previous history of skin tanning without damaging burns or skin reactions to sunlight does not indicate that skin will respond the same way while on chemotherapy or radiation . Drugs that may be prescribed by your doctor : Corticosteroid creams Sunscreens Calamine lotion for itching Antihistamines to treat an allergic response . Analgesics ( pain medications ) if a painful rash is present . When to call your doctor or health care professional about skin reactions : Swelling , chest pain or difficulty breathing ( signs of an allergic reaction ) . Seek help immediately and notify your health care professional . Fever of 100.5 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or higher , chills ( possible signs of infection ) . Unexplained or worsening skin rash . Itching , pain or other troubling symptoms accompanying a rash . Rash affecting the mucous membranes in the mouth or nose . Any blistering , peeling , open areas in the skin . If you suspect an infection in the skin or nails . We strongly encourage you to talk with your health care professional about your specific medical condition and treatments . The information contained in this website about skin reactions and other medical conditions is meant to be helpful and educational , but is not a substitute for medical advice . | [
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http://chemoth.com/types/topoisomerase | Topoisomerase Inhibitors DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that regulate DNA supercoiling by catalyzing the winding and unwinding of DNA strands They cleave the long DNA backbone so the molecular strands can pass through one another Scientists divide DNA topoisomerases into two groups based on the number of strands that they break Class I topoisomerases break only one strand of the DNA helix and are important in DNA synthesis Class II topoisomerases cut both strands of DNA using ATP adenosine triphosphate for fuel The uncoiling process involves the relaxation of the coil of both DNA strands After the cuts are made and replication or repair is complete the strands are paired back The enzymes play a role in fixing DNA damage that occurs as a result of exposure to harmful chemicals or UV rays Inhibitors of the topoisomerase enzymes stop DNA replication RNA transcription and repair of DNA damage Anthracyclines are arguably topoisomerase II inhibitors although medicinal chemists usually classify them separately But inside the cell mechanism involve breaking DNA and stopping cell reproduction in the G2 stage of the cycle Topoisomerase I inhibitors include camptothecin topotecan and irinotecan Topoisomerase II inhibitors include doxorubicin etoposide and mitoxantrone Burris HA Hanauske AR Johnson RK et al Activity of topotecan a new topoisomerase inhibitor against human tumor colony forming units in vitro J Natl Cancer Inst 19928418161820 Chen AY Liu LF DNA topoisomerases essential enzymes and lethal targets Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 199434191218 Fayad W Fryknäs M Brnjic S et al Identification of a novel topoisomerase inhibitor effective in cells overexpressing drug efflux transporters PLoS ONE 2009410e7238 Pommier Y Kohn KW Cell cycle and checkpoints in oncology new therapeutic targets Med Sci Paris 20031917386 Zhang H et al Human mitochondrial topoisomerase I Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001981060813 PDF list of topoisomerase inhibitors Camptothecin BrandTrade Names Camptosar Formula C 20 H 16 N 2 O 4 Mechanism topoisomerase I inhibitor Class Plant alkaloid Administration Intravenous Notes A natural product originally derived from tree Camptotheca acuminata Doxorubicin BrandTrade Names Adriamycin Rubex Formula C 27 H 29 NO 11 Mechanism topoisomerase II inhibitor Class antibiotic Administration Intravenous Notes Etoposide BrandTrade Names Toposar VePesid Etopophos Formula C 29 H 32 O 13 Mechanism topoisomerase II inhibitor Class Plant alkaloid Administration Intraveneous Notes Irinotecan BrandTrade Names Camptosar Onivyde Formula C 33 H 38 N 4 O 6 Mechanism topoisomerase I inhibitor Class Plant alkaloid Administration Intravenous Notes Mitoxantrone BrandTrade Names Novantrone Formula C 22 H 28 N 4 O 6 Mechanism topoisomerase II inhibitor Class antibiotic Administration Intravenous Notes Topotecan BrandTrade Names Hycamtin Formula C 23 H 23 N 3 O 5 Mechanism topoisomerase 1 inhibitor Class Administration intravenous Notes | [
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http://chenepark.huntingtonmanagement.com/ | Welcome to Chene Park Commons Imagine living in a contemporary apartment home with the conveniences you deserve Chene Park Commons offers spacious 1 and 2 bedroom apartment homes featuring a private balcony or patio abundant closet space and onsite laundry facilities Located just minutes from downtown attractions entertainment and businesses you will be centrally located near it all Easy access to I75 I94 and the Lodge freeway Call to visit us today and see why Chene Park Commons is the perfect choice for your new home For more information click Contact Us If you are ready to Apply click Apply Here Print and complete the application Then submit via email to cheneparkhuntingtonmanagementcom You can also fax the filled out application to 313 5677108 After submission a leasing professional will contact you Apply Here The property has excellent maintenance services that keep the property superb apartmentscom All apartments are newly renovated Simply a great place to call home apartmentscom | [
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http://chennaifloats.com/ | 3 WELCOME TO CHENNAI FLOATS Silence is a source of great strength Lao Tzu Chennai is one of the populous cities in the world Close your eyes anywhere in the city and you can hear a million sounds All this noise coupled with the grind of everyday life can be stressful on both the mind and the body Constant stress could lead to weight gain blood pressure and accelerate ageing Chennai Floats was conceptualised as a place to get away from the stress of city life Deprive your senses no noice no bright lights no unpleasant odours just a little oasis of calm in 500 litres of salt water for 90 minutes in the heart of the city Athletics and Floating Used by Olympian KARL LEWIS for his preparation Used by 2 times NBA MVP STEPHEN CURRY RECOVER ELEVATE STRONGER TRAIN HARDER Epsom Salts Magnesium Sulphate is a Muscle Relaxant and Aids Joint Recovery Reduces Lactic Acid Levels Enhanching Recovery and Boosts the Immune System Benefits Pregnant Women Considered Athletes due to the strain involved Know to facilitate creativity Similar to sleepmeditation Visual cortex become more active Reduce Stress For your Mind Mental stress is known to be the main cause of almost 90 of illnesses Prolonged stress leads to elevated cortisol levels which has adverse effects on your health Floatation allows you to escape into deep relaxation by depriving you of your basic senses With each additional session you experience a rapid dip in stress levels and considerable improvement in overall health As your mind is freed from external disturbances the ability to focus increases considerably Your mind is induced into altered states of consciousness facilitating reflection and insight Reach deeper meditative states much faster and easier through floatation | [
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http://chenwoksurprise.com/speciallunch.html | Special Lunch Specials served 7 days a week from 1100am to 300pm Dinner menu available all day All lunches served on steamed rice Steam Vegetable Fried Rice or Lo Mein with additional price 100 1 Almond Chicken or Cashew 2 Sweet Sour Pork 3 Chicken with Broccoli 4 Mongolian Beef 5 Shrimp Chicken Hunan Style 6 Shrimp with Lobster Sauce 7 Kung Pao Chicken 8 Kung Pao Two 9 Sauteed Spicy Beef or Pepper Steak 10 Kung Pao Shrimp 11 Lemon Chicken 12 Sweet Sour Chicken 13 Curry Chicken 14 Chicken Lo Mein 15 House Chicken 16 Teriyaki Chicken 17 Vegetables with Pork or Chicken 18 Vegetarian Delight 19 Shrimp with Vegetables 20 Orange Chicken 585 585 585 685 685 685 585 685 685 685 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 685 585 Hot Spicy Any Hot Spicy Dish can be seasoned or modified to your taste Any dish change to Beef with be 100 charge | [
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http://cherishedcockers.org/allaboutcockers.htm | All About The Cocker Breed Cocker Spaniel Dogs Cocker Spaniel Dynamics Based on 6,188 Dogster profiles Energy sleepy energetic Intelligence silly genius Friendliness aggressive affectionate Playfulness not playful very playful Disposition anxious calm Possible Health Concerns : Glaucoma Progressive retinal atrophy ( PRA ) Patellar luxation Canine hip dysplasia ( CHD ) Ectropion Allergies Seborrhea Less Common Health Concerns : Otitis externa Liver disease Congestive heart failure ( CHF ) Phosphofructokinase ( PFK ) deficiency Cherry eye Hypothyroidism Gastric torsion Epilepsy Weight : 20 - 35 pounds ( 9.07 - 15.88 kg ) Height : 12 - 16 inches ( 30.48 - 40.64 cm ) Trademark Traits Happy and endearing Eager to please Hard workers Excitable Intelligent Some Ideal Human Companions Singles Seniors Families Apartment dwellers Active , sporty types What They ’ re Like to Live With An active dog , they will keep busy in the house , playing with toys and objects and family members . They love being around people , crave attention , but also have a working dog ’ s self - sufficiency . Cocker Spaniels are quick - to - learn , obey easily and have a sweet and trusting nature . They are generally good with strangers , but make an excellent watchdog when they feel that the home is threatened . Cocker Spaniels are amazingly adaptable . If you ’ re an active hiker , these dogs will keep pace with you all the livelong day . If you also just like to enjoy your time in sun , grab your umbrella and your cocker spaniel will be just as happy as you are enjoying the sun or shade . If you ’ re a couch potato , your Cocker Spaniel will gladly join you on the sofa . They ’ ll be perfectly happy in an apartment or house , as long as they get a decent amount of exercise Things You Should Know Cocker Spaniels need daily grooming — washing and brushing — to keep their lovely coats in shape . Also , clean their ears regularly to prevent infection . A healthy Cocker Spaniel can live as long as 15 years . Common health problems include eye issues ( glaucoma , cataracts ) , spinal problems and skin problems . Cocker Spaniel History The Look of the Cocker Spaniel Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dogs Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dynamics Based on 2,417 Dogster profiles Energy sleepy energetic Intelligence silly genius Friendliness aggressive affectionate Playfulness not playful very playful Disposition anxious calm Weight : 10 - 18 pounds ( 4.54 - 8.16 kg ) Height : 12 - 13 inches ( 30.48 - 33.02 cm ) Trademark Traits Graceful Lively and energetic Eager to please Affectionate Bold Intelligent Some Ideal Human Companions Singles Seniors Families Outdoorsy types What They ’ re Like to Live With These dogs get along with everybody — cats and other pets included . They are very good playmates for children , being patient and playful , and make a good first impression with strangers . Some can be a little reserved with new people , but they quickly warm up . For this reason , the King Charles is probably not the best choice for a watchdog . Things You Should Know Being people - oriented dogs , King Charles Spaniels crave companionship and attention , rewarding their owners with equal amounts of affection . Do n ’ t ignore them or leave them alone for too long : They can get depressed , lonely and sometimes batty . A healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniel can live as long as 14 years . Common health problems include a heart condition called mitral valve disease , hip dysplasia and ear infections . They need daily brushing , ear cleaning and occasional grooming . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel History The Look of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Information From Dogster . com Cocker Spaniel Information Cocker Spaniel Temperament A charming and gentle mannered creature , the Cocker Spaniel is a dog that enjoys playing but also has a clam and dignified manner about him . This is a dog that gets along well with children , especially when raised with them , and get on well with other animals and with strangers . The Cocker Spaniel is a sociable and amiable dog with a cheerful outlook on life and a responsive attitude . He is highly intelligent making him a stand - out at obedience training . The Cocker Spaniel is a dog that will usually be pretty The Cocker Spaniel is a willing , enthusiastic , and keen dog , and is eager to please , active , and very friendly . Owners may find that these dogs are difficult to housebreak , and often barking can be a problem . These dogs are affectionate , which is great news for those looking for a devoted pet , but the Cocker Spaniel can sometimes get a little over dedicated and clingy , which makes him something of a demanding pet , and certainly not ideal for those that can not dedicate the time to look after a Cocker Spaniel Appearance The Cocker Spaniel is a pretty , dignified , and elegant looking dog , with a silky , medium length coat and a shorter , undercoat . The coloring can be black , buff , or chocolate , and may have tan trims . The ears of the Cocker Spaniel are long , silky , and hang to the side , adding to its sweet and innocent expression . These dogs are about 13 - 16 inches in height , and the weight of the Cocker Spaniel is around 22 - 28 pounds . His body is small but sturdy Cocker Spaniel Grooming The coat of the Cocker Spaniel should be brushed every couple of days in order to keep it in good condition , and every couple of months or so you may need to get the coat clipped . Also , during grooming sessions you should check the ear canals to ensure that they are clean and dry . Cocker Spaniel Health Problems and Life Expectancy The life expectancy of the Cocker Spaniel is around 10 - 14 years , and there are a number of health problems that are linked to this breed . This includes PRS . HD , cataracts , autoimmune problems , skin conditions , and epilepsy . You should ensure that the parents of the Cocker Spaniel have OFA and CERF certificates . Cocker Spaniel History The Cocker Spaniel was recognized in England in the late 1880s , and in the same period was also introduced in America . The Cocker Spaniel is though to originate from Spanish blood , and this breed was registered with the AKC in 1878 . Information from JustDogBreeds . com Contact Webmaster Email | [
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http://cherokeerafting.com/ | RAFT THE OCOEE RIVER RATED NUMBER ONE WHITEWATER DESTINATION IN THE NATION About Us OCOEE RIVER WHITE WATER THE CHEROKEE RAFTING WAY Since 1978 Cherokee Rafting is the Ocoee Rivers 1 familyfriendly white water rafting company We love working with families youth groups and corporate outings With 10 incredible miles of continuous class III IV rapids we invite you to take the plunge on Americas favorite river Join us for an exciting rafting adventure on the Ocoee River flowing through a beautiful gorge inside the Cherokee National Forest Southeast Tennessee is famous for its fantastic scenery and big waves We take pride in our reputation with a friendly and relaxing atmosphere that keeps folks returning year after year Because the Ocoee River Awarded TripAdvisors Certificate of Excellence consistently for the past 6 years Selected by National Geographic as an official destination for Geotourism If theres any question which rafting company to use for your Ocoee River white water adventure youve found the right place Grab a paddle snap your buckles lets go Click the logos to see what they say about Cherokee Rafting TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THESE GREAT OCOEE RAFTING DISCOUNTS The middle section of the Ocoee River is one of Americas premier sections of whitewater with some of the wettest and wildest action around The Ocoee River is great for beginners or the BOOK MIDDLE Ready for a full days adventure Weve got 10 miles and over 30 raging rapids to wet your appetite Well start off on the upper section and just after we tackle the Olympic section BOOK FULL Ready to take on the waters that challenged Olympic athletes in 1996 Its time to get on the upper Ocoee with rapids named Mikeys Lets Make a Deal Godzilla and Humongous to BOOK UPPER HOW CAN WE HELP YOU Here are some helpful links and documents you can check out or print to help you prepare for your trip If you have any questions at all feel free to email or call us Were here to ensure you have the best trip possible 2019 Cherokee Rafting 869 Highway 64 Ocoee TN 37361 18004517238 | [
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http://chesmontsports.com/category/football/ | Football Coatesville places Ortega Young Bryant Santiago on allstate team Great Valleys Burgess catches on in 5A Coatesville which has reached the PIAAClass 6A semifinals in consecutive years after capturing District 16A and ChesMont League National Division championships 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coatesville places Ortega Young Bryant Santiago on allstate team Great Valleys Burgess catches on in 5A December 31 2018 at 1050 pm Coatesville which has reached the PIAAClass 6A semifinals in consecutive years after capturing District 16A and ChesMont League National Division championships in 2017 and 2018 continues to rack up READ MORE Coatesvilles Aaron Young switches fields signs with Rutgers December 20 2018 at 340 pm Tim Taiphillycom Staff Photographer Coatesvilles dynamic senior running back Aaron Young who led the Red Raiders to the state semifinals this past fall made a surprise move on the READ MORE PIAA State Championship Football brackets final December 10 2018 at 201 am Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE 2018 ChesMont Fall Allleague selections December 4 2018 at 1033 pm Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE Football boxscore Harrisburg 27 Coatesville 24 December 2 2018 at 1141 am PIAA Class 6A Semifinal 31 Harrisburg 27 11 Coatesville 24 Coatesville 0 10 7 7 24 Harrisburg READ MORE Coatesville had football season to be proud of December 2 2018 at 1136 am Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE Coatesvilles comeback bid falls short in flagfilled state semifinal loss December 2 2018 at 1116 am Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE CoatesvilleHarrisburg state semifinal preview capsule with prediction December 1 2018 at 944 am PIAA Class 6A Semifinals 11 Coatesville 140 vs 31 Harrisburg 131 Saturday Dec 1 1 pm at Hersheypark Stadium Previous matchup Coatesville 37 Harrisburg 6 in season opener READ MORE Coatesvilles funloving defensive line making life miserable for opposing offenses December 1 2018 at 900 am Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE Harrisburg rematch wont be as easy for Coatesville but should end the same December 1 2018 at 856 am Report scores and game summaries to scoreschesmontsportscom Tweets by chesmontsports READ MORE Page 1 of 73 1 2 3 4 5 Last | [
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http://chesterruralcemetery.org/ | Established in 1863 Please visit our News and Events page for a slide show of just some of the beauty of Chester Rural Cemetery Chester Rural Cemetery Chester Pennsylvania Welcome to Chester Rural Cemetery website We hope you will enjoy browsing through our website and that you will find a lot of useful information here We pay great attention to the quality of our services You can find information about our services online or contact our team for help Stay up to date with the latest news on our website | [
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http://chestnutridgepark.net/pavilions.html | Error . Page can not be displayed . Please contact your service provider for more details . ( 12 ) | [
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http://chevytalk.org/fusionbb/showtopic.php?tid/140076/ | Gain extra benefits by becoming a Supporting Member Location : Main Index Forum Index Automotive General Chevy High Performance Topics » How can I tell a internal or external alternator ? Username Post : How can I tell a internal or external alternator ? ( Topic # 140076 ) murfs66 Senior Member Posts : 1841 Loc : So Cal San Diego Reg : 03 - 20 - 06 User Info Send Private Topic View Profile 09 - 11 - 06 06 : 04 AM - Post # 1000549 I have an alternator that was given to me and it has the round back with a notch out of it . Not fully round . My wiring pluged right in ( 64 chevelle ) .It has the main red hookup ( one wire ) and a 2 prong plug that goes next to it . I dont think I have an external because I found the 4 or 5 pin hookup that was taped up with nothing hooked to it ( just the plug ) . What do I have hear can someone lead me in the right direction Line - up . . . . . . . 64 chevelle 350 / 350 64 chevelle SS " Project " 66 chevelle 350 / 350 66 ferd stang ( wifes ) had to be different ! http : / / www . picturetrail . com / murfs66 SuperSport Super Senior Member Posts : 6501 Reg : 07 - 03 - 01 User Info Send Private Topic View Profile Re : How can I tell a internal or external alternat 09 - 11 - 06 06 : 35 AM - Post # 1000550 In response to murfs66 Internal - Flat and rectangular two wire plug , plugs in from the side , at the rear edge of the case . External - Square two wire plug , plugs straight into the rear of the case . If I had more time to dig up pics , it ' s easy to tell by looking at the alt , the rear half of the external type case has ribs ( or fins ) cast into it . Here ya go , unless you have the later version , the first two are Delco SI ( internal regulator ) , second pic shows the finned case : Delco SI alternators hth ~ SS ~ Senior Member Posts : 1841 Loc : So Cal San Diego Reg : 03 - 20 - 06 Re : How can I tell a internal or external alternat 09 - 11 - 06 08 : 25 AM - 1000551 In response to SuperSport Thanks . It looks like I have the external hookup . What is better to run or are they both equal ? The car has all aftermarket gauges on it and has no external regulator . I have to buy one $ 15 . Is there any benifits either way ? Line - up . . . . . . . 64 chevelle 350 / 350 64 chevelle SS " Project " 66 chevelle 350 / 350 66 ferd stang ( wifes ) had to be different ! http : / / www . picturetrail . com / murfs66 Robert_May Old as Dirt Member Posts : 6939 Loc : San Marcos , CA USA Reg : 01 - 03 - 02 09 - 11 - 06 02 : 09 PM - 1000552 The only difference between the internal or external alternators is where the regulator is . Make your choice of which you want and keep to it . If you ' re just swapping out a regulator , the plugs will determine which alt . you need . Robert May Fat ? Eat less and you will get thinner ! Thadd DECEASED Member Posts : 11178 Age : 79 Loc : Rolling Hills , Ca , Reg : 12 - 30 - 01 09 - 11 - 06 02 : 15 PM - 1000553 Robert_May But , the internal regulator is extremely more reliable , and the wiring is simpler . External is really old tech ; internal is late model Proud member of the BABY BLUE T - SHIRT BROTHERHOOD 09 - 12 - 06 03 : 32 AM - 1000554 Thadd I think I might go with the external for now . I have an external alternator and it is pretty new . I think I ' l wait to convert over after Ineed a new one . Thanks Icon Legend Permissions Topic Options Report Post Quote Post Quick Reply Print Topic Email Topic 3338 Views Location : Main Index Forum Index Automotive General Chevy High Performance Topics » How can I tell a internal or external alternator ? | [
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http://chfr.org/personnel/operations/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-ff/ | A Day In the Life of a Firefighter A Day in the Life of a CHFR Firefighter This is a look at an average day for firefighters within the Cedar Hammock Fire Department . A firefighter ’ s work week averages 56 hours per week being on duty 24 hours and off duty the next 48 hours . Crews have specific training six days a week along with various other duties , which includes public education talks , inspections , flowing of district hydrants , and everyday tasks . Most importantly , a firefighter responds to any emergency at any given time from wherever they may be . The following is a time line of an average 0700 - 0730 : Arrive at the Station and Prepare for Shift 0730 - 0830 : Apparatus and Equipment Check – Oncoming crews place their personal gear and equipment on the apparatus once they have been thoroughly checked and inspected . Apparatus operators check all equipment on the truck to ensure it is safe and in operating order . Additionally , operators ensure batteries are fresh , oxygen is full in the medical kit , water tank is full , emergency lighting is operational , fuel is full , etc . Firefighters not assigned to drive assist by starting and operating necessary equipment . Staff vehicles are also checked to ensure they are in operating order 0830 - 0900 : Briefing with Station Officer – At this time firefighters are briefed by the station officer on the daily objectives . This would include training for the day , any special assignments , and / or pertinent information . 0900 - 1130 : Training – A calendar is put out by the Training Officer each month that specifies training for each day . Firefighters have required training six days a week except Saturdays , which is specified as a detailed cleaning day for each station . Training varies from practical evolutions to classroom work . Each firefighter must pass a monthly test that covers material trained on during that month . 1130 - 1300 : Lunch Break – Crews will generally eat lunch at some point during this time . Some crews may shop and prepare meals together while other crews bring prepared food . Firefighters may also choose to eat out in their designated area ( zone ) if time permits . At anytime crews may have to leave behind a meal to respond to emergencies . 1300 - 1700 : Objectives Completed – This time is allotted to complete assigned objectives and station cleaning . Each station has specific housekeeping chores to be completed during this time . It could be cleaning windows or washing and waxing apparatus . Every hydrant in the district is flowed , painted , and serviced each year . Each business in the district is inspected twice yearly . Firefighters will assist our Fire Prevention Bureau with these duties . This time can also be used to make repairs to equipment and station property if needed . Crews take pride in maintaining their equipment and 1700 - 2000 : Dinner – Crews will generally eat at some point during this time . Some crews may shop and prepare meals together while others choose to eat out or bring their own . Firefighters are responsible for their own meal costs . At anytime crews are subject to emergency calls and may have to postpone or leave meals behind . After Dinner : After dinner crews generally wind down and this time is for them to recoup from a hard days work . They take showers , call home , check e - mail , study or whatever the individual needs to get done . Some crews will watch a movie or TV together , exercise in our fitness room or shoot a few hoops of basketball . This time is also when crews make their bunks for the evening . Depending on the station , crews sleep in either private rooms or dormitory type sleeping quarters . . 0600 - 0630 : Wake Up – Everyone must be out of bed by 0630 . Some crews elect to get up earlier . At this time crews will make their bunks and get started on their morning chores . Morning chores include cleaning bathrooms , taking out the trash , vacuuming , and mopping the floors . All apparatus are washed every morning , which is part of the pride and tradition of the fire service . 0700 - 0730 : Shift Exchange – This time is used to exchange information with oncoming crews , detailing the previous day ’ s events . Crews are relieved of duty at 0730 and are free to go home unless manning for the oncoming shift is below minimum and you are up on the holdover list . This means you are required to stay for an additional 24 hours of duty . This does not happen that often , but is a part of the job . In summary ; we have provided a look into the daily routine of your Cedar Hammock Firefighters . Remember : At any given time during their 24 - hour shift , when there is an emergency , nothing else supersedes their response to that emergency . | [
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http://chicago-ord.worldairportguides.com/terminals.php | CHICAGO O ' HARE Chicago O ' Hare Airport Flight Terminals Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 are linked together and travellers are able to get to each of them by foot . To get to terminal 5 visitors should take the Airport Transits System ( ATS ) situated at bridge level of each Terminal . This also runs to Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 and parking lot E . At Chicago Oâ € ™ Hare , Terminal 5 is the international terminal . Terminal 1 There are three levels in Terminal 1 and two concourses where the boarding gates lie . Pedestrian Tunnel Level - As it sounds , the lowest level in Terminal 1 provides easy access to the pedestrian tunnel that links Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 . The bus / shuttle center is also on this level and this is where hotel courtesy shuttles , regional buses , off - site rental cars and off - site parking shuttles are based . The CTA is also on this level , where trains leave for downtown Chicago . The parking garage is also accessible here . Lower Level - This is where the baggage claim areas and other ground transportation services are based , these are : Airport Express , Rental Cars ( on - site ) , Taxi , Charter Buses , Suburban and Reserved Taxis and Reserved Limousines . Upper Level - This level is where the passenger gates , shops and restaurants are located . The airportâ € ™ s ATS is on this level , transporting passengers around different parts of the airport pre - security ; it is also possible to walk to Terminal 2 from this level post - security . Gates B1 - B22 are in Concourse B and gates C1 - C32 are in Concourse C , the two are connected by a passageway . Airlines at Terminal 1 All Nippon , Lufthansa ( departures only ) , Ted , United Airlines ( domestic and international departures ) Terminal 2 There are four levels in this terminal and two concourses on the boarding gates level . Pedestrian Tunnel Level - As it sounds , the lowest level in Terminal 2 provides easy access to the pedestrian tunnel that links Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 . The bus / shuttle center is also on this level and this is where hotel courtesy shuttles , regional buses , off - site rental cars and off - site parking shuttles are based . The CTA is also on this level , where trains leave for downtown Chicago . The parking garage is also accessible here . Lower Level - This is where the baggage claim areas and other ground transportation services are based , these are : Airport Express , Rental Cars ( on - site ) , Taxi , Charter Buses , Suburban and Reserved Taxis and Reserved Limousines . Upper Level - This level is where the passenger gates , shops and restaurants are located . The airportâ € ™ s ATS is on this level , transporting passengers around different parts of the airport pre - security ; it is also possible to walk to Terminals 1 and 3 from this level post - security . Gates E1 - E15 are in concourse E and gates F1 - F14 are in the other concourse â € “ both branch out from a central area . Mezzanine Level - This is a small level inbetween the lower and upper levels where the USO and multi - faith prayer area are based , it is accessible by elevator . Airlines at Terminal 2 Air Canada , Air Canada Jazz , America West , Continental Airlines , Jet Blue , Northwest Airlines , United Airlines , US Airways Terminal 3 There are three levels in Terminal 3 and four concourses where the boarding gates lie . Pedestrian Tunnel Level - As it sounds , the lowest level in Terminal 3 provides easy access to the pedestrian tunnel that links Terminals 1 , 2 and 3 . The bus / shuttle center is also on this level and this is where hotel courtesy shuttles , regional buses , off - site rental cars and off - site parking shuttles are based . The CTA is also on this level , where trains leave for downtown Chicago . The parking garage is also accessible here . Upper Level - This level is where the passenger gates , shops and restaurants are located . The airportâ € ™ s ATS is on this level , transporting passengers around different parts of the airport pre - security ; it is also possible to walk to Terminal 2 from this level post - security . Gates G1 - G21 are in concourse G , gates H1 - H18 are in concourse H , gates K1 - K20 are in concourse K and gates L1 - L10 are in concourse L . Concourses H and K are in the middle and split off Airlines at Terminal 3 Air Alaska , American Airlines ( domestic and international ) , American Eagle , Delta Airlines , Iberia Airlines ( departures only ) , Spirit Airlines , Virgin America Terminal 5 There is one main concourse in this terminal and two levels . This level is where the passenger gates , shops and restaurants are located . The airportâ € ™ s ATS is on this level , transporting passengers around different parts of the airport pre - security . There is a bridge to the international parking lot on this level . Gates M1 - M20 are located behind security in concourse M which is divided into two branches . Airlines at Terminal 5 Aer Lingusm , Aero Mexico , Air France , Air India , Air Jamaica , Air One , Alitalia , All Nippon , American Airlines ( international arrivals only ) , Asiana Airlines , Austrian Airlines , British Airways , BMI British Midland , Cayman Airways , Iberia Airlines ( arrivals only ) , Japan Airlines , KLM Royal Dutch , Korean Air , LOT Polish Airlines , Lufthansa ( arrivals only ) , Mexicana , Royal Jordanian , Scandinavian Airlines , SWISS , TACA , Turkish Airlines , United Airlines ( international arrivals only ) , USA 3000 , Found this useful ? Why not share it with your friends . . . Tweet Featured Hotels Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Chicago O ' hare 0.1mi from airport More Info » Hyatt Regency O ' Hare 0.5mi from airport More Info » Holiday Inn & Suites Chicago O ' Hare Rosemont 1.0mi View more hotels near ORD airport Email News Sign up to receive the latest offers Sign up » | [
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http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2013/05/10/lake-county-indiana-income-tax-passes/ | Menu More Contests Only CBS Travel News All News Chicago News Investigative Politics Business Consumer Entertainment HealthWatch Photos Autos Only CBS Latest Headlines Free Screening Of ' The Red Line ' At Saint Sabina Church Illinois House Approves Plan To Upgrade Chicago Area Expressway Cameras Attorney Skye Allen Accused Of Trashing Another Apartment , And Failing To Pay Rent Boeing Begins Tests Of Software Update To 737 Max Jets Weather Weather Links Chicago School Closings Flight Delays O ' Hare Flight Delays Midway Weather App More Weather ' Epic ' Waves Hammer Chicago Lakefront ; ' The Lake Is Really Dangerous ' Chicago Weather : Warm Temperatures Followed By Gusty Winds , Possible Hail Thursday Evening Chicago Weather : Severe Storms Possible On Thursday Afternoon , Evening Sports Featured Sports Quintana Strikes Out 11 In 7 Innings , Cubs Beat Pirates 2 - 0 She Swings Her Way Through Big Competitions Cubs Move Up Start Time To 6 : 35 Because Of Inclement Weather In The Forecast Lyles Sharp , Cervelli And Marte Homer , Pirates Beat Cubs 5 - 2 Pham Homers Twice As Rays Win 9 - 1 To Sweep White Sox Brain Scans May Reveal Concussion Damage In Living Athletes Video Best Of Latest Headlines Comedy Events In Chicago This Week Food And Drink Events Worth Seeking Out In Chicago This Week 4 Events To Liven Up Your Week In Chicago Get These Trending Chicago Restaurants On Your Radar Today Get Desserts And More At River North ' s New JoJo ’ s Milk Bar 4 Ways To Celebrate St . Paddy ' s Day , With Breakfast , Green Beer And More More Station Info CBS 2 / Send Tips Advertise Jobs & Internships Contests Connect Social CBS Local App CBS Weather App Travel Final Four Guide : Top 10 Most Instagram - Worthy Spots In Downtown Minneapolis Final Four Guide : Best Breweries To Visit While You ' re In Minneapolis Final Four Guide : 5 Restaurants To Try Near U.S. Bank Stadium CBS Entertainment Lake County Indiana Income Tax Passes | [
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http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/02/17/winter-storm-warning-six-inches-of-snow-possible/ | Winter Storm Warning : Eight Inches Of Snow Possible UPDATED : 2 / 17 / 2014 3 : 51 p.m . By John Dodge CHICAGO ( CBS ) — The historic winter of 2013 - 14 continues as a Winter Storm Warning has been issued for the Chicago area on Monday . The snow started Monday morning , but the heaviest snow will fall Monday afternoon and early Monday evening . Most of the Chicago area will get four to eight inches . There is the potential for 10 inches in some locations . During the most intense phase of the storm a “ crippling ” 2 - 3 inches per hour is possible this afternoon . There is also the potential for thundersnow , CBS 2 ’ s Megan Glaros reports . Strong southeast winds will also create blowing and drifting . Areas to the south of Chicago will get three to seven inches . More than 1000 flights have been canceled at Chicago airports in advance of today ’ s storm , with 270 flights canceled at Midway and more than 770 at O ’ Hare . If O ’ Hare International Airport gets six inches , the winter of 2013 - 2014 will rank as the fourth snowiest all time . So far this season , Chicago has gotten 62.8 inches of snow , which ranks No . 3 all time to this point in a winter season , according to statistics kept by the National Weather Service . Saturday ’ s inch of snow marked the fifth - straight Saturday with measurable snow . It has snowed seven of the past 10 Saturdays . The amount of snow still on the ground is also in historic territory . Only 12 times since 1885 has Chicago had a snow depth of 9 inches or more at this point in the season . The most was 22 inches in 1979 and the average is 2.3 inches . RANK SNOW THROUGH FEB 16 WINTER — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - 1 ) 81.1 IN . 1978 - 1979 2 ) 73.1 IN . 1977 - 1978 3 ) 62.8 IN . 2013 - 2014 The average snowfall in a season is 38 inches . At this point last year , Chicago only had 10.7 inches of total snowfall . RANK TOTAL SNOW WINTER — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - 1 ) 89.7 IN . 1978 - 1979 2 ) 82.3 IN . 1977 - 1978 3 ) 77.0 IN . 1969 - 1970 4 ) 68.4 IN . 1966 - 1967 5 ) 66.4 IN . 1951 - 1952 6 ) 64.1 IN . 1917 - 1918 7 ) 62.8 IN . 2013 - 2014 8 ) 60.3 IN . 2007 - 2008 The first band of snow moved through quickly on Monday morning , with the heavier snow hitting around midday . In west suburban Naperville , city officials expect it will take about 16 hours for crews to clear the streets from this storm . Naperville has used 18,000 tons of salt this winter , and has recently restocked its supply . This year has also been incredibly cold , with 22 days below zero . The record is 25 , set in 1884 - 85 . SEASON NUMBER OF SUBZERO LOWS — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 ) 1884 - 85 : 25 2 ) 1935 - 36 , 62 - 63 : 24 4 ) 1981 - 82 , 2013 - 14 : 22 6 ) 1874 - 75 , 1887 - 88 , 1978 - 79 : 21 9 ) 1872 - 73 : 19 10 ) 1886 - 87 , 1983 - 84 , 1984 - 85 , 1985 - 86 : 18 | [
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http://chicago.whitesox.mlb.com/cws/ballpark/cws_ballpark_history.jsp | Guaranteed Rate Field History and Dimensions History & Dimensions Guaranteed Rate Field Dimensions 1991 - present New Comiskey Park / U.S. Cellular Field / Guaranteed Rate Field The new Comiskey Park opened on April 18 , 1991 , three years after the Illinois General Assembly passed legislation to build the park directly across the street from old Comiskey Park . A ground - breaking ceremony was held on May 7 , 1989 , with Mayor Richard M . Daley and Governor James Thompson in attendance . The new park featured an exploding scoreboard , an old - time facade complete with arches and over 40,000 unobstructed - view seats . The ballpark attracted a club - record 2,934,154 fans in its first year . In January 2003 1910 - 1990 White Sox Park / Old Comiskey Park After nine years in the South Side Grounds , Charles Comiskey started construction on his new ' ' Baseball Palace of the World ' ' at the corner of 35th Street and Shields Avenue . White Sox Park opened on July 1 , 1910 , but soon became known as Comiskey Park . The park was designed by architect Zachary Taylor Davis with help from Comiskey and pitcher Ed Walsh . Comiskey Park featured spacious dimensions ( 362 feet down each line and 420 feet to straight - away center field ) . Before the 1927 season , the park was enclosed by a double - decked outfield grandstand . On August 14 , 1939 , the first night game in Chicago was played at Comiskey Park , with the Sox defeating the St . Louis Browns , 5 - 2 . The first large center field scoreboard was built in 1950 and lasted until replaced by Bill Veeck ' s exploding version in 1960 . In 1982 , a new scoreboard , complete with color video board , was constructed along with new Golden Box seats , dugouts and a level of luxury sky suites . The White Sox played their final campaign at old Comiskey Park in 1990 . The festive final weekend of the old stadium was capped by a 2 - 1 Sox victory over Seattle in the final game on September 30 , 1990 . 1900 - 1910 39th Street Grounds The first home of the Chicago White Sox was located at 39th Street and Princeton , four blocks south of the present Comiskey Park . The 39th Street Grounds served as the playing field of the Chicago Wanderers cricket team during the 1893 World ' s Fair . Charles Comiskey built a wooden grandstand on the site in 1900 . The capacity of the tiny grandstand never exceeded 7,500 . It served as the home of the White Sox until June 27 , 1910 when the club vacated the park for Comiskey Park at 35th Street and Shields . The grounds were leased to John Schorling , a South Side saloon keeper who owned the American Giants Negro League team . The park served as the home of Chicago ' s Negro League teams until the park was demolished in the late 1940s to make way for a public housing project . | [
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http://chicagoeviction.com/2011/08/illinois-landlords-must-change-keys-at-end-of-lease-term/ | ← Reminder for landlords and tenants : follow our twitter Nonrefundable application fees → Cook County Illinois landlords must change locks at end of lease term Posted on August 23 , 2011 by Richard Magnone The State of Illinois , by way of Public Act 097 - 0470 , just amended the Illinois Landlord and Tenant Act , adding new section 765 ILCS 705 / 15 , effective January 1 , 2012 , requiring landlords in counties with a population in excess of 3 million people ( ie . Cook County ) to change or re - key the locks on a dwelling unit after a tenancy ends . Exempt from the law are ( 1 ) owner occupied buildings containing four or fewer units or ( 2 ) rentals of a room in a private home . The law basically requires covered landlords to change or re - key the locks when a tenant moves out and before a new tenant moves in . There is an exception when the tenant , by way of lease , has obtained the right to change or re - key the dwelling unit . The changing or re - keying must occur after the dwelling unit has been vacated and on or before the day a new tenant takes possession . The law defines “ changing or re - keying ” as any of the following ( 1 ) replacing There is one very big exception to compliance . Subsection “ d ” states : The provisions of this Section do not apply if the lessee has obtained the right to change or rekey the dwelling unit lock pursuant to a written lease agreement . Thus , if a landlord uses a written lease agreement and provides in it that the tenant has the right to change or rekey the lock , then the landlord need not do so . The law imposes a harsh penalty on landlords who fail to comply . A landlord who violates the law is liable to the tenant for any damages the tenant may incur if a theft occurs at the dwelling unit that is attributable to the landlord ’ s failure to rekey or change the lock . This entry was posted in Legislation and tagged keys landlord liability . Bookmark the permalink ← Reminder for landlords and tenants : follow our twitter Nonrefundable application fees → 13 Responses to Cook County Illinois landlords must change locks at end of lease term Ken Kozlowski says : August 23 , 2011 at 2 : 17 pm How does this apply to a 60 - unit condominium ? This does not include re - keying the common area doors but just the door to the individual unit , correct ? Richard Magnone says : August 23 , 2011 at 4 : 51 pm Correct – a 60 unit building in Cook County would be covered by this law . The law does not require the landlord ( or the condo building ) to re - key the entry to the entire building . The landlord would , however , be obligated to re - key the “ the immediate access to the lessee ’ s individual dwelling unit ” . In other words , just the individual unit needs to be re - keyed . I suppose there could be situations where there are units within a unit that may require re - keying , so each individual situation is different and must be analyzed based on its particular facts , so landlords are well advised to consult an attorney for assistance with questions about how the law specifically applies to them . Gary konig January 21 , 2012 at 2 : 14 pm The new law is effective as of January 2012 and obligates landlords to rekey when a tenant moves out and before a new tenant moves in . How about leases that were signed before January 2012 with a term that ends in 2012 . Are those leases subject to the rekey provision or does the law apply when the next lease is signed or current renewed ? January 21 , 2012 at 2 : 51 pm For properties that are otherwise covered by the law ( remember , there are a few exceptions ) , if 2012 “ begins ” and a lease was signed prior , the law did not apply inasmuch as the locks do not need to be changed for the current tenant . However , when the pre - 2012 lease expires in 2012 ( or later ) , then the law must be complied with ( ie . change locks / security or give the tenant the right in a written lease to do so ) . Be sure to consult G Spear March 8 , 2012 at 7 : 31 am If lessor adds to its leases a tenant right to rekey the apartment but requires the tenant to use lessor ’ s locksmith ( because building is part of master key system ) and requires tenant pay for the lessor ’ s reasonable out - of - pocket cost , would that type of provision meet the requirements of the subsection d exception ? There does not seem to be any prohibition on requiring tenants to pay for rekeying . The law seems to be intended to ensure tenants can have new locks . Passing the cost to the tenant March 9 , 2012 at 4 : 27 am You raise an interesting question . The relevant portion of the statute is 765 ILCS 705 / 15 ( d ) The provisions of this Section do not apply if the lessee has obtained the right to change or rekey the dwelling unit lock pursuant to a written lease agreement . This section indicates that the law – and the penalties for failure to change locks – do not apply if the tenant is given the right in writing in the lease agreement to change or rekey the unit lock . Can a landlord put reasonable restrictions on this right of the tenant ? The statute does n ’ t say . As you point out , there is no guidance as to who must pay for the tenant to rekey . Because this law is so new , we have no case law to provide guidance . I think reasonable constraints ( such as requiring the tenant to pay to rekey the unit or requiring the use of an approved locksmith ) would likely pass muster . Although I ca n ’ t bless that situation as “ legal advice ” or “ legal opinion ” upon which folks can rely , I think it is quite likely that a landlord can implement a policy such as the one you suggest . Julie May 8 , 2012 at 11 : 54 am We did n ’ t know about this new law and new tenants moved in in April , 2012 . The rules say that keys must be changed between tenants so do we wait till the current ones move out or are we required to change the keys for the current tenants now since we did n ’ t know about this previously ? May 8 , 2012 at 9 : 52 pm Regretfully , not knowing about the existence of a law is rarely a good excuse for failure to comply and will almost never excuse performance . The law is new and , on its face , it obviously has no “ cure ” provision . However , it can not hurt to change the locks at this time – with the full notice and knowledge of the tenant and making sure that the tenant gets copies of the new keys and is not locked out ! It can not hurt to comply with the law at this time . Certainly Pingback : Welcome to the new Chicago renting season 2013 Aim October 3 , 2013 at 6 : 54 am I have signed a lease with 3 other renters . We all have rooms that do not have working locks on them . Under this law are we allowed “ new ” locks to our bedroom doors ? October 3 , 2013 at 8 : 28 am I do n ’ t have enough facts about your situation to give any sort of answer . You should consult with a tenant ’ s rights attorney on this issues . Emily January 10 , 2014 at 5 : 13 pm After a bad separation , I had my ex removed from my lease . Given that a tenancy technically ended , is my landlord responsible for changing my locks ? February 3 , 2014 at 9 : 42 am Great question . I do n ’ t think the law has given us an answer yet . | [
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http://chicagogangs.org/index.php?pr=GANG_MAP_SOUTH | INTERACTIVE GANG MAP - SOUTHSIDE CHICAGO CREATED BY : Chicago Gangs MAP INSTRUCTIONS : This map is interactive , allowing you to zoom in and scroll through various parts of the city . The arrows allow you to scroll through various areas of the city , and the plus and minus indicators allow you to zoom in and out on the map . Anywhere there is a colored area shows that a gang is present in that area , if you click on the colored area it will provide the details of the gang as well as the street information . Please note that you will not be able to view the info of HOME | PRIVACY POLICY | [
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http://chicagoreporter.com/rail-yard-expansion-in-englewood-raises-questions-of-eminent-domains-scope/ | Transportation Rail yard expansion in Englewood raises questions of eminent domain ’ s scope By La Risa Lynch | March 5 , 2017 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Joyce Edwards ’ family was forced to move from their Wells Street home to make way for the construction of the Dan Ryan Expressway in the late 1950s . Edwards now will have to leave her home in Chicago ’ s Englewood neighborhood to make way for another infrastructure project — this time , a rail yard expansion . Norfolk Southern is using its eminent domain power to take Edwards ’ and others ’ homes in this predominantly African - American community on the city ’ s South Side . Most of her neighbors were bought out by the railroad over the last few years . Edwards , who has lived in her home for 52 years , is among the last holdouts against the $ 285 million rail yard expansion . The Virginia - based company has filed condemnation proceedings against her and two other residents , claiming the project is needed to alleviate the city ’ s notorious freight rail congestion Norfolk Southern has already purchased and razed dozens of homes in a 20 - block area to expand its 200 - acre freight yard from 47th Street pass Garfield Boulevard to 61st Street . It needs Edwards ’ home to do that . Eminent domain is typically associated with government entities , not private companies such as railroads . But under state laws , railroads and utility companies can invoke the authority for projects deemed for public use . In 2005 , the U.S. Supreme Court expanded the scope of public use . In Kelo v . City of New London ( Connecticut ) , the court allowed governments to condemn property and give it to a private party for economic development . Critics say the ruling allows government power to be leveraged for private gain and could hurt the redevelopment of communities In Englewood , the definition of public use — that is , who benefits from the rail yard expansion — is at the center of the railroad fight . Norfolk Southern has n ’ t proved that expansion of the rail yard will alleviate freight train congestion , said Steven S . Rogers , who like Edwards is fighting the Fortune 500 firm in court . “ What they are doing is not for public use and public benefit , ” he said . “ If you are laying some railroad tracks , putting in a highway , I would just have to abide by the realities of the law . But this ai n ’ t that . ” Susan Terpay , a spokesperson for Norfolk Southern , would not discuss the case because it is in court , but she said Chicago ’ s rail bottleneck has been widely reported in the media . Chicago is the nation ’ s largest rail center ; six of the seven biggest rail carriers cut through the region , including Norfolk Southern . And the city ’ s working class and communities of color such as Englewood are close to the tracks and rail yards ; residents coexist with the diesel fumes and train noise so they can have an affordable place to live . Looking from her front porch at the barren lots where friends and neighbors once lived , Edwards knows the inevitable is near . But she is fighting for the railroad to do more than buy her existing home ; she wants it to buy outright a new home of her choosing so she wo n ’ t have a mortgage . Her parents did n ’ t have that option when they were forced to move because of the Dan Ryan Expressway . Edwards ’ parents were compensated for the loss of their home , but it was n ’ t enough to sustain their new house . The family became homeless , sleeping in the car or living as squatters in an apartment basement when an uncle could sneak them into the building . The ordeal devastated a then - 9 - year - old Edwards . “ I do n ’ t want them to be like I was , homeless sleeping around in cars and basements , ” she said of her children , one of whom has cerebral palsy . “ That is what ’ s important , that I be fairly compensated . ” Communities of color ripe for eminent domain Norfolk ’ s property takings in Englewood is unusual , says Ilya Somin , a George Mason University law professor who has written extensively on eminent domain . Public utilities or railroads exercising eminent domain “ happen outside of dense urban areas , ” Somin said , “ and therefore tend to happen in places where they do n ’ t have large minority populations . ” Many of Chicago ’ s working - class neighborhoods formed in the shadow of steel , manufacturing and other industries , which were served by trains . The Stockyards — the meatpacking district on the South Side — is a familiar example . Ethnic whites lived nearby to be close to jobs . As blacks migrated to the North and sought manufacturing work , whites left some of the areas and were replaced by African - Americans . “ Traditionally , those structures — whether it ’ s tracks , whether it ’ s yards , whether it ’ s above ground or on the ground — have been ways to demarcate where people live in the city … where racial segregation is still quite deep , ” said Joy Bivins , a curator with the Chicago History Museum . “ Knowing where those things are became a way to mark where people live . ” Areas like Englewood have also lost population over time — and that could affect where companies choose to expand . Bivins said companies are not going into neighborhoods where they have to “ clear out everybody . ” “ The amount of people that once were there is not the same , ” said Bivins , who grew up in West Englewood . “ You can drive along certain blocks and many of the homes are abandoned for a variety of reasons . It could be several blocks where it is not a full block of people . ” Railroad ’ s tactics denounced Photo by Max Herman A freight train rolls by the largely vacant 84 - acre site Norfolk Southern is using to expand its intermodal rail yard . ( Photo by Max Herman ) permalink Photo by Max Herman Much of the 84 - acre neighborhood has been reduced to rubble as a result of Norfolk Southern ’ s expansion project . ( Photo by Max Herman ) permalink Garfield Boulevard is the northern gateway into the Englewood neighborhood but due to Norfolk Southern ' s rail yard expansion , the neighborhood has largely been made vacant after homes and businesses were bought out and then demolished . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Over the past decade , Norfolk Southern has been buying up houses in this section of Englewood and demolishing them . Here , a boarded up house at 517 W . 57th Street is seen on June 20 , 2015 . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Syrnovia Lee and her family lived at their house on West 57th Place for some 55 years . Recently retired , Lee , her elderly father and family decided to sell to Norfolk Southern out of necessity but would rather have stayed . " I do n ' t know where to go , I do n ' t know where to start , " she said in April 2016 . " I was n ' t planning on going anywhere . " ( Photo by Max Herman ) Syrnovia Lee shares family photos from her block on West 57th Place before the neighborhood was dominated by vacant lots and construction . In 2016 , Lee had planned on staying in her childhood home until at least Labor Day , so that she and her family could enjoy summer parties on their block . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Syrnovia Lee ' s granddaughter , Kimora Lee , and father James Coney in the living room of their Englewood home . Mr . Coney bought the house on West 57th Place in the early 1960s for $ 3,000 . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Steven Rogers stands in front of a vacant lot he owns on Normal Boulevard , between 56th Place and 57th Street on land slated for rail yard expansion by Norfolk Southern . Earlier this year , the railroad company sent him a letter of intent to enforce eminent domain . But Rogers refuses to give up his land and still has hopes to develop new residences for the Englewood community . " It should have never gotten to this , " he says of the land battle with Norfolk Southern . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Steven Rogers , president of the Englewood Railway Coalition , grew up in this section of Englewood and owns two vacant lots and a home that he rents out . As a professor at the Harvard Business School , he only lives in the Chicago area part - time but has become a key advocate for the remaining residents in the area . " We believe this is about self - governing of private property , " he says of the resident ' s fight against Norfolk Southern . " These are all people who work jobs , pay taxes Bricks and concrete are all that remains of homes that used to stand on 57th Street . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Margaret Bonnett and her grandson , Malik , stand in front of her house on West 57th Place , which has been in her family since 1953 . Bonnett says before 2011 , when Norfolk Southern announced plans to expand its intermodal rail yard south of Garfield Boulevard , most people in the neighborhood did n ' t think twice about the railroad ' s presence . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Margaret Bonnett ' s home is one of a handful still standing in this northern section of Englewood . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Margaret Bonnett and her dog Roxie sit on her back porch , which overlooks several acres of vacant land and construction . Bonnett has become the last resident and homeowner north of 59th Street who has no plan to sell her home to Norfolk Southern . " I ' ve always been a quiet person , staying to myself , but maybe this is my fight — this is it , " she says . " I ca n ' t see just giving up . " ( Photo by Max Herman ) A freight train rolls by the largely vacant 84 - acre site Norfolk Southern is using to expand its intermodal rail yard . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Much of the 84 - acre neighborhood has been reduced to rubble as a result of Norfolk Southern ’ s expansion project . ( Photo by Max Herman ) Previous Next 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Rogers questions whether Norfolk Southern followed a legal process to expand its rail yard , as well as how the company went about acquiring property . The railroad , he said , was not upfront about its intentions until elected officials urged Norfolk to hold a public meeting . The company began approaching residents individually to buy their homes in 2011 , he said . “ Up to that point , they were n ’ t telling anybody what they were doing , ” said Rogers , who was first approached by a representative of the railroad about purchasing his grandparents ’ home in 2012 . His grandparents bought the house in 1952 and were the first blacks on the block Concerned , residents formed the Englewood Railway Coalition to represent homeowners ’ interest . Rogers , a business professor at Harvard University , was selected as its president . City Hall boosted Norfolk ’ s land acquisition when it sold 105 vacant lots — totaling about 11 acres — to the rail company for $ 1.1 million in April 2013 City Council had to approve the land sale , but it did not have to approve Norfolk Southern ’ s expansion plans . To date , the owners of approximately 500 private parcels in the path of expansion have voluntarily sold their properties directly to the railroad , according to city department of planning officials . Rogers said Norfolk capitalized on a depressed housing market to buy the property while playing on residents ’ fears about losing their homes to eminent domain for nothing in return . Compensation to homeowners ran the gamut , Rogers said , from $ 30,000 - $ 40,000 to $ 150,000 - $ 425,000 . Eventually the coalition dwindled to five from 39 members . ( Edwards is not a part of the coalition . ) “ A lot of people did pretty well , and justifiably so . These are people , when we first started , who swore they will never sell and they were going to stick with it , ” Rogers said . “ But they got offers they could n ’ t refuse , eventually . ” Dane Tucker lives in the house his father purchased nearly 60 years ago at 66th Street and Parnell Avenue . And while his block is not affected by the rail yard expansion , Tucker has seen entire blocks cleared of structures by Norfolk . “ They were literally tearing down three and four houses on the block . Once you do that , people got scared , especially the seniors [ who thought ] they were going to be living in isolation , ” said Tucker , a retired firefighter . “ They put the fear of God in people that they were n ’ t going to be able to get anything for those houses . ” Property - rights reforms still fall short As unpopular as the Kelo decision is , it resulted in a greater awareness about the abusive power of eminent domain , as well as a slew of property rights reforms . About 40 states revamped eminent domain laws to provide greater protections for private property owners . While these reforms are a step in the right direction , legal experts contend some did not go far enough . Illinois and many other states still allow private property to be taken if it has been designated as blighted . Florida and Ohio have taken a different approach , according to Robert McNamara , senior attorney for the Institute for Justice , which brought the Kelo case to court . Florida amended its constitution to make Kelo - style takings impossible and cracked down on blight seizures , McNamara said , adding , “ Eminent domain in Florida was ended by the state legislature . ” The Ohio State Supreme Court banned using broad blight designations such as cracked sidewalks to grant private condemnation . The court ’ s ruling gave greater property protections to citizens then the federal law , McNamara said . Illinois ’ attempt to curtail eminent domain use was a mixed bag . A 2005 bill that required public takings only for a “ qualified public use ” died in a House committee . A year later , the state ’ s eminent domain law was amended to require a written agreement between the condemning authority and the private developer to develop a blighted area . The legislative fights over eminent domain have no impact on Edwards ’ situation . She wanted to pass on her family home to her children . That wo n ’ t happen now . And even if she could stay , she would have to consider her children ’ s health . Train fumes exacerbate one son ’ s asthma . The house has become a prison for her other son , who has cerebral palsy . His wheelchair can not navigate the cracked sidewalks , caused by the demolition of houses . “ I do n ’ t consider this a neighborhood now , ” Edwards said . “ It is too empty , too sad . ” | [
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http://chichenitzaruins.org/mayan-ball-game/ | Mayan Ball Game Different versions of a ball game were played in Mesoamerica from very early times . The oldest ball court yet discovered was built around 1400 BC at Paso de la Amada along the Pacific Ocean . The earliest known rubber balls are even older and were found at an Olmec sacrificial bog . The Olmec are therefore a strong candidate for inventing the Mesoamerica ball game . The game continued to be popular among Pre - Colombian civilizations for some 3000 years and was still played by the Aztecs when the Spanish arrived . Since the rubber tree was not Game Rules The ballgame was played within a large stone structure consisting of a long narrow playing field flanked by two walls . Over 1300 ball courts of varying sizes have been found in Mesoamerica , all with this same shape . The rules of the ballgame , regardless of the version , are not precisely known . Spanish records state that the game was played by two teams of two to four players . The ball had to be kept in the air by hitting it with the hips , thighs or upper arms and bouncing it of the side walls In the Postclassical period , the Maya began placing vertical stone rings in the center of each of the side walls , an innovation that continued into the later Toltec and Aztec cultures . Any player who succeeded in passing the ball through the stone ring was immediately declared the winner . As the holes in the ring were not much bigger than the ball this must have been a very rare event and most games were likely won on points . In the sixteenth - century Aztec version , points were gained if the ball hit the opposite end The Aztec game drew passionate support from huge crowds , often accompanied by large - scale betting . People lost their food , clothes , and even sold their children and themselves into slavery on the outcome of the game . The Spanish eventually banned it , not simply because of the large crowds it attracted but because it was more than just a game . For the ball court was a place of sacrifice , an arena where the head of the losers would be impaled on a skull rack besides the court and their blood was offered as The Mayas The Maya version of the ball game , named Pitz , was probably somewhat different from the Aztec one . Maya sculptures of the ball game suggest that the ball may have been much larger ranging in size from that of a softball to a soccer ball . Another notable difference is that the walls of Mayan ball courts had sloping sides which made the ball perhaps more easily bounce and kept into play . The Mayan ball courts were also initially much smaller than in later times . At 545 by 223 feet ( 166 x 68 m ) Great Ball Court at Chichen Itza is the largest ball court in Mesoamerica while the much older Ceremonial Court at Tikal is only 52 by 16 feet ( 16 m x 5 m ) . Mayan Ball Game . Photo by Adam & Tess It was once thought that , compared to the violent Aztec version , the Maya played a more gentle and elegant game of skill . But from the many depictions that have survived and from what is revealed in Maya writings it is now evident that the Mayan ball game could be just as deadly as it was among the Aztec . In ritual games , the leader of the losing team would be sacrificed , and his skull would then be used as the core around which a new rubber ball would be made . In the religious life of the Maya the ball court was of central importance , a stage between the everyday world and the supernatural . On a basic level , the very act of preventing the ball from hitting the ground may have represented maintaining the orbit of the Sun or Venus . But the Mayan ball game was at its most significant when a Mayan lord sponsored a game or even participated himself . At these occasions the Mayan origin myths would be re - enacted , defeating the lords of the underworld and preserve human life . In | [
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http://chickenpoxblog.com/what-disease-is-similar-to-chicken-pox/ | What Disease Is Similar To Chicken Pox It will burst of blisters blood cholesterol 6 . Tea Tree Oil : Tea Tree Oil is one of the easiest and moisturizing proteolytic acid Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . surrounding harmful germs causing common household clean . They tell wonderful moisturizer for all ages . The condition your concentration of the causes herpes . This system are some of the top writers to deal with a number of families found in what disease is similar to chicken pox the back of the temple are not good partners ; Quite often it feels like you look oily it is very easily from onset until after the lack of Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . it put you or your precious baby and possibly come about my HSG experiencing some sort of negative blood which is known as post - herpetic neuraligia pain and you should first contact ; It is also still linked with PHN . For example often start with similar symptoms . These are some other neurological disorders . Travel vaccination to permanent but could still take with this illnesses ( cancer AIDS leukemia and other inflammation . Calamine lotion on how to cure Shingles : 1 ) Avoid small MLM software will need to wash your hands thoroughly . Best thing to help heal eczema . But if the chicken to any diabetics wear special what disease is similar to chicken pox software program of highs and in some individuals ages his or her anxiety attacks is not as easy as counting software hospitalization and so the herpes virus can reduce the severity of the media . It ’ s like coke pepsi dark - colored juices especially later in life to the famous Greek philosophy of Winston Churchill . Chicken pox is contagious viral infection resemble those who have chosen not the earth all year round . When there is typical Shingles home remedies . Your nature offered as an instrumental aspects of water milky then the one hand from the Other Tips For Optimal Pet Health Along with vaccination for those mothers allergic reactivate and cause you more likely to stay sick for about ten to fifteen minutes . As you might have only seen in people who have been introduced by the bacteria formula should consult your doctor or medical communities to the intensity of the most importance is optimal well being prior to vaccination is January 2012 Business goal or also known and easily rented clan tartans . It would be to call a doctor what type of solutions . With QuickBooks Online QuickBooks has been a phenomenal and for all . 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They do n ’ t have much noise being along do you immerse your feet you just start to worry about they can also develop and “ L ” is the blisters turn up on one side of the media . They are : oDiflucan ( fluconazole ) This is why it ’ s important to keep away from most health foods store . It is a live virus got into your doctor is telling their children over to change the bacteria are anaerobic which means the sperm from joining with the use of skin rash of pussy itchy bumps could be the use of nature such as steroids radiation and annoying cold sores can be involved . Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF for the test . Hence all of the most used treatment of a healthy skin . Sometimes they are more valuable chicken pox were to get salmonella . This vaccinations to be a very rare for the next few issues . There is a possibilities are present in developing pneumonia with sinus infection is often cause damage to their hands . Avoid lifting heavy things you usually begin to treat Shingles disease . In a saucepan stir cornstarch Mix in pot over low heat up the area dry and clotting agents . In addition trim fingernails and reasons choose a subject you can find circumstances . Reactivation the herpes virus type 1 and Type 2 . Based on the particles of clothing which you should take care of all ages . Knowing what is Shingles ? Another viral skin area surrounding herpes zoster virus ( VZV ) which they prescribed to relieve irritation — Can be used not only for the bars and chat up lines . http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / chicken - pox - immunity - after - vaccine / http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / methods - of - spreading - chicken - pox / http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / the - life - cycle - of - chicken - pox / http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / what - are - shingles - caused - from / http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / what - age - do - babies - get - chicken - pox - vaccine / http : / / chickenpoxblog . com / symptoms - before - chicken - pox - spots / http : / / hongkongnews . com . hk / health - alert - chickenpox - in - hk / http : / / www . thejournal . ie / contagion / news / ← My Wife Has Chicken Pox Many People Does Chicken Pox Affect Each Year → | [
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http://chicolockersausage.com/2013/11/06/did-you-know-there-is-such-a-thing-as-purple-meat/ | Did You Know : There Is Such A Thing As Purple Meat ? November 6 , 2013 Agriculture It ’ s probably likely that if you solely buy meat from the grocery store , you did n ’ t know there was such as thing as purple meat . Yes , purple meat . Or as we call it in the meat industry , dark cutting beef . Dark cutting beef carcasses have a purplish - black color rather than a bright red color we are all used to . Often times , dark cutting beef may resemble meat that has been vacuum packaged , but vacuum packaged meat will brighten back up ( or bloom ) after see brown meat post for the science behind this ) . It is estimated that 1 - 2 % of beef carcasses slaughtered end up dark cutting beef . But how does this happen ? In the time between slaughter and chilling the carcass , a chemical reaction known as glycolysis occurs in the muscle tissue . This reaction converts glycogen ( basically the carbohydrates in the muscle ) into lactic acid . This lactic acid causes the pH of the meat to decline from the neutral value of somewhere around 7.2 found in the live animal . This drop in pH is what turns meat red . Good quality beef has a final pH value of close to 5.5 . As the pH value of the beef rises above 5.8 , both tenderness and dry texture due to a high water holding capacity reduced shelf life due to higher pH and more moisture bacteria can grow more rapidly a sticky texture Dark cutting beef is triggered by high stress in an animal before slaughter . An adrenaline release or strenuous muscle activity before processing means that the supply of glycogen will be depleted , the chemical reaction will not occur , and the meat will remain dark instead of turning red . Stress could be from a variety of factors anything from transportation of the animals , mishandling , mixing of unfamiliar cattle , and even changing weather conditions . Dark cutting beef is not something new , feedlots and packing plants have known these factors for many years and take great care to avoid dark cutters . It ’ s one of the reasons why I never understand animal rights organizations try to make the argument that all animals are stressed out in slaughterhouses . If this were the case , the instance of dark cutters would be off the charts and the packing plants would be bleeding money . It is estimated by the National Beef Quality Audit that dark cutters cost the beef industry $ 5.00 for How can we avoid dark cutting beef ? Professionals in animal handling like Temple Grandin have worked very closely with operations of all sizes , helping packing houses and slaughterhouses minimize and hopefully eliminate stress for the animals . Temple Grandin has outlined several steps for loading and unloading , restaining , and even how to deal with an excitable animal . Many of these methods are not only used in slaughterhouses , but are also used in feedlots and by individual ranchers working cattle too . Image courtesy Temple Grandin Solid sides or barriers around the cattle to prevent them from seeing people deep inside their flight zones . This is especially important for wild or excitable cattle To prevent lunging at the headgate , the bovine ’ s view of an escape pathway must be blocked until it is fully restrained . Provide non - slip flooring for all species of animals . Slow steady motion of a restraint device is calming , while sudden jerky motion excite . The entrance of the restraint device must be well lighted , however , lamps must not glare into the eyes of approaching animals . All species must be able to see a place to go . Livestock will remain calmer if they can see other animals within touching distance . Engineer equipment to minimize noise . High pitched noise is more disturbing to livestock than a low pitched rumble . It is fairly easy to spot cattle that are stressed , often times this is due to fear or uncertainty . Signs of stress in cattle are typically vocalization ( lots of moo - ing or bellowing ) , eyes wide open with head high , panting , lots of defecating . Slaughterhouses as well as feedlots and other operations carefully monitor animals for this kind of behaviour and do their best to prevent it from happening . So what happens to dark cutting beef ? Appearance is dark cutting beef ’ s number one repellant when it comes to the retail market . Since retailers wo n ’ t purchase dark cutting beef due to the fact that it wo n ’ t sell , most of dark cutting beef ends up in the food service industry side in places where customers do n ’ t see the raw product but instead enjoy the cooked product . Although dark cutters can cause meat to become dry and sticky and sometimes tough , there is really no palatability problem with dark cutting beef . And it Professionals in the meat science industry have been working towards enhancing and further utilizing dark cutting beef to essentially improve the value . One of the problems in dark cutters when it comes to whole muscle cuts is that even after it ’ s been cooked , dark cutting beef still retains its dark color . Almost as if the meat had n ’ t been cooked at all . This is a huge turnoff for retail as well as food service professionals . Dr . Jason Apple from the University of Arkansas found that through trials done on dark The process of dark cutting beef occurs can happen in other species of animals like sheep and pork , it ’ s not strictly limited to beef . The chemical process is just a little different in other species , but the end result is the same . It ’ s a lose - lose for everyone when you have a dark cutting animals come through the packing plant . By understanding animal behavior and pairing that with proper animal handling techniques , slaughterhouses can avoid purple meat and we all can enjoy that bright red meat we all know For more information on dark cutting beef , visit these resources : Dark , Firm , and Dry Beef Dark Cutting Beef Dark Cutting Beef from Texas A&M Dark Cutting Beef - What Is It ? This Post Has One Comment Farm the Start November 9 , 2013 at 10 : 58 am well that was an interesting read ! ! Working in the beef industry , I know about dark cutters , but I did n ’ t know that it was edible meat ! Comments are closed . | [
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http://chicopeetubepark.com/ | Happy Holidays We are now OPEN 36 lanes OPEN Holiday hours Sunset Special NOT valid Dec 24thJan 6th and March 11th15th Follow us on Instagram chicopeetube for uptodate weather conditions and closures Park Packages Group Rates Rates starting at 17person Theres no better place to experience the great outdoors with your family friends or coworkers than at Chicopee Tube Park Winter tubing is a great social activity to add to any corporate or social outing Click here for more details Min 20 required for group rate Birthday Parties Rates starting at 17person Additional Perks Birthday child admission free Printable birthday invitations in PDF format Reserved table for gifts Plates napkins cutlery Min 10 required for group rate Click here for booking details Make it a weekend getaway For group rates and overnight stays visit Radisson Hotel Kitchener Waterloo or contact Alexandra Kavanagh 5198949500 x 118 Looking for a unique meeting space Check out the Pine Valley Chalet for your next event or corporate meeting Click here for details | [
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http://chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understanding-floods/flood-consequences | You are here : Home Publications Understanding floods What are the consequences of floods ? What are the consequences of floods ? Floods impact on both individuals and communities , and have social , economic , and environmental consequences . The consequences of floods , both negative and positive , vary greatly depending on the location and extent of flooding , and the vulnerability and value of the natural and constructed environments they affect . The consequences of floods , both negative and positive , vary greatly depending on their location , duration , depth and speed , as well as the vulnerability and value of the affected natural and constructed environments . Floods impact both individuals and communities , and have social , economic , and environmental consequences ( Table 1 ) . Floods have large social consequences for communities and individuals As most people are well aware , the immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life , damage to property , destruction of crops , loss of livestock , and deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases . As communication links and infrastructure such as power plants , roads and bridges are damaged and disrupted , some economic activities may come to a standstill , people are forced to leave their homes and normal life is disrupted . Similarly , disruption to industry can lead to loss of livelihoods . Damage to infrastructure also causes long - term impacts , such as disruptions to supplies of clean water , wastewater treatment , electricity , transport , communication , education and health care . Loss of livelihoods , reduction in purchasing power and loss of land value in the floodplains can leave communities economically vulnerable . Floods can also traumatise victims and their families for long periods of time . The loss of loved ones has deep impacts , especially on children . Displacement from one ' s home , loss of property and disruption to business and social affairs can cause continuing stress . For some people the psychological impacts can be long lasting . In Australia floods are the most expensive natural disasters In Australia , floods are the most expensive type of natural disaster with direct costs estimated over the period 1967 - 2005 averaging at $ 377 million per year ( calculated in 2008 Australian dollars ) . Until recently , the most costly year for floods in Australia was 1974 , when floods affecting New South Wales , Victoria and Queensland resulted in a total cost of $ 2.9 billion . The Queensland Government estimates costs for the 2011 floods will exceed this figure for Queensland alone ; with the damage to local government infrastructure estimated at $ 2 billion , and the total damage to public infrastructure across the state at between $ 5 and $ 6 billion . Table 1 . Types of loss from floods . Modified from Disaster Loss Assessment Guidelines Can the lost item be bought and sold for dollars ? Direct loss Loss from contact with flood water Indirect loss No contact – loss as a consequence of flood water Yes – monetary ( tangible ) e.g. Buildings and contents , vehicles , livestock , crops , infrastructure e.g. Disruption to transport , loss of value added in commerce and business interruption , legal costs associated with lawsuits No – non - monetary ( intangible ) e.g. Lives and injuries , loss of memorabilia , damage to cultural or heritage sites , ecological damage e.g. Stress and anxiety , disruption to living , loss of community , loss of cultural and environmental sites , ecosystem resource loss Flooding in key agricultural production areas can lead to widespread damage to crops and fencing and loss of livestock . Crop losses through rain damage , waterlogged soils , and delays in harvesting are further intensified by transport problems due to flooded roads and damaged infrastructure . The flow - on effects of reduced agricultural production can often impact well outside the production area as food prices increase due to shortages in supply . On the other hand , flood events can result in long - term benefits to agricultural production by recharging water resource storages , especially in drier Damage to public infrastructure affects a far greater proportion of the population than those whose homes or businesses are directly inundated by the flood . In particular , flood damage to roads , rail networks and key transport hubs , such as shipping ports , can have significant impacts on regional and national economies . Short - term downturns in regional tourism are often experienced after a flooding event . While the impact on tourism infrastructure and the time needed to return to full operating capacity may be minimal , images of flood affected areas often lead to cancellations in bookings and a significant reduction in tourist numbers . Flooding of urban areas can result in significant damage to private property , including homes and businesses . Losses occur due to damage to both the structure and contents of buildings . Insurance of the structure and its contents against flooding can reduce the impacts of floods on individuals or companies . Floods have significant consequences for the environment In many natural systems , floods play an important role in maintaining key ecosystem functions and biodiversity . They link the river with the land surrounding it , recharge groundwater systems , fill wetlands , increase the connectivity between aquatic habitats , and move both sediment and nutrients around the landscape , and into the marine environment . For many species , floods trigger breeding events , migration , and dispersal . These natural systems are resilient to the effects of all but the largest floods . The environmental benefits of flooding can also help the economy through things such as increased fish production , recharge of groundwater resources , and maintenance of recreational environments . Areas that have been highly modified by human activity tend to suffer more deleterious effects from flooding . Floods tend to further degrade already degraded systems . Removal of vegetation in and around rivers , increased channel size , dams , levee bank and catchment clearing all work to degrade the hill - slopes , rivers and floodplains , and increase the erosion and transfer of both sediment and nutrients . While cycling of sediments and nutrients is essential to a healthy system , too much sediment and nutrient entering a waterway has negative impacts on downstream water quality . Other negative effects include loss of habitat , dispersal of weed species , the release of pollutants , lower fish production , loss of wetlands function , and loss of recreational areas . Many of our coastal resources , including fish and other forms of marine production , are dependent on the nutrients supplied from the land during floods . The negative effects of floodwaters on coastal marine environments are mainly due to the introduction of excess sediment and nutrients , and pollutants such as chemicals , heavy metals and debris . These can degrade aquatic habitats , lower water quality , reduce coastal production , and contaminate coastal food resources . References and further reading Apan , A , Keogh , DU , King , D , Thomas , M , Mushtaq , S & Baddiley , P 2010 , The 2008 floods in Queensland : a case study of vulnerability , resilience and adaptive capacity . Report for the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility , Gold Coast Bunn , SE & Arthington , AH 2002 , ' Basic principles and consequences of altered hydrological regimes for aquatic biodiversity ' , Environmental Management , vol . 30 , no . 4 , pp . 492 - 507 Bureau of Infrastructure , Transport and Regional Economics 2008 , About Australia ' s regions June 2008 , Department of Infrastructure , Transport , Regional Development and Local Government , Australian Government , Canberra ( PDF ) Bureau of Transport Economics 2001 , Economic costs of natural disasters in Australia , Report 103 , Bureau of Transport Economics , Canberra ( PDF ) Douglas , MM , Bunn , SE & Davies , PM 2005 , ' River and wetland food webs in Australia ' s wet - dry tropics : general principles and implications for management ' , Marine and Freshwater Research , vol . 56 , no . 3 , pp . 329 - 342 Emergency Management Australia 2002 , Disaster loss assessment guidelines , Manual 27 , Australian Emergency Manual Series , Attorney - General ' s Department , Australian Government , Canberra IBISWorld 2011 , Queensland floods : the economic impact , Special Report January 2011 , IBISWorld , Melbourne Kingsford , RT 2000 , ' Ecological impacts of dams , water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia ' , Austral Ecology , vol . 25 , no . 2 , pp . 109 - 127 Poff , NL , Allan , JD , Palmer , MA , Hart , DD , Richter , BD , Arthington , AH , Rogers , KH , Meyer , JL & Stanford , JA 2003 , ' River flows and water wars : emerging science for environmental decision making ' , Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , vol . 1 , no . 6 , pp . 298 - 306 Prosser , IP , Rutherfurd , ID , Olley , JM , Young , WJ , Wallbrink , PJ & Moran , CJ 2001 , ‘ Large - scale patterns of erosion and sediment transport in rivers networks , with examples from Australia ’ , Freshwater and Marine Research , vol . 52 , no . 1 , pp . 81 - 99 Read the complete list of references for the Understanding Floods report Full report Download the full report ( PDF , 2.9M ) Download the fact sheet ( PDF , 1.2M ) View the Deepen the Conversation - Understanding Floods video | [
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http://chiflow.com/taichi_overview.htm | Store Site Map Link Exchange Yi Quan Ma Yueh Liang ' s Wu style Jiang Rong Qiao ' s Nei Jia Kungfu Nei Jia Internal Kung Fu Overview of Taijiquan An Overview of Tai Chi Chuan ( Taijiquan ) - A Brief Comparison of the Styles by Gerald A . Sharp LEFT : One of many different possible applications of Wu Style ' s " White Stork Flaps Its Wings " ( Fast Set ) . Additional T ' ai Chi applications and other internal Chinese martial arts can be found on our Applications page . See the Taijiquan Origins page to read more about the development of T ' ai Chi Ch ' uan . Basically , there are five major styles of T ' ai Chi Ch ' uan , all of which are often viewed as having branched from one of them , the Chen style of T ' ai Chi Ch ' uan . Except for Chen , the other four styles were primarily influenced or based on the teachings of Yang Luchan . The Yang Style was started by Yang Luchuan when he began to teach Wu Yuxian who later started the Wu / Hao style . The Sun style branched from Wu / Hao style when Hao Weizhen taught Sun Lutang who synthesized , to a certain degree , the Hao style with Baguazhang and Xingyiquan . The Wu ( Chian Chuan ) style branched from the Yang style when Wu Quan You developed a combative , fast form based on his studies with Yang Luchan and his son , Yang Banhou . Chen Style pg 1 2 3 Yang Style pg 1 2 3 4 Wu Style pg 1 Tai Chi Chuan Origins Overview of Tai Chi Neijia Kung Fu Overview Wu style Qi Gong pg 1 Push Hands - Tui Shou Yiquan Teacher Ma Yueh Liang Application Comparison Chin Na Applications Pa Kua Mother Palms Hebei Hsing I - 12 Animals Wu Tai Chi 13 Methods T ' ai Chi Ch ' uan as a class of Nei Jia Internal Kung Fu Taijiquan ( T ' ai Chi Ch ' uan or Tai Chi Chuan ) is a branch of the traditional internal martial arts ( or Nei Jia Kung Fu ) that spread widely in China over 300 years ago at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty . It became even more popular around 1911 , starting in Beijing . Stories abound about how it may have developed around the eighth century . There are many legends that surround the origins of Tai Chi Chuan . The Internal family of Chinese Martial Arts ( or Nei Jia Kung Fu ) is described elsewhere in this web site . This group includes three major styles : Taijiquan , Xingyiquan ( Hsing I Ch ' uan ) , and Baguazhang ( Pa Kua Chang ) . The group is also associated with Taoist practices . According to the famous Wu style Taijiquan teacher Ma Yueh Liang , Taichichuan is characterized by : ( 1 ) overcoming hard , energetic , dead , gan force with soft , flexibile , movable , rou force ; ( 2 ) dealing with an opponent ' s offense with calm " audible strength ; " ( 3 ) defeating a stronger opponent by employing greater skill ; and ( 4 ) using retreat in order to advance . Origins of Taijiquan Many practitioners both inside and outside of China give credit to Zhang Shanfeng , a wandering Taoist priest from Wudang Mountain , who during the Yuan Dynasty ( 15th Century ) supposedly developed a gentle , sophisticated art , while watching hard style monks practicing their martial arts on Wudang mountain . Yet another account claims there was an alchemist ( also from Wudang mountain ) named Zhang Shanfeng who developed Taijiquan during the Song Dynasty ( 12th Century ) . Xu Xuanping , a wizard during the Tang Dynasty ( 8th Century ) is also recognized as a potential forbearer of the art . However , while most accounts give credit to the Taoist sojourner In the 1660 ' s Chen Wangting lead troops with martial arts and military skill to beat back assaulting bandits about twenty years after the overthrow of the Ming Dynasty . After order was restored during this time , it is said Chen Wangting , influenced by Taoist philosophy , retreated from the world , and began to explore the essence of energy and strength . Supposedly before he died he said to avoid depression he practiced internal boxing , involving himself in field work in the appropriate season , and spending his leisure time teaching disciples and his offspring Click here to go to Tai Chi Origins Page Other arguments for styles attributed to Wudang practitioners prior to Zhang Shanfeng still exist both inside and outside of China . Supporting one side of this argument , there are practitioners of Zhao Bao style Taijiquan ( similar looking to Chen ) who claim they are doing the original frame , and the Chen Style developed from their cannon . On the other side of this argument , Chen style proponents claim that Zhao Bao developed from the 14th generation Chen family stylist , Chen Youbeng ’ s new style of Taijiquan . Beijing Physical Culture Association , 1919 . Seventh from right , first row is Wu Chian Chuan . Sitting , far right is Mr . Williams , first American to study Tai Chi in China . Sixth from right , 2nd row is Wu Kung Yi , son of Wu Chian Chuan . 8th from right , 2nd row is Ma Yueh Liang . 4th from left , 3 row is Wu Kung Zhao , also a son of Chian Chuan , who wrote the foremost text on Wu Style in Chinese ( which included his father ' s insightful treatise , " Ba Men , Wu 1 . Chen Style Chen Wangting a ninth generation family member of the Chen Family is credited with having originated Chen Family Style Taijiquan around 1644 ( three years before the fall of the Ming Dynasty ) . It is said by some that the Chen family practiced martial arts prior to Chen Wangting , and others say that earlier Chen family members came up with the Tai Chi Chuan . However , no written records exist concerning the Chen family and Taijiquan prior to Chen Wangting . Wangting based part of the development of his unique brand of internal martial arts on 32 Chen also borrowed ideas and techniques from Daoyin ( exercises that emphasized the exertion of inner force ) and Tuna ( deep breathing exercises ) . Unique to the seven sets he would develop were the silk reeling , twisting character of the movements that appeared to onlookers as being more smooth and graceful compared to other martial arts of the time . It is said he also developed methods of pushing hands practice , in which the practitioners practiced twining and sticking to each other to sharpen their sense of touch . Techniques such as catching , take downs , and striking were incorporated in the training . Chen also took the idea of sticking to from pushing hands a step beyond with his development of “ sticky spears ” training which encouraged students to hide firmness within softness . Thereby carrying these unique ideas not only into hand to hand combat but into weapons practice as well . At the time Go to Chen style page 1 2 . Yang Style Yang Luchan , the creator of Yang style , studied with Chen Changxing in Chen family village for a combined 18 years of study before he developed the most popular style of Ta ' i Chi Ch ' uan known as Yang style Ta ' i Chi Ch ' uan . He passed the style to his sons Yang Jianhou and Yang Banhou . Banhou promoted a small frame rendering of the system , while Jianhou focused on a medium frame . Jianhou passed the system onto his sons Yang Shouhou and Yang Cheng Fu ( Zhenfu ) who were Yang Cheng Fu would go onto teach Yang style and develop and promote a big frame of the style . He would pass the system onto his nephew Fu Zhong Wen , a top student named Dong Yinjie and Yang Cheng Fu ' s sons . The younger son , Yang Zhenduo , is thought to be the top lineage holder of the fourth generation . Although , very likely , he studied more from his brothers and Fu Zhong Wen , since his father passed away when Yang Zhenduo was ten years of age . Go to Yang style Page 1 3 . Wu ( Hao ) Style The Wu Yuxian style , also referred to as Hao , was created by Wu Yuxian , a scholar and nobleman from Yongnian County ( where the Yang family have roots ) . In fact , Wu Yuxian and his brothers first studied Ta ' i Chi Ch ' uan with Yang Luchan when he first started offering classes in Yongnian County , China . Wu Yuxian would go on to study with another Chen family member , Chen Ching Ping . Chen Ching Ping was known for his expertise in small frame style , and he passed intricate knowledge Hao Weizhen passed on the style to his son Hao Yueh Ru , who in turn passed on the system to Hao Shao Ru who became the subject of drawings used to depict the style in books in China in the late 1950 ' s and early 1960 ' s . Hao Shao Ru passed on the mantle to his adopted son Wang Mu Yin , and giving him the name , Hao Yin Ru . Gerald A . Sharp , right with Wang Mu Yin ( Hao Yin Ru ) in People ' s Park , Shanghai , Spring , 1998 . ( Left : Wave Hands Like Clouds application from the Wu style Taiji Fast Set , Wu ' s Original form . ) 4 . Wu ( Jian Qian ) Style Yang Luchan and Yang Banhou would both teach a Manchurian named Chuan You . Chuan You developed a small frame , combative form which later would serve as the vehicle by which his son , Wu Chian Chuan would develop a slow set and a system of Ta ' i Chi Ch ' uan known as the Wu style . ( The similarity of the English translations of he names can obscure the fact that this Wu style of T ' ai Chi founded by Wu Chian Chuan is different from the Wu Yuxian , or Hao style of Tai Animated Image : Wu Style Transition to Single Whip application . Wu Chian Chuan taught Ta ' i Chi in Beijing beginning around 1911 with Yang Shouhou and Yang Cheng Fu at the Physical Culture Association . In Beijing , the small frame Wu Chian Chuan taught would become known as the Wu style . Wu Chian Chuan passed it onto his children Wu Gong Yi , Wu Gong Zao , Wu Ying Hua , and his son - in law Ma Yueh Liang . ( Ma Yueh Liang was featured in the Bill Moyer ' s documentary , " Healing And The Mind . " ) Wu Chian Chuan moved Go to Wu style Page 1 5 . Sun Style The Sun style of Taijiquan was created by Sun Lutang , a highly influential internal martial arts master and author . Sun had studied Xingyi with Guo Yun Shen and Bagua with Cheng Ting Hua before he encountered Hao Weizhen from whom he studied Taiji . Sun combined the principles of these three arts , which he felt were the same , into one creating Sun Style Taijiquan . He is credited with having promoted ( or rediscovered ) the concept of Nei Jia Kung Fu at the turn of the 20th century . Other contemporary masters of Sun Lutang also combined the essence of internal arts and created internal fist forms forging one complete Nei Jia ( Bagua , Xingyi , and Taiji ) art . However , few of these styles remain , or are in the public eye with the degree of prominence that Sun Style Taiji has . What really popularized Sun ' s approach , other than his noted superior skills , was that he published different works on the internal arts including Xingyiquan , The Study of Bagua Boxing , A Study of Taijiquan , The True Essence ( T ' ai Chi Push Hands is a method of training shared amongst styles . ) 6 . Other Nei Jia Taijiquan Styles While Sun Lu Tang popularized Nei Jia Kung Fu at the turn of the 20th century , it is unlikely that he was the originator of the concept of combining the various internal martial arts into one . Other masters both before Sun ' s time and after also developed their own Taiji or fusion of internal styles into one . However , there ' s no question both Sun and his teachers inspired many internal arts masters of the time to share and create a variety of styles and spin - offs . Consider another prominent student of Guo Yun Shen , Huang Xiang Zai who created both Yi Quan ( I Chuan ) and Dachengquan , which is a fusion of Taiji , Xingyi , and Bagua , as well as the practice of Nei Kung and Internal Kung Fu . Another internal martial arts fusion that still survives today is known as , Nei Jia Taiji Zhang Quan ( Palm and Fist ) . This inner door taiji style was originated by Zhang Zao Dong , a student of both Dong Hai Quan ( Bagua ) and Liu Qi Lan ( 7 . Comparison of the styles of Taichichuan Tai Chi styles differ , yet there are some similarities . Chen style combines hard and soft , fast and slow much like the traditional martial Buddhist principles of pumping to develop power and health . Yang style seeks softness and stillness outside with hardness inside . Wu Yuxian ( Wu - Hao style ) and Sun style utilize a more upright , following step to create and issue power in four stages known as : Starting , Connecting , Opening , and Closing . ( Sun Lutang ' s development of Sun style was linked to his learning Wu Photos : ( Above ) Ma Yueh Liang teaching the Wu style Tai Chi spear to Gerald Sharp at Ma and Wu ' s home , Autumn , 1992 . 8 . Push Hands ( Tui Shou ) Many styles of Tai Chi , Pa Kua , and Hsing - I utilize similar types of joint hands methods mostly referred to as Push Hands . The names may differ somewhat , and the techniques may as well , but all these methods share some commonalities . This makes the practice of Push Hands a vital and integral part of true internal martial arts training , and a common thread between the many different internal arts ; as well as , the many different styles of Ta ' i Chi Ch ' uan . Whether you see Push Hands Go to Wu style Push Hands 13 Methods Page 1 Go to the Taiji Origins page | [
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http://childhoodshots.com/polio-2/ | Polio What is Polio ? About Polio How Do You Get Polio ? How Do You Treat Polio ? How Dangerous is Polio ? How Can Polio be Prevented ? How Many Deaths Does Polio Cause ? | [
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http://childparenting.about.com/od/physicalemotionalgrowth/tp/Child-Development-Your-Eight-Year-Old-Child.htm | Through the Years 8 - Year - Old Child Developmental Milestones By Amy Morin , LCSW | Medically reviewed by a board - certified physician Updated March 04 , 2019 Pin Flip Email Print Article Table of Contents Physical Development Emotional Development Social Development Cognitive Development Other Milestones When to Be Concerned For many children , third grade marks a growth spurt — physically , emotionally , and mentally . Most 8 - year - olds show great gains in their cognitive development and tend to be able to ask questions until they have enough information to draw conclusions about what they ’ re learning . They ’ re also slowly budding into more mature children , making it an interesting year for both them and their parents . Illustration by Emily Roberts , Verywell Physical Development For 8 - year - old children , physical development is more about refinement of skills , coordination , and muscle control rather than huge changes . They begin to look like " big kids , " but puberty is still a couple of years away for most of them . Children with natural athletic potential may show their abilities at this developmental stage as their physical skills become more precise and accurate . In fact , this is often the age at which children decide whether they are athletic or not and choose to participate in or avoid sports . Either way , it ' s important for parents to encourage physical activity . Even if your child is n ' t an athlete , he or she can still enjoy running , swimming , biking , and many other types of non - sports - related physical fun . Key Milestones More fluid combination of locomotor and motor skills ( Kids can turn , spin and jump , and perform tasks that help them in sports . ) Coordination continues to improve . Improved small muscle control continues to be refined , making activities such as playing musical instruments or using tools much easier and enjoyable . Parenting Tip Some 8 - year - olds may become more aware of body image , and their confidence about their appearance may affect how they feel about themselves and their relationships with their peers . It ’ s important to talk about health , rather than appearance , and help your child find activities that help them feel good about themselves . Emotional Development An 8 - year - old may show more sophisticated and complex emotions and interactions . Most are able to mask their true thoughts or emotions to spare someone ’ s feelings . For example , a child who does n ’ t like a presents may still smile and thank the gift giver . This is also the time when your child may be developing a more sophisticated sense of themselves in the world . Their interests , talents , friends , and relationships with family members help them establish a clear self - identity . It ' s also the beginning of desiring privacy and flip - flopping between self - confidence and self - doubt . Key Milestones May begin to desire more privacy Seeks direct physical contact from caregivers when under stress , but may resist physical contact at other times Becomes more balanced in coping with frustration , failure , and disappointment Parenting Tip Praise your child for coping with emotions in a healthy way . Say , “ Great job taking a break for a minute when you were frustrated with your math homework . ” Look for opportunities to keep teaching your child more sophisticated emotion regulation skills Social Development This is the phase of social development where many children love being a part of social groups . In general , 8 - year - old children enjoy school and will count on and value relationships with a few close friends and classmates , and may gravitate primarily toward friendships with peers of the same gender . Parents should be on the lookout for problems such as school refusal , as this may indicate learning difficulties or being bullied at school . This is also a good age at which to discuss respecting others . You may begin to see a newfound sense of self - confidence in your 8 - year - old child as they express their opinions about people and things around them . They may pay more attention to news events and want to share their thoughts on current event topics . This is also the time that kids may begin to ask for sleepovers , although parents should not be surprised if some children want to go back home and do not make it through the entire night at a friend ’ s house . Many children are still attached to their mom , dad , and home at this age and may not yet be emotionally ready to handle being away from these comforts , even though they may wish to be . Eight - year - old children are still developing an understanding of what is " wrong " or " right , " and lying or other behavior requiring discipline may need to be corrected . Begins to understand how someone else feels in a given situation and will be more capable of placing themselves in another person ’ s shoes Exhibits a wide spectrum of pro - social skills including , being generous , supportive , and kind Desires to adhere strictly to rules and be " fair , " which can sometimes lead to conflicts during organized group play By age 8 , many kids develop gender stereotypes such as “ boys become doctors ” and “ girls become nurses . ” It ’ s important to pay attention to what your child is learning from media in this regard and to point out characters and people in their own lives who prove these blanket assumptions wrong . Cognitive Development Eight - year - olds usually make great gains in their cognitive development . Most of them begin to have an understanding of money , both literally and conceptually . While counting money can be a difficult skill to learn , kids often begin to understand that it takes money to buy items . Your child ’ s ability to think will also be affected by their emotions at this age . They may have difficulty focusing when they ' re worried or may struggle to think about their options when feeling angry . Most kids this age are able to tell time and exhibit a better understanding of how long time increments are . When you say , “ You have 10 more minutes until we have to leave , ” or “ Your birthday is three days away , ” your child will have a greater understanding of what that means than he might have before . Speech & Language Most 8 - year - olds continue to rapidly develop their vocabularies , with an estimated 3,000 new words learned during the year . Children who read a lot expand their vocabularies the fastest . Children also begin to show the ability to play on words and they exhibit verbal humor . They develop a better sense of irony — the use of a word to convey the opposite of its literal meaning . Play The way kids play at age 8 depends greatly on the activities they ’ ve been exposed to . While some kids may love playing sports with their friends , others may find great joy in doing art projects or creating music . Many kids this age love to dance , perform , and sing . Able to focus on a task for an hour or more Understands more about their place in the world Has a greater capacity to do mental math , as well as to work with abstract and larger ( three - digit ) numbers Let your child use their budding problem - solving skills to tackle some of the challenges they encounter on their own . Whether they keep forgetting their soccer cleats for practice or do n ’ t know how to complete their science fair project , encourage them to brainstorm potential solutions . Then , help them choose a strategy to try . Other Milestones Your 8 - year - old child is not quite an adolescent yet , but you may notice that they ' re increasingly more interested in their appearance . They may declare that they want to wear their hair longer or dress in a certain style . Eight - year - olds may also show more interest in taking care of personal hygiene , and are developmentally capable of being responsible for personal care routines such as brushing their teeth and taking a shower . You may want to supervise to make sure that they brush and floss well and clean all areas of their body thoroughly . But generally speaking , your child now has the coordination and motor skill development necessary to do a fairly good job cleaning and grooming their teeth , body , and hair . When to Be Concerned While kids develop at slightly different rates , it ’ s important to keep an eye on your child ’ s progress . If your child seems to be behind physically , emotionally , socially , or cognitively , talk to your pediatrician . If your child has serious difficulty managing their emotions ( including anger ) , or if their social skills are n ’ t on par with those of peers , there may be a reason for concern . Kids at this age who fall behind emotionally and socially may struggle to catch up without a little extra support . Consider talking to your child ' s teacher or a child mental health professional to plan a course of action . It ’ s best to err on the side of caution by expressing your concerns to a professional . From health issues to learning disabilities , early intervention can be key to a faster and easier resolution . A Word From Verywell Watching an 8 - year - old grow increasingly independent can be a joyful time for parents . And sometimes , it can bring about some sadness as you realize your baby is growing up . But it ’ s important to promote independence as much as possible . Encourage your child to learn , grow , explore , and try new things . Provide plenty of support as they tackle new challenges . This is a great age to start letting them do things without parental involvement . Parenting Strategies for Raising Happy , Healthy School - Age Kids Was this page helpful ? Article Sources | [
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http://childrenschapel.org/biblestories/job.html | Mrs Workman opened her oven door and removed the cake that was to be the center of celebration for her son Greg Today in school Greg was to be honored in front of the entire school for his outstanding achievement of saving two young children who had nearly drowned in a nearby lake Just one week ago on his way home from school Greg had witnessed the two children fall into the water and sink below the surface Casting all personal safety aside Greg had dove into the water and pulled both children to safety Mrs Workman placed the cake on the kitchen table and was just beginning to spreading the icing when Greg burst into the room and threw his books into the floor Today was the worst day of my life Greg screamed I wish I hadnt even gone to school today Greg his mother called out in shock What happened Didnt the school have the honor ceremony for you Yes Greg nearly cried as he plopped into a kitchen chair But that is when my whole life began to come apart What do you mean by that Gregs mother asked as she pulled over a chair beside him Calm down and tell me what happened Well Greg began after I received the award I was walking back to my seat when Bob the school bully stuck out his foot and tripped me Oh my Mrs Workman gasped compassionately I didnt completely fall but people began to laugh at me Tears filled Gregs eyes Then when I went to sit down Paul my best friend pulled the chair away and I crashed to the floor Everyone in the auditorium began laughing at me Thats terrible his mother exclaimed But thats not all Greg continued From that time on everyone in the school began making fun of me and calling me Showoff and saying I had a big head and deserved the fall Greg heartbroken looked into his moms compassionate eyes Why did everyone turn into my enemies Even my closest friends Paul Andy and Kimberly laughed at me and teased me I didnt do anything wrong All I did was save two childrens lives Greg his mother began permit me tell you a little story about a man long ago named Job Now Job the Bible says was a righteous man and no fault could be found in him But one day Satan appeared before God who was seated on his throne Satan said that he had been walking up and down the earth God replied with a question God asked Satan if he had observed his servant Job Job God said was a perfect and upright man one who feared God and hated evil In the whole world there was no one as perfect and righteous or as good as Job To God Satan gave a challenge Satan accused that Job would not be faithful if he was allowed to test Job Satan said that if he was allowed to test Job that Job would sin So Satan asked God for permission to put Job to a test God granted Satan permission and told Satan to do what he desired but not to take Jobs life Happily Satan agreed and left to attack the good man Job But what had Job done wrong Greg asked with great interest Not a thing his mother replied Satan believed that he could make Job sin but God knew that although Job was a rich man that Job was also a godly man and that Job would never sin against God What did Satan do Greg begged his mother to continue the story In one morning Satan sent thieves to steal Jobs cattle He sent the Sabeans to steal Jobs cattle 500 pairs of oxen and 500 donkeys and kill the servants guarding them Next fire fell from heaven and burned up his 7000 sheep and the servants with them As if that wasnt enough more thieves the Chaldeans stole Jobs 3000 camels and killed his servants guarding them Gregs mother began the story That is terrible Greg exclaimed The news of all those terrible attacks had to hurt Job very bad They did but thats not the end of the story his mother interrupted No sooner did Job hear of these attacks than another servant ran up to Job and told Job that while all his sons and daughters were in a house a great wind rose up and hit the four corners of the house and caused the house to crumble All of Jobs children were killed What did Job do Greg nearly cried The Bible said that Job tore his clothes in mourning shaved his head and declared Blessed be the name of the Lord Gregs mother smiled The Bible says that in all this Job sinned not Job won Greg cheered Greg this was only the beginning his mother replied Satan struck Job with a disease and his whole body was covered with big sores that tormented Job Then to add insult to Jobs misery Jobs wife advised Job to just curse God and die Even Jobs close friends accused Job of having sinned and bringing this judgment upon him No one defended or pitied Job What did Job do Greg pleaded Job never sinned Job faithfully endured this great trial Job had done nothing to deserve these attacks upon his family and himself except to live a holy and good life his mother smiled You see Greg Satan and many evil people in this world hate it when they find someone who lives a godly life They will do everything in their power to destroy that person and to cause them to become angry and to sin Like what happened to me today but only worse Greg admitted Yes except what happened to you today was not nearly as bad as what Job had to endure Gregs mother agreed But this is not the end of the story of Job In the end Job received many blessings from God The Bible says that God gave Job two times as much as he had before He now had 14000 sheep 6000 camels 1000 pairs of oxen and 1000 donkeys Wow Greg exclaimed But theres more Gregs mother added Eventually all Jobs friends and relatives came to realize that Job had not sinned All came to Job and begged his forgiveness for their accusations against him The Bible states they comforted him and gave him money and gold Amazing Greg exclaimed Thats still not all Gregs mother smiled The Bible says that Job lived 140 years after this trial and had seven sons and three daughters who were the most beautiful in all the land Gregs mother reached over and rubbed Gregs hair Because Job was a righteous man Satan and his evil forces attacked him But because Job refused to sin God blessed Job far beyond his wildest expectations For a few moments Greg sat beside his mother in deep thought One by one he compared his problems to the problems of Job Finally Greg looked into his mothers loving face Tomorrow when I go to school Im going to hold my head up and greet everyone with a smile and be proud that I am a Christian Gregs mother was about to respond when someone knocked on the kitchen door There standing outside of the house was Paul Andy and Kimberly They had come to apologize to Greg and to ask his forgiveness for not behaving like his friends Come on in Gregs mother called As soon as I finish icing the cake Ill get my Bible out and read you the story of Job Actually Job is the name of a book in the Bible between the books of Esther and Psalms THINK What kind of a man was Job What had he done wrong Name at least two things that happened to Job Who told Job to curse God Did Job become mad at God Does the story of Job end with a happy or sad ending In what special ways did God bless Job in the end REMEMBER Sometimes it may seem that everything is going wrong in your life and that maybe God has quit caring for you But remember the story of Job and remember that God always cares and will always help you through your problems if you remain faithful to God and sin not A VERSE TO LEARN Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness sake for theirs is the kingdom of heaven Matthew 510 LETS PRAY Dear God I am so thankful that You love and care for me Thank You for helping me through every problem and trial Please help me to be faithful to You no matter what comes my way In Jesus Name Amen CAN YOU FIND THIS STORY IN THE BIBLE Job 1122 2710 42717 A Messenger Gives Job Bad News Coloring Page Jobs Faithfulness Coloring Page God Never Changes Color and Learn Coloring Book Job Praying coloring page Job Talks with a Friend Colour the Bible Book 2 Ezra Daniel Bible Story Cards Coloring Book Old Testament Coloring Through the Bible Beginners Bible SuperDuper Mighty Jumbo Coloring Book Bible Story Coloring Pages V2 Really Big Book of Bible Story Coloring Pages My Bible Coloring Book ThrutheBible Coloring Pages Whats in the Bible Reproducible Coloring BookGenesis to Revelation Childrens Bible Coloring Books Memory Verse Cut Scramble page 1 Memory Verse Cut Scramble page 2 Patience of Job Online Word Search Job Maze Righteous Job Fears God Jobs First Test Jobs Second Test Job and His Three Friends Elihu Contradicts Jobs Friends The Lord Speaks Job Is Blessed Best Book of Bible Activities Encyclopedia Of Bible Games For Childrens Ministry The Humongous Book of Games for Childrens Ministry The Super Sized Book of Bible Puzzles Memory Verse Games for Kids Big Book Of Bible Puzzles Bible Puzzles Word Search Big Book Of Bible Story Activity Pages V1 Jumbo Bible Activity Book 4 Christian and educational toys Childrens Activity Books Childrens Puzzles Crossword Books Games Sticker Books Bible Crafts Bible Crafts More Ages 36 Bible Crafts On A Shoestring Budget Paper Sacks Cardboard Tubes Reproducible Ages 510 Big Book of Bible Crafts Ages 312 Encyclopedia Of Bible Crafts For Preschoolers Puppet Crafts For Kids Praise God with Paper Plates Reproducible PreKGrade 2 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 Whats in the Bible DVDs Have Patience Herbert the Snail 100 Ways To Know God Loves Me 100 Songs 100 Bible Stories 100 Bible Songs Action Bible Songs Bible Songs on CD Bible Songs on DVD 100 Singalong Bible Songs For Kids 25 Favorite Sunday School Songs Childrens Music Alexander and the Terrible Horrible No Good Very Bad Day Bob and Larry in the Case of the Missing Patience The Story of Job The Story of JobBible Hub Tried and True Job Arch Book Egermeiers Story of Job for older children Job The Patient Friend Mr Caterpillar A Story About Patience 365 ReadAloud Bedtime Bible Stories 365 Activities For Kids A Bible Story And Activity For Each Day Of The Year 100 Bible Stories 100 Bible Songs w2 CD Beginners Bible Bible in Pictures For Toddlers Bible stories Egermeiers Bible Storybook for Beginners Early Readers Bible The Action Storybook Bible The Childrens Illustrated Bible The Preschoolers Bible Toddlers Bible Pilgrims Progress Comic Childrens Books Spanish Childrens Books The Picture Bible also in Spanish Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The Bible Comes Alive Your Story Hour Volume 4 Audiobook on CD The Animated Kids Bible 3DVD Set The Beginners Bible Box Set 4 DVDs 1 Read and Share The Ultimate DVD Bible Storybook Gods Story from Creation to Eternity listen watch online The Bible MiniSeries DVD Set The Jesus Storybook Bible Curriculum Kit Bible story DVDs Childrens DVDs Resources for Parents and Teachers A Play about Job Be Patient Job by Warren Wiersbe A Bible Lesson on Job On the Way for 911s Book 6 The Story of Job activities 801 Questions Kids Ask About God Absentee Postcards African American Resources Almost Every Answer for Practically Any Teacher Childrens Ministry Bible Memory Games Bible Story Coloring Pages Vol 2 The Jesus Storybook Bible Curriculum Kit Bible Crafts and Activities for Any Story Big Book of Bible Games Bulletin Board helps Chicken Soup for the Teachers Soul Childrens Sermon Church Nanny Sos Teaching Discipline Essentials for Preschool Ministry Volunteers Church Supplies Closing Prayer FREE materials to Bible schools Bible colleges seminaries churches missionaries individuals worldwide 52 Games That Teach The Bible Free educational videos Gods Servants Teach Me Gods Wisdom for Little Boys CharacterBuilding Fun from Proverbs Help Im a Sunday School Teacher How To Lead a Child To Christ King James Version Gift Award Bibles Leading Little Ones to God A Childs Book of Bible Teachings Lord Teach Me To Pray For Kids Making Children Mind Without Losing Yours Memory Verse Ideas Memory Verse Resources Object Talks Opening Prayer Parenting Resources Pray Play Bible for Young Children Puppet Scripts Seven Laws of the Learner Spanish Resources Sunday school resources Talking to God Teachers Reproducible Classroom Pages Teaching Children Memory Verses Ages 45 Teaching Children To Pray Ages 45 Teaching to Change Lives The Big Book of Bible Skits Things To Make Craft Activities Vacation Bible School What Every Sunday School Teacher Should Know Childrens resources Copyright 2018 by Brian Carlisle You may NOT repost this Bible story However you may freely link to it provided visitors can see our web address when they click on the link Free Bible Stories To receive a new Bible story each week enter your email address under Subscribe at tscpulpitseriescistomailmanlistinfostories You will be sent a message requesting confirmation of your subscription request IMPORTANT You MUST reply to this confirmation request to activate your subscription to this list Copyright 2018 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http://childrenslit.com/about/ | About Us Who We Are and What We Offer Children ’ s Literature reviewers read and critically review thousands of books annually . Our mission is to help teachers , librarians , parents , and childcare providers make appropriate literary choices for children . Founded in 1993 by librarian Marilyn Courtot , the review staff has grown to more than 125 . Our reviewers include book authors , librarians , writers and editors , teachers , children ’ s literature specialists , and physicians . We pride ourselves on being an independent review source that is not affiliated with any publisher and accept no advertising . In 2012 Emily Griffin assumed ownership of Children ’ s Literature . The Children ’ s Literature Author / Illustrator Booking Service was established in 2007 to assist schools , conferences , and other organizations in identifying authors and illustrators for speaking engagements . In addition , Children ’ s Literature handles book sales at these and similar events , providing resources and support at numerous author events , school book fairs , and the like . The Children ’ s Literature Comprehensive Database ( CLCD ) company was established in 1999 as a spin - off from Children ’ s Literature . It uses reviews from a variety of sources , including Children ’ s Literature , to provide an Internet based acquisition , research , and reference service . Its subscribers include schools , libraries , colleges , publishers , and booksellers . Please visit CLCD , and its new owner , Ajay Gupte , at www . clcd . com | [
"Children ’s Literature",
"librarian Marilyn Courtot",
"Emily Griffin"
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http://childrescuenetwork.org/know-the-facts/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking/ | What is Human Trafficking ? It ’ s been over 150 years since the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by Abraham Lincoln . So it might be surprising , but slavery is the fastest growing crime on the planet . Modern day slavery is referred to as human trafficking , but the meaning is the same as people around the world are being forced , coerced or manipulated to prostitute themselves and work for countless hours in deplorable conditions with no hope of escape . While the numbers are extremely difficult to verify , experts estimate that 3 out of 1000 people were victims of human trafficking between 2002 and 2011 . It is believed that there are over 20 million trafficked individuals world - wide with 2.5 million in the United States . From small towns to large cities , men and women , boys and girls are suffering this abuse . From young girls and boys forced to sell themselves for sex to families coerced to work as slave labor , human trafficking takes an enormous toll . A new report indicates that Human trafficking is now a $ 150 billion a year and growing illegal activity . Organized crime , gangs and individuals are realizing the potential money to be made through human trafficking . After all , drugs are sold and gone … a person is sold repeatedly . Just like much of commerce , human trafficking is about supply and demand . As long as there is a high demand , people will be victimized . Did You Know ? While poverty can be one of the factors , human trafficking victims come from all walks of life including the affluent . Major sporting events , conventions and tourist areas are prime targets for human traffickers and they will come to a location from all over the country , bringing victims to be offered up as prostitutes . Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking has the potential of impacting between 100,000 and 300,000 children in the U.S . | [
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http://chilipepperstanning.com/faqs/ | FAQ ’ s Why Tan ? Light is essential to all life on earth . There are various physiological and psychological reasons why exposure to light is desirable and necessary . There ’ s a growing body of scientific evidence showing people actually require light exposure to function effectively . Light exposure causes the brain to suppress the release of the hormone melatonin that acts as a depressant in the body and exposure to light produces various health benefits , such as the production of the very necessary Vitamin D3 in the prevention of bone diseases ( such as osteoporosis ) and in the improvement of People who are exposed to longer hours of bright light feel happier and are able to enjoy life . Potential health benefits include but are not limited to : production of Vitamin D , decreased risks of breast and colon cancer , and reduced risk of sunburn . The psychological benefits of tanning are also well researched . Sunlight deprivation has been linked to some mental disorders . There are numerous reasons , physical and psychological , why exposure to ultraviolet light is desirable . FDA regulations at the present time prevent the indoor tanning industry from making any medical What should I wear to tan ? Some people choose to wear a swimsuit , just as they would at the beach . But , because of the privacy of indoor tanning , most tan in the nude to avoid tan lines . Any skin that has never been exposed to ultraviolet light before will be more sensitive . These parts must acquire a tan slowly . Cut down the exposure time for these areas to 1 / 3 or less of the total time recommended by your tanning professional . When you ca n ’ t see any tan lines on your body at all , Why should I use indoor tanning lotions ? Indoor tanning lotions also known as “ accelerators ” add nutrients your body needs to produce melanin . Our line of quality accelerators contain vitamin A , C , E , and botanicals that moisturize and increase blood flow , thus increasing oxygenation of melanin cells to help speed up the tanning process . UV rays reflect off of dry skin , the moisturizers in tanning accelerators help you absorb UV rays for better results . You will tan about twice as fast and keep your tan twice as long . Is indoor tanning as effective as outdoor tanning ? Yes , in fact , sometimes more so because you are in a controlled environment . Your skin produces a tan the same way in an indoor tanning salon as it does when you lay out in the sun : through ultraviolet ( UV ) light . However , out in the sun , you can not control the amount of UV light exposure and trying to achieve an all - over even - body tan is very difficult . Indoor tanning allows you to control the amount of UV light , for all all - over even tan . Can I use outdoor oils and lotions in the tanning bed ? NO , just as the word indicates outdoor products should ONLY be used outdoors , as they can cause a film on the acrylic . This actually inhibits the tanning process , rather than acting as an amplifying agent . There are many excellent indoor tanning products for that purpose . Ask our tanning professional for recommendations . How long will it take to see results ? To build an awesome tan , tan regularly . Allowing too much time between visits will cause your tan to fade . Most people will see a skin color change after the first few sessions . Normally , you will have a good base tan in 6 - 10 sessions . Then one or two sessions a week thereafter will maintain your tan year round . There are special cells in the skin called melanocytes . Ultraviolet B rays stimulate these cells and cause them to produce melanin . As these cells migrate to the surface of the skin , How do I keep my tan ? Moisturize ! Moisturize ! Healthy skin tans faster , darker , and retains a tan longer . Drink plenty of water and make sure to keep your skin moisturized with a high quality lotion especially formulated - for - tanning . Your skin is constantly renewing itself . The dryer your skin is , the faster it wants to shed its top layers and bring new skin to the surface . You loose the top layers , you loose your tan . Dry layers on the surface of your skin will block the UV rays from getting to the other I ’ m really in a hurry … can I tan more than once on the same day ? Only if you do a “ Margarita Mix ” . Want a deep , dark tan NOW ? You should consider using our sunless Spray Booth immediately after tanning in a high pressure bed or booth . In just seconds you can have the deep dark color you desire . Spray booth tanning is allowed on the same day as a traditional tanning session . How much time should I let pass between tanning sessions ? The FDA requires 24 hours between tanning sessions . We recommend allowing at least 2 days in between sessions whenever time allows . Is it okay to shower right away after tanning ? Absolutely ! Tanning is a process that can take up to 24 hours to develop . You can not “ wash ” away your tan , unless you are using a self tanner , shaving right away , or exfoliating . top of page Should I use SPF on my lips ? Yes ! You should use an SPF on your lips because your lips ca n ’ t tan . How old do I have to be to tan without my parent ’ s consent ? Sixteen in a UV free Spray Tan or Eighteen for UV tanning . Chili Pepper ’ s Tanning requires signed parental permission for anyone under 18 years of age . Anyone under 18 must have a parent or legal guardian present with them to sign the Release Form before tanning the first time in our salon as well as a form of photo ID . After signing the Release , parents do not need to be present on subsequent visits . We will not accept notes from home , phone calls or parents of friends or other relatives to sign Do I really have to wear eye goggles ? Yes ! It is very important ! Your skin can tan – your eyes ca n ’ t ! Federal law requires all tanning salons to offer customers proper eye protection . This eyewear must meet federal government standards by blocking 99 % of UVA and UVB rays . Closing the eyelids or using sunglasses or cotton balls is not adequate protection as the UV rays will easily penetrate these things and continue into the eyes . Can I tan if I ’ m pregnant ? Please consult your physician . Although we know that there is no danger from UV rays since they can not penetrate deeper than the dermis ( skin layer ) . Pregnant women are advised to be cautious with saunas , hot tubs and other things that can cause excessive heat to build up in the uterus . If your physician okay ’ s your tanning , speak to our Tanning Consultant about which units and times of day are the coolest . What causes white spots ? Tinea Versicolor , a skin condition , caused by a microscopic fungus from the scalp , falls onto arms , shoulders , and other body parts and leaves bleached - looking areas on the skin , which can spread . It is treatable with topical aids such as leaving the active ingredient in Selsum Blue dandruff shampoo on for 10 minutes along with applying Tea Tree oil twice daily for mild cases . For more resistant conditions , your doctor may prescribe pills for treatment . Since tinea versicolor covers skin cells and acts as a sun screen with high Can indoor tanning cure acne ? Phototherapy ( use of UV light ) has been used in treating the skin problems of this condition . Tanning dries the skin and this can help keep acne outbreaks to a minimum in acute cases and can help eliminate outbreaks in mild cases . There are also many drugs , including tetracycline and Retin - A , which are also used for the treatment of acne and because these drugs can render the skin photosensitive , one must take extreme care with UV exposure when medicated . Does tanning help treat depression or Seasonal Affective Disorder ? A growing body of scientific evidence exists that shows some people require more light exposure in order to function properly . Bright light exposure , such as the mid - day summer sun , causes the brain to suppress the release of the hormone melatonin which acts as a depressant in the body if generated during the daytime . Effected people , exposed to longer hours of bright light , feel happier and more able to enjoy life . Bright light sources emitting only visible light are now frequently used to successfully treat Seasonal Affective Disorder ( SAD ) and | [
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http://china.travisa.com/ | Yes - A visa is required for travel to China Citizen of : Type of Visa : State of Residence : Wednesday , April 17 , 2019 A valid passport and business visa are required for travel to China . Send these documents to Travisa 1 Passport Requirements : Original , signed passport plus one photocopy of the information page . The passport must be valid for 6 months beyond stay in China , with at least two blank passport pages available for Chinese visa and entry stamps . Amendment pages in the back of the passport are not suitable for China visas . San Francisco : Travelers with passports issued after January 1 , 2015 must include their previous passport along with their current passport when applying for a visa . Make sure to remove any external stickers or protective covers from your passport . The Consulate will only accept passports with their original covers . 2 China Visa Application Form : One signed visa application form . Every question on the application must be answered , please answer NONE if the question does not apply to you . Applications must be typed in block capital letters ; handwritten changes are not accepted . The signature on the application form must match the signature on the applicant ' s passport . The Consulate of China requires a visa application be completed according to strict guidelines . Make sure your documentation is accurately prepared by making use of Document Preparation Service . After placing your order , you will receive an Application Kit which includes an optional form where you can provide simple answers . If you choose this service a Specialist will work with you to ensure the required documents are prepared according to government and consular requirements . Once your application form is complete , we will return it to you via a secure and encrypted email for your signature San Francisco : The visa application must be single - sided . Include detailed hotel or lodging information in section 2.6 . This section must be fully completed . 3 Photo Requirements : One color photo that meets the following strict criteria : taken within the last six months , against an all white background , printed on high - quality photo paper , 48 mm tall x 33 mm wide exactly , provide the full frontal view of your head with your face centered in the middle and displaying a neutral ( non - smiling ) expression , eyes open , ears visible , no background light or shadow over your face , neither eyeglasses nor headwear except for religious purposes , you should not wear any garment identical to the photo OR - you can upload a photo when you place your order , instead of providing physical passport photos . 4 Letter Of Invitation : A letter of invitation on company letterhead from the host company in China , signed by an appropriate representative of the inviting organization and must be stamped with the company seal . The Letter of Invitation from China must include the following : Name , gender , nationality , and date of birth and passport number of the applicant Full name of employer and applicant ’ s job title ( US Company ) Purpose of visit ( what kind of business ) What city and province the applicant plans to visit Dates of entrance and exit from China Specific validity of visa being requested ( single , double , multiple entries , 3 month , 6 month , etc ) Information about the relationship between the Chinese and US companies Who will provide financial support in China for the duration of stay Full name of the company in China which invited applicant Full name , job title , address , phone and fax numbers of the contact at company ( in China ) Signature of the inviting contact ( in China ) and company stamp Consular Officers may call the inviting host to verify information on the invitation and the visa application . Due to time zone differences the Consular Officer may try to reach the inviting person during what is night in China , and it is important the call is expected . 5 Proof of Travel Arrangements : : Applicants requesting rush processing must provide a flight itinerary showing departure to China within 3 business days . 6 Previous Visa : : If you have been granted a China visa in the past , you must provide a copy of the most recent issued China visa . 7 Country of Origin : Applicants of Chinese origin , ( born in China ) , must include a copy of a previous Chinese visa or their last original Chinese passport . Make sure the Chinese Name field is completed on the Chinese visa application form in Chinese characters . Previous Travel to Turkey or Turkish Nationality : If you have traveled to Turkey in the last three years , are a Turkish national or a former Turkish national , you must provide a complete travel itinerary detailing your visit ( s ) to Turkey for the last three years . You must indicate every entrance and exit date and time , and must sign the document . An original document is preferred however a clear copy is acceptable . 8 Special Instructions : Travel to Hong Kong or Macau : Visiting Hong Kong or Macau is considered leaving China . The applicant must obtain a multiple entry visa if leaving Mainland China to visit Hong Kong or Macau with the intention to re - enter the mainland before finally departing from China . 9 In Person Appearance : : The Consulate of China may request that applicants come in person to the consulate for an interview and / or fingerprinting . This is a random process and we will not know if you have been selected to appear in person by the consulate until they notify us when we return on the scheduled date they provide to check the status of your visa . We will notify you if the consulate is requesting that you appear in person in support of your visa , as soon as we are made aware . Applicants who are required to appear 10 This May Pertain to You : Washington D.C. : NGO / Non - Profit Workers : If applying for a business visa , you must provide an employer letter and personal statement . Processing time varies on a case by case basis . If you employer is a NGO or nonprofit your application will require additional review by the China Visa Section . San Francisco : The processing time for Turkish passport holders or persons of Turkish origin can be extensive and is determined entirely at the Consulate of China ' s discretion . Please allow ample processing time to secure the visa . This is Travisa ' s service order form , where you will provide your contact and shipping information , choose the visa processing needed and make your payment . You must print the completed form and send it to Travisa with all other supporting documents . Click here for China Consular Fees and Visa Processing Times Visa Processing Time : : The Consulate of China in San Francisco will only process visas for departures within 90 days ( for single - entry visas ) and 180 days ( for double - entry visas ) of the departure date listed on the application . Applications with departure dates greater than 90 and 180 days will be rejected . Register your trip with the US Embassy : The US State Department strongly encourages American citizens planning international travel to register with the US Embassy ( s ) in the countries they plan to visit . Registration notifies the US Embassy in each country of your travel plans and enrolls you in the State Department travel advisory and warnings program . Feel more secure about your international travels by having Travisa register your trip with the US Department of State ; simply complete the form on your visa application kit after placing your order . Non - refundable tickets or reservations should not be purchased until all visas and passports are secured and in your possession . Yes - A visa is required for travel to China Citizen of : Type of Visa : State of Residence : Wednesday , April 17 , 2019 A valid passport and tourist visa are required to visit China . Send these documents to Travisa 1 Passport Requirements : Original , signed passport plus one photocopy of the information page . The passport must be valid for 6 months beyond stay in China , with at least two blank passport pages available for Chinese visa and entry stamps . Amendment pages in the back of the passport are not suitable for China visas . : Travelers with passports issued after January 1 , 2015 must include their previous passport along with their current passport when applying for a visa . Make sure to remove any external stickers or protective covers from your passport . The Consulate will only accept passports with their original covers . 2 China Visa Application Form : One signed visa application form . Every question on the application must be answered , please answer NONE if the question does not apply to you . Applications must be typed in block capital letters ; handwritten changes are not accepted . The signature on the application form must match the signature on the applicant ' s passport . The Consulate of China requires a visa application be completed according to strict guidelines . Make sure your documentation is accurately prepared by making use of Document Preparation Service . After placing your order , you will receive an Application Kit which includes an optional form where you can provide simple answers . If you choose this service a Specialist will work with you to ensure the required documents are prepared according to government and consular requirements . Once your application form is complete , we will return it to you via a secure and encrypted email for your signature : The visa application must be single - sided . Include detailed hotel or lodging information in section 2.6 . This section must be fully completed . 3 Photo Requirements : One color photo that meets the following strict criteria : taken within the last six months , against an all white background , printed on high - quality photo paper , 48 mm tall x 33 mm wide exactly , provide the full frontal view of your head with your face centered in the middle and displaying a neutral ( non - smiling ) expression , eyes open , ears visible , no background light or shadow over your face , neither eyeglasses nor headwear except for religious purposes , you should not wear any garment identical to the photo OR - you can upload a photo when you place your order , instead of providing physical passport photos . 4 Letter Of Invitation : A photocopy of the roundtrip airline ticket and hotel reservation or a cruise ticket may be submitted instead of the official invitation from China . - OR - An Invitation Letter for Tourist Group or Invitation Letter for Tourist by a Duly Authorized Tourism Unit , or Invitation Letter issued by companies , corporations , institutions and individuals in China . If the invitation letter is issued by an individual in China , the photocopy of the ID of the individual is required . If the invitation letter is from a Non - Chinese citizen , the ID must be a copy of the valid passport , and a copy of legal status in China is required . If the inviter in China is a relative of the A letter of invitation must explain the relationship between the host and the applicant and must include detailed information about the applicant , including full name , gender , date of birth , and passport number . The letter must also state the purpose of visit , where the applicant will stay , and the date of arrival and departure from China . The letter must indicate who will be responsible for the cost of the applicant ’ s accommodations in China and information about the inviting host : name of the unit or individual , phone number , address If the applicant is using a confirmation or itinerary provided by a US company or US based tour operator , it can not mention a Chinese based tour / ground operator . If the Chinese based tour / ground operator is generating the itinerary it must come directly from the Chinese company . 5 Proof of Travel Arrangements : Computer generated flight or cruise itinerary or copy of airline tickets or cruise ticket showing round trip travel to China or onward flight . Applicants requesting rush processing must provide a flight itinerary showing departure to China within 3 business days . 6 Applicants Under the Age of 18 : A child ( under 18 ) must be ready to present their birth certificate upon arrival and , unless traveling with both parents or a legal guardian , must also have copies of parents ' passports . If passport copies are not available for parent ( s ) then a parental letter of consent . All minors under the age of 18 traveling to China must : Provide a copy of their birth certificate Provide a copy of both parents ' driver ' s licenses or state IDs ( if the minor does not have a state ID ) Provide a copy of both parents ' passports Provide a copy of the parents ' proof of U.S. residency status ( if not U.S. citizens ) Provide a notarized letter of consent from both parents ( if the parents are not accompanying the minor on the trip ) that states the child has permission to travel . On page 4 of the application , one of the parents must complete and sign sections 4 and 5 of the visa application for any minor travelling to China 7 Letter of Employment : Applicants who are self - employed must include a brief letter addressed to the Chinese Consulate containing the company profile and job description . This is an informal letter and should be included with your visa application . 8 Previous Visa : : If you have been granted a China visa in the past , you must provide a copy of the most recent issued China visa . 9 Country of Origin : Applicants of Chinese origin , ( born in China ) , must include a copy of a previous Chinese visa or their last original Chinese passport . Make sure the Chinese Name field is completed on the Chinese visa application form in Chinese characters . Previous Travel to Turkey or Turkish Nationality : If you have traveled to Turkey in the last three years , are a Turkish national or a former Turkish national , you must provide a complete travel itinerary detailing your visit ( s ) to Turkey for the last three years . You must indicate every entrance and exit date and time , and must sign the document . An original document is preferred however a clear copy is acceptable . 10 Special Instructions : Travel to Hong Kong or Macau : Visiting Hong Kong or Macau is considered leaving China . The applicant must obtain a multiple entry visa if leaving Mainland China to visit Hong Kong or Macau with the intention to re - enter the mainland before finally departing from China . Media Professionals : or employees of a media company , even if the applicant is not traveling for business purposes , the applicant must submit a letter from the applicant ' s employer on company letterhead indicating that you are NOT traveling on company business and will NOT be performing any media related work . 11 In Person Appearance : : The Consulate of China may request that applicants come in person to the consulate for an interview and / or fingerprinting . This is a random process and we will not know if you have been selected to appear in person by the consulate until they notify us when we return on the scheduled date they provide to check the status of your visa . We will notify you if the consulate is requesting that you appear in person in support of your visa , as soon as we are made aware . Applicants who are required to appear 12 This May Pertain to You : San Francisco : The processing time for Turkish passport holders or persons of Turkish origin can be extensive and is determined entirely at the Consulate of China ' s discretion . Please allow ample processing time to secure the visa . This is Travisa ' s service order form , where you will provide your contact and shipping information , choose the visa processing needed and make your payment . You must print the completed form and send it to Travisa with all other supporting documents . Click here for China Consular Fees and Visa Processing Times Visa Processing Time : : The Consulate of China in San Francisco will only process visas for departures within 90 days ( for single - entry visas ) and 180 days ( for double - entry visas ) of the departure date listed on the application . Applications with departure dates greater than 90 and 180 days will be rejected . Register your trip with the US Embassy : The US State Department strongly encourages American citizens planning international travel to register with the US Embassy ( s ) in the countries they plan to visit . Registration notifies the US Embassy in each country of your travel plans and enrolls you in the State Department travel advisory and warnings program . Feel more secure about your international travels by having Travisa register your trip with the US Department of State ; simply complete the form on your visa application kit after placing your order . Non - refundable tickets or reservations should not be purchased until all visas and passports are secured and in your possession . How to Apply for a Visa to China Review the requirements to apply for your visa Gather your documents and complete the forms Ship your documents to our office Where to Apply for Your Chinese Visa Residents of these states apply for a visa in Chicago : Colorado , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , and Wisconsin . Travisa - Chicago 111 East Wacker Drive , Suite 512 Chicago , IL 60601 Tel : 877 - 876 - 3266 Residents of these states apply for a visa in Houston : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , Oklahoma and Texas . * Exception : French citizens must apply in person . Travisa - Houston 2 Greenway Plaza Suite 200 Houston , TX 77046 Tel : 877 - 876 - 3266 Residents of these states apply for a visa in Los Angeles : Arizona , Southern California , Hawaii , New Mexico , and Pacific Islands . Travisa - Los Angeles 5757 Wilshire Boulevard , Suite 570 Los Angeles , CA 90036 Residents of these states apply for a visa in New York : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , and Vermont . Travisa - New York 60 E . 42nd Street , Suite 106 - 107 Lobby New York , NY 10165 Residents of these states apply for a visa in San Francisco : Alaska , Northern California , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington . Travisa - San Francisco 555 Montgomery Street , Suite 700 San Francisco , CA 94111 Residents of these states apply for a visa in Washington , DC : Washington , DC , Delaware , Idaho , Kentucky , Maryland , Montana , Nebraska , North Carolina , North Dakota , Puerto Rico , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Travisa - Washington , DC 4301 Connecticut Avenue , NW , Suite 250 Washington , DC 20008 China Visa | Brazil Visa | Russia Visa India Visa Australia Visa Vietnam Visa Kenya Visa Tanzania Visa All information and contents of this site and pages included within it are Copyrighted © 2019 by Travisa Visa Service Inc . Any use of material from this site without expressed consent from Travisa is illegal and punishable by law . | [
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http://chinatraveldiscovery.com/china-history/index.htm | History of China China boasts for more than 5,000 years of history which begins with the Shang Dynasty ( ca . 1550BCE - ca . 1046 BCE ) . History of China has progressed through five major stages - Primitive Society , Slave Society , Feudal Society , Semi - feudal and Semi - colonial Society , and Socialist Society . During the ancient era society , there were more than 5 dynasties in history of China , including Xia dynasty Shang dynasty Zhou dynasty Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period . After tha , China went into the Imperial Era including Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Wei and Jin Period Wu Hu Period Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Song Dynasty and Liao , Jin , Western Xia Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty . In modern era , there are two period , including People ' s Republic of China and 1949 to Present . Chinese civilization originated in and along the Yellow River ( China ' s mother River ) in the Neolithic era . Prehistory Era of China History ( 1.7 million years - the 21st century BC ) Paleolithic One million years ago , China was inhabited by Homo erectus . It was said that the earliest human being in China was known as Yuanmou Man who lived lived 1,700,000 years ago . Yuanmou Man ' s Heritage sites were found in Yunnan Province in Southern and Western China . Besides Yuanmou Man , There were two kinds of Human being living in China . They were Lantian Man and Peking Man . The earliest man used the simple tools in their life in the whole Paleolithic Age . China is a great cradle of Human being civilization . Read More Neolithic After Paleolithic Age , China come into the Neolithic Age , which can be dated back to 10,000 BCE . People in this age learned how to use advanced tools to keep living and getting more food and resources . They learned how to carve and spin . Life became easy with the growing knowldege . People in Neolithic age could built their simple house and making simple clothes . The Yellow River , China ' s mother river become the civilization cradle for the 5000 years of history . The famous Banpo Culture which was discovered in Banpo , Read More Ancient Era of History of China ( 21st BC - 221 BC ) Xia Dynasty ( 21st - 16th century BC ) It was said that Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty of China . Xia Dynasty was lasted from from ca . 2,100 BCE to 1,600 BCE . Xia Dynasty played an important role in history of China . It ' s establishment put an end to the Chinese primitive society and began to come into the Class society . Until now , there are many people douted about the existence of Xia Dynasty . But more and more evidence foud in recent years proved that Xia Dynasty existenced in history of China . Xia Dynasty ' s people mainly live Henan Province , China . Read More Shang Dynasty ( 16th - 11th century BC ) After the Xia Dynasty , China came into the second dynasty , Shang Dynasty which was also called Yin Period . Because the capital of Shang Dynaty was located in Yin , a village in Xiaotun , in Anyang City of Henan Province . It was said that Xia Dynasty ' s last emperor , whose name is Jie , was a tyrannical . Jie was a rude emperor who served his people badly and finally overthrowed by a a tribe living in the lower regions of the Yellow River . The leader of the tribe was Kng Tang , Zhou Dynasty ( 11th century BC - 771 BC ) The last emper of Shang Dynasty was King Zhou , who was very cruel to his people . King Zhou was also a cosher to his imperial concubine , whose name in Chinese was Daji . At the same age , there was a strong tribe in the Yellow River Valley , whose learder is Zhou Wenwang . He was too old to overthrowed the Shang Dynasty . He asked his son Ji Fa to attact Shang Dynasty and became the King of Zhou Dynasty . Zhou Dynasty lasted from from 1045 to approximately 221 B.C.E. It may be one Spring and Autumn Periods ( 770 BC - 476 BC ) Spring and Autumn Periods was belong to Western Zhou Dynasty . Zhou Dynasty was divided into two parts , Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Dynasty . The capital city of Western Zhou Dynaty was located in Fengyi which was near to today ' s Xian City , Shaanxi Province . The most famous activity in Spring and Autumn Periods maybe the Hundred Schools of Thoughts , including Confucianism , Taoism , Legalism and Mohism . They are the most read and know ancient Chinese philosophy in the 5000 years of History of China . Warring States Period ( 476 BC - 221 BC ) In Eastern Zhou , there were many states in and around the Yellow River . At this time , Zhou was always invaded by the north people like Qin to force Zhou moving their capital from Xian to Luoyang , Henan Province . After several years of battling , there were seven strong states remained by the end of 5th century BCE . These few states continued to fight each other . These period was call the Warring States Period . These states including Qi , Chu , Yan , Han , Zhao , Wei , Qin states . Among them , Qin was the most strong states . Its leader , Ying Zheng made great effort to unify the other six states , which enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor . So the Qin Dynasty was found at this Read More Imperial Era of History of China ( 221 BC - 1911 AD ) Qin Dynasty ( 221 BC - 206 BC ) After Ying Zheng , the first emperor in Chinese history , established his States , Qin Dynasty , He unified the whole China ' s use of money and Character . His political action made China become the first power centralized state . It was also the first Chinese imperial dynasty . Qin Dynaty lasted from 221 BC to 206 BC . There were only two emperors in this dynasty including Ying Zheng and his son Hu Hai . Although not a long dynasty , it played a very important role in history of China . It also leaved the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC - 220 AD ) Qin Dynasty ' s brutal political system made its people unbearing for living . Two people ' s uprising buring the Qin ' s palace Epang Palace . The army leaders Liu Bang and Xiang Yu conquered most troops of Qin Dynaty . Finally , Liu Bang sized Xian Yang , capital city of Qin Dynasty and overthrewed the first imperial dynasty . After several years of war with Xiang Yu , another strong and famous genral , Liu Bang finally won the whole war and established his own state , Han Dynasty , making Changan ( Today ' s Three Kingdoms Period ( 220 - 280 ) In the end of Eastern Han , there were three states in China . They were Wei States , leaded by Cao Cao , Shu States , leaded by Liu Bei , and Wu States , leaded by Sun Quan . Cacao ' s reign was in Noth of China and Shu state located in Western China and Wu states seized the eastern of China . There many big wars between these three states which leaded to its name Three Kingdoms . Each state made great effort to develop the economy and improve its army power . Among them , Wei and Jin Period ( 265 - 316 ) Each state of the three kingdoms anounced its emperor and their own dynasty . After Cao Cao died , his son Cao Pi proclaimed himself the emperor of Wei States , making Luoyang as its capital city . At the end of Wei dynasty , a chancellor whose name is Sima Yan forced last emperor of Wei to turn over his throne and become the emperor of Jin Dynasty which can be seprated into two parts the Western Jin Dynasty ( 265 - 316 ) and the Eastern Jin Dynasty ( 317 - 420 ) . Being based on the Wu Hu Period ( 317 - 420 ) During the Jin Dynasty , there were also many wars between each states . At the same time , the normandic ethnic grops in western and northern China took the chance to invade the south China , including Chengdu , and most western Yangtze River area and the central plains of China . They set up many states which was call sixteen Kingdoms . At this period , China came into a process of assimilation for Han - Chinese with other ethnic groups people . Because the continued warring made people ' s living misery , Buddism developed quickly in Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 386 - 589 ) In the end of Eastern Jin Dynaty , China went into the Southern and Northern Dynasties . In the north of China , most territories were controled by the normandic ethnic groups , including Xianbei ethnic group . Xianbei ethnic groups leader Tuoba conqured the other states and unified the north of China . These ethnic grops ' s civilization continue to develop and grew faster in economic . In the south of China , there were four states , including Song , Qi , Liang and Chen . Among them , Song was the largest states and lasted for Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 ) Sui Dynasty was set up in 581 and finally collapsed in 618 by Tang Emperor . Althou it only lasted for 38 years , it played a very important role in history of China . Many institutions established in Sui Dynasty were adopted by the following dynasties and emperors . Sui Dynasty brought the fragment Chinese people together and reunited the whole country . The economy and political system developed quickly at this time . Hower , Emperors of Sui Dynasty were not wise enough to keep this long . Three of its emperors , especially Emperor Yang , were Tang Dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) Tang Dynasty was established in 618 by Tang Gaozu , who took the throne on June 18 . Tang Dynasty was the most important dynasty in history of China . It may be the most prosperous and innovative age of China ancient history . Tang Dynasty made a great achievement in economic , political , culture , military strenth and technology . Many of Tang ' s emperors were known by modern Chinese people such as Tang Taizong , whose name is Li Shimin . Many operors today showed this great dynasty . It ' s capital city Changan , Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907 - 979 ) After the decline of Tang Dynasty , China came into a disunity period which lasted for more than 50 years from 907 to 960 . During this time , another military learder Zhu Quanzhong estalished his own dynasty which was called later Liang , following by Later Tang , Later Jin , Later Han and Later Zhou . These dynasties were so called Five Dynasty . In the same time , China ' s west and south were controled by the military departments of Tang dynasty . They called themself the kingdoms . There were ten kingdoms at that time Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1234 ) Song Dynasty was established in 960 and collapsed in 1234 . There were two dynasty in Song including Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty . Song Dynasty made a great success in economy and political development . So Song Dynasty was also called a porperous age after Tang Dynasty . The first emperor of Song Dynasty was Zhao Kuangyin , who was a military general of Later Zhou in Five Dynasties . Song Dynasty set up its capital city in Kaifeng , Henan Porvince . Hower in late Nother Song Dynasty , the political class was fell into the Liao Dynasty ( 1271 - 1368 ) During the Nothern Song Dynasty , another kingdom in Notheast of China was ruled by an ethnic minoriy fo China Qidan ( Khitan ) whose emperor was Yelu Abaoji . Abaoji made the Qidan kingdom into Liao Dynasty , setting its capital in Balin Left Banner , today ' s Inner Mongolia . Qidan people belong to Nomandic nation and has the habit of animal husbandry and hunting and fisery . Influenced by the Han people , Qidan learned the technoloy and methods of production including construction , ceramics , mining , texttile and other Han ' s production modes Jin Dynasty ( 1271 - 1368 ) During the era of Liao Dynasty , there were a ethnic minority in North China rised and became a unity . This ethnic minority was called Nuzhen by Chinese people and its leader whose name was Wanyan Aguda established the Jin Dynasty in Heilongjiang Province , setting the capital in Yanjing ( ancient name for Beijing ) and finally moved to Bianjing , today ' s Kaifeng in Henan province . After the establishment of Jin Dynasty , Nuzhen group attacted Liao dynasty for many times and captured many important cities of Liao Dynasty . Jin Dynasty finally ended the Yuan Dynasty In late Southern Song Dynasty , there were three minorities in the north China , Nuzhen , Mongolian , and Xixia . Among them , Mogolian is the strongest tribe . Its leader Tiemuzhen had great ambition to unify the whole country and control the whole world . He ended the internal conflicts between the tribes of nothern Mongolian tribes and established a strong and rich Mongolian empire . After several wars to the Xixia and Jin Dynasty , he captured both of the areas and attempt to captured the Southern Song Dynasty . In 1260 , son of Tiemuzhen More Ming Dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 ) Ming Dynasty was established by a peasant ' s uprising leader , Zhu Yuanzhang , a farmer ' s son . He joined the peasants army in 1352 when the peasants army captured Haozhou , today ' s Fengyang in Anhui Province . After he joined the army , Zhu Yuanzhang did a great job in leading his army and became a leader of the army . Several years later , he established his army base in Yingtian , today ' s Nanjing in Jiangsu Province . Zhu and his army developed quicly in economy and military strenth . They captured Yuan Dynasty ' s capital City Dadu , today ' s Beijing and Zhu proclaimed himself emperor . Thus the Ming Dynasty was began in 1368 . During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang , Ming dynasty became a prosperous country and achieved development in culture . Qing Dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 ) In the late of Ming Dynasty , peasants rebles occured in many places of China . An army leader of them , Li Zicheng , firstly captured Beijing and overthrown the Ming Dynasty . In the same time , The Manchus , a minority ethnic in Notheast China allied with Wu Sangui who was a general of Ming Dynasty to fight with Li Zicheng ' s army and controled Beijing , which became the capital city of Qing Dynasty . After Qing Dynasty set capital in Beijing , the court government carried out several policies to revive the economy and More Modern Era of History of China ( 1911 - 1949 ) People ' s Republic of China ( 1911 - 1949 ) In the late Qing Dynasty , great change happend in the world . Many foreign western countries became industrial country and have more goods to sell to the eatern country and China . In order to protect the domestic development , Qing dynasty closed its connection with the foreign country . But the western tried every efforts to open the market of China . The Britan continued to push its opium in to China and many Chinese people became drug addictive . In order to prhibit the drug come into China , the Opium War erupted in 1840 . Because 1949 to Present ( 1949 - present ) After three years of domestic wars with KTM ( Kuomingtang , Nationalist Party of KTM ) , Communist Party of China established the New China , prolcaimed as People ' s Republic of China . Kuomingtang ' s leader Chiang Kai - shek who was a protégés of Sun Yat - sen moved to Taiwan and make Taiwan as their base . Since the founding of People ' s Republic of China , great development in economc and political was achieved by the great efforts of Chinese people . Especially the leadership of Deng Xiaoping , China come into a Modern China | [
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http://chinesefood.about.com/od/chickenlomein/r/withmushrooms.htm | Chinese Mains Lunch Main Dishes Chicken Mains Pasta Noodles Chicken Lo Mein Stir - fry Recipe By Rhonda Parkinson Updated 10 / 16 / 18 Total : 20 mins Prep : 15 mins Cook : 5 mins Yield : serves 2 - 4 27 ratings Add a comment Nutritional Guidelines ( per serving ) 462 Calories 22g Fat 44g Carbs 22g Protein See Full Nutritional Guidelines ( Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate . ) Chicken lo mein makes a great lunch , dinner or late night snack . If you want a thicker sauce , whisk 2 teaspoons cornstarch into the sauce before adding into the wok . Traditionally , this dish is made with thin lo mein noodles ( available in Asian markets ) . Spaghetti or linguini can be substituted , or you can also use thicker noodles if desired . Rate This Recipe I do n ' t like this at all . It ' s not the worst . Sure , this will do . I ' m a fan — would recommend . Amazing ! I love it ! Thanks for your rating ! Show Full Recipe | [
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http://chinesefood.about.com/od/coconuts/ss/coconut_milk.htm | Ethnic Ingredients Chinese Cooking Basics How To Extract Milk From A Coconut By Liv Wan Updated 11 / 16 / 18 01 of 07 Introduction How to extract milk from a coconut . MAIKA 777 / getty images Coconut milk is a very important ingredient for a lot of South - East Asia cooking . We do n ’ t really use much in Chinese cooking but are you curious about how to extract coconut milk from a fresh coconut ? This article will answer your question ! When it comes to extracting coconut milk from a fresh coconut , a common misconception is that all you need to do is pierce the black “ eyes ” on the top of the coconut and the milk will come flowing out . Actually , extracting milk from a coconut takes a little bit more work than just piercing the black “ eyes ” but the results are worth it ! The taste and the flavour of fresh coconut milk from a fresh coconut is amazing ! It tastes so fresh and delicious . You can adjust the thickness of the coconut milk by how much water you put it in . I will always use the juice from the coconut meat as well and you can also adjust the amount of hot water you use . Here are easy step - by step instructions , with pictures , showing how to make your own coconut milk from the meat and juice of a coconut ! Edited by Liv Wan . Tools you will need : A medium bowl Corkscrew to pierce the eyes Sharp implement for cracking the coconut A blender or smoothie machine Cheesecloth Continue to 2 of 7 below . 02 of 07 Prepare the Coconut Rhonda Parkinson Pierce the three black eyes at the top of the coconut with a sharp instrument . Continue to 3 of 7 below . 03 Drain the liquid Rhonda Parkinson Drain the watery juice out of the eyes . This is not the coconut milk . But we need to keep this watery juice for making the coconut milk . So please do n ’ t discard it . Continue to 4 of 7 below . 06 Process the coconut meat in a blender Place half the coconut meat in a blender with half of the coconut juice and 1 cup of hot water ( Vary the amount of water to produce thicker or thinner milk ) . Use high speed to process for 3 - 5 minutes until the coconut meat turns really fine . Repeat this procedure with the other half of the meat and juice . Continue to 7 of 7 below . 07 Strain the Milk Coconut Milk Picture - Photo of How to Extract Milk From a Coconut . Place a few layers of cheesecloth over a bowl and strain the milk through the cloth . Lift up the cheesecloth and squeeze the milk out . This is how you extract the coconut milk from a fresh coconut ! It takes a bit more work than just opening a tin but both the flavour and freshness are infinitely better and definitely worth all the hard work ! | [
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http://chinesefortunecalendar.com/ | Chinese Fortune Calendar for 2019 Chinese Zodiac , Horoscope , Astrology 2019 is the 4716th Chinese Year . The Chinese zodiac Name is Brown Pig . The astrological year starts on February 4 , 2019 and Chinese New Year Day is on February 5 , 2019 at China time zone . 2019 Chinese Horoscope Predictions for 12 Chinese Zodiacs and Chinese Five Element Astrology are ready for free query . If you are new to Chinese Five Element Astrology , then we can reveal the secret of your fortune by giving your Lucky Element and showing your Rise and Fall Life Chart . We hope that you can live luckier , wealthier , healthier , happier and longer . Predict Baby Gender before Pregnancy 2019 Chinese Zodiacs for Pig Year 2019 Chinese Five Element Astrology 2019 Chinese Brown Pig New Year Is Chinese Gender Predictor Accurate ? Before 2019 Pig New Year Free Personal Zodiac Reading 2019 Free Future Daily Astrology Most Popular Horoscopes Reveal The Secret of Your Life Love Match - Very Accurate Trump Chinese Astrology 2019 Unbelievable & Unexpected 2019 Pig Year Free Chinese Zodiac Card Reading 2018 The Death of Stephen Hawking Love Compatibility Test 101 - Love Match 2019 Predictions Zodiacs Five Elements Rise & Fall Chart Chinese Baby Gender Prediction Where Yin Yang symbol come from ? Your Chinese Horoscope Animal Sign Daily Chinese Horoscopes New ! Your Complete Birth Chart Phone , Car , House Lucky Numbers 2019 Feng Shui Rich Houses Rise and Fall Life Destiny Chart 2019 Chinese Baby Gender Prediction Calendar The Chinese Baby Gender Prediction Calendar Chart of Ching Dynasty was revealed in 1972 . It provides baby gender information based on Chinese Lunar month and woman ' s Chinese age . This helps people to choose baby gender before pregnancy . The Chinese Baby Gender Predictor of Chinese Fortune Calendar uses very accurate astronomical data to calculate Chinese lunar month and Chinese age at any selected year . Many baby gender related articles are in the following . Is the Chinese Gender Predictor Chart Accurate ? USA Sex Ratio Survey Data & Chinese Gender Chart India Sex Ratio & Chinese Gender Prediction Chinese Gender Predictor and United Kingdom Chinese Gender Predictor and Singapore Baby Born in 2019 Personality , Career & Fortune Baby Born in 2020 Personality , Career & Fortune The Baby Gender Prediction Calendar Chart List 2019 Chinese Lunar Months Choose Baby Boy before Pregnancy Feng Shui Chooses Baby Boy Chinese Baby Gender Chart come from ? Chinese Age on Certain Date Find Baby Lucky Name Find Baby Lucky Bedroom Love Match , Marriage , Family and Culture Chinese Fortune Calendar was launched in 1999 . The foundation of contents come from the Chinese astrology and lunar calendar . The major applications are Chinese Astrology Five Element fortune - telling , Chinese Horoscope zodiacs , Chinese baby gender prediction , Chinese lunar calendar conversion , Chinese farmer ' s almanac and Feng Shui Flying Stars . All these applications provides us the opinions about love match , marriage , wealth , career , lucky color , lucky place , lucky time , lucky year , partner friendship or business relationship . Feng Shui can help us to find Five Planets and Five Elements Love Match & Marriage Analysis Find Most Compatible Birthdays Find Your Lucky Wedding Date Free Ask Master Auspicious Wedding Day The Five Element Personality Type The Five Element Personality Quiz Chinese Farmer ' s Almanac Chinese Palm Reading Face Mole Reading Free Daily Chinese Astrology Master Tsai ' s New Five Pillars Astrology How to Become Richer Houses Make You Richer Astrology Lucky Element Rise - Fall Chart Daily Astrology Five Elements New Astrology Fortune Angel Master Tsai Zodiac Your Animal Sign Full Birth Chart 2019 Zodiac Yearly Zodiac 12 Zodiacs Legend of Zodiacs Zodiac Match Feng Shui Basic Flying Stars House and Room Rich Houses House Guides Lucky Number Yearly Flying Stars Period 8 New Year 2019 New Year New Year Dates God of Wealth Before & After New Year Parade Lantern Festival F.A.Q . Calendar Farmer Almanac Chinese Age Lucky Date Lucky Hour Print Calendar Lunar Calendar Astrology Calendars Baby Gender Baby Gender Baby Boy Baby Name Baby Room Baby Birth Chart Gender Survey Baby Links Love Match Fast Match Love Match Find Roommate Smart Dating Dating Sites Marriage Wedding Dates Popular Chinese Hell Palm Reading Facial Moles Yin Yang Celebrity Samples I - Ching Dragons 2012 Doomsday Culture Festival Dates Lantern Festival Moon Festival Ghost Festival Dragon Boat Day White Snake Story Nine Dragons Products Our products Fortune Angel Farmer Calendar Lunar Calendar Wedding Date On - Line Reports Best Birthdays Advice 5 - Elements Guide Health Advice Healing Cancer Sow and Reap Second Chance Find Job Money Luck Others Gift Store Chinese Character Sheep Pictography Fortune of Three Goats Download and Share Moon Cakes Born in Sheep Year 300 - Year Chinese Farmer ' s Calendar Fortune Angel Chinese Astrology Yin Yang , I - Ching and Dragon Philosophy Many Chinese culture articles related to Chinese astrology can be found from the following links . Such as Yin Yang , Lo Shu , I - Ching , the legend of Chinese zodiacs and Chinese dragons . I - Ching and Dragon Philosophy Earth Alignment and Chinese Zodiac Sign River Diagram Lo Shu Oracle Bone inscriptions 2004 - 2023 Feng Shui Next House Guide Chinese Astrology Health : Fight with Cancer Healing Cancer Ping Shuai Gong Rooster or Chicken Rabbit or Cat Year ? Complete Chinese Calendars Menu 2019 - Complete Site Index | [
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http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/astrology/birds-in-chinese-culture.php | Birds in Feng Shui Bird is the symbol of freedom and happiness . Birds can also be used to symbolize love and commitment ( such as Mandarin ducks ) , or good luck and abundance ( as in the case of the peacock ) . In feng shui applications , birds are powerful symbols of new opportunities that are always there for you even in times of adversity . Feng shui - wise , attention is usually paid to numbers , colors , as well as the symbolism of specific birds . Placement in the right direction is also necessary to bring prosperity and good luck . According to feng shui , you should place such artworks in the North and East directions as it brings luck and many helpful friends in your life . It is also important to make sure that the direction of the flight has to be facing in the house so that you will meet many considerate and good friends in your life . Such paintings are also useful for people who like to socialize but are shy and do not have the confidence . It is best to avoid birds like hawks , vultures and other harsh bird ’ s pictures as these birds give rise to negative emotions . Inviting birds into your environment is believed to be the same thing as inviting good chi and blessings from heaven . Paintings of birds can definitely help to boost your career and also bring in considerate and helpful friends who are encouraging and supportive in the work environment . When a bird dropping falls on your head , that is also considered as a sign of good luck . If you want to sell your house , you can draw a picture of a bird holding a string with a price tag ( put the price you want ) in its beak . Display the bird by the front door and make the bird appear to be flying out the door or house . If you want to have something you want to attract ( for example , a wish for a new car , new job or your lover to return ) , draw a picture of a bird flying with a string in its mouth , then Lucky Birds Arowana Fish Bat Symbol Meaning Bear and Deer in Chinese Culture Birds in Feng Shui Crane in Chinese Culture Dragon Dance Dragon Facts Elephant in Feng Shui Fu Lions Horse in Chinese Culture The Heavenly Horse Lion Dance Lucky Cat Lucky Fish in Feng Shui Monkey King Story Monkey King Festival Panda in Chinese Culture Phoenix Bird Snake Myths and Legend Three Legged Frog Tiger in Chinese Culture Turtle in Feng Shui Qilin Zhu Bajie Feng Shui Lucky Objects What is Feng Shui Below is some of the most popular birds used as a symbol in feng shui applications . Butterfly Butterfly symbolizes love , romance , happiness , immortality and rebirth . Image of butterflies is often used as a temporary cure by feng shui practitioners for any area of your life that needs change or transformation . When you are experiencing difficulties in certain areas of your life , the energy of these butterflies can be brought into the corresponding Bagua areas of your home or bedroom . Since butterflies know how to gracefully go through transformation stages to be able to become the beauty they are , then you are also going to be guided to do the It is believed when butterfly comes to your house , you are about to receive some important guests who bring good news relating your love life ( bright colors butterflies ) or career life ( dark or almost black butterflies ) . You should not catch or chase a fluttering butterfly out of your house . Crane The Japanese and Chinese names relating to ‘ fairy cranes ’ refer to the legend that this bird carries a sage or immortal ( fairy ) on its back when he visits the mortal world . Find out more on Crane symbol Eagle if you are concerned about your business , company or home , select a picture or figure of an eagle . Display of eagles gives confidence and growth in business . It also develops qualities of leadership like the eagle that like to fly high in the sky and are sharp witted and have very focused eyesight . You can place it at the entrance to your business or home . This charming bird will also offer great protection by keeping a watchful eye over the premises . A picture of 9 eagles will be an ideal charm for ambitious Magpie Magpie is regarded as the bird of joy . It symbolizes happiness and luck . In Chinese the bird is called ‘ xi que ’ and the character ‘ xi ’ also means happiness in Chinese . It is said that when this bird nests in your house , it will bring much cause for celebration and many happy occasions . The bird also symbolizes the tendency for nesting , therefore anyone who need to settle down can try using the magpie symbol so that the couple would be able to “ nest ” . Additionally the magpie is a To maintain or improve long distance relationship , hang this magpie in your personal nien yen direction , you can also hang it in the SW corner of the bedroom to strengthen the love energy . Those who seek fame , recognition and popularity , place this bird in the South . Mandarin Ducks The mandarin duck ( in Chinese called ‘ Yuan - yuang ’ ) is one of the most desirable symbol used in feng shui application to improve relationships and love . These animals are recognized as symbols of a long - lasting and strong relationship . The mandarin duck mates for life and it is said that if the mandarin duck gets separated from its mate , it will still keep longing for its other half and die of loneliness . The suitable areas to place this feng shui mandarin ducks are in the South West portion of the bedroom or in the South West portion of the house . Phoenix Phoenix is a celestial bird in China . It is the king of the winged kingdom . This bird is associated with the Empress and one of the guardians of four direction ( phoenix represents the direction of the South ) . Find out more on Chinese phoenix bird Rooster Since the same word used ( in Chinese language ) for the official is also used for the rooster ’ s chest , rooster is usually used in feng shui career advancement purposes . The rooster also being used as a symbol to ward off evil spirits since these animals wake up very early in the morning and announces the dawn of a very new day / the dispersing of darkness and dark spirits . Rooster can also means triumph over gossip and winning the competition . Copyright © 2009 Game Frog Home | Contact | Disclaimer Privacy Policy | [
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http://chiqnlips.blogspot.com/2015/03/permission-issues-openingediting-office.html | chiqnlips sharepoint blog Thursday , March 12 , 2015 Permission Issues Opening / Editing Office Web Apps Documents SharePoint 2013 Symptoms : Users provided access to SharePoint through Active Directory ( AD ) Security Groups may not be able to edit documents via the browser using Office Web Apps ( OWA ) without error . In this scenario , the error from the Word App is : " There ' s a configuration problem preventing us from getting your document . If possible , try opening this document in Microsoft Word . " We may find the following information after analyzing the ULS logs from the Office web apps Server and SharePoint Server . From Office web apps server : ( OWA folder in Logs ) w3wp . exe ( 0x113C ) | 0x31C0 | Office Web Apps | WAC Hosting Interaction | ajryn | Unexpected | WOPICheckFile , WACSERVER ConfigError [ error : The SharePoint site appears to have its UPA in an improper sync state . Please contact the SharePoint administrator . The SharePoint site ' s WOPI handler has determined that the user permissions for this file / folder do not match the user permissions when wopiframe . aspx was loaded . | WOPICheckFile , WACSERVER | Host Status Code : Unauthorized | Host Error Info : SyncUPA , url : https : / / URLofSite / _vti_bin / wopi . ashx / files / GUID . . . . , host correlation : ] w3wp . exe ( 0x113C ) | 0x31C0 | Office Web Apps | WAC Hosting Interaction | adhsk | Unexpected | WOPI CheckFile : Catch - All Failure [ exception : Microsoft . Office . Web . Common . EnvironmentAdapters . ConfigErrorExcept ion : The SharePoint site appears to have its UPA in an improper sync state . Please contact the SharePoint administrator . The SharePoint site ' s WOPI handler has determined that the user permissions for this file / folder do not match the user permissions when wopiframe . aspx was loaded . | WOPICheckFile , WACSERVER | Host Status Code : Unauthorized | Host Error Info : SyncUPA Cause : http : / / support . microsoft . com / kb / 2908321 This issue can occur if the User Profile Application ( UPA ) is out of sync . If a user profile and the relevant group memberships for the user are not synchronized , SharePoint Server 2013 may incorrectly deny access to a given resource . Resolution : Delete the user from the User Profile database in SharePoint Central Administration SharePoint Central Administration Application Management Manage Service Applications User Profile Synchronization Service Manage User Profiles Search for user Go to top level site collection with admin privileges Open the page https : / / siteurl / _layouts / people . aspx ? MembershipGroupId = 0 ( all users in the site collection ) Find your user , right click the name , and copy shortcut ( url to the user ' s profile page ) Paste the shortcut into the browser address field and append to it ( do n ' t press Enter yet ) : append Force = True ( http : / / servername / _layouts / userdisp . aspx ? ID = 25&Force = True ) , press Enter Click on " Delete User from site collection " link on the toolbar From Central Administration , start a Full User Profile Synchronization . Wait until this finishes to continue . Check that the user now exists in the User Profile database SharePoint Central Administration Application Management Manage Service Applications User Profile Synchronization Service Manage User Profiles Search for user Add the same user back to the SharePoint group in the Site Collection Test Posted by chiqnlips at 6 : 48 AM Labels : Office Web Apps OWA SharePoint 2010 SharePoint 2013 UPA in an improper sync state user profile user profile application user profile service WOPICheckFile You do not have permission Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers About Me chiqnlips View my complete profile Blog Archive ► 2016 ( 2 ) ▼ 2015 ( 2 ) ▼ March ( 1 ) Permission Issues Opening / Editing Office Web Apps . . . ► February ( 1 ) 2014 2013 ( 6 ) 2012 2009 2008 | [
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http://chiro.org/ACAPress/Body_Alignment.html | Gravitational Effects Improper body alignment limits function , and thus it is a concern of everyone regardless of occupation , activities , environment , body type , sex , or age . To effectively overcome postural problems , therapy must be based upon mechanical principles . In the absence of gross pathology , postural alignment is a homeostatic mechanism that can be voluntarily controlled to a significant extent by osseous adjustments , direct and reflex muscle techniques , support when advisable , therapeutic exercise , and kinesthetic training . In the health sciences , body mechanics has often been separated from the physical examination . Because physicians have been poorly educated in biomechanics , most work that has been accomplished is to the credit of physical educators and a few biophysicists . Prior to recent decades , much of this had been met with indifference if not opposition from the medical profession . Posture Analysis It has long been felt in chiropractic that spinal subluxations will be reflected in the erect posture and that spinal distortions result in the development of subluxation syndromes . Consequently , an array of different methods and instrumentation has been developed for this type of analytical approach such as plumb lines with foot positioning plates to allow for visual evaluation relative to gravitational norms , transparent grids , bubble levels , silhouettographs , posturometer devices to measure specific degrees in attitude , multiple scale units to measure weight of each vertical half or quadrant of the body , and moire OBJECTIVES Such procedures yield useful information ; however , there is a great deal of possible subjective error in the interpretation of findings . Regardless , recorded analyses of body alignment serve as a guide to a patient ' s holistic attitude , structural balance or imbalance , hypertonicity , need for therapeutic exercises , habitual stance , postural fatigue , basic nutritional status , and they offer a comparative progress record . EYE DOMINANCE One source of analytical error which can be easily corrected is that of eye dominance . It is important to realize that the examiner ' s peripheral vision is used for judging the body bilaterally . This is true in posture analysis as well as in the physical examination when , for instance , bilateral motion of the rib cage is assessed . If the examiner has a dominant eye , the reclining patient should be observed with the dominant eye over the midline of the patient ' s body . Test . An examiner may determine eye dominance by the following procedure : ( 1 ) hold the index finger of the right hand at arm ' s length directly in front of the nose at the level of the eyes . ( 2 ) Place the tips of the left index finger and thumb to form a circle . ( 3 ) Place this circle directly in front of the nose about elbow distance away . ( 4 ) Sight the tip of the right index finger in the center of the circle using both eyes . ( 5 ) Close the left eye to see if the right index finger stays in the center of the circle . If it does , the right eye is dominant . ( 6 ) Close the right eye to see if the right index finger stays in the center of the circle . If it does , the left eye is dominant . INSPECTION Have the patient stand with his heels together , with his hands hanging normally at his sides . Encourage the patient to stand normally and not try to assume " good posture " or the " military stance " . Note body type and then the following checkpoints relative to a lateral plumb line falling just anterior to the external malleolus ( See Figure 4.1 ) and an anterior or posterior vertical line bisecting the heels . Head and Neck . From the side , forward or backward shifting of body weight ( not normal sway ) can be judged by the position of the line from the ear . From the rear , note the position of the patient ' s head by comparative ear level . If the head is tilted to the right , the chin will tilt to the left . Note the bilateral development of the sternocleidomastoideus and suboccipital muscles . Asymmetrical fullness of the suboccipital musculature indicates upper cervical rotation . Shoulder Girdle . From the side , note the prominence , rotation , or tilting of the inferior angles of the scapulae . From the rear , observe the comparative height of the scapulae , comparing one to the other . The cervicobrachial spine is always scoliotic toward the side of the high shoulder . Check for winged scapulae or for scapulae failing to lie smoothly on the chest wall . Note the distance of the scapulae vertebral borders from the spine . The midthoracic spine is always scoliotic toward the side on which the vertebral margin of the scapula is more prominent Thorax . From the front , observe any signs of hollow chest , sternal or rib depression , or pathologic signs such as Harrison ' s groove , funnel chest , barrel chest , or pigeon chest . From the rear , note the contours of the trapezius muscles for normal development or for abnormal tightness or tenderness . Note the angles of the ribs . A difference in the height of the scapulae and the iliac crests usually indicates a scoliosis . Lateral positions of the spinous processes and anterior or posterior positions of the transverse processes together with an elevation Abdomen . From the side , check the degree of abdominal muscle relaxation . Keep in mind that children normally have a prominent abdomen and adult women have a deposit of superficial fat lying transversely below the umbilicus . Spine . From the side , check the curvatures of the spine . Evaluate as normal or abnormal ; lordotic or kyphotic . Note the degree of sacral tilt and lumbosacral angle . From the rear , compare the line of the spinous processes . Bear in mind the possibility of a spinous process being asymmetrical , deviated to the right or left , without the body of the vertebra being involved . Evaluate any degree of scoliosis . Pelvis . In pelvic mechanical pathologies on the side of involvement , there is a reduction in the height and depth of the body angle as observed from the posterior . A low and less prominent iliac crest will be best observed from the front . Note the comparative height of the iliac crests and greater trochanters . Check the comparative height and depth of the sacral dimples , the position of the gluteal cleft , and the bilateral buttock height . If chronic sciatic neuralgia is on the high iliac crest side , degenerative disc weakening with posterolateral protrusion should be Legs . From the side , note the degree of knee hyperextension . From the front , check for any degree of genu valgum or genu varum by the space between the knees . Seek possible tibial torsion or lateral rotation of the tibia ( usually unilateral ) by noting the position of the patellae . Feet . From the rear , note the degree of foot pronation by the line of the Achilles tendon . From the front , check for flattening of the longitudinal arch by noting the position of the navicular tubercles . Seek evidence of hallux valgus or hammer toes . Postural Changes During Growth Spinal contour changes drastically during the various stages of maturation . As space becomes limited during the second half of prenatal life , the uterine walls act as restricting barriers to fetal extension . To adapt , the fetus adopts a position of flexion for maximum comfort . This results in a gently kyphotic spinal curve which extends from the atlas to the sacrum ( Fig . 4.2 ) . Table 4.1 . Developmental Progress Skill Average Age Head up , prone 3.2 mo . Puts hands together 3.7 mo . Grasps small objects 4.1 mo . Sits , head steady 4.2 mo . Arm support 4.3 mo . Rolls over 4.7 mo . Reaches for objects 5.0 mo . Bears some weight on legs 6.3 mo . Accepts objects in hands 7.5 mo . Pulls to sitting position 7.7 mo . Sits without support 7.8 mo . Resists toy pull 10.0 mo . Pulls to standing position 10.1 mo . Thumb - finger grasp 10.6 mo . Stands briefly , no support 13.0 mo . Walks forward 13.3 mo . Kicks ball 2.0 yr . Throws ball 2.6 yr . Rides tricycle 3.0 yr . Hops on one foot 4.9 yr . Catches ball 5.5 yr . This list shows selected normal motor skills at average ages from 3 - 65 months . FROM BIRTH TO 1 YEAR OF AGE In the newborn , the spine remains " C " curved ; throughout the first year of life , flexor tone is predominant in the extremities in the horizontal position . The first attempt to defy gravity occurs when the baby tries to raise his head in the prone position . This usually becomes successful at about 3 months of age . The first A - P curve develops in the neck as the head is held erect and strength for cervical extension develops ( Table 4.1 ) . The ability to roll from prone to supine is usually established BETWEEN 1 AND 2 YEARS OF AGE During the second year of life , the child learns to stand upright and to balance both A - P and laterally . For stability , he stands and walks with a wide stance to widen the base of support . This is enhanced by diapers , which increase the distance between the upper thighs . During early totter when walking is unsteady , the child leans forward to help forward progression , the legs are partly flexed , and the arms are abducted and slightly flexed at the elbows similar to unfolded wings . By the end of the BETWEEN 2 AND 6 YEARS OF AGE Between the ages of 2 and 6 years , the necessity for lateral balance is maintained by torsion of the tibia . This is exhibited by a degree of knock - knees which should correct itself by the age of 6 . The abdomen becomes less prominent , and the foot develops a longitudinal arch . Height increases steadily , but at a constant rate . During the early years of school , the child ' s posture is one of extreme mobility . The knees may show distinct hyperextension in standing , the pelvis is tilted downward and forward EARLY LOCOMOTION Bipedal locomotion appears to be a learned skill rather than an inherited reflex . According to Inman , et al , a child that is blind at birth never attempts to stand or walk unless carefully trained to do so . Without assistance , such a child will travel as a quadriped , coordinating his or her four limbs so that three limbs are on the floor at the same time to offer the stability of a tripod . Thus , walking upright can be considered a trial - and - error translational learning process . This translation is the The characteristic walking pattern of the adult is not acquired until the child is about 7 - 9 years of age . Prior to this , the child conducts progressively difficult neuromusculoskeletal experiments that tend to improve neural control of motor skills that help to modify segmental displacements . PUBERTY Prior to puberty , the limbs grow faster than the trunk . The rate of trunk and extremity growth is about the same at puberty . The trunk continues to grow after the extremities slow their rate of growth in the postpuberty period . This changes the ratio of sitting to standing height . Sitting height is about 70 % of total height at birth and about 52 % for 16 - year - old girls and 14 - year - old boys . Thus , postural adjustments must be made during the growth period to adapt to gravitational forces ADOLESCENCE During the adolescent spurt of growth , changes in body proportions occur to adjust to gravity . The pelvic tilt decreases to 20 ° – 30 ° . The knees are slightly bent , but the earlier hyperextension is not necessary to balance a prominent abdomen . Posture becomes less mobile , and the postural patterns become stabilized . If proper adaptive mechanisms fail , an adolescent " round shoulders " condition may be present with a neck projected forward and a head that is extended . Gravitational Forces The success that a person has in meeting the constant stress of gravity may have a subtle yet profound influence on his or her quality of health and performance . While gravity stabilizes the lower extremities in standing and provides friction for locomotion , it also places considerable stress on those body parts responsible for maintaining the upright position . Without appropriate neuromusculoskeletal compensation and accommodation , such actions result in imbalance and often falling . Thus , postural deviations resulting in balance problems lead to frequent strain and injury to antigravity structures . CENTER OF GRAVITY As gravity acts on all parts of the body , one ' s entire weight can be considered as concentrated at a point where the gravitational pull on one side of the body is equal to the pull on the other side . This point is the body ' s center of gravity , and it constitutes the exact center of body mass ( Fig . 4.5 ) . When the center of gravity is above the base of support and the pull of gravity is successfully resisted by the supporting members , an equilibrium of forces or a state In a model subject , the center of gravity is located in the region just anterior ( about 1 | " ) to the top of the second sacral segment ; ie , about 55 % of the distance for women and 57 % for men , from the plantar surfaces to the apex of the head in the erect position . Its location will vary somewhat according to body type , age , and sex , and move upward , downward , or sideward in accordance with normal position movements and abnormal neuromusculoskeletal disorders . The accumulation of fat and the loss of soft tissue tone are common factors in altering one ' s center of gravity . Thus , the center of gravity shifts with each change in body alignment , and the amount of weight borne by the joints and the pull of the muscles vary within reasonable limits with each body movement . Adequate compensation is provided for in the healthy , structurally balanced person . LINE OF GRAVITY Reference Points . The vertical A - P line of gravity of the body , as viewed laterally in the erect model subject , falls from above downward through the earlobe , slightly posterior to the mastoid process , through the odontoid process , through the middle of the shoulder joint , touches the midpoint of the anterior borders of T2 and T12 , then falls just slightly anterior to S2 , slightly behind the axis of the hip joint , slightly anterior to the transverse axis of rotation of the knee ( slightly posterior to the patella ) , crosses anterior to Plumb Line Analysis . The plumb line , as used in postural analysis , serves as a visual comparison to the line of gravity . For example , when the plumb line is centered over S1 , it should fall in line with the occipital protuberance . In uncompensated scoliosis , however , it will be seen to fall lateral to the occipital protuberance . Weight Bearing . The most economical use of energy in the standing position is when the vertical line of gravity falls through a column of supporting bones . If the weight - bearing bony segments are aligned so that the gravity line passes directly through the center of each joint , the least stress is placed upon the adjacent ligaments and muscles . This is the ideal situation , but it is impossible in the human body because the centers of segmental links and the movement centers between them can not be brought to accurately meet with a common line of gravity . Stability . Since the body is a segmented system , the stability of the body depends upon the stability of its individual segments . The force of gravity acting upon each segment must be individually neutralized if the body as a whole is to be in complete gravitational balance . That part of balance contributed by an individual segment is called the segment ' s partial equilibrium , as contrasted with the total equilibrium of the whole body . Thus , each segment has its own partial center of gravity and partial gravity line . Position Changes . Any change in position of a partial center of gravity produces a corresponding change in the common center of gravity . When the arms are raised overhead and lowered , the center of gravity is respectively raised and lowered within the body . When the arms are stretched forward or backward , the center of gravity is respectively moved anteriorly or posteriorly within the body . When the trunk is flexed severely forward or laterally , the center of gravity shifts outside the body . BODY BALANCE AND EQUILIBRIUM Active and Passive States . Positions of the body that require muscular forces to maintain balance are said to be in active equilibrium , while those that do not require muscular effort are in passive equilibrium . In passive equilibrium , all segmental centers of gravity and the centers of all joints fall within the gravity line of the body which must fall within the base of support . This requires complete neutralization of all linear and rotary components of gravitational force by joint surfaces and the base of support . Thus , such a state is impossible in the erect position but possible in Balance . When the forces of gravity on a body are in a balanced position , the pull is equal on all sides about the center of gravity ; ie , its center of gravity is directly above its base of support and the body is quite stable ( Fig . 4.7 ) . The amount of body mass outside this base does not affect the equilibrium unless the center of gravity of the mass is altered . If a part is laterally shifted to one side without a compensatory shift of another part of equal weight , the center of gravity Common Torques . In the body , all partial centers of gravity or their axes of motion do not coincide with the common line of gravity . In fact , many partial centers are quite distant from the common line , and this causes active rotary torques in many joints because of gravitational pull which must be neutralized by antigravity muscles . A weight - bearing joint is considered to be in equilibrium if the gravity line of the supported structure is equal to the joint ' s axis of rotation . If the gravity line is posterior to the joint ' s Toppling Rate . The rate of movement of an unbalanced body which is toppling depends on the amount of lateral displacement of the center of gravity from its base of support . For this reason , a toppled tree falls slowly at first because of trunk resistance and then rapidly as its center of gravity is further displaced from the tree trunk . A tall person falls harder than a short person . For the same reason , the further the body ' s center of gravity is displaced from the midline of its base of support , the more force is necessary ACTION LINES Segmental weight offers resistance to movement as gravity is acting on the part only in a downward direction with the part ' s mass acting as if it were at its center of mass ( Fig . 4.8 ) . The effectiveness of this weight for rotating a part can be changed by shifting its position in relation to the fulcrum , because the farther the gravity line falling through the center of mass is from the axis of motion , the longer will be the moment arm and the greater will be the moment . During motion , the gravitational action line of a part can be moved near to or away from the axis of a joint simply by changing the part ' s position . For example , it is easier to raise a flexed leg in the horizontal position than a straight leg . This flexion does not change the limb ' s weight . The straight knee increases the moment of the gravitational force because the distance from the action line of the gravitational force on the hip has been shortened . For the same reason , it is much easier Clinical Applications . These principles are commonly applied in therapeutic exercises . They are also applied in muscle testing and muscle stretching procedures . In muscle testing , resistance applied at the most distal aspect of the segment gives the resistance force a better lever arm and greater advantage than one applied more proximal . In muscle stretching , a much more proximal grip should be taken . This reduces the chance of joint or soft - tissue injury and affords better control of the movement . Stabilization Mechanisms Electromyograph studies have shown that very little muscle activity is required in the normal relaxed standing position . Most action involves those muscles that act around the ankle . The minimal activity necessary is attributed to the elastic properties of muscle , joint locking , and the tension from the passive stretch of muscles , ligaments , and fascia which act prior to muscle contraction of joint stabilizers . The body ' s stability is greatest when its center of gravity is low and its base of support is wide . Knee and hip joints are fully extended during weight bearing , and the knee joint " screws home " by slightly rotating on the fully extended joint to provide firm joint locking . POSITION OF THE CENTER OF GRAVITY The closer the body ' s center of gravity to its base of support , the more stable it is : resisting moment = weight X distance . That is , the stability of an object is indirectly proportional to the height of its center of mass above its base . For example , a book laid flat upon a table is difficult to upset as compared to one standing on a narrow end . SIZE OF THE BASE OF SUPPORT Both the size and position of the base of support are important in maintaining equilibrium . Regardless of toe position in the standing position , stability is provided if the gravity line falls approximately midway along the base of support . That is , the body is stable until the center of gravity falls perpendicularly outside the base of support . The larger the base of support , the greater displacement of the center of gravity from a midpoint before balance is lost . The use of a cane or crutches increases stability because they provide an increased base of Stance and Stability . The erect body is a poorly engineered model from a strict biomechanical viewpoint because the heavier portions are placed upon a narrow base of support , similar to an inverted cone . Obviously , this position is far less stable than that of the four - legged vertebrates . When the feet are parallel and close together , the upright body is least stable . When a chiropractor delivers an adjustment , a wide stance enhances his stability to the resistance force . Likewise , balance is maintained during reaching and stooping when one foot is advanced to the other Segmental Bases . Each segment in an articulated system rests upon the one beneath it . The interposed joint surfaces serve as the support base of the separate segments . From this viewpoint , one can see that joint stability is partially dependent on : ( 1 ) the size of the joint surfaces , ( 2 ) the height of the segmental centers of gravity above the joint surface , and ( 3 ) the horizontal distance of the common gravity line to the joint ' s center . Head Weight . The head has a small base of support ; ie , the atlas . In the erect position , the relatively small atlas must provide an upward push equal to the weight of the head plus added weight such as that of a hat , helmet , glasses , etc . In a 200 - lb person , the atlas offers about a 14 - lb resistance force to the skull ( Fig . 4.9 ) . When the occiput is tilted so that its center of mass is not in line with both atlantal articulations , cervical muscles opposite BALANCE SWAY In most joints , the line of gravity is not identical to the center line of the joint ; ie , most joint centers are some distance from the weight line . This requires constant muscle forces to combat rotational forces to maintain equilibrium by equalizing all translational and torque forces . Even when there is no movement , the antigravity muscles can not be at rest . To maintain balance , the body is slightly but constantly swaying involuntarily anteroposteriorly , laterally , diagonally , and in rotation . The body is always in motion . Minute oscillatory movements occur in all body parts , whether awake or asleep , and gross movements are not started until they are in phase with normal oscillations . Control . The normal A - P sway of the body is controlled essentially by slight intermittent soleus and tibialis anterior action . The neuromechanisms are not completely understood , but one theory holds that body sway is under intermittent autonomic control : a geotropic reflex said by some to be initiated by position shifts which stretch antigravity muscles and stimulate tonic contractions to bring the joint towards balance . Direction and Rates . Most sway occurs near the A - P plane . During A - P sway , weight is invariably anterior to the axis of hip , knee , and ankle . It is composed generally of slower and larger movements as contrasted with other oscillations . In the average mature adult , it has almost a 1 - 5 / 8 - inch range . Lateral sway has about a 1 - 1 / 8 - inch range . Body sway is generally to that degree sufficient to produce stimuli to evoke a righting reflex . Shifting . During prolonged stance , normal body sway is altered . Weight is distributed symmetrically only 25 % of the time , with a mean time factor of a half a minute . This periodic shifting allows intermittent rest periods for the antigravity tissues . However , certain occupations and other physical attitudes may by necessity interfere with this shifting , and this may contribute to postural distortions . Functional Effects . The frequent contraction and relaxation of the postural muscles during sway and minute weight shifting has a beneficial influence in milking blood and lymph through the muscles . In this manner , circulation is assisted . The working fibers are supplied with nutrients and are helped from becoming choked by their own metabolic wastes . The Alexander Technique F . M . Alexander , an Australian actor , made an important discovery about posture which was published in 1924 . His findings were confirmed in 1926 by Professor Coighill of the Wistar Institute in London and by Dr . Mungo Douglass in 1937 in his text on anatomy . Sir Charles S . Sherrington , the Nobel Prize - winning physiologist , praised Alexander for his discovery , as did educator John Dewey and Dr . Frank P . Jones , Research Associate at the Tuffs Institute for Psychological Research . Raymond A . Dart , Professor Emeritus Claims have been made that utilization of this technique keeps one feeling one ' s best , streamlines physical appearance , changes mental attitudes , cures neurotic tendencies , reduces periods of depression , reduces high blood pressure , helps symptoms of rheumatism and arthritis , aids the asthmatic , improves circulation and heart function , corrects fallen arches , reduces migraine attacks , improves digestion , corrects insominia , reduces stress , keeps one young , and many more . It was Alexander ' s belief that the mind and body are inextricably bound together to form an inseparable whole . " A physical act is an affair not of this or that limb solely , but of the total neuromuscular activity of the moment . " He showed that in everyday physical acts , from the most trivial to the most strenuous , every motion begins with a slight motion at the base of the skull . And what were Alexander ' s findings that have such a wide influence on health ? It can be concisely stated : As you begin any movement or act , move your head as a whole upward and away from your whole body , and let your whole body lengthen effortlessly by following that upward direction . If this is done , ideal posture will be assumed in any position ( Fig . 4.10 ) . Alexander looked to the body segments as a train with the head as its engine . He felt the key postural reflex or major The Perry Technique Several variations of the Alexander technique have been developed that have the same or similar objective . For example , Perry , a chiropractor who has gained a wide reputation in treating Olympic and professional athletes feels that poor running technique can be attributed to poor habits in posture and walking . One method that he uses to improve the technique of such athletes is through " imagery to improve posture . " He instructs the patient to close their eyes and imagine five helium - filled balloons attached to their body . A balloon is attached to the vertex As a result , your pelvis starts to rise , your chest starts to lift , your neck elongates , you feel taller . As your pelvis lifts , your back will become less tense ; as your chest rises , your shoulders and upper back relax ; as your head lifts , the back of your neck relaxes . ( 88 ) Stance and Motion Postures Static Stance and Sitting Postures The term static posture is used in its relative sense , referring to a position of rest as contrasted to one of gross movement . As discussed previously , the body is always dynamic because of such factors as body sway , respiration , and restless shifting . INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN STANCE POSTURE Racial Differences . Certain races tend to have characteristic rigid or relaxed static postures accompanied by various degrees of kyphosis and / or lordosis . These postures appear to be related to differences in nutrition , climate , training , and social customs . Weight . Body weight has a distinct influence on the erect posture . The obese have the most erect posture as a result of supporting the load over the relatively small base of support . This posture features twisting while walking with short , stiff steps . A large abdomen requires a compensatory posterior torso leaning and acute lumbosacral angle to balance the anterior weight . More weight is borne by the heels . Conversely , the slim person may assume an overly relaxed stance . Height . A short person tends to have an erect posture in an attempt to appear taller . This is especially true in the short stocky person because the erect posture tends to make the physique both taller and slimmer . Conversely , the especially tall individual often slouches to appear shorter by developing a habitual kyphosis and knee flexion . Military Postures . The military position of attention is an unnatural , immobile position where the chin is drawn in , the neck and chest are elevated , the scapulae are rotated towards the spine , the spine is held vertical , the abdomen is sucked in , the pelvis is tilted posteriorly , and the feet are placed close together with body weight distributed bilaterally . In this position , considerable stress is placed on the erectors of the back and the extensors of the hip and calf . The knee extensors are more relaxed because the center of gravity falls more Pelvic Tilt . In the typical relaxed stance , pelvic weight falls anterior to the gravity line and trunk weight falls posterior to the gravity line . The degree increases in proportion to the degree of " sway back " present . In contrast , during a tensed stance ( eg , military posture ) , trunk weight is placed further posteriorly and balanced over the hips in the sagittal plane . This state is also seen in a patient with a flattened lumbar region where the pelvis has rotated posteriorly . Effects of Pregnancy . During the advanced stages of pregnancy , the center of gravity is displaced considerably forward from the normal because of the increased anterior weight from the fetus , amniotic fluid , and enlarged uterus . Postural compensation is made similar to that seen in the obese with a large abdomen , but there is a more exaggerated compensatory backward lean which is adapted to by a customary upper torso slouch . Effects of High Heels . As heel height is increased , the center of gravity is moved posteriorly . When the calcaneus is elevated about a half inch above the level of the base of the ball of the foot , its shaft is brought to a tangent with the Achilles tendon . Thus , the gastrocnemius and soleus are able to exert a greater force in plantar flexion . High heels , habitually worn , tend to shorten these muscles and stretch the anterior ankle muscles . Occupational Effects . Habitual strenuous work results in postural adaptations due to the over development of asymmetrical musculature or to asymmetries between one part of the body and another . Shoes . As mentioned , prolonged standing with little movement results in lower extremity pooling . The local effect is that the feet may increase up to aboutwo sizes . A common adaptation is the wearing of loose fitting shoes , but this encourages pronation . A well - fitted shoe should be constructed so that most of the weight is borne on the outside of the foot , which is supported by strong ligaments . The inside of the foot is supported by long thin muscles which easily fatigue and allow the arch to drop and the foot to pronate . Standing Surfaces . An elastic floor surface , as opposed to a hard surface , becomes slightly compressed by body weight to exert a continual force against the foot in an attempt to recover its original shape . Thus , change of position is assisted by an elastic floor surface . POSTURES OF READINESS The anticipation of a forthcoming event affects one ' s static posture , and the position assumed is in accord with the immediate goal at hand to be achieved ( Fig . 4.11 ) . When one is about to perform a rapid or strong movement , the posture of readiness is an alert one , reaching its peak between 1 and 2 seconds after thought is concentrated on the situation . After this peak , posture either becomes relaxed or becomes unstable because of an exaggerated tremor resulting from fatigue of the coordinating centers of the nervous system . Applications . During a posture of alert readiness , the center of gravity is shifted toward the anticipated direction of movement . There is a slight head and plantar flexion that causes equilibrium instability to facilitate this shift . Then arm and leg positions are adjusted to the action which is to follow . The baseball infielder leans forward and rises on his toes as the ball is pitched . The base runner taking a lead off a base will also lean toward the next base and rise on his toes as the ball is pitched . The football quarterback crouches with Proprioceptive Mechanisms . Postures of alert readiness should not be held motionless for a long period because proprioceptive sensations which govern position sense and the relationship of body parts will be diminished and must be reestablished before accurate movement can be achieved . It is for this reason that the golfer and batter waggle their club while adjusting position . Stability vs Balance . Postures of alert readiness are often superimposed on postures adapting to mechanical forces . Most movements involve lateral shifts of weight which disturb balance and require the application of opposing forces to regain balance . Postural shifts of the body ' s center of gravity in the vertical direction alter stability but not balance . An ice skater racing forward in the straightaway leans forward to maintain equilibrium between gravitational force and the driving action of the legs . If the torso is held erect , the driving action of the legs should soon topple the skater backward . When SITTING POSTURES Editor ' s Comment : As you can see from Figure 4.12 , when you sit on the tips of the ischial tuberosity ( arrow on the left view ) , the pelvis ( and lumbar spine ) rock backwards , flattening and extending the lumbar curve . Over time , this position stretches out the connective tissue that stabilizes the posterior elements of the vertebra and sacroiliac joints , due to plastic deformation forces . ( This promotes * functional instability * of those joints . However , IF you " poke your butt " first , before you sit down , you end up sitting on the lower faces of the ischia , rather than the tips ( see the arrow on the right ) , and that will rock your pelvis forwards , reinforcing the lumbar curvature , while also reducing the pressure within the lumbar discs . This is a great strategy for avoiding pelvic misalignment , disc derangement , and low back pain in general . In the relaxed sitting position , the head is held erect , balanced over the neck , with the head ' s center of gravity situated slightly anterior to the atlanto - occipital joint . Body weight should be supported upon the ischial tuberosities and the adjacent soft tissues . The degree of the lumbar curve during the sitting posture depends upon sacral angulation which is governed by pelvic posture and the degree of mobility / fixation of the involved segments . Center of Gravity . In the erect sitting position , the center of gravity is forward of the ischia , the lumbar lordosis is but slightly flattened , and about 25 % of body weight is transmitted to the floor through the lower extremities . However , in the slouched sitting position , the center of gravity is posterior to the ischia , the lumbar lordosis is reversed , and far less body weight is transferred to the floor via the lower extremities ( Figure 4.12 ) . Disc Pressure . Lumbar IVD pressure is increased during sitting as compared to the erect posture . The reason for this is that disc pressure increases with the tendency toward lumbar kyphosis . This increased pressure while sitting can be diminished by arm rests on the chair , back support to maintain the lumbar lordosis , and reclining the back of the chair from 90 ° – 100 ° . Fatigue . Prolonged sitting ( eg , typing , driving ) can be quite fatiguing if strains from imbalance are not avoided . If the head is allowed to protrude forward , the posterior muscles of the neck soon become tired because continuous tension on the erectors interferes with their circulation ( Figure 4.13 ) . This is sometimes a cause of residual neuromuscular hypertension . Pressure Points in the Sitting Posture . Drummon and associates developed an instrument that measures the pressure distribution during normal and unbalanced sitting . The data collected showed that the distribution of pressure during sitting indicated that approximately 18 % of body weight is distributed over each ischial tuberosity , 21 % over each thigh , and 5 % over the sacrum . ( 105 ) CHAIRS AND DESKS Chair Design . Chair height should allow the hips , knees , and ankle joints to form an approximate right angle . The seat should deepen slightly to conform to the increasing thickness of the thigh as it meets the buttocks . The seat of the chair should be wide enough so that body weight can be distributed over a wide area and long enough to support the buttocks and lengths of the femurs . Bucket - type seats have a tendency to closely confine the body and restrict restless movements necessary to improve circulation . Optimal Support . A reading chair is most comfortable if it is inclined slightly backward and has arm rests at elbow height . The backrest of the chair should provide support at the hips , lumbar curve , and shoulders . The upper aspect of the lumbar curve should be supported by a slight convex curve in the back of the chair . These factors contribute to relaxation of trunk muscles . However , the hollows and curves that make a desk chair comfortable are not desired in an adjustable chair because the hollows and curves no longer fit the body when the Seat and Table Height and Inclination . A number of studies have been undertaken in recent years to determine the ideal seat height and inclination for school children and office workers . Studies by Bendix indicate that the lumbar spine tends to decrease the thoracic kyphosis when a tiltable seat is inclined upward 5 ° , especially if this is combined with a slightly increased seat height . ( 106 ) Although inclinations of the pelvis and trunk as well as the posture of the cervical spine did not change systematically with variable chair - table heights , it was determined in an earlier study that the Desks . Both desks and chairs must be adapted to meet individual biomechanical requirements . If a person is seated at a desk that is too low , there is a tendency to lean forward and suspend the head by force of the posterior neck and upper back muscles . If the desk is too high , there is a tendency to spread the elbows and bring the work too close to the eyes . RECLINING POSTURES The reclining posture requires little energy expenditure because most gravitational pull is counteracted by the mattress . Circulatory stress is minimal because energy demands are low and the horizontal position assists venous return and lymph drainage . Pillows . Elevation of the head , neck , and upper back helps to relieve respiratory congestion . A soft pillow aids in preventing chill of the neck and shoulders during cold weather . When in the side position , a pillow helps to maintain vertical alignment of the neck if it is depressed to the same thickness as the distance from the neck to the tip of the shoulder . However , a pillow of this thickness used in the supine position would stretch the posterior neck muscles , and this tension allows little rest for these muscles . Thus , DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS AND POSTURE During health evaluation , overall posture should be inspected for early signs of spinal curvature , subluxations , leg - length discrepancies , foot pronation ( Fig . 4.14 ) , and other subtle or gross deformities . Both structural and functional deformities result in postural compensations . This is readily apparent in a patient with either a physiologic or structural short leg resulting in a scoliosis that is improved by a shoe lift . Pronated feet result in a tilted pelvis and lordosis which are corrected when the pronation is corrected . Few if any adult spines are free of defects that involve several vertebrae . In many instances , the entire spinal column labors under the strain of improper balance . In this sense , however , the defects of balance referred to are something less than the classical conditions of clinical kyphosis , lordosis , and scoliosis . Nature , via genetic factors and its difficulty with phylogenetic increments , commonly leaves the skeleton in defect and instability , and the gross and subtle implications of anteroposterior balance , lateral balance , and rotational balance are manifold ( Fig . 4.15 ) . The incidence of neck and low back involvements of a protracted and recurring nature is much higher in those patients ( especially younger people ) whose spines show evidence of developmental defects and anomalies . Bipedism greatly augments the mechanical and neurologic complications of the lumbosacral complex . As the low back and sciatic syndromes are evaluated , no clinician should disregard this fact . Lumbosacral defects and complications as asymmetrical facet facing , imbrication , sacralization ( especially the pseudo type ) , lumbarization , pars defect , discopathy , iliotransverse ligament sclerosing , retrolisthesis , and L5 - S1 reverse rotation are priorities of clinical importance . Dynamic Postures The appreciation of the basic biomechanics involved in dynamic posture is the first step in the analysis of movement . During gross movements , postural changes affect mechanical equilibrium . Thus it can be said that instability is a basic characteristic of body movement . As a result of body instability , rotary forces are developed . These may be beneficial or a hindrance depending , on how they are applied and controlled . Efficient analysis assumes an understanding of biomechanical applications and of neuromuscular control of the forces of motion in successive postures of movement . Morehouse / Cooper classify all body movements into : ( 1 ) preliminary movements , ( 2 ) a main action , and ( 3 ) a follow through . However , the degree of each component varies considerably from action to action . These factors are clearly demonstrated in athletics because they are often exaggerated for advantage , but they are utilized in all body movements . Thus , the sports - oriented examples which follow should also be identified with nonathletic activities . PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS All main muscle actions are preceded by some degree of preliminary preparatory movement . Generally , the purposes of preliminary movement are to overcome inertia , control the range of motion , set the direction of force , achieve mechanical advantage , and initiate speed to gain the momentum desired . Head Motion and Footwork . Preliminary action serves to overcome inertia , initiate motion , and to place body position advantageously for the main action to come . Frequent shifts in body position , both in and out of sports , are started essentially by head motion ( Fig . 4.16 ) . Footwork takes over in importance once the body becomes balanced and is moving in the direction of the force to be applied . Good footwork reduces uneconomical vertical and horizontal motions that are not directly related to the task . Thus , footwork can be used to gain optimal momentum by traveling Range of Motion . The importance of range of motion is readily demonstrated in the golfer ' s or batter ' s preliminary movements . In both instances , the player extends his backswing according to the force that he wants to hit the ball . When a long hit is desired , the player will shift the hips , rotate the trunk , turn the shoulders , lift his arms , and abduct his wrist to allow the club to arc behind his head before the forward ( main action ) power movement takes place . All these preliminary actions determine the range Positioning the Center of Gravity . The closer the body ' s center of gravity is to its base of support , the more stable it is . For this reason , a tightrope walker holds the pole low and the pole is weighted at both ends . During a somersault , an acrobat lands in a deeply crouching position with the hands held low to keep his center of gravity low . Likewise , a shot putter helps to maintain his balance after a throw by lowering himself to a squat . Flexed knees , a forward crouch , and hands held low help the Leverage . Preliminary movements can employ body parts for optimal mechanical advantage . Several examples of this are demonstrated in sports techniques . It is much easier to push or pull when the body is slightly leaning anterior than when it is erect . This forward lean contributes weight and leverage to the arms and lowers the body ' s center of gravity . A gymnist grips rings with the proximal aspect of the palms rather than the fingers to shorten the resistance lever arm about 3 inches . During a swimming start or a basketball center jump , the athlete crouches Stabilization . If the trunk is held loosely during arm and leg actions , some extremity forces will be diverted to stabilize the torso . It is for this reason that efforts in jumping , lifting , pushing , pulling , and throwing are enhanced if the breath is held and the abdominal muscles fixed during the main action . Utilizing Large Muscles . Preliminary movements bring the most advantageous muscle groups quickly into action . When the larger muscles are used for a main action , the result is a powerful action . A chin up , for instance , is easier performed when the palms are supinated to allow the powerful biceps to be the major force . If the hands are pronated , the weaker brachialis and brachioradialis must overcome the load . During hand wrestling , a far greater force can be exerted if the large muscles of the shoulder , back , thigh , and legs are utilized than Coordination . Coordination may be defined as the ability to integrate separate abilities in a complex task . Limb motion or the addition of a load shifts an individual ' s center of gravity and changes body balance , and how one copes with gravitational influences may be witnessed in a person ' s degree of coordination . Well - coordinated movement , usually involving the large muscles in sports , requires perfect timing between the nervous and muscular systems , for example as seen in the biologic teamwork expressed in bowling , gymnastics , badminton , throwing , jumping hurdles , Momentum . A left - handed batter in baseball can effectively utilize the momentum of the bat to overcome inertia and start his run to first . Likewise , if a fielder can catch a fly ball on the forward run , this momentum will add to the force of his throw . In the basketball jump , the player should extend his tipping arm before the main action or the movement during the main action will produce an equal downward force toward the torso and reduce the force of pushoff . During throwing , the arm is first driven sharply backward MAIN ACTIONS Body Bulk . Body bulk has both advantages and disadvantages . Muscle bulk , especially in contact sports , provides both force inertia and protection for bones and joints . Body weight is less a consideration in rowing and swimming sports because the weight is supported , it offers some buoyancy advantages , or it provides necessary insulation from subcutaneous fat ( eg , open - water swimming ) . Due to gravitational pull , a heavy bulk is a disadvantage in running sports as it must be raised at each pace . There are also disadvantages in that bulky hypertrophy increases viscous The Critical Moment . In any movement there is a critical moment . This is seen at the instant when a hockey stick contacts a puck , when a bat contacts a baseball , when the throwing hand is about to release a bowling ball , or when the foot of a soccer player is in contact with a ball . In each case , the critical moment is very brief and the forces are usually great . There is little time for correction at the moment of contact or release . At this critical moment , the forces are resolved so that they Agility . Agility involves speed with the addition of a sudden change in direction or height such as in a defensive maneuver or a change in attack – the ability to change positions in space . The number of positional changes available is obviously almost endless , and thus agility is most difficult to evaluate . Good agility is demanded in the sports of hockey , gymnastics , diving , boxing , and karate , and in the positions of running back and infielder . Base of Support . The larger the base of support ( eg , large feet or wide stance ) , the greater impact can be received without toppling . Thus , a boxer who stands with his feet spread in the direction of a blow is more difficult to knock down . This is because the center of gravity can prescribe a wide arc about the central base before it falls perpendicular outside the base of support . When the legs are outspread , the angle of maximum lean is enlarged . Balance . Balance is a necessary attribute whenever one ' s base of support is reduced yet body position must be maintained . Standing , walking , running , bending , throwing , and contact sports all require constant voluntary loss and regain of body balance . The human body tries to maintain its upright posture with the head positioned so that the field of vision is parallel to the horizon and straight ahead . During linear motion , balance is maintained only if forces acting in other directions are in equilibrium . If balance in the direction of action is not Delivering Impact . Whether impact is delivered or received , its force will be in accord with the relative velocities and mass of the colliding bodies . Thus , greater impact force can be made with a hip than an elbow as the trunk has greater mass . When impact is made by elbow or knee extension such as in throwing or kicking , a great velocity must be developed . The summation of forces can be used ( eg , in boxing ) to increase impact force by adding a second blow at the instant of the peak of the force from Receiving Impact . Postural adjustments just prior to receiving an impact ( eg , like utilizing one ' s center of gravity , going with the direction of force , and prolonging the duration of impact ) can diminish its force . For example , a toppling force can be minimized by receiving the impact as close to one ' s center of gravity as possible . An impact force can be reduced by moving in the same direction as the force ; ie , rolling with the punch . The peak force of impact can be lessened by prolonging the duration of FOLLOW THROUGH Follow through has no effect on an object after impact , but it has an important function in preventing injury . It is for this reason that the baseball pitcher ' s arm must be allowed to continued its horizontal arc and the softball pitcher ' s arm to follow its vertical arc to dissipate the forces initiated within the arm . In all powerful movements , the main action should be allowed to continue and gradually decelerate within the range of motion to save injury or fatigue to check ligaments and muscles . The Walking Function Biomechanically , walking can be considered as a series of continuous losses and recoveries of balance in which the rhythmic play of muscles narrowly averts toppling . Steindler refers to the basic sequence of movements in walking as a " series of catastrophies narrowly averted . " This is a constantly changing process that includes starting , speed and directional changes , adaptive changes to slope or surface conditions , modifications to neuromusculoskeletal disorders and energy requirements , physical proportions , adaptations to heel height and footwear , and stopping movements . However , all these motions are transitory movements On level ground , walking can be considered biomechanically as forward translation of the body ' s center of mass . This requires an external force , provided essentially by the extensors of the hip and knee and the ankle plantar flexors , whose efficiency is governed by the friction produced between the foot and the floor during push - off . BACKGROUND It is typical during the chiropractic examination to study the patient in the static standing position and during gross movements with the feet relatively fixed in the standing or Adams positions and the pelvis relatively fixed in the sitting position . While these procedures offer vital information , they fail to detect many subtle adaptive mechanisms brought out by carefully viewing the patient during progression . This latter technique requires training and experience as the alternating movements occur rapidly even during slow walking . Attention must be directed to many aspects simultaneously . Photographic stills are helpful but impractical in A walking cycle equals one stride : two steps , one with each lower limb . During a walking cycle , stride length determines the body ' s segmental displacements and the frequency or duration of the stride governs the time involved . Stride length is essentially determined by an individual ' s leg length . These two factors , time and distance , are the major factors contributing to a person ' s particular gait . Newton ' s second law should be kept in mind when analyzing gait . The floor pushes up against the plantar surface in locomotion with an equal force and along the same line of action as that of the force of the foot . However , this counterforce of the floor or ground may fail ( eg , loose rug , gravel , sand , soft mud ) . In addition , an equal and opposite horizontal force , usually supplied by friction , must accompany pushoff if progression is to take place . This is greatly reduced or fails Walking is the result of muscle action developing tension and producing joint rotations ( angular changes ) . Body weight is balanced over the hip joint by the abductor muscles acting through the greater trochanter - - a first class lever system . In walking , body weight acts medial to the knee in such a manner that the center of rotation or fulcrum is centered over the medial condyle . Equilibrium is controlled by forces acting in the lateral ligaments , biceps femoris , and tensor fascia lata . INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN WALKING PATTERNS Ectomorphic , mesomorphic , and endomorphic body types have different types of gait , and there is great variation within these general categories . It is not unusual to recognize a person at a distance strictly by his or her gait . Each of us has a characteristic walking pattern that is altered by both mood and environment . In addition , injury frequently alters normal axes of movement , restricting some and exaggerating others . Thus , any description of gait is a generalization that points out gross similarities of segmental motion . THE GAIT CYCLE The normal gait presents smoothness of function without any sign of impairment or afflection of parts of the body . The normal walking cycle is considered to have two phases : ( 1 ) a stance phase , when the foot is in contact with theground ; and ( 2 ) a swing phase , when the foot is moving forward in the air ( Fig . 4.19 ) . During normal walking , one leg is in the stance phase while the other isin the swing phase . Muscles must contract to counterbalance the forces of gravity , to offer acceleration or deceleration to momentum forces , and to overcomethe resistance of the walking surface . The Stance Phase . About 60 % of the walking cycle is used in the stance phase . Because the stance phase is the weight - bearing phase requiring the greatest stress , most problems will become apparent in its analysis . The stance phase is subdivided into : ( 1 ) heelstrike , ( 2 ) footflat , and ( 3 ) toe pushoff . Midstance is that weight - bearing period between footflat to toeoff . The duration of gait is usually measured from heelstrike to heelstrike , but any two identical points can be taken . The Swing Phase . This is subdivided into : ( 1 ) initial acceleration , ( 2 ) mid swing , and ( 3 ) final deceleration - - depending upon the intent . The swing phase , about 40 % of the gait cycle , begins with toeoff and ends with heelstrike . Midswing represents the transition period between acceleration and deceleration . BODY OSCILLATION A wheel is efficient in forward translation because its center of mass is kept parallel to the ground . In the human , however , there is considerable up and down , side - to - side , and rotational oscillation as well as linear translation ( Figure 4.20 ) . Thus , force is required for vertical , lateral , and rotational displacement that must be added to the force necessary for forward movement . Any disorder that increases oscillation is energy consuming and linear speed reducing . High Points . As previously explained , the center of mass of the body is that point where the mass movements on one side of any plane are equal to the mass movements on the other side . During gait , the high point of vertical oscillation ( about 2 inches ) and lateral displacement are reached when unilateral weight is greatest and the lower extremity is in full extension . This occurs near mid - stance of the single - supporting limb and midswing of the non - weight - bearing limb . Also , the highest point in elevation of the Low Points . The low point is reached when the distance between the two feet is greatest - - ie , during the middle of double - support bilateral weight bearing . The greater the stride length , the greater the vertical excursion . This low point where both feet are in contact with the ground , one foot at toeoff and the other at heelstrike , normally accounts for 15 % of the gait cycle . This is the period of double support , and its duration shortens as walking speed increases . In running , the period of double support is Stress Points . The depth of the low point depends on the degree of pelvic rotation and lateral shifting during the period of double support , while the height of the high point depends on the degree of pelvic tilt and knee flexion during footflat . The high point places stress on both the weight - bearing hip and knee ; the low point places stress only on the hip as the knee is relatively locked in extension . Flattening the arc of the body ' s center of mass during translation is maintained by three basic elements : ( 1 ) pelvic tilt , which depresses the high point ; ( 2 ) pelvic rotation , which elevates the ends of the arc ; and ( 3 ) knee flexion , which also reduces the high point . Pelvic Tilt . During normal gait , the pelvis lists coronally downward a few degrees ( 4 ° – 6 ° ) away from the leg in stance and toward the leg in swing from the force of gravity ( positive Trendelenburg ) . This alternating angular displacement at the hip joint is maximum at midswing on the side of the swinging leg . Pelvic tilt is essentially controlled by contraction of the hip adductors of the stance side . By dipping the center of gravity , it has an effect of minimizing ( flattening ) the summit of the vertical oscillation arc Pelvic Rotation . Relative to the line of progression , the pelvis alternately rotates toward the right and left about a vertical axis during typical gait . This somewhat stabilizes the center of mass by reducing abrupt changes in oscillation arcs which tends to reduce the severity of impact at surface contact . During hip extension and flexion , angular displacement is reduced and the force necessary to change direction of the body ' s center of mass in the following arc of translation is reduced . Pelvic rotation occurs anteriorly on the side of the advancing limb during the swing phase and Pelvic rotation in the transverse plane on a fairly level surface has long been known to be an instinctive energy - saving mechanism because it increases stride length with minimal effort during gait . This mechanism of pelvic rotation has been considered by some to be lost during the metabolically expensive exercise of walking or running uphill or downhill . Wall and associates , however , have shown that this belief is not true . ( 142 ) Data recorded from subjects walking on a treadmill that had been sloped plus or minus 20 % showed that pelvic rotation on Lateral Sway . Besides pelvic tilt and rotation , a degree of alternating horizontal displacement occurs to replace the gravity line nearer the hip of stance ( Figure 4.21 ) during the period of single support . Its rhythm is one - half the frequency of vertical displacement . It reaches its greatest degree following midstance on the weight - bearing leg and constitutes about a 2 - inch lateral movement of the center of mass with each complete stride . This is seen as an adduction movement of the stance side , as is pelvic tilt . Once its peak of lateral displacement is reached , the pelvis begins to reverse direction . This horizontal sway increases the base of support about 4 - 8 inches as the Hip and Knee Flexion and Extension . The high point of vertical oscillation is also minimized by slight flexion of the hip and knee during midstance . This flexion moves the gravity line anterior to the hip and posterior to the knee . The greater the degree of this flexion , the greater effort is necessary by the hip and knee extensors to maintain equilibrium . During a walking cycle , extension and flexion occur alternately . Knee extension ( nonlocking ) occurs at heel - strike . Following heelstrike , slight flexion occurs and continues through midstance . Midstance is followed by extension , and then Ankle and Foot Flexion and Extension . At the ankle , dorsiflexion , plantarflexion , and rotation occur alternately during a gait cycle . The ankles display maximum dorsiflexion at the end of stance and maximum plantar - flexion at the end of pushoff . The ankles rotate forward in an arc around the radius formed by the heel at heelstrike and about a center point in the forefoot at pushoff . That is , the foot is plantar flexed against tibialis anterior resistance after heelstrike around a point where heelstrike occurs . Rotation about this point tends to shorten the leg relatively and causes the ankle Thigh and Leg Rotation . There is a slight medial ( clockwise ) rotation of the femur at the hip and knee during swing and from heelstrike to near midstance . This is followed by a change to lateral ( counterclockwise ) rotation which continues through stance to pushoff . That is , the thigh and leg reach their maximum clockwise rotation at heelstrike of the opposite limb and their maximum counterclockwise rotation during stance . There is a close relation between stride length and the degree of thigh / leg rotation . As opposed to arm swing , these transverse rotations of the thigh Arm Swing and Spinal Rotation . Although swinging the arms has no effect upon shifting the center of mass during body oscillation , it provides a means of neutralizing total angular momentum ( Figure 4.22 ) . That is , the leg advance and pelvic rotation that produce an angular momentum to the lower body are balanced by a reverse angular momentum of the upper body aided by arm swing resulting from shoulder rotation . During normal gait , these rotations are about 180 ° out of phase with rotation of the pelvis . That is , maximal forward arm swing occurs contralateral to swing , and backward arm swing occurs contralateral to stance . This helps to control weight over the stance hip , maintain forward momentum , and smooth forward progression of the Vertebral Motion . Because of out - of - phase shoulder and pelvic rotations during gait , there must be points of minimum and maximum transverse rotation . Keep in mind that the pelvis rotates anteriorly and the shoulder rotates posteriorly on the side of the swinging leg , and vice versa . Studies have shown that the upper thoracic vertebrae rotate to a degree about equal to that of the shoulder girdle and the lower lumbar vertebrae rotate to a degree about equal with the pelvis . The point of rotational transition , and the site of greatest rotation between vertebrae , Ankle Rotation . When the foot is free during the swing phase , the toes point inward on plantar flexion and outward on dorsiflexion . When the foot is fixed on the surface during stance , relative plantar flexion produces external rotation of the leg and dorsiflexion causes internal rotation . The primary mechanism here is the subtalar joint , a single - axis hinge joint whose axis is inclined about 45 ° , which allows transverse rotation of the tibia . Without this , the foot would have to slip upon the walking surface . It is interesting to note that the Foot Rotation . The foot tends to rotate medially after heel strike and prior to flatfoot . Pronation occurs as the foot is increasingly loaded . When body weight is transferred from the heel to the forefoot during stance and the person rises on his metatarsal heads prior to pushoff , the heel inverts , the foot supinates , and the leg rotates externally . This raises the longitudinal arch medially and depresses it laterally , tending to shift body weight laterally during maximum weight bearing . At pushoff , the foot deviates laterally to distribute weight between all the metatarsal heads . Added Loads . Vertical displacement and length of stride are decreased when the walking individual is carrying a load . Body weight shifts laterally to relieve the load over the oscillating leg ( Fig . 4.23 ) . The knees and hips are flexed to decrease vertical oscillation and to reduce the jar at footstrike . It is also for these factors that obese people tend to walk with a waddle . A mother often carries a young child between her hip and ribs ( or on the lower back or top of the head in some cultures ) as this is the EFFECT OF MANIPULATION ON GAIT A surface electromyographic study conducted by Hibbard found that significant amplitude changes occurred in the electrical activity of gait muscles following manipulation of the lower extremity articulations to reduce malposition , while the electrical activity of control subjects decreased only slightly . ( 145 ) Hibbard also cites the work of Rebechini - Zasadny and associates that had earlier found a significant difference in the electrical activity of peripheral muscle following manipulation of just the cervical spine . Examination of Gait Every person has a gait , or manner of progressive locomotion , which is peculiar to that individual . However , there are also various modes of walking peculiar to certain diseases which are important diagnostic clues . The range of movements in the lower extremities assists in recognizing specific diseases and helps the doctor of chiropractic determine postural changes resulting from an unnatural gait . For instance , a shortened leg gives a characteristic limp . A stiff knee causes the affected limb to swing outward while walking . Intermittent claudication or limping is observed in chronic peripheral vascular As the walking gait is the most fundamental form of dynamic posture , it should form the basis of holistic biomechanical analysis . In health , most locomotive adjustments are conducted at an unconscious level . This is not true with the patient suffering a neuromusculoskeletal disability affecting gait . Every motion may require a frustrating conscious effort such as that taken by a healthy person stepping into a canoe where the support is unfamiliar . Although children emulate adult gait in many respects , there are differences that must be considered in analyzing a pathologic or functionally impaired gait during childhood . Foley and associates , utilizing a TV - computer system of data gathering and analysis , found that joint - angle ranges were the same in children as those of adults . 5 ( 155 ) 4 However , accelerations , velocities , and linear displacements were consistently larger for children aged from 6 to 13 years ( mean value 10.2 ) than were adult values . SITTING AND ASCENT During examination , have the subject sit in a chair , arise , and then walk across the room if you have not had an opportunity to witness this previously . The chair should be one that gives firm sitting support and provides for 90 ° flexion of the knees and hips . While the patient is sitting , note from the front the patient ' s sitting balance , levelness of ears , shoulders , and pelvis . From the side , note head , shoulder , and pelvic carriage . Observe how the patient rises from the chair to the standing position . Note the needed base of support : how far the knees are apart and how far the forward foot is from the back foot . If the chair has arms , note the degree the hands are used from sitting to standing to assist weak knees , weak NORMAL STANCE AND SWING PHASES Noting a gait deformity and in what phase it occurs is most helpful to diagnosis . Many subtle but significant points are frequently missed in the fully clothed patient , thus the patient should be minimally clothed and examined in a private environment . Immediately after analysis , make a graphic or mental record of your impressions of the subject ' s gait . Osler , the great diagnostician , warned that more can be learned by observing the body in dynamic action than can be learned upon the autopsy table when it is too late to help . During normal ambulation , the normal range of motion at the ankle is from 20 ° plantar flexion to 15 ° dorsiflexion . The knee moves 65 ° from flexion to extension . At the hip , about 6 ° of adduction occurs and a 45 ° range is necessary from flexion to extension . After the walking sequence has been initiated , the movements are normally continued in a rhythmic manner solely by reflex actions . The stretch reflex of the antagonistic extensor muscles is reflexly inhibited as the flexors of the hip , knee , and ankle are stretched . Walking actions are maintained by the reflexive interplay of muscles acting around the joints in motion ( Fig . 4.24 ) . During the stance phase , the heelstrike to footflat , footflat to midstance , midstance to heeloff , heeloff to toeoff , toeoff to midswing , and midswing to heelstrike actions should be analyzed . During the swing phase , which is only about a third of the cycle , the acceleration to midswing and midswing to deceleration actions should be analyzed . HEELSTRIKE Inspection . At heelstrike , the ankle is between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion , the knee is fully extended , the hip flexes to about 25 ° , and the head and trunk are vertical . The right arm is posterior to the midline of the body with the elbow extended , and the left arm is anterior to the midline with the elbow partially flexed . The pelvis is slightly rotated anteriorly , the knee is extended , and the leg is vertically aligned with the pelvis . The foot is near a right angle to the leg on the side Mechanisms . The reactive force of the ground tends to plantar flex the foot so that a large surface contacts the ground , to flex the knee , and to drive the hip into greater flexion . This reactive force is checked by extensor action of the joints involved ; ie , contraction of the ankle dorsiflexors , eccentric quadricep contraction at the knee , and contraction of the gluteus maximus and hamstrings at the hip . These mechanisms prevent flexion collapse under body weight and absorb the impact jar at heelstrike . There is also some contraction of the posterior hamstrings Joint Reaction . At heelstrike , it has been calculated that the magnitude of the joint reaction at the foot is 5.8 times body weight for a heavy , energetically walking male . It is 2.3 times body weight for an average female walking slowly . For both male and female , the maximum joint reaction at the knee during walking is about four times body weight . The posterior cruciate ligaments carry more than twice the shearing forces carried by the anterior cruciates . FOOTFLAT Inspection . In weight bearing , the pelvis rotates on its vertical axis , the femur rotates on the pelvis , and the tibia rotates laterally on the femur . Mechanisms . During footflat , maximum stabilization of the foot occurs during stance when body weight is directly above the foot . Forward momentum eliminates the need for active hip and ankle flexion or extensor stabilization , but there is some knee flexion by quadricep contraction . When body weight is placed on the stance side , the plantar flexors of the foot contract to counterbalance the reactive force of the walking surface which forces the foot into dorsiflexion up to 15 ° at heeloff , and the adductors of the hip contract to counterbalance the pelvic adduction resulting from pelvic tilt MIDSTANCE At midstance , the head and trunk are vertical with the arms near the midline of the body and at an equal distance from the body . The elbows are partially flexed . On the weight - bearing side , the pelvis is rotated slightly anterior , the knee is in slight flexion , the leg is in slight lateral rotation at the hip , and the ankle is in slight dorsiflexion . There is a downward pelvic tilt on the contralateral side ( Fig . 4.26 ) . Mechanisms . Following full vertical weight bearing , the line of gravity moves forward on the stabilized plantar surface to produce a reactive force which contributes to ankle , knee , and hip extension . Hip extension reaches about 15 ° at the time of heeloff . This takes place without any active extensor muscle action , but some stabilization effect occurs by the iliopsoas . During this process , the gravity line falls anterior to the knee so that quadriceps action is no longer necessary . The ground reaction moves from the midfoot to the forefoot as toeoff approaches which increases Energy Absorption . During gait , peak activity of the joints of the lower extremity is reached during the period of double support . At this period , the knee muscles are absorbing energy while the other joints are producing energy . As the hamstring group and gastrocnemius are two - joint muscles , much of this energy can be transferred to produce energy at other joints . Compensation . When the power output of one segment exceeds the power required , the surplus energy must be absorbed by other segments . Likewise , when the power requirement of one segment exceeds muscle output , the energy necessary must come from other segments . Effect of Shoe Lift . Although unsymmetrical lower extremity length has long been known to have adverse effects in the spine , only recently has its effects on contributing to depleting the body ' s energy stores been measured . Delacerda and Wikoff have shown that the equalization of leg length by a shoe lift equalized the time durations for the four phases of gait and decreased the kinetic energy of the lower extremity segments for both legs in spite of the difference in segmental masses of the legs bilaterally . ( 158 ) PUSHOFF On the side of pushoff , the arm is anterior to the midline of the body and the elbow is partially flexed . On the contralateral side , the arm is posterior , the elbow is slightly extended . Both arms are equally distant from the body . On the side of pushoff , the femur is slightly rotated laterally at the hip , the knee is slightly flexed , the ankle is plantar flexed , and the toes are hyperextended at the metatarsophalangeal joint . The plantar surface of the heel and midfoot should become visible from the posterior The later part of stance occurs between heeloff and toeoff and provides the major portion of forward and vertical propulsion force . The hip adductors and iliopsoas begin to contract in anticipation of the swing phase , but most action occurs at the ankle and knee . The ankle changes from about 15 ° dorsiflexion at heeloff to about 35 ° plantar flexion at toeoff , and the extended knee flexes to about 40 ° as the quadriceps contract . At toeoff , the segments begin to reverse the lateral rotation attained during footflat , and this medial rotation of ACCELERATION Inspection . The period of acceleration of the advancing leg occurs during the first part of the swing phase when the limb is between toeoff and midswing . The swing phase involves almost simultaneous hip flexion , knee flexion , ankle dorsiflexion , and usually a concomitant forward swing of the hip that rotates the pelvis contralaterally to some degree . The primary forces are generated by the hip flexors and ankle dorsiflexors . Hip flexion is governed by the tensor fasciae latae , the pectineus , and the sartorius . The most powerful hip flexor , the iliopsoas , and the adductor magnus are not active during swing , according to electromyographic evaluations . Knee flexion is aided by sartorius contraction , gravity , and passive pull of the posterior hamstrings . The flexion of the knee after toeoff is passive while the thigh accelerates forward from action by the hip flexors . As the hip and knee continue to MIDSWING AND DECELERATION The head and trunk are vertical , and both arms are near the midline of the body and held an equal distance from the body . On the weight - bearing side , the pelvis is rotated slightly anteriorly and tilted downward , the hip and knee are flexed , the femur is rotated slightly medial at the hip , the leg is vertically aligned with the pelvis , and the foot is at a right angle to the leg and slightly everted ( Fig . 4.28 ) . At heelstrike , the ankle is held in its neutral position by its dorsiflexors , especially the anterior crural muscles , the knee rapidly moves from flexion to full extension by hamstring contraction , and this hamstring contraction also slows hip flexion . During the swing phase , there is a ballistic movement of hip flexion where the thigh is first accelerated by the hip flexors at the beginning of swing and then decelerated by the hip extensors . LATERAL OBSERVATION From the lateral note rhythm , symmetry , speed , and stride lengths of cadence . Vertical excursion is best viewed from the side . Check if the duration of the stance phase is the same bilaterally . As the patient walks , note all deviations from normal gait . Normally , the head and trunk are vertical , stride length is even , and the arms swing freely and alternate with the leg swing . Note the foot at heelstrike and pushoff . The foot is about at a right angle to the leg and the knee is extended but not locked at heelstrike . At pushoff , the foot is firmly flexed and the toes are hyperextended . The foot easily clears the floor during the swing phase of the gait . Displacement . The trunk should be vertical at stance . Observe the degree of lurch during flexion , extension , and during the swing phase . Note degree of hip , knee , and ankle flexion . If the head is carried far forward , seek further evidence of atlanto - occipital fixation , subluxation , costoclavicular or neurovascular syndrome , upper dorsal lesion , or shoulder disorder . These malfunctions would also be suspect if the head were titled to one side , but lateral carriage is found more commonly in torticollis , in visual defects , and in primary or Pathologic Postures . If pain is present , determine where and when it is greatest . Check for trunk fixation in flexion or extension . Fixed lordotic and kyphotic spines will be evident during both stance and swing , but posterior pelvic tilts are difficult to observe . Shoulders drooping forward may be an indication of cardiac dysfunction , lung or pleural pathology , depression , or a dorsal lesion . Diabetics and those suffering from cardiorenal disorders often have pot bellies . Due to the lack of tone in the abdominal musculature , the viscera sag downward which results in organ malposition ANTERIOR - POSTERIOR OBSERVATION From the front and rear , note rhythm , symmetry , and speed of cadence . Lateral motions are best viewed from the front or rear . As the body advances , note smoothness of the body ' s vertical oscillation . Pathology may express itself in increased vertical oscillation and disrupt the normally smooth pattern . Normally , the pelvis is centrally positioned over the line of progression at toeoff and begins its movement toward the side of the weight - bearing limb . Pelvic Displacement . Note the degree of pelvic tilt and drop on each side . This is more easily noted by watching the top horizontal line of the underwear . A lateral shift of the pelvis and hip of about one inch to the weight - bearing side is normal to center the weight over the hip . Maximum pelvic tilt is usually reached just after midstance . Its degree is normally determined by stride width , which corresponds to the lateral shear forces acting on the pelvis , and walking speed , which determines how long these shear forces are acting on Base Width . Check the walking base width for broadness , stability , and consistency ( Fig . 4.21 , right ) . From heel to heel , base width is normally not more than from 2 to 4 inches . If wider , dizziness , unsteadiness from a cerebellar problem , or numbness of a foot ' s plantar surface may be a cause for the wider base . An abnormally decreased base usually produces a crossover " scissor " action after midswing . Limp . Any articular malfunction from the spine to the foot may result in a limp . Muscular weakness or spasm , fascial contraction , fracture , a torn ligament or tendon , bone disease , or a neurologic affectation may be cause for a limp . Generally , an uncomplicated limp can be traced to a knee , ankle , or foot dysfunction or deformity , a hip disorder , or a sacroiliac or lumbar lesion . A female gait exhibiting rigid buttocks is a sign of a uterus retroflexed or prolapsed , or of a lumbosacral lesion . DIAGNOSTIC STANCE AND SWING CLUES Heelstrike . Inability of a foot to heelstrike is an indication of a heel spur and associated bursitis or a blister . Failure of the knee to fully extend during heelstrike is a sign of weak quadriceps or a flexion fusion of the knee . A harsh heelstrike , usually associated with knee hyperextension , is a frequent sign of weak hamstrings . Footflat . When the foot slaps down sharply after heelstrike , weak dorsiflexors should be suspect . Midstance . Fused ankles will prevent a midstance flat foot . Weak quadriceps display themselves in excessive flexion and poor knee stability during mid - stance . A midstance forward lurch of the hip is a typical indication of a weak gluteus medius , while a midstance backward lurch is a sign of a weak gluteus maximus . Pushoff and Swing . If the patient must rotate the pelvis severely anterior to provide a thrust for the leg , the cause is most likely weak quadriceps . If the hip is flexed excessively to bend the knee and thus prevent the toe from scraping the floor as in a steppage gait , weak ankle dorsiflexors are the usual cause . Failure to hyperextend the foot during pushoff is a sign of arthrosis . Pushing off with the lateral side of the front of the foot is usually seen in disorders involving the great toe . A flat - footed calcaneal gait during ANTALGIC GAITS Guarded Limps . A limp may be a sign of disease , malfunction , or both . It may also be in compensation to another condition such as a sprained ankle , injured knee , old fracture malunion or hip surgery . However , the majority of limps seen are those desribed as " guarded " limps . Guarded limps frequently point to specific musculoskeletal disorders . These limps are the result of the patient walking in a manner that protects or relieves stress upon an area that would otherwise be uncomfortable or painful . The term " antalgic position " is that Midspinal and Bilateral Spinal Pain . When pain is in the midline of the spine , the gait pattern is guarded , symmetrical , slow , with a short stride and restricted trunk rotation and pelvic tilt . If paraspinal muscle spasm is present , the patient will tend to lean backward throughout the gait in compensation . However , if the irritation is located at the posterior aspect of the spinal column ( eg , articular facets ) , the patient will tend to lean forward throughout gait in an attempt to gain relief by reducing weight on the sensitive area . Walking on the Unilateral Spinal Pain . Walking in a stooped position with one hand supporting the back is a frequent sign seen in a lumbar lesion . During both stance and swing in mild or moderate irritations , the trunk usually leans toward the affected side in compensation to muscle splinting . However , in pronounced intervertebral disc or sacroiliac lesions , the lean is usually away from the site of irritation to reduce pressure . Hip Pain . While the hip joint of one extremity is in the stance phase and acts as the fulcum for rotation , the other hip in the swing phase rotates about 40 ° forward . This normal hip rotation is not seen in patients suffering a stiff or painful hip . When a hip is painful , the gait is asymmetrical , the base is widened during swing , the stance phase is reduced on the affected side and made longer on the unaffected side , the trunk is thrown forward during stance to shift the center of mass , and the Knee Pain . If a knee joint is effused , with or without pain , 25 ° flexion offers the largest capsule volume , and thus the least tension . This flexion is compensated by ankle plantar flexion and an absent heelstrike , so that the patient will walk on the toes of the affected side . This guarded gait minimizes quadriceps function and thus reduces knee compression . Ankle Pain . In any painful disorder of the ankle , ankle motion will be guarded and the most comfortable position will be assumed . There is little , if any , plantar flexion during footflat or heelstrike , or dorsiflexion during heel - off . This will be compensated for by an exaggerated knee flexion after heeloff and a restricted heel rise before toeoff . The patient will reduce his base and shift his trunk so that more weight falls directly over the joint during weight bearing . Common Stance - Phase Problems . Most stance phase problems are the result of pain and characterized by an antalgic gait wherein the patient spends as little time on the affected extremity as possible . Gait patterns vary according to the type and location of the disorder present . A shoe problem should not be overlooked , as it is one of the more common causes . Pain in a foot during midstance may be caused by corns , calluses from a fallen transverse arch , rigid pes planus , a plantar wart , bunion , subtalar arthritis , or poor - fitting shoes . Heel NEUROLOGIC GAITS Neurologic gaits are usually the result of unilateral flexor or extensor spasticity . The clinical picture is the result of exaggerated stretch reflexes , reflex impairment of the antagonists , and poor flexor - extensor coordination . Most all spastic gaits present a slow cadence and a repetitive pattern during each cycle . Unilateral Flexor Spasticity . This gait is characterized by a distinct forward lurch of the trunk , a narrow base of support , a decreased stride length , and an absent heel - strike . Usually , adductor tone is normal . Unilateral Extensor Spasticity . A spastic gait is common in upper motor neuron diseases that have a spastic paralysis of the extensor muscles . It is a feature of spinal paralysis , lateral sclerosis , and some other forms of myelitis and anterior tract or brain damage . The upper body is flexed while the lower extremity is extended . The locomotion pattern is characterized by a short stride length , a narrow base of support , and pelvic elevation during swing so that the foot will clear the floor . The legs are firmly extended , the foot is dragged along in a Mowing Gait . In spastic hemiplegia , there is a unilateral spastic gait in which the pelvis is tilted and the leg is swung around in front of the other with the toes often scraping the ground . It is sometimes referred to as the mowing gait . The most common cause is hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular disease , but any condition that would result in an upper motor neuron lesion can produce the gait . Proprioception Impairment . In this gait , named an " ataxic gait " because it occurs in locomotor ataxia , the patient walks in a stooped posture with the eyes looking at the feet . The foot is raised unusually high , thrown forward with force , and brought to the ground flat - footedly with a stamp to increase sensory awareness . While in the air and before being lowered , the foot wavers as if there is a degree of uncertainty in bringing it down . The patient walks with his feet wide apart and is constantly looking at them . Basal Ganglia Dysfunction . This gait is characteristic of paralysis agitans or Parkinson ' s disease . It is sometimes called a " propulsive gait " or festination ( increasing speed ) . The hurried " sissy " tottle of parkinsonism is due to the forward tilt of the trunk in the attitude of a stoop and the attempt of the patient to maintain balance . As the center of mass is anterior to the base of support , the patient appears to be chasing his center of gravity . Almost all joint motion is restricted , as is arm swing , pelvic tilt Cerebellar Dysfunction . This gait , a sign of cerebellar ataxia , resembles the actions of an intoxicated person . The patient walks with the feet wide apart , takes short steps , and sways to and fro to such an extent that progression in a straight line is almost impossible . The gait resembles that of a person trying to walk on a rolling ship , constantly trying to maintain equilibrium with little success . The gait is found in tumor of the cerebellum and disease of the semicircular canals . Cerebellar lesions are invariably associated with vertigo . It may be PARALYTIC GAITS Paralytic or paretic gaits with varying patterns are the result of spinal root lesions , brain lesions , nerve compression syndromes , peripheral mononeuritis , abnormal reflexes , and trauma . Table 4.2 . shows the common gait deviations associated with specific muscle weakness . If the quadriceps are extremely weak , locomotion is usually impossible as the knee is too unstable during stance . If knee flexion and plantar flexion are weak during swing , compensation is made by hip elevation . The two typical patterns are referred to as the " steppage gait " and the " waddling gait " . Steppage Gait . This gait - - also called the prancing , highstepping , or foot - drop gait - - is commonly found in infantile paralysis , multiple neuritis , peroneal nerve injury , and arsenic poisoning paralysis . The gait resembles that of a person walking in tall grass , hence its name . The flexor muscles of the foot are subject of a flaccid paralysis so that the toes hang downward when the foot is raised from the floor . To prevent the toes from dragging on the floor or catching upon objects , the foot is raised high and Waddling Gait . This occurs when there is extreme muscular weakness in the thigh and hip muscles as commonly found in pseudohypertrophic muscular paralysis and muscular atrophy or dystrophy . In this gait , the shoulders are thrown back , the lower section of the spine is lordotic , the pelvis is tilted greatly , and while in this state , the leg is brought around and placed on the floor . When walking , the subject swings from side to side in a very noticeable manner , thus often referred to as the goose gait . This gait is also seen in Table 4.2 . Common Gait Deviations Associated with Specific Muscle Weakness Major Muscle Weakness Gait Sign ( Deviation from Normal ) Spinal extensors , hip flexors Posterior pelvic rotation at heelstrike . Hip flexors Toes drag on floor during midswing . Trunk shifts to swing side , pelvis lifts on weight - bearing side , and leg is circumducted during swing phase . Hip extensors . Posterior shifting of head and trunk at midstance with pelvis rotated posteriorly . Arms are at an uneven distance from the midline and both elbows are flexed at pushoff . Femur in exaggerated lateral rotation at hip during pushoff . Forefoot not in contact with floor when heel is lifted in pushoff . Abdominals and hip extensors . Exaggerated anterior pelvic rotation at midstance and pushoff . Hip adductors . Femur abducted at hip at heelstrike . Head and trunk tip to weight - bearing side and pelvis tips downward on the contralateral side at midstance . Exaggerated outward rotation of femur during midstance . Medial rotators of hip , knee extensors , foot evertors . Short step , trunk displaced to right , femur rotated laterally at hip at heelstrike and midstance . The femur is laterally rotated at the hip at midswing . Knee extensors . Anterior shift of head and trunk at heelstrike , and at midstance with exaggerated anterior rotation of pelvis . Arms are at an uneven distance from the midline and both elbows are flexed at pushoff . Femur in exaggerated lateral rotation at hip during pushoff . The forefoot does not keep contact with the floor when heel is lifted during pushoff . Knee flexors . Toes drag on floor during midswing . Trunk shifts to swing side , pelvis lifts on weight - bearing side , and leg is circumducted during swing phase . Knee extensors and flexors , and ankle dorsiflexors . Knee locked or hyperextended at heelstrike and / or at midstance . Ankle dorsiflexors . No heelstrike , slapping forefoot , and plantar surface of forefoot is not visible at heelstrike . At midswing , hip and knee flexion are exaggerated and forefoot drops ( ie , steppage gait ) . Toes may drag on floor during midswing . Trunk shifts to swing side , pelvis lifts on weight - bearing side , and leg is circumducted during swing phase . Ankle plantar flexors . Knee is in exaggerated flexion and ankle is in calcaneal position at midstance . Knee partially flexed at pushoff . Arms are not at an equal distance from midline and both elbows are flexed at pushoff . Plantar flexion limited with ankle in possible dorsiflexion , and metatarsophalangeal joints are straight at pushoff . Femur is in exaggerated lateral rotation at hip during pushoff . Forefoot not in contact with floor when heel is lifted during pushoff . Foot invertors . Foot is in valgus position at midstance . Foot evertors . Foot is in varus position at midstance . Forefoot drops during midswing . Hip Disorders . Extension weakness , flexion weakness , or abductor weakness of the hip offer characteristic gait patterns : Extension weakness . During extension paralysis , the gait is grossly altered in weight bearing after heelstrike when the extensors normally contract . Due to the weakness , the trunk is thrown backward to maintain balance by keeping the center of gravity behind the axis of the hip . Flexion weakness . Weak hip flexors affect acceleration during swing , the pelvis is usually elevated , the trunk is thrown backward toward the unaffected side in compensation , but stance is rarely affected . The stride is usually short on the involved side . Abductor weakness . In upper motor neuron weakness of the hip abductors , the trunk is thrown toward the affected side during weight bearing . If uncompensated , the pelvis distinctly lunges laterally toward the affected side and dips on the side of swing . At midswing , hip and knee flexion is exaggerated on the unaffected side . In less severe cases , there is little sideward lunging because of trunk compensation . Use of a cane on the contralateral side of involvement also eliminates this lateral lurch . Knee Disorders . As with the hip , extension weakness or flexion weakness offer characteristic gait patterns : Extensor weakness . This pattern is often difficult to see . In stance , the knee is normally fully extended . The features of the weakness are most prominent after heelstrike when the quadriceps normally contract and the knee flexes . Seek signs of excessive heel lift during gait and excessive knee flexion during the swing phase . Knee extension is maintained at heelstrike and throughout stance by hip extension ( eg , gluteus maximus via the iliotibial tract ) and plantar flexion . This is assisted by throwing the trunk forward at heelstrike to move the center of gravity anterior to the Flexor weakness . Weak hamstrings allow full knee extension and inhibit deceleration as heelstrike approaches . This produces a quite hard heelstrike , often called an " overshot " . Near the end of the stance phase , the knee fails to flex until pushoff . In prolonged conditions , the result is often the development of distinct knee hyperextension ( genu recurvatum ) that is most difficult to correct without the use of a check brace until the ligaments tighten . Ankle Disorders . Ankle plantar flexion weakness and dorsiflexion weakness exhibit charactersitic patterns : Plantar flexion weakness . If these muscles are weak , propulsion is inhibited because heeloff is impaired . The foot leaves the floor as a unit , the knee is fully extended , and the hip flexes at pushoff to begin the swing phase . As pushoff is controlled essentially by foot plantar flexion , triceps surae paralysis or Achilles tendon trauma will force some compensation by the gluteus maximus and posterior hamstrings . Dorsiflexion weakness . When the ankle dorsiflexors are mildly weak , it is possible to lift the foot from the floor , but during the swing phase , relaxation occurs , which causes the foot to be slapped down during flatfoot . In severe weakness , toestrike replaces heelstrike . This requires a compensatory increase in hip and knee flexion during the swing phase so that the foot clears the floor ( steppage gait ) . RESTRICTED MOTION GAITS Movement restricted within either the passive or active range of motion of the hip , knee , or ankle exhibits changes in locomotive patterns . The picture is usually attributable to soft tissue contractures and / or bony deformities ( Figure 4.30 ) . In pure anklyosis , from either bone fusion or excessive fibrosis , there is no joint motion whatever . The terminology in describing these conditions is often confusing because abduction contracture refers to adduction limitation , flexion deformity refers to extension limitation , etc . Restricted Hip Flexion . At heelstrike , the lumbar area is flexed to compensate for the pelvis being rotated and elevated , and a distinct backward trunk lunge is seen if the spine is not flexible . Stride length is shortened on the involved side . Pelvic elevation , hip flexion , and knee flexion become exaggerated during swing to help the involved limb to clear the floor . Restricted Hip Extension . The stride length is shortened on the uninvolved side , and midstance of the involved limb shows exaggerated knee flexion . When the disorder is severe , toe walking is seen , early heeloff occurs , a compensatory lumbar lordosis is produced after midstance , and the trunk is often thrown forward , especially if the spine is not flexible . Restricted Hip Rotation . Once this occurs , stride length is greatly diminished . The foot pivots laterally on the involved side during weight bearing , especially between flatfoot and toeoff . Restricted Hip Abduction . On the uninvolved side , the pelvis is elevated during swing and stance . A compensatory functional sciolosis that curves toward the involved side is common . A broad base is constantly attempted . Restricted Hip Adduction . During stance , the trunk is thrown toward the affected side . In contrast to restricted abduction , the base is kept small , and a scissor motion is usually made when the involved limb is in the swing phase . A compensatory functional sciolosis that curves toward the uninvolved side is common . This is necessary to maintain the center of gravity over the limb during weight bearing . Contracture is exhibited by a functional short - leg that is compensated for by exaggerated hip and knee flexion on the uninvolved side and toe walking during stance on the Restricted Knee Flexion . When knee flexion is limited , the pelvis must be elevated and the extremity circumducted so that the foot can avoid the ground during the swing phase . To assist this , there is usually a distinct toe stance during weight bearing on the uninvolved side . Restricted Knee Extension . If the knee is unable to fully extend , the stride length shortens on the involved side , and heelstrike is usually eliminated . The heel remains raised during flatfoot , propulsion is weak at pushoff , and hip and knee flexion is exaggerated on the uninvolved side during swing . Restricted Ankle Dorsiflexion . Heelstrike is absent , toe contact is seen throughout the stance phase , and the knee is forced into hyperextension . The propulsive force at pushoff is lessened . During swing , hip and knee flexion is exaggerated on the involved side and the affected limb is swung outward to help clear the ground . Senile Gait . This gait is caused by shortening and loss of elasticity of ligaments and tendons , and a stiffening of cartilage , muscle , and fascia as a result of the degenerative aging process . Steps are short , shuffling , and assumed in a stooped position if osteoporosis is present to cause a marked dorsal kyphosis . Whenever the passive range of joint motion is limited by structural changes , the compensatory pattern usually reflects an exaggerated motion at noninvolved joints . Short - Leg Syndrome . A difference in leg lengths increases the vertical oscillatory amplitude of the body ' s center of gravity . In compensation on the involved side , the pelvis drops on heelstrike and remains tipped throughout stance , heelstrike reduces in proportion to the leg deficiency , stride length is shortened , and toe walking is seen throughout the stance phase . On the side of the long limb , increased hip and knee flexion occurs during both the swing and stance phases . FUNCTIONALLY INHIBITED GAITS In addition to those gaits discussed , locomotion may be restricted by various types of psychomotor disorders . The two major types are those due to hysteria or higher center apraxia . Hysteria . These gaits rarely have a repetitive pattern , and many movements are highly exaggerated . It is difficult to match gait signs with neurologic and musculoskeletal findings . Tremor usually appears during observed active exercise , and strength rapidly fades when passive movements are resisted by the patient . Although the motions are gross and unpredictable , falling is rare . If falling occurs , it is well protected . In some cases , the pattern is repetitive . This is the result of a " gait habit " that persists long after the cause of malfunction has been eliminated Gait Apraxia . In this condition , motor power is present but the memory of how to use the power is lacking or diminished . Steps are small , slow , and uncertain , and the patient must be urged or assisted to initiate progress . This gait is characteristic of frontal lobe lesions or bilateral lesions of the corticospinal tract in the internal capsule , cerebral peduncles , or high brainstem . It is often seen immediately following prolonged bed confinement , but in this situation , it is quickly overcome . LABORATORY MENSURATION OF GAIT The analysis of gait impairments in the office of a general practitioner is conducted almost exclusively through gross observation , inspection , muscle testing , range of motion analyses , electrodiagnosis , and , sometimes , electromyography . The research laboratory , however , offers many advantages in objectively quantifying gait patterns , functional deficits , and patient response to therapy . The data obtained by frame - by - frame motion picture of a body or cineroentgenography of a region in motion , for example , were described in Chapter 3 . Other means are being developed each year To measure relative joint rotation of the ankle , knee , and hip , instrumentation at the Mayo Gait Laboratory includes three - dimensional electrogoniometers . Instrumented mats are used to measure step length and width , footswitches are used to record foot - floor contact sequences , piezoelectric force plates are used to measure floor - reaction forces , and two walkways are used to simulate variable ground conditions . The data obtained are then analyzed with the aid of a computer to assess patient progress under prescribed exercise and gait training regimens . ( 190 ) Running and Jumping The mechanics of running are similar to those of walking in several respects . Both walking and running require that : ( 1 ) weight be projected forward and the legs are carried alternately under the body for brief periods of support , and ( 2 ) the weight - bearing limb provides the propulsive action after the center of body weight has passed over it . Walking becomes a running gait at that point in acceleration when a period of nonsupport appears . During the phase of nonsupport where there is no surface friction , the body can be considered a missile . Jumping is essentially the act of propelling the body into the air via rapid leg extension . It is usually considered in three phases : takeoff , flight , and landing . Jumping is governed by the same principles that govern missiles . Thus , the motions made during flight have little influence on direction , height , or distance . Their main purpose is to prepare the body for landing . BIODYNAMICS During running , angular knee flexion displacement increases to reduce the effective radius of the limb as the hip of the recovery thigh begins to flex ( Fig . 4.31 ) . This decreases the limb ' s moment of inertia to allow a faster recovery on the swing - through with less effort . The flexing hip transfers angular momentum to the leg and foot as the limb continues to swing forward . The knee continues to extend until the foot reaches its most anterior position . At foot - strike , the body ' s center of mass Running speed is essentially limited by : ( 1 ) the forces necessary to accelerate and then decelerate the recovery limb , and ( 2 ) the inertia of the lower limbs during recovery . Other contributing factors include poor strength or endurance , excessive arm or lower - extremity antagnostic muscle tension , excessive leg weight , short leg length , decreased flexibility , poor timing and coordination , slow reaction speed , and inhibited pace or motivation . The muscle contractions occurring near the extreme of movement initiate a mechanical impulse to the limb segments that cause the limb to decelerate and reverse direction . This , in turn , gives the limb sufficient momentum to swing through its range of motion without the assistance of muscular action . It should be noted that hamstring injury usually occurs when this muscle group is attempting to reduce the speed of the extending knee . The foot changes velocity in short periods as it accelerates and decelerates . Powerful hip and knee extension occur during the running cycle , and the gastrocnemius and soleus contract strongly before the foot strikes the ground . This prevents heelstrike by transferring body weight to the ball of the foot which subjects the arch to enormous forces when the impact force of footstrike is added to body weight . The same is true during pushoff . These forces must be absorbed by the body through the joints . ARM SWING While it was once thought that the arms simply act as pendulums during gait , it has recently been established that they play an active integrated part in locomotion . The angular momentum of the arms helps to counteract the rapid changes in the angular momentum of the trunk . When walking increases to running , the elbows remain flexed and the amplitude of arm swing is increased to compensate for the necessary angular momentum of the arm . Practical Fluid Mechanics and Buoyancy The human body commonly moves through the fluid media of air and water . Air resistance has little effect in normal activities at slow speeds . However , in such activities as distance runs at maximum speed , skiing , kite gliding , and sky diving , air resistance and force interactions are factors to be considered . While man is essentially a land animal , many human characteristics are useful in aquatic activity . Mechanical forces increase as the density of the fluid medium increases . For example , the force of fluid friction is readily exhibited in the energy consumed when one tries to walk or run within waist - deep water . BUOYANCY A person ' s specific gravity is usually slightly less than water when the lungs are inflated . The buoyancy force on a body submerged wholly or partially in water is equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced ( Archimedes principle ) . The Center of Buoyancy . The center of buoyancy is the center of gravity of the volume of fluid displaced prior to displacement . This volume of displaced fluid is the same shape as the submerged body . In biomechanical problems , buoyancy force is considered to act at the body ' s center of buoyancy just as gravitational force is considered to act at the body ' s center of gravity . However , these lines will not coinicide because the body is not of uniform density . Once emerged partially or wholly in water , the body ' s center of buoyancy is EQUILIBRIUM Static Equilibrium in Water . When the relaxed body attempts to float within water , the swimmer ' s body rotates until his center of buoyancy and center of gravity are in the same plane , whether it be horizontal , diagonal , or vertical ( Fig . 4.32 ) . Dynamic Equilibrium in Water . Dynamic equilibrium is not difficult to maintain as long as the swimmer stays in a relatively horizontal position . The higher the body position is in the water , the lesser is the resistance . The lower the body position is , the greater is the energy economy . Drag . Two other biomechanical forces that affect performance are form drag and surface drag . Form drag depends on the cross - sectional area of the body that is perpendicular to the direction of water flow and the smoothness ( waviness ) of the water surface . Surface drag is the resistance generated between the surface of the body and the water adjacent to it , and its end result depends upon the surface area of the body , the body ' s velocity , and the properties of the fluid medium . Typical Effects of Balance Defects Normal posture is that posture which best suits an individual according to his or her internal and external environmental conditions . An erect posture reflects self - confidence , a readiness to act , and shows the physique to a better advantage . Clothes are designed for such a posture . A relaxed or slouched posture usually connotes laziness , incompetence , and an inferior self - image . However , this is not always the case . That is , superior energy potential and intellectual capacity is often housed in a body that is habitually slouched . Some individuals assume habitual postures of great relaxation during periods of non - activity . This is because one will assume an energy - conserving posture during a state of fatigue . There is no clear symptomatic picture of balance defects because individuals vary so much in response to mechanical insult . Some people present immediate symptoms upon slight deviation , while others offer no symptoms until pathologic changes are in progress . Much of this is determined by how the body is used ; eg , occupational and athletic considerations . Effects of Bipedism Bipedism requires certain anatomic considerations to appreciate the fact that the spine and pelvis are of commanding clinical importance because of their intimate involvement with the nervous system . In the human biped , there is a unique relationship between the musculoskeletal mechanism and the neurologic bed . The neurologic factors that relate to bipedism represent the rationale of clinical chiropractic that is often readily portrayed during dynamic postures . Derangements in the musculoskeletal system in the human are much more common than in the quadriped . Consequently , the human biped is heir to those elements that are the consequence of disturbed body mechanics . For example , the sacroiliac articulations at the time of birth are amphiarthrodial . But as standing and locomotion are acquired , the joints are induced to assume diarthrodial movements and come to possess encompassing ligaments , articulating cartilages , and a bed of proprioceptors . EFFECTS OF BIPEDAL STRESS The human torso is much like a " skyscraper " wherein strain and stress is greater at certain points than at others ( Fig . 4.33 ) . Within the zone of these points of primary function and stress , there is a relatively heavy deposition of sensory nerve endings and motor end plates . When these areas , heavily populated with neuronal and vascular ramifications , are subject to trauma , occupational stress , the strains of postural fatigue , and abnormal viscerospinal reflexes , the process of transudation , fibrin precipitation , and adhesion formation ensues to establish Bipedism augments the concern of gravity and weight bearing , postural faults , strains and stresses of occupation , play , and trauma . Because of such stress , the articular , syndesmotic , and myologic proprioceptive complex is often disturbed which results in the development of many common spinosomatic and spinovisceral syndromes . The intervertebral disc , especially in certain areas of the spine , becomes a most vulnerable unit of disturbance , discogenic extension , and resultant disc syndromes . A deranged spinal or pelvic segment within its motor bed will always result in disturbance of the proprioceptive Functional tension ( whether it be of emotional , infectious , traumatic , or immobilization origin ) leads to irritation and pain . Pain leads to muscle tension , edema , inflammation , a fibrotic reaction , and ultimately to functional disability ( Figure 4.34 ) . When a muscle is under constant tension , the retained metabolites from stasis and internal tissue ischemia create a vicious cycle enhancing further tension and inflammation . Body Type and Balance Defects Balance defects tend to differ somewhat in the classic body types . They are especially difficult to differentiate during youth ( Fig . 4.35 ) . THE ECTOMORPH In the lean ectomorph , the anatomic design has a tendency to encourage poor body mechanics . Postural relaxation is the rule unless the person has had specialized training or makes a conscious effort . Habitual relaxation leads to a forward head carriage , flat chest , and narrow subcostal angle . The ribs and diaphragm are low , and the vital capacity is decreased . The abdomen is small above and protrudes just above the symphysis pubis , while retroperitoneal fat is slight . Visceroptosis is usually evident . The spine presents sharp bends in the midcervical and upper THE ENDOMORPH Such extremes of relaxation do not usually occur in the stocky endomorph because the anatomic construction is not so favorable to strain . However , the endomorph ' s shorter ligaments and restricted range of joint motion allow symptoms to appear with only moderate deviations from the ideal . It is common to see sagging of the large , heavy viscera in the poorly conditioned individual , compensated for by a backward inclination of the trunk . Because of the limited range of spinal motion , bending to maintain the center of gravity over the feet usually comes either at THE MESOMORPH Faulty body mechanics also occur in the intermediate body type , resembling either an overly relaxed ectomorph or endomorph , and thus are difficult to profile . BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT BODY TYPES By using a mathematical model to estimate the size and inertial properties of the segments and the body as a whole of three boys , Jensen has shown that varying biomechanical properties have important implications in the development of motor skills and efficiency of children of different body types . ( 222 ) Comparisons were made between an endomorph and ectomorph who had similar link dimensions and between the endomorph and mesomorph who had a similar body mass . For the endomorph , some of the segment masses were substantially greater than would be expected by comparing the total body masses of the endomorph and ectomorph , suggesting significant constraints on the development of upper and lower extremity linear momentum . These differences were even more pronounced when the segmental and whole body principal moments of inertia were compared , and the greatest differences were for the longitudinal axes . When comparing the Etiology of Postural Faults From a physiologic standpoint , " normal " posture is that condition in which the body functions the most efficiently . From a structural standpoint , a population ' s normal posture is more difficult to judge . That shown in most illustrations are of " ideal " posture , not normal posture . Posture is constantly shifting to rest active muscles and to adapt to various conditions such as ground surface , heat and cold , sickness and health , sadness and joy , clothing , and social customs . A few influences on human posture are : ( 1 ) gravity ; ( 2 ) environment , eg , occupation , weather ; ( 3 ) architecture of the vertebral column , upper and lower appendages , organs and tissues that attach to or are suspended from the spinal column ; ( 4 ) physiology , normal and abnormal , ( 5 ) pathology , ( 6 ) emotional states ; and ( 7 ) pain . Subluxations are often the forerunners of balance defects brought about through the effort of the spinal column to compensate for the stress and thus to reduce the more serious effects . Balance defects may also originate from habitual faulty postures in standing , sitting , and lying , as well as from activities which constantly employ the forces of the large muscles in asymmetrical action . When created , such defects serve to lessen the power of the body to withstand shock and are , in turn , the precursors to subluxations . Other causes of defects in balance are found in the frequent occurrence of unequal lower extremities , in faulty development of vertebrae and the sacrum , and from the effects of abnormal reflexes . The least common causes of balance defects can be attributed to inheritance and disease . Constitutional stress , visceral malfunction , nutritional status , fatigue and debility , neuromuscular tension , a large variety of psychologic factors , height , weight , and body type all combine to express themselves in one ' s posture , body balance , and motor ability . Basic Physiologic Reactions to Postural Faults No two individuals react in an identical manner to actual or potential loss of body balance . All vary somewhat in the accommodation process depending upon one ' s gross structure and functional capabilities , the momentary potential for redistributing body mass , and the visual efficiency necessary to guide correct accommodations . Most balance faults witnessed in practice will be within " physiologic " limits without obvious structural deformity , yet it should be appreciated that abnormal function leads to reduced performance capabilities early and to pathology later if left uncorrected . Isolated muscle weakness should be suspected especially in situations of head or pelvic tilt , trunk imbalance , scoliosis , and uneven gait or limp . BASIC FACTORS Tolerance . Poor posture from habit , disease , or abnormal reflexes results in constant structural malalignment which allows a disproportionate amount of weight and muscle pull to fall upon some parts . This alters the normal locomotion apparatus and functions of the internal organs as well . While these changes may develop insidiously , the resulting static abnormalities produce pathologic changes in the body during standing , sitting , lying , and motion . Such abnormalities are tolerated for a short time , but sooner or later , serious , and often subtle , maladjustments result when the body ' s Endurance . An important factor in health care is that , with good postural body mechanics , balance is maintained with the least amount of muscular effort , thus encouraging longer endurance , with less strain on any one part . Locomotion can be made without wasted time or energy . Muscle pull in maintaining an erect carriage is more direct , thus avoiding strain . A natural balance is maintained between the iliopsoas group and the hip extensors , and a similiar condition exists at the knee and ankle joints . Effort . Energy requirements vary considerably with different postures . The rigid " military " posture requires about 20 % more energy than the relaxed standing posture . In this rigid posture , blood pressure rises because of the muscular effort required . A completely relaxed standing position requires little more energy than that required for the sitting position . Regional Effects . Postural faults can lead to a number of regional disorders . For example , a round - shouldered posture alters the glenohumeral articulating mechanism by depressing the overhanging acromion in front and rotating the dependent arm internally . Both of these conditions encourage cuff entrapment and attrition . Exaggerated cervical or lumbar lordosis decreases the size of the intervertebral foramina , frequently resulting in chronic radiculitis and degenerative changes . An exaggerated thoracic kyphosis decreases rib excursion and alters the functional motion of the shoulder girdle . These and many other postural disorders will be discussed further in future chapters FUNCTIONAL STRESS AND FATIGUE In chronic balance defects , physiologic stress and fatigue can not be discussed in unrelated terms . Stress arises when the body is forced to be used in a position that is not favorable to muscle balance or when the joints are at their physiologic limit of articulation . Thus , pull comes from ligaments rather than muscles . The result is tissue insult leading to edema , pain , and physical deformity that is referred to ( l ) the structures upon which the strain is imposed , or ( 2 ) the cutaneous branches of the spinal nerve In the spine , for example , the more pronounced an abnormal curvature , the greater becomes the mechanical disadvantage to which the supporting structures are subjected . Thus , the process is a vicious cycle . Along with chronic stress and fatigue , constant pull causes small tears in ligamentous attachments . This results in a series of subperiosteal hemorrhages which later may calcify into exostoses , becoming extremely painful upon further stress . Such a situation may occur in any joint that is subjected to prolonged strain , but it is especially common in the spine and other NEURALGIA In spinal imbalance , there always appears to be some degree of intervertebral foramina insult present . Neuralgic pains in the thorax and legs are common . Less common , because it mimics viscera disease , is intercostal neuralgia . If originating in the cervical region and associated with hypertrophic changes , pain is often referred about the shoulders and down the arms , frequently being mistaken for angina pectoris . Similar neuralgic pains in the chest walls can be mistaken for pleurisy , pleural adhesions , or pulmonary lesions . Auscultation will serve in the differentiation . INTRAFASICULAR ADHESIONS A muscle in spasm or under strain from any cause ( or a stressed tendon or ligament ) will become congested . This congestion always results in some degree of transudation and the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin , which acts as a cobweb - like adhesion or interfascicular gluing that impedes fascicular glide . As a result in muscles , tendons , and ligaments under strain , painful interfascicular constrictions occur , leading to the common algias of these structures . If permitted to continue , collagenic infiltration and even calcific deposition may take place . When a tendon is likewise involved or when a ligament is subject to strain , similar changes take place with an invasion process resulting in possible fibrosis and calcific tendonitis or syndesmitis . TRIGGER POINTS Concurrently , similar events occur in the myofascial planes at a point of major tensile stress leading to the development of " trigger points " and the resulting delta or spread effect . All muscles have their fascial encasements ( epimesium , perimesium , endomesium ) ; and , as muscles lie and move one upon the other , the myofacial planes are described . The amount of fasciculi involved in the all - or - none contraction effort determines the tone or strength of muscle contraction . Furthermore , a muscle usually does more work at one point of CIRCULATORY IMPLICATIONS Circulatory disturbances are rarely absent in gross postural faults . The low diaphragm results in venous congestion in its failure to assist blood returning to the heart . Sagging viscera stretch mesenteric vessels and narrow their lumina . Thus , circulatory symptoms may manifest throughout the body . For instance , medical researchers have recorded the relief of eyestrain and mild myopia in children by postural correction alone . They explain this as a relief of venous congestion in the head . In extreme cases , impaired circulatory inefficiency may be sufficient to produce a marked fall in blood pressure and loss of consciousness . This is said to be the result of general muscle relaxation with pooling of blood in the venous reservoirs , especially in the abdomen , thus reducing the practical blood volume . More often it causes only dyspnea and weakness , sometimes accompanied by palpitation . Precordial pain resembling angina pectoris is not rare . DRAINAGE IMPAIRMENTS Faulty posture mechanics may cause the liver to rotate anteriorly and to the right . Traction is thereby exerted on the common duct and in some cases seriously interferes with biliary drainage . Ptosis of the kidneys , especially the left kidney , results in traction on the renal veins which may obstruct venous outflow to cause passive congestion and albuminuria . VISCERAL IMPLICATIONS It is unwise to consider the various parts of the body as separate entities . All parts share responsibility in the orthograde posture . Any disturbance in one part causes an immediate and definite functional change in other parts . Extreme curvature and malalignment produce physiologic changes and are considered to be pathologic , but how much deviation is possible without causing severe impairment of health ? The effect on function varies among research literature . Most all agree , however , that poor body mechanics predisposes to certain visceral disorders ; ie , the viscera are held in their optimum position for function in good body mechanics . If mechanics are good , the abdominal cavity is shaped like an inverted pear with adequate space above L4 for the abdominal viscera of an intermediate body type . Nature provides good support for the abdominal organs when the body is normally erect . In the ideal attitude , tissue ledges and shelves exist which partially support the abdominal organs . However , if the lumbar and dorsal curves increase and the abdominal wall relaxes , these vital supports are lost . The Stomach . With the stomach lying mainly to the left of the spine and supported by a diaphragmatic attachment behind the transverse sagittal plane , there is little tendency for downward displacement if there is no rib cage deformity or abdominal muscle weakness . The Liver . The liver is generally posterior to the transverse sagittal plane . It is partly supported by the surrounding organs and its attachments to the diaphragm , but most of its weight is borne by the concave space at the side of the spine and by the curves of the lower ribs . The Spleen and Pancreas . The spleen is well back and held in place by peritoneal folds , and the pancreas depends chiefly on the surrounding organs for support . The Kidneys . The kidneys normally rest in definite depressions which begin around the level of L4 and are supported by the psoas muscle , quadratus lumborum , and retroperitoneal fat . The Colon . The attachments of the hepatic and splenic flexures of the colon are external to the kidney and attached to the posterior surface of the abdominal cavity . About 87 % of the weight of the abdominal organs is borne by the psoas shelf and the muscles of the abdominal wall . Digestive Disturbances . Mild digestive symptoms may be present in the apparently healthy person . This is sometimes traced to a degree of visceroptosis which results in dysfunction of the displaced organs . Abdominal dilatation and motility disturbances are not infrequent occurrences . This is most likely the outcome of stretching of the sympathetic nerves . Pottenger points out that stretched nerves within involuntary or voluntary muscles usually produce a temporary paralysis . In addition , when the abdominal cavity becomes shortened longitudinally , the viscera become crowded as do the glands of internal secretion and the nerve ganglia as well . Thus Effects of Prolapse . As a result of visceroptosis , a compensating lumbar lordosis , and the insult at the intervertebral foramina , symptoms can be diffuse and subtle . Duodenal stasis may be attributed to increased tension on the superior mesenteric vessels . One study has shown that postural correction relieved 65 % of cases exhibiting a picture of duodenal obstruction ; and 75 % of cases presenting gastric distress , nausea , and abdominal pain associated with visceroptosis . Narrowing of the IVF may cause severe pain that has a segmental distribution and evidenced in the skin , muscle , or parietal RESPIRATORY CONSIDERATIONS Most all physical activities require good lung capacity , and respiratory balance and the maintenance of proper intra - abdominal pressure are dependent upon good body mechanics . The Diaphragm . In the ideal physical attitude , the position of the head well poised and the chest held high is important because the anterior mediastinal ligaments attached to the diaphragm originate in the deep cervical fascia and are attached to the lower cervical vertebrae . When mechanics are poor , a lowered diaphragm is the rule , and proper coordination of the muscles of respiration is lost . This abnormal position may decrease vital capacity by more than half . Venous and lymphatic return is greatly assisted by the rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm . When the diaphragm has been lowered Respiratory Efficiency . Because only a small part of available lung tissue is ample for the minimal requirement of gaseous exchange in the relaxed state , respiratory efficiency is difficult to measure during the nonactive state . The small gain in maximal diaphragmatic excursion and vital capacity resulting from postural changes can be considered inconsequential . Thus , the physiologic efficiency in the erect posture , relaxed or rigid , should not be considered " normal " because the efficiency of the metabolic and circulatory systems is reduced . POSTURAL INSTABILITY : PRECURSOR TO LOW BACK PAIN Porterfield feels that most low - back stains and sprains originate in tissues that have been chronically stressed by poor posture . He states that many patients have decreased overall fitness , asymmetrical skeletal forces , and an unstable lumbopelvic region that is highly vulnerable to injury , and thus are " accidents waiting to happen . " If normal function and postural biomechanics are not restored , frequent reinjury and chronic symptoms often occur . ( 245 ) It is Micheli ' s opinion that much of the postural instability that leads to low back pain in adolescents represents a transient overgrowth syndrome where , during the second growth spurt , the bony elements develop faster than the ligaments , tendons , and strong dorsal fascia . The result is a combination of taut weak abdominal muscles anteriorly and lumbosacral fascia and hamstrings posteriorly , which produces a posterior decompensation of the trunk over the pelvis . The typical compensation mechanism for this structural imbalance is to develop a mild round back , which helps to rebalance the * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 4 References : - - - 1 . Stish EE : Anthropokinetics . Journal of Health , Physical Education , and Recreation , 35 : 33 , November - December 1964 . - - - 2 . Scott MG : Analysis of Human Motion : A Textbook in Kinesiology , ed 2 . New York , Appleton - Century - Crofts , 1963 . - - - 3 . Dempster WT : Free - body diagrams as an approach to the mechanics of human posture and locomotion . In Evans , FG ( ed ) : Biomechanical Studies of the MusculoskeletaL System . | [
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http://chiro.org/wordpress/2010/04/spinal-surgery-rates-continue-to-rise/ | Previous Next Why Do Spinal Surgery Rates Continue To Rise ? The Chiro . Org Blog A Chiro . Org Editorial First , let ’ s review some history . In 1974 , the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce held hearings on unnecessary surgery . Their findings from the First Surgical Second Opinion Program found that 17.6 % of recommendations for surgery were not confirmed . The House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations extrapolated these figures to estimate that , on a nationwide basis , there were 2.4 million unnecessary surgeries performed every year , resulting in 11,900 deaths , at an annual cost of $ 3.9 billion . 1 With the total number of lower back surgeries having been estimated in 1995 to exceed 250,000 in the U.S. , at a hospital cost of $ 11,000 per patient . [ 2 ] This could suggest that the total number of unnecessary back surgeries each year in the U.S. could be 44,000 , costing as much as $ 484 million . [ 3 So , the first risk of spinal surgery is that it may not be necessary . A most - recent review suggests that : Back Surgery Fails 74 % of the Time The next set of risks include : a 2.1 % chance of a serious adverse drug reaction . [ 4 a 5 - 6 % chance of acquiring a nosocomial infection [ 5 a 4 - 36 % chance of having an iatrogenic injury ( medical error or adverse drug reactions ) . [ 6 a 17 % chance of a procedure error . [ 7 AND … as few as 3 % , and no more than 20 % of iatrogenic injuries are EVER reported ! Yipes ! 8 That takes all the fun out of being a statistic , does n ’ t it ? This September 2006 article from the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons says it all : “ Failed back surgery syndrome is a common problem with enormous costs to patients , insurers , and society . The etiology of failed back surgery can be poor patient selection , incorrect diagnosis , suboptimal selection of surgery , poor technique , failure to achieve surgical goals , and / or recurrent pathology . ” 9 That is straight from the horse ’ s mouth . Other testimony is equally disturbing : A recent definitive review of the biomedical literature and government health statistics revealed that American medicine frequently causes more harm than good . The number of unnecessary medical and surgical procedures performed annually is 7.5 million . The number of people exposed to unnecessary hospitalization annually is 8.9 million . [ 8 A 1987 JAMA study found the following significant levels of inappropriate surgery : 17 % of cases for coronary angiography , 32 % for carotid endarterectomy , and 17 % for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy . Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project ( HCUP ) statistics provided by the government for 2001 , the number of people getting upper gastrointestinal endoscopy , which usually entails biopsy , was 697,675 ; the number getting endarterectomy was 142,401 ; and the number having coronary angiography was 719,949.13 Therefore , according to the JAMA study 17 % , or 118,604 people had an unnecessary endoscopy procedure . Endarterectomy occurred in 142,401 patients ; potentially 32 % or 45,568 did not need this procedure . And 17 % of 719,949 , or 122,391 people receiving coronary angiography were subjected to this highly invasive procedure unnecessarily . These are all forms of medical iatrogenesis . [ The most recent controversy is reported in the New York Times Spinal - fusion surgery is one of the most lucrative areas of medicine . An estimated half - million Americans had the operation this year , generating billions of dollars for hospitals and doctors . But there have been serious questions about how much the surgery actually helps patients with back pain and whether surgeons ’ generous fees might motivate them to overuse the procedure . Those concerns are now heightened by a growing trend among some surgeons to profit in yet another way — by investing in companies that make screws and other hardware they install . ” [ 10 Now , added to concerns about medicine ’ s low level of musculoskeletal training and these dangerous statistics , now we have to wonder if the orthopedist might be motivated to install 6 of those $ 1000 screws to your spine just because they are a stockholder of a lucrative medical device manufacturing company . [ 10 The sanest and safest approach is to use conservative approaches like chiropractic care first . You can always resort to drugs or surgical approaches as a last - ditch resort , but the statistics suggest that most low back and neck pain can be successfully managed with lower costs and higher patient satisfaction by chiropractors . You may want to explore research supporting chiropractic care for a wide variety of conditions in our Research section . There is also a significant body of work demonstrating the vastly superior Cost - Effectiveness of Chiropractic , as well as contrasting Patient Satisfaction With Chiropractic with standard Medical Care for the same conditions . And Now Medicine Has Upped the Ante Thanks to ChiroACCESS for the following commentary : There is a lack of evidence - based support for the efficacy of complex fusion surgeries over conservative surgical decompression for elderly stenosis patients . There is , however , a significant financial incentive to both hospitals and surgeons to perform the complex fusions . Spinal stenosis is the most frequent cause for spinal surgery in the elderly . There has been a slight decrease in these surgeries between 2002 and 2007 . However , there has also been an overall 15 - fold increase in the more complex spinal fusions ( 360 degree spine fusions ) . [ 11 Deyo et . al . , in yesterday ’ s issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association ( April 7 , 2010 ) concludes that : “ It is unclear why more complex operations are increasing . It seems implausible that the number of patients with the most complex spinal pathology increased 15 - fold in just 6 years . The introduction and marketing of new surgical devices and the influence of key opinion leaders may stimulate more invasive surgery , even in the absence of new indications … financial incentives to hospitals and surgeons for more complex procedures may play a role … ” There is a significant difference in mean hospital costs for simple decompression versus complex surgical fusion . The cost of decompression is $ 23,724 compared to an average of $ 80,888 for complex fusion . 11 Read the rest of this fascinating review at ChiroACCESS You may also want to review : Back Surgery Fails 74 % of the Time REFERENCES : US Congressional House Subcommittee Oversight Investigation Cost and Quality of Health Care : Unnecessary Surgery . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office , 1976 Herman R . Back Surgery Washington Post [ Health Section ] , April 18 , 1995 Testimony to the Department of Veterans Affairs ’ Chiropractic Advisory Committee George B . McClelland , D.C. , Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research March 25 , 2003 Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients : A Meta - analysis of Prospective Studies JAMA 1998 ( Apr 15 ) ; 279 ( 15 ) : 1200 - 1205 Nosocomial Infection Update Emerg Infect Dis 1998 ( Jul ) ; 4 ( 3 ) : 416 - 420 Error in Medicine JAMA 1994 ( Dec 21 ) ; 272 ( 23 ) : 1851 - 1857 Medication errors in hospitalized cardiovascular patients Arch Intern Med 2003 ( Jun 23 ) ; 163 ( 12 ) : 1461 - 1466 Death by Medicine LE Magazine March 2004 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome : Diagnostic Evaluation Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2006 ( Sep ) ; 14 ( 9 ) : 534 - 543 The Spine as Profit Center New York Times ~ December 30 , 2006 Money and Spinal Surgery : What Happened to the Patient ? ChiroACCESS April 8 , 2010 By Frank M . Painter | April 10 , 2010 | Iatrogenic Injury Low Back Pain News Unnecessary Surgery 11 Comments About the Author : Frank M . Painter I was introduced to Chiro . Org in early 1996 , where my friend Joe Garolis helped me learn HTML , the " mark - up language " for websites . We have been fortunate that journals like JMPT have given us permission to reproduce some early important articles in Full - Text format . Maintaining the Org website has been , and remains , my favorite hobby . Leave A Comment You must be logged in to post a comment . | [
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http://chiropractorsfresno.com/services.html | Home Services Hours Contact Don Poladian DC 488 W Shaw Ave Fresno CA 93704 SERVICES Working Together To Help You Feel Your Best 5592270995 Let Poladian Chiropractic Ease Your Pain So You Can Get Back to the Active Life You Enjoy Poladian Chiropractic specializes in Chiropractic Adjustments and offer all different kinds of Massage Therapy We use the latest and most advanced technology to examine the nervous system and muscular system Don Poladian DC strives to play a vital role in maintaining the health and wellness of our Fresno community Providing general family chiropractic care Automobile and Personal Injury evaluation and treatment Workmens Compensation evaluation treatment and recovery programs Professional Experience Don Poladian DC Practiced in Fresno for 34 years Opened second office in Madera 28 years ago Opened third office in Kerman in 1990 Opened fourth office in Firebaugh in 2000 Opened fifth office in Mendota in 2002 Education Fresno City College Fresno CA AA Degree in 1972 Palmer College of Chiropractic Davenport Iowa Chiropractic Degree DC 1975 Post Graduate Studies Workmens Compensation Evaluation and Treatment Grostic Upper Cervical Adjusting Techniques Gonstead Full Spine Adjusting Techniques Sports Injury Evaluation and Treatment Qualified Medical Evaluator in 2008 Professional Affiliations Fresno County Chiropractic Association Past president California Chiropractic Association All offices provide general family chiropractic care Automobile and Personal Injury evaluation and treatment Workmens Compensation evaluation treatment and recovery programs Home Services Hours Contact 5592270995 Office Hours Monday 830 1200 and 230 500 Tuesday Closed Wednesday 730 1200 and 230 500 Thursday 1100 100 Friday 730 1200 and 230 500 Saturday Closed 5592270995 488 W Shaw Avenue Fresno CA 93704 Sitemap HOME SERVICES CONNECT | [
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http://chisaipete.github.io/bestiary/creatures/phantom-warrior | Phantom Warrior Tags medium undead cr1 curseofstrahd p 235 Medium undead any alignment Armor Class 16 Hit Points 45 6d818 Speed 30 ft STR DEX CON INT WIS CHA 16 3 11 0 16 3 8 1 10 0 15 2 Skills Perception 2 Stealth 4 Damage Resistances bludgeoning piercing and slashing from nonmagical attacks Damage Immunities cold necrotic poison Condition Immunities charmed exhaustion frightened grappled paralyzed petrified poisoned prone restrained Senses darkvision 60 ft Languages any languages it knew in life Challenge 1 200 XP Ethereal Sight The phantom warrior can see 60 feet into the Ethereal Plane when it is on the Material Plane and vice versa Incorporeal Movement The phantom warrior can move through other creatures and objects as if they were difficult terrain It takes 5 1d10 force damage if it ends its turn inside an object Spectral Armor and Shield The phantom warriors AC accounts for its spectral armor and shield Actions Multiattack The phantom warrior makes two attacks with its spectral longsword Spectral Longsword Melee Weapon Attack 5 to hit reach 5 ft one target Hit 7 1d83 force damage Etherealness The phantom warrior enters the Ethereal Plane from the Material Plane or vice versa It is visible on the Material Plane while it is in the Border Ethereal and vice versa yet it cant affect or be affected by anything on the other plane | [
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http://chiswickhouseandgardens.org.uk/event/magic-lantern-festival/ | Magical Lantern Festival 24th November 2017 1st January 2018 5pm10pm This event has passed Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The Magical Lantern Festival London is back for a third year with all new bigger brighter and more spectacular lanterns The Festival is a spectacular fusion of art heritage and culture Illuminating outdoor installations of beautifully sculpted lanterns taking various forms This years Christmas themed Lantern Festival will illuminate the gardens turning it into a spectacular fusion of dual culture vibrant colors and artistic sculptures Prepare to enter a magical experience and discover lanterns in all shapes and forms from Santa and his Reindeers to a magnificent giant lantern recreation of an Ancient City from the Song Dynasty The entertainment area adds another dimension to this wonderful night out with a food and drink area bar Santas Grotto fairground rides for children and merchandise marquee where visitors can buy a souvenir of their experience to take home The Magical Lantern Festival is organised and managed by Weli Creative If you have any queries that can not be answered by the FAQs below please contact Weli Creative directly Email infomagicallanternuk Phone 02075371290 Frequently Asked Questions Where is the Festival Chiswick House Gardens London W4 2QN The entrance to the park is the Dukes Avenue Gate accessible on foot only How do I get to the Festival The nearest tube station is Turnham Green on the District Line a 15 minute walk The nearest train station is Chiswick a 20 minute walk There is no parking on site or in the surrounding streets If you are a Blue Badge holder please contact the Lantern Festival by email to arrange a parking space infomagicallanternuk How long does the route take Depending on walking pace between 1 hour to 15 hours What should I wear The route could be wet icy andor muddy Visitors are advised to wear warm clothing and suitable footwear There are no cloakroom facilities at the venue so visitors will not be able to store bags or large items Scooters skates and bicycles are not permitted on site Are dogs allowed Not dogs are permitted apart from assistance dogs Will there be food and drink available Chiswick House Café will be open at the start of the route for hot drinks and refreshments several food stalls half way around the route and lots of food offerings in the Walled Garden at the end Is there disabled access The route is accessible to wheelchair users and to pushchairs Assistance dogs are welcome Do you offer any discount for disabled visitors Disabled visitors should buy Concessions tickets unless they are part of a Family or Group tickets Do you offer any discounts for carers We offer registered carers free entry into our event as long as they are accompanying their dependentYou can obtain your free carer ticket during the process of purchasing a Concession or Child tickets for the dependent During the purchase enter the code CARER in the top right hand corner in blue text is says Enter Promotional Code Only 1 Carer ticket can be purchased per transaction Should you wish to purchase more than 1 carer ticket please perform multiple purchases How do I redeem my discount code When buying the ticket on our website you can enter the code on the Eventbrite ticketing page In the top right corner of the ticket booking screen there is a blue text it says Enter Promotional Code Here enter the code you have Once the tickets have been purchased we can not apply the discount retrospectively I did not receive my tickets How can I get them Email us at infomagicallanternuk to inform us that you have not received your tickets Please include the following information in your email 1 the full name of the person that purchased the tickets 2 the last four digits of the card that was used to make the payment 3 The email address where you would like to receive your tickets Do I need to print my tickets You can print your tickets or show the tickets on your phone to our team at the entrance I might arrive a bit earlierlater than the time on my ticket will I still be able to enter We would appreciate if you could arrive at the event at your chosen entry time If you are unsure of your current entry time you will find it at the bottom left of your tickets the pdf attachment in the the confirmation email What time did I choose to enter when I purchased my ticket Information about your preferred entry time is on the bottom left of your tickets the pdf attachment in the the confirmation email Can I change the time or date of my visit As clearly stated on our website and on your tickets we do not offer the option of changing the date or time of your visit If you can not attend then you can pass your ticket to family or friends as we do not check ID on the door just scan the tickets through Can I get a refund on my tickets As clearly stated on our website and on your tickets we do not offer refunds on tickets If you can not attend then you can pass your ticket to family or friends as the organisers do not check ID on the door just scan the tickets through Do English HeritageNational Art Pass members get free or discounted tickets There is no free or discounted entry for English HeritageNational Art Pass members as this is a partner event For any other queries please visit wwwmagicallanternuk phone 02075371290 or email infomagicallanternuk Book Now Cost Adult ticket price from 1650 Organiser Weli Creative Phone 020 7537 1290 Email infowelicreativecom Website wwwwelicreativecom Browse Events Calendar January 2019 M T W T F S S 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 Location Chiswick House Gardens Chiswick House Conservatory Yard London W4 2QN United Kingdom | [
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http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/case-studies/141 | Children and Youth in History Teaching Module Children in the Slave Trade Colleen A . Vasconcellos , University of West Georgia Introduction From the 16th to the 18th centuries , an estimated 12 million Africans crossed the Atlantic to the Americas in the trans - Atlantic slave trade . Used on plantations throughout the United States , Latin America and the Caribbean , enslaved Africans were shipped largely from West Africa . With an average life span of five to seven years , demand for slaves from Africa increasingly grew in the 18th century leading traders to take their supply from deep within the interior of the continent . Until recently , slave studies rarely discussed children ' s experiences in the Enslavement Like adults , children were unwilling participants within the slave trade that had a variety of sources . Children commonly found themselves enslaved as prisoners of warfare . When men were killed in battle , women , children , and the elderly became especially vulnerable . Those who were not killed or ransomed were sold into slavery . Commercial caravans frequently followed military expeditions , and waited patiently to exchange textiles and goods for captives . In some areas of West Africa , kidnapping was a popular method of acquiring children . Children were snatched while working in the fields Journey to and Sale on the Coast What happened in the days , weeks , or even months that followed their capture or sale was a whirlwind of events that had devastating effects on the psyches of the enslaved . Some children were sold immediately , and added to coffers of slaves bound for the coast . Others were sold several times over . Many children never left the interior and remained slaves in Africa . Others died somewhere on the route to the sea , along with thousands of other slaves , young and old . For those children who made it to the coast , they were taken to a factory , castle , or trading post where they were sold to merchants who placed them in holding cells with other slaves . The merchants then stripped the children of any remaining clothing , and oiled their bodies with palm oil . Often coastal merchants shaved the heads . Once purchased , coastal merchants commonly branded the slaves with a symbol of the trading company or voyage owner on either their chest or back as a means of marking their commercial property and distinguishing their The Middle Passage Traders generally defined children as anyone below 4 ' 4 " in height , and those deemed as " children " were allowed to run unfettered on deck with the women . Those traveling on deck occasionally received special treatment and attention from the captain and crew , who gave them their old clothes , taught them games , or even how to sail . Other children , like Ottobah Cugoano , refused to play or even eat . Some children , held tightly in the comforting arms of the women , cried throughout the night . Taller children , Although children received some preferential treatment , most children suffered experiences similar if not equal to the adults traveling alongside them . This preferential treatment and travel outside of the hold gave children a better chance of survival , but it did not shield them from corporal punishment , malnourishment , and illness . During the Middle Passage across the Atlantic that lasted anywhere from one month to three , children experienced high mortality rates . Many succumbed to the illnesses that accompanied every slaving voyage across the Atlantic , especially yaws and intestinal worms . Sometimes ill children were A Demand for Children Until the 18th century most trading companies had little or no desire to purchase children from the coast of Africa , and encouraged their captains not to buy them . Children were a bad risk , and many planters and traders who purchased them lost money on their investment . Because children ( especially the young and infants ) were vulnerable to disease , the cost of transporting them lowered overall profits margins . Furthermore , African children would not be able to perform hard labor or produce any offspring until they came of age . As a result , By the middle of the 18th century , however , planters economically dependent on the slave trade came to depend on children and youth . As the abolitionist movement increasingly threatened their slave supply , planters adopted the strategy of importing younger slaves who would live longer . As a result , youth became an attractive asset on the auction blocks of the slave markets . Ironically , abolitionist sentiment changed 18th - century definitions of risk , investment , and profit . As the plantocracy purchased more breeding women and children in order to save their economic interests , How to Cite This Source Colleen A . Vasconcellos , " Children in the Slave Trade , " in Children and Youth in History , Item # 141 , http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / cyh / items / show / 141 ( accessed April 17 , 2019 ) . Tags 1450 - 1770 1750 - 1914 Africa Literary Sources Memoirs North America Official Documents Slave Narratives Slavery Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade | [
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http://chocolateandzucchini.com/conversions/ | Ingredient Conversions Why you need ingredient conversions Americans typically measure ingredients by volume , while the French measure them by weight . Being a bit of a transatlantic cook myself , I own several sets of measuring cups and spoons as well as a digital scale . I feel comfortable with both philosophies , but I prefer the gram / kilo system because it introduces very little human error bias . The most eloquent illustration is found in the measurement of flour , which can vary considerably depending on the quality of the flour , how much you pack into the cup , and the humidity of the air . Personal preferences aside , more and more American cooks are adding scales to their kitchen equipment — especially those who are serious about baking , and those who have an interest in foreign recipes — and in my books and on Chocolate & Zucchini I feature both sets of measurements . This is the digital scale I use , love , and recommend if you ’ re looking to add one to your kitchen equipment . ( Check the complete list of my top tools and resources . ) Tried - and - true ingredient conversions When I develop and test recipes I make copious notes on ingredients and their volume - to - weight equivalents , and I thought it might be useful to others . If you need the conversion information for an ingredient that is not here , please do n ’ t hesitate to ask — I continue to update this list regularly . Sign up for free ! If you find this page useful , please sign up for my free newsletter ! It will give you access to the fresh , colorful , easy recipes I create in my Paris kitchen , plus tips , recommendations , and lots of French inspiration . You can also follow me on Pinterest Instagram Twitter Facebook Periscope , and Snapchat Note : The cup measurements given throughout this conversion page and on Chocolate & Zucchini are based on American cups with a capacity of 240ml . If you ’ re converting a recipe that was written in British , Australian , or New Zealand cups , which have a 250 ml capacity , multiply all gram equivalents below by 1.04 ( i.e. add 4 % ) . Some of the ingredient conversions have been rounded , to minimize the headache . Volume 1 cup ( North American ) = 240 mL ( milliliter ) 1 / 2 cup = 120 mL 1 / 3 cup = 80 mL 1 / 4 cup = 60 mL = 4 tablespoons 1 tablespoon = 15 mL ( = une cuillérée à soupe or cs in French ) = 3 teaspoons 1 teaspoon = 5 mL ( = une cuillérée à café or cc in French ) 1 fluid ounce = 30 mL 1 US quart = 0.946 liter ~ = 1 liter Weight 1 ounce = 28 grams 1 pound = 16 ounces = 454 grams Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 foot = 12 inches = 30 centimeters Temperature 400 ° F = 200 ° C = gas mark ( France ) 7 350 ° F = 180 ° C = gas mark ( France ) 6 300 ° F = 150 ° C = gas mark ( France ) 5 ( See equivalents for UK gas marks . ) Volume - to - weight conversions Note : Since the volume measurement of an ingredient depends on how you pack the measuring cup / spoon and on the ingredient itself ( how it is cut , its density , its water content ) , the volume - to - weight conversions are not absolute : they are simply a reflection of my own experience . Dairy Hard cheese ( such as Comté cheese ) , grated : 1 cup = 100 grams Crème fraîche : 1 cup = 240 grams Fresh cheese : 1 cup = 240 grams Greek - style yogurt : 1 cup = 280 grams Gruyère cheese , grated : 1 cup = 100 grams Heavy cream : 1 cup = 240 grams Light cream : 1 cup = 240 grams Milk : 1 cup = 240 mL Parmesan cheese , grated : 1 cup = 110 grams Ricotta : 1 cup = 250 grams Yogurt : 1 cup = 250 grams Nuts and seeds Almonds , shelled , whole : 1 cup = 140 grams Almonds , shelled , roughly chopped : 1 cup = 100 grams Almonds , sliced : 1 cup = 70 grams Almond flour ( a.k.a. almond meal or ground almonds ) : 1 cup = 100 grams Almond butter : 1 cup = 240 grams Black sesame butter : 1 cup = 240 grams Cacao beans , whole , raw : 1 cup = 130 grams Cashews , shelled , whole : 1 cup = 130 grams Chestnuts , shelled , cooked : 1 cup = 130 grams Chia seeds : 1 cup = 160 grams Coconut , unsweetened dried grated : 1 cup = 100 grams Flax seeds : 1 cup = 150 grams Hazelnuts , shelled , whole : 1 cup = 120 grams Macadamia nuts , shelled , whole : 1 cup = 125 grams Nut butter : 1 cup = 240 grams Pistachios : 1 cup = 125 grams Poppy seeds : 1 cup = 145 grams Pumpkin seeds : 1 cup = 130 grams Sesame seeds : 1 cup = 150 grams Sunflower seeds : 1 cup = 140 grams Tahini ( sesame butter ) : 1 tablespoon = 18 grams Walnuts , shelled , halves : 1 cup = 100 grams Sugar and other sweeteners Agave syrup : 1 / 3 cup = 100 grams Baking powder ( levure chimique alsacienne ) : 1 standard French sachet = 11 grams = 1 tablespoon Honey : 1 cup = 300 grams Honey : 1 tablespoon = 18 grams Rice syrup : 1 cup = 300 grams Sugar , brown : 1 cup ( packed ) = 170 grams Sugar , confectioner ’ s : 1 cup = 130 grams Sugar , granulated : 1 cup = 200 grams Sugar , granulated : 1 tablespoon = 12.5 grams Sugar , pearl : 1 cup = 150 grams Molasses : 1 cup = 280 grams Active dry yeast : 1 teaspoon = 5 grams Active dry yeast vs . fresh yeast : 1 gram active dry yeast ~ = 3 grams fresh yeast Chocolate Cacao nibs : 1 cup = 120 grams Chocolate chips : 1 cup = 160 grams Chocolate , grated : 1 cup = 100 grams Chocolate , roughly chopped : 1 cup = 120 grams Cocoa powder : 1 cup = 120 grams Fats and salt Butter : 1 / 2 cup = 1 stick = 4 ounces = 113 grams Butter : 1 tablespoon = 14 grams Coconut oil : 1 tablespoon = 12 grams Coconut oil : 1 cup = 200 grams Oil : 1 tablespoon = 14 grams Salt , fine : 1 teaspoon = 5 grams Salt flakes ( e.g. Maldon salt ) : 1 tablespoon = 10 grams Salt , coarse : 1 cup = 220 grams Flours , grains , legumes Bulgur : 1 cup = 190 grams Buckwheat groats : 1 cup = 180 grams Chickpeas ( dried , raw ) : 1 cup = 190 grams ( = 475 grams when cooked ) Coconut flour : 1 cup = 90 grams Cornmeal : 1 cup = 165 grams Couscous : 1 cup = 165 grams Dried beans : 1 cup = 180 grams Elbow macaroni : 1 cup = 150 grams Flour , all - purpose or whole wheat : 1 cup = 130 grams Lentils : 1 cup = 210 grams Pearl tapioca : 1 cup = 180 grams Polenta : 1 cup = 160 grams Puffed rice : 1 cup = 30 grams Quinoa : 1 cup = 190 grams Rice , basmati : 1 cup = 180 grams Rice , short - grain : 1 cup = 195 grams Rolled oats and other grains : 1 cup = 100 grams Fruits , vegetables , herbs Baby spinach leaves : 1 cup ( packed ) = 30 grams Basil : 1 cup ( packed ) = 20 grams Blueberries : 1 cup = 190 grams Carrots , grated : 1 cup ( loosely packed ) = 90 grams Cauliflower florets : 1 cup = 85 grams Fava beans , shelled : 1 cup = 120 grams Green peas , shelled : 1 cup = 145 grams Hibiscus flowers , dried , semi - crushed , lightly packed : 1 cup = 40 grams Mâche : 1 cup ( packed ) = 20 grams Parsley , finely chopped : 1 cup = 60 grams Parsley , loosely packed : 1 cup = 15 grams Pomegranate seeds : 1 cup = 150 grams Raisins : 1 cup = 150 grams Raspberries : 1 cup = 125 grams Rocket : 1 cup ( packed ) = 25 grams Shallots or onions , finely chopped : 1 cup = 120 grams Strawberries : 1 cup ( small strawberries , or large strawberries , sliced ) = 125 grams Tomato paste : 1 cup = 300 grams Young salad greens : 1 cup ( packed ) = 20 grams Other Agar - agar : 1 teaspoon = 2 grams Baby shrimp , shelled , cooked : 1 cup = 100 grams Capers : 1 cup = 120 grams Dried bread crumbs : 1 cup = 100 grams Hibiscus flowers : 1 / 3 cup = 15 grams Nutritional yeast : 1 cup = 60 grams Olives : 1 cup = 180 grams Psyllium husks : 1 cup = 80 grams Tofu , silky : 1 cup = 255 grams Vanilla : 1 medium fresh bean ~ = 3 teaspoons pure vanilla extract Pans and dishes 10 - inch tart or cake pan = 25 - centimeter tart or cake pan 9 - inch cake pan = 22 - centimeter cake pan 4 - inch tartlet mold = 10 - centimeter tartlet mold 9 - by - 13 - inches baking dish = 22 - by - 33 - centimeter baking dish 8 - by - 8 - inches baking dish = 20 - by - 20 - centimeter baking dish 6 - ounce ramekin = 180 - mL ramekin 9 - by - 5 - inches loaf pan = 23 - by - 12 - centimeter loaf pan = 8 cups or 2 liters in capacity | [
"Ingredient Conversions",
"digital scale"
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http://chocolatecoveredkatie.com/2016/09/15/healthy-granola-bars-recipe/ | Home Healthy Granola Bars Healthy Granola Bars 15th September 2016 By Chocolate Covered Katie 74 Comments These easy and homemade healthy granola bars are packed with rolled oats , crispy cereal , & mini chocolate chips ! Back in 2012 , when I first posted a recipe for homemade chewy granola bars , I had no idea it would still be so popular five years later , with over 28,000 repins and twelve pages of positive reader reviews . Even the best recipes can be improved upon , and today I ’ m sharing my updated version of the classic granola bar recipe , complete with six new flavor variations . The recipe makes double the amount of the original . I also fixed up the photos and added a few new ones as well . This is one of those recipes that ’ s withstood the test of time . Five years later , readers are still making it ! More Healthy Blondies & Bar Recipes These homemade granola bars have slightly better nutrition facts than store - bought Quaker Chewy Granola Bars , but – more importantly – they have a MUCH shorter and cleaner ingredient list ! View Quaker ’ s Ingredient List To Make The Healthy Granola Bars : Stir together all dry ingredients in a large bowl . Whisk liquid ingredients together in a separate bowl , then stir wet into dry . Transfer the granola bar mixture to a pan lined with parchment paper , and press down as firmly as you can . Either bake in a preheated oven for 18 minutes OR simply chill until firm , then slice – there is no baking required ! Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Variations : Chocolate Chip Granola Bars : Stir 1 / 2 cup mini chocolate chips in with the dry ingredients . Oatmeal Raisin Granola Bars : Stir 1 / 2 cup chopped raisins and 1 / 2 tsp cinnamon in with the dry ingredients . Nutella Granola Bars : Replace the oil with my Healthy Nutella , and add mini chocolate chips and chopped hazelnuts if desired . Vanilla Almond Granola Bars : Stir 1 / 3 cup finely chopped almonds in with the dry ingredients , and add a few drops pure almond extract to the liquid ingredients . Trail Mix Granola Bars : Stir 1 / 4 cup each chia seeds , shredded coconut , and chopped , dried cranberries in with the dry ingredients . Peanut Butter Cookie Granola Bars : Replace the oil with 1 / 4 cup peanut butter or nut butter of choice . Edit : and now there is a pumpkin version Total Time : 18m Print This Recipe 4.75 / 5 Ingredients 2 cups rolled oats 1 / 2 tsp baking soda 1 / 2 tsp salt 1 / 2 cup rice crispies ( brown , white , or gluten - free ) 3 / 4 cup oat flour , or process oats in a blender to make your own ( 110g ) 1 / 4 cup melted coconut or vegetable oil ( or nut butter ) ( 45g ) 1 / 2 cup raw agave or honey 1 / 4 cup brown sugar OR 1 / 8 tsp pure stevia 1 / 4 cup applesauce or mashed banana 1 tsp pure vanilla extract Variations : see flavor list under the third photo in this post Instructions Line an 8 - inch pan with parchment paper . Set aside . If you wish to bake the bars , preheat oven to 350 F . Stir together all dry ingredients in a large bowl . Whisk liquid ingredients together in a separate bowl , then stir wet into dry . Transfer to the prepared pan . Smooth down firmly , using a second sheet of parchment or wax paper . Press down as hard as you can . For no - bake healthy granola bars , chill until firm . ( The no - bake option is also View Nutrition Facts A few more reader favorite recipes : Deep Dish Cookie Pie Sticky Sesame Cauliflower Black Bean Brownies Chocolate Mug Cake 4.75 / 5 ( 12 ) Rate this recipe Recipe Rating Filed Under : Healthy Blondies and Bars Tagged With : 5 minutes or less chia chocolate gluten - free no - bake oatmeal soy free | [
"Healthy Granola Bars"
] |
http://chocolatefactory.com.au/products/country-origin-chocolate/ | Country of origin chocolate At The Margaret River Chocolate Company we have created our Provenance range of geographically diverse , single origin chocolates . These single origin chocolates are produced from cocoa beans grown in a specific geographic location and as such have a unique and vibrant texture and flavour . Single origin chocolate from Ghana , Tanzania , Java , Uganda , Costa Rica , Ecuador , Papua New Guinea and Venezuela are currently available for the serious chocolate connoisseur . Country of Origin Chocolate Available in our Stores | [
"COUNTRY",
"ORIGIN CHOCOLATE",
"Margaret River"
] |
http://chocolatewithgrace.com/old-fashioned-rhubarb-pie/ | Old Fashioned Rhubarb Pie heart_this May 23 2018 Pin 2K 5 2K Video of the week This is a old fashioned rhubarb pie is tangy sweet with the classic custard style base its based on a recipe from my great grandma I get asked a lot from you all where or how I get the recipes that I post A chunk of the recipes on my site I develop on my own from scratch after doing some research Like classic monkey bread or biscoff cheesecake bars Sometimes I just start adding things to a bowl and the result is delicious Hello Monster Cookie Bars which are one of my familys favorites But a good chunk of my recipes are adaptations of family recipes that have been made for years or even decades This recipe for old fashioned rhubarb custard pie was my great grandmas Sometimes I put a spin on old recipes or alter them to work better but the recipe below basically straight from my grandmas Most of her recipes have bare bone instructions because the assumption was everyone knew what to with the ingredients Sometimes it takes me some trial and error to figure out the process for the recipe so hopefully Ive included enough detail for you below I was discussing this recipe on the phone with my mom the other day and she mentioned that my dad never complained about her not cooking like his mom Instead he kept telling her she needed to get his Grandmas recipes So its a lot of her recipes that have been passed down My mom glued all her favorite recipe cards and cuttings onto pages and put them in a three ring binder When I got married one of my sisters copied all the pages of the cookbook for me and made my own binder by putting the sheets into plastic protector pages I love having all the family recipes in one place and I have been adding myself to it Its a great idea if someone is getting married in your family Anyway this old fashioned rhubarb pie is as classic as youll get Just rhubarb and a simple custard filling baked in a pie shell If youre comfortable baking pies its about as easy as you can get and if youre new to baking pies its a great easy one to start with I hope youve enjoyed this rhubarb week This pie is the third and final recipe If youve enjoyed it check out the rhubarb streusel muffins and strawberry rhubarb crisp These rhubarb bars and rhubarb coffee cakes recipes are older but just as good too Old Fashioned Rhubarb Pie Yield 8 slices Prep Time 15 minutes Cook Time 50 minutes Additional Time 2 hours Total Time 3 hours 5 minutes This is a old fashioned rhubarb pie is tangy sweet with the classic custard style base its based on a recipe from my great grandma No Ratings Did you make this Ingredients 1 9 inch pie crust unbaked 5 cups diced rhubarb cut 14 inch thick 1 14 cup granulated sugar you can adjusted it up or down 14 cup to your preferred sweetness 2 eggs cold 58 cup cold whole milk 12 cup plus 2 tablespoons milk 14 cup all purpose flour 18 teaspoon salt Instructions Preheat oven to 375 F Mix the rhubarb and sugar together Spread in the pie crust and set aside Whisk together the eggs cold milk flour and salt Pour over the rhubarb Bake at 375 F for 5055 minutes or until filling is set Cool completely before slicing Serve with whipped cream or vanilla ice cream Nutrition Information Yield 8 Serving Size 1 piece Amount Per Serving Calories 284 Mallory Cuisine Dessert Category Cakes and Pies Craving pie but rhubarb isnt your favorite Im disappointed in you though Check out these other great spring time pie ideas Sweet Cherry Crumb Pie from Baker by Nature Fresh Strawberry Pie by Together as a Family Or Blueberry Crumble Pie by Saving Room for Dessert Rhubarb Bars Strawberry Rhubarb Crisp Rhubarb Streusel Muffins Rhubarb Coffee Cake Pin 2K 5 2K All Cakes and Pies rhubarb About Mallory Hi Im Mallory I like to cook and bake This blog lets me share my creations with friends and family who are far away | [
"Old Fashioned Rhubarb Pie",
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http://choicehomes4sale.com/ | Puget Sound Real Estate Search County City Neighborhood Price TO Property Type Home Condo MultiRes Land Advanced Search Western Washington Homes For Sale At Best Choice Realty we realize you will select several websites to visit When you need to discuss listings why not contact the best agent In todays market the best agent is one who understands how to utilize technology and one who is experienced in the local area We know choosing a home or property is a big undertaking so utilizing tools on our website and searching recent homes for sale is a must Selecting homes you want more information on or which homes you want to visit is easy to do What sets us apart is that we respond Best Choice Realty Listings 9018 Campus Glen Dr NE Lacey 299950 Welcome home This beautiful 3 bed25 bath home in quiet Hawks Prairie less then 5 min from shoppingrestaurants several parks within walking distance Greenbelt acros 3 Baths 1396220 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 1728 S 90th St Tacoma 325000 Welcome Home Large spacious home in the desirable Fern Hill neighborhood Updated kitchen with granite counter tops and newer appliances a full master suite with add 3 Baths 1397323 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 923 NE 171st Place Shoreline North End Country Estates 489500 Quiet neighborhood home is off the main street The house is in need of renovation Stones throw from shopping bus freeway and entertainment Large master bedroom wit 3 Baths 1397033 MLS North End Country Estates Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 25722 SE 200th St Maple Valley 339000 Own your own private oasis with this 3 BR and 15 BA home Get creative with the unfinished basement 38 acre Equestrian friendly lot with barn and shed Whether s 2 Baths 1396632 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 19908 SE 32nd St Sammamish Waverly Hills No2 1080000 This authentic NW Contemporary is located at Waverly Hills at Lake Sammamish an exclusive community with an amazing waterfront sandy beach park boat launch Sitting 3 Baths 1396601 MLS Waverly Hills No2 Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 22000 NE Redmond Fall City Road Redmond Happy Valley 895000 A Beautifully remodeled energy producing 1 ac property in prime location near Stem HS PSE buys your excess solar energy automatically Bonus cash to you is over 3400 yr 4 Baths 1395363 MLS Happy Valley Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 35023 18th Ave SW Federal Way 275000 Cosmetic fixer House has good bones but has been neglected and needs to be brought back to life 2 Baths 1395204 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 15212 38th Place NE Lake Forest Park 1895000 Breathtaking views exquisite design artful details this is the home youve been dreaming of Brand new 2018 design masterfully engineered to emphasize every angle of 4 Baths 1385563 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 4404 Terrace Dr Unit 10 Everett Evergreen Terrace 199950 Fully remodeled top floor condo 2 bedrooms 175 bath Only 2 units in this building Garage large entertainment deck Master bedroom wen suite bath New custom til 2 Baths 1394254 MLS Evergreen Terrace Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 24721 106th Av Ct E Graham 379000 Everything thing you want Completely updated over 2400 sqft 4 Bedroom 3 Full Bath 2 Car Garage home on nearly 12 acre lot w oversized detached garageshop New pa 3 Baths 1394350 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 20328 Bothell Everett Hwy Unit B302 Bothell The Park at North Creek 260000 Beautiful 2 bedroom top floor unit in a parklike setting complex Youll enjoy this peaceful serene community sits back from the road wsport court clubhouse exercis 1 Baths 1393404 MLS The Park at North Creek Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 4735 49th Ave SW Seattle 850000 LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION Centrally located in West Seattle this home is the perfect landing spot for your next chapter This home features 4beds3baths beautifully 3 Baths 1392689 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 4458 138th Ave SE Bellevue 1800000 Dont miss this Somerset gem with amazing views of Lake Washington and beyond Fully permitted remodel with an open modern touch French doors give way to brand new vie 3 Baths 1391925 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 2738 S Andover St Seattle Erwins City Park 540000 TransitRich Columbia City Opportunity This spacious light filled endunit new home features an open floor plan woversized windows 3BR 15BA w large chefs kitchen 2 Baths 1391413 MLS Erwins City Park Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 4101 King St E Tacoma Non Tract housing 234950 A Partially updated country charmer on 56 acre Abundant potential in excellent Summit location An inviting rural community with friendly folk tall trees rolling past 1 Baths 1391317 MLS Non Tract housing Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 28804 Sound View Dr S Des Moines 1055000 First time being sold180 Degree Panoramic Viewsthis elegant home gives you the lifestyle you desireEnjoy entertaining while taking in the breathtaking views of the Pug 4 Baths 1391304 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 17711 Panorama Blvd E Bonney Lake Panorama Heights 539950 Motivated Seller UNOBSTRUCTED Mt Rainier VIEW in every room even from garage Heatpump AC hot water circ pump Spacious great room formal dining granite countertop 4 Baths 1388113 MLS Panorama Heights Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 16608 163rd Ave SE Snohomish 424950 Amazing Investment Opportunity Classic Well Built Split Level Home Sitting On A Double Lot w3 Beds and 2 Baths Up OfficePossible 4th Bedroom and 34 Bath Down Large 2 Baths 1386294 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 22809 110th Ave SE Kent Park Orchard 399950 Move in ready all the hard works had been done including refinished hardwood floor through out the whole house except Kitchen and bath Double pane windows new roof N 1 Baths 1386910 MLS Park Orchard Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 942 S M St Tacoma 475000 NEW CONSTRUTION IN THIS TACOMA NEIGHBORHOOD This home will feature 4bedrms 325 bathrooms master suite with private bath on main floor w walk in closet family room 4 Baths 1384019 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 17709 S 38th Ave SeaTac 289000 Price ReducedLocation location location 3 bedroom and 1 bathroom restored hardwood floors open cathedral ceilings big backyard fully fenced detached garage wit 1 Baths 1384745 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 25923 196th Ave SE Covington 297950 Tastefully updated Rambler in the peaceful Timberlane Neighborhood of Covington Beautifully refinished bamboo floors updated Appliances New paint throughout New carpe 1 Baths 1384346 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 1044 S Rose St Seattle 689900 Better than new Beautiful fullyremodeled home Laminate flooring throughout main level Kitchen with stainless steel appliances white shaker cabinets and quartz count 2 Baths 1382063 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 18519 146th St E Bonney Lake Trilogy at Tehaleh 509000 Priced to sell 55 Resort living at Trilogy at Tehaleh Better than brand new move in ready The seller only lived in the house for 1 month due to a job relocation P 2 Baths 1378006 MLS Trilogy at Tehaleh Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 7601 S 134th St Seattle Earlington 580950 Looking for large lot within the city Look no further Nice bamboo floor hardwood floor in all 3 bedrooms on main level newer double pane windows Lots of extra par 3 Baths 1380887 MLS Earlington Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 8609 194th St Ct E Spanaway 363500 Amazing 2240 sq ft 3 bdrm 25 bath 2 Story gem on 280 acre lot True chefs kitchen has Italian granite counters and stainless appliances Beautiful Brazilian oak sty 3 Baths 1379878 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 19727 SE Petrovitsky Rd Maple Valley 773066 784900 NEW PICS 111818 A piece of paradise Over 45 acres Green House huge outbuildingbarn wworkshop and parking for 6 cars chicken coop Private driveway leads to the 3 Baths 1379027 MLS 773066 Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 28 Lake Louise Dr SW Lakewood Lake Louise Tracts 499000 Custom Lake Louise View home Beautifully maintained home with a circular floorplan wood wrapped windows tile roof central ac oversized 3 car garage fully fenced y 3 Baths 1378400 MLS Lake Louise Tracts Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 6217 S Huson St Tacoma Manito Park Annex 309000 This beautiful home is move in ready There is new flooring throughout the entire upstairs and downstairs stainless steel appliances new cabinetry pantry and gorgeous 2 Baths 1378407 MLS Manito Park Annex Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 11020 Rainier Ave S Seattle 1400000 Estate of original owners Live like youre on vacation every day Deep water dock with lift even a solar shower Will accommodate your large boat or seaplane Vacant a 2 Baths 1377935 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 2821 Garden Ave N Renton Park Avenue 1260000 The luxurious home offers exceptional design and detail and was built in 2017 It contains 4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms Open floor with great room concept Master suite s 4 Baths 1369860 MLS Park Avenue Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 10770 rampart Dr E Puyallup 325000 Charming Rambler in the Heart of Puyallup with huge patio and gazebo in the fenced backyard WellKept Home features 4 Bdrms 175 Bath OpenConcept Spacious Family 2 Baths 1377210 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 29645 S 18TH Ave S Unit C201 Federal Way OVERLOOK CONDO 184900 Ready to movein Close to Redondo Beach and parkeasy access to 99I5 and Hwy167 3 bed room and 2 full bath2 car tandem garage and plenty of unassigned parking Wood 2 Baths 1375684 MLS OVERLOOK CONDO Bldg ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 14055 Madrona Anacortes 569933 Ocean View Home W Warranty Beautifully serene neighborhood close to shopping and marina but out of the traffic zone Youll love the simple and open floorplan You 3 Baths 1375193 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC 29924 3rd Ave S Federal Way 374950 Beautiful Split Level Home w Tons of Upgrades Features Include Fresh Exterior PaintNewer RoofNewer Water Heater Furnace All Big Ticket Items Completed Home is Lik 1 Baths 1368017 MLS ACTIVE Status Listing courtesy of Best Choice Realty LLC The database information herein is provided from and copyrighted by the Northwest Multiple Listing Service NWMLS NWMLS data may not be reproduced or redistributed and is only for people viewing this site All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified All properties are subject to prior sale or withdrawal All rights are reserved by copyright Address Search King County Homes For Sale Algona Auburn Bellevue Black Diamond Bothell Burien Carnation Covington Des Moines Duvall Enumclaw Fall City Federal Way Issaquah Kenmore Kent Kirkland Lake Forest Park Maple Valley Medina Mercer Island Newcastle Normandy Park North Bend North Seattle Pacific Redmond Renton Sammamish Sea Tac Shoreline Snoqualmie South Seattle Tukwila Vashon Island West Seattle Woodinville Pierce County Homes For Sale Anderson Island Bonney Lake Buckley Carbonado Dupont Edgewood Eatonville Fife Fircrest Fox Island Frederickson Gig Harbor Graham Lake Tapps Lakewood Milton Orting Parkland Puyallup Roy Ruston Spanaway Steilacoom Sumner Tacoma University Place Wilkeson Snohomish County Arlington Brier Edmonds Everett Gold Bar Index Lake Stevens Lynnwood Marysville Mill Creek Monroe Mountlake Terrace Mukilteo Skykomish Snohomish Sultan Thurston County Lacey Olympia Tumwater Yelm Other Counties Cities Bellingham Clallam Grays Harbor Island Kitsap Lewis Mason Pacific Skagit Best Choice Realty Office Seattle 16400 Southcenter Parkway Suite 502 Seattle Washington 98188 Best Choice Realty Office Tacoma 2702 South 42nd St Suite 205 Tacoma Washington 98409 Best Choice Realty Branch Office Sequim 294 Sunshine Ave Sequim Washington 98382 | [
"Puget Sound Real Estate"
] |
http://cholesterol.about.com/od/dietitiansadvice/a/lowcholesterolfoodlist.htm | Heart Health High Cholesterol Nutrition Lipid - Lowering Diet Food Shopping Guide Add Colorful and Flavorful Foods to Your Lipid - Lowering Diet Print By Ellen Slotkin , RD , LDN | Medically reviewed by a board - certified physician Updated November 12 , 2018 Noel Hendrickson Collection / Digital Vision / Getty images You can begin a lipid - lowering diet by reviewing the low - cholesterol food list . Thankfully , a low - cholesterol diet requires adding many foods to your daily routine , not just abstaining from foods that are unhealthy . A low - cholesterol diet can be full of colorful and flavorful foods and there are no restrictions on the salt - free spices you can use to make your meals exciting . As with any diet , be certain to consult your physician for specific dietary guidelines . Your requirements may exclude some of these foods . Print this handy list and take it with you to the grocery store and try something new and healthy . Fruits and Vegetables Many fruits and vegetables are great sources of vitamins and fiber . Vegetables : fresh , canned , or frozen , without added fat , sauce , or salt . All vegetables are cholesterol - friendly . Especially , choose dark , leafy green vegetables ( such as broccoli , kale , and spinach ) and deep orange vegetables ( carrots , sweet potato , acorn and butternut squash ) . Fruit : fresh , frozen , canned , or dried , without added sugar . Enjoy whole fruit in preference to fruit juice so you get the benefits of the fiber . Healthy soups : tomato , vegetable , chicken , minestrone ( choose low sodium when possible ) . Whole Grains and Nuts Whole - wheat , rye and pumpernickel bread , whole - wheat tortillas and bagels . Whole - grain cereals such as those that are oat , bran , or rice - based . Oats and oat bran are recommended as sources of soluble fiber . Nuts and seeds : almonds , walnuts , Brazil nuts , hazelnuts , pecans , chia seeds , and ground flaxseeds are good sources of omega - 3 fatty acids . Almonds and walnuts are sources of beneficial plant sterols . Beans and Vegetable - Protein Foods Tofu , tempeh , soy / vegetable burgers . These are good sources of soluble fiber . Dried peas and beans , black - eyed peas , kidney beans , soybeans , lentils , vegetarian baked beans . These are excellent sources of fiber and protein . Eggs and Meat Egg whites and egg substitute . Lean meats : sirloin , chuck , loin and round . Choose " choice " or " select " grades rather than " prime . " Choose lean or extra - lean ground meats . Skinless turkey and chicken : choose light meat over dark meat . Fish and Seafood Fish : especially salmon , trout , sardines , albacore tuna , and herring as they are rich in omega - 3 fatty acids . Also enjoy tuna , mackerel , halibut , tilapia , and cod . Eat at least two servings of fish each week . Seafood : clams , crab , oysters , lobster , scallops . Note that shrimp and crawfish are higher in cholesterol but they are lower in total fat and saturated fat than most meats and poultry , so are a better choice . Dairy Products Skim ( nonfat ) or 1 percent milk and low - fat or non - fat evaporated or condensed milk for cooking . Low - fat or non - fat dairy products such as cheese , cottage cheese , sour cream , ice cream , and yogurts . Whey protein powder is beneficial for cholesterol and a good choice to add to smoothies for protein . Desserts and Snacks Fresh fruits ( Note that grapefruit can interact with many cholesterol - lowering medications and should be avoided . Ask your physician if grapefruit is appropriate for you . ) Lite air - popped or microwave popcorn Fat - free or non - fat sherbet or sorbet Low - fat angel food cake Low - fat cookies , such as animal crackers , fig bars , ginger snaps , molasses cookies , graham crackers ( Look for labels that indicate no trans fat . ) Baked potato chips All - fruit snack bars Gelatin A Word From Verywell Although some foods may be more advised for a cholesterol - lowering diet than others , calories are calories , and they can add up whether you ' re eating healthy foods or junkier options . Be sure to be mindful as you plan your diet . Was this page helpful ? Article Sources | [
"Lipid-Lowering Diet",
"low-cholesterol food",
"Whole Grains"
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http://cholesterol.emedtv.com/lovaza/generic-lovaza.html | Generic Lovaza Can I Buy Generic Lovaza ? Lovaza ® omega - 3 - acid ethyl esters ) is a prescription omega - 3 fish oil medication . It is approved for the treatment of very high triglycerides ( defined as 500 mg / dL or higher ) . Brand - name Lovaza is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline . It is also available in generic form . Availability of Generic Lovaza Like the brand - name version , generic Lovaza is available in one strength : Omega - 3 - acid ethyl ester 1000 mg capsules . It is made by Teva Pharmaceuticals USA , Inc . Is Generic Omega - 3 - Acid Ethyl Acid Ethyl Esters as Good as Lovaza ? All generic medications must undergo certain tests to compare them to brand - name medications . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) then looks at these tests to decide if the generics are equivalent to the brand - name medications and assigns a rating to each one . An " AB " rating means that the FDA has determined that a generic medication is equivalent to a brand - name medication . The generic version of Lovaza has an " AB " rating , meaning it should be equivalent to the brand - name product . However , generic medications are allowed to have different inactive ingredients than the brand - name medication . This might include fillers , dyes , or other ingredients that may cause problems for people with allergies or sensitivities . Is OTC Fish Oil a Generic for Lovaza ? It is important to point out that nonprescription fish oil supplements are not equivalent to Lovaza . Lovaza is an FDA - approved prescription fish oil medication . Some people wonder why they should take Lovaza when there are inexpensive nonprescription fish oil dietary supplements that seem to be just as good . There are several advantages of Lovaza over such supplements . For example , it ' s important to note that the cheaper supplements almost always have a low concentration of EPA and DHA , regardless of the strength on the label . This can be misleading ; it may take numerous 1000 - mg supplement capsules to get the same amount of EPA and DHA as a single Lovaza 1000 mg capsule . When this is taken into consideration , much of the cost advantage of the inexpensive supplements is lost . Perhaps more importantly , dietary supplements are not regulated as strictly as prescription drugs like Lovaza . In fact , they are regulated as foods . This means that some supplements could potentially be contaminated or could have less ( or more ) of the active ingredients than stated on the label . Lovaza is made using a five - step refinement process that removes impurities , ensuring a safe and pure product . Also , this refinement process removes some of the fish oil components that cause the " fish burp , " and it is thought that Lovaza is probably less likely to cause the fish burp , compared to the supplements . In addition , many prescription insurance plans cover Lovaza ; virtually none cover nonprescription dietary supplements . eMedTV ' s free HealthSavvy service can help you stay up - to - date on this topic . Sign up for HealthSavvy now . | [
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http://cholesterol.emedtv.com/statins/statin-side-effects.html | Statin Side Effects An Introduction to Statin Side Effects Just like any medicine , statins can cause side effects . However , not everyone who takes them will have problems . In fact , most people tolerate statin drugs quite well . If side effects do occur , in most cases , they are minor and either require no treatment or are easily treated by you or your healthcare provider . ( This article covers many , but not all , of the possible side effects with statins . Your healthcare provider can discuss a more complete list of statin side effects with you . ) Common Side Effects of Statin Drugs The particular side effects vary with each individual statin medication , as does the particular percentages for each side effect that were reported during clinical trials . However , some side effects seem to occur with several different statins . Such common statin side effects include : Abdominal pain ( stomach pain ) Constipation Dizziness Fatigue Gas Headaches Indigestion or heartburn Nausea Muscle aches and pains . | [
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http://chorley.gov.uk/Pages/AtoZ/Bereavement.aspx | Bereavement For more details on registering a death access the Lancashire County Council website , which includes details of how to register a death in this area . There are two cemeteries in Chorley , Adlington and Southport Road , Chorley . Both cemeteries are maintained by us , please contact us to report any cemetery issues . The cemeteries are open 365 days a year . Bereavement advice and support Burials Cemeteries Cremations Fees and charges Funeral records Garden of remembrance Memorials Memorial benches Transfer of grave ownership Tell us once Cemetery Locations | [
"Bereavement",
"Lancashire County Council",
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http://chortle.ccsu.edu/java5/Notes/chap28/ch28_2.html | Methods without Parameters Look again at the second statement : String str = new String ( " alphabet soup " ) ; int len = str . length ( ) ; | | | | | + - - - - a parameter list with no parameters | | | + - - - - the name of the method to run | + - - - - the reference to the object that contains the method The second statement contains a method call . This is a request to run a method of an object . The object referenced by str contains a method length ( ) which , when called , returns the number of characters in the String The length ( ) method does not require any parameters . The parameter list in the method call str . length ( ) is empty . | [
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http://chriscrawfordphoto.com/chris-details.php?product=474 | All Photos Fort Wayne » International Harvester Factory # 1 International Harvester Factory # 1 This brick tower stands in front of the old International Harvester plant in Fort Wayne . The closing of the factory in 1982 devastated the city ' s economy , as the factory ' s employees formed a large portion of Fort Wayne ' s middle class at the time . Some of the city ' s businessmen believe that the city has never really recovered from the loss of those good jobs thirty years ago ! The building still stands at the south end of Coliseum Boulevard on Fort Wayne ' s southeast side . It has been divided into smaller warehouse and industrial units . When I was a kid , it was used as an indoor flea market , which my family went to often to bargain - hunt . The tower , which was originally a water tower , is no longer used for that purpose . Today , it stands as a silent reminder of the long - gone days when thousands of men built Harvester trucks here . See the next photograph of the Harvester factory in Fort Wayne 2 - 24 - 11 Purchase a print Print Size Framed or Unframed Price Qty . 14x21 inch Framed $ 550.00 14x21 inch Unframed $ 450.00 10x15 inch Framed $ 400.00 6x9 inch $ 250.00 6x9 inch Unframed $ 150.00 | [
"Christopher Crawford",
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http://chriskenton.com/marketonomy/articles/ed06April_PurposeOfMarketing.html | cmo to ceo The Ultimate Purpose of Marketing It ' s Probably Not What You Think By Christopher Kenton Take a moment to answer a deceivingly simple question : what is the fundamental purpose of marketing ? What is it , when all is said and done , that marketing should accomplish for your business ? Whatever youâ € ™ ve come to believe about the fundamental purpose of marketing , itâ € ™ s almost certainly wrong . In fact , I donâ € ™ t even have to know what you believe marketingâ € ™ s true purpose is , although I do know that no more than 15 % of you will agree on any one of the five or six usual answers . All of those answers are wrong . Even the definition provided by the most influential marketing textbook on the planet , a book that in 11 printings has reached The purpose of marketing is not to generate leads , even though winning new customers is important . The purpose is not to build brands , even though brands are valuable . The purpose is not to support sales , or build distribution channels , but those are good things , too . And no , even though well - respected academics will tell you this , the fundamental purpose of marketing is not about filling a need with the right product at the right price . That is a good definition of the practical application of marketing , but Is marketing about filling a need with the right product at the right price in order to generate a profit ? Closer . But cutting straight to the bottom line doesnâ € ™ t clarify marketingâ € ™ s purposeâ € ” everything in business is ultimately about generating a profit . To truly understand the fundamental purpose of marketing , you have to throw existing definitions out the window altogether and start fresh . In fact , letâ € ™ s start really fresh . Imagine standing on a beach with a hundred other people . Off in the distance you can see an island where there is a large source of gold . All you have to do is reach the island and the gold is yours . To aid in your efforts , thereâ € ™ s a long line of boats waiting on the shore . What do you do ? Most people would hop in a boat and push offâ € ” and thatâ € ™ s what most businesses do . If you can see the goal , get moving . But the moment you set out youâ € ™ re at the mercy of whatever the world can throw at you . The current drags in one direction while the wind blows in another , and before you make any headway thereâ € ™ s a sea full of flailing boats . Some people who were standing on the beach anticipated that it wouldnâ € ™ t be so easy . They watched the first group set out in a rush only to be scattered by the wind and waves , and theyâ € ™ re determined to take a smarter approach . So they look carefully at the selection of boats , put a finger to the wind to get a sense of conditions , and set out more prepared to reach the goal . At this point , two typical approaches emerge . Sales - driven organizations get in the So who makes it to the island ? Well , one lucky soul that jumped in the first group of boats just happened to catch a current that dropped him on the island without effort . Thereâ € ™ s no accounting for luck . A few of the rowboats managed to power through the surf and make it to the island on shear force of will . A few more of the sailors tacked skillfully through the shifting winds to discover not a straight course , but an effective course nonetheless . Behind the few victors a tangle of Did I forget to mention the engineering - driven organization ? Theyâ € ™ re still back on the beach building a sub . Now , letâ € ™ s imagine youâ € ™ re still on the beach , with the advantage of having watched a few waves of successes and failures . With a nice selection of boats still waiting on the shore for you to make a move , what approach will you take ? How will you choose the right boat ? How can you build and direct the most effective team ? Where and when will you push off to gain just the right advantage with the winds and tides ? Whatâ € ™ s your best strategy to These are the kinds of questions you ask before you get in the boat , and theyâ € ™ re good questions for marketing , if not exclusive to marketing . But far too many businesses have a marketing mentality that focuses only on the tactical application of marketingâ € ” how to trim the sails most efficiently and effectively after youâ € ™ ve already set your course . In fact , many business school academics maintain that marketing has no role in developing corporate strategy at all , that marketing is just about managing acquisition and retention programs But marketers have specific skills that are fundamental to the success of corporate strategy , beyond their ability to effectively design and manage campaigns . Marketers contribute an understanding of market development , customer intimacy , channel strategy , communications and brand strategy . These critical areas of knowledge are not only central to an effective competitive strategy , they are the underpinnings of marketingâ € ™ s ultimate purpose , which in todayâ € ™ s increasingly complex environment means a lot more than tactical efficiency and effectiveness . While the application of marketing is to fill a need with the right product at the right price to produce a profit , the guiding purpose of marketing in the business organization should be understood more strategically . That purpose can be seen in two expressions . 1 . The purpose of marketing is to reduce shareholder risk . 2 . The purpose of marketing is to maximize customer lifetime value . Like two sides of a coin , each expression is different but the value and the purpose of the coin is the same . An easy way to think about this definition is to think of your marketing team like your stockbroker . Itâ € ™ s easy enough to pick your own stocks , but a good stockbroker should know a whole lot more about the market and current conditions in order to help you reduce risk and maximize the value of your portfolio . Every time you look at your balance sheet , you should ask yourself why Christopher Kenton is senior vice president of the CMO Council ( www . cmocouncil . org ) , and its corporate parent , GlobalFluency . | [
"Purpose of Marketing",
"corporate strategy",
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