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http://christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c005.html	Young Universe , Old Stars ? See this page in : Bulgarian Dutch German Russian How can light get to us from stars which are millions of light - years away in a universe which the Bible claims is only thousands of years old ? S ome stars are millions of light - years away . Since a light - year is the distance traveled by light in one year , does this mean that the universe is very old ? Despite all the biblical and scientific evidence for a young Earth / universe , this has long been a problem . However , any scientific understanding of origins will always have opportunities for research — problems that need to be solved . We can never have complete knowledge and so there will always be things to learn . One explanation used in the past was rather complex , involving light traveling along Riemannian surfaces ( an abstract mathematical form of space ) . Apart from being hard to understand , it appears that such an explanation is not valid , since it would mean that we should see duplicates of everything . Created light ? Perhaps the most commonly used explanation is that God created light “ on its way , ” so that Adam could see the stars immediately without having to wait years for the light from even the closest ones to reach the Earth . While we should not limit the power of God , this has some rather immense difficulties . It would mean that whenever we look at the behavior of a very distant object , what we see happening never happened at all . For instance , say we see an object a million light - years away which appears to be rotating ; that is , the light we receive in our telescopes carries this information “ recording ” this behavior . However , according to this explanation , the light we are now receiving did not come from the star , but was created “ en route , ” so to speak . This would mean that for a 10,000 - year - old universe , that anything we see happening beyond about 10,000 light - years away is actually part of a gigantic picture show of things that have not actually happened , showing us objects which may not even exist . Hubble Extreme Deep Field released by NASA on September 25th , 2012 . Credit : NASA ; ESA ; G . Illingworth , D . Magee , and P . Oesch , University of California , Santa Cruz ; R . Bouwens , Leiden University ; and the HUDF09 Team . To explain this problem further , consider an exploding star ( supernova ) at , say , an accurately measured 100,000 light - years away . Remember we are using this explanation in a 10,000 - year - old universe . As the astronomer on Earth watches this exploding star , he is not just receiving a beam of light . If that were all , then it would be no problem at all to say that God could have created a whole chain of photons ( light particles / waves ) already on their way . However , what the astronomer receives is also a particular , very specific pattern of variation within the light , showing him / her the changes that one would expect to accompany such an explosion — a predictable sequence of events involving neutrinos , visible light , X - rays and gamma - rays . The light carries information recording an apparently real event . The astronomer is perfectly justified in interpreting this “ message ” as representing an actual reality — that there really was such an object , which exploded according to the laws of physics , brightened Everything he sees is consistent with this , including the spectral patterns in the light from the star giving us a “ chemical signature ” of the elements contained in it . Yet the “ light created en route ” explanation means that this recorded message of events , transmitted through space , had to be contained within the light beam from the moment of its creation , or planted into the light beam at a later date , without ever having originated from that distant point . ( If it had started from the star — assuming that there To create such a detailed series of signals in light beams reaching Earth , signals which seem to have come from a series of real events but in fact did not , has no conceivable purpose . Worse , it is like saying that God created fossils in rocks to fool us , or even test our faith , and that they do n ’ t represent anything real ( a real animal or plant that lived and died in the past ) . This would be a strange deception . Did light always travel at the same speed ? Scale model of the Earth and the Moon , with a beam of light traveling between them at the speed of light . It takes approximately 1.26 seconds . Author : Cantus An obvious solution would be a higher speed of light in the past , allowing the light to cover the same distance more quickly . This seemed at first glance a too - convenient ad hoc explanation . Then some years ago , Australian Barry Setterfield raised the possibility to a high profile by showing that there seemed to be a decreasing trend in the historical observations of the speed of light ( c ) over the past 300 years or so . Setterfield ( and his later co - author Trevor Norman ) produced much evidence in favor of this theory . [ 1 ] They believed that it would have affected radiometric dating results , and even have caused the red - shifting of light from distant galaxies , although this idea was later overturned , and other modifications were also made . Much debate has raged to and fro among equally capable people within creationist circles about whether the statistical evidence really supports c decay ( “ cdk ” ) or not . The biggest difficulty , however , is with certain physical consequences of the theory . If has declined the way Setterfield proposed , these consequences should still be discernible in the light from distant galaxies but they are apparently not . In short , none of the theory ’ s defenders have been able to answer all the questions raised . A new Creationist cosmology Nevertheless , the - decay theory stimulated much thinking about the issues . Creationist physicist Dr . Russell Humphreys says that he spent a year on and off trying to get the declining theory to work , but without success . However , in the process , he was inspired to develop a new creationist cosmology which appears to solve the problem of the apparent conflict with the Bible ’ s clear , authoritative teaching of a recent creation . This new cosmology is proposed as a creationist alternative to the “ big bang ” theory . It passed peer review , by qualifying reviewers , for the 1994 Pittsburgh International Conference on creationism . [ 2 ] Young - Earth creationists have been cautious about the model , [ 3 ] which is not surprising with such an apparently radical departure from orthodoxy , but Humphreys has addressed the problems raised . [ 4 ] Believers in an old universe and the “ big bang ” have vigorously opposed the new cosmology and claim to have found flaws in it . [ 5 ] However , Humphreys has been able to defend his model , as well as develop it further . [ 6 ] The debate will no doubt continue . This sort of development , in which one creationist theory , - decay , is overtaken by another , is a healthy aspect of science . The basic biblical framework is non - negotiable , as opposed to the changing views and models of fallible people seeking to understand the data within that framework ( evolutionists also often change their ideas on exactly how things have made themselves , but never whether they did ) . A clue Let us briefly give a hint as to how the new cosmology seems to solve the starlight problem before explaining some preliminary items in a little more detail . Consider that the time taken for something to travel a given distance is the distance divided by the speed it is traveling . That is : Time = Distance ( divided by ) Speed When this is applied to light from distant stars , the time calculates out to be millions of years . Some have sought to challenge the distances , but this is a very unlikely answer . [ 7 ] Astronomers use many different methods to measure the distances , and no informed creationist astronomer would claim that any errors would be so vast that billions of light - years could be reduced to thousands , for example . There is good evidence that our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across ! If the speed of light ( ) has not changed , the only thing left untouched in the equation is time itself . In fact , Einstein ’ s relativity theories have been telling the world for decades that time is not a constant . Two things are believed ( with experimental support ) to distort time in relativity theory — one is speed and the other is gravity . Einstein ’ s general theory of relativity , the best theory of gravity we have at present , indicates that gravity distorts time This effect has been measured experimentally , many times . Clocks at the top of tall buildings , where gravity is slightly less , run faster than those at the bottom , just as predicted by the equations of general relativity ( GR ) . [ 8 ] When a concentration of matter is very large ( dense enough ) , the gravitational distortion can also be so immense that any light rays trying to escape the enormous pull of gravity bend back on themselves . This lack of escaping light rays forms an invisible boundary called the “ event horizon ” around the matter . At the event horizon , time literally stands still . Using different assumptions … Dr . Humphreys ’ new creationist cosmology literally “ falls out ” of the equations of GR , so long as one assumes that the universe has a boundary . In other words , that it has a center and an edge — that if you were to travel off into space , you would eventually come to a place beyond which there was no more matter . In this cosmology , the Earth is near the center This might sound like common sense , as indeed it is , but all modern secular ( “ big bang ” ) cosmologies deny this . That is , they make arbitrary assumption ( without any scientific necessity ) that the universe has no boundaries — no edge and no center . In this assumed universe , every galaxy would be surrounded by galaxies spread evenly in all directions ( on a large enough scale ) , and so , therefore , all the net gravitational forces cancel out . However , if the universe has boundaries , then there is a net gravitational effect toward the center . Clocks at the edge would be running at different rates to clocks on the Earth . In other words , it is no longer enough to say God made the universe in six days . He certainly did , but six days by which clock ? ( If we say “ God ’ s time ” we miss the point that He is outside of time , seeing the end from the beginning . ) [ 10 ] There appears to be observational evidence that the universe has expanded in the past , supported by the many phrases God uses in the Bible to tell us that at creation he “ stretched out ” [ 11 ] ( other verses say “ spread out ” ) the heavens . If the universe is not much bigger than we can observe , and if it was only 50 times smaller in the past than it is now , then scientific deduction based on GR means it has to have expanded out of a previous state in which it was surrounded by an event horizon ( a condition known technically as a “ white hole ” — a black hole running in reverse , something permitted by the equations of GR ) . As matter passed out of this event horizon , the horizon itself had to shrink — eventually to nothing . Therefore , at one point this Earth ( relative to a point far away from it ) would have been virtually frozen in time . An observer on Earth would not in any way “ feel different . ” “ Billions of years ” would be available ( in the frame of reference within which it is traveling in deep space ) for light to reach the Earth , for stars to age , etc . — while less than In one sense , if observers on Earth at that particular time could have looked out and “ seen ” the speed with which light was moving toward them out in space , it would have appeared as if it were traveling many times faster than . ( Galaxies would also appear to be rotating faster . ) However , if an observer in deep space was out there measuring the speed of light , to him it would still only be traveling at There is more detail of this new cosmology , at layman ’ s level , in the book by Dr . Humphreys , Starlight and Time , which also includes reprints of his technical papers showing the equations . [ 12 ] It is fortunate that creationists did not invent such concepts such as gravitational time dilation , black and white holes , event horizons and so on , or we would likely be accused of manipulating the data to solve the problem . The interesting thing about this cosmology is that it is based upon mathematics and physics totally accepted by all cosmologists ( general relativity ) , and it accepts ( along with virtually all physicists ) that there has been expansion in the past ( though not from some imaginary tiny point ) . It requires no “ massaging This new cosmology seems to explain in one swoop all of the observations used to support the “ big bang , ” including progressive red - shift and the cosmic microwave background radiation , without compromising the data or the biblical record of a young Earth . Caution While this is exciting news , all theories of fallible men , no matter how well they seem to fit the data , are subject to revision or abandonment in the light of future discoveries . What we can say is that at this point a plausible mechanism has been demonstrated , with considerable observational and theoretical support . What if no one had ever thought of the possibility of gravitational time dilation ? Many might have felt forced to agree with those scientists ( including some Christians ) that there was no possible solution — the vast ages are fact , and the Bible must be “ reinterpreted ” ( massaged ) or increasingly rejected . Many have in fact been urging Christians to abandon the Bible ’ s clear teaching of a recent creation because of these “ undeniable facts . ” This reinterpretation also means having to accept that there were billions of years of death , disease , and bloodshed before Adam , thus eroding the creation / Fall / restoration framework within which the gospel is presented in the Bible . However , even without this new idea , such an approach would still have been wrong - headed . The authority of the Bible should never be compromised as mankind ’ s “ scientific ” proposals . One little previously unknown fact , or one change in a starting assumption , can drastically alter the whole picture so that what was “ fact ” is no longer so . This is worth remembering when dealing with those other areas of difficulty which , despite the substantial evidence for Genesis creation , still remain . Only God possesses infinite knowledge . By basing our scientific research on the assumption that His Word is true ( instead of the assumption that it is wrong or irrelevant ) our scientific theories are much more likely , in the long run , to come to accurately represent reality . Recommended for further reading Purchase on - line Starlight and Time : Solving the Puzzle of Distant Starlight in a Young Universe , by Dr . Russell Humphreys , Master Books , 1994 “ Refined time dilation model appears in Journal of Creation without fanfare ” - Creation . com “ New time dilation helps creation cosmology , ” Russ Humphreys - Creation . com Do stars evolve ? Answer Do new stars form today ? Answer Is the Bible clear about the age of the Earth and universe ? BIBLICAL IMPORTANCE — Is the age of the Earth a “ trivial ” doctrinal point ? YOUNG EARTH — What are some of the evidences for a young Earth ? RADIOACTIVE AGE ESTIMATION METHODS — Do they prove the Earth is billions of years old ? Footnotes T.G. Norman and B . Setterfield , The Atomic Constants , Light and Time ( privately published , 1990 ) . D.R. Humphreys , “ Progress Toward a Young - Earth Relativistic Cosmology , ” Proceedings 3rd ICC , Pittsburgh , 1994 , pp . 267 - 286 . J . Byl , “ On Time Dilation in Cosmology , ” Creation Research Society Quarterly , 1997 , 34 ( 1 ) : 26 - 32 . D.R. Humphreys , “ It ’ s Just a Matter of Time , ” Creation Research Society Quarterly , 1997 , 34 ( 1 ) : 32 - 34 . S.R. Conner and D.N. Page , “ Starlight and Time is the Big Bang , ” CEN Technical Journal , 1998 , 12 ( 2 ) : 174 - 194 . D.R. Humphreys , “ New Vistas of Space - time Rebut the Critics , ” CEN Technical Journal , 1998 , 12 ( 2 ) : 195 - 212 . Many billions of stars exist , many just like our own sun , according to the analysis of the light coming from them . Such numbers of stars have to be distributed through a huge volume of space , otherwise we would all be fried . The demonstrable usefulness of GR in physics can be separated from certain “ philosophical baggage ” that some have illegitimately attached to it , and to which some Christians have objected . Such an object is called a “ black hole . ” Genesis 1 : 1 Ecclesiastes 3 : 11 Isaiah 26 : 4 Romans 1 : 20 1 Timothy 1 : 17 ; and Hebrews 11 : 3 . Interestingly , according to GR , time does not exist without matter . For example , Isaiah 42 : 5 Jeremiah 10 : 12 Zechariah 12 : 1 D . Russel Humphreys ( Green Forest , AR : Master Books , 1994 ) . An on - line archive of the debate surrounding Dr . Humphreys ’ starlight research can be found off - site at : http : / / www . trueorigin . org / ca_rh_03 . htm Edited by Don Batten , Ph . D . / Authors : Ken Ham , Jonathan Sarfati , and Carl Wieland , adapted from The Revised & Expanded Answers Book ( Master Books , 2000 ) . ( With minor editing for ChristianAnswers . Net publication by Paul S . Taylor . ) / Supplied by Creation Ministries International Copyright © 1996 , 2002 , Creation Ministries International , All Rights Reserved — except as noted on attached “ Usage and Copyright ” page that grants ChristianAnswers . Net users generous rights for putting this page to work in their homes , personal witnessing , churches and schools . Illustrations and layout copyright , 1999 , Films for Christ ChristianAnswers . Net Christian Answers Network PO Box 1167 Marysville WA 98270 - 1167 Submit your Questions	[ "stars", "Bible claim" ]
http://christianblogs.christianet.com/1114447631.htm	Does The Spirit Of Man Die If it is the soul that is born again , what about the spirit of man , has it died at all , and how are we one with the Lord ? Join Our Free Chat and Take The Salvation Bible Quiz - - - Linda on 4 / 25 / 05 Helpful Blog Vote ( 7 ) Luke : Do you believe that your " soul - spook " is immortal ? If so , what do you do with : 1Ti 6 : 16 [ God ] Who only hath immortality - - - jerry6593 on 5 / 19 / 14 Dear Luke You did not comment on a single verse I posted . Okay I thought I had answered this but I do so now . JESUS is both GOD and man . So who and what He is are not the same as all other beings on earth and in Heaven . That exact nature has been argued about for 2,000 years . On Revelation being symbolic like being a parable does not change the significance or meaning of a verse . The souls of those who are martyred are under the altar . They cry for vengeance then are given robes and told to rest until judgment day . Just as the blood of Abel . Genesis 4 : 10 Conditionalism is taught by many groups . The doctrine is over 1,500 years old . Some say older . I have only used the Bible to show my points period . - - - Samuelbb7 on 5 / 16 / 14 Dear Samuel , You still did not give me an answer about the make - up of Jesus . You are walking around in circles . Why do you not respond to my questions ? You said the passages in Revelation are symbolic , does that change what the passage means ? If it does , then nothing in revelation is truth . Every time you get a passage you can always twist out of what it says by saying it was symbolic . Just another way of refusing the truth as I see it , and only for the reason of defending your doctrines . Scripture speaks out , but you are not listening brother . You keep saying , what your denomination teach . Not what the Bible teaches . Agape Luke on 5 / 16 / 14 Matthew 26 : 38 Sorry unto death or his soul would die for sorrow . How does that help you prove the soul can not die ? John 13 : 21 I have already agreed that Spirit is part of who we are and refers to our thoughts as well as the Breath of life . So this is part of what we teach . Rev 6 : 9 This is symbolic as most of Revelation is . Unless you think that GOD puts some of his people under a stone for some reason . Eph 2 : 1 Since the passage does not use the word Spirit but is talking about the person which I agree we have to be Born Again by the power of the HOLY SPIRIT . So now please explain some of the verses I have shown you . Agape Samuelbb7 on 5 / 12 / 14 / / Which is why I have been pointing out that your passage in 1Thess 5 : 13 is a common theme used in the Bible for overlapping words . / / Overlapping words you say ? What is that all about ? I gave you the make - up of Jesus with the passages in Matthew 26 : 38 , and John 13 : 21 . How about Revelation 6 : 9 where John saw under the alter the souls of them that were slain for the word of God . And how about Eph . 2 : 1 where we are told that when we are saved our spirits are quickened or made alive ? Which indicates our spirits were dead when we were lost . There is much , Luke on 5 / 10 / 14 Yes Luke I knew that soul had many different meaning . I knew that the context gives the clue to how the word is used . Which is why I have been pointing out that your passage in 1Thess 5 : 13 is a common theme used in the Bible for overlapping words . The hermeneutics , which I have read books on , is what helps me to understand that in its many uses is the true meaning of the word . Not the assigning of a meaning by people based on tradition . I also believe all passages on a topic must be combined to provide a proper understanding of a doctrine . So I am just asking you to follow your own reasoning and use of hermeneutics to find the truth . Look at all the verses , then pray and use the Bible to tell you what is true . on 5 / 9 / 14 / / Remember you wrote that soul has many different meanings . None are a separate entity that lives apart from the body . / / I did say that soul has many meanings for the simple reason that students of the Bible should know that the word soul , and the word spirit should be understood by the context in the passages given when those words were mentioned . Early writers wrote different from each other . A simple lesson on hermeneutics will help you understand that the words differ depending on the passage and the context . Jesus Christ was exactly like us only without sin . He had a physical body made up of flesh , a human soul , and a human spirit . We are the same as He is . Agape on 5 / 9 / 14 Luke : You seem to continue to argue that your soul is your spirit - a spook trapped within you and freed only at death . You even quote 1 Th 5 : 23 " may your whole spirit , soul and body " as proof , when it actually contradicts your thesis by showing that the " soul " and the " spirit " are separate and distinct entities - not the same thing . Open your mind for a moment and learn from Samuel rather than arguing with him . jerry6593 Dear Luke Yes the one verse you cling to say what you say . But the commands of GOD use different words to mean the whole person . Please explain why I am mistaken and what all the verses I have posted mean then . Rom 8 : 23 And not only they , but ourselves also , which have the first fruits of the Spirit , even we ourselves groan within ourselves , waiting for the adoption , to wit , the redemption of our body . Also James 2 : 26 , 5 : 20 Hebrews 4 : 12 , Mat 10 : 28 , Rev . 16 : 3 1Co 15 : 45 And so it is written , The first man Adam was made a living soul , . . Remember you wrote that soul has many different meanings . None are a separate entity that lives apart from the body . on 5 / 8 / 14 Dear Samuel , Samuel , Brother , what are you now doing ? You are now giving a command Jesus gave , to explain the make - up of man . What will you do next ? When Jesus spoke concerning His own body , He said soul and spirit . He was not giving a command on how we should love Him . You are so far off brother , but I understand . Here , let me help you : " Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you completely " ( This means to sanctify the whole person ) and may your whole spirit , soul and body be preserved blameless at the coming of or Lord Jesus Christ . He who calls you is faithful who also will do it " ( 1 Thess . 5 : 23 , 24 ) . on 5 / 8 / 14 Thanks Elena . Man is made of heart , soul , strength . Wait understanding is in there too . You are misusing a single verse . Mat 22 : 37 Jesus said unto him , Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy mind . Mar 12 : 30 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy mind , and with all thy strength : this is the first commandment . Mar 12 : 33 And to love him with all the heart , and with all the understanding , and with all the soul , and with all the strength , . . . Luk 10 : 27 . . .Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy strength , . . . agape on 5 / 7 / 14 Dear Samuel , You ' ve given nothing but your explanation of Gen . 2 : 7 which does not describe the make - up of man . Jesus , who was human like all of us except without sin , possessed a human rational body , soul and a spirit . According to Matthew 26 : 38 Christ said to His disciples : " My soul is exceeding sorrowful , even unto death " He possessed a human soul . In John 13 : 21 in regard to His spirit it is recorded : " When Jesus had thus said , He was troubled in the spirit " From these and other scriptures it is evident that Christ possessed a true human body . Jesus Christ the Son of God had a complete human nature including body , soul and spirit like all of us . Do not try to change His human nature . Agape on 5 / 6 / 14 To Bro . Jerry6593 , all respect to . you really good the way . you explain it . The Holy Spirit , is real . Just let you ! there alot of merit in . what you are saying . Love of Jesus ! Elena_9555 on 5 / 5 / 14 you can see , Genesis 2 : 7 was not describing the make - up of man . . . . you disregard the passages that do give the make - up of man , been body , soul and spirit . I said man was triune like God . . Luke Yes Triune means three . But you ignore that your one verse not verses is synonymous with the three other passages so that you are misusing the verse . Also I know what triune means but since the verse you quote does not mean that because of the other three synonymous verses I do not accept your point . I do not see since you have not given me any verse that proves that man is not a combination of body and spirit making a soul just your say so . Nor do you explain any of the verses I post . Why do ignore these verses ? Agape on 5 / 5 / 14 Luke : " The Holy Ghost is not a spook as you say " You need to brush up on your reading skills . I never said that the Holy Spirit is a spook . He is God . It is those who think that the " soul " is an immortal , self - existent entity that transcends death who believe in spooks . Do YOU believe in spooks ? Read These Insightful Articles About Internet Services / / But there is no spook trapped within us that flies away at death . That is pagan mythology . / / The Holy Ghost is not a spook as you say , and then turn around and say it ' s a pagan mythology . So why do n ' t you tell us what happens to the Holy Ghost who indwells believers when the believer dies a physical death ? Does He die and turns to dust ? Or does the Spirit go to sleep ? And what happens to the spirit of man , which is immaterial ? Jesus had a spirit like every man . When He died , He presented His spirit to the Father , was that a spook He gave to the Father ? " And when Jesus had cried out with a loud voice , He said , " Father , unto Your hands I commit My spirit " Luke 23 : 46 , was that a spook Jesus gave up ? on 5 / 4 / 14 The blog question is misleading . It is GOD ' S spirit - not MAN ' s - that gives life to the body and transforms the union into a living person ( Gen 2 : 7 ) . We have a choice of which spirit abides in us - The Holy Spirit or Satan ' s spirit . But there is no spook trapped within us that flies away at death . That is pagan mythology . on 5 / 3 / 14 / / You state man is a triune being , because GOD is three persons . That does not work . The Father , Son , and HOLY SPIRIT are three different being one GOD . We are a person made up of two parts that make a third . / / Samuel , you made a doctrine of Gen . 2 : 7 , then give the passage in 1 Cor . 15 : 45 which explains what Gen . was saying " And so it is written , The first man Adam became a living being , the last Adam became a life giving spirit " As you can see , Genesis 2 : 7 was not describing the make - up of man . In your faith , you disregard the passages that do give the make - up of man , been body , soul and spirit . I said man was triune like God in that he is made up of three parts , that is what triune means , " Three " , on 5 / 3 / 14 You state man is a triune being , because GOD is three persons . That does not work . The Father , Son , and HOLY SPIRIT are three different being one GOD . We are a person made up of two parts that make a third . 1Co 15 : 45 And so it is written , The first man Adam was made a living soul , the last Adam was made a quickening spirit . JESUS walked earth in Human form not that of the Spirit . So this passage is pointing out about the HOLY SPIRIT . Which we need to be Born Again and saved . We are one thing here a soul . on 5 / 2 / 14 Read These Insightful Articles About Online Stores man is a triune being , he is created in the image of God . " God said , let Us make man in Our image " Genesis 1 : 26 . Genesis 2 : 7 is not describing the make - up of man . Only that he became a life being when breath went into him . Man is spirit soul and body . The spirit is not breath . We are told , " I pray God your whole spirit , and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ ' ( 1 Thess . 5 : 23 ) . " For the word of God is quick , and powerful , and sharper than any two edged sword , piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit , and of joints and marrow ( body ) and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart " Hebrews 4 : 12 . Agape on 5 / 2 / 14 Genesis 2 : 7 As our Creator , He is also Sustainer . It takes this breath of life , plus the body , to make a living soul . The spirit is not some kind of separate entity that floats around somewhere . When a person dies , the body returns to dust and the breath of life goes back to God ( who gave it ) . ( Psalm 146 : 4 , Ecclesiastes 12 : 7 , and Job 34 : 14 ) This is not in the form of some spiritual being , it is simply the energizing spark of life our essence , essential to individual existence . The spirit or soul has no conscious existence apart from the body . So while we are alive we are able to understand because yes the Spirit is more then breath . But you still are not giving verses to prove your points . on 5 / 1 / 14 / / Where I disagree is that the Spirit which is both breath and the true us exists as a soul that goes to hell or heaven at death . This verse shows what I believe as your words agree . / / Dear Samuel , " There is a spirit in man , and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understand " Job 32 : 9 . Here we are told that it is the spirit of man that is given understanding . The materialist tells us , like you do , that the spirit of man is the air that he breathes . Can the air get understanding ? nonsense . God is called " The God of the spirits of all flesh " Numbers 16 : 22 . God is Spirit , and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth , John 4 : 24 . on 5 / 1 / 14 1 Corth . 15 : 53 , 54 . That is speaking of the physical body . Not the spirit of believers which is united with Christ forever in One body . So you need to find out what it is you are going to speak about . " Body " which is physical body , " spirit " which is the immaterial part of man that communicates with God . Agape Luke Why are you telling me what I actually have been saying as if I am not saying it . I totally agree with this statement . Where I disagree is that the Spirit which is both breath and the true us exists as a soul that goes to hell or heaven at death . This verse shows what I believe as your words agree . Where are the verses that say what you teach ? Send a Free Funny Valentine Ecard / / Then compare . . . verses that say the Soul is a combination of body and spirit . That the many different meanings of these words do not include immortality . 1Ti 6 : 16 / / Dear Samuel , Did you not read what happens to the physical body ? " For the trumpet will sound , and we shall be changed . For this corruptible must put on incorruption , and this mortal must put on immorality " 1 Corth . 15 : 53 , 54 . That is speaking of the physical body . Not the spirit of believers which is united with Christ forever in One body . So you need to find out what it is you are going to speak about . " Body " which is physical body , " spirit " which is the immaterial part of man that communicates with God . Agape Dear Luke . Why do you think I was only taught this and have never actually looked up words with Strong ' s . I have used Lexicons but sometimes I read the opinion about the word instead of what the passages say . Once earlier I asked you to take all the Bible verses that you say means the soul is immortal and the intelligent thinking spirit is in heaven . Then compare it to all the Bible verses that say the Soul is a combination of body and spirit . That the many different meanings of these words do not include immortality . 1Ti 6 : 16 Who only hath immortality , dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto , whom no man hath seen , nor can see : to whom be honour and power everlasting . Amen . on 4 / 30 / 14 You need to read the definition of the words like , spirit , soul , and body . Words in the Bible have many meanings depending on where you find the words . I mentioned before concerning spirit " Ruach " in Eccl . 3 : 21 , for spirit has many meanings depending on the passage . What you have done is to use one definition no matter where you find it . Or you use figure of speech passages as literal just to stay with one answer , no matter what the writer of Scripture intended . But if you really want to find the real truth , you have to do little work , like looking words up in a lexicon . That is only is the only way to find the true meaning , not what someone taught you . Thanks for keeping things within borders , Agape on 4 / 29 / 14 Their physical body is dead and rots , their soul is not asleep or rottening . Soul is immaterial part of man . It does not die since it has no body that dies nor does it need rest . Luke Where does the Bible say these things ? Chapter and verse ? Eze 18 : 20 The soul that sinneth , it shall die . Gen 2 : 7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground , and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life , and man became a living soul . These verses say the soul dies and that it is made up of the Body and Spirit combined . So that is what I believe . on 4 / 29 / 14 Business Training / / Dear Luke . It is not my claim . The Bible calls the dead asleep . John 11 : 11 - 14 These things said he : and after that he saith unto them , Our friend Lazarus sleepeth , but I go , that I may awake him out of sleep . . . . Then said Jesus unto them plainly , Lazarus is dead . / / The Bible does call the dead asleep , but just because it does , it does not mean they are asleep . It is a figure of speech . Their physical body is dead and rots , their soul is not asleep or rottening . Soul is immaterial part of man . It does not die since it has no body that dies nor does it need rest . on 4 / 25 / 14 Dear Luke . It is not my claim . The Bible calls the dead asleep . John 11 : 11 - 14 These things said he : and after that he saith unto them , Our friend Lazarus sleepeth , but I go , that I may awake him out of sleep . . . . Then said Jesus unto them plainly , Lazarus is dead . Why , because JESUS is coming to wake the dead in the two resurrections . I also said and have given verses that say all the spirits of humans go to GOD at death . So yes I did answer your question about that part . James 2 : 26 For as the body without the spirit is dead , so faith without works is dead also . So the Body has to be reunited with the Spirit at the time of transformation . Yes we will be like Christ in a glorified physical body . on 4 / 24 / 14 You first claim people are not dead but asleep . Jesus said they were dead . Asleep is a figure of speech . Now you do not believe the spirit of believers who died a physical death are with Christ . That is why you did n ' t answer my question . Instead you gave For this we say to you by the word of the Lord , that we who are alive and remain until the coming of the Lord , will not precede those who have fallen asleep . / / The physical bodies are dead . What will be resurrected is the glorified new bodies . The dead in Christ will rise first . When their glorified bodies rise , they will meet with their spirits who come with Christ . They will be just like Christ . For He has a physical glorified body . on 4 / 24 / 14 The Spirits of the all the dead go to GOD . 1Th 4 : 13 - 17NASB But we do not want you to be uninformed , brethren , about those who are asleep , so that you will not grieve as do the rest who have no hope . For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again , even so God will bring with Him those who have fallen asleep in Jesus . For this we say to you by the word of the Lord , that we who are alive and remain until the coming of the Lord , will not precede those who have fallen asleep . For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout , with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet of God , and the dead in Christ will rise first . If they are awake in Heaven why do they need to awaken ? on 4 / 23 / 14 Software Dear Samuel , If the spirit of those who have died do not go with God , then how is it possible for the saints who have died to come together with Christ at the Second Coming ? " Now Enoch , the seventh from Adam , prophesied about these men also , saying , " Behold , the Lord comes with ten thousands of His saints " Jude 1 : 14 . " So that He may establish your hearts blameless in holiness before our God and Father at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all His saints " 1 Thess . 3 : 13 . And there is more , agape . on 4 / 23 / 14 Samuel , if the Spirit of God does not live in a person , they are spiritually dead . When a person is born again of the Spirit of God , we are made alive in Christ . A good thing to know is if we are born once , we die twice but if we are born twice , we die once . Born in the flesh and born in the spirit makes us born twice . - - - shira4368 Yes . You are absolutely correct . We must be Born Again to enter the kingdom of Heaven . on 4 / 22 / 14 Samuel , if the Spirit of God does not live in a person , they are spiritually dead . When a person is born again of the Spirit of God , we are made alive in Christ . A good thing to know is if we are born once , we die twice but if we are born twice , we die once . Born in the flesh and born in the spirit makes us born twice . shira4368 on 4 / 21 / 14 Luke There is the Spirit that makes human being alive and walking the earth . James 2 : 26 For as the body without the spirit is dead , so faith without works is dead also . That is the Spirit that returns to GOD at our death . Ecc 12 : 7 Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was : and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it . But when Adam sinned he was no longer spiritually alive . He and all since are dead in trespasses and sin . 1Co 15 : 22 , 45 Which is what you are talking about . Here we agree . We need the HOLY SPIRIT to make us alive spiritually since we are dead to GOD , which is why we have to be Born Again by the power of the HOLY SPIRIT . on 4 / 21 / 14 Advertising Man is a triune being , he is created in the image of God . " God said , let Us make man in Our image " Genesis 1 : 26 . Paul said , " I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ " 1 Thess . 5 : 23 . " But as it is written , eye hath not seen , nor ear heard , neither have entered into the heart of man , the things which God hath prepared for them that love Him . But God hath revealed them unto us by His Spirit , for the Spirit searches all things , yea , the deep things of God . For what man knoweth the things of man , save the spirit of man which is in him ? Even so the thing of God knoweth no man , but the Spirit of God " 1 Cor . 2 : 9 - 11 . on 4 / 20 / 14 Gen 2 : 7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground , and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life , and man became a living soul . The word for Breath is Spirit which is mentioned before . Jas 2 : 26 For as the body without the spirit is dead , so faith without works is dead also . Ecc 12 : 7 Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was : and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it . Pray about it . Agape on 4 / 18 / 14 Adam had the Holy Spirit in him at creation . After he sinned the Holy Spirit left him . The space the Holy spirit occupied became empty . Men could be posessed by any spirit / evil spirit occupying this place . Men of God had an external anointing upon then to function as men of God . Mankind lived in this condition without the Holy Spirit ( carnal ) until Jesus sent the Holy spirit to New believers ' heart - Born again . The spirit part of man is only functional when a spirit lives in that part winston on 4 / 16 / 14 That should have read " body ~ sarx " not " body ~ Sara " . I hate auto correct . blogger8980 on 6 / 12 / 12 Eating Disorders The words " Soul " and " spirit " also have different meanings n the bible Another meaning of the words soul and spirit is ' The will or determination " We often speak of a spirited horse , a horse with strong will not easily broken 1 Samuel 18 : 1 the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David , This does not mean that they shared the same brain function . It meant the loved each other . Aften the bible speaks of one soul as being your innermost thoughts , what is dear to you . This is not the same as soul meaning body and breath / spirit . 1 Thess 5 : 23 I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ . francis on 6 / 12 / 12 Spirit ~ pneuma soul ~ psuche ( sp ? ) body ~ Sara The spirit is who the believer is as born of God ( righteous , holy , complete , delivered , healed , etc ) . The soul consists of the mind which must be renewed , the will , emotions , intelligence , personality , imagination , and reasoning . The body is the expression . The heart ~ cardia ~ is the place of conviction and belief . blogger8980 on 6 / 11 / 12 Linda , you are not a spirit . You are person , consisting of body and a soul ( the life inside the body , made up of your will and emotions ) . Now , you can be oppressed or possessed by an outside spirit , like an evil spirit , or by God ' s Spirit , but you yourself are not a spirit . When you ' re body dies , you ' re soul remains alive and leaves your body . Then you will become a spirit , instead of a mortal human . - - - Jed on 6 / 11 / 12 Hogwash ! And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly , and I pray God your whole SPIRIT and SOUL and BODY be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ ( 1 Thes 5 : 23 ) Three in one ! Just like our God ! LindaH on 6 / 11 / 12 Blogger , would you like to clarify your definition of spirit and soul . Please tell us what you believe to be the difference between the two . Jed Travel Packages Jed , those who are born of the Spirit ARE spirit . The only other option is to born of flesh and be flesh . A born again believer is a spirit , has a soul , and lives in a body . Made in the image of God , he is three parts of a whole . That is why a believer can be called righteous in Christ apart from his performance or thoughts . Linda , you are not a spirit . You are person , consisting of body and a soul ( the life inside the body , made up of your will and emotions ) . Now , you can be oppressed or possessed by an outside spirit , like an evil spirit , or by God ' s Spirit , but you yourself are not a spirit . When you ' re body dies , you ' re sould remains alive and leaves your body . Then you will become a spirit , instead of a mortal human . Jed Do not confuse the functions of the brain with your soul or spirit . the function of the brain is to think , and evoke emotions . That s not your soul . If you had brain damage your soul would still exist ( BEING BREATH AND BODY ) But when you stop breathing , your brain functions also stops and you die , at this point the soul no longer exists francis Did someone forget that the rich man in hell still could feel the flames love his brothers could see could hear new he was thristy The sprit of a christian man is born again now his body will be born again in the resurection . Man is a body soul and sprit paul said he was caught up to the thrid heaven in the body or not he didn , t know he still retained every thing that the soul did so does the soul and spirit go together at the point of death . Jerry_Garrison on 6 / 9 / 12 Credit Repair Leslie : You define " man ' s spirit " as " God ' s breath . " Does God give a different " breath " to each person and to every animal as well ? Ecc 3 : 19 For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts , even one thing befalleth them : as the one dieth , so dieth the other , yea , they have all one breath , so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast : on 8 / 21 / 10 Let ' s remember to speak the truth in love and give grace to those who are even asking questions . At least they are asking . Marianna on 8 / 20 / 10 God created man as spirit ( God ' s breath ) , soul ( mind , will , emotions ) , and body . The spirit is what gets born again and lives for eternity . The soul and body do not get saved and only live as long as the person lives . Leslie on 3 / 4 / 08 I believe that the soul is what the Lord die for , and that it is eternal , the spirit of man must align itself with the spirit of God ( Holy Spirit ) . If you walk in the Spirit , you will deny the lust of your flesh . See Gal . 5 : 16 . also read 2 cor . 4 : 16 . I believe we are one with the Lord though the Holy Spirit . You must be born again , not of flesh but by the spirit . John 3 : 6 . I david5083 on 3 / 4 / 08 Christian Products TS , are you intent on losing your soul ? You could end up dead , dead , dead . You do n ' t believe in hell , so for you maybe you will be ash ugly somewhere . Jesus gives us beauty for ashes . " to give unto them beauty for ashes , the oil of joy for mourning , the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness . " MclaineD . on 5 / 9 / 07 as usual , everyone misunderstands the simplest of things . when we become one with God and obey his teachings and commandments through repentence and faith , we are reborn in the spirit through righteousness . everyone will die in mortality , but our spirits will never die , they are eternal . We will receive our rewards how we live after the judgment . for those loving evil over goodness and mercy , they will be cut off from God ' s presence or a spiritual death . no one ceases to be as so many profess . ashley on 5 / 9 / 07 " The Soul that sinneth shall die " Pretty clear that the soul dies and is not immortal . TS Linda : The soul is the Spirit of God living in Man it never dies , mans body - - dust thou art & into dust thou shalt return . The soul is immortal . That is why Satan seeks the soul through the body . Emcee Christian Divorce Pierres you seem to be saying that the " Spirit " has nothing to do with our conscious being . I do n ' t get that , because when paul says " I delight . . . " etc , he is clearly talking about his conscious thinking deciding being . And if it is that our conscious being accepts jesus , it is som e other part that is saved ? Does not add up . But you say this is so important to understand . . . why ? alan8869_of_UK on 1 / 12 / 06 It is not the soul of man that is born again . It is the spirit of man and is made new . Created in His image , we are spirit because He is Spirit . The soul is the ' CD PLAYER ' as an example . Maggie on 1 / 11 / 06 Alan of UK + Co . 3rd ed . of " to be cont " Now let me suggest that in the context of THE REBIRTH the listening , thinking , deciding , obeying SPIRIT is the INNER MAN which the Bible talks about in : ROM ; 7 : 22 " for in my INNER BEING ( = Spirit ) I delight in God ' s law " and Eph ; 3 : 16 " I pray that . . .He may strengthen you . . .through His SPIRIT ( = HOLY SPIRIT ) in your INNER BEING ( = Spirit ) . Conl 2 : It is the INNER MAN / SPIRIT that is REBORN when he * accepts Jesus as Saviour ! I hope that helps ! * INNER MAN equally F and M ! Pierr7958 on 5 / 5 / 05 Alan of UK + Co . 3rd ed . of " to be cont " Now let me suggest that in the context of THE REBIRTH the listening , thinking , deciding , obeying SPIRIT is the INNER MAN which the Bible talks about in : ROM ; 7 : 22 " for in my INNER BEING ( = Spirit ) I delight in God ' s law " and Eph ; 3 : 16 " I pray that . . .He may strengthen you . . .through His SPIRIT ( = HOLY SPIRIT ) in your INNER BEING ( = Spirit ) . Conl 2 : It is the INNER MAN / SPIRIT that is REBORN when he * accepts Jesus as Saviour ! I hope that helps ! * INNER MAN equally F and M ! Pierr7958 on 5 / 5 / 05 Christian Marriage Alan of UK and Co . Sorry I did not clear it up . It is so important that I will try again . To help us let ' s use a small s for the spirit which means the same as BREATH and let us use a capital S for the Spirit which means the same as THE INNER MAN . Now let me suggest that in the context of CREATION , we call the result of the combination of DUST + spirit ( breath of life ) = A LIVING SOUL or the OUTER MAN . Concl . 1 spirit is the same as breath GEN 2 : 7 to be cont . PIERR7958 on 5 / 3 / 05 Still puzzled ! ! & I bet others are . I will try again . . " What is our conscious being ? What is it that thinks , and listens & decides ? " " What is it that accepts Jesus as our saviour ? " Clearly that is our conscious . . . but soul or spirit ? Seems from what has been said before that it is our soul . . . then it seems odd that the thing that accepted Jesus should die . Back I think to Linda ' s simple question . Alan_of_U . K . on 5 / 3 / 05 Still puzzled ! ! I will tryu again . . " What is our conscious being ? What is it that thinks , and listens & decides ? " " What is it that accepts Jesus as our saviour ? " Clearly that is our conscious . . . is that our soul or our spirit . Seems from what has been said before that it is our soul . . . then it seems odd that the thing that accepted Jesus should die . Alan_of_U . K . Cliff / Alan of UK : Let me try to help . In the context of CREATION , we have the following : DUST + BREATH OF LIFE ( = spirit ) adding up to a LIVING SOUL ( = person ) In this case man has not been given a SOUL but he has become SOUL ( it exists only as long as man breathes ) It ceases to exist when man dies . It will live again at 1st or 2nd resurection , either to put on immortlity or to be destroyed for ever . The SPIRIT in the context of the REBIRTH is the same as rhe INNER MAN Debt Consolidation Cliff . . . like others I find this very confusing . There is obviously some part of us which goes to be with God , whether you call it soul or spirit does not really matter . . . unless they are separate things . If soul and spirit are different , which is which ? I think Linda ' s question should be addressed . Emcee ; Are you humble enough to take a little counsel ? Makeing statements that cant be supported by scripture can be very cofusing and missleadding . I ' m sure your not trying to misslead . . . .If you make a statement like " the soul is immortal " " then back it up with the appropriate scripture . If you cant dont make the statement ! agape 1st_cliff on 4 / 28 / 05 To clear up confusion , consult a concordance with the Greek and Hebrew words of the original manuscripts . In the old testament Spirit was translated from the Hebrew word Neshamah ( literally breath ) or the Hebrew word ruach ( literally wind ) . In the new testament it is usually translated from the Greek word pneuma ( literally air or breath ) and is the root for words such as pneumonia , pneumatic , etc . " Spirit " comes from the Latin spiritus ( literally breath ) . When the Bible speaks of a spirit as a ghost like being , it comes from the word apparition or phantasma . Robin on 4 / 27 / 05 Linda : The immaterial & immortal principle which is the substantial form of the body & which gives unity to the human being ; that infused principle which through God gives life to man & remains for all eternity . That is your soul . It goes back to the Almighty to give an account of your stewardship . Emcee on 4 / 26 / 05 Refinancing Please clear this up for me . The soul is what sinned and died and is born again . The spirit that God gave in the garden is what compared to the spirit that God gives when we are born again ? What is born again , our spirit or our soul ? Linda on 4 / 26 / 05 Linda , as Robin wrote , read Genesis account of how God made man . Man was made in the form of God ( SPIRIT ) . God made a body of earth and breathed life ( soul ) into it . When we die , the body and soul must die . IF we are of God , our spirit is of God and can not die . It is therefore the theophony or perfect body God provides that we will inhabit eternally . ( In My house are many mansions ) . ( If this tabernacle be dissolved mike_fl on 4 / 25 / 05 Emcee ; Can you show me ONE scripture that says the " soul is immortal " If you use an exhustive concordence , you will find " soul " has more than 800 listings . might surprize you ! 1st_cliff on 4 / 25 / 05 It is written , ' No one knows the things of God but the Spirit of God and no one knows the things of a man but the spirit of man in him ' and ' Only God is immortal . ' Also , ' We live , move , and have our being in God ' and ' the life is in the blood . ' The spirit of man exchanges breath with God and the blood is the life of man , without the blood you have no reason to breathe and no way to enjoy the things gregg Franchises your soul is . . . .your mind , your will and your emotions . . . . .you spirit is YOU . . . . .when all dies YOU go home Jackie Emcee , the soul is not immortal . Ezekiel 18 : 4 " . . .the soul who sins shall die . " It takes a body ( from dust of the earth ) and the Spirit ( life giving breath of God ) to make a living soul . Genesis 2 : 7 " And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground , and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living soul . Only God is immortal until we put on immortality at His coming . 1 Timothy Robin Linda : I sincerely hope you are not the same Linda who asked the same question earlier but here we go again : You , Linda are a LIVING SOUL the result of the combination of DUST and the BREATH OF LIFE , also known as SPIRIT . Unless that combination is present THERE IS NO LIVING SOUL . So it is YOU , Linda who is / was born again not your DUST nor your BREATH / Spirit ! The way we are one with the Lord is when we walk in His ways acc . to His will . Emcee : The Bible NEVER refers to SOUL as being immortal ! Pierre	[ "soul", "Spirit Of Man", "Die" ]
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http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/a/Burning-Bush.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality Moses and the Burning Bush Bible Story Study Guide God Used a Burning Bush to Catch the Attention of Moses Pascal Deloche / Getty Images by Jack Zavada Updated January 12 , 2019 The people of Israel cried out to God to be rescued from their misery as slaves in Egypt , and God heard them . He was ready to set them free . But first God had to reveal himself to Moses in a convincing manner that would prove his power and his purposes . God had to get Moses ' full attention . He did this by appearing to Moses in a burning bush , yet a bush that was not consumed . In this stunning appearance , the Lord distinguished himself as the God of Israel who was aware Scripture Reference The story of Moses and the burning bush appears in the book of Exodus 3 and 4 . Story Summary While tending his father - in - law Jethro ' s sheep in the land of Midian , Moses saw a baffling sight on Mount Horeb . A bush was on fire , but it did not burn up . Moses went over to the burning bush to investigate , and the voice of God called to him . God explained that he had seen how miserable his chosen people , the Hebrews , were in Egypt , where they were being held as slaves . God had come down from heaven to rescue them . He picked Moses to carry out that task . Moses was terrified . He told God he was not capable of such a huge undertaking . God assured Moses he would be with him . At that point , Moses asked God his name , so he could tell the Israelites who had sent him . God replied , " I AM WHO I AM . This is what you are to say to the Israelites : ' I AM has sent me to you . ' " Then God revealed that he would perform miracles to force the king of Egypt to let the enslaved Israelites go . To show his power , the Lord turned Moses ' staff into a snake , and back into a staff , and made Moses ' hand white with leprosy , then healed it . God instructed Moses to use those signs to prove to the Hebrews that God truly was Still afraid , Moses complained that he could not speak well " Pardon your servant , Lord . I have never been eloquent , neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant . I am slow of speech and tongue . " The Lord said to him , " Who gave human beings their mouths ? Who makes them deaf or mute ? Who gives them sight or makes them blind ? Is it not I , the Lord ? Now go ; I will help you speak and will teach you what to say . " ( Exodus 4 : 10 - 12 , NIV ) God was angry with Moses ' lack of faith but promised Moses that his brother Aaron would join him and speak for him . Moses would tell Aaron what to say . After saying goodbye to his father - in - law , Moses met Aaron in the desert . Together they went back to Goshen , in Egypt , where the Jews were slaves . Aaron explained to the elders how God was going to free the people , and Moses showed them the signs . Overcome that the Lord had heard their prayers and seen their affliction , the elders bowed down and worshiped God . Points of Interest God used a burning bush to get Moses ' attention . He chose this shepherd to lead Israel out of bondage . The names Mount Horeb and Mount Sinai are used interchangeably in the Bible . Several sites in the Sinai Peninsula have been proposed by scholars , including Jebel Musa ( Mount Moses ) and Jebel al - Lawz , but the Bible does not give a specific geographic location . Scientists have tried to deny the miracle of the burning bush with various theories . Some say it was a " gas - plant , " vegetation which emits a flammable substance . Others claim the fire was caused by a volcanic vent near the bush . Still others say it was merely a plant with red flowers and there was no fire at all , but the Bible clearly states the bush burned but was not consumed . In the passage , God ' s name , " I AM " , reveals his independent existence and eternal nature , unbound by past , present or future . Jesus Christ used this term to express his divinity : " Very truly I tell you , " Jesus answered , " before Abraham was born , I am ! " ( John 8 : 58 , NIV ) The Jews picked up stones to kill Jesus , claiming he committed blasphemy After Moses completed his assignment of leading the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt , he returned to this same holy mountain , where God gave him the Ten Commandments Question for Reflection God promised Moses from the burning bush that he would be with him throughout this difficult ordeal . In predicting the birth of Jesus , the prophet Isaiah said , " The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son , and they will call him Immanuel " ( which means " God with us " ) . ( Matthew 1 : 23 , NIV ) If you take hold of the truth that God is with you every moment , how would that change your life ? Sources The New Compact Bible Dictionary , edited by T . Alton Bryant . The Bible Almanac , edited by J.I. Packer , Merrill C . Tenney , and William White Jr . The Bible as History , by Werner Keller . Continue Reading	[ "the Burning Bush", "Moses" ]
http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/a/Conversion-Of-Paul.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality Paul ' s Conversion Bible Story Study Guide On the Road to Damascus Paul Made a Miraculous Turnaround Public Domain by Jack Zavada Updated December 14 , 2018 Few Bible stories are as thrilling as Paul ' s conversion on the road to Damascus . Through the power of Christ , a man who had been a hate - filled villain became a love - filled hero . By submitting himself completely to Jesus , Paul was able to spread the gospel throughout the known world . Question for Reflection The same Jesus who rose from the dead and transformed Paul wants to work in your life too . What could Jesus do through you if you surrendered as Paul did and gave him complete control of your life ? Maybe God will call you to work quietly behind the scenes like the little known Ananias , or perhaps you ' ll reach multitudes like the great Apostle Paul . Scripture References The story of Paul ' s conversion on the road to Damascus is told in Acts 9 : 1 - 19 ; Acts 22 : 6 - 21 ; and Acts 26 : 12 - 18 . Paul ' s Road to Damascus Conversion Story Summary Saul of Tarsus , a Pharisee in Jerusalem after the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ , swore to wipe out the new Christian church , called The Way . Acts 9 : 1 says he was " breathing out murderous threats against the Lord ' s disciples . " Saul obtained letters from the high priest , authorizing him to arrest any followers of Jesus in the city of Damascus . On the Road to Damascus , Saul and his companions were struck down by a blinding light . Saul heard a voice say , " Saul , Saul , why do you persecute me ? " ( Acts 9 : 4 , NIV ) When Saul asked who was speaking , the voice replied : " I am Jesus , whom you are persecuting . Now get up and go into the city , and you will be told what you must do . " ( Acts 9 : 5 - 6 , NIV ) Saul was blinded . They led him into Damascus to a man named Judas , on Straight Street . For three days Saul was blind and did n ' t eat or drink . Meanwhile , Jesus appeared in a vision to a disciple in Damascus named Ananias and told him to go to Saul . Ananias was afraid because he knew Saul ' s reputation as a merciless persecutor of the church Jesus repeated his command , explaining that Saul was his chosen instrument to deliver the gospel to the Gentiles , their kings , and the people of Israel . So Ananias found Saul at Judas ' house , praying for help . Ananias laid his hands on Saul , telling him Jesus had sent him to restore his sight and that Saul might be filled with the Holy Spirit Something like scales fell from Saul ' s eyes , and he could see again . He arose and was baptized into the Christian faith . Saul ate , regained his strength , and stayed with the Damascus disciples three days . After his conversion , Saul changed his name to Paul Historical Context Saul of Tarsus possessed perfect qualifications to be an evangelist : He was versed in Jewish culture and language , his upbringing in Tarsus made him familiar with the Greek language and culture , his training in Jewish theology helped him connect the Old Testament with the gospel , and as a skilled tentmaker he could support himself . When retelling his conversion later to King Agrippa , Paul said Jesus told him , " It is hard for you to kick against the goads . " ( Acts 26 : 14 , NIV ) A goad was a sharp stick used to control oxen or cattle . Some interpret this as meaning Paul had pangs of conscience when persecuting the church . Others believe Jesus meant that it was futile to try to oppress the church . Paul ' s life - changing experience on the Damascus Road led to his baptism and instruction in the Christian faith . He became the most determined of the apostles , suffering brutal physical pain , persecution , and finally , martyrdom . He revealed his secret of enduring a lifetime of hardship for the gospel : " I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me . " ( Philippians 4 : 13 , NKJV Points of Interest When God brings a person to faith in Jesus Christ , he already knows how he wants to use that person in service to his kingdom . Sometimes people are slow to understand God ' s plan and may even resist it . Paul ' s conversion showed that Jesus himself wanted the gospel message to go to the Gentiles , quashing any argument from the early Jewish Christians that the gospel was only for the Jews . The men with Saul did not see the risen Jesus , but Saul did . This miraculous message was meant for one person only , Saul . The scales falling from Paul ' s eyes symbolized a spiritual transformation that allowed him to see the truth . Once he knew the truth about Jesus , there was no going back . Paul may have been knocked off his horse and struck blind , but in the end , the choice to follow Christ was his own . Saul witnessed the risen Christ , which fulfilled the qualification of an apostle Acts 1 : 21 - 22 ) . Only those who had seen the risen Christ could testify to his resurrection . In some ways , Paul ' s conversion was similar to Jesus ' death and resurrection . Paul " died " to his past life of persecuting Christians and was " resurrected " to a new life as a zealous evangelist . Major Themes and Life Lessons In one moment of fear , enlightenment , and regret , Saul understood that Jesus was the true Messiah and that he ( Saul ) had helped murder and imprison innocent people . Despite his previous beliefs as a Pharisee , he now knew the truth about God and was obligated to obey him . Paul ' s conversion proves that God can call and transform anyone he chooses , even the most hard - hearted . Jesus did not distinguish between his church and his followers , and himself . Jesus told Saul he had been persecuting him . Anyone who persecutes Christians , or the Christian church , is persecuting Christ himself . A person ' s past does not matter to Christ . He is more interested in a person ' s future . Even though Saul had been one of Jesus ' cruelest enemies , he became one of his closest friends . God ' s forgivenes s is full and final . God often chooses the most unlikely people to accomplish his will . Over and over in the Bible , God picked flawed men and women to help carry out his plan of salvation . The lesson is that the power comes from God ; the person is only a vessel . When God calls a person to a task , he equips that person for it . Paul received the Holy Spirit , along with the truth of the gospel so he could share it with others . Paul could not have achieved his remarkable accomplishments in his own strength . He was empowered by God . Continue Reading	[ "Bible Story", "Miraculous Turnaround" ]
http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/tencommandstory.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality Moses and the 10 Commandments Bible Story Study Guide Learn God ' s Holy Standards for Living Culture Club / Contributor / Getty Images by Mary Fairchild Updated July 30 , 2018 In the Bible story of Moses and the Ten Commandments , the moral laws of God are solidified into ten great mandates . These commands form the basis of Israel ' s covenant relationship with God . The God who had delivered his people from slavery in Egypt now called them to be wholly devoted to him alone . Only through obedience to God ’ s laws could Israel fulfill its role as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation . God gave these laws to Moses and the people on Mount Sinai . They were written by God ' s own finger on tablets of stone . Still today , for people who love God , the Ten Commandments serve as a guide for living in a way that demonstrates love for God and leads to a deeper experience of God ’ s love . Scripture References The story of Moses and the Ten Commandments is set in Exodus 20 : 1 - 17 and Deuteronomy 5 : 6 - 21 . Moses and the 10 Commandments Story Summary Shortly after God delivered the people of Israel out of Egypt by crossing the Red Sea , they traveled through the desert to Sinai where they camped in front of Mount Sinai . Also called Mount Horeb , Mount Sinai is a very significant place . It is here that God met and spoke with Moses , telling him why he had rescued Israel from Egypt . God had chosen the people of Israel to be his treasured possession . Israel would be made into a holy nation of priests for God . One day God called Moses to the top of the mountain . He gave Moses the first part of his new system of laws for the people - - the Ten Commandments . These commandments summarized the absolutes of spiritual and moral living that God intended for his people . God continued to give direction to his people through Moses , including civil and ceremonial laws for managing their lives and their worship . Eventually , God called Moses to the mountain for 40 days and 40 nights . This time he gave Moses instructions for the tabernacle and the offerings . Tablets of Stone When God finished speaking to Moses on Mount Sinai , he gave him two tablets of stone inscribed by the very finger of God . The tablets contained the Ten Commandments . Meanwhile , the people of Israel had become impatient while waiting for Moses to return with a message from God . Moses had been gone for so long that the people gave up on him and begged Aaron , Moses ' brother , to build them an altar so they could worship . Aaron collected offerings of gold from all the people and built an idol cast in the shape of a calf . The Israelites held a festival and bowed down to worship the idol . Quickly they had fallen back into the same type of idolatry they were accustomed to in Egypt and disobedience to God ' s new commands . When Moses came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone , his anger burned as he saw the people given over to idolatry . He threw down the two tablets , smashing them to pieces at the foot of the mountain . Then Moses destroyed the golden calf , burning it in the fire . Moses and God proceeded to discipline the people for their sin . Later God instructed Moses to chisel two new stone tablets , just like the ones God had written with his own finger . Why the 10 Commandments Are Important to God The Ten Commandments were spoken to Moses in God ' s own voice and then later written on two tablets of stone by the very finger of God . They are extremely important to God . After Moses destroyed the tablets inscribed by God , he made Moses write new ones , just like the ones he had written himself . These Commandments are the first part of God ' s law system . In essence , they are a summary of the hundreds of laws found in the Old Testament Law . Designed to guide Israel into a life of practical holiness , the ten commandments offer basic rules of behavior for spiritual and moral living . Today , these laws still instruct us , expose sin , and show us God ' s standard . But , without the sacrifice of Jesus Christ , we are utterly helpless to live up to God ' s holy standard . Moses destroyed the tablets in his anger . His breaking of the tablets was symbolic of the laws of God being broken in the hearts of his people . Moses had righteous anger at the sight of sin . Anger at sin is a sign of spiritual health . It is appropriate to experience righteous anger . However , we should always be careful that it does not lead us to sin . Questions for Reflection While Moses was away with God on the mountain , why did the people beg Aaron for something to worship ? The answer is that humans are created to worship . We will either worship God , ourselves , money , fame , pleasure , success , or things . An idol can be anything ( or anyone ) you worship by giving it more importance than God . Louie Giglio , founder of Passion Conferences and author of The Air I Breathe : Worship as a Way of Life , said , " When you follow the trail of your time , energy , and money , you find a throne . And whatever or whoever is on that throne is the object of your worship . " Do you have an idol that is keeping the one true God from being on the center of your throne of worship ? Continue Reading	[ "Moses", "Bible Story", "Mount Sinai" ]
http://christianity.about.com/od/christmas/f/whatisepiphany.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality What Is Epiphany Day ? Also Known as Three Kings Day and Twelfth Day by Mary Fairchild Updated November 06 , 2018 Epiphany Day is primarily observed by Orthodox Catholic , and Anglican Christians . For this reason , many Protestant believers do n ' t understand the spiritual significance behind this holiday , one of the earliest feasts of the Christian church . In general , Christians celebrate the baptism of Jesus on Epiphany Day in recognition of his manifestation as the Son of God to the world ( Mark 1 : 9 - 11 ) . Key Takeaways : Epiphany Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 , marking the end of the Christmas season . Other names for Epiphany Day are Three Kings Day , Twelfth Day , Theophany , and Little Christmas . Epiphany commemorates the manifestation of God to the world through Jesus Christ . The Meaning of Epiphany Day Epiphany , also known as " Three Kings Day " and " Twelfth Day , " is a Christian holiday commemorated on January 6 . It falls on the twelfth day after Christmas , and for some denominations signals the conclusion of the Christmas season . The 12 days between Christmas and Epiphany are known as the “ Twelve Days of Christmas . ” Though many different cultural and denominational customs are practiced , as a rule , the feast celebrates the manifestation of God to the world in the form of human flesh through Jesus Christ , his Son . Origins of Epiphany Epiphany originated in the East . In Eastern Christianity , Epiphany puts emphasis on the baptism of Jesus by John ( Matthew 3 : 13 - 17 ; Mark 1 : 9 - 11 ; Luke 3 : 21 - 22 ) , with Christ revealing himself to the world as God ' s own Son In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan . And when he came up out of the water , immediately he saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit descending on him like a dove . And a voice came from heaven , " You are my beloved Son ; with you I am well pleased . " ( Mark 1 : 9 – 11 , ESV ) Epiphany was introduced into Western Christianity in the 4th century . The term epiphany comes from a Greek word meaning " appearance , " " manifestation , " or " revelation " and is commonly linked in Western churches with the visit of the wise men ( Magi ) to the Christ child ( Matthew 2 : 1 - 12 ) . Through the Magi , Jesus Christ revealed himself to the Gentiles : Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king , behold , wise men from the east came to Jerusalem , saying , “ Where is he who has been born king of the Jews ? For we saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him . ” . . . And behold , the star that they had seen when it rose went before them until it came to rest over the place where the child was . When they saw the star , they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy . And going into the house , they saw the child with Mary his mother , and they fell down and worshiped him . Then , opening their treasures , they offered him gifts , gold and frankincense and myrrh . On Epiphany some denominations commemorate Jesus ' first miracle of turning water into wine at the Wedding at Cana ( John 2 : 1 - 11 ) , signifying the manifestation of Christ ' s divinity and his divine power as well . In the early days of church history before Christmas was observed , Christians celebrated both the birth of Jesus and his baptism on Epiphany . The feast of Epiphany proclaims to the world that a child was born . This infant would grow to adulthood and die as the sacrificial lamb . The season of Epiphany extends the message of Christmas by calling believers to manifest the gospel to the whole world . Unique Cultural Celebrations of Epiphany Those who were fortunate enough to have grown up in a predominately Greek community like Tarpon Springs , Florida , are probably quite familiar with some of the unique cultural celebrations associated with Epiphany . On this ancient church holiday , large numbers of high school students will skip school each year on Epiphany to see many of their classmates — young men age 16 to18 of the Greek Orthodox faith ) — dive into the chilly waters of Spring Bayou to retrieve the cherished cross . The " blessing of waters " and " diving for the cross " ceremonies are long - held traditions in Greek Orthodox communities . The one young man who has the honor of recovering the crucifix receives a traditional full year ' s blessing from the church , not to mention a good deal of fame in the community . After more than 100 years of celebrating this tradition , the annual Greek Orthodox festival in Tarpon Springs continues to draw large crowds . Unfortunately , many observers do not understand the true meaning behind these Epiphany ceremonies . Today in Europe , Epiphany celebrations are sometimes just as important as Christmas , with celebrants exchanging gifts on Epiphany instead of Christmas , or on both holidays . Epiphany is a feast that recognizes the manifestation of God in Jesus , and of the risen Christ in our world . It is a time for believers to consider how Jesus fulfilled his destiny and how Christians can fulfill their destiny too . Continue Reading	[ "Epiphany Day", "Eastern Christianity", "frankincense" ]
http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/f/whatissin.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality What the Bible Says About Sin Noah Clayton / Getty Images For such a small word , a lot is packed into the meaning of sin . The Bible defines sin as the breaking , or transgression , of God ' s law ( 1 John 3 : 4 ) . It is also described as disobedience or rebellion against God ( Deuteronomy 9 : 7 ) , as well as independence from God . The original translation means " to miss the mark " of God ' s holy standard of righteousness Hamartiology is the branch of theology that deals with the study of sin . It investigates how sin originated , how it affects the human race , the different types and degrees of sin , and the results of sin . While the basic origin of sin is unclear , we know that it came into the world when the serpent , Satan , tempted Adam and Eve and they disobeyed God ( Genesis 3 ; Romans 5 : 12 ) . The essence of the problem stemmed from the human desire to be like God All sin , therefore , has its roots in idolatry — the attempt to put something or someone in the place of the Creator . Most often , that someone is one ' s own self . While God allows sin , he is not the author of sin . All sins are an offense to God , and they separate us from him ( Isaiah 59 : 2 ) . What Is Original Sin ? While the term " original sin " is not expressly stated in the Bible , the Christian doctrine of original sin is based on verses that include Psalm 51 : 5 , Romans 5 : 12 - 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 22 . As a result of Adam ' s fall , sin entered the world . Adam , the head or root of the human race , caused every man after him to be born into a sinful state or fallen condition . Original sin , then , is the root of sin that taints the life of man . All humans have adopted this sin nature through Adam ' s original act of disobedience Are All Sins Equal to God ? The Bible seems to indicate that there are degrees of sin — that some are more detestable to God than others ( Deuteronomy 25 : 16 ; Proverbs 6 : 16 - 19 ) . However , when it comes to the eternal consequences of sin , they are all the same . Every sin , every act of rebellion , leads to condemnation and eternal death ( Romans 6 : 23 ) . How Do We Deal With the Problem of Sin ? We ' ve already established that sin is a serious problem . These verses leave us with no doubt : Isaiah 64 : 6 : All of us have become like one who is unclean , and all our righteous acts are like filthy rags . . . ( NIV ) Romans 3 : 10 - 12 : . . .There is no one righteous , not even one ; there is no one who understands , no one who seeks God . All have turned away , they have together become worthless ; there is no one who does good , not even one . ( NIV ) Romans 3 : 23 : For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God . ( NIV ) If sin separates us from God and condemns us to death , how do we get free from its curse ? Fortunately , God provided a solution through his Son , Jesus Christ from whom believers can seek redemption How Can We Judge if Something Is Sin ? Many sins are spelled out clearly in the Bible . For example , the Ten Commandments give us a clear picture of God ' s laws . They offer basic rules of behavior for spiritual and moral living . Many other verses in the Bible present direct examples of sin , but how can we know if something is a sin when the Bible is not clear ? The Bible presents general guidelines to help us judge sin when we are uncertain . Usually , when we ' re in doubt over sin , our first tendency is to ask if something is bad or wrong . I ' d like to suggest thinking in the opposite direction . Instead , ask yourself these questions based on Scripture : Is this a good thing for me and others ? Is this beneficial ? Will it draw me closer to God ? Will it strengthen my faith and my witness ? ( 1 Corinthians 10 : 23 - 24 ) The next great question to ask is , will this glorify God ? Will God bless this thing and use it for his purposes ? Will this be pleasing and honoring to God ? ( 1 Corinthians 6 : 19 – 20 ; 1 Corinthians 10 : 31 ) You can also ask , how will this thing affect my family and friends ? Although we may have freedom in Christ in an area , we are never to let our freedoms cause a weaker brother to stumble . ( Romans 14 : 21 ; Romans 15 : 1 ) In addition , since the Bible teaches us to submit to those in authority over us ( parents , a spouse , a teacher ) , we can ask , do my parents have a problem with this thing ? Am I willing to submit this to those in Finally , in all things , we are to let our conscience before God convict us of what is right and wrong on matters that are not clear in the Bible . We can ask , do I have freedom in Christ and a clear conscience before the Lord to do whatever is in question ? Are my own desire ' s submitted to the Lord ' s will ? ( Colossians 3 : 17 , Romans 14 : 23 ) What Attitude Should We Have Toward Sin ? The truth is , we all sin . The Bible makes this apparent in Scriptures such as Romans 3 : 23 and 1 John 1 : 10 . But the Bible also says that God hates sin and encourages us as Christians to stop sinning : " Those who have been born into God ' s family do not make a practice of sinning , because God ' s life is in them . " ( 1 John 3 : 9 , NLT ) Further complicating the matter are Bible passages that seem to suggest that some sins are debatable , and that sin is not always " black and white . " What is a sin for one Christian , for example , may not be a sin for another Christian . So , in light of all of these considerations , what attitude should we have toward sin ? What Is the Unforgivable Sin ? Mark 3 : 29 says , " But whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven ; he is guilty of an eternal sin . ( NIV ) Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is also referenced in Matthew 12 : 31 - 32 and Luke 12 : 10 . This question about the unforgivable sin has challenged and perplexed many Christians over the years . Are There Other Types of Sin ? Imputed Sin - Imputed sin is one of two effects that Adam ' s sin had on the human race . Original sin is the first effect . As a result of Adam ' s sin , all people enter the world with a fallen nature . In addition , the guilt of Adam ' s sin is credited not only to Adam but to every person who came after him . This is imputed sin . In other words , we all deserve the same punishment as Adam . Imputed sin destroys our standing before God , whereas original sin destroys Sins of Omission and Commission - These sins refer to personal sins . A sin of commission is something we do ( commit ) by the act of our will against the command of God . A sin of omission is when we fail to do something commanded by God ( omit ) through a knowing act of our will . Mortal Sins and Venial Sins - Mortal and venial sins are Roman Catholic terms . Venial sins are trivial offenses against God ' s laws , whereas mortal sins are grievous offenses in which the punishment is spiritual , eternal death . Continue Reading	[ "Bible", "righteousness", "Hamartiology" ]
http://christianity.about.com/od/newtestamentpeople/p/johnthebaptist.htm	Humanities Religion & Spirituality Learn About John the Baptist The Greatest Man to Ever Live by Mary Fairchild Updated June 09 , 2018 John the Baptist is one of the most distinctive characters in the New Testament . He had an unusual flair for fashion , wearing wild - looking clothing made of camel ' s hair and a leather belt around his waist . He lived in the desert wilderness , ate locust and wild honey and preached a strange message . Unlike so many people , John the Baptist knew his mission in life . He clearly understood that he had been set apart by God for a purpose . Through God ' s direction , John the Baptist challenged the people to prepare for the coming of the Messiah by turning away from sin and being baptized as a symbol of repentance . Although he held no power or influence in the Jewish political system , he delivered his message with the force of authority . People could not resist the overpowering truth of his words , as they flocked by the hundreds to hear him and be baptized . And even as he attracted the attention of the crowds , he never lost sight of his mission — to point people to Christ . John the Baptist ' s Accomplishments John ' s mother , Elizabeth , was a relative of Mary , the mother of Jesus . The two women were pregnant at the same time . The Bible says in Luke 1 : 41 , when the two expectant mothers met , the baby leaped within Elizabeth ' s womb as she was filled with the Holy Spirit . The angel Gabriel had already foretold the miraculous birth and prophetic ministry of John the Baptist to his father Zechariah . The news was a joyous answer to prayer for the previously barren Elizabeth . John was to become the God - ordained messenger proclaiming the arrival of the Messiah , Jesus Christ The remarkable ministry of John the Baptist included the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River . John did not lack boldness as he challenged even Herod to repent of his sins . In approximately 29 AD , Herod Antipas had John the Baptist arrested and put in prison . Later John was beheaded through a plot devised by Herodias , the illegal wife of Herod and ex - wife of his brother , Philip . In Luke 7 : 28 , Jesus declared John the Baptist to be the greatest man to have ever lived : " I tell you , among those born of women there is no one greater than John . . . " John the Baptist ' s Strengths John ' s greatest strength was his focused and faithful commitment to the call of God on his life . Taking the Nazirite vow for life , he personified the term " set apart for God . " John knew he had been given a specific job to do and he set out with singular obedience to fulfill that mission . He did n ' t just talk about repentance from sin . He lived with a boldness of purpose throughout his uncompromising mission , willing to die a martyr for his stand against sin . Life Lessons John the Baptist did not set out with the goal of being different from everyone else . Although he was remarkably strange , he was n ' t merely aiming at uniqueness . Rather , he targeted all of his efforts toward obedience . Obviously , John hit the mark , as Jesus called him the greatest of men . When we come to realize that God has given us a specific purpose for our lives , we can move forward with confidence , fully trusting the One who called us . Like John the Baptist , we do n ' t have to fear to live with a radical focus on our God - given mission . Can there be any greater joy or fulfillment in this life than to know God ' s pleasure and reward await us in heaven ? Referenced in the Bible In Isaiah 40 : 3 and Malachi 4 : 5 , John ' s coming was foretold . All four Gospels mention John the Baptist : Matthew 3 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 ; Mark 6 and 8 ; Luke 7 and 9 ; John 1 . He is also referenced several times throughout the book of Acts Key Verses John 1 : 20 - 23 He [ John the Baptist ] did not fail to confess , but confessed freely , " I am not the Christ . " They asked him , " Then who are you ? Are you Elijah ? " He said , " I am not . " " Are you the Prophet ? " He answered , " No . " Finally they said , " Who are you ? Give us an answer to take back to those who sent us . What do you say about yourself ? " John replied in the words of Isaiah the prophet , " I am the voice of one calling in the desert , ' Make straight the way for the Lord . ' " ( NIV ) Matthew 11 : 11 I tell you the truth : Among those born of women there has not risen anyone greater than John the Baptist ; yet he who is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he . ( NIV ) Continue Reading	[ "John the Baptist", "New Testament", "desert wilderness" ]
http://christianity.net.au/questions/how_do_i_know_that_god_has_forgiven_me_when_i_have_been_sinned_and_feel_so	Questions & Answers How do I know that God has forgiven me when I have sinned and feel so guilty ? I ’ m 20 years old and have reached a point in my life where I no longer want to live in sin . I have sinned in the past by participating in casual sex and binge drinking but I want to change . I find it hard to accept that god may be willing to forgive me for my sins when I ca n ’ t forgive myself . Are we suppose to feel guilty about our sins forever ? Is this what god wants us to feel ? How do we know that he has forgiven us ? - Mary Hi Mary , That is a really , really great question . The great news about Jesus can bring forgiveness to anyone . The blood of Jesus is enough to wipe away even the worst of sins . If you are someone who trusts in Jesus Christ , then there is now no condemnation from God - he has forgiven you ( Romans 8 : 1 ) . The Bible is full of people who have done all sorts of really horrible things ( adulterers , prostitutes , murderers , extortionists ) , but who are accepted by Jesus ( e.g . John 4 : 1 - 26 1 Corinthians 6 : 9 - 11 Luke 23 : 32 - 43 ) . Even the apostle Paul ( who was one of christianity ’ s earliest and most ardent supporters ) was someone who was responsible for violent persecution of Christians before he encountered Jesus ( Acts 8 : 1 - 3 ) - yet Jesus fully forgave him . It does n ’ t matter what you have done - Jesus can bring you forgiveness . This can be something that is very hard to grasp sometimes , especially when you feel weighed down by guilt . But if God has forgiven you , then you have every reason to forgive yourself too . You have been washed clean . So does God want us to feel guilty about our sins forever ? The short answer is ‘ no ’ . Does that mean it ’ s wrong to feel guilty about our sin ? Well " it depends . The Apostle Paul talks about two different kinds of sorrow over sin : “ Godly sorrow brings repentance that leads to salvation and leaves no regret , but worldly sorrow brings death ” 2 Corinthians 7 : 10 ) . Feeling sorry about sin is a great thing if it leads to repentance ( i.e. turning away from sin ) . That is ‘ godly sorrow ’ . But feeling sorry for your sins is a bad thing if it does n ’ t help you to turn your life away from sin . This can often happen because we do n ’ t really believe that God has forgiven us - so we need to keep reminding ourselves that he has ! It sounds like you want to repent , but you ’ re worried that God will not accept you . Rest assured : He certainly will ! You can find forgiveness no matter what you ’ ve done . That ’ s why Jesus died ! Think about it . John wrote “ For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only son , that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life . ” God ’ s love for you is so deep that he did not spare his own son but sent him to die so you could be forgiven . Do you think , if you are wanting to turn back to God , that he would reject you ? The answer is a resound NO ! Jesus says all of heaven rejoices when even one Luke 15 : 1 - 10 Repentance is hard work , though " And you will need help . Keep praying that God will forgive you for your sins - not just the sins of the past but as you find yourself sinning each day . Keep asking God to change you to become more like Jesus every day . But you are not alone . When you turn back God in repentance , God himself comes and dwells with you by his Spirit . He is with you every step of the way , helping you to understand the bible , say no to sin It would be great to meet up with another Christian that you trust that you can be open and honest about your struggles with sin ( past and present ) - someone who will challenge you to remove sin from your life and encourage you to keep remembering we need to keep relying on Jesus every day . The Bible teaches us that we should confess our sins to others so that we can pray for each other and find healing ( James 5 : 16 ) .	[ "sinned", "guilty", "forgiveness" ]
http://christianity.wikia.com/wiki/Jerusalem	in : Cities Israel Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre Anastasis Jerusalem , also known as Salem or Zion , is the Jewish holy city and the third holiest city in Islam . After King David conquered the city , it became the capital of the United Israelite Kingdom and later of Judea King Solomon built the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem , which I believe was destroyed when Judea was conquered by the Babylonian Empire . The Second Temple was built in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah , and expanded in the time of King Herod . The second temple was destroyed in the Great Jewish Revolt , c . 70 AD Jerusalem is also used in a poetic context to refer to the nation of Israel , or to the Jewish people . The end of Revelations speaks of a New Jerusalem to come . Contents show Introduction Edit Out of all the places on earth , the Almighty God of creation , Yahweh [ Greek : Jehovah ] chose [ ordained ] Jerusalem to be the place of His earthly dwelling and the place in which to make His name known to all the inhabited earth [ Moriah ( Hebrew : מוריה , Mōriyyā = " ordained / considered by YHWH " ) [ 1 ] . To accomplish this aim , Yahweh planted there , an earthly seed from whose sprouting [ offspring ] would arise the one true Lord of salvation , Jesus Christ ( For the family lineage of Christ , see Matthew 1 : 1 - 16 [ 1 ] ) . The Temple Mount [ aka Mount Moriah ] in Jerusalem was the most important place in ancient Jerusalem . For that is where the Temple of God Yahweh once stood . This Temple was first built by King Solomon in the 10th century BC . It was rebuilt by Nehemiah around 438BC following its destruction by Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar . This was the site where Abraham was tested by God and where Jacob saw the " stairway to Heaven " in a vision . The Temple Mount is also the place where King David placed the Ark of the Covenant and built an For Christians , Jesus Christ ' s Last Supper , His subsequent trial and execution [ 33AD ] , and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit [ Pentecost ] [ 2 ] were the most significant events to have ever taken place in Jerusalem ; and these events , for Christians , are what made ancient Jerusalem the holiest city in the world ! Here is where God planted His first church under the administration of His apostles [ see Church of the Apostles ] . Two of the many atrocities committed against Christians in Jerusalem during the Roman Empire period were the stoning of the apostle Stephen [ 3 ] ] and the murder of the apostle James the Less For Jews , Jerusalem is the holiest city and the center of worship . [ 5 ] For Muslims , it is the third holiest city , being the place from which the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have risen to heaven . On the summit of the Temple Mount stands the Dome of the Rock . It was constructed by Caliph Umar ibn al - Khattab during the Arab conquest in 638AD , and stood directly over the Foundation Stone . [ 6 Down through the ages , Jerusalem faced many incursions . The most devastating were the destruction of the First Temple in 586BC and the utter destruction of the Second Temple by Romans in 70 AD . Other religious sites in Jerusalem are the Western Wall [ 7 ] and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . [ 8 [ 9 Today , Jerusalem is at the center of the Jewish and Palestinian conflict . Nevertheless , it remains a multi - national city as well as a symbol of holiness and divinity for Jews , Christians , Muslims , and other faiths that have religious roots there . EARLY HISTORY Edit Early Inhabitants of Jerusalem [ aka Salem , Jebus ] The Canaanites Before the ancient Israelites came to settle in the land of Canaan , it was occupied by the Canaanites - a group of people who had migrated from Mesopotamia . According to the Bible , and some historical sources , the Canaanites were descendants of Ham [ one of Noah ' s three sons ] . Many Christians and others hold the view that their migration to Canaan was caused by a great scattering of peoples following the Tower of Babel incident . [ 10 ] [ See The Table of Nations ] . Scholars now give 4000BC as the possible settlement period for Jerusalem . The Jebusites The Jebusites who inhabited Jerusalem [ See Genesis 10 ] were a Canaanite tribe which scholars have placed somewhere between the biblical Hittites and the Amorites in the Table of Nations . Earlier biblical scholars asserted that the Jebusites were identical to the Hittites . However , Edward Lipinski , professor of Oriental and Slavonic studies at the Catholic University of Leuven , contends that the Jebusites were most likely an Amorite tribe , and has identified them with the group referred to as Yabusi ' um . [ Source : Wikipedia ] Araunah ( aka Ornan ) , a Jebusite during the time of the United Monarchy [ Kingdom ] , is described in the Books of Samuel as having sold his threshing floor to King David , upon which he constructed an altar for worship . This altar , we are told , became the core of the Temple of Solomon . [ Araunah means the " lord " in Hittite , so most scholars , who consider the Jebusites to have been Hittites , have argued that Araunah may have been another king of Jerusalem . ] Melchizedek Abraham ' s Meeting with Melchizedek A highly important figure in Jerusalem at the time of Abraham was Melchizedek . Very little is known about him , except what is found in the Bible [ and in apocryphal texts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls ] ; and that is , he was " was without father or mother , and without a beginning or end of days . " The Bible also points out that he was the King of Righteousness [ Zedek ] , and Priest of the Most High God [ Yahweh ] . The account at Genesis further brings out that Melchizedek ( Also See Dead Sea Scrolls Text 11Q13 ) Scroll Text 11Q13 is a fragment of a text about Melchizedek , found in Cave 11 at Qumran . In it , Melchizedek is seen as a divine being , and Hebrew titles such as Elohim are applied to him . According to this text Melchizedek will proclaim the " Day of Atonement " and he will atone for the people who are predestined to him . He also will judge the peoples . [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Melchizedek # Melchizedek _in_the_Dead_Sea_Scroll_11Q13 ] [ 1 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Israelite Settlement of Jerusalem Abraham , Isaac & Jacob It ' s important to note that , before the Israelites came to settle in the land of Canaan , Abraham , Isaac and Jacob had lived there as alien residents over four hundred years earlier . God had called for Abraham to offer up his son Isaac as a sacrifice on Mount Moriah , the Temple ' s site ( See Genesis 22 : 2 ) [ 7 ] , and Jacob had received a divine vision of a " Gateway to Heaven " on what many believe to be Mount Moriah ( See Genesis 28 : 10 - 18 ) . [ 8 ] The Initial Arrival Before crossing the Jordan into Canaan , the Israelite tribes had been slaves in Egypt . This was since the time of Jacob . After being delivered from bondage by the hand of God , they had sojourned in the desert wilderness for 40 years . Then Joshua , their chosen leader , led them to the land that God had promised to Abraham and his seed . The Israelites arrived in Canaan after miraculously crossing the Jordan River , near the city of Jericho . After conquering the city of Jericho , they went subduing other cities of Canaan . [ 9 ] They carried the Tabernacle , the Ark of the Covenant and twelve stones to Shiloh . Shiloh is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as an assembly place for the people of Israel where there was a sanctuary containing the Ark of the Covenant until it was taken by the Philistines from the battlefield at Aphek ( probably Antipatris ) . At Shiloh , the " whole congregation of Israel assembled . . .and set up the tabernacle of the congregation . . . " , ( Joshua 18 : 1 ) . According to Talmudic sources , the Tabernacle rested at Shiloh for 369 years . It was here also that Joshua allotted land to the [ 10 ] FIRST TEMPLE PERIOD The United Kingdom King David ' s Reign King David began reigning in 970BC . Israel was then a United Monarchy , a union of the twelve Israelite tribes . His reign lasted until his death in 930BC . He reigned in Jerusalem 33 years and 7 years in Hebron . [ 15 King David , a Christ figure , was Israel ' s first divinely chosen Monarch , and ruled justly and righteously . He could rightly be also called a prophet for his prophetic Psalms that spoke of the suffering of the Messiah ( See Psalms 22 ) . ] ' Jerusalem Made the Capital City King David ' s first goal as king was to establish a capital city for government , and he chose Jerusalem . Since the Jebusites still had control of the city , they protested David ' s attempt . According to the version of the story in the Masoretic text , David did manage to conquer the city by a surprise attack , led by Joab , son of Zeruiah . This was through the water supply tunnels ( Jerusalem has no natural water supply except for the Gihon spring ) . After this , he made Joab commander - [ 16 David Builds an Altar to God After acquiring Jerusalem , King David had the priests bring the Ark of the Covenant from its resting place in Shiloh to Jerusalem ' s Mount Moriah . Then he purchased the area referred to in the Bible as " Araunah ' s threshing floor " ' and built an altar there for the worship of God [ Yahweh ] . This account is found in 1 Chronicles 21 : 18 - 26 and reads : " 18 Then the angel of the LORD ordered Gad to tell David to go up and build an altar to the LORD on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite . 19 So David went up in obedience to the word that Gad had spoken in the name of the LORD . 20 While Araunah was threshing wheat , he turned and saw the angel ; his four sons who were with him hid themselves . 21 Then David approached , and when Araunah looked and saw him , he left the threshing floor and bowed down before David with his face to the ground . 22 David said to him , " Let me have the site of your threshing floor so I can build an altar to the LORD , that the plague on the people may be stopped . Sell it to me at the full price . " 23 Araunah said to David , " Take it ! Let my lord the king , do whatever pleases him . Look , I will give the oxen for the burnt offerings , the threshing sledges for the wood , and the wheat for the grain offering . I will give all this . " 24 But King David replied to Araunah , " No , I insist on paying the full price . I will not take for the LORD what is yours , or sacrifice a burnt offering that costs me nothing . " 25 So David paid Araunah six hundred shekels [ c ] of gold for the site . 26 David built an altar to the LORD there and sacrificed burnt offerings and fellowship offerings . [ d ] He called on the LORD , and the LORD answered him with fire from heaven on the altar of burnt offering . The account continues at 1 Chronicles 16 : 1 - 2 , and states : " 1 They brought the ark of God and set it inside the tent that David had pitched for it , and they presented burnt offerings and fellowship offerings before God . 2 After David had finished sacrificing the burnt offerings and fellowship offerings , he blessed the people in the name of the LORD . David Build ' s a Palace in Jerusalem On the southern slope of Mount Moriah lies David ' s Palace [ Fortress ] dwelling . King David took up residence in the fortress and it was called " the City of David " . The Bible relates how he built up the city around it , from the supporting terraces to the surrounding wall , while Joab restored the rest of the city . It tells how King David grew very powerful because God was with him . [ 1 Chronicles 11 : 7 - 9 ] . [ 11 ] [ The City of David is generally considered to have been the original Jerusalem . ] [ 3 ] The Large Stone Structure is the name given to the remains of a large public building in the City of David neighborhood of central Jerusalem , south of the Old City , tentatively dated to 10th to 9th century BCE . The name was given to the structure , as a result of its proximity with another site known as the Stepped Stone Structure , by the discoverer of the site , Eilat Mazar . Mazar , an Israeli archaeologist , announced the discovery on 4 August 2005 , and stated that she believed it [ large stone structure [ 4 [ 5 Books of Samuel anointed Ophel Byzantine Era mosaic Second Temple Period [ 6 King Solomon ' s Reign [ reigned from 930 - 890BC ] King Solomon , son of King David , began reigning over the United Kingdom after his father ' s death in 930BC . Like his father , King Solomon ruled from Jerusalem , the capital city . His reign lasted 40 years . [ 18 [ 19 Solomon Builds Jerusalem ' s First Temple Reconstruction of the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem Solomon ' s greatest accomplishment was the building of the Temple of God on Mount Moriah , located to the North of the City of David . This site , formerly Araunah ' s threshing floor [ 20 ] , was also where King David had built the Altar of God . [ 21 ] The Temple was a huge magnificent structure , laden with gold and precious stones , and contained the Ark of the Covenant . It was modeled after the Tabernacle in the Wilderness built by Moses ( See 1 Kings 6 ) . [ 12 ] [ 23 ] The Temple was where the Israelites came to pay their their vows to Yahweh and where God ' s priests carried out the prescribed religious ceremonies in accordance with the Law given to Moses . [ 24 ] It was completed in 960BC . Saint Stephen , in his testimony before the Sanhedrin , mentioned Solomon ' s construction of the Temple ( Acts 7 : 47 ) . Solomon ' s Transgressions During his reign , King Solomon disobeyed God by marrying foreign wives and worshipping idols [ false gods ] , namely Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians , and Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites . The Bible informs us that Solomon even built temples to the national deities . In Deuteronomy 17 , we read where the Lord commanded kings not to multiply horses , wives or gold . [ 25 In spite of Solomon ' s transgressions , God made it known to Solomon that he would not take the Kingdom from him because of the promise He had made to King David . For the sake of Jerusalem , God would let his descendants continue to rule over Judah . ( 1 Chronicles 17 : 11 - 14 ) . [ 13 ] The Divided Monarchy When King Solomon died , his son Rehoboam succeeded him as king . The ten northern tribes did not accept Rehoboam as their king but chose Jeroboam instead . [ Jeroboam was not of the Davidic line . ] Rehoboam , therefore , ruled over the kingdom of Judah , while Jeroboam ruled over Israel . The revolt by the 10 northern tribes took place at Shechem . At first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David , but very soon after , the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah . Jerusalem , which lay in Benjamin ' s territory ( See Joshua 18 : 28 ) , became the capital of the southern Kingdom of Judah . According to 2 Chronicles 15 : 9 , members of the tribes of Ephraim , Manasseh and Simeon " fled " to Judah during the reign of King Asa . [ 14 ] The Kingdom of Israel The Kingdom of Israel , by the way , committed acts of transgression against God ; and as a consequence , was driven into exile and captivity in Khorason [ region in Persia ] in 722BC , by King Shalmaneser V and Sargon II of Assyria . Their capital city , Samaria , was destroyed . For information on Israel ' s transgressions and subsequent deportation , see 2 Kings 15 : 29 TNIV , 2 Kings 17 : 1 - 10 , and the article entitled , " The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel : Looking for The Remnants The Kingdom of Judah The Kingdom of Judah included territories of the tribes of Judah , Simeon , and Benjamin , an area of about 8,900 km2 ( 3,436 sq mi ) . Its capital was Jerusalem , which , as mentioned earlier , was in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin ( See Joshua 18 : 28 ) . Zedekiah was Judah ' s last King . He was the son of Josiah , and the brother of King Ahaz . He ruled over the Kingdom of Judah from around 588 - 586BC , the year when King Nebuchadnezzar ' s made his second raid against Jerusalem ( 2 Kings 23 : 31 , 24 : 17 - 18 , 23 : 31 , 24 : 17 - 18 ) . At that time , the city was captured and the temple burned . King Zedekiah was blinded and taken into exile . Judah ' s Sins The book of Ezekiel describes the numerous sins that were being committed by the inhabitants of Judah . By committing these acts , the people defiled themselves . The princes of Judah were despising God ' s holy things and desecrating His Sabbaths . Men were committing lewd acts such as dishonoring their fathers ' beds , violating women and committing adultery with their neighbors ' wives . People were accepting bribes to shed blood , charging excessive interest [ usury ] , and extorting money from their neighbors . In addition , the people were oppressing the aliens and God ' s Warnings God used Ezekiel as a sign for what would happen to the Israelites because of their many transgressions . At Ezekiel 12 : 10 - 11 , Yahweh says , " ( 10 ) Say thou unto them : ' Thus saith the Lord GOD : Concerning the prince , even this burden , in Jerusalem , and all the house of Israel among whom they are , ( 11 ) say : I am your sign : like as I have done , so shall it be done unto them - - they shall go into exile , into Again at Ezekiel 12 : 17 - 20 , we read , " ( 17 ) the word of the LORD came to me : ( 18 ) ' Son of man , tremble as you eat your food , and shudder in fear as you drink your water . ( 19 ) Say to the people of the land : ' This is what the Sovereign LORD says about those living in Jerusalem and in the land of Israel : They will eat their food in anxiety and drink their water in despair , for their land will be [ 15 ] Judah ' s Captivity / Destruction of the Temple In 586 BC , King Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Judah , seizing Jerusalem and laying the First Temple to waste . The inhabitants were taken into exile in Babylon [ Mesopotamia ] . Much of the population of Judah was dispersed throughout the Babylonian Empire . [ Also see Daniel . ] This exile period lasted until 539 BC when God gave permission for a remnant to return . The First Temple period thus ended as prophesied by Ezekiel . While in Babylon , on the banks of the Chebar River at a place called Tel - abib ( mound of the deluge ) , Ezekiel continued to prophecy in the form of visions for 22 years . He had been exiled with Jehoiachin and the nobles of the country . God ' s Mercy Prophecied by Isaiah and Jeremiah In spite of Israel and Judah ' s ' rebellion , God promised to show mercy to His people by restoring them to their land . This is found in the book of Isaiah and reads , 1 The LORD will have compassion on Jacob ; once again he will choose Israel and will settle them in their own land . Foreigners will join them and unite with the house of Jacob . [ Isaiah 14 : 1 ] ( Also see Isaiah 14 : 1 - 32 ) [ 16 ] Jeremiah also prophesied about how God would show mercy on His people in the future . Jeremiah 31 : 16 - 18 reads , " They will return from the land of the enemy . So there is hope for your future , ' declares the LORD . ' Your children will return to their own land . ' I have surely heard Ephraim ' s moaning : ' You disciplined me like an unruly calf , and I have been disciplined . Restore me , and I will return , because you are the LORD my God . " SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD The Second Temple period was marked by the re - building of the Jerusalem Temple by Nehemiah , following the return of the captives from Babylonian exile . This period also saw the advent of Jesus Christ [ Messiah ] and the onset of Christianity . It witnessed many invasions by such world powers as the Macedonian Greeks ( the Seleucids and the Ptolemies ) , the Romans , the Arabs , and the Ottoman Turks . This was period of unimaginable violence ; coming to its end after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in 70AD . A Jewish Remnant Returns [ from Babylon ] In 538BC , after overthrowing Babylon , Cyrus the Great [ Cyrus the Elder ] , King of the Persian Empire , granted Jews permission to return to their homeland . More than 40,000 Jews are said to have returned ( See Jehoiakim , Ezra , and Nehemiah ) . This event was in keeping with the Biblical prophecies of Isaiah and Ezekiel . [ 17 ] Building of the Second Temple by Nehemiah [ c . 538 – 516BC ] Re - building of 2nd Temple by Nehemiah The building of the Second Temple by Nehemiah , began during the reign of Cyrus the Great , around 538 BC , seventy years after the destruction of the first Temple . Construction of the new temple was halted for a period until 521BC , and completed by him in 516BC . It stood on the site of the original Temple in Jerusalem , and was agaiin , the center of Jewish worship . Jerusalem remained the capital of Judah . [ 30 ] It ' s important to note that the rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by Cyrus the Great and ratified by Darius the Great , both of Persia . Return of Ezra and the Priests [ 459BC ] Ezra , a priestly scribe who was a descendant of Phinehas , son of Aaron [ See Ezra 7 : 1 - 5 ] , had also been taken captive by Babylonians . In 459BC , the seventh year of the reign of Ataxerxes I Longimanus , Ezra led about 5,000 Israelite exiles to their home city of Jerusalem . Artaxerxes had readily granted him his request to leave , and gave him gifts for the house of God . Before reaching Jerusalem , Ezra and his followers rested on the banks of the Ahava for three days and organized their four - month march across the desert . After observing a day of public fasting and prayer , they left the banks of the River and traveled onwards to the city . Upon arriving in Jerusalem , Ezra noticed that many Jews , including those of highstanding as well as priests , had disobeyed Jewish law and had married pagans , non - Hebrew women . Ezra took strenuous measures against such marriages , insisting upon the dismissal of these wives . Macedonian [ Greek ] Control of Jerusalem and Judea It would not be too long before another leader would seek to invade and control Jerusalem . Following Alexander the Great ' s death in 323BC , his conquered territories were divided up amongst his generals . Judea soon became a territory that was controlled by one of these generals . The Ptolemaic Dynasty [ 305 - 198BC ] Judea became a province of the Ptolemaic Dynasty under Ptolemy I in 305BC and remained under its rule until 198BC . The Ptolemaic Dynasty was a Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period . [ 31 ] Ptolemaic rule in Judea ended during the Battle of Panium in 198BC , a battle fought between Seleucid and Ptolemaic forces as part of the Syrian Wars . The Seleucid Dynasty [ c . 312 - 164BC ] The Seleucid Dynasty was also a Greek ruling family . It ruled over the Seleucid Empire that had emerged from Alexander the Great ' s Empire after the territories were divided among Alexander ' s generals [ at the Partition of Babylon ] in 323BC . It was centered in the near East . The Empire was founded in 312BC , the year that Seleucus established himself in Babylon . Seleucus ruled Babylonia and the entire eastern part of Alexander ' s empire . Antiochus III became the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire in 198BC during the Battle of Panium whereby he defeated Polemy V of the Ptolemaic Dynasty . All of the holdings of the Ptlomaic dynasty were then transferred to the Seleucids under Antiochus , granting him control over Jerusalem and Judea . Seleucid rule collapsed after the death of his son , Antiochus VII , in 164BC . Antiochus IV [ His Anti - Jewish Campaign ] Harsh Legal Measures Antiochus took legal actions that forbade Jews to worship their own God Yahweh . First , he set up a very aggressive inquisition to investigate all matters concerning the Jewish religion . He then set up laws that prohibited the observance of the Sabbaths and the sacred festivals . He punished with death , anyone possessing a Jewish sacred text or holy article that tied them to their religion . He prohibited Jews from performing the rite of circumcision . He also ordered Jews to offer sacrifices the numerous idols that had been erected , and killed thousands upon thousands Defilement of the Jerusalem Temple Antiochus committed the ultimate atrocity by profaning God ' s Temple . He did this by dedicating the Temple to Zeus . On Kislev ( Nov . - Dec . ) 25 , 168 , the " abomination of desolation " ( Dan . xi . 31 , xii . 11 ) was set up on the altar of burnt offering in the Temple , and Antiochus forced the Jews to make obeisance to it ( See Abomination of Desolation [ 1 ] ) . He also brought into the Temple , things that were forbidden by Jewish Law , Destruction of the City of Jerusalem Needless to say , this action was anathema to the Jews , and they put up a strong resistance to him . As a result , the city and its inhabitants were plundered and massacred . Antiochus ' officer , Apollonius , was sent throughout the country with an armed troop . He was commissioned to slay and destroy . He murdered , plundered , and burnt through the city ' s entire length and breadth . The men were butchered , women and children sold into slavery . Two women who were arrested for having circumcised their children were Revolt of the Maccabees The Maccabees were a Jewish national liberation movement . They fought for and won independence from Antiochus in 164BC . The Maccabees established Jewish independence in the Hasmonean Kingdom for about one hundred years , from 164 BC to 63 BC . [ 34 ] The Inciting Incident After Antiochus issued his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practices , a rural Jewish priest from Modin , Mattathias the Hasmonean , refused to worship the Greek gods , thus sparking the revolt against the Seleucid Empire . Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew who stepped forward to offer a sacrifice to an idol in his place . He and his five sons then fled to the wilderness of Judea . Maccabean Victory Over the Seleucids After Mattathias ' death , about one year later in 166BC , his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucid Dynasty using guerrilla warfare . The Maccabees destroyed pagan altars in the villages , circumcised children and forced Jews to rebel against the Seleucid rulers . After their victory , the Maccabees entered Jerusalem in triumph and ritually cleansed the Temple , re - establishing traditional Jewish worship there and installing Jonathan Maccabee as high priest . A large Syrian army had been sent to squash the revolt , but returned to Syria The Jewish festival of Hanukkah celebrates the Maccabean victory over the Seleucids . Antiochus ' Death Antiochus died suddenly of a disease in 164BC in Persia while trying to gather new forces to defeat the victorious Maccabees . In Jewish tradition , Antiochus IV is remembered as a major villain and persecutor in the Jewish traditions associated with Hanukkah , including the books of Maccabees and the " Scroll of Antiochus . " Rabbinical sources refer to him as הרשע harasha ( " the wicked " ) . [ 38 ] The Hasmonean Dynasty [ c . 165 - 37BC ] The Hasmonean Dynasty , like the Davidic Dynasty , was a theocratic monarchy whose headquarters were in Jerusalem , the Temple being the center of religious worship . This Dynasty was set up by Simon Maccabaeus about twenty years following the defeat of the Seleucids [ 165BC ] . It lasted 103 years and was then taken over by the Herodian Dynasty around 37BC . Roman Rule of Judea [ 63BC - 394AD ] Invasion of Jerusalem by Pompey [ 63AD ] While the Hasmonean Dynasty was still in power , the Romans invaded Jerusalem . In 63BC , the Roman general Pompey , marched proudly into the city and desecrated the Temple by entering the Holy of Holies . He then imposed a tax on the inhabitants of Judea , and established a fortress [ Antonia Fortress ] in Jerusalem in order to keep watch on the Jews . Hasmonean ruler Aristobulus was taken to Rome as a prisoner , and Hyrcanus was re - appointed High Priest , but without political authority . Herod Made King of Israel [ 37BC ] The installation of Herod the Great as King of Israel marked the end of the Hasmonean Dynasty . The Roman Senate installed Herod as puppet King [ of the Jews ] in 37BC when it made Judea a client [ puppet ] state under Roman jurisdiction . [ 39 [ 40 Herod Expands the Jerusalem Temple Around 19BC , Herod expanded the Temple Mount and the existing Temple . Its size was doubled to about 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) . Herod leveled the area by cutting away rock on the northwest side and raising the sloping ground to the south . In addition to expansion of the Temple , Herod completed the building of the Antonia Fortress . The Fortress was a military barracks built on the site of earlier Ptolemaic and Hasmonean strongholds , and named after Herod ' s patron Mark Antony . It stood at the eastern end of the great wall of the city ( the second wall ) , on the northeast , near the Temple and Pool of Bethesda . Establishment of the Early Church in Jerusalem The Early Church was established by the Lord Jesus Christ as a place for Christian worship and discipleship ; and was administered by Christ ' s Apostles - - all of whom were led by the Holy Spirit ( See Pentecost ) . The Lord named Saint Peter the " rock " and said that upon this rock [ Peter } I will build my church , and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it . The first appointed leader [ administrator ] of the Church was James the Just , brother of the Lord Jesus [ See Acts of the Apostles ] . Empowered by the Holy Spirit , Christ ' s disciples were able to baptize , heal , and deliver to those who believed in Jesus ' teachings [ See Gospel ] . Christ ' s blessings are bestowed on believers in the same way today . The Early Church remained the focal point of the Christian community in Jerusalem until the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 135AD when Christians , along with Jews , were barred from the city . As a result , the Church was neglected . [ Unfortunately , there is no historical information on which to draw a definite conclusion as to the effect of this regulation on the Church . ] [ 41 [ 42 [ 43 ] ( Also See " Early Church History " [ 44 [ 45 [ 46 ] ( Also See " Early Church History " ) Epiphanius says that when the Emperor Hadrian came to Jerusalem in 130AD , he found the Temple and the whole city destroyed save for a few houses , among them the one where the Apostles had received the Holy Ghost . This house , says Epiphanius , is " in that part of Sion which was spared when the city was destroyed " - - in the " upper part " ( " De mens . et pond . " , cap . xiv ) . From the time of Cyril of Jerusalem , who speaks of " the upper The Fall of Jerusalem [ 70AD ] The Destruction of the 2nd Temple at Jerusalem The Fall of Jerusalem in 70AD was the end of the Temple periods in Jerusalem . This meant an end to the Temple priesthood , offerings and sacrifices . After a long siege of the city by the Romans , under Titus ' leadership , the city fell [ This was called the First Jewish - Roman War . Both the city and the Temple were completely destroyed . Ancient historian Josephus reports that " Jerusalem . . . was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations , that nothing was left that Jews had long resented the harsh and oppressive rule of the Roman leaders and were in a state of constant rebellion . Riots broke out reverywhere . Rome decided to send in an army to counter Jewish resistance and quell the riots . The result was an all - out war , followed by the fall of Masada in 73 AD . History reveals , that after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD , the early Christians who had fled to Pella , came back and congregated in the house of John Mark and his mother Mary , the place where they had met before ( Acts 12 : 12 sq . ) . This was apparently the house where the Last Supper and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost took place . [ The traditional location of the house is an area that , according to archaeology , had a large Essene community , adding to the belief The destruction of the Temple is still mourned annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B ' Av , and the Arch of Titus , depicting and celebrating the sack of Jerusalem and the Temple , still stands in Rome . [ 16 In Christian theology , this particular event istory is viewed as either a complete fulfillment of many prophecies spoken by Christ in the gospel record , or as fulfillment of one specific prophecy of Christ regarding the destruction of the Temple . ( See Matthew 24 , Mark 13 , and Luke 21 . ) [ 17 Jerusalem Renamed Following the First Jewish War [ aka Great Jewish Revolt ] of 70AD , the Emperor Hadrian renamed the city of Jerusalem " Aelia Capitolina , " making it a Roman city and occupying it with a Roman colony . It was a city without walls and protected by a light garrison of the Tenth Legion . Finally , Hadrian renamed the entire Judean [ Iudaean ] Province " Syria Palaestina " after the biblical Philistines in an attempt to de - Judaize the country . Enforcement of the ban on Jews entering Aelia Capitolina continued until the 4th century AD . [ 20 Bar Kokhba ' s Revolt [ 132 - 135AD ] The continued desire for independence on the part of Jews led to more revolts against the Romans after the First Jewish war in 70AD . The third and last major rebellion by Jews was the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 132 - 136AD . [ For the second Jewish - Roman revolt see the Kitos War ( 115 - 117AD ) . ] Simon bar Kokhba , the commander of the revolt , was acclaimed as a Messiah , a heroic figure who could restore Israel . The revolt established a Jewish state over parts of Judea for over two years , but a Roman army of two legions with auxiliaries finally crushed it . The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem , except to attend Tisha B ' Av [ is an annual fast day in Judaism , named for the ninth day ( Tisha ) of the month of Av in the Hebrew calendar . The fast commemorates the destruction of [ 18 Jewish Christians hailed Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba , but they were barred from Jerusalem along with the rest of the Jews . The war and its aftermath helped differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism . [ 19 Hadrian ' s Attempt to Rebuild the Jerusalem Temple Roman Emperor Julian [ aka " Julian the Apostate ( 331 / 332 – 26 June 363 ) ] , was the last Emperor of the Constantine Dynasty and the last pagan Roman Emperor . It was Julian ' s wish to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to save it from " dissolution " . He attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the cost of Christianity . His rejection of Christianity in favor of Neo - Platonic paganism caused him to be called Julian the Apostate by the church , and caused Edward Gibbon to write the following : " The triumph of the party which he deserted and opposed has fixed a stain of infamy on the name of Julian ; and the unsuccessful apostate has been overwhelmed with a torrent of pious invectives , of which the signal was given by the sonorous trumpet of Gregory Nazianzen . In 363 , after a reign of only 19 months as absolute ruler of the Roman Empire , Julian died in Persia during a campaign against the Sassanid Empire . " " [ Emperor ] Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense , the proud Temple once at Jerusalem , and committed this task to Roman Alypius of Antioch . Alypius set vigorously to work , and was seconded by the governor of the province ; when fearful balls of fire , breaking out near the foundations , continued their attacks , till the workmen , after repeated scorching , could approach no more : and he gave up the attempt . " The failure to rebuild the Temple was ascribed to an earthquake or to the Jews ' ambivalence about the project . Sabotage was another reason , as was an accidental fire . Christians , however , know this to be the result of divine intervention , for the fall of Jerusalem had had been prophesied by our Lord Jesus Christ and the prophets of our God Yahweh . THE BYZANTINE PERIOD [ 395 – 638AD ] The Byzantine period was a time when Christianity sought to re - established itself in Jerusalem under the rule of the Byzantine Emperors . New churches were being built and holy shrines were established as places of worship . This period ended with the Persian invasion of 614AD . Roman Empire Splits Around 395AD , the Roman Empire split into a Western and an Eastern part . The Eastern or Byzantine part was a continuation of the Roman Empire and was ruled by Emperors in direct succession to the Roman Emperors . The Empire preserved Greco - Roman traditions , but due to its increasing Hellenistic nature , it became known to some of its contemporaries as the Empire of the Greeks . From the days of Constantine until the 7th century , Jews were banned from Jerusalem . Following the ascension of Heraclius , the Sassanid advance pushed deep into Asia Minor , also occupying Damascus and Jerusalem and removing the True Cross to Ctesiphon . The counter - offensive of Heraclius took on the character of a holy war , and an acheiropoietos image of Christ was carried as a military standard . [ Similarly , when Constantinople was saved from an Avar siege in 626 , the victory was attributed to the icons of the Virgin which were led in procession by Patriarch Sergius about the walls of the city . ] The main Sassanid force The Church of the Holy Sepulchre During this time , the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem . [ 21 ] One such building was the famous Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Also , during the time of the Byzantine Empire , it is believed that Constantine ' s mother , St . Helena , built a small church on the Mount in the 4th century , calling it the Church of St . Cyrus and St . John . The church was later enlarged and called the Church of the Holy Wisdom . This Church was later destroyed , and on top of its ruins , the Dome of the Rock was built . Archaeological evidence in the form of an elaborate mosaic floor similar to the one in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and multiple fragments of an elaborate marble Templom ( chancel screen ) prove that an elaborate Byzantine church or monastery stood on the TempleMount in Byzantine times . Church of the Holy Sepulchre Byzantine Empire Constantine St . Helena Church Church of the Nativity Bethlehem Templom [ 22 End of Byzantine Rule in Jerusalem [ 614AD ] The Siege of Jerusalem in 614AD was part of the final phase of the Roman - Persian Wars which took place just prior to the Persian ' s conquering of the Byzantine Middle East . Persian interest in Jerusalem lay in the fact that the city provided direct access to the Mediterranean Sea , and a strategic location for the Persian Empire to begin constructing a naval fleet , thereby threatening Byzantine sovereignty in the Mediterranean . The Arab Period [ 638AD until the - 1300 ' s ] Jerusalem ' s prestige slowly declined as invasion after invasion by foreign powers sapped it of its spiritual vitality . Both Jews and Christians lost control of Jerusalem to Arab rulers [ except for a brief period of rule by the Crusaders in 1099AD ] , the last being the Ottoman Turks . Capture by Islamic Caliphates [ 638 – 1099 ] Dome of the Rock ( Skalní dóm ) The object of great interest to them was the Foundation stone on the Temple Mount . After being led to this stone , Umar cleared it of refuse and made preparations for the building of a mosque . ] . [ 2 ] According to the Gaullic Bishop Arculf , who lived in Jerusalem from 679 - 688 , the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers . The Umayyad caliph , Abd al - Malik commissioned the construction of the Dome of the Rock in the late 7th century . The 10th century historian al - Muqaddasi writes that Abd al - Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur of Jerusalem ' s monumental churches . Christian Crusaders Re - take Jerusalem In 1099AD , Jerusalem was conquered by the Crusaders [ Christian Warriors from Europe ] , who massacred most of its Muslim inhabitants and the remnants of the Jewish inhabitants . The Crusaders later expelled the native Christian population and created the Kingdom of Jerusalem . ] . [ 2 ] By early June , 1099 , Jerusalem ’ s population had declined from 70,000 to less than 30,000 . According to Benjamin of Tudela , two hundred Jews were in the city in 1173 . In 1187 , the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city . ] Later Arab Groups Gain Control of Jerusalem From 1187 – 1260 , Jerusalem was dominated by the Ayyubids of Egypt and Damascus . Saladin had wrested the city from the Crusaders in 1187 and had allowed the Jews and Muslims to return and settle . In 1244 , Jerusalem was sacked by the Kharezmian Tartars [ a Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia , Turkey , Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan ] who decimated the city ' s Christian population and drove out the Jews . From 1260 – 1516 , Jerusalem was dominated by the Mamluks of Egypt [ They were mainly Kipchak Turks , an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimäks in Siberia ] . The Ottoman Turks [ 1517 - 1917 ] " The last conquerers of Jerusalem were the Ottoman Turks . The Ottomans had previously conquered the Byzantine empire in 1453 , and Jerusalem in 1517 AD . Under Ottoman rule , Jerusalem enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under the leader Suleiman the Magnificent ] , including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City . In addition , Jerusalem remained a provincial and religiously important center . The Ottoman Turks remained in control of the city until 1917 . " Ottoman Turks Old City Jerusalem in Modern times British Mandate Rule [ 1920 - 1948 ] According to sources , the Palestine Mandate , or Mandate for Palestine , was a League of Nations Mandate drafted by the principal Allied and associated powers after the First World War and formally approved by the League of Nations in 1922 . By the power granted under the mandate , Britain ruled Palestine between 1920 and 1948 , a period referred to as the " British Mandate . " The Mandate called for the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people . [ The British had been victorious over the Ottomon Turks during World War Palestine continued under British rule and the authorities made plans that the buildings in the " New City " [ Jerusalem ] would be faced with sandstone , thereby preserving some of the overall look of the city , even as it grew . This was a period of growing unrest because of Arab resentment over British rule and the influx of Jewish immigrants ( by 1948 one in six Jews in Palestine lived in Jerusalem ) . As a result , anti - Jewish riots occurred in Jerusalem in 1920 , 1929 , and the 1930s causing significant damage On November 29 , 1947 , the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan which partitioned Palestine into two states : one Jewish and one Arab . Each state would be composed of three major sections , linked by extra - territorial crossroads , plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa . Jerusalem was to be surrounded completely surrounded by the " Arab State " , with only a highway connecting international Jerusalem to the " Jewish State " . The Greater Jerusalem area would fall under international control . The partitioning of Jerusalem only caused the fight for the city to escalate . By the end of March , 1948 , just before the British withdrew , the roads to Jerusalem were cut off by Arab irregulars , placing the Jewish population of the city under siege . The siege was eventually broken but many civilians on both sides had been massacred . [ See 1948 Arab - Israeli War ] . Following the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , Jerusalem was divided again . The Western half of the New City now became part of the newly formed state of Israel , while the eastern half , along with the Old City , was annexed by Jordan . On January 23 , 1950 the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel . Israeli Rule ( since 1967 ) East Jerusalem was captured by the Israel Defense Force following the Six Day War in 1967 . The Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred homes was demolished and their inhabitants were expelled . Afterwards , a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall . However , the Waqf ( Islamic trust ) was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities . Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city and a new Israeli holiday was created , Jerusalem Day ( Yom Yerushalayim ) , and the most popular secular Hebrew song , " Jerusalem of Gold " ( Yerushalayim shel zahav ) , became popular in celebration . Israeli - Palestinian Conflict Over Jerusalem Muslim Waqf The Temple Mount , Jerusalem THE NEW JERUSALEM When the Apostle John , son of Zebedee and Beloved Disciple of Jesus , was on the Island of Patmos , he received , from Christ , many apocalyptic visions and revelations . One of the revelations received by John was that of a New Jerusalem . The New Jerusalem is a city [ the City of God ] which John saw as already existing in Heaven and being ruled by God and Christ . Christ is identified by Christians as the Lamb of God spoken of in John ' s revelation , and John is also referred to as Note John ' s words at Revelation 21 : 9 - 11 ? : " I saw the Holy City , the New Jerusalem , coming down out of heaven from God , prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband . " [ Revelation 21 ] The angel continues . ( 9 ) " … Come , I will show you the bride , the wife of the Lamb [ Jesus Christ ] . " ( 10 ) And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high , and showed me the Holy [ 18 ] This Heavenly Jerusalem is not be confused with the Kingdom of God which is eternal and universal . Theopedia writer , Anthony Hoekema , describes God ' s Kingdom as " the reign of God dynamically active in human history through Jesus Christ , the purpose of which is the redemption of his people from sin and from demonic powers , and the final establishment of the new heavens and the new earth . " [ 19 ] Ezekiel 40 - 48 God saints God lamb As revealed in John ' s vision , the New Jerusalem is laid out " like a square " , and made of gold and precious stones . " 18The wall was made of jasper , and the city of pure gold , as pure as glass . 19The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone . The first foundation was jasper , the second sapphire , the third chalcedony , the fourth emerald , 20the fifth sardonyx , the sixth carnelian , the seventh chrysolite , the eighth beryl , the ninth topaz It is important to understand that the twelve gates of the Holy city bear the names of the twelve tribes of Israel [ named after the 12 sons of Jacob ] ( See Revelation 21 : 12 [ 20 ] ) . This would explain the Old Testament prophecies concerning God ' s restoration of Israel and the eternal status of the throne of " David " [ God revealed to King David that his throne would be an everlasting throne and one from his loins would reign forever . ] . [ 21 ] Yet this would be the Messiah , Jesus Christ , and His reign will be from heaven . The twelve foundations of the wall of the city bear the names of the " twelve apostles of the Lamb " [ Jesus Christ ] . ( See Revelation 21 : 14 [ 22 ] ) The teachings of Christ ' s twelve apostles laid the foundation for Christianity . John ' s vision further reveals that the need for the sun ' s light or any other form of light is obviated by the presence of God ' s glory and by the lamp that is Christ [ " There is no need of the sun . The glory of God gave it its light , and the Lamb is its lamp . " ] . Thus , Jesus Christ will be stationed at all times in the city that belongs to Him , and God ' s glory will always be there , precluding any need for sunlight In the way that the earthly city of Jerusalem was the center of religious faith for the Jews , the heavenly city of Jerusalem is the center of God ' s Kingdom for all people . Christ is the Eternal High Priest and King who rules from this central realm over His faithful followers . John ' s full account of the New Jerusalem can be found at Revelation 21 : 1 - 27 . [ 23 ] Categories Cities Add category Recent Wiki Activity Roman Catholic Church Venz412 • 18 days ago Holy Matrimony Venz412 • January 25 Pope Mr Taz • January 7 Kirk Cameron Kathleen . wright5 • January 1	[ "Jerusalem", "King Solomon", "Jewish Temple" ]
http://christianityinview.com/books/1maccabees.html	Jesus Christ Timeline People Fathers Letter About Me Site Map 1 Maccabees About the Book of 1 Maccabees Old Testament Apocrypha New Testament Tobit Judith Additions to Esther Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiasticus Baruch Letter of Jeremiah Prayer of Azariah Susanna Bel the Dragon 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees 1 Esdras 2 Esdras The Book 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish preChristian author probably about 100 BC after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history but not a part of Scripture Some Protestants consequently regard 1 Maccabees as part of the Apocrypha useful for reading in the church Contents The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great after Alexanders empire has been divided so that Judea was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire The book tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law resulting in a Jewish revolt against Seleucid rule The book covers the whole of the revolt from 175 to 134 BC and highlights how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came from God through Mattathias family particularly his sons Judas In the first chapter Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea only to be eventually succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus Epiphanes After successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt apparently without Jewish support Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Jerusalem temple slaughtering many Jews He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws apparently in an attempt to secure control over the Jews He desecrates the Temple by setting up a horrible abomination an idol Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death He also forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Jerusalem temple He even requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders some Jews and even children are killed as a warning to others Antiochus also introduces practices of Hellenistic culture such as gymnasiums Mattathias calls the people forth to holy war against the invaders and his three sons begin a military campaign against them There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews men women and children to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath The other Jews then reason that they must fight even on the sabbath when attacked In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated so that ritual sacrifices may begin again The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabee and his brothers to celebrate this event 1 Macc iv 59 Judas seeks an The name Maccabee probably means hammer and is properly applied only to the first leader of the revolt Judas third son of the priest Mattathias The name Maccabee also might derived from the battle cry of the revolt Me Kumocha Belim Hashem Who is like you among the heavenly powers HASHEM Exodus ch 1511 In Hebrew the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY Mem Kaf Bet and Yud This became synonymous with the revolt Its most famous warrior was Judah the Maccabee The name came to be used for his brothers as well which accounts Wikipedia the free encyclopedia 20012006 Wikipedia contributors Disclaimer This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation Licence View this article at Wikipediaorg Print this page Top of page More information Here is a selected series of links that will give more information Bible Gateway Bible Studies Blue Letter Bible The Lindisfarne Gospels Pictured above is an extract from the Lindisfarne gospels of the 8th century Lindisfarne also known as Holy Island lies in Northumbria England Wise words The word of God hidden in the heart is a stubborn voice to suppress Billy Graham 1918	[ "Maccabees", "deuterocanonical", "Jewish kingdom" ]
http://christianpf.com/15-ways-to-make-200-in-2-weeks/	15 Awesome Ways To Make $ 200 Fast ! August 5 , 2017 By Bob 79 Comments I was recently tossing around some ideas to make some quick money . I decided to tap the wisdom of the crowds so I asked some of the PF bloggers around to share what they would do if they had to find a way to come up with $ 200 in two weeks or less . ( If you are looking for some longer - term methods of making money online , check out the articles I ’ ve wrote about starting a blog how to make money blogging or how I make money writing articles for Hubpages ) . I noticed some trends … Selling stuff on Craigslist . org Selling stuff on Ebay Get a freelance job There are many others listed , but the above 3 seem to be the most popular ways of making extra cash How I would make $ 200 quick … I would probably sell some more stuff on Ebay and look for a simple freelance job just like everyone else 😉 . If I had a lot of time to devote to it I would earn every way I could in Swagbucks ( check out my review here ) . I used the method below to make a very quick and easy $ 179 How to make money selling books online Note : even if you do n ’ t have a bunch of books around your house like I did , you could always go use this strategy by going to thrift stores or garage sales or anywhere you can buy books for really cheap . Below is how everyone else would come up with the $ 200 . Feel free to share how you would come up with the money in the comments ! ! How to make money fast ( $ 200 in 2 weeks ) If I had to make an extra $ 200 , and it had to be quick I would probably end up selling some things on ebay and / or craigslist . When I ’ ve had to make money fast in the past I ’ ve sold old electronics , video games , or other things I do n ’ t need on Ebay . Peter @ Bible Money Matters If we needed $ 200 and only had 2 weeks to do it , we would definitely have a garage sale . Not only can we quickly make some money by selling our things , we can quickly reduce some of the clutter in our home ! Tricia @ Blogging Away Debt Pray . We are often given unexpected , small sums of money by friends and family . Sell something on Craig ’ s List or Ebay . We only have a couple of items that are worth that much and that we would be willing to part with , but we could get most of the money in a pinch this way . Roll it over to the next month . Use part of our emergency fund to care for the immediate expense and then make sure that we cover it in a future month . Get it today and then figure out how to pay for it later . Find a freelance job I have experience in painting , roofing and wood finishing . I am confident that if I needed to make extra money in the evenings or weekends , that I could pull it off . Qualify for a bank bonuses or credit card rewards I am trying to avoid this particular revenue stream right now , but this is how we solved our money problem last year . Josh @ Rocket Finance I would try to get a few extra hours at my part time job . If that did n ’ t work ( or pay day was n ’ t right ) , I would look for freelance work ( cash pay ) on craigslist or other sites like that . Diva @ Saving Diva I would immediately pick up my local yellow pages and make a list of temporary agencies . I would then find out which of them have weekend and weeknight work , and sign - up with those companies . Those jobs are not guaranteed , so while waiting for a call , I would look around my home to see if I have anything that could be sold on EBay or craigslist to raise some cash . Next I would see if I have any skills that others might pay me for – this could be yard work , sewing , painting , dog walking , cooking , running errands – just about anything . I would then craft an ad outlining my services and hourly rate and post that on craigslist . Boston Gal @ Boston Gals Open Wallet I would sell ad space on my sites or permanent links to raise money quickly . I would go to the garage and sell anything worth selling on ebay Cash The Checks That ’ s easy . I ’ d sell my stuff . Have a garage sale . DVDs , CDs and books can sometimes go for a good price . Some used books , especially up to date statistics or economics textbooks can go for as much as $ 50 to $ 75 dollars when they are in good shape . Another idea would be to sell your body to science . Many local universities and some companies are often hiring subjects to be in research studies . The best way to find these is to look on - line or to check the newspaper . Typically the ads are in the local weekly or neighborhood publications . While you wo n ’ t get rich participating in studies , you can definitely bring in a few hundred bucks if you find the right studies . James @ Dinks Finance Sell a bunch of stuff ( clothes , furniture , etc . . ) on CraigsList and at Half Priced Books ( books , CDs ) . Return any recently purchased items I had a reciept for . Place an ad on CraigsList for Web Development Services ( $ 50 for a small biz website setup , etc . . ) Ask all my neighbors if they needed any hired help for odd jobs ( lawn care , handyman , car wash , etc . . ) Place an ad on CraigsList for hired help services . Rent my truck out ( for movers ) on CraigsList and other local community boards . PT @ Prime Time Money Ebay immediately comes to mind — selling some unused stuff . Also , I would look at changing my tax withholding for a pay period or two . I might offer to pet sit or baby sit . I would possibly get a second job that paid some tips such as waiting tables . I might consider selling blood plasma to the local blood bank . I might reduce my food expense by eating at the local Sam ’ s club ( samples ! ) Ron @ The Wisdom Journal 1 . Have a garage sale 2 . Take a consulting gig 3 . Teach a college course or be a guest lecturer ( only applicable if you have the proper credentials ) 4 . Teach private swimming lessons 5 . Tutor Heidi @ Banker Girl If I only had 2 weeks to make $ 200 , the first thing I would do would be to gather any and all DVD ’ s and CD ’ s and video games that I had in my house and sell them to a local store or on Craiglist . If that did n ’ t bring in enough money , I honestly would get a part - time job at night to cover the difference , and then quit as soon as I made the money ! David @ My Two Dollars If I had two weeks to make $ 200 , here ’ s what I would do : First , I would clean out my basement and list anything worth more than $ 5 on Craigslist , eBay or Amazon . Then , I would have a garage sale that weekend for anything that does n ’ t sell or is n ’ t worth more than $ 5 . Of course , for the garage sale , I ’ d want to put a free ad on Craigslist and post signs around the neighborhood . If I did n ’ t have a lot of items to sell , or the selling was n ’ t going so well , I would head down to the plasma donation center in my neighborhood , where I can make $ 20 for my first donation and $ 40 for my second donation Also , another idea is to call your local marketing research facility ( a place that does focus groups , taste tests , etc . ) , and see if they have any opportunities for people of your age / gender / etc . to participate in . These studies typically pay between $ 20 - $ 60 for 1 - 2 hours . Finance Girl @ Finance Gets Personal Earning $ 200 extra income in two weeks is not hard , the most obvious way is selling stuff that you no longer use at places like eBay , Craigslist , or at thrift shops . Another method is to search for sign - up bonuses However , the more challenging task is figuring out how to earn $ 200 extra income regularly — i.e. , monthly . This is not hard either , but it does require more time and commitment . Instead of trying to explain it all here you can read about the 7 Factors to Build Successful Alternative Income Streams Pinyo @ Moolanomy My number one way to make $ 200 in two weeks ? My first choice would be to sell anything that I ’ m not using . My preferred method is to use eBay but a good old fashioned garage sale will work , too . Most of us have some things lying around that still have some value that could be sold . This stuff can easily add up to $ 200 for a weekend . Just go through your house , attic , garage , miscellaneous storage areas for anything that could be sold . Clean up a for free on craigslist . Enjoy your new found money and consider giving the unsold items to a local Salvation Army or Goodwill . Henry @ Christian Finance Blog Making $ 200 in 2 weeks can be incredibly easy or difficult , depending on your outlook and situation . If I absolutely needed $ 200 , I would first try to sell some items via Craigslist . I prefer to sell them locally via Craigslist because you can get cash in hand more quickly than an on - line auction like Ebay because you do n ’ t need to wait for the auction to close or to transfer the money . Pawn shops could be another option for selling items . The other thing I would try is to get a job that would pay me that amount of money . Unfortunately , a lot of jobs only pay out every couple weeks , so you may miss the deadline . So you would need to look for a job that pays either weekly or in cash . Examples could be babysitting , landscaping , washing cars , etc . Patrick @ Cash Money Life Sell some books , dvds , baby clothes , etc . on eBay … Have a yard / garage sale … If it was an emergency I ’ d drop my cable / cell phone / netflix or blockbuster / other subscriptions … In a pinch , I ’ d get a second job or sell my golf clubs … NCN @ No Credit Needed If I needed $ 200 in two weeks , I ’ d sell some of my stuff . During my years of living on credit , I accumulated a lot of things I do not need or use . I ’ ve been purging these things gradually , but there ’ s still a lot of stuff around the house , and some of it is worth some money . If I needed quick cash , I ’ d get on Craigslist or eBay and sell CDs and comic books and board games . I might also consider a garage JD Roth @ Get Rich Slowly Need more ideas ? These are 20 Real Companies That Pay You To Work From Home . Do you have any ideas of your own ? How would you make a quick $ 200 ? Tips to put more money in your pocket & Biblical principles on managing it well . Just click to take our FREE E - course to get 5 simple lessons to help you improve your financial life today ! Better manage your money , pay off debt , save more , using key Biblical principles ! Advertising Disclaimer : The pages on this site help us pay the bills by using affiliate relationships with Amazon , Google , Ebay and others but our opinions are NEVER for sale . Find out more here About Bob Bob Lotich is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance ( CEPF ® ) and has over 10 + years experience writing about Biblical personal finance and is the best - selling author of 4 books including Managing Money God ' s Way and has been named a top 20 social influencer in personal finance . His writing has been featured on Forbes , The Huffington Post , Yahoo Finance , CBN , Crosswalk , Patheos and others . He has been a full - time writer since 2008 and loves uncovering financial wisdom in the Bible as well as discovering the best tools and strategies to help you put more money in your pocket .	[ "Awesome Ways", "Make $ 200" ]
http://christianthinktank.com/tax4kings2.html	Does the data about Apamea and the Ciete support the view that Rome carried out registrations in client kingdoms ? [ Part2 : Apamea ] [ Draft : Oct 9 , 2016 ] [ Part two from tax4kings1 . html When we look at the case of Apamea - - and the census described on the funerary monument , we get a great view of the unevenness of Roman rule in those times . I suspect that Dr . Carrier ' s statement that Apamea ( whichever one was described by that monument ) was already under provincial rule and that a census there was perfectly normal and expected is based on his understanding that Syria had been conquered by Pompey and turned into a province at that time ( northern Syria - - not southern Syria ) . So , since I myself have used Apamea as evidence of a fully - Roman census in a client - kingdom ( or client - state ) , it is time to trace backwards through my sources and references to see if something has been changed ( about the interpretation of the data ) or if it has been misunderstood . Most of the citations I can find - - in works like mine and similar ones - - point back to Hoehner ' s Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ , published in 1973 . His statement ( p16 ) goes like this : " In fact , in Venice a gravestone of a Roman officer was found which state that he was ordered by P . Sulpicius Quirinius to conduct a census of Apamea , a city of 117,000 inhabitants , located on the Orontes in Syria ( footnote 25 ) , which was an autonomous city - state that minted its own copper coins ( footnote 26 ) . " What are his sources ? Footnote 25 gives " 25 . Cf . Stauffer , p . 32 ; Finegan , p . 237 . " Footnote 26 gives " 26 . A . R . Bellinger , The Coins , Final Report VI of The Excavations at Dura - Europos , ed . By M . I . Rostovtzell , et al . ( New Haven , 1949 ) , p . 86 , nos . 1832 , 1833 " Stauffer refers to Jesus and His Story ( trans . By Dorothea M . Barton ( London , 1960 ) . is responding to a criticism of the nativity story raised by Strauss : Strauss ' s Point 2 . Here Strauss was led astray by Josephus ' bombastic description of Herod . To understand correctly the legal position of Herod the Great , we must understand the adroit fiscal devices of Augustan imperial policy . We must also know something about the historical evolution of inter locking sovereignties throughout Syria , concerning which we glean considerable information from a study of their coinages . I shall deal briefly with only three sample govern ments : the Nabataean kingdom of the Arab vassal kings in Petra , in the southeast of the Roman Empire ; the Syrian city - state The Nabataean kings in Petra had the right to mint their own silver coinage with Semitic inscriptions . They also assumed the right to settle questions of succession to the throne . Both these privileges were signs of a considerable measure of authority . But we find in Josephus several sur prising items concerning their systems of taxation . Listing the leading men of Petra 4 around 9 - 6 b.c , Josephus men tions the imperial " slave " Fabatus , and speaks of this Fabatus twice as the chief imperial financial officer ( dioiketes ) 5 The man must therefore have been one of those numerous freed - men whom Augustus installed in high positions in the finan cial administrations of the provinces . From this one item it becomes apparent that Petra ' s entire system of taxation was under the control of Augustus . This principle was main tained during the subsequent period of the Empire . Thus we hear of a Roman tax commissioner in the days of Vespasian who held sway in the Nabataean kingdom with the support of a Roman military detachment . Naturally this does not exclude the co - The city - state of Apamea was allowed to mint only cop per . Nevertheless , we find it styling itself on its coins with the proud word autonomos , stressing with good reason its right to self - government . In New Testament times Apamea was one of the four most powerful city - states of Syria . We need only read Strabo to form some conception of the inde pendence of this city in fiscal policy and taxation . The siz able towns of Larissa , Kasiana , Megara , Apollonia , and others were subject to taxation by Apamea . The priest - sover eigns of Emesa and the Ituraean kings of Chalcis on the Lebanon were allied to Apamea [ Strabo 16 , 2 , 10 , 752f ] . Yet , for all its power , this proud city could not evade Quirinius ' census . We possess some interesting documentary proof of this . In the year 1674 the gravestone of an Augustan army officer turned up in Venice . The inscription on the stone mentioned certain taxation measures taken by Quirinius in Apamea . This in scription was copied at the time , and published The crucial words read : " On command of Quirinius I have carried out the census in Apamea , a city - state of one hundred and seventeen thousand citizens . Likewise I was sent by Quirinius to march against the Ituraeans , and con quered their citadel on Lebanon mountain . " 7 It is clear that Quirinius subjected the autonomous city - state of Apamea to the census , just as he did the vassal state of Nabataea . And it seems very probable that the campaign against the Itu raeans was connected with the work of the census . For we learn from Strabo that the Ituraean kings were allied to Apamea . These Semitic Ituraeans were a semi - nomadic , un ruly , and marauding mountain folk , the kind of people who always offered the toughest resistance to the Roman census commissioners . Therefore Quirinius ' census in The footnotes given for the Nabataean coins and Apamea are these [ note : " C.G.C " refers to " Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum " ] : * The Nabataean coins may be found in C.G.C . , " Arabia , etc . " ( 1922 ) , p . 3 ff . The report on the tax collector under Vespasian was noted by Mommsen in Romische Geschichte ( Berlin , 1885 ) , Vol . 5 , p . 479 . Mommsen himself comments : " It was not unprecedented for a vassal state to be brought into the sphere of the imperial taxation . This occurred in , for example , the Alpine regions . " * See C.G.C . , " Galatia , etc . " ( 1899 ) , p . 233 ff . ; B . V . Head , Historia Nummorum ( 2nd ed . , Oxford , 1911 ) , p . 780 ; A . R . Bellinger , " The Coins , " in Excavations at Dura - Europos , Final Report , Vol . 6 ( New Haven , 1949 ) , p . 86 . Finegan refers to the Handbook of Biblical Chronology , Jack Finegan ( Princeton , 1964 ) . I have the Revised edition dated 1998 . In the revised edition , the point about Apamea occurs on page 305 ( topic 524 ) . Here Finegan points to the same coinage source : " … Apamea , where the autonomy of the city - state is shown by the fact that it minted its own coins … " And his footnote is to the same source by A . R . Bellinger I will have to come back to the issue about interpretation of coinage , but let ' s do a level set through scholarship about that Apamea , to see if the general consensus confirms interpretation of Apamea as a ' free city - state ' . If it IS a ' free city - state ' ( to the extent any kingdom or city - state was under Roman ' oversight ' ) , then holding a census in it is a perfect example of what might have occurred in Judea during the kingdom of Herod . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … In historical context , Apamea of Syria was one of the four cities of the " Syrian Tetrapolis " ( Not to be confused with the Attic cult Tetrapolis ) : Antioch , Laodicea , Seleucia , Apamea . " Apamea was one of the four cities . . . of the so - called Syrian Tetrapolis . It had been the former Seleucid military capital and is commonly regarded as being second only to Antioch in size and therefore one of the two or three largest in all of Syria " [ David Kennedy , " Demography , the Population of Syria and the Census of Q . Aemilius Secudus " , in LEVANT 38 , 2006 , p113 ] We will have to look at a couple of different periods that impact this : 1 . The pre - Roman period of the Selucids 2 . The period right after the conquest by Pompey 3 . The period between Pompey and his death ( transition to M . Antony ) 4 . The period between Antony and Augustus 5 . The period during / following Augustus The main specialist sources we will use for this are ( in publication order ) : [ HI : COERP ] H . M . Jones , Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces . OxfordUP : 1971 ( 2nd Edition ) [ HI : COSS ] John D . Grainger , The Cities of Seleukid Syria . OxfordUP : 1990 : [ RNE ] Fergus Millar , The Roman Near East [ 1993 ] [ HI : MEUR ] Maurice Sartre , The Middle East Under Rome ( Eng . Trans ) ; HarvardUP : 2001 / 2004 . [ HI : RSNE ] Kevin Butcher , Roman Syria and the Near East ( 2003 ) We will follow this outline : 1 . General : Definitions / descriptions of civitas , city , city - state , etc 2 . General : Roman policy and perspective toward cities generally 3 . Regional : Outline of historical events and the impact on the cities of the region 4 . Local : The specific data we have on Apamea 5 . Was there some kind of punishment in civic status of Apamea prior to the census of Q 6 . More analysis of the relationship of coinage and status 7 . More analysis of the relationship of cities and finances ( e.g. tax , tribute , civic duties ) One : Definitions / descriptions of civitas , city , city - state , polis , etc The political language of the day was a mixture of Greek and Roman terms and concepts . Some of the terms were technical ( in a legal sense ) such as polis , civitas , libera , tetrarchy , and colonia . What we would call a ' city ' or a ' town ' would not imply legal or political status , but under Roman rule there were legal and political dimensions to the terms . A town could have ' civic status ' ( civitas ) which was a legal / political term . There were some basic criteria that had to be met for such status ( although such status could be ' bought ' by shrewd municipal rulers … ! ) . " A city was a settlement that was recognized by the government as having civic status . It was an institutional concept , not a physical distinction , and therefore civic status did not necessarily have anything to do with settlement size or monumentality . Cities were both large and small . Some were wealthy , and others were comparatively poor . Some villages were as large , and therefore probably as rich , as some cities , and some villages had monuments of the sort one might expect to find in a city . So villages or towns might resemble cities , even if they did not have the same status . This means that without officially being one ( Androna seems to have remained a kome - a ' village ' ) . Villages might have elaborate systems of self - government and magistracies that resembled those of the cities ( though admittedly the evidence for this is debated ) . Some small cities had village - sized territories , and some were nothing more than villages that had been raised to civic status . Smaller cities , although constitutionally independent , might depend economically on larger ones . This means that the resources on which a larger city could draw might include the territories of any smaller and eco nomically weaker neighbours . Consequently a city might be easy to define in constitutional and legal terms , but more difficult to distinguish in other ways . A certain degree of monumentality , and a particular set of buildings might be expected , and these no doubt helped persuade inhabitants and visitors alike that a place deserved its civic status , but that status did not depend on them . Certain acts , such as the issue of civic coins , were confined to settle ments that had the status of a polis . The right to celebrate Greek festivals was also restricted to cities . Documentary evidence ( inscriptions , civic coins and so on ) allows us to determine which settlements were cities , but generally these tell us little about what sort of places they were . As we shall see below , size clearly did matter : it helped determine a city ' s position within a hierarchy , and that position brought benefits . [ HI : RSNE , 98 - 99 ] Civitas is the totality of the cives , just as societas is that of the socii . Its meaning is largely synonymous with populous , but it was rarely used by the Romans for their own state but instead was the official expression for all non - Roman communities , tribes and Greek poleis with republican constitutions . A people of the state is the characteristic of a civis , almost always a defined territory with a certain autonomy ( suis legibus uti ) and mostly an urban center … Classification was according to the legal basis of the relationship of the civitas with Rome as civitas foederata ( community tied to Rome in a contract , usually in Italy , with foedus aequum or iniquum ) or as a civitas sine foedere ( community without contract , usually in the provinces ) , or according to financial obligations that resulted from a contract : stipendiaria ( taxed ) , libera ( with its own administration ) , immunis ( tax - free ) . [ Brill New Pauly , s.v. " Civitas " ] Civitates ( civitas ) . All cives ( citizens ) of a larger or smaller territorial , political unit ( state , city , colony , municipality ) form a civitas . Hence the term is also applied to an autonomous unit itself and the Romans speak of their own state as a ( " nostra " ) as well as of other states ( civitas Atheniensium ) or a group of states ( civitates Graecorum ) . The term is , however , especially used with regard to foreign civitates civitates peregrinae ) in the sense of a large group of free individuals living together and organized as a legal social unit ( societas ) . Civitates foederatae . Allied cities and communities in Italy and the provinces with which Rome concluded a treaty ( foedus ) . They enjoyed certain privileges and exemption from taxation and lived according to their own laws ( suis legibus uti ) , but they were seldom granted exemption from military service . Civitates liberae et immunes Free cities enjoying a high degree of self - government and exemption from taxes . The status of a civitas libera was granted by either a lex data ( a charter decreed by the Roman people , the senate , or later , by the emperor ) or by a treaty of alliance ( foedus ) with Rome ( civitates liberae et foederatae ) , by which the autonomous position of the civitates liberae was guaranteed in a stronger way … " [ Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law , Adolf Berger . 1952 ] Even the broad criteria for what constituted a ' Greek city ' are not entirely unambiguous : one of the central themes of this book is that the whole area was marked by large agglomerations of population which we do not always know whether to call ' cities ' or not . But relevant criteria for defining a ' Greek city ' would be , for instance , the exclusive use of Greek in public and communal life ; the posses sion of a constitutional structure of local self - government , with an assembly , a council and annual magistrates ; the capacity to mint coins bearing the name of the community ; the possession of a territory in which there were villages ( komai ) which were in some sense dependent on the city ; and no similar de pendence on any other city . That was the point of the short - lived measure by which Septimius Severus is said to have punished Antioch for its support of Pescennius Niger in the civil war of 193 / 194 : he is recorded by Herodian as having declared that Antioch would become a kome in the territory of Laodicea . 1 [ RNE , 256 ] The most explicit symbols of a city ' s identity and status were its coins . But behind that statement lies a multitude of problems . What is certain is that until the second half of the third century the vast majority of the base - metal coinage in circulation in the Greek East was produced in the name of cities The coins usually , though not always , showed the portrait and title of the reigning Emperor ; and they would typically list on the reverse the name of the community and display some symbol or symbols ( often temples or deities ) associated with it . … With that proviso , the list of communities named ( sometimes only for very brief periods ) on coins can serve as a map of ' the Greek cities ' of northern Syria : Zeugma on the Euphrates , Doliche and Germanicia ( all three at some point part of Commagene ) ; Hierapolis , Beroea , Cyrrhus , Chalcis , Antioch , Apamea , Seleucia and Laodicea ( which occasionally also produced silver coins ) ; and the three small places on the coast , Gabala , Paltos and Balaneae . " [ RNE , 257 ] ROMAN . Civitas means the whole body of cives , or members , of any given state . Civitates are defined by Cicero ( Somn . Scip . c . 3 ) to be “ concilium coetusque hominum jure sociati . ” A civitas is , therefore , properly a political community , sovereign and independent . [ George Long and Benjamin Jowett , “ CI ′ VITAS , ” ed . William Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Company , 1865 ) , 291 . ] From the above we see that a population center was a if : It was actually called a civitas in the historical record , or Had a treaty with Rome or a decree from the emperor , or Issued civic coins , or Celebrated Greek festivals , or Had a territory in which there were villages ( komai ) , and Was not itself dependent on another city . One special form of alliance with Rome ( and Rome - via - emperor ) was the ' friend and ally " . This was a form of ' foedus ' ( treaty ) and was the basis for the term ' friendly king ' . It was used of both kings and minor dynasts ( i.e. tetrarchs ) , and was an important indicator of freedom / autonomy . " Besides these kingdoms and principalities that surrounded the provincia on all sides , there remained within the province itself indigenous principates , entrusted to tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " … The chiefs of these principates normally had the title tetrarch , a term found not only in Pliny ' s list , in the Gospels , and in Josephus , but also in a quite official inscription in Apamaea : L . Iulius Agrippa claims to descend from tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " on both his mother ' s and his father ' s side . 137 The term tetrarch is the only title known for these leaders besides that of king . In stressing the fact that tet ¬ rarchies were viewed as kingdoms , Pliny no doubt sought to emphasize their standing as independent states even though they were friends and allies of Rome . We also know , however , that Rome reserved the royal title for its most loyal and most capable allies : in 4 B.C.E. , Augustus refused to give the title to Herod ' s three sons and successors , remarking that time would tell whether or not they were worthy of it . " [ HI : MEUR , 70 - 72 ] The major dynasts , as ' friends ' of Rome , may not have had to provide tribute at all , although at least one found it prudent to bribe Pompey to retain his throne . At this early stage Rome had not yet established for certain who were friends and who were enemies [ HI : RSNE , 22f ] " As Rome expanded as an imperial power she encountered monarchies . Ultimately it was at the expense of these monarchies that Rome built her empire : in one way or another all of the provinces of Rome had been , wholly or partly , monarchies before the Roman conquest . But the relationships between Rome and these monarchies were not simply relationships between conqueror and conquered . There was also diplomacy and what the ancients call ' friendship ' . Rome was only able to build and keep her empire because she was able to build and keep - - for some time at lease - - ' friendship ' with the monarchies of her world … .The monarchies under discussion are many and varied . Most significant are the differences between those monarchies of the Hellenistic type , largely situated in the east , which approximate to modern notions of monarchy and kingship , and , on the other hand , the monarchies of tribal societies which are neared to modern notions of chiefships and where , as Tacitus appreciated , the term ' king ' needs qualification . How far the Romans distinguished between the two remains a problem , but it seems clear enough that , in formal terms at least , they drew fewer distinctions than we must … … the full Civitates were always in search of ' freedom ' - - which meant various things to various constituencies . The terms used to describe their relative freedom or type of freedom were varied : " As for titles and privileges cities sought , like cities elsewhere , to be granted freedom , asylia ( exemption from reprisals or legal pursuit ) , auton omy ( the right to live according to its own laws ) , the title hiera ( holy ) , and the rank of metropolis or even colony , a rank that could be counted as an honor once the provincials themselves began claiming it . According to Pliny the Elder , Antioch , Laodicea , and Seleucia were free cities ( tn : libera ) , but the same title appeared on coins of Scythopolis under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus . Cities that continued to mint their own silver coins may have enjoyed the same privilege : Seleucia until 6 c.e . and Antioch until 38 ; Sidon until 44 , Tyre until 58 , and Laodicea until 124 . However , most Syr ian cities did not produce coins until later ; hence we can deduce nothing from the coins regarding the cities ' eventual freedom . " [ HI : MEUR , 184 ] As noted above , the most distinctive trait of a civitas was its right to mint civic coins . But this was - - under Roman domination - - a ' grant of authority ' by the Roman state or ( mostly ) the Emperor . Thus this coinage - - being allowed or prohibited - - generally implies an autonomous or semi - autonomous civitas ( city - state ) . " As in all the provinces of the eastern Mediterranean , cities retained the right to issue their own coins with the consent of the emperor ; these have been called " imperial Greeks " since the publication of a seminal article by T . B . Jones , but more recent scholars correctly prefer the title provincial coins , placing them on the same level as coins issued by the provincial koina and other groups . These were generally bronze , rarely silver . Most of the issues were sporadic , sometimes in quite small quantities , and they peaked under the Severi in the sense that a record number of mints is attested dur ing that period . Only the largest cities on the Syrian coast were able to continue minting silver coins as late as the middle of the first century c.e . : Seleucia until 6 . , Antioch until 38 , Sidon to 43 - 44 ( but only in small numbers ) , Tyre until 66 ( if in fact the issues attributed to that city up to the first century . actually came from Tyre and not from Jerusalem ) , and Laodicea until 124 . Once silver minting ceased in these workshops , there were only occa sional issues , notably during the reigns of Caracalla and Macrinus . In northern Syria , these civic issues , which existed only by imperial privilege , began to display portraits of emperors quite late — starting only in 4 - 3 b.c.e . in Apamaea , in 6 . in Seleucia , and during the reign of Caligula in Laodicea . By contrast , imperial images were featured regularly on the coins issued in the cities of the Decapolis . [ HI : MEUR , 254 ] Scholars routinely accept the principle that the beginning of coinage is a marker of freedom for a city . The absence of coinage does not argue the contrary ( since not all cities wanted the cost / load of minting ) , but the presence of coinage is used as evidence of freedom . Sample statements include : The policy of urbanization was carried on by Epiphanes ' successors ; Cyrrhus , for instance , began to strike coins with the royal effigy under Alexander Balas . " [ HI : COERP , 253 ] Most of the coastal cities at this time obtained formal recognition of their freedom . Sidon and Tripolis inaugurated new eras in 111 B.C. , Seleucia in 108 B.C. , Ascalon in 104 B.C. ; Berytus followed some years later in 80 B.C . Gabala seems also to have started a new era about this time ; coins of Gabala of the early first century dated in the year 28 survive . These eras certainly represent the formal grant of freedom … Other cities began to issue autonomous coins without starting a new era , and therefore probably without having been formally freed , for instance , Orthosia ( dating by the Seleucid era ) and Epiphaneia ( dating by the Aradian era ) . Larissa revolted from Apamea — the war of independence is described in terms of ridicule by Poseidonius — and began to issue her own coinage in 85 B.C . ( by the Seleucid era ) . … It [ Damascus ] obtained under them a very belated municipal independence and struck coins under the name of Demetrias bearing the effigies of these kings . " [ HI : COERP , 255 ] " He punished it [ Arad ] by freeing Balaneae , which began to coin once more under him … Marathus , on the mainland opposite Arad , and Paltus , north of Balaneae , were also probably freed at this time from Aradian dominion ; Marathus began to coin early in the reign of Augustus , Paltus not till much later ; both used the Aradian era [ HI : COERP , 261 - 2 ] " For the cities of the Phoenician coast and the tetrapolis Pliny does not use the official sources , save that he mentions the Leucadii , that is Balaneae , by mistake in the list of ' the rest of Syria ' . The coins here fill the gap . Of the Phoenician cities Arad and Marathus , Balaneae ( under the style of Leucas ) and Gabala all coined during the early principate ; Paltus did not begin to issue till the reign of Septimius Severus . All four cities of the tetrapolis coined during the early principate Antioch , Laodicea , and Seleucia were , according to Pliny , free cities . On the upper Orontes , Larissa , Epiphaneia , Arethusa , Emesa , and Laodicea by Libanus and , in the mountains west of Emesa , Mariamme all figured in the official register ; Seleucia ad Belum may have done so — it is in Pliny ' s list of Coele Syria . Of these cities only Laodicea and Emesa coined , and even these only from the latter part of the second century . The mention of Emesa incidentally fixes the date of the official register , for it was until 30 B.C. ruled by Iamblichus , son " Chalcis when it began to coin used an era dating from A.D. 92 , which implies that it was freed from a dynast — perhaps Aristobulus , son of Herod — at that date [ HI : COERP , 264 ] Freedom for a city could be ' sought with money ' ( e.g. bought ) by its leadership ( from either Rome or the pre - Roman Seleucid rulers ) , or argued for on the basis of its organization : " There may also have been a complex interplay of personal relations , balances of power , and even financial interests : we can recall that even Pompey himself preferred to recognize the Ituraean brigand chieftain Ptolemy , son of Mennaios , in exchange for one thousand talents , rather than annex his territory . How many local leaders , installed on their own initiative during the time of the last Seleucids , bought their political survival in the same way ? We shall probably never know . " 70 - 72 ] " Now the author of the second book of Maccabees states that the Jews paid a very large sum for the privilege of having Jerusalem recognized a city . This suggests that Epiphanes may have thought that the sale of charters to towns was a more politic way of raising money than the seizure of temple treasures . The policy also appealed to his rather theatrical philhellenism ; the grant of the two cities of Tarsus and Mopsuhestia to his concubine Antiochis suggests that he did not really hold city autonomy very sacred . 26 Be that as it may , his policy was warmly welcomed by his sub - jects . He was only giving official sanction to a movement which had long been in progress . The beginnings of hellenization date from before the Macedonian conquest of Syria . [ HI : COERP , 248f ] " What is clear in two well - known cases is that an imperial decision to grant the status of city to an existing community could be a response to initiative from below . Hence the letter , in Latin , addressed to a governor by an emperor whose name is lost , agreeing that Tymandus in Pisidia has fulfilled the criteria for achieving city status ; in this case the availability of sufficient persons ( fifty , initially ) to act as decuriones ( members of a local senate ) , pass decrees , and elect magistrates . " [ Millar , RGWE ] The three levels of ' free entities ' were the client - kingdom , the tetrarchy , and the city - state . Tetrarchies were dynastic as were the client - kingdoms , but the city - state ( civitas ) was under some form of constitution of the people . All were ' free ' in various ways and levels , although they were still under the authority of Rome ( who could depose kings , and turn provinces into client - kingdoms ) . " Inevitably the spread of Greek culture brought with it the spread of Greek political ideas , and it became the ambition of the native communities to convert themselves into republican city states on the Greek model . The city had long been the regular political unit in many parts of Syria , and the germs of republican institutions had existed before the Macedonian conquest . In these cities the only change required was the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republican constitution , and this change had already taken place in Tyre and Sidon about the middle of the third century , where eras of ' the people of Tyre ' and ' the people of Sidon ' mark the establishment of democracy . At Bambyce too the priestly dynasty had been deposed by Seleucus Nicator , and the town organized as a city under the style of Hierapolis . " [ HI : COERP , 250f ] " Beroea , Hierapolis , Chalcis , Cyrrhus , and Zeugma from the reign of Trajan , Antioch on the Euphrates from that of Marcus Aurelius ; Europus issued no coins . Except for Beroea we can not be certain that any of them had city rank in the early principate ; they may have been still , as in the early first century B.C. , ruled by dynasts , and have been included among ' the seventeen tetrarchies with barbarian names distributed into kingdoms ' which Pliny found in the official register ” [ HI : COERP , 264 ] " In addition to these names Pliny quotes from the official register many others which , to the best of our knowledge , never were cities . Such are the Gazetae , the Gindareni , the Gabeni , the Hylatae , the Penelenitae , the Tardytenses . He also mentions besides the seventeen unnamed tetrarchies the tetrarchy of the Nazerini , two of the Tigranucometae ( to accept the current emendation ) , and another called Mammisea . These are certainly from the official list ; more doubtful are the races of the Ituraeans and their neighbours the Baethaemi , which may be derived from a literary source . It thus appears that northern Syria was by no means entirely occupied by the territories of the cities ; a large area was occupied by village and tribal communities and small principalities . Unfortunately very few of these can be located definitely . … The two The tetrarchy of the Nazerini is stated by Pliny to have adjoined the territory of Apamea ; the Nazerini must therefore be the ancestors of the modern Nusairi who inhabit the mountains behind Laodicea . " [ HI : COERP , 264 ] ________________________________________________________________ __________________ Two : Roman policy and perspective toward cities generally Rome was very pro - civitas . They promoted civitas status consistently - - largely for practical reasons . When the moved into border countries , they were eager to strengthen / use the city - states to be their buffer against foreign invasions , a buffer against the power of the kings / dynasts , and in some cases , to reduce the power of the Roman provincial governors . Some level of freedom , autonomy , and self - rule was necessary to the stability of the empire . Throughout our period Rome was very pro - city , and the cities they dealt with were often ' upgraded ' to various levels of autonomy . It is impossible to know if Pompeius had decided on his approach to Syria before he arrived , or whether he made up his mind once he got there . During the previous year he had been busy establishing cities in Pontos in place of the kingdom of Mithridates , and he had reconciled many of the pirates to the loss of their freedom by placing them in cities . And he was a Roman , with a built - in prejudice for cities as against kings . There were plenty of cities in Syria . Yet only one of those cities had ever demonstrated any eagerness for autonomy , and a king had been proved to be necessary for the cities to survive . So , if the cities were to be presented with their unsought autonomy , they had also to be protected against the manifold enemies around them . The kings in and around Syria had demonstrated their willingness , indeed their eagerness , to acquire the lands and riches of the cities . They could scarcely be trusted to refrain from continuing their attacks once Pompeius had gone home . [ HI : COSS , 192 - 193 ] The distinction between Roman rule through indirect control of client rulers and direct control of the cities is to some degree misleading . Both forms of rule were indirect , because Rome was unable to dominate her empire through intensive direct government . There were simply too few state representatives to perform such a task , so she resorted to a form of control using local political entities , great and small . Local governments were expected to maintain order in the areas under their jurisdiction , arrange for the collection of taxes , and oversee the production and distribution of foodstuffs in their territories . Of all forms of local government , the Romans had a marked preference for the city state , and in the eastern Mediterranean the model for this was the Greek polis . Effectively the polis was the definition of a city By declaring the cities of Syria ' free ' , Pompey linked the notion of the Greek - style city state with Roman rule in the new province from the very beginning . Cities in particular were funda mental to the structure of Roman power and the fabric of provincial space . " [ HI : RSNE , 98 - 99 ] Pompey did , however , favour the cities as against the dynasts inasmuch as he generally freed cities which had fallen into the power of dynasts . This policy was based on both sentimental and practical motives . On the one hand , Pompey fancied himself as a missionary of Greek civilization ; he was carrying forward the traditional policy of the Roman republic , which had always been the friend of free peoples against kings , and he was himself a second Alexander , a founder of cities and a promoter of Hellenism . " [ HI : COERP , 258 ] Of course , this position of ' pro - civitas ' was also a strategy - - to keep the larger dynasts and kings from becoming too powerful via consolidation of the individual cities into their kingdoms . The altruism of ' we want people to be free of kings ' is as much a pro - people statement as it is an anti - king one ! Plus , in exchange for their ' status quo ' autonomy , they would be the true practical infrastructure of the province ( e.g. ' outsourcing ' of day - to - day workloads ) . " Pompey ' s settlement was based , on the whole , on the status quo . He naturally made no attempt to revive the centralized administration of the Seleucids , which had long since ceased to exist and which was quite unsuited to a Roman province . Nor did he try to partition all Syria into city states , as he had done in Pontus ; many parts of Syria were too backward for republican government , and it was better to leave the simple villagers and wild tribesmen of the mountains and deserts under the authority of dynasts whom they respected than to attach them to cities which would be too weak to control them , or to convert them into republican communities which would soon break down . Pompey did , however , favour the cities as against the dynasts inasmuch as he generally freed cities which had fallen into the power of dynasts . … … On the practical side , the freeing of cities was a convenient way of weakening the native kingdoms which had grown over - powerful , and in general cities were better subjects of the Roman people than dynasts . Dynasts intrigued and fought against one another , died leaving disputed successions or heirs who were minors , and in general required constant supervision ; cities went on forever and were generally content to maintain their privileges [ HI : COERP , 258 ] " When he was deciding the future of Syria , Pompey was pressured on two fronts , neither of which could be easily overlooked . First , Rome realized that it could not install an efficient administration in the newly conquered territory through the efforts of its agents alone . The province of Asia , cre ated in 129 , had remained notoriously under - administered , and the cre ation of Bithynia , Cilicia , Pontus , and now Syria , within just a few years , worsened the problems of governance . Moreover , Rome ' s custom was not to increase the number of its representatives , but rather to depend upon local communities , in particular the Greek city - states — assuming there were any . Second , many of the practices adopted in Syria during the long decline of the Seleucid monarchy could not be easily changed from one day to the next : dynasties , city - states , and emirs had all grown accustomed to an au tonomy that might prove advantageous to Rome in the long run . In a sense , the second difficulty could be used to alleviate the first . Indeed , the city - states of Syria formed the very backbone of the prov ince ; these were located in the former Seleukis and Phoenicia , plus there were a few groups of more or less isolated city - states in the Transjordan re gion or on the Palestinian coast . All the others remained in the hands of cli ent kings . In the province itself ( which , owing to this dispersion , did not constitute a single geographic unit ) , Pompey nurtured the development of the region ' s real infrastructure , the city - states , to fill the gap left by the al most nonexistent provincial administration . We have seen that many cities were emancipated during the long crisis in the Seleucid kingdom . Pompey did not reverse this situation , and it may have been during this period that some city - states saw their territory increase ( Arados , for example , may have grown at the expense of Baitokaike ) . Many city - states had suffered from the Seleucid wars , from banditry , or from the Hasmonaean expan sion , or even from all three at once . It was important to help them rebuild . [ HI : MEUR , 42 ] So , Pompey ' s strategy was to strengthen the city - states , increasing their autonomy ( especially freedom from the dynasts ) , and protecting them from those dynasts going forward . This was the reason for the creation of the provincial structure in Syria . It was to be a ' peacekeeping officer ' to enforce the decentralization required for this to work . Grainger describes the situation and outcome : " It is impossible to know if Pompeius had decided on his approach to Syria before he arrived , or whether he made up his mind once he got there . During the previous year he had been busy establishing cities in Pontos in place of the kingdom of Mithridates , and he had reconciled many of the pirates to the loss of their freedom by placing them in cities . And he was a Roman , with a built - in prejudice for cities as against kings . There were plenty of cities in Syria . Yet only one of those cities had ever demonstrated any eagerness for autonomy , and a king had been proved to be necessary for the cities to survive . So , if the cities were to be presented with their unsought autonomy , they had also to be protected against the manifold enemies around them . The kings in and around Syria had demonstrated their willingness , indeed their eagerness , to acquire the lands and riches of the cities . They could scarcely be trusted to refrain from continuing their attacks once Pompeius had gone home . [ HI : COSS , 192 - 193 ] " This left Pompeius with the need to establish the cities and principalities as autonomous states , and , since they were incapable in most cases of maintaining their authority alone , they had to be protected . " This now had to be done by Rome , since no other authority had the military and political power required , and that in turn meant the creation of a province , with a governor and an army . And , given a province , the various constituent parts of Syria would have to be reduced toa fairly uniform size , with no single entity being predominant over the rest . … When Pompeius set off southwards through Syria , therefore , dealing out justice right and left , the cities received the most favoured treatment , at least in Pompeius ' view . The five great cities were given autonomy , or had their existing autonomy confirmed . Seleukeia - in - Pieria was granted autonomy , Pompeius apparently remarking that the city was too strong to be attacked . 96 Maybe it really was too strong , but there is no sign of Pompeius wishing to attack it , nor would there be any reason for him to do so , unless perhaps it had continued to stand by the Seleukids . But Antiochos XIII had been the city ' s man , and he soon vanished , murdered at last , it seems , by Samsigeramos , to whom his usefulness was now ended . Apamea ' s fort was razed by Pompeius as he passed , and this is clearly a sign of increased local authority for the city , 99 but it is also a sign of the essential impotence of the city as compared with either a royal or a Roman dynast . Laodikeia - ad - Mare and Arados were both secure and strong , and both had their autonomy confirmed , by implication if not by an actual known grant . Arados , uncharacteristically , was sufficiently grateful to Pom ¬ peius to fall foul of Caesar fifteen years later . [ HI : COSS , 194 - 195 ] " Again , there were both cities and principalities to deal with , while the sheer size of Apamea ' s original territory meant that the independent fragments of it were more numerous . T he Gabeni , the Mariamnitai , the Tardytenses , and probably other fragments were in this area . The fact that they were in Pliny ' s list means that Pompeius recognised their effective autonomy . Samsigeramos was restricted to a defined territory which included the urban centres of Emesa and Arethusa , but his rural desert lands could not be so easily defined . 108 The territory of Arados was unaffected , which means that Pompeius confirmed it . The overall result was a patchwork of varying political entities , kings , tetrarchs , cities , and autonomous village communities . [ HI : COSS , 197 ] Some of these small client - states were tetrarchies , with the chief leader being a ' friend and ally ' of the Roman people - - the same term used for client kings . " Besides these kingdoms and principalities that surrounded the provincia on all sides , there remained within the province itself indigenous principates , entrusted to tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " — for example , the tetrarchy of Dexandros , an Apamaean Greek who was fortunate enough to have a principality carved out for him in the vicinity of his native city . The principalities of Lebanon and the Anti - Lebanon ( Chalcis of Lebanon , Area , Abila of Lysanias ) were among the largest , but there were others in the mountain and steppe regions . Pliny names several in the Alouite mountains ( Jebel Ansarie ) , such as the tetrarchy of the Nazareni , separated from Apamaea by the Orontes , the two tetrarchies of the Granucometai , and that of Mammisea ; and he reports that there The chiefs of these principates normally had the title tetrarch , a term found not only in Pliny ' s list , in the Gospels , and in Josephus , but also in a quite official inscription in Apamaea : L . Iulius Agrippa claims to descend from tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " on both his mother ' s and his father ' s side . 137 The term tetrarch is the only title known for these leaders besides that of king . In stressing the fact that tetrarchies were viewed as kingdoms , Pliny no doubt sought to emphasize their standing as independent states even though they were friends and allies of Rome . We also know , however , that Rome reserved the royal title for its most loyal and most capable allies : in 4 B.C.E. , Augustus refused to give the title to Herod ' s three sons and successors , remarking that time would tell whether or not they were worthy of it . " 70 - 72 ] But if we had to describe the actions of the Roman authorities relative to the freedom and status of the cities , as they passed through in conquest , re - conquest , or attempts to stabilize the region , we would basically use to phrases : " no real change " and " increasing autonomy . The literature consistently points out that the Roman authorities maintained the status quo , with only minor ' interruptions ' in dynastic ' dreams ' ! Many of the larger cities ( like Apamea ) were already free before Rome came , and most of them saw their status affirmed or even elevated ( sometimes with larger territory ) . To see this clearly , we can step through the historical ' actors on stage ' … ________________________________________________________________ __________________ Three : Outline of historical events and the impact on the cities of the region Before Rome : As the Seleucid empire crumbled , the cities in Syria declared their independence from it , and Syria devolved into a loose collection of independent city - states . Some of this was actually a royal initiative of Antiochus IV Ephiphanes ( 175 - 164 BC ) , and some was just ' attrition ' due to the civil wars . Here is the account given by Jones ( long quote ) : " It is also very difficult to say how many of these foundations were genuine cities , possessing autonomy and a territory . A papyrus of the middle of the third century speaks of ' the priests , the magistrates , and the other citizens ' at Seleucia , and ' the priests and the boards of magistrates and all the young men of the gymnasium ' at Antioch . Further light has been thrown on the constitution of the cities and their relation to the royal power by a recently discovered letter of Seleucus IV to Seleucia in Pieria , and a decree of the city , dated 186 B.C. , in response to the letter , granting the citizenship to But the inscription does prove that Seleucia enjoyed formal autonomy , possessing an assembly which could pass decrees and magistrates who could execute them . It also proves incidentally that , as might have been expected , the citizens were divided into demes and tribes ; Amphilochus is registered in the deme Olympieus and the tribe Laodicis . Apamea is known to have possessed a territory in the second century ; Tryphon is said to have been born in ' Casiana , a fort in the land of the Apamenes ' , and Strabo says that Larissa , Casiana , Megara , and Apollonia ' used ( in Tryphon ' s [ HI : COERP , 246f ] " Under Antiochus Epiphanes the urbanization of Syria received a marked impetus . Antiochus has the reputation of being a keen philhellene and a missionary of Greek culture . It may be doubted , however , whether his sole motive in granting autonomy to so many cities was his desire to promote Hellenism . The Seleucid kings had been in chronic financial difficulties since the treaty of Apamea , as the very impolitic attempts of Seleucus IV and Antio ¬ chus IV to seize the temple treasure of Jerusalem and Elymais show . Now the author of the second book of Maccabees states that the Jews paid a very large sum for the privilege of having Jerusalem recognized a city . This suggests that Epiphanes may have thought that the sale of charters to towns was a more politic way of raising money than the seizure of temple treasures . The policy also appealed to his rather theatrical philhellenism ; the grant of the two cities of Tarsus and Mopsuhestia to his concubine Antiochis suggests that he did not really hold city autonomy very sacred . 26 Be that as it may , his policy was warmly welcomed by his sub - jects . He was only giving official sanction to a movement which had long been in progress . The beginnings of hellenization date from before the Macedonian conquest of Syria . [ HI : COERP , 248f ] " Inevitably the spread of Greek culture brought with it the spread of Greek political ideas , and it became the ambition of the native communities to convert themselves into republican city states on the Greek model . The city had long been the regular political unit in many parts of Syria , and the germs of republican institutions had existed before the Macedonian conquest . In these cities the only change required was the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republican constitution , and this change had already taken place in Tyre and Sidon about the middle of the third century , where eras of ' the people of Tyre ' and ' the people of Sidon ' mark the establishment of democracy . At Bambyce too the priestly dynasty had been deposed by Seleucus Nicator , and the town organized as a city under the style of Hierapolis . The more important of the native cities and of the Greek colonies received additional privileges from Epiphanes . We have unfortunately no literary record of what they were , save that it was Antiochus Epiphanes who built the council - chamber of Antioch . This can hardly mean that it was he who first granted councils to the cities of the tetrapolis ; there is it is true no earlier evidence of city councils — the papyrus of 246 B.C. mentions only the boards of magistrates , and the decree of 186 B.C. speaks only of the magistrates and the people — but other Seleucid foundations , such as Antioch in Persis , already possessed councils under The only privilege of which we can be certain is the right of coinage . Antiochus gave this in two degrees : some cities were allowed to issue coins bearing the royal effigy only , some had to add the royal superscription . In the former and more privileged class were Antioch , Apamea , Seleucia , and Loadicea , and three native cities , Hierapolis , Tripolis , and Ptolemais , renamed Antioch in Ptolemais . In the lower class were the Phoenician cities of Tyre , Sidon , Byblus , Ascalon , and Berytus , which had been renamed , probably by Seleucus IV , Laodicea in Phoenice . Arad , which had long been a free city , also altered the style of her coinage at the beginning of Epiphanes ' reign , inscrib ¬ ing her name in full instead of using a monogram ; the motive of this change must " Antiochus Epiphanes thus promoted , or at any rate , sanctioned , for as I have shown the initiative seems to have come from below , the decentralization of his kingdom . The new cities seem to have possessed territorial jurisdiction ; this is implied by the decree of Demetrius I declaring ' the city of the Hierosoly - mites to be holy and inviolable and free as far as its boundaries ' . They still paid the same taxes to the royal treasury that their districts had hitherto paid — these are specified at length in Demetrius ' decree , the salt - tax , the crown - tax , the third of the crops , the half of the fruit - tree crops , the poll - tax . It is possible that these taxes were now collected by the city authorities , but the survival of the office of ' strategus and meridarch ' , that is , military and civil governor of the district , implies that the central government still maintained an active control over the administra ¬ tion The policy of urbanization was carried on by Epiphanes ' successors ; Cyrrhus , for instance , began to strike coins with the royal effigy under Alexander Balas . The later Seleucid kings had , however , little choice in the matter . During the second half of the second century the dynasty was weakened by almost chronic civil war between rival claimants to the throne . Each successive struggle involved a corresponding diminution of the royal power ; rival candidates outbid one another in offering privileges to the various communities in the hope of winning their support , and in the general confusion cities declared their independence and fought and conquered one another , and in the more backward regions dynasts arose and began to carve out kingdoms for themselves . Syria thus eventually became a mosaic of kingdoms , principalities , and free cities , while the kings became little better than rival condottieri . 33 [ HI : COERP , 253 ] " The prolonged civil war between Antiochus VIII Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus , which dragged on from 116 to 96 B.C. , led to further disintegration . Most of the coastal cities at this time obtained formal recognition of their freedom . Sidon and Tripolis inaugurated new eras in 111 B.C. , Seleucia in 108 B.C. , Ascalon in 104 B.C. ; Berytus followed some years later in 80 B.C . Gabala seems also to have started a new era about this time ; coins of Gabala of the early first century dated in the year 28 survive . These eras certainly represent the formal grant of freedom ; in one case , that of Seleucia , we possess the actual letter of the king , Antiochus VIII probably , announcing to the magistrates , council , and people of the city , which was already ' holy and inviolable ' , that he had granted it freedom , and enclosing copies of similar letters which he had sent to Ptolemy , king of Cyprus , and the Roman senate . Other cities began to issue autonomous coins without starting a new era , and therefore probably without having been formally freed , for instance , Orthosia ( dating by the Seleucid era ) and Epiphaneia ( dating by the Aradian era ) . Larissa revolted from Apamea — the war of independence is described in terms of ridicule by Poseidonius — and began to issue her own coinage in 85 B.C . ( by the Seleucid era ) . Almost the only city which still recognized the Seleucids was Damascus , where Demetrius III and Antiochus XII still managed to maintain themselves down to about 83 B.C . It obtained under them a very belated municipal independence and struck coins under the name of Demetrias bearing the effigies of these kings . 36 [ HI : COERP , 255 ] Pompey : The advent , conquest , and programs of Pompey actually accelerated the independence of the cities - - in keeping with the political necessity for Rome ' s position . Most of the time it was a simple " preserve the status quo " ( i.e. the autonomy of the city - states vis - à - vis the monarchs , and relative political power relations ) but in some cases it was an expansion of freedom and privilege of the city - states . Pompey ' s settlement was based , on the whole , on the status quo . He naturally made no attempt to revive the centralized administration of the Seleucids , which had long since ceased to exist and which was quite unsuited to a Roman province . Nor did he try to partition all Syria into city states , as he had done in Pontus ; many parts of Syria were too backward for republican government , and it was better to leave the simple villagers and wild tribesmen of the mountains and deserts under the authority of dynasts whom they respected than to attach them to cities which would be too weak to control them , or to convert them into republican communities which would soon break down . Pompey did , however , favour the cities as against the dynasts inasmuch as he generally freed cities which had fallen into the power of dynasts [ HI : COERP , 258 ] " In northern Syria the details of Pompey ' s settlement are not known . Josephus ' history does not cover this area , and we have thus only scattered notes to go upon . Pompey recognized the freedom of Seleucia in Pieria , and seems to have conferred some benefit on Gabala , which adopted a new era at this time . He executed Silas the Jew , but does not seem to have suppressed his principality , Lysias , which still survived in Caesar ' s time . Cicero twits Pompey with his friendship with Samsigeramus , who retained his principality of Emesa and Arethusa in Caesar ' s day . His neighbours Alchaedamnus of the Rhambaei , and Gambarus and Themella were also still in power at that time . Pompey also confirmed Antiochus of Commagene in his kingdom and presented him with a piece of Mesopotamia . In general Pompey seems thus to have preserved the status quo unaltered . [ HI : COERP , 261 - 2 ] " In the spring of 63 bc Pompey left Antioch and marched south with an army , extorting money , executing ' tyrants ' , and reducing the power of some of the native principalities . He seems to have posed as the champion of the Greek - style city states , ' liberating ' them from the rule of tyrants and dynasts . Pompey had not greatly altered the political makeup of Syria , although the fact of Roman rule now meant that the status of a community was decided by Rome rather than through the community ' s independent interactions with its neighbours . The more powerful could negotiate better deals , but Roman con trol of status , favours and obligations could not be challenged except through open rebellion . For the city states , ' freedom ' presumably came at a cost , in the form of tribute to Rome . The major dynasts , as ' friends ' of Rome , may not have had to provide tribute at all , although at least one found it prudent to bribe Pompey to retain his throne . At this early stage Rome had not yet established for certain who were friends and who were enemies [ HI : RSNE , 22f ; Note : the ' presumably ' word shows that there is no read data to support the statement that ' free cities ' had to pay tribute - - as the definition of civitas libera MEANS ! ] Caesar : After the death of Pompey in 49 BC , Caesar visited Syria , but made very little changes , most of which were for INCREASED freedom for cities . Pompey seems thus to have preserved the status quo unaltered . For a complete picture of northern Syria we must go down to the beginning of Augustus ' reign . Conditions had probably changed very little in the interval . Caesar freed Antioch and probably Laodicea on Sea , which assumed the surname of Julia ; he also apparently gave additional privileges to Gabala . " [ HI : COERP , 261 - 2 ] " Caesar toured the east shortly after Pompey ' s death . The civil war was over , but the Roman world was still polarized into pro - and anti - Caesarian factions . The great general honoured cities such as Laodicea and Antioch , and his compacts with local dynasts requested that they should consider it their duty to safeguard Roman interests in Syria . But which Roman interests , given that there were two camps ? … The republicans also initiated negotiations with the Parthian king , sending an envoy , Quintus Aetius Labienus , to the Parthian court to ask for military assistance . Cassius withdrew most of the Roman troops to join the republican forces in Macedonia for the final confrontation with Caesar ' s supporters . The defeat of the republican forces at Philippi in 42 led to a temporary peace in the Roman empire , but the two principal beneficiaries of the victory at Philippi , Mark Antony and Caesar Antony placed two of the defeated republican legions in Syria , which , as it turned out , was an error of judgement . 36 - 38 ] The Bassus incident at Apamea : During this civil war in the empire , a supporter of one of the anti - Caesar factions rebelled and based his rebellion in Apamea . He used the fortress of Apamea t o successfully resist huge provincial armies and was able to step down gracefully . Apamea ' s big fortress ( of Seulucid ' elephant ' fame ) had been destroyed by Pompey twenty years earlier , but apparently another one had been build . But there is no evidence that the city was destroyed or affected negatively in any way from this . In the summer of 46 bc a rumour circulated that Caesar was dead , and this was sufficient to provoke a renegade Pompeian called Caecilius Bassus to demonstrate where his sympathies lay . In the aftermath of Pompey ' s defeat Bassus had fled to Tyre , a city which he now seized . From there he managed to win over the Syrian legions and engineered the murder of Caesar ' s nephew Sextus , who had been appointed governor . Bassus gained the support of local dynasts and the Parthians . He established his headquarters in the fortress of Apamea and resisted Caesarian attempts to overthrow him . In 44 the governors of two provinces in Asia Minor arrived with huge armies and besieged Bassus at Apamea , without success . But in the same year Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome , and his ' republican ' murderers began organizing their armies for a struggle against Caesar ' s supporters . One of these republicans , Gaius Cassius Longinus , arrived in Syria in 43 . He had governed the province after the death of Crassus , and may 36 - 38 ] The Parthian Invasion of 40BC After the defeat of the republican armies , two of those legions ( now demoralized ) were assigned to Syria . In this post - conflict vacuum , Parthia arose again - - under the leadership of republican Roman officers - - and captured Syria - - including Apamea - - and gave THEIR version of ' autonomy ' to some of the cities - - including Apamea " But in the same year Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome , and his ' republican ' murderers began organizing their armies for a struggle against Caesar ' s supporters . One of these republicans , Gaius Cassius Longinus , arrived in Syria in 43 . He had governed the province after the death of Crassus , and may have been able to make use of old connections there to secure his power base . Cassius won over both rebel and Caesarian legions and Bassus ( tn : from the above incident at Apamea ] was able to step down without losing face . The republicans also initiated negotiations with the Parthian king , sending an envoy , Quintus Aetius Labienus , to the Parthian court to ask for military assistance . - - - Cassius withdrew most of the Roman troops to join the republican forces in Macedonia for the final confrontation with Caesar ' s supporters . The defeat of the republican forces at Philippi in 42 led to a temporary peace in the Roman empire , but the two principal beneficiaries of the victory at Philippi , Mark Antony and Caesar ' s heir Octavian , soon began to quarrel . Antony placed two of the defeated republican legions in Syria , which , as it turned out , was an error of judgement . At the Parthian court , Cassius ' envoy Labienus and King Orodes decided to launch an invasion of Syria , to be led by the Roman com mander and the king ' s son Pacorus . They overwhelmed the republican legions ( some of whom deserted ) , and while Labienus led an expedition west into Asia Minor , Pacorus took his armies south , accepting the submission of Syrian states as he went . The Roman province was lost to the Parthians ( 40 bc , who now acquired their outlet on the Mediterranean . - - - Tangible evidence of the invasion is sparse . Coins issued at Antioch and Apamea during the Parthian occupation show that the cities abandoned new dating systems which had been adopted under the Romans and reverted to dat ing by the Seleucid era ( which they had used prior to the Roman annexation ) . Overall the rapid disintegration of Roman con trol illustrates the precarious nature of their rule in Syria at this time ; but the subsequent collapse of Parthian domination does not suggest that the invaders were any more secure . Antony had problems dealing with the increasingly hostile machinations of Octavian , but in 39 he sent a deputy , Publius Ventidius Bassus , with an army to recover the east . Ventidius ' campaign was remarkably successful ; in the engagements Labienus and Pacorus were killed , and the Parthian army was forced to withdraw The Roman commander then set about restoring Roman control of the Syrian province . This proved to be a complex task ; many states and dynasts now had reason to oppose Rome , being either Parthian appointees , such as the Hasmonaean Antigonus in Judaea , or had conspicuously aided the Parthians , such as the Phoenician island state of Aradus , and Antiochus I , king of Commagene . [ HI : RSNE , 89 - 90 ] Antony : Although Antony did not seem to have the management savvy of either Pompey or the later Augustus , he nevertheless continued preserving the status quo and continued growth the number and strength of the free cities " We have seen how a network of client states was gradually built up , begin ning under Pompey , and how Antony maintained and expanded upon this system , as he had done in Anatolia , in order to govern the less Hellenized areas of Syria . 134 After Antony ' s final land grants , the province of Syria proper found itself surrounded on all sides by client states that separated it from the other Roman provinces " 70 - 72 ] " Syria enjoyed a number of years of peace under Antony ' s government . However , the new ruler of the east pursued policies that led to profound territorial changes throughout the Near East . Antony apparently sought to retain as much of the system of indirect administration as he could , by means of a network of client princes that had proved itself in Anatolia and Asia Minor as well as in Syria . Not only did he leave in place existing principalities , such as those of Malichos I of Nabataea , Sampsigeramos of Emesa and Arethusa , Tarcondimotos in the Amanus region , and Ptolemy ' s son Lysanias in the Anti - Lebanon , but he contributed to further partitioning as well . " [ HI : MEUR , 52 ] " Since its creation by Pompey , the province of Syria had undergone only a few minor changes , resulting from Antony ' s gifts to some of his clients ; for example , two cities of the Decapolis , Gadara and Hippos , were given to Herod . For the most part , however , all of the former Seleukis , as well as Phoenicia from Arados to Dora , Damascus , and the Transjordan cities of the Decapolis , continued to be part of the province . Its territories were fragmented because a few minor client states remained , some in close prox imity to the most urbanized sectors , and they governed populations that were only slightly Hellenized , if at all , and not very urban . " [ HI : MEUR , 55 - 56 ] Octavian / Augustus : The Syrians generally supported Antony ( a logical choice since was de facto their quasi - rule ) , so when Octavian visit Syria after the defeat of Antony we might have expected some reprisals - - but they are few and far between and were mostly reversed shortly thereafter . In fact , there seem to have been several cases of ' enhanced ' freedom . " The only change recorded of Augustus himself is the deposition of Alexander the son of Samsigeramus . Antioch and Seleucia of the tetrapolis adopted the Actian era . [ HI : COERP , 261 - 2 ] " For the cities of the Phoenician coast and the tetrapolis Pliny does not use the official sources , save that he mentions the Leucadii , that is Balaneae , by mistake in the list of ' the rest of Syria ' . The coins here fill the gap . Of the Phoenician cities Arad and Marathus , Balaneae ( under the style of Leucas ) and Gabala all coined during the early principate ; Paltus did not begin to issue till the reign of Septimius Severus . All four cities of the tetrapolis coined during the early principate Antioch , Laodicea , and Seleucia were , according to Pliny , free cities . On the upper Orontes , Larissa , Epiphaneia , Arethusa , Emesa , and Laodicea by Libanus and , in the mountains west of Emesa , Mariamme all figured in the official register ; Seleucia ad Belum may have done so — it is in Pliny ' s list of Coele Syria . Of these cities only Laodicea and Emesa coined , and even these only from the latter part of the second century . The mention of Emesa incidentally fixes the date of the official register , for it was until 30 B.C. ruled by Iamblichus , son Emesa would thus have been registered as a city only during the first ten years of Augustus ' reign . [ HI : COERP , 263 ] As in all the provinces of the eastern Mediterranean , cities retained the right to issue their own coins with the consent of the emperor ; these have been called " imperial Greeks " since the publication of a seminal article by T . B . Jones , but more recent scholars correctly prefer the title provincial coins , placing them on the same level as coins issued by the provincial koina and other groups . These were generally bronze , rarely silver . … In northern Syria , these civic issues , which existed only by imperial privilege [ tn : i.e , by Augustus ' approval of statements of freedom by the cities , began to display portraits of emperors quite late — starting only in 4 - 3 b.c.e . in Apamaea in 6 . in Seleucia , and during the reign of Caligula in Laodicea . By contrast , imperial images were featured regularly on the coins issued in the cities of the Decapolis . 137 254 ] " Apart from a few modifications , some of which were short - lived , Octavian who had virtually no support in Syria — retained the basic organi zation set up by Pompey and later by Antony In 30 . he annexed the kingdom of Tarcondimotos I in the Amanus region , in eastern Cilicia , and also the principality of Iamblichos of Emesa . Tarcondimotos had been one of Antony ' s most faithful allies : on coins he is called Philantonios , and he perished in the service of the triumvir at Actium . His son Tarcondimotos II immediately succeeded him but made the mistake of allowing groups of gladiators trying to rejoin Antony in Egypt to pass through unopposed . As for Iamblichos of Emesa , he had been executed by Antony , who suspected him of treason , and his brother Alexander ( or Alexas ) had replaced him ; we do not know exactly what Alexander did to displease Augustus , but he was deposed , displayed in Augustus ' s triumphal procession , and later exe cuted . 7 Ultimately , all these annexations proved premature . Given Rome ' s inability to administer the outlying regions , Octavian ( who had become Augustus in the interim ) gave the two states back to members of local dy nasties in 20 Tarcondimotos II Philopator regained his kingdom , and Iamblichos , the son of the homonymous dynast who had been executed in 31 , replaced his uncle Alexander at Emesa . The only annexed territory the province of Syria retained was Cilicia Campestris ( Cilicia - on - the - Plain , which had been annexed in 30 ) . … Other minor annexations were car ried out as well , such as those of Seleucia on the Euphrates ( Zeugma ) , and also perhaps Doliche ; these were removed from the kingdom of Commagene for strategic reasons , and at the time of Herod ' s death in 4 b.c.e. , Gaza , Gadara , and Hippos were also annexed . " [ HI : MEUR , 55 - 56 ] " When Antony was defeated at Actium in 31 bc , Syria fell into the hands of Octavian . Late in 30 bc , with Antony and Cleopatra dead and Egypt annexed to the empire , Octavian arrived in the province , and local communities had to negotiate their status with yet another Roman warlord . Among them were the dynasts who had supported Antony . Of these some , like Herod , were successful in convincing Octavian of their value to his regime ; others were not so successful , and were deposed . However , once the situation in the east had stabilized , the deposed dynasties were restored . This was a clear indication that eastern dynasts were reliant on imperial favour , and that the emperor could depose or instate kings at will . But it was also a sign that Rome would respect some of the existing configurations of power — for the moment . - - - Favours were also extended to or retracted from cities . During his later visit to Syria in 20 bc Octavian , now styled Augustus , deprived Sidon and Tyre of their liberty ' for dishonouring the treaties which they had struck with Rome Aside from the major client states , we also catch occasional glimpses of other , smaller or less powerful non - civic communities , particularly in northern Syria during the first centuries bc and ad . These are thought to be a product of the instability of the late Seleucid period , when nomads moved in and began to encroach upon the settled regions and weakened the authority of the cities there . An inscription from Apamea honouring a second - century ad civic notable , Lucius Julius Agrippa , describes him as the descendant of a tetrarch called Dexandros . first high priest of the provincial imperial cult under Augustus . His tetrarchy was presumably in the vicinity of Apamea , and it is noteworthy that such non - civic communities could be found interspersed between the great Hellenistic foundations of northern Syria . [ HI : RSNE , 89 - 90 ] So , with minor exceptions of demotion that ' stuck ' - - offset by a greater number of promotions that lasted well past Augustus - - the political situation of independent city - states , tetrarchies , and client - kingdoms that ' went into the Roman Empire ' also ' came out ' by the end of our period ( i.e. at the death of Augustus - - well after the census at Apamea ) . So , in the absence of contrary data , if Apamea was free when Pompey arrived , then it is more probable than not that its freedom was maintained or even improved at the time of the death of Augustus . Each of the main figures in this stream of history ( including the Parthians ) increased the autonomy - level of the majority of city - states in North Syria . The demotions that DID occur - - and we have them in the records - - were generally reversed by the time Augustus died . Four : Specific Data about Apamea Let ' s turn now to the specific data about Apamea and see if the data indicates a ' reversal of fortune ' for it , or whether it gives us more reason to believe that it was a ' free city ' at the alleged time of the Census there . As a reminder of what we are looking for - - in order to establish its civic status as that of a ' civitas ' ( independent city - state , polis , exempt from ' normal ' provincial taxes ) - - we are looking for evidence that any / some / all of these criteria were met : It was actually called a civitas in the historical record , or Had a treaty with Rome or a decree from the emperor , or Issued civic coins , or Celebrated Greek festivals , or Had a territory in which there were villages ( komai ) , and 6 . Was not itself dependent on another city . To the extent we find evidence of these , to that extent we can conclude that they were ' free ' . If there are multiple strands of evidence ( i.e. more than one of these present ) , then the case is even stronger . What data do we have ? The census inscription under discussion Pliny ' s description of Syria Strabo ' s description of Syria The L . Julius Agrippa inscription from Apamea ( and the role of the imperial cult ) Information about the cities dependent on Apamea ( e.g. the Poseidonius reference , the gifts of Antony ) Coinage : A first look ( with perhaps more discussion / interaction with authorities in the last section ) 7 . Historical summary of the data from the above One : The census inscription under discussion . This is the document that was under discussion in the original document , with Dr . Carrier disagreeing as to the interpretation of it . I do n ’ t need to discuss background , since that is easily found . Here ' s a translation of the 22 lines that make up the inscription : 1 Q . Aemilius Quinti filius Q [ uintus ] Aemilius Secundus s [ on ] of Q [ uintus ] , 2 Palatina Secundus , in of the tribe Palatina , who served in 3 castris Diui Augusti sub the camps of the divine Aug [ ustus ] under 4 P . Sulpicio Quirinio legato P . Sulpicius Quirinius , legate of 5 Caesaris Syriae honori - Caesar in Syria , decorated with honorary 6 bus decoratus , praefectus distinctions , prefect of the cohortis Augustae I , praefectus 1st cohort Aug [ usta ] , prefect of the 8 cohortis II classicae . Idem cohort II Classica . Besides , 9 iussu Quirini censum egi by order of Quirinius I made the census in 10 Apamenae ciuitatis mil - the city - state of Apamea of citizens 11 lium hominum ciuium CXVII . male 117 thousand . 12 Idem missu Quirini aduersus Besides , sent on mission by Quirinius , against 13 Ituraeos in Libano monte the Itureans , on Mount Lebanon 14 castellum eorum cepi . Et ante I took their citadel . And prior 15 militiem praefectus fabrum military service , ( I was ) Prefect of the workers , 16 delatus a duobus consulibus ad ae - detached by two co [ nsul ] s at the ‘ aerarium 17 rarium , et in colonia [ The State Treasury ] ’ . And in the colony , 18 quaestor , aedilis II , duumuir II , quaestor , aedile twice , duumvir twice , 19 pontifexs . pontiff . 20 Ibi positi sunt Q . Aemilius Q . f . Pal . Here were deposited Q [ uintus ] Aemilius Secundus s [ on ] of Q [ uintus ] , of the tribe 21 Secundus filius et Aemilia Chia liberta . Pal [ atina ] , ( my ) s [ on ] and Aemilia Chia ( my ) freed . 22 Hoc monumentum amplius heredes non sequetur . This m [ onument ] is excluded from the inh [ eritance ] . In a study on the demographics of Syria , David Kennedy describes and discusses this inscription ( David Kennedy , " Demography , the Population of Syria and the Census of Q . Aemilius Secudus " , in LEVANT 38 , 2006 , pp 109 - 124 ) : " Apamea was one of the four cities . . . of the so - called Syrian Tetrapolis . It had been the former Seleucid military capital and is commonly regarded as being second only to Antioch in size and therefore one of the two or three largest in all of Syria … The key part of this inscription is the appointment by P . Sulpicius Quirinius - the same Syrian governor as in the Gospel of Luke above - of Q . Aemiliuss Secundus , Prefect of an auxiliary regiment , the Cohors II Classica , as censitor for the Civitas Apamenorum . The relevant lines read : ' having been instructed by Quirinius to conduct a census in the city state of Apamea , counted 117,000 citizens . ' … What can we do with the number ? First , there is a consensus that the count at Apamea involved both the town and the territory that constituted the State of Apamea . That seems obvious enough - - even at its greatest extent in later generations , an area within the walls of 250 ha would not have supported a population of 117,000 free inhabitants plus an unknown number of resident non - citizens and slaves … Nor has anyone doubted the number as reported ; although it has plainly been rounded , it is only to the nearest thousand . " [ p113 , 114 ] What do we get out of this inscription ? We get two major things : It was explicitly called a ( Criterion 1 ) and It had a territory ( Criterion 5 ) . [ Of course , we really only need Criterion 1 ( being called a civitas in the historical record ) to prove it was ' called a civitas ' … but it never hurts to assemble as much as possible - - in case some piece of data is ambiguous or controversial . ] Two : Pliny ' s description of Syria Pliny the Elder is writing his Natural History circa 77 AD . As he moves through the various geographies of the Roman world , he describes the Syrian element in this way [ NH 5.18ff ] : " Here Phœnicia ends , and Syria recommences . The towns [ oppida ] are , Carne , Balanea , Paltos , and Gabale ; then the promontory upon which is situated free [ Laodicea ; and then Diospolis , Heraclea , Charadrus , and Posidium . " ( 21 . ) We then come to the Promontory of Syria Antiochia . In the interior is free [ Antiochia itself , surnamed Epidaphnes , and divided by the river Orontes . On the promontory is free [ Seleucia , called Pieria . ( 22 . ) Beyond it lies Mount Casius … Upon this coast there is the river Orontes , which takes its rise near Heliopolis , between the range of Libanus and Antilibanus . The towns [ oppida ] are Rhosos , and , behind it , the Gates of Syria , lying in the space between the chain of the Rhosian mountains and that of Taurus . On the coast there is the town [ oppidum ] of Myriandros , and Mount Amanus , upon which is the town [ oppidum ] of Bomitæ . This mountain separates Cilicia from Syria . " We must now speak of the interior of Syria . Cœle Syria has Apamea , divided by the river Marsyas from the Tetrarchy of the Nazerini ; Bambyx , the other name of which is Hierapolis , but by the Syrians called Mabog , ( here the monster Atargatis , called Derceto by the Greeks , is worshipped ) ; and the place called Chalcis on the Belus , from which the region of Chalcidene , the most fertile part of Syria , takes its name . We here find also Cyrrhestice , with Cyrrhum , the Gazatæ , the Gindareni , the Gabeni , the two Tetrarchies called Granucomatæ , the Emeseni , the Hylatæ , the nation ( gentem ) of the Ituræi , and a branch of them , called the Bætarreni ; the Mariamitani , the Tetrarchy known as Marnmisea , Paradisus , Pagræ , the Pinaritæ , two Seleucia ' s , besides the one already mentioned , the one Seleucia on the Euphrates , and the other Seleucia on the Belus , and the Cardytenses . The remaining part of Syria ( except those parts which will be spoken of in conjunction with the Euphrates ) contains the Arethusii , the Berœenses , and the Epiphanæenses ; and on the east , the Laodiceni , who are called the Laodiceni on the Libanus , the Leucadii , and the Larissæi , besides seventeen other Tetrarchies , divided into kingdoms [ regna ] and bearing barbarous names . " We do know that Pliny was a little confused here , working from both official lists of Augustus ( the ' Counting Guy ' as I pointed out elsewhere … xyz ) and literary sources . He is known to be wrong in some cases . Jones describes Pliny ' s approach and information : Our knowledge of northern Syria at the beginning of the reign of Augustus is derived from the official lists of the time . These have been partly preserved , in a very mangled form , in Pliny . Pliny gives two lists , both arranged in alphabetical order , one of which he heads ' Coele Syria ' , the other ' the rest of Syria ' . The names in the second list are certainly all derived from an official register ; they are all given in the ethnic . The official register evidently included all northern Syria ; it included , Pliny states , cities on the Euphrates , which he did not transcribe ; the names he did transcribe include Beroea in Cyrrhestice , Larissa , Epiphaneia , Arethusa , and Laodicea by Libanus on the Orontes , and Leucas , which , though Pliny was unaware of the fact , since he catalogued Balaneae separately , was on the coast . The other list , though it contains official elements — some names are given in the ethnic — was evidently concocted by Pliny himself . The alpha betical order is certainly Pliny ' s , for he places Bambyce under B , whereas its official name was Hierapolis ; the ' Granucomatitae ' also are placed under G , although the name is probably a blunder for Tigranucometae ; both the blunder and the place of the name in the list must then be Pliny ' s . The distinction between Coele Syria and ' the rest of Syria ' is also quite fantastic ; the cities of the two lists are inextricably confused ; Bambyce and Chalcis are in Coele , Beroea in ' the rest ' , Arethusa and Laodicea by Libanus are in ' the rest ' , Emesa in Coele . Furthermore , the list of Coele Syria contains some elements drawn from literary sources , such as , for instance , the notes on the Seleucid satrapies of Cyrrhestice and Chalcidene . The explanation of this muddle is probably as follows . Pliny had before him an official list of the reign of Augustus , headed ' Syria ' simply , and various Greek literary sources , some of which used the term Coele Syria . Pliny made up a list of all the places which were placed in Coele Syria by the literary authorities ; some of these were mentioned in the official list also , and these he put down sometimes in the form in which he found them in the official list , that is , in the ethnic , sometimes in the literary form . Those names which he did not find in the literary sources , or which at any rate were not assigned in them to Coele Syria , he added as a separate list , ' the rest of If this analysis is correct , the only names which certainly were from the official list are those in the list of ' the rest of Syria ' , and those given in the ethnic in the list of Coele Syria ; other names in the Coele Syria list must be judged on their merits ; they may have occurred in both the official and literary sources , or only in the literary . The coins , unfortunately , give little help in this region , for many cities issued no coins during the principate . Even the important city of Apamea on the Orontes made one issue only , on the occasion of its receiving the surname of Claudia from the emperor Claudius [ TN : this seems to be incorrect - - We have coins from 12 of the 43 years of Octavius / Augustus and from the first year of Tiberius ] . Epiphaneia and Larissa did not coin at all under the principate , though both had done so before the Roman occupation . 47 " For the cities of the Phoenician coast and the tetrapolis Pliny does not use the official sources . Of the Phoenician cities Arad and Marathus , Balaneae ( under the style of Leucas ) and Gabala all coined during the early principate ; Paltus did not begin to issue till the reign of Septimius Severus . All four cities of the tetrapolis coined during the early principate . Antioch , Laodicea , and Seleucia were , according to Pliny , free cities On the upper Orontes , Larissa , Epiphaneia , Arethusa , Emesa , and Laodicea by Libanus and , in the mountains west of Emesa , Mariamme all figured in the official register ; Seleucia ad Belum may have done so — it is in Pliny ' s list of Coele Syria . Of these cities only Laodicea and Emesa coined , and even these only from the latter part of the second century . The mention of Emesa incidentally fixes the date of the official register , for it was until 30 B.C. ruled by Iamblichus , son of Samsigeramus , and in 20 B.C. the dynasty was restored and lasted till A.D. 72 at least . Emesa would thus have been registered as a city only during the first ten years of Augustus ' reign . " East of the Orontes Pliny gives only one city from the official register , Beroea . He also mentions in the Coele Syria list , Bambyce also called Hierapolis , Chalcis ad Belum , Cyrrhus , and Seleucia on the Euphrates . The last is also mentioned under the form of Zeugma in his survey of the Euphrates , where he gives two other names , Antioch on the Euphrates and Europus . Many of these cities coined later , Beroea , Hierapolis , Chalcis , Cyrrhus , and Zeugma from the reign of Trajan , Antioch on the Euphrates from that of Marcus Aurelius ; Europus issued no coins . Except for Beroea we can not be certain that any of them had city rank in the early principate they may have been still , as in the early first century B.C. , ruled by dynasts , and have been included among ' the seventeen tetrarchies with barbarian names distributed into kingdoms which Pliny found in the official register . Chalcis when it began to coin used an era dating from A.D. 92 , which implies that it was freed from a dynast — perhaps Aristobulus , son of Herod — at that date . Pliny omits Nicopolis ; the reason perhaps is that being under a dynast it did not appear on the official list , and in Pliny ' s literary authorities it was placed in Cilicia , as it is by Strabo and Ptolemy . In addition to these names Pliny quotes from the official register many others which , to the best of our knowledge , never were cities . Such are the Gazetae , the Gindareni , the Gabeni , the Hylatae , the Penelenitae , the Tardytenses . He also mentions besides the seventeen unnamed tetrarchies the tetrarchy of the Nazerini , two of the Tigranucometae ( to accept the current emendation ) , and another called Mammisea . These are certainly from the official list ; more doubtful are the races of the Ituraeans and their neighbours the Baethaemi , which may be derived from a literary source . It thus appears that northern Syria was by no means entirely occupied by the territories of the cities ; a large area was occupied by village and tribal communities and small principalities . Unfortunately very few of these can be located definitely . . . . The tetrarchy of the Nazerini is stated by Pliny to have adjoined the territory of Apamea ; the Nazerini must therefore be the ancestors of the modern Nusairi who inhabit the mountains behind Laodicea . … Some , at any rate , of the villages , tribes , and tetrarchies , and quite a large number of them , if the tentative identifications suggested above are correct , were interspersed among the great cities of the western part of the Seleucis ; the majority lay , no doubt , in the less civilized eastern part , where cities were scarce and nomadic life prevailed . 48 [ HI : COERP , 2632 - 265 ] What can we learn from Pliny ? Probably nothing — he does n ’ t call it a non - civic ‘ town ’ ( oppidum ) or free city ( liber ) or colonia or urbe or civitas or anything … it is separated from a tetrarchy by a river which MIGHT imply it was the district , but we know from Strabo ( below ) that the city itself was on a peninsula ( which would also fit this description ) . But we might raise an objection from Pliny — the city Apamea was one of the tetrapolis with Antioch , Laodicea , and Seleucia . Those three cities were called ‘ libera ’ ( free from taxation cities ) in the previous section , where he discussed the Phoencian / Coast areas . Could we argue from silence , that since he did NOT use ‘ liber ’ to describe Apamea , that it was not such ? Probably not . Even though he seems to try to note any special privileges of the urban cities , he is clearly not consistent nor comprehensive : " The lists of Pliny , however , are evidently incomplete , especially as regards the province of Asia , where , except for the islands and Ilium , only the district of Caria seems to have been taken into consideration . There is no reason to suppose that Pergamum and egphesus , which had obtained their freedom from the younger Servilius Isauricus , or Miletus , which had been recognized as independent Roman Rule in Asia Minor : To the End of the Third Century after Christ PrincetonUP : 1950 , vol 1 , page 474 ] . And if Apamea was a reference to the city - with - the - district , then it would be inappropriate to refer to it by a ‘ city - only ’ category . Let ’ s try Strabo next … Three : Strabo ' s description of Syria Strabo gives a bit more information for us : [ 10 ] “ In ( the district of ) Apameia is a city polis ) well - fortified in almost every part . For it consists of a well - fortified hill , situated in a hollow plain , and almost surrounded by the Orontes , which , passing by a large lake in the neighbourhood , flows through wide - spread marshes and meadows of vast extent , affording pasture for cattle and horses . The city polis ) is thus securely situated , and received the name Cherrhonesus ( or the peninsula ) from the nature of its position . It is well supplied from a very large fertile tract of country , through which the Orontes flows with numerous windings . Seleucus Nicator , and succeeding kings , kept there five hundred elephants , and the greater part of their army . “ It was formerly called Pella by the first Macedonians , because most of the soldiers of the Macedonian army had settled there ; for Pella , the native place of Philip and Alexander , was held to be the metropolis metropolis of the Macedonians . Here also the soldiers were mustered , and the breed of horses kept up . There were in the royal stud more than thirty thousand brood mares and three hundred stallions . Here were employed colt - breakers , instructors in the method of fighting in heavy armour , and all who were paid to teach the arts of war . “ The power Trypho , surnamed Diodotus , acquired is a proof of the influence of this place ; for when he aimed at the empire of Syria , he made Apameia the centre of his operations . He was born at Casiana , a strong fortress in the Apameian district ( τῆς Ἀπαμέων γῆς ) , and educated in Apameia ; he was a favourite of the king and the persons about the court . When he attempted to effect a revolution in the state , he obtained his supplies from Apameia and from the neighbouring cities [ περιοικίδων : neighboring or dependent towns , not poleis ] , Larisa , Casiana , Megara , Apollonia , and others like them , all of which were reckoned to belong to the district of Apameia . He was proclaimed king ( basileus ) of this country ( chora ) , and maintained his sovereignty for a long time . Cæcilius Bassus , at the head of two legions , caused Apameia to revolt , and was besieged by two large Roman armies , but his resistance was so vigorous and long that he only surrendered voluntarily and on his own conditions . For the country ( chora ) supplied his army with provisions , and a great many of the chiefs of the neighbouring tribes ( ethnos ) were his allies , who possessed strongholds , among which was Lysias , situated above the lake , near Apameia , Arethusa , belonging to Sampsiceramus and Iamblichus his son , chiefs of the tribe of the Emeseni . At no great distance were Heliopolis and Chalcis , which were subject to Ptolemy , son of Mennæus , who possessed the Massyas and the mountainous country of the Ituræans . Among the auxiliaries of Bassus was Alchædamnus , king of the Rhambæi , a tribe of the Nomades on this side of the Euphrates . He was a friend ( philos ) of the Romans , but , considering himself as having been unjustly treated by their governors , he retired to Mesopotamia , and then became a tributary of Bassus . Poseidonius the Stoic was a native of this place , a man of the most extensive learning among the philosophers of our times . “ This description contributes several items : Apamea is a district ( ges ) and a city ( polis ) . The district of Apamea had multiple fortresses ( i.e. not just in the city Apamea ) . Apamea was an educational center for the elite . The Apamene district had at least 6 dependent towns in it . This is very helpful , and is also decisive in identifying the city Apamea as in the privileged class of civites / polis under Rome . It hits multiple criteria of an independent city - state ( i.e. , polis , dependent cities , territory ) . Four : The L . Julius Agrippa inscription from Apamea This is an inscription found in Apamea , dated to after the devastating earthquake of 115 A.D . Here is the text itself : [ … ] with the rights of his ancestors and his own exemption from liturgy attested publicly [ deloumenon ] together with other honours by bronze tablets on the Capitol in Rome , he had fulfilled for his city [ patridi , fatherland - - not poleis - - but ' home town ' , place of origin magistracies [ arches , liturgies and generosities ; he has been priest [ hierasamenon agoranomos with generosity , supplying for six months the wheat distributions contributing with a sum of x silver denarii ; he provided oil for unguents and constructed the aqueduct [ … ] for many miles ; he was secretary of the city poleos ] in an exceptional way , having himself demanded the authorisation , for one year , having himself decided his colleagues in the magistracy , and within the same year he was commissioner of the peace and of the wheat distribution and he built the baths and the porticos in front ( along the street ) and the basilica attached donating all the land bought at his own expenses and consecrating within the baths bronze works : the Theseus and Minotaur group , the Apollo Marsyas and Scythia group . He had often [ pollakis ] acted as embassy [ presbeusanta ] to the Emperors in Rome and to the governors [ hegemonas he has also , both on his father and mother ’ s side , famous and generous ancestors , tetrarchs , and people who had received royal [ basilikon ] honours , mainly Dexandros , the first [ protos ] of the province [ eparcheias ] who was high - priest [ hierasamenos ] , his great - grandfather who was listed [ anegraphe ] by Augustus in the Capitol bronze tablets as a sign of friendship and alliance [ philos kai summachos ] toward the Romans [ Romaion demon in these tablets were also publicly attested [ delountai ] the other exceptional honours that he and his family [ genei ] received ; of these tablets an excerpt has been deposited among these archives here . Year [ … ] 28 Xandikos ; he was honoured [ dogmati ] by the city [ hemeteras poleos ' our city ' ] , by the council [ boule ] and the community [ demous ] in the month of Peritios , the third day before the end of the month , in the decree [ … ] Observations / notes : This 2 nd - 3 rd century ( L . Julius Agrippa ) individual had rights / exemptions accorded to him from Rome , recorded in Rome ’ s records . These same records recorded rights / exemptions from Rome extended to his ancestors . He was a from Apamea ( hometown , native country ) , suggesting citizenship . Apamea was a city ( ) at the time of the inscription , with the standard features of a city : boule grammaticus , other officials . He held several public and civic roles ( some of which required citizenship ) : a . Magistracies b . Liturgies c . Generosities d . Priest e . Agoranomos with generosity ( e.g. wheat , oil , aqueduct ) f . Secretary He ‘ demanded ’ some authorization and appointed fellow magistrates ( what can this mean in a polis ? ) Acted as embassy to emperor and to governors ( provincial ) 8 . His paternal and material ancestors were famous , generous , and included tetrarchs . 9 . Some of these ancestors had received ‘ royal ’ honours ( from what kings ? ) 10 . One of these honoured ancestors was Dexandros . 11 . Dexy was the first high - priest ( of something ) in the province ( presumably Syria ) . [ Note : I can not see where he is described as an ' arch - priest ' ( i.e. , high - priest ) as others such as Millar maintain . ] 12 . Dexy was his great - grandfather . 13 . Dexy was listed by Augustus in the Capital bronze tablets as ‘ friend and ally of the Roman people ’ ( the standard foedus / covenant language of allied client kings ) . 14 . There were other honours given to ‘ his family ’ in those tablets in Rome . 15 . Some of the excerpts were deposited in the records of Apamea . Another inscription refers again to Agrippa ’ s ancestry : “ For the safety of Emperor Nerva Trajan Caesar Augustus , conqueror of the Germans , conqueror of the Dacians . Lucius Julius Agrippa , son of Gaius of the Fabian tribe , with royal [ basilikas ] honours and ancestors [ progonous ] listed [ anagegrammenous ] on the bronze tablets on the Capitol as allies [ summachous ] of the Romans , with exemption from liturgies , having fulfilled [ ektelesas ] all his generosity to perfection , spontaneously , having bought at his own expenses the location and having founded the baths , the basilica in them , the porticoes in front of the these buildings , with all their decorations and all their bronze works that are located there , dedicated those to his city [ tei patridi , ' the ' - - not ' his ' - - fatherland , not polis - - but ' hometown ' implies ' his ' anyway , without the personal pronoun ] , under Julius Bassus , consular provincial governor . " Observations / notes : The individual is named in this inscription and is said to be of the Fabian tribe ( a citizenship — not biological connection ) . He has a Roman name , and is perhaps connected to M . Agrippa . His royal honors were listed in the Capitoline bronze tablets . This tablets also contained a record of his ancestors . His ancestors were recorded as ‘ allies of the Romans ’ . His ancestors / family were exempted from liturgies . The building projects were dedicated to ‘ his fatherland ’ ( patridi ) . 8 . He was a native of and citizen of Apamea . 9 . Dexy is not named in this one . Here are some scholar comments on these documents ( with my notes ) : “ But to gain any real impression of the now lost city life of this region , we can best turn to a remarkable set of inscriptions from Apamea , the only one of all these cities where large - scale excavation has been carried out . On the one hand the city remained within the circuit of its Hellenistic walls , reinforced in the third century , and retained its original chequer - board street - pattern . But what is actually visible of the urban structure of the city belongs to the second century ad and after , and more specifically to extensive and elaborate re - building after the great earthquake of 115 , which so profoundly af fected Antioch . It is from this phase that we happen to have some inscrip tions , from the baths constructed near the Great Colonnade , which perfectly encapsulate the evolution of a Hellenistic - Roman city in Syria , and the values which informed city life . They refer to the benefactions of a citizen of Apa mea who was also a Roman citizen , and had a fully Roman name , L . Iulius Agrippa . Looking back over a century , one of the inscriptions records that Agrippa ' s great - grandfather , Dexandros , had been recorded on bronze tablets on the Capitol at Rome , at the instance of Augustus , as a friend of the Roman People . Whether or not Dexandros had actually been a local dynast operating outside the bounds of a city framework , as has been suggested , is not certain . But he had clearly fulfilled some important individual role in the troubled period before the province settled down under Imperial rule . The inscription also , concordantly with that , records that Dexandros had been the first High Priest ( archiereus ) , evidently of the province of Syria . This is in fact the first indication that a league ( koinon ) of the cities of Syria had come into existence already under Augustus , and had performed the quickly established role of conducting the worship of the Emperor . Nothing is known of the temple , or temples , of the cult ; but the games of the koinon of Syria are attested in the first century , and took place at Antioch . ” [ RNE , 261 ] Notes on Millar ’ s quote : LJA is called a citizen of Apamea . LJA is called a Roman citizen with a fully Roman name . LJA ’ s great - grandfather was Dexy . Dexy had been recorded on bronze tablets in Rome . This recording was ‘ at Augustus ’ insistence ’ . Dexy is recorded as being a ‘ friend of the Roman people ’ . ( Oddly , Millar is ‘ not certain ’ that Dexy was a ‘ local dynast ’ – in spite of the terms ‘ tetrarch ’ and the friend / ally terminology ? ? ? ) In spite of him not being ‘ certain ’ about the correctness of the inscription ' s use of the term tetrarch , Millar is ‘ certain ’ of the correctness of the inscription ’ s use of the term ( arch ) iereus . [ which , btw , I can not find in the text . I can find priest , but not ' high - priest ' so far ] So , he accepts that Dexy is the ‘ first high priest ’ ( ‘ evidently of Syria ’ ) . 10 . Millar goes on to say that this is the first indication of a ‘ league / koinon ’ in Syria . I see no reason to accept Millar ’ s acceptance of archiereus and rejection of tetrarch … no evidence for this choice is given , and I see nothing in the text or context to argue otherwise ( the Pliny references to a plethora of tetrarchies in the area should be enough to cast this rejection aside . ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … “ Besides these kingdoms and principalities that surrounded the provincia on all sides , there remained within the province itself indigenous principates , entrusted to tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " — for example , the tetrarchy of Dexandros , an Apamaean Greek who was fortunate enough to have a principality carved out for him in the vicinity of his native city . The principalities of Lebanon and the Anti - Lebanon ( Chalcis of Lebanon , Area , Abila of Lysanias ) were among the largest , but there were others in the mountain and steppe regions . Pliny names several in the Alouite mountains ( Jebel Ansarie ) , such as the tetrarchy of the Nazareni , separated from Apamaea by the Orontes , the two tetrarchies of the Granucometai , and that of Mammisea ; and he reports that there were seventeen other " tetrarchies divided into kingdoms and bearing barbarian names , " probably in the mountainous regions The chiefs of these principates normally had the title tetrarch , a term found not only in Pliny ' s list , in the Gospels , and in Josephus , but also in a quite official inscription in Apamaea : L . Iulius Agrippa claims to descend from tetrarchs who were " friends and allies of the Roman people " on both his mother ' s and his father ' s side . The term tetrarch is the only title known for these leaders besides that of king . In stressing the fact that tetrarchies were viewed as kingdoms , Pliny no doubt sought to emphasize their standing as independent states even though they were friends and allies of Rome . … The fact that Rome maintained these client states is usually attributed to the specific characteristics of rural and mountainous regions ; Rome no doubt believed it had more to lose than to gain by administering these regions directly . This same situation turns up again in northern Syria , since tetrarchies continued to exist not far from Apamaea or Antioch . It appears , then , that the proximity of the large Greek cities did not suffice , after three centuries of uninterrupted presence , to integrate enough indigenous leaders for them to be able to act as relays for the Roman government . “ “ Apamea , Second and Third Centuries ( 192 - 194 ) … Apamaea was ruled by an urban Greek or Macedonian aristoc racy that included the same Dexandros who , under Augustus , became the first high priest of the imperial cult for all of Syria . The members of this group were large landholders who managed to carve out for themselves , from the declining Seleucid kingdom , principalities that Rome quickly rec ognized as client states before it consolidated administrative power over all of the newly conquered country . At the beginning of the second century the descendants of these tetrarchs continued to possess wealth and prestige , as documented by L . Iulius Agrippa in 115 . ” [ HI : MEUR , 184 ] Notes on Sartre : He accepts Dexy as an ' example ' of an indigenous principate , with the status of ' friend and ally of the Roman people " Dexy ' s tetrarchy was ' carved out for him ' ( by somebody - - Augustus ? ) . This tetrarchy was not IN the city , nor EMCOMPASSING the city , but was ' in the vicinity of ' the city . [ It could be in the district of Apamea and satisfy most of the constraints of the inscriptions . ] Pliny was emphasizing that the tetrarchs were ' king - like ' in independence . Rome did not administer these tetrarchies . Apamea was a ' large Greek city ' , but it did not integrate enough local indigenous leaders into its way of life to be able to act as ' relays for the Roman government ' . Apamea was ' ruled ' by an aristocracy of large local landholders , during the second and third centuries . Dexy was a member of this aristocracy . Dexy became the first high priest of Syria , under Augustus , of the imperial cult . This aristocracy ' carved out for themselves ' small principalities , from the Seleucid kingdom . 11 . These principalities were quickly recognized by Rome as client - states . 12 . Dexy ' s descendants still held power and prestige into the 2nd century ( no break in Roman recognition ) . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . “ Aside from the major client states , we also catch occasional glimpses of other , smaller or less powerful non - civic communities , particularly in northern Syria during the first centuries and ad . These are thought to be a product of the instability of the late Seleucid period , when nomads moved in and began to encroach upon the settled regions and weakened the authority of the cities there . An inscription from Apamea honouring a second - century civic notable , Lucius Julius Agrippa , describes him as the descendant of a tetrarch called Dexandros . first high priest of the provincial imperial cult under Augustus . His tetrarchy was presumably in the vicinity of Apamea , and it is noteworthy that such non - civic communities could be found interspersed between the great Hellenistic foundations of northern Syria . Many of these communities seem to have been small tribal states — for example many of those mentioned in his description of Syria by Pliny the Elder , who ended one of his lists of Syrian peoples with a dismissive ' plus seventeen tetrarchies divided into kingdoms and bearing barbarian names ' ” [ HI : RSNE , 89 - 90 ] Notes on Butcher : L.J. Agrippa was a ' civic noble ' ( i.e. a citizen of Apamea ) Dexy was first high - priest of provincial imperial cult . Dexy ' s tetrarchy was ' in the vicinity ' of Apamea . A tetrarchy was a ' non - civic ' community ( i.e. not a civites ) Dexy ' s tetrarchy might have been a ' small tribal state ' ( like other tetrarchies in the region ) . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . “ The province of Syria created by Pompey is another example of one with which allied kingdoms were integrated . After the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC , when Gaza and its surrounding territory were once more made part of Syria , it stretched from the mons Amanus at the south - eastern end of Cilicia in the north as far as Egypt in the south . This included a number of tetrarchies and petty kingdoms , including Apamea , which a recently discovered inscription has shown to have been the possession of one Dexandros ( he combined his position there with that of being the first flamen , provincial high - priest , of the cult of Rome and Augustus in Syria ) . ” [ Lintott , Andrew . Imperium Romanum : Politics and Administration ( p . 25 ) . Taylor and Francis . Kindle Edition . Page 25 . ] Notes on Lintott : Apamea is considered to be either a tetrarchy or a ' petty kingdom ' . He considers the ' petty kingdoms ' and tetrarchies to be examples of ' allied kingdoms ' . This Apamea ( either tetrarchy or ' petty kingdom ' ) was the ' possession ' of Dexy . Dexy was simultaneously tetrarchy and the first provincial high - priest of the imperial cult . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … “ Lucius Julius Agrippa , a leading civic councilor and a Roman citizen , funded vast building projects in Apamea ' s northern section . As two inscriptions show , he built a bath complex , the basilica that it contained , and components of the vast colonnade along the cardo before it . A statue and its Greek - inscribed base commemorated his contributions . Although one inscription and therefore its author ' s identity do not survive completely intact , its inscription was certainly produced by Apamea ' s . It references how Agrippa ' s ancestor Dexander had been honored by “ our city through the decree of the council and people ” and was therefore raised by a collective claiming to represent the corporate interests of Apamea and valuing the council ' s previous history in issuing decrees . 23 Along with the boule ’ s inscription , Agrippa left his own , proclaiming that “ Lucius Julius Agrippa , son of Gaius , of the Fabian tribe … dedicated [ these works ] to his fatherland . ” 24 Both these inscriptions honored Agrippa as an exemplary benefactor before a civic audience . While commemorating his specific building projects , they also celebrated how he had provided grain for citizens , water for aqueducts , and bronze statues of Greek mythical figures for the baths . 25 The council ' s inscription further noted that Agrippa had held “ magisterial positions , ” which included numerous terms as archon , priest , grammateus ( civic secretary ) , and agoranomos . 26 It mentioned that Agrippa was a descendent of Dexander , a local “ tetrarch ” or dynast who had acquired Roman citizenship under Augustus . This Dexander had held the priesthood of Augustus and Rome , and he had been “ grand priest , ” perhaps of the Syrian koinon and the imperial cult . 27 Because Agrippa ' s family had for so long befriended the Roman people , as bronze tablets on the Capitoline hill of Rome attested , he was exempt from liturgies . But empowered by his extraction of agrarian wealth , he performed them anyway . 28 ” [ Andrade , Nathanael J . . Syrian Identity in the Greco - Roman World ( Greek Culture in the Roman World ) ( pp . 155 - 156 ) . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . ] Footnotes . 23 : The inscription was found in the baths along the central colonnade in the city ' s northern sector . Rey - Coquais ( 1973 ) 42 – 43 = Choix 3 . Rey - Coquais ( 1973 ) 40 – 41 , 49 – 51 and Choix define the inscription as a decree of Apamea . 24 Rey - Coquais ( 1973 ) 40 – 41 = Choix 2 . This inscription ( found redeployed ) decorated the lintel of the monumental gate into Agrippa ' s baths . 25 Agrippa ' s inscription , lines 7 – 12 ; the council ' s , lines 5 – 23 . 26 The council ' s inscription , lines 6 – 8 . 27 Rey - Coquais ( 1973 ) 48 , 63 ; Millar ( 1993a ) 261 – 62 . 28 The council ' s inscription , lines 2 – 6 , 29 – 36 ; Agrippa ' s , lines 6 – 9 . Notes on Andrade : LJA was a civic counselor and also a Roman citizen . The inscriptions at Apamea were produced by Apamea ' s boule . The boule of LJA ' s time expressed its continuity with the boule of Dexy ' s time . LJA ' s dedication was to ' his fatherland ' - - implying native origin and a connection between his ancestors and himself . Dexy was a local tetrarch or dynast . Dexy had acquired Roman citizenship under Augustus . Dexy had held the priesthood of Augustus and was ' grand priest ' . Dexy ' s priesthood MIGHT have been of the Syrian koinan of the imperial cult . LJA ' s family / progenitors had long befriended Rome ( same terminology as ' friends and allies ' ) . LJA was exempt from liturgies ( e.g. expensive task / projects paid for by themselves , for Roman interests ) . LJA ' s wealth base was agrarian . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . " A famous inscription of Apamea , concerning Lucius Julius Agrippa , mentions his great - grandfather , Dexandros , Tetrarch and first priest of the imperial cult in Syria under Augustus . It seems as is the tetrarchy of Dexandros , which may be located south of the Jebel Zawiye , had been incorporated finally into the territory of Apamea . It is debatable if other tetrarchies were not tribal territories , chiefdoms , precisely in the steppe and if there also , these territories have not been integrated at the beginning of the 1st century AD to cities . " [ Gatier Pierre - Louis . « Grande » ou « petite Syrie Seconde » ? Pour une géographie historique de la Syrie intérieure protobyzantine . In : Conquête de la steppe et appropriation des terres sur les marges arides du Croissant fertile . Lyon : Maison de l ' Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux , 2001 . pp . 91 - 109 . ] Notes on Gatier : He believes that the tetrarchy of Dexy had been ' incorporated ' into the territory of Apamea by the time of LJA . He suggests that some of the tetrarchies might have disappeared ( being absorbed into the cities ) in the beginning of the 1st century . ( But note that Pliny ' s list of the many tetrarchies in the region was written late in the 1st century , so that would suggest that incorporation must have been later - - unless Pliny ' s data was out of date at the time he wrote . But Pliny was writing under Vespasian , but using official sources from the time of Augustus . His wide experience in the East would have … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . " The first high - priest of Asia that we know by name clearly shows this connection [ between local dynasts and the imperial families ] : C . lulius Epikrates , first Archiereus of Asia , was a friend of Octavian ' s and was made a citizen by the first emperor . His family had already had close ties with Caesar since the early first century BC . first high - priest of the Syrian Koinon , a man named Dexandros , descendant of a local dynasty , was close to Marcus Agrippa . Dexandros ' family took the Roman name lulius Agrippa before 12 BC , which could have been a consequence of close relations formed with Marcus Agrippa during his eastern campaign of 23 - 21 BC The situation in Galatia is quite similar . One of the first priests of the Galatian Koinon . Pylaimenes , was a descendant of the last Galatian king , Amyntas . Pylaimenes was good friends with the Roman governor of the year 15 BC , L . Calpurnius Piso . The final example comes from the western provinces . The first high - priest of the concilium trium Galliarum was C . lulius Vercondaridubnus . Once more , his name mirrors great intimacy with the Julian family . " It can therefore be concluded that amicitia and patronal relationships with emperors or Roman magistrates were dominant in the selection of pro vincial assembly officials in the early history of the provincial assemblies . " [ " The Provincial Elite in the Provincial Assemblies : Eastern Koina and their Influence on Provincial Identity " by Babett Edelmann - Singer , in Classica et Mediaevalia , volume 65 . , p 229 ] Notes on Edelmann - Singer : High - priests are shown to have had close ties to the emperors and elites . Dexandros is said to be a ' descendent of a local dynasty ' . He was close to Marcus Agrippa and actually took the family name Julius Agrippa . It is conjectured that Dexy worked together with M . Agrippa during the eastern campaign of 23 - 21 BC . This would imply that a direct relationship with Augustus ( accepted by many other writers ) would not have been required for the recording of his name / his families name as ' friend and ally of the Roman people ' on the bronze tablets . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … " Dexandros , a former Tetrarch in northern Syria , immortalised on bronze tablets in the Capitol by the deified Augustus ‘ because of his friendship and loyalty towards the people of Rome as amicus et socius , appears in the honorary inscription of one of his great - grandsons in Apamea on the Orontes ( today ’ s Qalʾat al - Mudik ) from the time of Emperor Trajan as ‘ the first [ chronologically , M.V. ] priest of the eparchy ’ ( ὁ πρῶτος τῆς ἐπαρχείας ἱερασάμενος ) . It seems likely that the official title used here corresponded to the wording of the bronze tablets on the Capitol , that is , the usage of the Augustan period . " " [ ‘ Priest ’ — ‘ Eparchy - arch ’ — ‘ Speaker of the ethnos ’ : The Areas of Responsibility of the Highest Officials of the Eastern Provincial Imperial Cult " by Marco Vitale , in Mnemosyne ( 2014 ) p19 . ] Notes on Vitale : He believes that Dexy somehow gave up his tetrarch title when he became the high - priest . He states that the bronze tablets had the standard terminology of independent / client - kings ( amicus et socius He states that the title inscribed in Rome was that of ' first priest of the province ' . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Hmm … this has a ton of data in it , but we will have to see how relevant it is … The critical issue is this : what is the relationship between the 1 st century city of Apamea ( at the time of Augustus ) and Dexandros ( tetrarch of a region in / of Apamea , and high - priest of Augustinian cult ) ? … … … … … … … … Four : Information about the cities dependent on Apamea ( e.g. the Poseidonius reference , gifts of Antony ) Strabo ( above ) had referred to some cities in the ' district of Apamea ' in his account of the exploits of Tryphon : “ The power Trypho , surnamed Diodotus , acquired is a proof of the influence of this place ; for when he aimed at the empire of Syria , he made Apameia the centre of his operations . He was born at Casiana , a strong fortress in the Apameian district ( τῆς Ἀπαμέων γῆς ) , and educated in Apameia ; he was a favourite of the king and the persons about the court . When he attempted to effect a revolution in the state , he obtained his supplies from Apameia and from the neighbouring cities [ περιοικίδων : neighboring or dependent towns , not poleis ] , Larisa , Casiana , Megara , Apollonia , and others like them , all of which were reckoned to belong to the district of Apameia . " Of these Larissa / Larisa was the subject of a comment a philosopher from Apamea - - Poseidonius / Posidonius - - as recorded in Athenaeus : " And Poseidonius the Stoic philosopher , in the third book of his Histories , speaking of the war of the Apameans against the Larisseans , writes as follows [ Fr_2 ] - " Having taken short daggers sticking in their waists , and small lances covered with rust and dirt , and having put veils and curtains over their heads which produce a shade but do not hinder the wind from getting to their necks , dragging on asses laden with wine and every sort of meat , by the side of which were packed little photinges and little monauli , instruments of revelry , not of war . " [ Athenaeus , The Deipnosophists , 4.78 / 186 ] Posidonius ( alt . Poseidonios ; c . 135 - c . 50 BC ) was a native of Apamea ( and was so noted in Strabo ' s account ) . " P - of Apamea in Syria , historian , scientist , and philosopher , who spent most of his life at Rhodes and became head of the Stoic school there . … His fifty - two books of history were a continuation of the history of Polybius , from 146 BC to the dictatorship of Sulla ( 81 BC ) . Very few fragments survive , but Sallust , Caesar , Tacitus , and Plutarch all made use of it in different ways . The wars of Pompey , of whom P - was a great admirer , seem to have been dealt with in an appendix … In 78 Cicero was taught by him in Rhodes , and often paid tribute to him in his writings . In different ways Cicero , Lucretius , Virgil , Manilius , Seneca the Younger , and the Elder Pliny , as well as the historians mentioned above , were all indebted to him . " [ The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature , s.v. " Posidonius " ] He was close friends with Pompey : " While there [ Rome ] Posidonius became friends with Pompey the Great who had been educated in the Greek tradition . Pompey the Great kept up his friendship with Posidonius and visited him in Rhodes on a number of later occasions when on his military campaigns . " [ http : / / www - history . mcs . st - and . ac . uk / Biographies / Posidonius . html ] " … he was a friend of Pompey , who made an expedition against the Iberians and the Albanians , from sea to sea on either side , both the Caspian and the Colchian Seas . At any rate , it is said that Pompey , upon arriving at Rhodes on his expedition against the pirates ( immediately thereafter he was to set out against both Mithridates and the tribes which extended as far as the Caspian Sea ) , happened to attend one of the lectures of Poseidonius , and that when he went out he asked Poseidonius whether he had any orders to give , and that Poseidonius replied : ' Ever bravest be , and preeminent o ' er others . ' - - Add to this that among other works he wrote also the history of Pompey … " [ Strabo , Ed . H . L . Jones , The Geography " The celebrated Stoic philosopher and historian Posidonius , from Apamea in Syria , lived chiefly in Rhodes , where he founded a Stoic School . He is hence called “ the Rhodian . ” Since he was also a scholar of Panätius , who at latest must have died B.C. 110 , he can not have been born later than B.C. 130 . In the seventh consulship of Marius , B.C. 86 , he went as ambassador to Rome , and there saw Marius shortly before his death ( Plutarch ’ s Marius , chap . xlv . ) . Immediately after Sulla ’ s death ( B.C. 78 ) , Cicero heard him in Rhodes ( Plutarch ’ s Cicero , chap . iv . ) . Pompey visited him there repeatedly . During the consulship of Marius Marcellus , B.C. 51 , he went once more to Rome ( Suidas , Lexicon , art . Ποσειδώνιος ) . He may therefore be described as having flourished between B.C. 90 and B.C. 50 . According to Lucian . Macrob . chap . xx . he lived to the great age of eighty - four years . Of his numerous writings , it is his great historical work that here interests us . It is frequently quoted in the historical sketches of Athenäus , Strabo , Plutarch , and others . " [ Emil Schürer , A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ , First Division . ( vol . 1 ; Edinburgh : T&T Clark , 1890 ) , 47 – 48 . ] And he was very familiar with the lives of Syrians and their nobles - - mostly in disparagement . For examples : " But Poseidonius , in the sixteenth book of his Histories [ Fr_10 ] , speaking of the cities [ poleon ] in Syria , and saying how luxurious they were writes as follows : - " The inhabitants of the towns [ polesin ] , on account of the great fertility of the land , used to derive great revenues from their estates , and after their labours for necessary things used to celebrate frequent entertainments , at which they feasted incessantly , using their gymnasia for baths , and anointing themselves with very costly oils and perfumes ; and they passed all their time in their γραμματεῖα , for that was the name which they gave to their public banqueting - rooms , as if they had been their own private houses and the greater part of the day they remained in them , filling their bellies with meat and drink , so as even to carry away a good deal to eat at home ; and they delighted their ears with the music of a noisy lyre , so that whole cities resounded with such noises . " [ Athenaeus , The Deipnosophists , 12.35 ] " But when I was reading the twenty - eighth book of the History of Poseidonius [ Fr_20 ] , I observed , my friends , a very pleasant thing which was said about unguents , and which is not at all foreign to our present discussion . For the philosopher says - " In Syria , at the royal banquets , when the garlands are given to the guests , some slaves come in , with little pouches full of Babylonian perfumes , and going round the room at a little distance from the guests , they bedew their garlands with the perfumes , sprinkling nothing else . " [ Athenaeus , The Deipnosophists , 15.46 ] It is not clear who the ' king ' would have been at the ' royal banquets ' , since it could have been any of the final Seleucid kings ( there were apprx 9 during his writing / adult life ) or even the client - states perhaps ( after Pompey ) . We do n ’ t have a historical referent for Posy ' s remark about the ' war ' between Apamea and Larisa , but we do have some background materials . First we should note that both Apamea and Larissa were created / founded by the Seleucids , from Macedonian soldiers left over from Alexander . We noted that Strabo had made the connection between Apamea and Macedonia : “ It [ Apamea ] was formerly called Pella by the first Macedonians , because most of the soldiers of the Macedonian army had settled there ; for Pella , the native place of Philip and Alexander , was held to be the metropolis metropolis of the Macedonians . Here also the soldiers were mustered , and the breed of horses kept up . " And it was still so in the new millennium : " Apamaea was ruled by an urban Greek or Macedonian aristoc racy that included the same Dexandros who , under Augustus , became the first high priest of the imperial cult for all of Syria . The members of this group were large landholders who managed to carve out for themselves , from the declining Seleucid kingdom , principalities that Rome quickly rec ognized as client states before it consolidated administrative power over all of the newly conquered country . At the beginning of the second century the descendants of these tetrarchs continued to possess wealth and prestige , as documented by L . Iulius Agrippa in 115 . ” [ HI : MEUR , 184 ] Larisa is said to be settled by Thessalonian soldiers : " Larissa was settled by colonists from the Larissa in Thessaly and was famous for horse breeding and formed part of the Seleucid cavalry . 40 Larissa fell under Apamea ’ s sphere of influence , 41 but later a war broke out between the two . The precise date of the battle is unknown , but it most likely took place in the mid second century BC , during the conflict between Demetrius II and Tryphon . " [ Unpublished dissertation by Jack Antoine Nurpetlian , " COINAGE IN LATE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN SYRIA : THE ORONTES VALLEY ( Grainer has much of the material on the background of these two cities - - and their relationships . He draws out their common Macedonian background and possible causes of the revolt of Larisa against Apamea : Seleukos founded his new city of Apamea at a place which already had a Macedonian name , Pella , which it retained in parallel with Apamea for some time . Apamea ' s foundation took place within a year or so of Seleukos ' acquisition of the land . Given the short time between Seleukos ' annexation and the foundation of Apamea , the name Pella clearly dates from before Seleukos ' foundation ; it is therefore the name given to the place by pre - Seleukid Macedonian settlers . - - - The second place was Larissa , south of Apamea , on the Orontes . Its people always remembered that they were descended from a regiment of Thessalian cavalry , which can only have been one of Alexander ' s regiments . Neither Antigonos nor Seleukos could have recruited troops in Thessaly , the former because it was under the control of his enemy Kassandros all during his reign , the latter because he was too far away from Thessaly until 301 , after which it was under the control of one or other of his enemies . Alexander ' s Thessalians were a tough , elite corps , often in the forefront of his battles , and they can only have survived by a cast - iron esprit de corps . By the time peace returned to Syria they had been away from their homeland for twenty years ; a communal settlement by the whole regiment will have been agreeable to all parties : the soldiers received homes and land , the ruler ( probably Antigonos ) acquired a stable settlement on a major communications route , and he also deprived his competitors of their services and those of their children . " [ HI : COSS , pp39 - 40 ] " Larissa would seem to have grown from its original fourth order size . It had been a dependent town of Apamea until it rebelled . This event caused a good deal of amusement to Poseidonios , who remarked sarcastically on the manner of the Apameans going to war . We do not actually know the result of the war , or its date , but the fact that Larissa was capable of mounting such a challenge to Apamea implies that the difference in size between the two was by then considerably less than it had been at their foundations . Apamea had perhaps declined somewhat with the end of its central role in Seleukid military affairs , but Larissa will also have grown . " [ HI : COSS , p130 ] Some believe that the event which triggered ( or hastened ) the split between the two cities was the civil war which raged in 145 - 140BC , between Demetrius II and Diodotos . This war was essentially won by someone else ( ! ) - - Antiochus VI : " In Antioch the troops which Demetrios II had recruited to reconquer his patrimony from Balas were , in 145 , loosed on the riotous Antiochenes . Casualties were heavy but the main effect was to disperse refugees to all the Syrian cities within reach . The discontent which the Antiochenes felt was thus spread . The refugee officer , Diodotos , acting in the name of Balas ' son , Antiochos VI , linked up with the Arab chieftain Iamblichos and together they seized control of the city of Ghalkis . Larissa , Apamea and Antioch joined him [ " The significance of the civil war of Demetrios II and Diodotos is that each city was individually made to decide which side to join . The process seems to be illustrated by Demetrios ' problems at Laodikeia , where , because the king was present , decisive action could be taken which prevented the city ' s defection . Thus the second phase of this long crisis ( i.e. 145 - 138 ) now directly involved the individual cities , dividing them one from another and also dividing them internally . Seleukeia and Antioch , having been ' brother - peoples ' in 148 - 147 , were on opposite sides five years later . Larissa independently joined Diodotos while the city on which it depended , Apamea , did so only later . [ Diod 33.9 , sic ] And yet the royal authority , even when it was divided between contending kings , was still the more powerful element of the royal - civic partnership . There is no sign of a move on the part of any city to go its own way into actual independence . At Laodikeia the ' random outrages ' of Demetrios kept the city loyal to him , but the only possible alternative was to join Diodotos . It may be that some cities chose a particular side in reaction against the choice of a neighbour . Larissa ' s decision to join Diodotos independently of Apamea may be such a move , though there is no proof , other than the fact that later Larissa did enforce its separation from Apamea , and even at some time fought a war against Apamea . " [ HI : COSS , p160a ] Trypho was from Apamea , and in resisting him , Larisa could easily have been disenfranchised from Apamea - - although both ended up being used by Trypho : " In the time of the usurpation of Tryphon , who came from Apamea , war broke out between the two neighbors , and both cities came to be used as bases by Tryphon . " [ HI : ATIHW , 500 ; note tha Rigsby here dates the war much earlier than the coinage appears in 85BC . ] But this reference to Apamea probably refers to the district , since Strabo places Trypho in Kasiana : " Strabo ( 16.2.10 ) who is our sole source of information for Kasiana , describes it as the birthplace of Diodotos Tryphon and a fortress ( phrourion ) in the territory of Apamea on the Axios . He also says that Kasiana , along with Larisa , Megara , apollonia , and other towns was a perioikis of Apamea on the Axios . He adds that these towns , which provided supplies to Tryphon , were tributary to Apameia . " [ The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria , the Red Sea Basin , and North Africa . Getzel M . Cohen . Page 45 ( Google books ) . “ Strabo says ( 16.2.4 ) that Seleukis was divided into four satrapies ; Apameia was the seat of the Apamene satrapy ( RC 70.7 ) and had a number of towns and fortresses in its territory . Among these were LARISA , KASIANA , MEGARA , and APOLLONIA ( Strabo 16.2.10 ) . Strabo says these , as well as other towns , were dependencies of Apameia and paid tribute to it It is interesting to note , incidentally , that Strabo describes Diodotos Tryphon as a native of Kasiana ; Athenaeus ( 8.333c ) simply says he was from Apameia . When Tryphon rebelled these towns supported him . Ultimately Tryphon was besieged , captured , and put to death at Apameia ( Jos . AJ 13.224 ) . Later Antiochos IX Kyzikenos built a citadel at Apameia . which Pompey subsequently destroyed ( Jos . AJ 14.38 ) . [ HI : HSSRSB ; 41 ] Trypho was forced back to his homeland Apamea , where he reigned as king for a couple of years : " As Antiochus was now come to Seleucia , and his forces increased every day , he marched to fight Trypho ; and having beaten him in the battle , he ejected him out of the Upper Syria into Phoenicia , and pursued him thither , and besieged him in Dora , which was a fortress hard to be taken , whither he had fled . He also sent ambassadors to Simon the Jewish high priest , about a league of friendship and mutual assistance ; ( 224 ) who readily accepted of the invitation , and sent to Antiochus Trypho fled from Dora to Apamia , where he was taken during the siege , and put to death , when he had reigned three years " [ Flavius Josephus , AJ 13.7.2 ; William Whiston , The Works of Josephus : Complete and Unabridged ( Peabody : Hendrickson , 1987 ) . Jones maintained that the war was one of revolt : " Other cities began to issue autonomous coins without starting a new era , and therefore probably without having been formally freed , for instance , Orthosia ( dating by the Seleucid era ) and Epiphaneia ( dating by the Aradian era ) . Larissa revolted from Apamea — the war of independence is described in terms of ridicule by Poseidonius — and began to issue her own coinage in 85 B.C . " [ HI : COERP , 255 ] The primary narrative of these events is in Diodorus Siculus , Book 33 : " In Syria , king Alexander , being completely unfit to govern a kingdom , on account of his feebleness of spirit , gave up the government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus " Now that the kingdom of Egypt had been brought low , Demetrius , as the only surviving member of the Syrian royal family , believed himself to be out of all danger , and disregarded the conduct of the former kings , who had ingratiated themselves into the good opinion of their people by their affable behaviour . But he , growing every day more and more insufferable , fell at length to downright cruelty , and all sorts of heinous enormities . The cause of this is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt disposition , but also to one of his friends , who had the management of all the affairs of the kingdom ; for being an impious and rash fellow , by his flattery he incited the young man to all manner of wickedness . Afterwards , when the Antiochians taunted and jeered at him , in their usual manner , he got together a company of mercenary soldiers against them , and commanded that the citizens should be disarmed . Since the Antiochians refused to hand over their weapons , he killed some of them as they fell into his hands , and others he murdered in their own houses , together with their wives and children . When this caused a great uproar in the city , he burnt down most of the city to the ground . 3 Many that were accused of leading this commotion , were put to death ; their property was confiscated , and given to the royal treasury . Therefore many of the citizens , out of both fear and hatred of Demetrius , fled out of the city and wandered up and down all Syria , watching for a fit time and an opportunity for revenge . In the meantime Demetrius , hated by everybody , raged notwithstanding in slaughters , banishments , and confiscations , far exceeding even his father in cruelty ; 4 for his father , instead of ruling with royal clemency and kindness , had exercised a tyrannical and arbitrary power , oppressing his subjects with most grievous and unbearable calamities . As a result , the kings of this family , for their oppressions , were hated by all , while those of the other were as much beloved for their moderation and clemency ; so that the mutual plots of the leaders of both these families , one against another , filled Syria was with continual wars and commotions . The common people themselves were so affected by the flattery and fair promises of those kings , who sought to succeed the others that they still delighted in change . " A certain Diodotus , called Tryphon , who had a high reputation amongst the friends of the king , when he saw the fervour of the masses and how they hated their ruler , defected from Demetrius and soon found many others to share in his enterprise . [ He gained the support of ] the men of Larissa , who were noted for their courage and had been allowed to dwell in this place as a reward for their brave conduct . They were settlers from Larissa in Thessaly , and had served as allies to the kings from Seleucus Nicator onwards , in the first ranks of the cavalry force . . . He also made an alliance with Iamblichus , a chieftain of Arabia , who happened to have been entrusted with the care of Antiochus , called Epiphanes ; this Antiochus was the son of Alexander , and still a child . Tryphon placed a diadem on the boy ' s head , and gave him a retinue suitable for a king , with the intention of restoring him to his ancestral throne . For he assumed ( which was reasonable ) that the masses were eager for a And first , after collecting a moderate number of men , he encamped near the city of Chalcis , which was situated on the borders of Arabia , and was capable of supporting a force staying there in safety . Using this place as a base , he won over the neighbouring peoples and prepared all the necessary supplies for war . " If the cause of the revolt was the difference in policy toward Demetrius , the revolt itself would not have occurred until the 90 ' s or 80 ' s - - when we have our first evidence of Larisa ' s independence : " Larissa revolted from Apamea — the war of independence is described in terms of ridicule by Poseidonius — . " [ HI : COERP , 255 ] By the time Ptolemy wrote his geographical work ( late 2 nd century AD ) , Larissa might have been outside of Apamene territory ( although he is clearly confused in putting Coele - syria and the Decapolis together ) . He gives this description of the Apamene territory : “ The towns in Apamene are Nazama , and toward the east from the Orontes river , Thelmenissus , Apamea , Emisa ” And Larissa is listed ( oddly ) with the Casiotis : “ The towns in Casiotis are Antiochia on the Orontes river , Daphne , Bacatailli , Lydia , Seleucia near Belum , Larissa , Epiphanea , Raphaneae , Third Legion , Antaradus , Marathus , Mariame , Mamuga ” . So , we will need to reconstruct the history of the ‘ disagreement ’ ( if we can ) to see to what extent Apamea still had dependent towns at the time of the census under question . But we have a couple of more datapoints to consider : the Antoine gifts of Cole - syria to Cleopatria , and the work of Agrippa in the East and for the imperial cult . Antony ’ s gift of coele - syria to Cleopatra . Between the time that Antony and Octavian defeated the forces of Pompey , and the time that Octavian defeated the forces of Antony ( at Actium ) , there were a series of ‘ city grants ’ made by Antony to Cleopatra . Cleaopatra was of the lineage of the Ptolemys , and had during the various dynastic disputes within that line over Egypt , had come into the orbit / intersection with the Roman power . Julius Caesar had granted Cyprus to her , Octavian had given parts of Cilicia to her , and Antony followed in their path . Strictly speaking , this was normal for Rome / independent ruler relationships : Rome could take the power away from a ‘ friendly dynast ’ or could expand it by granting authority over additional territories — whatever made the most practical sense Focusing in our case on Northern Syria or Coele - Syria , there were several donations of Antony which affect our discussion — two of which were donations to Cleopatra . As Antony was trying to gear up for another Parthian initiatives , and as he became influenced by the arguments of Cleopatra ( and her apparent desire to rebuild the Ptolemaic authority ) , he gave certain lands in Syria to her but kept strategic areas out of her hands . Apamea was given to her as part of Coele - Syria , but Larisa was given to other Parthian nobles who were estranged from the Parthian leadership at the time . “ Antonius ’ political and romantic interests , however , now lay in Alexandria . A key financial backer of his wars was Queen Kleopatra of Egypt . He had met her for the first time in 47 BCE when Iulius Caesar backed her claim and , after the Alexandrine War , put the then 22 - year - old woman on the throne . Caesar was famously seduced by her sensual charms and sharp intellect and she bore him a son she named Caesarion . In 41 BCE Antonius had summoned the queen to be with him at Tarsus . ‘ And when she arrived , ’ writes Plutarch , ‘ he made her a present of no slight or insignificant addition to her dominions , namely , Phoenicia , Coele Syria , Cyprus , and a large part of Cilicia ; and still further , the balsam - producing part of Iudaea , and all that part of Arabia Nabataea which slopes toward the outer sea ’ . 21 He joined her in Egypt later that year . The two eloped and a romance blossomed between the couple – and soon there were children . ” [ Powell , Lindsay . Marcus Agrippa : Right - hand Man of Caesar Augustus ( Kindle Locations 2386 - 2392 ) . Pen and Sword . Kindle Edition . ] “ Controversially , a few days after the parade ( 34 bc ) , Antonius reassigned several of the Roman protectorates in the East to members of his new family in what became known as the Donations of Alexandria . 26 It is reported that ‘ he used to say that the greatness of the Roman empire was made manifest , not by what the Romans received , but by what they bestowed ; and that noble families were extended by the successive begettings of many kings ’ . 27 He added , ‘ in this way , at any rate , his own progenitor was begotten by Herakles , who did not confine his succession to a single womb , nor stand in awe of laws like Solon ’ s for the regulation of conception , but gave Cyprus , Coele - Syria and Libya were given to the pharoahs , while Armenia , Media ( following its annexation ) and Parthia reaching as far as India were created as new realms for Kleopatra ’ s eldest son , the 6 - year - old Alexander Helios . His twin sister , Kleopatra Selene , received Crete and Cyrenaica . To the youngest son , the 2 - year - old Ptolemaeus Philadelphus , was granted Cilicia , Phoenecia and Syria . Antonius was within his legal remit to make such settlements as these were not fully - fledged Roman provinces . 31 Indeed , he sent official documents for the transfers to the Senate in Rome to ratify his decision . The response there was consternation . ‘ He was hated , too , ’ writes Plutarch , ‘ for the distribution which he made to his children in Alexandria ; it was seen to be theatrical and arrogant , and to evince hatred of Rome . ’ 32 His recognition of Caesarion as ‘ King of Kings ’ and as Iulius Caesar ’ s true heir by blood , however , was seemingly calculated to antagonize one man in particular “ Herod wrote an account of these things ; and enlarged upon the other honors which he had received from Antony : how he sat by him at his hearing causes , and took his diet with him every day , and that he enjoyed those favors from him , notwithstanding the reproaches that Cleopatra so severely laid against him , who having a great desire of his country , and earnestly entreating Antony that the kingdom might be given to her , labored with her utmost diligence to have him out of the way ; ( 78 ) but that he still found Antony just to him , and had no longer any apprehensions of hard treatment from him ; and that he was soon upon his return , with a firmer additional assurance of his favor to him , in his reigning and managing public affairs ; ( 79 ) and that there was no longer any hope for Cleopatra ’ s covetous temper , since Antony had given her Celesyria instead of what she desired ; by which means he had at once pacified her , and got clear of the entreaties which she made him to have Judea bestowed upon her . ” [ Flavius Josephus and William Whiston , The Works of Josephus : Complete and Unabridged ( Peabody : Hendrickson , 1987 ) .aj 15.77 - 79 ] “ ( 88 ) Now at this time the affairs of Syria were in confusion by Cleopatra ’ s constant persuasions to Antony to make an attempt upon everybody ’ s dominions ; for she persuaded him to take those dominions away from their several princes , and bestow them upon her ; and she had a mighty influence upon him , by reason of his being enslaved to her by his affections . ( 89 ) … yet did not all this suffice so extravagant a woman , who was a slave to her lusts , but she still imagined that she wanted everything she could think of , and did her utmost to gain it ; for which reason she hurried Antony on perpetually to deprive others of their dominions , and give them to her ; and as she went over Syria with him , she contrived to get it into her possession ; ( 92 ) so he slew Lysanias , the son of Ptolemy , accusing him of his bringing the Parthians upon That therefore he might not totally deny her , nor by doing everything which she enjoined him , appear openly to be an ill man , he took some parts of each of those countries away from their former governors , and gave them to her . ( 95 ) Thus he gave her the cities that were within the river Eleutherus , as far as Egypt , excepting Tyre and Sidon , which he knew to have been free cities from their ancestors , although she pressed him very often to bestow those on her also . 2 . ( 96 ) When Cleopatra had obtained thus much , and had accompanied Antony in his expedition to Armenia , as far as Euphrates , she returned back , and came to Apamea and Damascus , and passed on to Judea ; where Herod met her , and farmed of her her parts of Arabia , and those revenues that came to her from the region about Jericho ” [ Flavius Josephus and William Whiston , The Works of Josephus : Complete and Unabridged ( Peabody : Hendrickson , 1987 ) . ( 15.88 - 96 ) ] 37 . And now Phraates put Hyrodes his father to death [ 36 BC ] and took possession of his kingdom , 1 other Parthians ran away in great numbers , and particularly Monaeses , a man of distinction and power , who came in flight to Antony . Antony likened the fortunes of the fugitive to those of Themistocles , 2 compared his own abundant resources and magnanimity to those of the Persian kings , and gave him three cities , Larissa , Arethusa , and Hierapolis , which used to be called Bambycé . [ 2 ] But when the Parthian king made an offer of friendship to Monaeses , Antony gladly sent Monaeses back to him , determined to deceive Phraates with a prospect of peace , and demanding back the standards captured in the campaign of Crassus , together with such of his men as still survived . Antony himself , however , after sending Cleopatra back to Egypt , proceeded through [ 3 ] Arabia and Armenia to the place where his forces were assembled , together with those of the allied kings . These kings were very many in number , but the greatest of them all was Artavasdes , king of Armenia , who furnished six thousand horse and seven thousand foot . Here Antony reviewed his army . There were , of the Romans themselves , sixty thousand foot - soldiers , together with the cavalry classed as Roman , namely , ten thousand Iberians and Celts ; of the other nations there were thirty thousand , counting alike horsemen and light - armed troops . ” [ Plutarch , Antony , 37 ] The role of Marcus V . Agrippa in the East . We have noted earlier that some scholars recognize the role of MVA as being key to the promotion of the cult of Casear and the imperial cult ( for Augustus ) in the early empire . He is associated with both the priest - level of the cult ( e.g. lares ) as well as the ‘ lower class ’ version of it ( e.g. the gerousia and collegia of Aug . ) . We have noted in the piece on the census in Luke how these censuses in the empire might have been related to an oath of loyalty ( in connection with the imperial cult ) . This was noted to have been feverishly at work in the two decades before the census in Apamea . Agrippa served as the supreme authority in the East from 18 - 12 BC , ruling from Antioch on the Orontes . Antioch was one of the four cities in the Syrian Tetrapolis with Apamea , and — as has been suggested by scholars cited above — the interactions with Dexy of Apamea could have resulted in both Dexy ’ s priesthood and in Dexy ’ s adoption of Agrippa ’ s family name . Okay , let ’ s now put the chronology together for this area : 300 - 200 Bc . We get the foundation of these cities . Larissa is founded by ex - Alexandrian solders / calvarymen . The site is named after Larissa in Thessaly . Apamea was created by Seleucis specifically as a military control point . It was at this time both a city and a district . The district had several tributary towns in it , including Larissa . Apamea was an educational city . 145 - 140 BC . We see the revolt of Tryphon and the area . At the time Larissa is still subject to Apamea , and the district has several forts in it ( mostly along the river ) . Tryphon ’ s revolt fails and he dies in Apamea ( after reigning as a ‘ king ’ for 3 years ) . 135 BC . Poseidonius of Apamea born . Before he dies in 50 BC , he writes accounts of Tryphon ’ s revolt and of Apamea ’ s war against Larisa . Only fragments are left , but it is clear from this that the war / revolt of Larissa against Apamea would have been earlier than 50 BC . 86 BC . Posy is in Rome as an embassy of Rhodes where he is a famous teacher . ( He is known to have been from Apamea originally , as noted by Strabo ) . Apamea would have gained a great reputation from this notable citizen . 85 BC . Larissa coins as an independent city - state . This is presumably the result of the war against Apamea . We do n ’ t have any reason to believe any of the other dependent towns gained autonomy during this time , since at least one of them shows up in Ptolemy ’ s geographic description of the land . 78 BC . Cicero studies under Posy in Rhodes , and is influenced positively – like many other historians of the time . 77 BC . Apamea begins coining as ' holy ' and ' asylia ' . 67 BC . Pompey attends a lecture of Posy in Rhodes — on his way to deal with the pirates of Cilicia . He probably met Py earlier , but we know he is influenced heavily by Posy . 63 BC . Pompey conquers Syria and strengthens the cities . Given the status of Apamea at the time ( both as a district leader polis ) and as the home of Posy , there can be a reasonable presumption that Apamea might have been strengthened in its autonomy by Pompey ( as noted above , as being a result of the destruction of the fortress — but not the city itself [ as noted by Jpnes ] ) . 60 BC . Apamea continues coining as ' holy ' and ' asylia ' ( under Pompey ) 50 BC . Poseidonius dies . 48 BC . Pompey dies . 46 BC . Bassus revolts ( involving Apamea ) 44 BC . Apamea continues coining as ' holy ' and ' asylia ' ( under Bassus ) 41 BC . Julius Caesar dies . 41 BC . Apamea continues coining as ' holy ' and ' asylia ' ( under Antony ) 40 BC . Parthians invade Syria and take it over . 48 BC . Apamea coins as ' holy ' and ' autonomous ' - - not ' asylia ' ( under Antony / etc . , thru 31 BC ) 39 BC . Antony retakes Syria . 40 BC . Apamea coins as ' holy ' and ' autonomous ' - - not ' asylia ' ( under Parthians ) 36 BC . Antony gives Coele - syria to Cleopatra and other cites to other nobles . 31 BC . Battle of Actium . Antony defeated by Octavian . He and Cleopatra commit suicide . 30 BC . Octavius tours the East - makes almost no changes to the current arrangements 30 BC . Apamea continues coins as ' holy ' and ' autonomous ' - - and also ' asylia ' ( under Octavius , through 18 BC ; then HOLY + ASYLIA to 4 BC . Then nothing else . ) 23 - 21 BC . Agrippa campaigns in the East , and sends legates to Syria . Promotes imperial cult . 20 BC . Octavius ( now Augustus ) tours the East - makes almost no changes to the current arrangements , and reverses most of the ones made on his first visit . 18 - 12 BC . Agrippa over the East , ruling from Antioch . Promoting imperial cults . 12 - 6 BC . Dexy established as independent dynast ( of area around Apamea ) and high priest of the imperial cult . 7 BC . Strabo writes his geography work ; describes Apamea as polis with dependent tribute - owing towns ( including Larisa ) , and was considered a kingdom in the 145 - 140 BC period ( Trypho was called basileus circa . 6 AD . A census taken under Quirinius . ( of Apamea ' s territory presumably ) 14 AD . Apamea resumes coining as HOLY + ASYLIA ( Tiberius ) . 77ish AD . Pliny describes Apamea neither as polis or oppidum ( i.e. no data one way or another ) . Late 100 ' s AD . Ptolemy describes Apamea as a territory ( with cities ) , but without Larissa . Larissa is listed in another district . Okay , now let ’ s deal with one of the pushbacks … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … . . Five : Was there some kind of punishment in civic status of Apamea prior to the census of Q ? Was Apamea ‘ punished ’ by one of the Roman leaders for supporting an opposing leader — by being demoted from an independent free civitas / polis into being a simple tax - paying , census - bearing provincial city . I can find only a few statements that this was the case — all in the contemporary literature , and none in the ancient sources . * There is the statement by Richard : “ Of these two , the more famous Apamea on the Orontes is the only one in Syria , and it lost its freedom before the 20 ' s B.C. for having sided with Pompey against Caesar ( even though it did so under compulsion , having been captured by Pompey in 64 B.C. ) . ” Richard apparently considers this Apamea to have been free before the 20s [ in the 30 ' s ? ] , but to have had its freedom revoked by ( presumably ? ) Octavian for supporting Pompey against Julius Caesar . * The entry on Apamea in the Tufts / Perseus library refers to something like this too : " One of the four great cities founded by Seleucus I Nicator ( 301 - 281 B.C. ) in N Syria , Apamea on the Orontes was a citadel of the Seleucid kings , their treasury , and their horse - breeding center . In the 1st c . B.C. Pompey destroyed the fortress and Augustus punished the city for having sided with Anthony . Reestablished in the 1st c . A.D. under the name Claudia Apamea , in the Late Empire it was the seat of famous schools of philosophy . " [ The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites . Stillwell , Richard . MacDonald , William L . McAlister , Marian Holland . Princeton , N.J. Princeton University Press . 1976 . The article is written by J - P Rey - Coquais , one of the leading authorities on the site . ] This entry contradicts Richard ' s statement , obviously , by attributing the ' offense ' to supporting Antony instead of Pompey . All of the references in the article are in French , and most seem to be about archeology . * A current multi - volume monograph on early Christian history makes this claim : “ Pompey destroyed the fortress . Augustus punished the city , which had supported Mark Antony . The city was refounded in the first century A.D. as Claudia Apamea ; it controlled a good number of dependent cities and continued to be most important urban center between Damascus and Antioch ( Strabo 16.2.10 ) . The population is estimated at 117,000 people . ” [ Eckhard J . Schnabel , Early Christian Mission & 2 ( vol . 1 ; Downers Grove , IL ; Leicester , England : InterVarsity Press ; Apollos , 2004 ) , 1051 . ] This source gives no reference for the assertion , yet sides with Perseus against Richard in naming instead of Pompey New Pauly entry does n ’ t discuss its history , and only references Balty ' s work Apame der Syrie , I , ANRW I 2.8 , 1977 , 104 - 134 . Balty ' s work seems to speculate a ' punishment ' as well , based on Seyrig ' s numismatic research . In the section on " Of the Republic to the Empire : Monetary History and Privileges " we read : " … the coinage of Apamea often sheds new light on principal phases of its history at that time , and appears from a remarkable study due to H . SEYRIG … It is under Tigranes of Armenia that the part of Syria which was Apamea obtained its monetary privileges ( hiera kai asylos ; holy and inviolate ) … He [ Pompey ] also destroyed the citadel during the campaign he led in the spring of 63 … and restored its privileges after some time … and after a new gap of 51 / 50 to 44 / 43 , [ we ] even see a complete renewal of currency types and modules , still unexplained to this day … … immediately beyond [ the Roman re - taking of Apamea after the Parthian invasion / hold in 41 / 40 ] , no doubt ( note : san doute ) in reward of resistance that the citadel then opposed the invader before succumbing [ footnote 77 ] , issues which take report of autonomy ( hiera kai autonomos , holy and autonomous ) she received from Antony [ footnote 78 ] and held until 30 / 29 when Octave , no doubt ( note : san doute ) because of the favors she had had of his rival , reduced to the privilege of asylia [ footnote 79 ] that had been hers since Tigranes and will now keep it . These emissions continue , fairly regularly , despite the inauguration of a new module , again until 5 / 4 BCE . " One of the things I have learned over the decades of reading scholarly works is that when a scholar uses the phrase ' no doubt ' ( or equivalent ) is means " I can not substantiate this from the data " ! Often these ' un - substantiated ' positions are reasonable , and ' no doubt ' ( lol ) often true , but that just can not stand unchallenged . In this case , there are at least footnotes to see if there are indications of the veracity of the presumption or speculation . Footnote 77 would appear to be about Antony granting autonomy to Apamea as a ' reward ' , based upon its placement in the text . Here is footnote 77 : " 77 . Dion Cassius , XLVIII , 25 , 1 - 4 : ( 1 ) pros ten Apameian proselasas tou men teichous apekrousthe ( sc . Ho Labienos ) et , plus tard , apres la deroute de Saxa [ trans : " and later , after the rout of Saxa " ] , ( 4 ) ten te Apameian , ouden eti hos kay rethneotos autou antarasan , elabe . " Here ' s the passage from Dio Cassius : " By such words Labienus persuaded Orodes to wage war and the king entrusted to him a large force and his son Pacorus , and with them invaded Phoenicia . They marched to Apamea and were repulsed from the wa ll , but won over the garrisons in the country without resistance . These had belonged to the troops that followed Brutus and Cassius . Antony had incorporated them in his own forces and at this time had assigned them to garrison Syria because they knew the country . So Labienus easily won over these men , since they were well acquainted with , him , all except Saxa , their temporary leader . He was a brother of the general and was quaestor , and hence he alone refused to join the Parthian invaders . Saxa the general was then captured Apamea , which no longer resisted when Saxa had fled into Antioch , since he was believed to be dead ; he later captured Antioch , which the fugitive had abandoned , and at last , pursuing him in his flight into Cilicia , seized the man himself and killed him . [ Foster ] Okay - - anything in here about Antony rewarding Apamea for resisting ? Not a whisper - - Is it reasonable to suppose he did this as a reward ? Of course . Is that a speculation ? " No doubt " it is … Are there other cases we know of where cities are rewarded with new privileges for helping such ? Absolutely YES . Does that give us enough warrant for a ' no doubt ' in this case ? Absolutely NO . There were plenty of cities which helped in the various wars , and freedom was This footnote only shows that Apamea resisted , and nothing of any results of reward . Footnote 78 is only a reference to Seyrig ' s documentation of the coinage with ' autonomous ' on it . Nothing about the historical context . Footnote 79 would appear to intend to support the ' punishment ' motif , but it only refers again back to the coinage work of Seyrig ( same page as footnote 78 ) . The Seyrig resource - - which seems to be the only trailhead source for some of these interpretations - - also uses the ' no doubt ' phrase for some of this . . On the grant of autonomy : " Soon after , between 41 and 39 , the town receives its autonomy . Here again , the date allows a conclusion the clearest [ des plus claires ] : this privilege is a concession of Antoine , probably [ san doute ] destiny reward opposite resistance by Apamea at the Parthians before being forced a surrender " ( p . 19 ) Again , only the date of the coin is used to reach this ' clearest conclusion ' that is ' no doubt ' the case . Here is Seyrig ' s comment on the use of the word autonomy on their coins after Antony : " But … autonomy was shown / mentioned [ on the coinage ] until 30 - 29 , the year in which the city suddenly was private and had to go back to his old title of hiera kai asylios For what reason was this decrease [ diminution ] imposed [ infligee ] ? It can not be by chance that it coincides with the passage of Octavian in Syria after the battle of Actium A review of privileges would have place in this opportunity , and the fact that the Apamenians had received freedom from Antony had not recommended them to his rival . We see once more currencies offer new views of the little - known vicissitudes , cities of Syria in the troubles of the first century before Christ " At least Seyrig does n ’ t use the ' no doubt ' phrase , the terminology of ' It can not be by chance ' is pretty close to it . Whether Octavian had an issue with Apamea because of Antony ' s benefactions or not , there is just nothing link that to changes in the coinage at this time . His next statement shows how little we know about what actually happened at that time : " However coinage follows its normal course , and there is even as the city of the first months of this decline , inaugurates a new currency , a module superior to the previous ones , adorned by unique Dionysus ( style ) . The reasons for this remarkable innovation escape us None of the above assertions give a reference to an ancient source documenting this — and I can find no such data myself . Remember , we DO have such statements about OTHER cities , and in similar circumstances : From Cassius Dio ( 54.6 - 7 ) : " Augustus after settling various affairs in Sicily and making Syracuse together with certain other cities Roman colonies crossed over into Greece . The Lacedæmonians he honored by giving them Cythera and attending their Public Mess , because Livia , when she fled from Italy with her husband and son , passed some time there . From the Athenians , as some say [ note : Dio is disclaiming the historicity of this himself ! , he took away Ægina and Eretria , the produce of which they were enjoying , because they had espoused the cause of Antony . Moreover he forbade them to make any one a citizen for money … As for Augustus , after setting the Greek world in order , he sailed to Samos , passed the winter there , and in the spring when Marcus Apuleius and Publius Silius became consuls proceeded to Asia and gave his attention to matters there and in Bithynia . Though these and the foregoing provinces were regarded as belonging to the people , he did not make light of them , but accorded them the very best of care , as if they were his own . The people of Cyzicus he reduced to slavery because during an uprising they had flogged and put to death some Romans . And when he reached Syria he took the same action in the case of the people of Tyre and Sidon on account of their factious quarrelling Note that the demotion of the Cyzicus , Tyre and Sidon were connected with uprisings - - not their connection to Antony . Dio has to couch the Antoine - connection with Athens in a disclaimer - - " as some say " even . Butcher is even more precise , attributing the demotion to ' treaty breaking ' ( and not ' uprising ' in the ' revolt ' sense ) : " Favours were also extended to or retracted from cities . During his later visit to Syria in 20 bc Octavian , now styled Augustus , deprived Sidon and Tyre of their liberty ' for dishonouring the treaties which they had struck with Rome ' . ' Rewards and punishments had been meted out to cities under the republican generals , and the demands of loyalty would see the same happen under the emperors . " But there are scholarly statements which give their basis for believing in the ' demotion ' as being that pattern in the coinage For example , Jack Nurpetlian ( in his dissertation written under Butcher ) makes a statement that the disappearance of the term autonomous from Apamean coinage under Augustus might be explained as a ‘ punishment ’ , but moves from this statement from ‘ conjecture ’ to ‘ assertion of fact ’ without any indication of what supports such an increase in certainty ! Here is the progression ( notice the ' level of certainty ' words I highlight in bold and colors ) : Apparently , in 40 / 39 BC Apamea was granted the status of autonomy by Antony . This new title is reflected in the inscriptions of the coins , which then read APAMEON TES HIERAS KAI AUTONOMOU . ( p 116 ) " This three - denominational system employing the title of autonomy was continued until 31 / 30 BC ( with a gap noted between 35 / 34 and 32 / 31 BC ) when , as a result of Octavian ’ s victory over Antony in Actium , changes appeared in Apamea ’ s coinage represented by Group 2b … the title of autonomy was no longer inscribed on the coins ; instead , Apamea returned to using the traditional title . . Thus , it seems that Octavian ’ s passage through Syria on his way to Egypt had caused swift changes in Apamea ’ s allegiance ; the city was stripped of its autonomy granted by Octavian ’ s rival Antony . " ( p116 - 117 ) . " In 4 / 3 BC Apamea minted coins bearing the portrait of Augustus . Two reverse types , Nike advancing and bust of Tyche , were minted concurrently in year 28 of the Actian era . Interestingly , although the Nike type has the usual legend of APAMEON TES HIERAS KAI ASYLOY , the Tyche type reads on ly APAMEON TES HIERAX . This does not seem to have been a deliberate omission by the issuing authorities , implying that the title of ‘ Inviolate ’ was stripped from the city , because both types were minted in the same year . The use of the ‘ shorter ’ legend is also not accidental , since this type is known thus far by four dies , all of which were engraved with the same legend " ( 118 ) " This delay [ in resuming coining activities ] may be explained by the fact that the Roman general [ Pompey ] razed the citadel of Apamea , which would have interrupted the city ’ s minting for a period of time , with output resuming in the seventh year of the Roman presence . These issues were dated by a Pompeian era , similar to Antioch ( 121 ) " In 44 / 43 BC there was a complete change in the types issued in Apamea . The initiation of a new coinage seems to be indirectly linked to Caesar ’ s arrival in the area . Although other prominent mints in Syria reflect the Roman ’ s presence in the region , it seems that Apamea and its currency was not influenced by him , keeping in mind that from 46 to 44 BC Bassus , a follower of Pompey , defended the city against the Caesareans . This observation is coupled with the fact that the new issues did not use the Caesarean era , but rather continue the Pompeian . . . Although the Pompeian era continued to be in use for the new issues of Group 2 initially , in 41 / 40 BC the dating system reverted to the Seleucid era – a trend which is also seen in Antioch – due to the Parthian invasion under the leadership of Pacorus I of Parthia and Q . Labienus . The above - mentioned changes of the coinage at Apamea brought about by the Parthian invasion seem to have been short - lived ( as it is attested by issues of a single year only ) due to Antony ’ s arrival . The Roman seems to have been congenial towards Apamea , and granted the city autonomy as supported by the legends on the coins starting in 40 / 39 BC and continuing through 31 / 30 BC . . . .Antony ’ s presence in the region brought some changes to the coinage of Antioch , which reduced the modules of the bronzes . In the case of Apamea the coinage remained unchanged with the exception of an ‘ Antonian era ’ initiated there . . . It seems that the Apamenes considered their liberation to have taken place in 41 / 40 BC , since in that year they abandoned the use of the Pompeian era in favour of a Seleucid one , even though the coins of that year continue to use the title of ‘ Inviolate ’ . This may imply that it was not until the second year that the city was granted autonomy by Antony for its allegiance in the battle to repel the Parthian forces . ( 122 - 123 ) " The next notable change that took place in the coinage of Apamea is related to the turn of events brought about by Actium and Octavian ’ s visit to Syria in 31 / 30 BC . No major changes were made to the coinage in northern Syria , with the issues at Apamea also generally continuing from the pre - Actian period . However , some changes are noted : a ) the title of autonomy at Apamea was stripped and the coinage reverted to using the traditional legend , referring to the city as being ‘ Inviolate ’ starting in 30 / 29 BC … . . These issues continued quite uniformly until 18 / 17 BC . ( 124 ) " Octavian ’ s victory over Antony in Actium brought about changes in the coinage of Apamea , represented by Group 2b , by which in 30 / 29 BC a new heavier type , Dionysus / thyrsus ( Cat . no . 5 ) , was added to the above three denominations . Thus , four denominations were now used , each represented by a different type . The coins of Group 2b , which were all dated by the Seleucid era , continued to be minted until 18 / 17 BC . ( p197 ) " With the appearance of the civic issues of Apamea in the 70s BC , the legend used on the coins for all denominations invariably reads APAMEON TES HIERAS KAI ASYLOY , proclaiming the city ’ s holy and inviolable status . The title on the coins was later converted to APAMEON TES HIERAS KAI AUTONOMOY in 40 / 39 BC , following the granting of autonomy by Antony . This title was consistently used on the coins for a period of ten years without any significant changes introduced in the types . … Following the defeat of Antony in Actium , in 30 / 29 BC Apamea reverted to using its original title of being ‘ inviolable ’ and no longer boasted its ‘ autonomous ’ status . The change of titles was apparently sudden , since the Athena / Nike type issued in this year was recorded with both legend varieties ( asylia and autonomous ) . After this transition , the city continued using the title APAMEA THE HOLY AND INVIOLATE ( asylia ) on its civic coins until the last decade of the first century BC . ” [ 233 - 234 ] Nurpetlian makes the best argument for an Augustinian ' punishment ' , but there ' s just too much contrary data about the logic to assign it anything more than ' interesting ' or ' plausible ' . The ' absence of data ' is just not that strong . Consider a counter - example , from one of Butcher ' s works : " Rhosus uses hiera kai asylos from its earliest issues , struck before 42 BC . Autonomos is added on its issues after 42 , so that the coins attest Rhosus as hiera kai asylos kai autonomos . These issues end about AD 30 / 31 , but the title reappears on coins of the reigns of Trajan and Antoninus Pius or Commodus . " [ HI : CRSNS , 222 ] Rigby assigns this to a benefaction by Antony : " The sporadic later coinage shows that Rhosus inaugurated a civic era in 42 / 1 BC ; this would reflect a benefaction by Antony , who arrived in Syria in 41 . And two documents dating soon after reveal that autonomy has been added , surely the benefaction commemorated by the era of 42 / 1 " [ HI : ATIHW , 473 ] But if we used the ' timing ' argument of Nurpetlian , we would not be able to account for the two documents Rigsby adduces : Octavian wrote to Rhosus about citizenship for a naval officer , addressing the letter to " Rhosus the holy and inviolate and autonomous " ( Seyrig dates this to 35BC , Millar puts it in 31BC - - neither date is one in which a benefaction by Antony might make sense … ) A bronze coin dated 27 / 6 BC with a legend of " Rhosus the holy and inviolate and autonomous " - - clearly after the alleged ' de - autonomizing ' of cities so privileged by Antony . The first might be chalked off to ' diplomacy ' ( if in 35 BC , as a pre - emptive move to supplant Antony ' s stature ) , but the second can not be explained away . Rhosus stands as a strong counter - example to the explanations given for the cessation of ' autonomy ' on Apamean coinage . [ If one argues against this counter - example as being an exception - - due to the close relationship of Octavian with his naval officer Seleucus of Rhosus , I would counter with the close relationship of Augustus with Dexandros of Apamea . ] Perhaps the strongest assertion of ‘ punishment ’ is in the work by Rigsby on Asylia ( REF here ) : “ The first series [ of coins ] runs from 76 / 5 to 68 / 7 , with most years represented . Then after a hiatus of a generation , coins are extant again from 43 / 2 and continue sporadically into the 20s BC . Thereafter they are less and less frequent , ceasing entirely in the early years of Tiberius … Thus the right to coin was granted by Tigranes of Armenia and then canceled by Pompey , whom Apamea resisted in 65 / 4 . The privilege was restored by Caesar , whose era is seen " Thus the city was declared sacred and inviolable in or before 76 / 5 BC … When in the 60s the city lost the right to coin , it may have lost the right of inviolability as well - - we are without evidence from the generation that follows . If asylia was abolished , Caesar restored it in the 40s . In 40 , Antony added autonomy , as reward to the Apameans for resisting the Parthian invasion . In 20 Octavian canceled what Antony had added but no more ( compare his treatment of Ephesus ) . " [ HI : ATIHW , 503 , 504 ] But I have noticed how many of the specialists in this field use the ' argument from silence ' in ways that look suspiciously convenient . In the work by Rigsby , his text is filled with phrases like : " … it is merely the sporadic character of striking that explains the absence of coins from 67 / 6 to the personal arrival of Pompey early in 64 " ( p503 , note 111 ) " Thus Ascalon was declared sacred and inviolable by Antiochus VIII in 112 / 1 , autonomous by Ptolemy Lathyrus in 103 . In seems that autonomy was abolished in the settlement of Pompey in the 60s . Possibly inviolability was abolished in the 30s by Antony or Octavian ; but the silence of the coins should not be trusted . In the case of Ascalon , no titles appear on coincs of imperial date , even though the papyrus of 359 reveals both ' free ' and ' colony ' … " ( p521 ) . " Was this [ commissioning of a statue ] a renewal of ? On the title the civic coins had been silent for 300 years ; but such silence is not unusual and need not prove that the status had lapsed since the Hellenistic age and was only now renewed by Gordian - - especially given the silence of all coins about the autonomy mentioned in the inscription " ( p . 523 ) If we take this methodological ' skepticism ' seriously , any change of legend on a series of coinage - - however abrupt - - can not be made to carry much weight , in the absence of some other historical evidence to give direction to the interpretation . Note that in the latter case , we have inscriptional data of status ( and none on the coinage ) and that in the cases of the three ' free cities ' of Pliny in the Syrian tetrapolis , we have literary data of status ( but none on the coinage There are just too many other factors that can subvert an argument from silence on such matters . And as for the argument that Pompey cancelled their right to coin ( after resisting him in 65 / 4 ) , the extant coinage contradicts that . We have identical Zeus / Elephant type coins dated 68 and 70 , repeated again starting in 60 ( just changing the date to the arrival of ' new owner ' ) . If the coinage was stopped by Pompey ' s decree ( arguing from silence ) , it would have been in 67 , before he got there . It is so much easier to attribute the pause of a city ' s minting activity to " preparations for , and interruption from war " than it is to something that happened later … This is how Nurpetlian interpreted this gap : " Perhaps the fact that Pompey razed the citadel of Apamea in 64 BC , where the main mint of the city most probably would have been located , resulted in the cessation of minting until few years later , by which time the Pompeian era was used . " [ p . 115 - 116 ] Butcher himself notes the problem of silence - interpretation in his criticism of Seyrig ' s ' speculation ' : " Apamea did not strike until year seven ( 60 / 59 BC ) , and like Antioch its coinage was dated by a ' Pompeian ' era . Seyrig thought that this gap in production might have been a result of Pompey ' s treatment of Apamea ( the city was besieged by him in 63 BC ) , but it is clear that a break in production of coinage is not a very good indicator of the humiliation of a city . " [ HI : CRSNS , 26 ] He gives as an example of the misuse of a gap in an argument on page 41 : " As Antioch had supported Pescennius and Laodicea had defected to Septimius , the victor reputedly made Laodicea the capital of Syria and demoted Antioch to a kome - - a village - - of Laodicea . There is no numismatic evidence for the punishment of Antioch by Septimius , and any that has been cited is based on a misinterpretation of the materials . It has been stated that Septimius withdrew Antioch ' s permission to strike coinage . This statement is based o n the observation that no SC bronze was issued for Severus , whereas bronze was produced at Laodicea , and a prolific series of Severan tetradrachms and denarii have been attributed to Laodicea . There are several faults in the hypothesis . No bronze coinage was produced at Antioch under Severus , but that had also been the case during the sole reign of Commodus . Continued inactivity can hardly be used as evidence of a deliberate suppression of Antioch ' s coinage by Septimius . " Apart from the problems with assigning this removal of autonomous from the coins to a ' punishment ' , there is the additional problem of ambiguous data . If you type in all the Apamean coinage from Nurpetlain , and rank them by year of issue , you can notice that the word ' autonomy ' shows up on coinage whose range of dates fall into the Augustan period , but yet the coins themselves have no date ( all references are to his work - - spreadsheet is mine , constructing from some of his data ) : Here is an image from the larger spreadsheet : This shows the introduction of the word Autonomous onto the Athena / Nike coins of Group 2 ( cat number 6 ) . It looks as if the Autonomy actually shows up under the Parthians - - since it also involves dating to the Seleucid era . Then we have the cutover from Antony to Octavian : You can see what looks like a ' dropping ' of Authomous , but it is on a new coin ( Dionysus / thyrsus ) and not the older one ( Athena / Nike ) . Then , when you get back to the older coins again - - autonomy is still there - - These coins are clearly in the Augustan period , contemporaneous with ' non - auto ' coins . Then most things seem to go back to the ' regular ' titles of " holy and inviolate " ( with a 3 year break in there ) : Since - - after the break - - the issues that resume are of a different type , the break might be related to a retooling of the mint for the new items . But then there are pockets - - in even the newer coins - - that have ' autonomy ' on them , but because the date is ' worn ' on the coin , it can only be dated to the RANGE that that style was produced in . Here are some of those pockets : Notice that the first diagram shows a ' Demeter / three corn ears ' coin , in a group of coins which range in dates from 38 / 37 to 21 / 20 . Thus the one RED - Y could be pre - Augustus or Post - Antony . Coins of this type with clear dates on them with AUTONOMY on them have dates of 38 / 37 ( 3x ) , 36 / 35 , and 31 / 30 . The ones with clear dates WITHOUT autonomy on them have dates of 30 / 29 ( 3x ) and 21 / 20 ( 3x ) . And the second set of RED - Ys are in the Athena / Nike class , of which we have 127 specimens ranging in dates from 43 / 42 ( under Bassus ) to 18 / 17 ( under Augustus ) - - so they could fall into any number of periods . Of the 43 that we know fall into the Octavian period , 10 of them have autonomy and 33 do not , so the odds are still pretty high ( 1 in 3 ) that they are in the Octavian period too . If these are interpreted on the basis of the ' punishment theory ' , then they would be assigned to the pre - Augustian issues . But if on the basis of probabilities , they could easily be otherwise . But something is changing here , since the ' Athena standing ' type only starts showing up in the Augustan period , and only after the second visit of Octavian ( in 20 - 19ish ) . New coins are starting to show up - - but there ' s no indication that it is a ' delayed punishment ' or ' punishment ' at all . It could easily just be a matter of a change in coinage ' policy ' being implemented by a mint with ' limited resources ' ( i.e. cant do all of them as usual , Then we get regular issues , but with a couple of breaks ( 17 - 13 BC ) and 12 - 11BC , followed by fairly radical changes in coinage - - e.g. new types and images . Then it is ' business as usual ' until we start getting some additional changes in types ( and our first ' imperial ' coinage with Augustus on it ) - - after another break ( 8 - 5 ) : And finally we get the cessation under Augustus , and the resumption under Tiberius : One might argue from the ( 1 ) removal of even ' inviolate ' from that las batch of coins and ( 2 ) the cessation altogether , that Apamea had been stripped of EVERYTHING , but that would just be speculative - - based on the silence problem . In fact , the ' with - inviolate ' and ' without - inviolate ' legends existed on the same coins in the same years , so something else was a play ( we will discuss this in a minute ) . So , I can not find any data ( ancient or modern ) to support the theory of a punishment here . And , on the contrary , this would have been counter to way Augustus handled such matters , at the turn of power : " To those regents who had supported Antonius , after Actium Imperator Caesar had taken a lenient approach – to act punitively would have injected uncertainty , even chaos , to the region . " [ Powell , Lindsay . Marcus Agrippa : Right - hand Man of Caesar Augustus ( Kindle Locations 3740 - 3741 ) . Pen and Sword . Kindle Edition . ] " On the whole , Romans treated kings who had fought for their political opponents in civila war with considerable lenience … " [ Braund , page 68 ] " The eastern part of the Augustan Empire had been , for a short but dangerous season , the preserve of Antonius . Through judicious compromise and the diplomatic arts of well placed partisans , Augustus swiftly managed to ensure the smooth incorporation of Antonius ' realm into the larger Roman world , but vestiges of hostility remained . It was not only that many had to bear the burden of public adherence to a vanquished cause : the Greeks had been obliged to endure the depredations of Roman soldiers , who used Greece as their base for the three It is well recognized that Augustus ' success in administering the Antonian portion of his Empire was due in large measure to the winning of allegiance from the affluent and well placed citizens of those regions . In two major missions to the East , Augustus ' general , Marcus Agrippa , brought the message of the Augustan peace , and between the years 27 and 19 bc , Augustus himself journeyed from Greece to Syria . [ Bowersock , " Augustus and the East : The Problem of Succession " , in [ HI : CA7 , 169 ] Bowersock gives an extended discussion of the transition from Antony to Augustus in chapter 4 of his work [ HI : AATGW ] Augustus and the Greek World . GW Bowersock . Oxford / Clarendon : 1965 : " With the fall of Alexandria , Octavian found himself the heir to an empire . Both within it and at its borders in the East were the men whom Antony had elevated to power or supported in a power they already held . A few of these , observing before the final blow that they were espousing a losing cause , deserted to the camp of Octavian . … But desertions play an insignificant role in the policy of Octavian toward the kings and dynasts of the East . Antony ' s conqueror might have been expected to uproot the eastern Antonians from high position , to honour the deserters , and to raise up new client rulers , if he did not intend directly to annex a region stripped of its king . But Octavian was too shrewd . He knew that un - relenting Antonians could not be tolerated in his empire ; they would be sources of discontent and turbulence . And some Antonian favourites would have to fall together with the man who favoured them simply in proof of the victor ' s newly won authority . However , there was an abundance of petty prince - lings who could easily be sacrificed without disrupting the major arrangements of Antony . Octavian recognized that the system of client kingship rested upon a foundation of mutual advantage , and to a Roman just entering upon the possession of a vast empire that system was indispensable for maintaining an equilibrium in the periphery of the eastern provinces . In the larger kingdoms Antony ' s arrangements were eminently satisfactory . If Octavian was willing to overlook their past and favour them as his own clients , the kings and tyrants had much to gain from transferring their allegiance and nothing to lose ; they would shine the more resplendently for not having betrayed their previous patron at a time of crisis . It was clear how to perpetuate Antony ' s eastern settlement , and in broad outline that is what Octavian chose to do . … First , however , a conqueror must uncover and remove his enemy ' s supporters : conquerors are expected to do that , if they are not to be thought weak and lacking in initiative . A succession of local dynasts would suffice for Octavian ' s victims . A few had to be eliminated anyway because they were courageous enough to remain loyal to a man defeated and dead . " [ 43 - 44 ] Comment : Here Bowersock discusses these ' eliminations ' . The locations given are Amisus , Heraclea Pontica , and Cos - - no mention of Apamea ( or others ) . " Certain	[ "Apamea", "Roman census in a client-kingdom" ]
http://christiemystery.co.uk/method.html	Agatha Christie - Her Method of Writing What process did Agatha Christie go through to write her books ? How did she develop her plots and characters ? And does the language she uses in her books explain why they are so compelling that you ca n ' t put them down ? To discover more , select an option from the menu below : Character Development Plot Development How She Wrote Her Language & The Agatha Christie Code In writing her first novel , Agatha Christie looked around for inspiration for her characters . She initially started to base her murderer on an acquaintance who lived nearby , but even though she considered it at some length , she could not see the man in question ever murdering anyone . Agatha therefore decided once and for all not to use real people as inspiration , and that she must create her characters for herself . She started looking out for people in trams , trains and restaurants who could act as her starting point , and this worked well . Agatha Christie tried again later on in her writing career to incorporate a close friend , Belcher , into one of her stories . He was badgering her to be the murderer in the book she was writing , The Man in the Brown Suit . She found this incredibly difficult , and it was only when she gave the character a different name , Sir Eustace Pedler , that his character started to develop - even though he did use some of Belcher ’ s phrases and anecdotes . [ Back to Top ] Agatha Christie used to start her books from the murder . She would first decide on the method of murder , the murderer and the motive . She would then consider the other suspects and their motives . Finally , she would turn her attention to the clues and red herrings . She was always wary of putting too many false clues into the plot , because with so many things to unravel the book would be not only difficult to solve but also difficult to read . Agatha admits that she often thought out the plots some time previously to actually writing the book , as plots came to her at such odd moments : as she walked along a street , or examining a hat shop with particular interest . She would suddenly discover a “ neat way of covering up the crime so that nobody would see the point ” . Whilst all the practical details were still to be sorted out , and the characters had to creep slowly into her consciousness , the plot often came out of the blue , and was Christie usually had about 5 or 6 notebooks on the go at once and used to make notes in them of ideas that struck her , notes about some poison or drug , or a clever swindle that she had read about in the newspaper . Although sometimes going back through her notebooks she could n ’ t remember what the plot sketch was all about , it then might spark something else . Other plots just stayed with her , teased her mind , and require her to think about them and play around with them . One such plot was The Murder of Roger Ackroyd , which played on her mind for along time before she could get the detail fixed . In leisure moments , bits of her story would rattle around her head , often making her absent - minded at home . [ Back to Top ] In her autobiography , Agatha Christie admits to never really having a place or room which was specifically to write in . All she said she needed was a steady table and a typewriter , quite often just the dining room table . Her family would usually notice a time of approaching activity , recognising the signs when she was broody and urging her to lock herself away in a room and get busy . Agatha found that the effort involved in actually typing or writing helped her keep to the point . The temptation when using a Dictaphone was to repeat the same thing in a slightly different way , which destroyed the smooth flow of the writing . By about 1930 , she had begun to write straight onto her typewriter , although she still used to do the beginning chapters longhand . She says that there was always a terrible three or four weeks which had to be got through when she first started to write a book . In her autobiography , she says there is no agony like it : such misery and despair , such inability to do anything in the least creative – a feeling of paralysed hopelessness . Then suddenly , she found she would begin to function again , know that “ it ” was coming and that the mist was clearing . Independent analysis of Agatha Christie ' s notebooks by university researchers , showed the pace at which she appeared to write . In one section she wrote fourteen pages , then she stuck a line through it , and the next section was then a perfectly written section without crossings - out ; it was as if all her thoughts had clicked into place , and she had only then managed to get it down on paper . During the Second World War , she decided to start writing two books at once . This was because when writing just one book , she found a danger of it going stale . When this happened , she would have to put it aside and get on with other things . However during the war , there were no other things to do , with few social distractions as most people rarely ever went out in the evenings . In addition , she said that she never found any difficulty writing during the war as she was able to In her autobiography , Agatha Christie talks about how strange it feels to have a book growing inside you , building up all the time . In the case of Absent in the Spring ( writing as Mary Westmacott ) , this process took 6 or 7 years , and then suddenly it all fell into place – the characters were already there , waiting in the wings , ready to come onto the stage when their cues were called . Suddenly , she just had to write the book , and she wrote it in just three days . Agatha Christie believed that economy of wording was particularly important in detective stories ; that the reader did not want to heard the same thing repeated three or four times . She also uses very simple everyday language , and repeats it , rather than trying to introduce new words and phrases . She also relies heavily on dialogue throughout her books . In addition , the solution often depends upon the reader ’ s interpretation of something that a character says . Therefore by keeping her dialogue very simple and straightforward , and not challenging the reader with the vocabulary , she leaves us free to focus on the plot . The simplicity of the language is one of the key points raised in the debate regarding “ The Agatha Christie Code ” , an ITV documentary backed by research undertaken by a number of universities . The research team also analysed each of Christie ' s books for its word length , frequency and sentence structure . They found that all of her books are very similar in style , using the same number of letters in a word on average , and approximately same number of words in a sentence . This is true for books written at the beginning of her career as well as books at the end of her career ; it was as if she found a successful formula which captivated her readers and stuck with it . The researchers also found that there was a level of repetition of key concepts in her words within a small space . When Agatha is getting a concept across , she repeats key words and words which are similar in meaning in rapid succession and in a condensed space . This theory is also backed up by believers of neurolinguistic programming , which is how language affects the mind and how the words can have an affect on how we think and feel . By repeating words at least 3 times in a paragraph , it enables the reader to In addition , the programme claims that a person ’ s conscious mind has a very limited focus , and can only focus on between five and nine things at one time . Once there are more than nine things to focus on , the conscious mind ca n ’ t continue to track them all , and so the person literally goes into a hypnotic trance . The Agatha Christie Code claims that Agatha often uses this by using more than nine characters , and by having more than nine plot lines taking place at any one time . Finally , the research team discovered that Agatha Christie very precisely controls the speed at which we read her books , by changing the level of descriptive passages . There are more descriptive passages at the beginning of her book than at the end , which has the effect that we read more quickly towards the end of her books . . . literally we are rushing towards the end to see who did it !	[ "Agatha Christie", "Method of Writing" ]
http://christinedemerchant.com/treating-fleas-on-cats.html	How to get rid of fleas and stop them biting your cat . In order to get rid of fleas you much treat both the cat and the home . Here is a link to TREATING FLEAS IN THE HOME First a warning : many products used to control or kill fleas are DANGEROUS and POISONOUS to you and your animals . READ THE LABELS and use as recommended . It ' s not to a supplier ' s advantage to make up dangers and warnings . When they do , believe them . They are not making it up . If anything , they will tend to under report possible dangers and side effects . Products have been approved and are considered safe WHEN USED AS DIRECTED Never use products designed for dog , on cats . Cats do n ' t have special enzymes in their liver to break down many toxic substances . They can be poisoned easily . Never use Permethrin on or NEAR a cat . It is very poisonous to them . To claim victory , you must kill all the forms of the flea , on the cat and in all the spots the cat likes . Fleas can be found as eggs , larva , pupa ( cocoon ) , and adult fleas . Adults are most likely to be on the cat but eggs , larva and pupa are most likely to be off the cat , in it ' s bed or in areas it hangs out on . To eliminate fleas you must get rid of all the phases of the life cycle in all the spots your cat likes . You might want to check out my Life Cycle of the cat flea . If you only kill the adult flea , the other forms will become adults and re - infect your cat . There is more need for flea control in the warmer months since conditions are better for flea development . Fleas can multiply very quickly so quick action once you spot a problem can prevent a much larger problem just a few weeks later . Because of the ability of the flea to slow down its development in poor conditions , a flea infestation can persist for several months even when no animal is present . A cat flea can dine on cats but also on many other animals including dogs mice and raccoons . Although they will bite humans they can not lay eggs easily after a human meal . University of Kentuky has a good article on flea control . It is not specific to cats so before you use some of the suggested flea control insecticides , CHECK THAT THEY ARE SAFE FOR CATS . What are the methods of flea control on the cat ? Spot treatment on the cat , shoulder blade drops . Pills , can be used Insect Growth Regulator Shampoo Flea powder and spray . Spot - on Treatments Spot on Flea treatments is an effective way of controlling fleas on cats . It is ( in my opinion ) the best and overall safest method of controlling fleas on cats . A drop of insecticide is placed between the cat ' s shoulder blades . Gradually the flea treatment migrates over most of the cat ' s body because of oils on the skin of the cat and the active grooming a cat does . This insecticide is geared specifically to the flea and has proved to be very safe for most cats . Spot on treatment work either as a systemic insecticide , where the flea killing chemical is absorbed by the cat and the flea is poisoned when biting , or as a surface insecticide where the flea is killed by the product that is on the outside of the cat . Spot on treatments are usually applied once a month . Bravecta is an exception , it is applied once every 3 months . There are many different brands I use a product by Bayers called Advantage II . I have found that it works very well for my cats . I have one cat that is sensitive and reacts to it . The others do well with it . It kills without the need for fleas to bite . Be careful if you buy online , this link is to Amazon and the vendor is BAYERS . There are a number of sellers that offer cheaper prices but there is a chance that it is counterfeit merchandise . Some comes from China and are not the same . It can be a fake and be poisonous to your cat . Buy from reputable dealers or get from your vet . Look at the reviews , low ratings are often an indication that the product is not real . I have also used " Revolution " for cats and it has worked well . I buy it from my vet . Good Spot treatments are pricey but they work very well and in the end save you trouble and money . Done regularly over a year or more , the life cycle of the flea is disrupted and fleas are eliminated . Although most cats tolerate spot - on treatment quite well , some are sensitive and will suffer side effects such as drooling , twitching or erratic behaviors . The spot on treatment are insecticides which are nerve poisons to the insect . Older cats , kittens or sick cats are more likely to suffer side effects , sometimes quite severe . Young children should not be allowed to come in contact with the cat immediately after administering the treatment . Dog spot treatment should NEVER be used on cats . Cats are more sensitive to poison and some of the medicines that are perfectly safe for dogs are DEADLY to cats such as Pyrmethrins . Many spot treatments will have an insecticide that kills adult fleas , and an insect growth regulator the interferes with the development of the eggs , larva and pupa . This prevents them from maturing into adult biting fleas . Some spot treatment also help prevent and treat ear mites , ticks , mange , and some internal parasites . Here is a link to Veterinary Partner . It has links to the various products for fleas on Cats and Dogs . The link is a pdf file . It lists the chemicals in the various spot and pill ( also one injection ) used for flea control . I ' ve used Bravecta , it controls fleas and ticks on cats for 3 months . Some cats are sensitive but for me it worked very well . Medications given in Pill ( Oral Medications . ) These act in a similar way as spot on treatment to kill fleas . Most pills do not contain insect growth regulator to control the larva egg and pupa . They kill the flea when it bites the cat . Some of the pills are flavoured and some cats will take them with no argument at all . Others need the usual subterfuge to administer the medicine . Insect Growth Regulator These systemic medications appear to be quite safe but have not been around long enough for long term effects to be completely identified . Since they work by interrupting a process that is specific to the flea , usually preventing an enzyme or protein that regulates chitin formation they are very specific to insects since cats do n ' t make chitin at all . Insect growth regulators often are combined with insecticide to kill adult fleas . The insect growth regulator then breaks the life cycle by preventing the other forms from developing and becoming adult fleas . This breaks the life cycle thus gradually eliminating the fleas . Insect growth regulator are sprayed around the house and on the cat ' s bedding . Others are packaged with insecticide used in flea sprays . Read the instructions and follow them . Flea Shampoo There are many brands of medicated shampoos that kill fleas on contact . It is very effective in the short run and will kill all the adult fleas on the cat . Typically the fleas will run to the dry head of the cat and can be picked up . Alternatively a ring of wet sudsy shampoo can be made around the neck before the cat is immersed in water thus creating a barrier . Typically the flea shampoo gets washed off as the cat is thoroughly rinsed off . Very little insecticide remains on the cat . Gloves should be worn . It may be necessary to regularly shampoo to kill newly emerged fleas . Shampooing a cat or kitten is effective as a start for a heavy flea infection , but other methods such as systemic pills , or spot treatment should back it up . Shampoo does nothing for breaking the life cycle of the flea so it is useful as a start when backed up with insecticide spray or insect growth regulator for the premises . Do n ' t use dog products on cats EVER . I ' m boring about this but cats have livers that can not produce some enzymes used to get rid of toxins and so are easy to poison . Dogs can produce the enzymes so more substances are safe around dogs than cats . If your cat is very sensitive just bathing your cat in water can be effective and will force the fleas up where you can pick them up and put them in alcohol or soapy water . Bathing your cat with ordinary cat shampoo ( not medicated ) or with pure soap with no scent or colour , can be an effective way of controlling fleas particularly if the bath lasts for a few minutes and is long enough to drown the fleas . It helps to have a helper looking out for fleas which will crawl to the cat ' s head . If your cat has short hair it might be possible to use a flea comb . I ' ve not found flea combs to be much good over the full body but to Use a mild shampoo designed for cats . Flea Collars Flea collars repel and kill fleas by using an insecticide impregnated in the collar . Without being very effective they somewhat work , there are several drawbacks . Flea collars contain insecticides which can poison your cat if he chews on it . Sometimes where the collar contacts the skin gets irritated or the cat reacts badly to the collar . The same warnings for small children applies , it ' s hard not to handle a flea collar if the cat is wearing it . To work properly the collar must be properly adjusted . There is always a danger of chocking if the cat is allowed outside and the collar gets caught . Some cats respond badly to flea collars . In the same way as spot treatment , cats can be very sensitive to the insecticide and suffer convulsions , drooling and erratic behaviour . The collar can also cause irritation , allergic reactions and hair loss where it touches the cat . If you plan to use a collar , a good plan is to leave the collar on for a week or less , then remove it for 3 weeks then replace it for another week . This way the adult fleas are killed , then as new generation emerges they get killed when the collar goes back on . Follow instructions carefully for size and age of the cat . NEVER use a collar designed for a dog on a cat . Flea collars are not a great way of controlling fleas and can poison you , your kids or your kits . Flea Dips are dangerous Flea dips are chemicals that are diluted and applied to the cat either by dipping in the solution or by using a wet cloth or sponge . The Dip is not rinsed off . Dips are dangerous and any mistakes or misuse can lead to serious toxic reactions . Do not use dips on your pets unless you have no other choice . Never use on a sick , old or very young cat . Cats which have been treated this way should not be handled by young kids . Wear gloves if you use . In fact Avoid dips , there are better ways for everyone . Sprays and Powders There are many formulations of sprays and powders . Some as dangerous and toxic , others are relatively safe . Breathing in the spray or powder can be dangerous for you and your cat . Be careful when you apply . Diatomaceous earth with or without pyrethryn has been used and is relatively non toxic . However , other stabilizer are added to the mix and these are often quite dangerous to cats . Only use food grade formulations from reliable companies . Pyrethrins degrade in sunlight and has a relatively short life , but is fairly safe for cats . Flea will fall off a cat quite quickly but sometimes recover . The cats bedding should be vacuumed soon after the cat has been treated . Diatomaceous Earth Food Grade 10 Lb Diatomaceous earth can safely be used in the vegetable garden to control various insects as well as fleas . It ' s important for you and your cat not to breathe in the dust , it makes it tricky to apply to a cat safely . It ' s better to use powders on bedding and in places where the cat hangs out . Pyrethrin is NOT the same as permethrin . Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethrin , and is less easily broken down than pyrethrin . Although its toxicity is relatively low , it is higher than that of pyrethrin . Pyrethrins can be used on cats ; permethrins should NOT be used on cats and can be deadly . Use only cat products on cats . Sprays and flea powder aimed at other animals can kill your cat . You must treat the home and cat bedding too . If you want to eliminate fleas , you must actively treat the home as well as the cat . Here is a link to my page on treating fleas in the house Here is a link to a commercial flea trap : Pumpkin Style Flea Trap with 2 Glue Discs This will not rid you of fleas but will reduce numbers or adults . Larvae and eggs will not be affected . It is a good way of figuring out if you have a large infestation and where the fleas are though . Ask your Vet Talk to your vet for the latest in flea medication . There is a large range of products available , some are very safe while many are quite dangerous to you and your cat ( and other pets ) if mis - used . Some products control fleas , ticks , mites , parasites and some even target heart worm . Once you have a plan you can do the work and do n ' t need to see the vet again unless you have problems . Ear Mite Control As a side benefit of controlling fleas in particular with drops between the shoulders , cat and dog ear mites will also be reduced or eliminated , and reinfection after treatment will be slowed . Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station has an interesting article on fleas . Alternative Treatment for Flea Control There are several alternatives to insecticides . They are not as effective but they are not usually as toxic either . Some plants are dangerous so do your research . Just because it ' s natural does NOT mean it ' s safe . Garlic is toxic to cats and dogs . Do not treat your animals with garlic . It might repel fleas but it is poison . ASPCA page on garlic toxicity to dogs , cats and horses . Link to my page on Natural Flea Control for Cats Treating Cats for Fleas , Summary Keep your cat inside so it can not come in contact with fleas in the first place . Keep the cat out of areas that are hard to reach and clean so that he does n ' t get re - infested . Flea eggs fall off the cat and can stay alive for several months before hatching . Drops can be applied on the shoulder blades and some are very safe and effective while others are more dangerous . Some cats are sensitive though . Some drops can treat ticks and ear mites as well . Bathing in Vet approved flea shampoos is effective to remove adult fleas . Just bathing in a mild shampoo can remove and drown fleas , particularly if you pick off fleas that flee to the head to avoid drowning . Flea collars are also available but carry some risks and are not very effective . Powders and sprays are available . They have to be applied carefully in order that the cat does not inhale dangerous powder or aerosols . Or for that matter that YOU do not inhale nasty flea killer . Fumigating Flea bombs and dips where the chemicals are allowed to remain , are dangerous and should not be used . Insect Growth Regulators are very effective in preventing fleas from developing . They are relatively safe as well . Do not use Dog products on Cats . Some dog flea treatment products containing Even just being close to dogs that have been treated with it can be dangerous to cats . Garlic , nutritional yeast , and most essential oils do n ' t work . Essential oil can poison a cat . See my Natural control of fleas and cats . Electronic flea repellant DO NOT work , do n ' t waste your money . On to TREATING FLEAS IN THE HOME Treating Fleas in The Home emails : Christine This article is provided for information only . It is not to be used instead of consulting a VET . If your kitty is sick get some help . [ HOME ]	[ "fleas", "cat" ]
http://christinegb.blogspot.com/2006/03/why-did-moses-veil-his-face.html	Longing for Things Unseen Monday , March 20 Why did Moses veil his face ? Have you ever read a verse or a passage and realized that it meant something different than what you had always thought ? For me , that happens a lot because I grew up reading and memorizing the KJV and only in the last few years have been exposed to the NAS and the ESV . I occasionally find verses that I have understood wrongly because of awkward wording or words that now have different meanings . This also happens because I have read passages lightly but never studied them . Anyway , the verses in 2 Corinthians about Moses veiling his face got at lot more clear and a lot more confusing for me the other night ( Kerry and I actually stayed up until 2 trying to figure it out ) . I always thought that when Moses saw God ( well , His back parts ) , his face shone ( reflecting God ' s glory ) , and he put on a veil because people could not bear to look at it . Then , the glory eventually faded , and he could uncover his face . Exodus 34 NAS 29It came about when Moses was coming down from Mount Sinai ( and the two tablets of the testimony were in Moses ' hand as he was coming down from the mountain ) , that Moses did not know that t he skin of his face shone because of his speaking with Him . 30So when Aaron and all the sons of Israel saw Moses , behold , the skin of his face shone , and they were afraid to come near him . 31Then Moses called to them , and Aaron and all the rulers in the congregation returned to him ; and Moses spoke to them . 32Afterward all the sons of Israel came near , and he commanded them to do everything that the LORD had spoken to him on Mount Sinai . 33When Moses had finished speaking with them , he put a veil over his face . 34But whenever Moses went in before the LORD to speak with Him , he would take off the veil until he came out ; and whenever he came out and spoke to the sons of Israel what he had been commanded , 35 the sons of Israel would see the face of Moses , that the skin of Moses ' face shone . So Moses would replace the veil over his face until he went in to speak with Him . So , it is not that the people were unable to look at his shining face . Verse 31 shows that he spoke to them with a shining , un - veiled face . He put the veil on after he was done talking to them . Apparently , the glow faded after time . Then , every time he went in to the tent outside the camp ( Ex . 33 : 7 - 11 ) , his face must have glowed again ( kinda like re - chargeable batteries ? Glow - in - the - dark stars ? ) , the people saw it again , and then he would cover it up . Now , you have to go back to this passage to understand 2 Corinthians 3 : 12 - 18 and the surrounding passages . 2 Cor . 3 : 12 - 18 NAS 12 Therefore having such a hope , we use great boldness in our speech , 13and are not like Moses , who used to put a veil over his face so that the sons of Israel would not look intently at the end of what was fading away . 14But their minds were hardened ; for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remains unlifted , because it is removed in Christ . 15But to this day whenever Moses is read , a veil lies over their heart ; 16 but whenever a person turns to the Lord , the veil is taken away . 17Now the Lord is the Spirit , and where the Spirit of the Lord is , there is liberty . 18But we all , with unveiled face , beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord , are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory , just as from the Lord , the Spirit . This passage says ( v . 13 ) that Moses did not want the Israelites to see the last bits of glory fade from his face . This is consistent with the Exodus account that says the Israelites did see his face for awhile , and Moses covered it as it faded . But then there is this verse just before : 1 Cor . 3 : 7 NAS 7But if the ministry of death , in letters engraved on stones , came with glory , so that the sons of Israel could not look intently at the face of Moses because of the glory of his face , fading as it was , 8how will the ministry of the Spirit fail to be even more with glory ? Here ' s the ESV too : 7Now if the ministry of death , carved in letters on stone , came with such glory that the Israelites could not gaze at Moses ' face because of its glory , which was being brought to an end , The " such " in the ESV leads you to think that his face was shining so much that no one could look at it . But that is the wrong sense of the word ; and it can be left out . The NAS does n ' t use it which is better , but the verse still seems to say that the Israelites could n ' t bear to look at his bright face . Now Paul ' s point in verses 7 - 8 is that the Spirit ' s ministry is far superior to Moses ' Anyway , what I see in verses 12 - 18 is that the veil over Moses ' face and the veil over the Old Covenant are the same . Somehow they both prevent people from seeing the truth that the OC was temporary and fading , therefore a New one was necessary . But notice the contrast between us ( posessers of the NC ) and Moses . " We are bold not like Moses who veiled his face . " So here ' s the big questions : Why did Moses veil his face ? And was that right or wrong ? Here ' s my potential conclusion , but it still has difficulties : When God revealed Himself to Moses and made Moses ' face reflect His glory , He was giving validation to both Moses and the Law . The people saw that and were in awe . However , God designed for that glory on Moses ' face to fade away as a picture of what was going to happen to the law . For some reason , Moses veiled his face and prevented the people from seeing the glory fade . In the same way , there is a veil over the Old Covenant to an unbeliever who esteems the Law So that still leaves the 2 questions : Why ? Was Moses embarassed that the glory was fading ( hence the contrast with being bold ) ? Was he scared that the people would doubt his ministry if they saw the glory fade ( also a timid thing to do ) ? Or , did he do it on purpose so the people would not see the truth that the Law was meant to fade ? The answer to this question would then help answer the next : Was that right or wrong ? Paul seems to call him timid In spite if the confusion in this passage , the main truth shines out beautifully : Our ministry , the New Covenant that Christ purchased , is infinitely more glorious than the one Moses administered which faded away . Just as God makes clear the truth of the Old Covenant through Christ , we can clearly preach the truth of Christ trusting Him to change the dark hearts of unbelievers . posted by Christine @ 11 : 38 AM 53 comments 53 Comments : At 2 : 47 PM chris said . . . It sounds like you ' re coming to good conclusions on this passage . At 5 : 53 PM Anonymous said . . . were the israelites prepared to see such glory ? do we not prepare ourselves to mirror the image of God in our actions ? 2 : 26 PM Anonymous this is a lovely perspective . i have always wondered two things : why did Moses veil his face ? and * why * did he strike the rock in stead of speaking ? these were two very significant things , that i think we can all learn from . though , i do think Moses veiled it for good reason , for Christ does the same , when he uses parables in the new testament . i believe that God ' s timing is everything . . . ( and , speaking in NT terms , only His Holy Spirit can reveal His glory ) and i believe Moses knew that as well . i also think he was honestly quite meek . he was excited about the law of the Lord , and in doing his work , but did not want to seem overwhelming . kinda like a butterfly . . . these very beautiful , intriguing and rather conspicuous creatures are yet made to be so gentle , graceful , quiet in their existence . perhaps Moses understood the importance of meekness , and humbling himself , so as not too seem too overwhelming to some , and also to protect his soul from stumbling . that may be a long shot , but this story intrigues me to no end ! big love . tehra 2 : 43 PM Chris Sanford Moses struck the rock because God told him to - see Exodus 17 : 6 . BTW , Moses staff that he struck the rock with represents his faith . It was something he always had with him and leaned upon . It also overcame all opposition when it arose and was the thing most often used to bring the plagues upon Egypt . It is our faith that pulls God ' s promises from Him and makes them ours . I read with interest your study of the veil over Moses ' face . I have read several commentaries online that have come to similar conclusions . I apologize , this is pretty long , but I think there is more to this . God does n ' t want His disciples ( us ) to just learn ( ie . accumulate knowledge ) from His word , He wants us to be transformed by it in order to become like Him - actually one with Him - and there ' s so much more we can talk about THIS subject . So my question is how am I transformed by understanding that Moses covered his face because he wanted to hide the fading glory ( of the OT ? ) I ' m not , so therefore I find it of little value . But scripture talks more about veils and understanding how these passages relate to us CAN be transforming . Rebekah ( Gen 24 : 65 ) put a veil over herself ( face ? ) after spotting Isaac ( her future husband ) in the field , Tamar also ( Gen 38 : 14 ) just before having relations with Jacob . These were two women , one a virgin about to be married and another a widower who had not been accorded her full rights . In the NT Paul discourages the use of a head covering ( 1 Cor 11 : 4&5 ) for men when praying to the Lord and encourages the wearing of one for women ? Why ? Because women represent the church ( bride of Christ ) and men represent Christ ( the bridegroom ) and they are not yet married . The veil reflects that separation . The veil , or covering , in Moses ' tabernacle that separated the holy place from the most holy place is also called a separatrix ( Strong ' s translation . ) I So what separates them ? Heb 10 : 20 tells us this veil refers to the flesh of our Lord . Whenever I heard the word " flesh " in a sermon , I always envisioned meat displayed in a butcher ' s window but it more accurately refers to the way we think and , correspondingly , act . Reading Is . 55 is very revealing on this subject as He likens the difference between His way of thinking and ours as the difference between heaven and earth . Is n ' t that telling ? It ' s I believe this veil refers to our " flesh " that prior to our conversion prevented us from even seeing the kingdom of God . It is the woven tapestry of our life - traditions of men , fallen ways , fallen thoughts , peer pressures , what the " kosmos " world system of family , experience , education , TV , radio , newspapers , magazines , internet has taught us , our fears , phobias and vices , sin , ambitions , etc . and it separates us from Him - because it ' s of us He ' s looking for fruit - His fruit , His nature - in us and by His death on the cross and His new life in us He has broken the power of this fleshly way of thinking that always prevented us from walking through - right now into the holy of holies . So what is the holy of holies ? It represents God ' s dwelling place - where He resides , His habitation or whatever you like to call it . And what does scripture call those places where He resides ? The most holy place is one , clouds another , heaven another and our hearts ( or spirit ) another . So does God live in more than one place ? No , but all these places are , I believe , are synonymous in a spiritual way . He dwells in heaven , but He also dwells in For many years I had a very wrong concept about heaven . We ' ve been taught it ' s a place we go to when we die - if we ' ve been saved beforehand - a destination as it were . While I think that ' s not necessarily wrong , there is much more . If what I ' ve said above is truth and it is supported by scripture ( where your treasure is there shall your heart ( motives ) be also . Lay not up for yourselves treasure on earth where moth . . It looks to me like the marriage supper of the Lamb , the oneness Jesus talks about in John , walking through the veil , meeting Jesus in the air , coming into heaven ( His presence ) could all be one and the same thing or at least STAGES of the same thing . After all what is marriage except two becoming one ? And what is heaven except the place where He dwells , and where does He dwell - in my heart , or spirit . This is quite a motivating reason to leave my fleshly ways I see the flesh as being the thing that prevent me from ascending heavenward . As a balloonist jettisons ballast to get airborne , so must we reject all this world ( kosmos ) offers in order to grab hold of the heavenly . One depends on the other - and in this we can see that the law is good . So how do I fulfill the veil requirements and walk through the veil to His presence and become one with Him ? By faith and asking Him to transform me from fleshly thinking to heavenly thinking . And how does this come about ? First our faith enables us to be in heavenly places with Christ Jesus . It ' s a done deal , but - we still have to " take " the promised land . Israel were given the land , but there were still battles to be fought even though the land was God ' s We ' re told we do n ' t have because we do n ' t ask . So we must ask when we see our lives do n ' t line up with scripture or God ' s requirements for us . Rev 19 : 7 says " the bride hath made herself ready " . But I do n ' t see many making themselves ready - many are sitting around waiting to be " raptured " - and yet Ps 110 : 1 tells us He ' s sitting at the right hand of the Father waiting Sadly , I think the problem is today ' s " church " has adopted the spirit of the ten spies sent into the promised land who said " tomorrow , tomorrow , not today " . Joshua and Caleb were today people or NOW people . Guess what - so is God . In fact I have been dwelling on an interesting comment a friend said the other day - what if eternity were NOW . When you stop and think on this it makes much sense , NOW has no past and it has no tomorrow - just 2000 years ago a godly seed was planted in the ground and died and now a crop ( like Him ) must spring up . New Jerusalem " descends " from heaven . His people must be in heaven first in order for this to happen . He ' s coming in the " clouds " . If a people are in " heaven " they have already become as clouds . They ' re in high places , they are not affected by the pull of the earth ' s gravity having " evaporated " from this earth and I believe the veil is that which separates us from the fullness of God . Death does bring us into His presence - Paul said to be out of the body is to be in the presence of the Lord - but at the same time we know that we die daily , to take up our cross daily , to put everything on the altar where the fire of God will burn it up . Is there a difference ? Maybe , but I think heaven is attainable in this life , I believe it ' s His will 9 : 13 PM Moses had the veil because he was living by the law . This pertains to the believing people , not necessarily unsaved . The only way to unveil is to live by faith in Jesus Christ . God made a way for us to live fully by the Grace of Jesus . We can only have favour in the Lord by placing our entire life in the hands of The Lord . We must have faith to do so . Only then can we take our own veil off so our eyes are not blinded . Anyone who lives by 7 : 44 PM The reading of Exodus 34 : 33 found in the King James Bible says - " And TILL Moses had done speaking with them , he put a vail on his face " , and the NKJV , NASB , NIV , ESV reading says - " And WHEN Moses had finished speaking with them , he put a veil on his face " . We read in the King James Bible , Exodus 34 : 33 - 35 : " And TILL Moses had done speaking with them , he put a vail on his face . But WHEN Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him , HE TOOK THE VAIL OFF , UNTIL he came out . And he came out , and spake unto the children of Israel that which he was commanded . And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses , that the skin of Moses ' face shone : and Moses PUT THE VAIL Aaron and the children of Israel were so alarmed at the brightness , that " they were afraid to come nigh him , " . . . so that the meaning is , when He knew the cause of their alarm , He left off speaking , and covered his face with a vail ; . . .It seems , however , in my opinion , to be perfectly consistent that Moses , after he saw them departing in consternation , ceased from speaking , because they did not listen to him , and , when he discovered the reason " Concerning the shining of Moses ' s face observe here , [ 1 . ] Moses was not aware of it himself : He wist not that the skin of his face shone , v . 29 . [ 2 . ] Aaron and the children of Israel saw it , and were afraid , v . 30 . It not only dazzled their eyes , but struck such an awe upon them as obliged them to retire . [ 3 . ] Moses put a veil upon his face , when he perceived that it shone , v 2 : 57 AM Shweta Wadhwa I had been asking many people for explanation on this passage , your ' s is very satisfactory , god bless you 12 : 29 PM larry I have not really thought much about the veiling of moses face previously but what you shared is most interesting , thank you for shedding some light on this . 7 : 11 PM to the lady who posted this comment for the most part you were right in somethings you said but your confused in others and you may be confusing others who knows no better when you said that the the law fades away ; never does the law fade not even alittle it will always be sin to commit any of the commandments dear , there the Laws of God are unchangeable even as the one who gave them on the mountain of the Lord ; but what the new testament says it that because we believe in the blood of and by the way everything that happened in the old testament is to give more light and to be as a sign or attribute to what happened in the new testament 12 : 37 PM Tehra , I wish I could email you directly . Here ' s a quick explanation about the question you had : Moses was supposed to ask the rock for water , but he struck it instead . It was this disobedience that prevented him from being allowed into the promised land . This you know . . . Okay . This episode really happened then . It happened when Christ was here , and it happens in our own lives . All Moses had to do was ask the rock for water , but instead , he struck it . God would have provided water for them if he had just asked . But instead , in anger , he struck the rock . Years later , the decendents of the same people , at the end of a 400 year absence from God , were very spiritually thirsty . God sent his Son , the Rock , and told the people if they would just ask , he would give them Living Water , that would continually satisfy their thirst , and spring up into eternal life . Instead of asking , the people struck the rock , ( They crucified Jesus ) , just like Moses , and they too were prevented from entering into the promised land . This plays out in our own lives too if you think about it . All we have to do is ask for water when we thirst , but instead we turn to things of the world to satisfy our thirst and we strike the rock . Okay , here ' s the best way to sum it all up . Moses could not enter the promised land anyway , period . Moses represents the law and the law is dead to those dwelling in the promised land . . . if you are living by the long you are not living in God ' s Kingdom ( promised land ) , because we ( the just ) live by faith . When Israel , ( Believers ) enter into the Promised land , ( God ' s Kingdom ) we leave Moses behind , and trust in Joshua , ( Jesus ) to lead us . We ' ve learned how to walk by faith by following Moses , ( The Law ) and then cross the Jordan river by a leap of faith , and then start claiming our land , our promises , overcoming our battles . . .by faith ! ! We can possess the land , but not by the law , but by faith . Sorry if I dumbed it down too much , or did n ' t explain it well enough . I ' m at work and this is the quickie version ! ! Email me if you have questions or comments . baneyw @ yahoo . com Love , william 6 : 26 PM Martin50 I do n ' t see any direct authority in the Exodus or other OT passages for saying that the glory of Moses ' face was a fading glory . Should n ' t we understand the passage to say that M at first did not know that his face was shining ( so could not have planned to conceal its fading ) , but insisted on speaking to the people because the message was so important . Later he became aware of his condition but from time to time let people see it because it showed his divinely given It ' s a very hostile interpretation to say that he in effect wanted to conceal the fact that God had not made the glory permanent . Paul ' s comments on M in IICor . 3 are indeed remarkably negative and I think that your interpretation is interesting and radical because it suggests that he gets to the point of hinting that Moses was a worryingly flawed figure , concealing something very important about his relationship with God . But this can be no more than a hint . It ' s not really in Paul ' s plain words . Paul ' s repeated word ' atenisai ' , ' look steadily ' , is not as far as I can see in the Greek OT that he was presumably reading . That the problem was with a steady gaze at the intense shining of M ' s face - rather than simply with fear at a sign of such closeness to God - is Paul ' s interpretation . I do n ' t really see how it would have made direct sense for him to say that it was the fading of the brightness , rather than its Paul is certainly saying that it ' s only Christian enlightenment that endures . 2 : 16 PM The whole world is still deceived . The ancient Israelites did not have God ' s holy spirit , any more than do most professing Christians today ( except for the very elect of God ' s one true church ) who unwittingly continue to worship the god of this world . 12 : 12 PM you said " . . .I grew up reading and memorizing the KJV and only in the last few years have been exposed to the NAS and the ESV . I occasionally find verses that I have understood wrongly because of awkward wording or words that now have different meanings . This also happens because I have read passages lightly but never studied them . " Why do you think the ESV and NAS are better ? You have no idea how corrupt these new tranlations are . They not only updated the language , often making it more complicated and hard to understand , but they took the deity of Jesus away . KJV is the ONLY version of the English Bible that was preserved . All the new translations are based on some modified greek manuscripts manufactured by freemasons like Wescott and Hort . Or one of the individuals that were on the NIV commission was a lesbian . That is why NIV never 5 : 00 PM Tommy Mitsugo There was a recent article about how researchers have discovered that our bodies all give off very faint light , especially from our faces . I thought it was very interesting . My post the link to the article ; http : / / mormonmystery . blogspot . com / 2009 / 07 / beings - of - light . html 8 : 15 AM Al . Christine , I quite liked the " veiled Old Covenant " allusion ; the OT is unveiled through the NT , as per Augustine ' s fabled quote , while the NT is latent within the OT . The shining face seems to be a locus classicus regarding exquisite human figures and angelic beings . Have a look at the description of the angeli interpretes of 2 Enoch 1 : 5 , whose faces were " shining like the sun " ( in Charles ' translation ; Charlesworth provides a similar one ) . The shining face of the entity in visions seems to be an affirmation of its nature , words and deeds , through its proximity with God . 5 : 11 AM Enjoyed your analysis and all the other contributions - thanks . Small point - the quotation is from 2 Corinthians . Mike Bennett 4 : 34 PM Christine S Not sure if it ' s worth it to post this , if the person will even see this but . . . Hebrews 8 , 9 and 10 clearly talk about how the New Covenant makes the Old Covenant obsolete , and that the Old Covenant fades away . This refers to the glory of the new outshining the glory of the old 2 Cor 3 . It does not mean that if the Old Covenant fades away it is suddenly okay to murder or commit adultery etc . . . I wonder if Moses worried that if the sons of Isreal saw the fading glory that they might lose faith . It was in their nature ( as it is in ours ) to forget and turn away and worship false idols quickly . Gold calf for example . Thank you for this post , you help me to put into words the thoughts that I ' ve been struggling with and trying make tangible . 9 : 13 PM TheStar Moses glory needed to fade . It was for the sake of the people . If he remained in the glory of God and the people no longer believed him after seeing him in full glory they would have been blinded and perished . Jesus was revealed in full glory and when he was veiled / forsaken from God he was bold and took the just punishment . The people witnessed his death and resurection . Those who witnessed such if they believed not after seeing they would be blinded and not recieve the promise of God . Moses did 2 : 19 PM christiantruth1021 Response to Chris Sanford about " Moses struck the rock because God told him to - see Exodus 17 : 6 . " In Numbers 20 : 8 , the Lord told Moses , " Take the staff , and you and your brother Aaron gather the assembly together . Speak to that rock before their eyes and it will pour out its water . You will bring water out of the rock for the community so they and their livestock can drink . " Numbers 20 : 12 gives us the Lord ' s response , " But the LORD said to Moses and Aaron , " Because you did not trust in me enough to honor me as holy in the First , Moses disobeyed a direct command from God . God had commanded Moses to speak to the rock . Instead , Moses struck the rock with his staff . Second , Moses took the credit for bringing forth the water . Notice how in verse 10 Moses said , " must we ( referring to Moses and Aaron ) bring you water out of this rock . " Moses took credit for the miracle himself , instead of attributing it to God . Third , Moses did this in front of all the Israelites . Such a public example 12 : 27 PM Joshua Great thoughts . I think you will find this helpful in your understanding of the text . I did as I was studying it this week . www . sbts . edu / documents / tschreiner / review_Hafemann2Cor3 . pdf Peace to you . 5 : 34 PM really REALLY good stuff . I am very grateful to you for your take on this mysterious and oft - misunderstood story . It ' s gonna help us preach this passage a TON at our church . Sincerely , tim sutherland , teaching pastor community christian church naperville , illinois 10 : 10 AM John Here ' s a link to an " unspoken sermon " written by George MacDonald that really helped me to understand Moses ' thought and Paul ' s thought from 2 Cor . 3 . http : / / www . online - literature . com / george - macdonald / unspoken - sermons / 27 / C.S. Lewis said of MacDonald , that he was his " master " ( mentor ) and that he never wrote anything that was n ' t influenced by him . Your post reveals a desire to grow , from glory to glory . I think you ' ll find that MacDonald is able to help you go further along . I know he has helped me . I noticed that you like Jane Austen . If you like her novels you ' ll like MacDonald ' s too . Here ' s a website for more info on him : www . george - macdonald . com John Kermott Pastor First Baptist Church Sterling , IL 9 : 26 AM brian I think that Moses face veiled could be prophetic of the unknown dispensational time gap that was revealed to the apostle Paul ? The veil is the mystery . . .the fade of the age of law to the age of grace with Christ in you incorruptible seed that does not fade in glory 5 : 11 AM Bottom Fish I would like to make you a question that is not related with this topic . Can I ? 9 : 21 AM Part 1 Moses veiled his face in the same manner as the room in the Tabernacle / Temple , where the Ark of the Covenant later rested . .the Holy of Holies . The veil in the Temple was only removed during Yom Kippur , the Day of Atonement . . .thus revealing the Ark , which held not just the 10 Commandments , but the whole Law ( 613 ) . Moses removed his veil when revealing the Law of Yahweh to the people , and covered it back up afterwards . The most important part was left out of the II Corinthians 3 discussion , which clears up any confusion . The Law of Yahweh given by Moses consisted of 3 parts : Commandments , Statutes , and Ordinances ( Deut 30 : 15 , Malachi 4 : 4 ) You first have to know the context of Paul ' s writing here . He was talking specifically about the sacrificial ordinances of the Law . . .not the " entire " Law . If Paul were talking about the ' entire ' law , then he would contradict himself in Romans 7 : 23 ( Psalms 19 ) ! The sacrificial part of the Law ( and circumcision ) was in the ordinances that the Messiah did away with . Read Colossians 2 : 14 , " . . .blotted out the bonds written in ordinances ) . . .though here he was referring to the act of circumcision , being a grown man , after the eighth day , to atone for sins . . .see Acts 15 : 1 as a The Sacrificial ordinances ( in general ) stated to sacrifice an unblemished animal , spill the blood , and then your sins would be forgiven ( sounds like the Messiah , right ? ) This was the " ministration ( service ) of death " Paul was referring to in the passage . Those sacrificial ordinances ( including circumcision . . .Galatians 3 ) to forgive sin were replaced by the Messiah , as he was the final sacrifice for the forgiving of sins . THE REST OF THE LAW WAS LEFT UNCHANGED ! Does anyone think the Ten commandments and the other statutes lead to death ? Of course not ( see Deut 11 : 26 - 28 . . .NOT following them lead to death . Also , if they are done away with , how do we know when we sin ? . . .for " sin IS the transgression of the Law " - ( John 3 : 4 ) 9 : 21 AM Part 2 Belief in the Messiah Yahshua is just a tranformation of the sacrificial ordinances , not a new ordinance . There is no new ( as in brand new ) covenant . This is why the word " kainos " was used in II Corinthians 3 : 6 , instead of " neos " . English uses the word " new " for both words , though they mean two different things . The word " kaines ( Strongs 2537 ) means " new as in quality or freshness " . . .Having " faith " that the Messiah was the final sacrifice for our sins was / is of a better quality of ordinance than killing an animal for sin . Killing the animal never cleared one ' s conscience from feeling guilty , because a person could ( and would ) just commit a sin and say , " I ' ll just sacrifice an animal later , to atone for it " . This is why the Temple was destroyed The word used in the New Testament for " brand new " , as in time ( not quality ) is " neos " ( Strongs 3501 ) . This is the word all of Christianity thinks what is meant with regards to the " New " Covenant , but this is wrong , as it simply is n ' t written there , for a reason . NOW it makes sense how the Law ( sacrificial ordinances ) was " a ' tutor ' or ' schoolmaster ' to Yahshua , that we may be justified by faith " , as stated in Galatians 3 : 24 . The system was put there to get us used to the concept of something sinless , and not worthy of death , dying for " your " sins ! This is why Paul later says what he says in Romans 3 : 31 . . . " Do we then make the Law of no effect through faith ? BY NO MEANS : WE ESTABLISH THE LAW . In other words , you need faith that the Messiah Yahshua died for our sins , BUT ALSO keep the rest of the Law as well . LASTLY Revelation 14 : 12 tell us the same thing . The group of people who are considered Saints are those that " keep the commandments of Yahweh * * * AND * * * the faith of Yahshua . NOT ONE OR THE OTHER . We all know that the commandments are the LAW . We also know what the faith of the Messiah was , right ? Rev 12 : 17 tells us that Satan made war with the remnant ( very small amount ) . . .those that keep the commandments of Yahweh , * * * AND * * * hold the testimony of the Messiah Yahshua . Again . . .we all know that the commandments are the Law . we also know about the Messiah dying for our sins , right ? The confusion for Judaism is not believing in the Messiah Yahshua , and for Christianity for believing the " whole " Law has been done away with . The very small remnant of people who make it into the Kingdom of Heaven is those who do both . The scriptures " never " contradict itself . . .only our misunderstanding of them causes contradiction . contactus @ kahalyahweh . org 9 : 30 AM Very informative and clear . Thanks GOD bless you . 9 : 20 PM DavidB The Law does not fade away in the least " until heaven and earth pass away . " What needs to fade away is man ' s misconception of the Law . If a man thinks the Law is a vehicle to demonstrate his holiness and rightful inheritance in the presence of YHVH then he is fool . Both OT and NT concur , " by the works of the Law , no man will be justified . " On the other hand , if a man thinks the Law is a vehicle for God to demonstrate His holiness through 9 : 21 PM DavidB This comment has been removed by the author . 6 : 51 PM Hebrews 8 : 13 does say the old testament is made old through the new and is ready to vanish away 7 : 00 PM Thanks for your post . I almost had an uprising from some older KJV saints when I pointed the passage out to them in a few other translations . ( obsolete was the word they stumbled on ) 4 : 02 PM Unknown The KJV saints might just as well stumble over their own ' abolished ' , in II Cor 3 : 13 just as strong as word as ' obsolete ' . I see no reference at all to ceremonies rather than morality . We have Peter ' s authority for calling Paul a difficult writer but surely we should n ' t try to understand him by introducing a distinction which he never once mentions or even hints at , that between ceremony and morality . Since he calls on us in ICor 5 to keep the feast of Passover ( what other feast does he have in mind ? ) he does n ' t have any general objection to Jewish ceremonies . He never says that he thinks that He surely means that in moral matters we should consult Christian revelation plus common sense , not consult Moses ' Law , which is ' rendered inoperative ' . That is what he says , plain as a pikestaff , do n ' t you think ? That ' s why the inexcusable act is to sit in moral judgement ( Rom . 2 : 1 ) . I have n ' t checked many translations but I think KJV is misleading at the end of Rom . 3 , which emphasises the crucial distinction between law of works and law of faith , which turns out later also to be a law of love . KJV 31 has ' Do we make void THE law through faith ? God forbid : yea we establish THE law ' . There is no warrant for the ' Mosaic - sounding ' definite article . It ' s ' we establish law ' , meaning the new law of faith In Revelation I do n ' t see why Hebrew - style ' Yahweh ' and ' Yashua ' : it ' s ' God ' and ' Jesus ' and the law of God of which the author thinks is about Christian endurance , not Mosaic obedience . 7 : 48 AM Martin Hughes I did n ' t mean to be Unknown in posting the previous comment . While I was struggling with the requirement to prove I was n ' t a robot my name ( Martin Hughes , Wokingham UK ) disappeared . 10 : 42 AM Romy French WOW , awesome blog , please check out my blog as well , Ruach ha Kodesh , and feel free to leave comments . .Shalom and God bless you all . 10 : 46 AM Romy French WOW , awesome blog , please check out my blog as well , Ruach ha Kodesh , and feel free to leave comments . .Shalom and God bless you all . http : / / ruachhakodesh77 . blogspot . com / 10 : 51 AM I hope my last comment went through , awesome blog . Please feel free to check out my blog as well http : / / ruachhakodesh77 . blogspot . com / Shalom : ) 11 : 27 PM ms . jotling i ' ve been pondering on this lately . . . thanks for writing about your findings ! 11 : 28 PM ms . jotling This comment has been removed by the author . 11 : 52 AM Theresa Coburn Thank you for the information and perspective . I ' ve been writing about God breaking forth over the Israelites ( and us ) and came across your blog . Blessings to you . 1 : 27 AM Lagenda Not wishing to be impious or irreverent but I have often wondered if the shinning face of Moses after seeing God was in a fact a radiation burn from being exposed to the radiance of God . ' Just wondered . 3 : 26 PM Hello children of the one true living God , please pray that you will be accounted worthy to escape the hour of temptation that is going to come upon all the earth . And pray that you will also be accounted worthy to stand in the presence of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ , the Son of God . 9 : 42 AM Thanks , it ' s my devotion for tonight , am really confused but this helped : D 4 : 19 AM I have been able to ' see ' patches of light and colour since ' giving my life to Jesus ' in my early twenties . I was concerned as to whether this was ok , or whether it was dodgy ' auric ' divination given by Lucifer ( ' Light bringer ' ) , as in the past I had taken drugs and been spiritually nosy ! I have asked many Christians for prayer concerning this , and invariably got a non - commital smile and no opinion . The phenomenon of seeing light around certain people , or 5 : 54 AM Mokete Khanye 5 : 55 AM Mokete Khanye Thank you for this post , obviously I found it because I had the same question you yourself had . As I read some of the comments something cleared up for me . Exodus 34 : 29 - 30 states " when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the Two tablets of the Testimony in his hands , he was not aware that his face was radiant because he had spoken with the Lord . When Aaron and all the Isrealites saw Moses they were afraid to come near him . " this lead to think that perhaps Moses 8 : 36 AM Nicholas Williams Well said ! I ' ve been studying out the latter half of this comment for some time now ( mainly the idea of heaven as a place or something else ) and have seen similar things and come to similar conclusions ( obviously my studies are ongoing , as I ' m sure yours is as well ) . However , I would also just throw out there that the simple ( r ) understanding of this " veil " can be inspiring for change as well . As I ' ve also studied out , Moses was riddled Also , sorry for the errors and run - ons in my typing , you ' re a very good writer haha . 9 : 02 AM Cynia Criscuolo Thanks , Christine . This answered the question I was searching for . Blessings 8 : 49 PM Daniel Allen I would have to disagree with where this conversation is going . Moses veiled his face so the sons of Israel would not look intently at the fading of it , and the reason why is because after experiencing the true glory of God Moses knew the shining of his own face was n ' t it . Moses knew the futility of Israel ' s hearts . They were quick to worship things other than God and Moses ' face was no different . His heart was for them to experience the Glory of God ( Exo . 34 But here ' s the interesting thing : Moses ' shining was truly symbolic of the Law . He received both at the same time , and , indeed , as with his face , the Law would fade , being surpassed in the fulfillment of the Son ( 2 Cor . 3 : 10 - 11 ) . The Israelites ' minds were hardened ( 2 Cor . 3 : 14 ) , unable to understand that the face of Moses was subject to fading and was not the source of glory or worthy of worship . God sought a people of His own . He gave the Law to Israel as the incompleteness that was powerless to save ( Rom . 8 : 3 ) , subject to fading in light of the Glory to come , yet absolutely true . He gave to them part of the story but waited until the fullness of time to reveal the finish ( tetelestai ) . Jesus is the image of the invisible God ( Col . 1 : 15 ) and the radiance of the Glory of God ( Heb 1 : 3 ) , through whom the veil has been lifted and we look And what are we to do ? The whole point of this text was an exhortation to rise to boldness in our speech from this hope of surpassing Glory secured by Jesus . Bless you all , Daniel 3 : 02 AM David Baxter We also have to remember that YHWH uses patterns . Look at the similarities of Moses and Yeshua with the veil and presence of YHWH . YHWH showed himself to Moses and His Glory covered him and He then audibly declared Moses to be righteous and for all of Israel to listen to him for he will teach them His Law . Moses veiled himself because the presence of YHWH was on Him and it showed on his face . This was the beginning of the ministry of Moses leading YHWH ' s people to a whole new life for a future purpose . YHWHW showed himself to Yeshus in the form of a dove as Holy Spirit while He audibly declared Yeshua as the Messiah to the people . Now the veil which represented the presence of YHWH just like on Moses was eventually pulled back forever once Yeshua gave his life and the veil was torn in the temple . YHWH used Moses to begin the ministry to defeat sin by giving LAWS to obey so they would not sin and have life . disobedience to the Law was sin and sin equals death YHWH used Yeshua to continue and fulfill the ministry to defeat sin by renewing the Laws to put them on our hearts and mind through Holy Spirit . This would convict us not to sin so we would have eternal life . Yeshua ' s life , death and resurrection defeated sin and gave us a way for to have connection back with the YHWH again and the freedom was there to obey His commands without condemnation or death . I think this is where people get confused . We still have the same Laws but under new terms . It was a contract renewal . When Yeshua talks about Him fulfilling it does n ' t mean abolish . Look at Strongs Hebrew and Greek for both of those words . Fulfill & Abolish . Very different . Scripture never says abolish . He ' s still fulfilling them until when just like He said " When heaven and earth pass away " . As far as I know you and I are still here right along with earth so until we ' re gone baby we still obey His Laws . Now we ca n ' t do all of them because we do n ' t have a temple and a priesthood and also some are only meant for Priests , Men , Women , Children and etc . . . but we can do the ones that still apply . Look into the Feast of YHWH . you ' ll notice that all the fall feasts refer to what ' s still to come . Why would we not be celebrate something that has n ' t even happened yet . hmmm . Love , Dave 9 : 57 PM Junious Bell I think Moses may have vield his face . As a sign as to know one being able to enter into Gods ' glory without bieng a high priest . Thus Moses was a type of Priest . The Hebrews at his time were not and only for a moment allowed to to get a hint at Gods glory when he spoke to them . Remember when God spoke to all of isreal decending on mount siani . And the childrwn of isreal quaked and clamored . And were sore afraid . That they said ; " it is ebough 9 : 59 PM Junious Bell I think Moses may have vield his face . As a sign as to know one being able to enter into Gods ' glory without bieng a high priest . Thus Moses was a type of Priest . The Hebrews at his time were not and only for a moment allowed to to get a hint at Gods glory when he spoke to them . Remember when God spoke to all of isreal decending on mount siani . And the childrwn of isreal quaked and clamored . And were sore afraid . That they said ; " it is ebough 10 : 38 AM James Richardson If I may be a little contrary , nothing in the Exodus passage says that Moses glow faded . But for the sake of argument , let ' s say it did ( and it must have at some point when he died ) . You could interpret that as saying a human being fades , but the law ( Torah ) is eternal . The focus is on the law , not the messenger . I also think it a slippery slope to argue that the law is no longer with the Jewish people ( Paul never argues that 10 : 51 AM God had told Moses to strike the rock the first time . The ad one time they needed water God told him to speak to the rock . This is a picture of Christ even then . It shows that Christ would be struck and mocked once to save us from sin but after that we were to speak to Christ as Moses was to speak to the rock . God will not allow Jesus to be struck ( crucified ) again . Once was enough for all the sin of the whole world for all time . That ' Post a Comment < < Home	[ "Moses veil" ]
http://christinprophecy.org/articles/the-jews-in-prophecy/	The Jews in Prophecy The Jews in Prophecy Have they been cast aside , or are they destined for glory ? By Dr . David R . Reagan Few Biblical studies are as exciting as an examination of the Jews in prophecy , for the Jews are one of the key focal points of Bible prophecy . The Scriptures reveal the Jews as “ the apple of God ’ s eye ” Zechariah 2 : 8 ) . Their land is described as “ holy ” Zechariah 2 : 12 ) . Their city of Jerusalem is termed the “ center of the nations ” Ezekiel 5 : 5 ) . They are pictured as the wayward wife of God ( see Ezekiel 16 and the book of Hosea ) . And the Bible makes it clear that they will be the object of both God ’ s wrath ( Jeremiah 30 : 7 ) and His grace ( Zechariah 13 : 1 ) in the end times . The panorama of prophecy that relates to the Jews is breathtaking . It applies to the past , the present , and the future . It demonstrates God ’ s love and grace as nothing else does except the Cross itself . Paul was so overwhelmed by God ’ s patient determination to bring a remnant of the Jews to salvation that he cried out in ecstasy : “ Oh , the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God ! How unsearchable are His judgments and unfathomable His ways ! ” Romans 11 : 33 ) . Let ’ s take a look at the incredible prophecies that pertain to the Jewish people , and let ’ s begin with the prophecies that have already been fulfilled . Fulfilled Prophecies 1 ) Dispersion — The Jews were warned repeatedly that they would be dispersed worldwide if they were not faithful to their covenant with God . Consider the words of Moses : “ The Lord will scatter you among all peoples , from one end of the earth to the other … ” Deuteronomy 28 : 64 ; see also Leviticus 26 : 33 ) . 2 ) Persecution — The Lord also warned the Jews that they would be persecuted wherever they went . Again , the words of Moses are graphic in this regard : “ And among those nations you shall find no rest , and there shall be no resting place for the sole of your foot ; but there the Lord will give you a trembling heart , failing of eyes , and despair of soul ” Deuteronomy 28 : 65 3 ) Desolation — God promised that after their dispersion , their land would become “ desolate ” and their cities would become “ waste ” Leviticus 26 : 33 ) . Moses put it more graphically when he said , “ the foreigner who comes from a distant land … will say , ‘ All its land is brimstone and salt , a burning waste , unsown and unproductive , and no grass grows in it ' ” Deuteronomy 29 : 22 - 23 4 ) Preservation — But God in His marvelous grace promised He would preserve the Jews as a separate people during their worldwide wanderings . ( See Isaiah 66 : 22 Jeremiah 30 : 11 31 : 35 - 37 . ) Isaiah puts it in a colorful way . He says the Lord could no more forget Israel than a mother could forget her nursing child ( Isaiah 49 : 15 ) . He then adds that God can not forget Israel because He has them tattooed on the palms of His hands ! ( Isaiah 49 : 16 God has fulfilled all four of these prophecies during the past 2,000 years . In 70 A.D. the Romans destroyed the city of Jerusalem and took the Jewish nation into captivity , desolating the land and scattering the Jewish people across the face of the earth . As prophesied , everywhere they went they were persecuted , with their persecution culminating in the Nazi Holocaust of World War II . But God also preserved the Jews , and the fulfillment of this prophecy has been one of the most remarkable miracles of history . No other people have ever been so dispersed and yet been able to retain their identity as a nation . Current Prophecies We are privileged to live in an age when God is fulfilling many promises to the Jews . What a testimony this is to the fact that God is alive and well , that God is on His throne and in control , and that God is faithful to His promises . 1 ) Regathering — The Old Testament prophets promise repeatedly that the day will come when God will regather the Jews to Palestine ( see Isaiah 11 : 10 - 12 and Ezekiel 36 : 22 - 28 ) . This remarkable regathering of the Jews from the four corners of the earth has occurred in our life time . World War I prepared the land for the people as the control of Palestine was transferred from a nation that hated the Jews ( the Turks ) to a nation that was sympathetic to their return ( Britain ) . The Holocaust of World War II prepared the people for the land by motivating them to return . 2 ) Nationhood — The prophets stated that when the people were regathered , the nation of Israel would be re - established . This occurred on May 14 , 1948 ( see Isaiah 66 : 7 - 8 Zechariah 12 : 3 - 6 ) . This is the cornerstone prophetic event of our age . It is an event that prophetic scholars have pointed to for 400 years amid much scoffing and ridicule by those who did not believe that Israel would ever exist again as a nation . 3 ) Reclamation — God promised that with the re - establishment of the nation , the land would bloom again ( Isaiah 35 : 1 - 7 Joel 2 : 21 - 26 ) . As Ezekiel put it , people would one day exclaim : “ This desolate land has become like the garden of Eden ! ” Ezekiel 36 : 35 ) . And that is exactly what people exclaim today when they visit Israel , for it is once again a land of milk and honey . Over 300 million trees have been planted in this century . Rainfall has increased 450 percent . The former malaria infested swamps have been converted into cultivated land . Water from the Sea of Galilee has been channeled to the deserts , causing them to bloom . 4 ) Language — When the Jews were scattered worldwide in the first century , they ceased speaking the Hebrew language . The Jews who settled in Europe developed a language called Yiddish ( a combination of Hebrew and German ) . The Jews in the Mediterranean basin mixed Hebrew with Spanish to produce a language called Ladino . The prophet Zephaniah implied a time would come when the Hebrew language would be revived ( Zephaniah 3 : 9 ) . It has been . Today the Israelis speak Biblical Hebrew . It is the only example in history of the resurrection of a dead language . The man God used to revive the language was Eliezer Ben Yehuda ( 1858 - 1922 ) . 5 ) Jerusalem — Jesus said that one of the surest signs of His imminent return would be the re - occupation of Jerusalem by the Jews ( Luke 21 : 24 ) . This occurred during the Six Day War in June 1967 . 6 ) Military Strength — Zechariah prophesied that when the Jews were re - established in the land , their military strength would be overwhelming — like “ a flaming torch among sheaves ” — and that they would “ consume ” all the peoples around them ( Zechariah 12 : 6 ) . Need anything be said about the fulfillment of this prophecy ? 7 ) Focal Point — Israel is always pictured as the focal point of world politics in the end times ( Zechariah 12 : 3 14 : 1 - 9 ) . This has been true since the Arab oil boycott in 1973 . The West suddenly realized its dependence on Arab oil and began to line up behind the Arab obsession to annihilate Israel . Future Prophecies 1 ) Tribulation — God will put the Jewish people through an unparalleled period of tribulation ( Deuteronomy 4 : 30 ) , during which two - thirds of the Jews will perish ( Zechariah 13 : 8 - 9 ) . The purpose will be to soften the hearts of a remnant so that they will accept Jesus as their Messiah . 2 ) Salvation — A remnant of the Jews will “ look upon Him whom they have pierced ” and will accept Him as Lord and Savior ( Zechariah 12 : 10 Romans 11 : 1 - 6 25 - 29 3 ) Primacy — God will then regather all the believing Jews to Israel where they will be established as the prime nation in the world during the millennial reign of Jesus . ( See Deuteronomy 28 : 1 13 2 Samuel 7 : 9 ; Isaiah 60 - 62 Micah 4 : 1 - 7 . ) God ’ s Infinite Love God set the Jews aside and put them under discipline because of their disobedience , but He did not cut them off from His grace . He intends to bring His wayward wife home : “ For the sons of Israel will remain for many days without king or prince … Afterward , the sons of Israel will return and seek the Lord their God … and they will come trembling to the Lord and to His goodness in the last days . ” Hosea 3 : 4 - 5 The lovingkindness and faithfulness of God in keeping His promises to the Jewish people should be a source of encouragement to all Christians . As we watch God fulfill promises which He made to the Jewish people thousands of years ago , we can be absolutely certain that He will be faithful to fulfill all the promises He has made to the Church . God ’ s Amazing Grace The first time my wife heard me preach about the Jews in prophecy , she came to me and said , “ When you talk about how much God loves the Jews , you make me want to be one . ” I responded by saying , “ No , Honey , you do n ’ t want to be a Jew because if you were , you would most likely have a veil over your heart and would refuse to believe in Jesus as your Messiah ” ( 2 Corinthians 3 : 12 - 18 I then stressed something to her that I hope you will never forget . I pointed out that everything God is doing for the Jews He is willing to do for you and me . They are witnesses of His amazing grace . And that same grace is available to all of us , whether we be Gentiles or Jews . The Dispersion of the Jews Messianic Judaism The Regathering of the Jewish People	[ "Jews", "the apple of God ’s eye" ]
http://christintheclassroom.org/vol_17/17cc_213-229.htm	Institute for Christian Teaching Education Department of Seventh - day Adventist THE BOOK OF ECCLESIASTES : PARADIGM FOR A CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW by Orlando Moncrieffe Department of Theology Caribbean Union College Maracas , St . Joseph , Trinidad Prepared for the 18 th International Faith and Learning Seminar held at West Indies College Mandeville , Jamaica , June 16 - 27 , 1996 262 - 96 Institute for Christian Teaching 12501 Old Columbia Pike Silver Spring , MD 20904 USA INTRODUCTION The Adventist educator of the nineties functions in an academic and social environment , which the secular worldview predominates . Our students constantly bombard through the entertainment industry and other avenues by the misguided priorities of the secular mindset which places prosperity above principle , success above service , pleasure above piety , and human potential and plans over divine power and providence . The Book of Ecclesiastes is a valuable tool with which to counteract these influences because it so effectively exposes the emptiness of a lifestyle based on a secular worldview . The purpose of this paper is to present the world view of Ecclesiastes , show that it counteracts the secular world view , and offer some suggestions on how the Book may be used in leading students to adopt and retain a Christian world view . Two approaches are recommended - - the philosophical / theological and the practical / personal . Worldview Concept The term worldview has become very popular in the vocabulary of most disciplines . It has been defined as " a set of presuppositions ( assumptions which may be true , partially true , or entirely false ) which we hold ( consciously or subconsciously , consistently or inconsistently ) about the makeup of our world . " [ 1 ] " a set of beliefs about the most important issues of life , " [ 2 ] " a comprehensive view of existence , " [ 3 ] " a perspectival construct about the makeup of life as it struggles with the questions of reality , truth , ethics , and history , " [ 4 ] a " fundamental framework through which we view life and the world , " [ 5 ] " the structure by means of which you integrate and interpret all of experience . . . your set of presuppositions about the world . " [ 6 ] A worldview however , is not just a theoretical construct , but also a perspectival framework which impacts upon one ' s whole approach to life . It is not merely a vision of life but a vision for life , providing a model of the world , which guides its adherents in the world [ 7 ] " It forms the basis of our beliefs , determines our values , and guides our conduct , " [ 8 ] conditioning " the entire range of thought and action , " [ 9 ] providing " a point of departure , a sense of direction , a focus of destination , " [ 10 ] maintaining the unity and coherence of life , [ 11 ] and giving meaning and direction to all activities and events . [ 12 ] The secular worldview , which has dominated western civilization , has taken many forms such as realism , existentialism , humanism , naturalism , materialism , empiricism , scientism , secularism , atheism , and rationalism . However , the worldview which is described as secular humanism encompasses the essential elements of all these and may be considered the matrix from which they have emerged . The term humanism , first used in the 17 th century , was coined to " differentiate the study of things using human authorities from the study of the same things theologically . " [ 13 ] This substitution of human authority for divine authority is the foundation of the humanistic outlook on life , making secular humanism the embodiment of the secular worldview and the antithesis of the Christian worldview . The three principal characteristics of secular humanism are pleasure , reason , and freedom . [ 14 ] Weiss further notes that the centrality of pleasure - seeking is conveyed by the expression " rejoice in the present life ; all else beyond thee , " and that human reason is exalted to a level which ascribes limitless potential to human intelligence and to mankind ' s capability to accomplish whatever is desired . [ 15 ] Freedom is at the center of secular humanism , the notion being that human beings are " legislators and judges of their own conduct , responsible to no one else , " having their destiny in their own hands . [ 16 ] This assertion of complete freedom involves the denial of the reality of any transcendent , superior Being , and the rejection of the idea that there are moral absolutes . [ 17 ] The approach , format , and content of the Book of Ecclesiastes make it not only an excellent paradigm for the Christian worldview , but an effective polemic against secular humanism . If philosophy is defined as the investigation of the principles underlying reality , as mankind ' s quest for truth , then Ecclesiastes is a book of philosophy . [ 18 ] Outrightly rejecting secular humanism [ 19 ] it presents a God - centered worldview , [ 20 ] and provides a sound philosophy of life , of the purpose of human existence , and of mankind ' s duty and destiny . [ 21 ] Since it portrays and recommends this God - centered perspective on life against the background of personal experience , it is necessary to address the question of authorship , with a view to establishing the historicity of the experiences described in the presentation of its worldview . Authorship and Tone of Ecclesiastes The Hebrew title for the Book is Qoheleth , which probably refers to the ' convener ' of a meeting , or the " speaker " or " preacher " at such an assembly . [ 22 ] The identity of the author , the Preacher , is not given . He is described only as " son of David , King in Jerusalem " ( 1 : 1 ) . From ancient times Solomon has been considered the author of Ecclesiastes described in this verse , but there are those who deny Solomonic authorship for various reasons . [ 23 ] Gleason L . Archer presents a cogent and persuasive argument for ascribing the Book to Solomon : The author of this work identifies himself as the son of David , king in Jerusalem . While he does not specify that his name is Solomon , it is fair to assume that the direct successor of David is meant rather than some later descendant . This assumption is confirmed by numerous internal evidences , such as the references to his unrivaled wisdom ( 1 : 16 ) his unequaled wealth ( 2 : 8 ) , his tremendous retinue of servants ( 2 : 7 ) , his opportunities for carnal pleasure ( 2 : 3 ) , [ 24 ] In addition to the points made by Archer , the ascription of many proverbs to the Preacher ( 12 : 9 ) , also lends credence to authorship by Solomon who wrote three thousand proverbs ( 1 Kings 4 : 32 ) . Ellen White states categorically that Solomon wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes in his old age , [ 25 ] having returned to God after many years of atheistic doubt and complete apostasy . [ 26 ] It was upon this experience that Solomon drew , under divine inspiration , [ 27 ] in outlining the elements of his worldview . Solomon ' s reference to his own personal experience in the futile quest for happiness , his conclusion that all such human effort is vain has led some to regard him ( or whomever they consider the author ) as having a negative view of life , seeing things in the worst possible light , and holding out no hope for human happiness . His use of the Hebrew word helel ( vanity ) thirty - nine times to describe a wide range of human activities has been pointed to in substantiating this claim . The basic meaning helel is " breath " or " vapor " but as used in Ecclesiastes it connotes that which is transitory and unsubstantial , [ 28 ] inconsequential and futile , [ 29 ] profitless , [ 30 ] meaningless . [ 31 ] The author has been described as gloomy , [ 32 ] melancholy , [ 33 ] despairing , [ 34 ] boldly skeptical and gently cynical , [ 35 ] fatalistic , [ 36 ] nihilistic , [ 37 ] extremely pessimistic . [ 38 ] a neurotic " pathological doubter " suffering from a " psychic disturbance , " [ 39 ] and as one who " concludes that everything ( bright or shadowed ) is only a vapor blown down the corridors of time ; and being only a vapor himself it does not too bitterly disturb him . " [ 40 ] W.J. Deane asserts , however , that such a conclusion can only be arrived at when these negative expressions are considered apart from their context and the place they occupy in the overall presentation . Consequently , when the treaties is viewed in its totality , rather than evaluated by isolated passages , the charge of pessimism falls to the ground . He further states concerning the author ' s outlook : He believes in the moral government of the universe ; he acknowledges the reality of sin ; he looks to a life beyond the grave . He would not paralyze exertion and hold back from work ; he recommends diligence in one ' s own duties , beneficence towards others ; he leads men to expect happiness in the path on which God ' s providence leads them . There is no real hopelessness , no cynical despair , in his utterances taken as a whole . [ 41 ] Far from pessimistic in tone , the book of Ecclesiastes includes a call to joy . Set within the description of the futility of purely human endeavor is numerous references to joy and commands to enjoy lie as a gift from God . The Hebrew root mh ( " gladness " , " mirth , " " pleasure " , " be glad , " " rejoice " ) occurs seventeen times ( cf . 2 : 24 , 26 ; 3 : 12 , 13 , 22 ; 5 : 18 - 20 ; 8 : 15 ; 9 : 7 , 9 ; 11 : 8 , 9 ) . R.N. Whybray identifies seven pessimistic sections in Ecclesiastes [ 42 ] and notes that towards the end of each section there is a call to rejoice [ 43 ] , a call that constitutes the solution to the problem . [ 44 ] Gordis avers that in Ecclesiastes " joy is God ' s categorical imperative for man . " [ 45 ] Further testimony to the strong element of joy in the tone of Ecclesiastes is the fact that it is read in the synagogue at the Festival of Tabernacles , the most joyous of the Israelite festivals ( cf . Deut 16 : 14 , 15 ) . [ 46 ] The comments of Rabbinic authorities on this is enlightening . Isaac Tirna states , " The reason seems to me to be that Sukkoth ( Festival of Tabernacles ) is the season of our rejoicing and the book of Koheleth praises joy . " [ 47 ] Magen Abraham expresses a similar view : " And on Sukkoth , Koheleth is read , because they are days of joy . " [ 48 ] Worldview of Ecclesiastes Arthur F . Holmes defines worldview in terms of four needs , one of which is " the need to define the good life and find hope and meaning in life . " [ 49 ] That this is the primary focus in the worldview of Ecclesiastes is quite evident from its theme and content . It presents two opposite life - views , two contrasting approaches to finding meaning in life . One is based solely on human devising and endeavors , limited to the finite confines of the dwelling - place of man , " under heaven " ( 1 : 13 ) , " under the sun " ( an expression which occurs twenty - nine times ) , while the other is rooted in the fear of God ( 3 : 14 [ 50 ] , high - lighting the futility of an earthbound life - view and the joyous vitality of a relationship with God . [ 51 ] Jensen proposes an outline of Ecclesiastes , which demonstrates the relationship between the two worldviews . [ 52 ] He identifies four sermons , each of which expounds on two themes – futility ( vanity ) and hope . They first show the hopelessness of the earthbound ( " under the sun " ) outlook , then the hope found in a relationship with God who dwells in heaven . This is followed by a conclusion , which consists of the fear of God and submissive obedience to Him ( 12 : 2 - 14 ) . [ 53 ] The outline is as follows : I . Premise – All is Futility ( 1 : 1 - 11 ) II . Bring God into the Picture ( 1 : 12 - 3 : 15 ) A . Futility ( 1 : 12 - 2 : 23 ) B . Purpose with God ( 2 : 24 - 3 : 15 ) III . God is in Heaven ( 3 : 16 - 5 : 20 ) A . Futility ( 3 : 16 - 4 : 16 ) B . Worship of God ( 5 : 1 - 7 ) C . Futility ( 5 : 8 - 17 ) D . Gifts from God ( 5 : 18 - 20 ) IV . Who knows what is Good ? ( 6 : 1 - 8 : 13 ) Futility ( 6 : 1 - 12 ) Knowledge of God ( 7 : 1 - 14 - 8 : 13 ) V . Remember Now Thy Creator ( 8 : 14 - 12 : 7 ) Futility ( 8 : 4 - 9 : 18 ) Remembrance of God ( 10 : 1 - 12 : 7 ) VI . The Conclusion of the Whole Matter ( 12 : 8 - 14 ) Futility – Premise Restated ( 12 : 8 ) Source of Solution – Ministry of God ' s Word ( 12 : 9 - 11 ) C . Concluding Solution – Fear of God ( 12 : 13 , 14 ) From this intricate interweaving of the two contrasting life - views the God - centered worldview of Ecclesiastes emerges . The centrality of God in this worldview is reflected in the fact that the world God ( mainly elohim ) occurs forty times , a more frequent usage than " vanity " ( ) , which appears thirty - nine times . The Book affirms that only an outlook that recognizes that God is present , good , and generous makes life coherent and fulfilling . [ 54 ] Young asserts that the grand theme of the Book is that life in all its many aspects is completely without meaning apart from God who , as the ultimate standard for every facet of life , is the only one who can give meaning to life . [ 55 ] Jensen states that the purpose of the Book is to show the futility of pursuing materialistic goals as ends in themselves and to point to God as the source of all that is truly good . [ 56 ] The worldview of Ecclesiastes stands in sharp contrast to that of secular humanism with its claim of human self - sufficiency and its tendency to absolutize human reason . In presenting this God - centered view of life Ecclesiastes discloses the " hopelessness and untenability of the secularist concept of life , " [ 57 ] driving the reader not to self but to God , [ 58 ] reminding us of the finitude of our wisdom ( 3 : 11 ; 8 : 17 ; 11 : 5 ) and the creatureliness of our existence ( 7 : 29 : 12 : 1 ) . Archer notes these and other dimensions of the worldview of Ecclesiastes : The purpose of Ecclesiastes was to convince men of the uselessness of any worldview , which does not rise above the horizon of man himself . It pronounces the verdict of " vanity of vanities " upon any philosophy of life , which regards the created world or human enjoyment as an end in itself . To view personal happiness as the highest good in life is sheer folly in view of the preeminent value of God Himself as over against His created universe . Nor can pursuing after it , since such a pursuit involves the foolishness of self [ 59 ] In addition to the evidence provided by its overall theme , the world view of Ecclesiastes can also be recognized in the answers it gives to four basic questions posed by Walsh and Middleton as the basis for establishing a world view - - Who am I ? Where am I ? What ' s wrong ? What is the remedy ? [ 60 ] Ecclesiastes gives clear , pointed , answers which constitute its worldview . Who am I ? Mankind is created by God ( 12 : 1 , 7 : 29 ) who has created all things ( 11 : 5 ) . God is transcendent , " higher than the highest " ( 5 : 8 ) . He is in heaven ; human beings are on earth ( 5 : 2 ) . He observes human activity , including oppression and injustice ( 5 : 8 ) , and is the Judge who will ultimately pass judgment upon all ( 3 : 17 : 11 : 9 ; 12 : 14 ) . The attitude of In contrast to God ' s eternal sovereignty , man is finite , beset by many limitations . His intellectual power ( wisdom ) is limited . Human wisdom has its place and its exercise is profitable ( 2 : 13 ; 8 : 16 ) , but there are aspects of reality which human wisdom can not comprehend ( 3 : 11 ; 8 : 17 ; 11 : 5 ) . Man ' s knowledge , as a tool to help him understand the meaning of life and the purpose of God as reflected in the world is [ 61 ] Walther Eichrodt elaborates on this : This dethronement of self - proud wisdom is also that which Koheleth seeks to accomplish when he acknowledges wisdom , limited as it is , to be of great value , but , at the same time , through his reflection of the creative power of God , lays bare the fruitlessness - - the ' vanity ' - - of wisdom in regard to the ultimate questions . " [ 62 ] The finitude of human wisdom is particularly evident when seen against the background of divine omniscience . God knows the past ( 3 : 15 ) while humanity forgets much of it ( 1 : 11 ; 2 : 16 ; 9 : 5 , 15 ) . God knows the future ( 6 : 10 ) but mankind can not predict much concerning it ( 3 : 22 ; 6 : 12 ; 8 : 7 ; 10 : 14 ; 11 : 2 , 6 ) . This gap between divine omniscience and finite human wisdom makes it Deane draws attention to this : Koheleth professes man ' s inability to understand God ' s doing , and the uselessness of wisdom in satisfying human aspirations . He does not affirm that man can know nothing . . .he asserts that human reason can not fathom the depth of God ' s designs . Reason can receive facts , and compare and arrange and argue from them ; but it can not explain everything ; it has limits , which it can not pass ; perfect intellectual satisfaction is beyond mortals ' attainment . [ 63 ] Mankind is not only limited in wisdom , he is limited in life , both in terms of its activities and in its impermanence . One should joyfully engage in the activities of life because this is a God - given privilege and opportunity ( 2 : 24 ; 3 : 13 ; 5 : 18 , 19 ; 8 : 15 ) . Furthermore , they are not permanent because God can destroy them ( 5 : 6 ) . On the other hand , man can not even alter God ' s works ( 7 : 13 ) Human beings are subject to death ( 3 : 19 ; 9 : 5 , 10 ; 12 : 7 ) . After development in a mother ' s womb ( 11 : 5 ) and the excitement and vigor of youth ( 11 : 9 ; 12 : 1 ) comes a period gradual physical declension ( 12 : 2 - 5 ) , which culminates in death ( 12 : 5 - 7 ) . In this regard mankind is no better than the lower animals in that they experience the same ultimate fate of death ( 3 Where am I ? The entire realm of nature , including mankind , has come into being by the creative power of God ( 7 : 29 ; 11 : 5 ; 12 : 1 ) . Mankind has been placed on the earth , " under the sun " . His physical environment includes the sun with its constant , dependable pattern of rising and setting ( 1 : 5 ) . Its presence is a welcome sight and the light it gives is pleasant to behold ( 11 : 7 ) . The moon and stars also provide light ( 12 : The earth itself appears to be a permanent structure , lasting from generation to generation ( 1 : 5 ) . There are rivers , which run into the sea ( 9 : 12 ) . There are trees ( 11 : 3 ) and other forms of plant life ( 2 : 4 , 5 ; 3 : 2 ) . All these elements , which constitute the natural environment , were created beautiful : " He has made everything beautiful " ( 3 : 11 , NIV ) . Not only are they good , but aesthetically pleasing [ 64 ] What ' s Wrong ? Ecclesiastes is very specific regarding what the problem is : " God hath made man upright ; but they have sought out many inventions " ( 7 : 29 ) . Young explains the significance of the statement : The word translated ' inventions ' ( hishshevonoth ) means ' thought , reckonings , devices ' . The idea is that God has made man perfect ( i.e. , straight , right ) , but man has deviated from this condition in discovering for himself devices of his own that are contrary to his original condition . In other words , we learn here that man has fallen from the original state of uprightness in which the Lord God had created him . [ 65 ] This falling away from the original state of a right relationship with God took one main form - - the development of a confident humanism . [ 66 ] Men began to think that they could secure happiness by their own efforts . [ 67 ] In this quest for happiness crass materialism became a dominant feature of life , and the acquisition of wealth a primary focus ( 1 : 16 ; 2 : 4 - 8 ) . The accumulation of wealth did not satisfy ( 4 : 8 ; 5 : 10 ) , and resulted in sleepless anxiety ( 5 : 12 ) . The wealth eventually perishes ( 5 : 14 ) and while it lasts only God who supplied it can provide the power to enjoy it ( 5 : 19 ; 6 : 2 ) In any event , Engaging in self - indulgent pleasure ( 2 : 1 - 3 , 10 ; 11 : 9 ) was another manifestation of what went wrong . It proved , however , to be an empty exercise ( 2 : 1 ; 11 ) . Eating was no longer for strength but for drunken gluttony ( 10 : 17 ) . While true joy is found in marital bliss ( 9 : 9 ) any were caught in the snare of sexual immorality ( 7 : 26 ) . The situation has reached the point where everyone sins ( 7 : 20 ) . Indeed , " the heart of the sons of men is full of evil " ( 9 : 3 ) . There is much oppression perpetrated by the powerful , and when the oppressed are brought to tears there is no one to comfort them ( 4 : 1 ) . Not only is there " oppression of the poor , " but also " violent perverting of judgment and justice " ( 5 : 8 ) . In the place where justice is to What is the Remedy ? The presentation of the solution is a pointed as the statement of the problem . As the KJV renders it : " Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter : Fear God and keep his commandments for this is the whole duty of man . For God shall bring every work into judgment , with every secret thing , whether it be good or whether it be evil " ( 12 : 13 , 14 ) . Deane points out that the solution as formulated here is a most fitting conclusion to the discourse : As to the momentous conclusion , every one who thinks with us concerning the religious views of the writer , and the design of his work , will agree that it is most apposite , and is the only conceivable summing - up that satisfies the requirements of the treatise . It is also in full accord with that has proceeded . The solution of the anomalies in life , offered by the fact of a future judgment , has been intimated more than once in other parts of the book ; it is here only presented again with more [ 68 ] The solution to the human dilemma consists of three theocentric elements - - the fear of God ; the keeping of the commandments of God ; a final judgment by God ( 12 : 13 , 14 ) . This three - pronged solution , with its demand for submission to God ' s Being and Will , and its announcement of a final judgment , strikes at the very heart of secular humanism with its denial of the transcendent and of any moral absolutes , and its claim to unlimited freedom and pleasure - seeking . The imperative " Fear God " ( 12 : 13 ) is not a call to abject fear but to reverential awe . [ 69 ] In the Old Testament fearing God generally does not denote a state of terror but one of obedience to God ' s will , expressed either in worship or in ethical conduct . [ 70 ] Here it means the submissive awe , which has already been identified as the appropriate creaturely human response to the sovereign Creator ( 3 : 14 ; 5 : 7 ) . This reverential fear which constitutes the proper relationship with God and the appropriate " attitude and ontological posture before God , " has at its core a recognition of the eminent superiority of God ' s transcendence and sovereignty over mankind ' s finitude . [ 71 ] The mandate to keep God ' s commandments serves to inform humanity that their ethical standard must be the will of God as revealed in His Word . [ 72 ] It is God , not mankind , who sets the standard for human conduct . The call to obedience to God ' s commandments provides an opportunity for the members of the human family , who had abandoned God ' s way to follow their own devices ( 7 : 29 ) , to solve the problem by entering into a submissive relationship with Him so that they may be restored to the original state of uprightness ( 7 : 29 ) . The last phrase of 12 : 13 reads literally : " For this is the whole ( of the ) man . " [ 73 ] Rendered thus , it means that to fear God and obey Him is " the whole man " and " constitutes man ' s whole being . " [ 74 ] The combination of fearing God and keeping His commandments is what makes life complete and meaningful . Indeed , it is the supreme purpose of life . [ 75 ] A relationship with God that is based on a reverential response to His Being ( fear ) and a submissive response to His will ( obedience ) is the solution to the human problem . The ultimate remedy for all the problems of sinful humanity is a final judgment when God will judge the whole earth ( 12 : 14 ) . The call to obey His commandments ( 12 : 13 ) indicates that His revealed will is the standard by which all will be judged . Those who have engaged in carnal indulgence will be judged ( 11 : 9 ) . Both the righteous and the wicked will be judged ( 3 : 17 ) . God who observes the oppression of the poor and the perversion of justice ( 5 : Application In the very secular academic and social environment in which the Adventist teacher functions as we move towards the twenty - first century , the task of leading students to adopt a Christian worldview has become increasingly challenging , and the need more intensely urgent . The accomplishments of this objective is crucial to the cause of Christian education for two major reasons - - ( 1 ) the need to counteract the pervading influence of secular humanism ; ( 2 ) the centrality of a Christian worldview to the effective integration of faith and learning . [ 76 ] Prevailing worldviews subtly and imperceptibly affect the scholarly community as well as society in general , influencing all we do or think . [ 77 ] Secular humanism , in the many forms it has taken , is the worldview , which dominates western society with its three - pronged emphasis on reason , pleasure , and freedom . The exaltation of reason is seen in scientism , which has held civilization firmly in its grasp for over four centuries . [ 78 ] The emphasis on freedom and pleasure is evident in the impact of secular humanism on western culture , particularly on the young . On this point Weiss asserts : There is no doubt that Sartre ' s philosophy has had a major influence on our western culture , especially the culture of the young . For many today " authentic " living means the expression of the reckless freedom , which knows no transcendent values . [ 79 ] Our students need to be snatched from the clutches of this monster called secular humanism . Harry Blamires is certainly correct when he avers that the Christian worldview " is the only way counterpoise to a secularism that is decomposing our civilization . " [ 80 ] This God - centered worldview is the only solution because it is the only valid worldview . It is " the most coherent view of the origin , purpose , and destiny of human life . " [ 81 ] The Christian worldview is central to the integration of faith and learning . It provides a comprehensive perspectival framework , which gives meaning to all the disciplines and all of liberal education . [ 82 ] It has special value for learning , which is integrated with faith because it contributes to the overall framework in which such learning takes place . [ 83 ] This is particularly true of perspectival integration : In perspectival integration , the entire educational enterprise is viewed from a specific perspective . Thus , a worldview supplies the coherence , in the sense that disparate and even conflicting elements cohere as they fit into a larger framework of thought and practice . The person views all of life , including education , from the perspective of his or her worldview . [ 84 ] It is , therefore , crucial that students be led to develop and maintain a Christian worldview . This may be accomplished by modeling , as the worldview of the effective teacher gradually conditions the worldview of the pupil . [ 85 ] However , since it is not easy to develop a Christian worldview in this secular , materialistic age , there is need for deliberate integration , " the process of infusing the formal curriculum with a God - centered , Christian worldview . " [ 86 ] The Book of Ecclesiastes can play a vital role in this venture , as it is a unique Biblical tool for leading students to adopt and retain a Christian worldview . A number of factors make it ideally suited for this purpose : 1 . There is timelessness about its message that makes it strikingly relevant to the issues facing contemporary humanity . 2 . It presents a God - centered worldview , which should serve as a paradigm for Christian today . 3 . It is a useful vehicle for conveying the Christian values related to such a worldview . 4 . Its theological principles , as it relates to the quest for knowledge , encompass and guide enquiry in both the " secular " and the religious domains . 5 . Its worldview is the very antithesis of secular humanism , which dominates western thinking and life with its unbridled freedom , crass materialism , denial of transcendence , and absolutizing of human reason . 6 . Its philosophical format is conductive to dialogue and confrontation with the everyday issues of life from a Biblical perspective , which is intellectually stimulating and appealing . 7 . It is rooted in the futile quest of a brilliant , creative thinker to find happiness and meaning outside the bounds of a relationship with God . 8 . It affirms in practical , philosophical , and theological terms that only a Bible - based , God - centered worldview meets the needs of humanity in the quest for meaning and fulfillment . The employment of Ecclesiastes in guiding students to develop and maintain a Christian worldview may be approached from two fronts - - the philosophical / theological and the practical / personal . This combination is the same found in the Book , which draws on Solomon ' s own experiences as well as divine relation in the presentation of its God - centered worldview . The objective of both approaches is to lead students to adopt a Christian worldview and the values that are rooted in it . With regard to the philosophical / theological approach , one may use Ecclesiastes to demonstrate , based on its theme and content , the superiority of the Christian worldview over that of secular humanism . One way of doing this is to draw attention to the striking similarity between the Book ' s pronouncement of meaninglessness ( " vanity " ) upon all human effort without God and the tragic cry of modern existentialists . [ 87 ] The following statement concerning Arthur Schopenhauer , " the philosopher of pessimism , " clearly shows the depressive futility of the existentialist form of secular humanism and evidences the superiority of the Christian worldview : The pendulum of life , he says , swings between pain and boredom . If he sets himself a task to do , it is painful to exert the effort required to accomplish it . When he has accomplished it , there is nothing more to do - - boredom sets in . He can only wait for the pendulum to rest . [ 88 ] At the practical / personal level one may draw parallels between Solomon and the college student - - the thirst for knowledge ; the hunger for meaning and fulfillment ; the drive towards accomplishment ; the inclination towards pleasure seeking and self - gratification . By identifying with Solomon ' s quest , its futility , and his conclusion students may be led to adopt and retain a Christian worldview without having to experience the tragedy and pain , which accompanied his attempts to find meaning in life when his relationship with God was broken . Solomon sought for fulfillment in knowledge ( 1 : 13 - 18 ) , pleasure ( 2 : 1 - 3 ) , labor - related accomplishments ( 2 : 4 - 6 ) , material possessions ( 2 : 7 , 8 ) , fame ( 2 : 9 ) , all normal preoccupations in the secular world . [ 89 ] These avenues to meaning and fulfillment in life are still being pursued today . If it can be demonstrated that Solomon achieved more in these areas than most people ever will and yet found life without God empty , then we may be able to lead students to choose a God - centered worldview as he eventually did once again . Solomon ' s quest for material possessions was met with astounding success . He was the riches man on earth ( 1 King 10 : 23 ) . He had fleets of trading ships which brought him gold and other valuable merchandise ( 1 Kings 9 : 26 - 28 ; 10 : 22 ) ) . He accumulated approximately 23 tons ( 666 talents ) of gold annually , not including revenue from merchants and rulers ( 1 KIngs 10 : 14 ) , making his income in gold alone more than twenty - five million US dollars per [ 90 ] All his drinking vessels and the household articles in his palace were of pure gold , because silver was considered of little value during his reign ( 1 Kings 10 : 21 ) . In fact he " made silver as common in Jerusalem as stones " ( I Kings 10 : 27 NIV ) . The elaborate palace Solomon built for himself took thirteen years to be completed ( 1 Kings 7 : 1 - 12 ) . His daily provisions considered of 30 cows , 100 sheep , other animals such as deer and fowls , and at least 1,060 gallons ( 30 cors ) of flour and 2,120 gallons ( 60 cors ) of meal ( 1 Kings 4 : 22 , 23 ) . [ 91 ] He had twelve officers who supplied these provisions , each for one month of the year ( 1 Kings 4 : 7 ) and nothing was ever lacking ( 1 Kings 4 : 27 ) . By any standard , every day was a virtual feast ! The pursuit of pleasure included the use of wine ( 2 : 3 ) , the carnal satisfaction of having 700 wives and 300 concubines ( 1 Kings 11 : 3 ) and the indulgence in unbridled self - gratification , facilitated by his wealth ( 2 : 10 ) . His outstanding accomplishments included the construction of a magnificent temple ( 1 Kings 6 : 37 ; 7 : 13 - 51 ) and a splendid palace ( 1 KIngs 7 : 1 - 12 ) . Solomon ' s initial quest , however , was for meaning and satisfaction through intellectual pursuits ( 1 : 13 ) . His achievements in this regard border on the incredible . He was renowned around the world as the wisest , most knowledgeable man on earth ( 1 Kings 4 : 30 - 34 ) . His expertise in botany ranged from large trees to small shrubs , and his knowledge of zoology covered every form of animal life : " He described plant life , from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop that grows out of walls When Solomon lost contact with the source of his great wisdom and knowledge ( cf . 1 Kings 4 : 29 ) , his intellectual achievements , successful in the eyes of others ( 1 Kings 4 : 30 , 34 ) became painfully unfulfilling ( 1 : 14 , 18 ) . Contemporary humanity , and particularly those engaged in intellectual pursuits , should learn from this . If it did not work for Solomon who achieved so much , it will not work for us . Students need to be brought to the realization that they will never attain Solomon ' s fame and international stature in so many fields of study , acquire anything near his wealth , nor have his opportunities for pleasure - seeking and self - gratification , so they should embrace his conclusion of what makes life complete and meaningful : a relationship with God that is based on a reverential response to His Being and a submissive response to His will ( 12 : 13 ) . The task of leading students to adopt a God - centered worldview as found in the Book of Ecclesiastes , whether through the philosophical / theological or the practical / personal approach , includes transmitting to them the Christian values which are related to this worldview . Vales are " a type of belief , centrally located in one ' s total belief system , about how one ought or ought not to behave , or about some end - state of existence worth or not worth attaining . " [ 92 ] they are anchored in a worldview and find expression in norms and behavior patterns . [ 93 ] A Christian worldview should produce a lifestyle , which reflects Christian values . To encourage the development of such a lifestyle is a primary objective of Adventist education . The Book of Ecclesiastes makes a significant contribution to the attainment of this objective . Not only does it recommend a God - centered worldview but it affirms some specific values which derive from and are part of such a worldview . [ 94 ] These include reverence for God ( 5 : 1 , 2 , 7 ; 8 : 12 ) ; submissive obedience to God ( 12 : 13 ) ; trust in God ( 8 : 12 ) ; moderation in eating ( 10 : 17 ) ; moderation in life as a whole ( 7 : 16 ) ; a good reputation ( 7 : 1 ) ; justice and equity ( 5 : 8 , 9 ; 7 : 7 ) ; discretion ( 10 : 20 ) ; responsibility ( 11 : 9 ; 12 : 14 ) Conclusion The Adventist teacher today functions in an environment dominated by a humanistic worldview which impacts particularly on the youth . The God - centered worldview presented in the Book of Ecclesiastes is a paradigm for a Christian worldview and provides the teacher with the arsenal to counteract the secular mindset at the philosophical / theological level . Set out in a philosophical mode , Ecclesiastes answers effectively the basic questions of life regarding the nature of humanity , the nature of the human environment , the problem that prevents our finding meaning in life , and the solution to the The fact that the presentation of the worldview draws upon the actual experience of someone in quest of the same things students seek today , thus allowing for a measure of identification with Solomon , provides an opportunity for the teacher to approach the issues from a practical / personal level . By drawing attention to Solomon ' s quest for meaning and fulfillment without God , his " success , " his frustration , and his conclusion , the Adventist teacher may lead students to adopt a Christian worldview and those values that are a subset of this God Endnotes	[ "ECCLESIASTES", "CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW", "Orlando Moncrieffe" ]
http://christopherfulkerson.com/composervssongwriter.html	In June of 2009 this LinkedIn lead - in appeared : I composed a lot of songs . . If there ' s a band here or a singer , you can contact me if you want a sample of my songs . I responded : It sounds as though you are a songwriter , not a composer . To which the individual replied : Yes - to clarify - songwriters write songs . Composers write symphonies : - ) Songwriters have lyrics . Composers have instrumentation . Both write environmental music for film and tv . But composers write scores for film and tv . Elton John – songwriter Mozart - composer . . . . To which I then replied : Hm , continuing the discussion , it should be said that composers often write works with lyrics . Before Beethoven , most music was vocal music . With Beethoven and since , a small percentage of composers write mostly instrumental music . Some modernist composers have given up on texts , not because they do n ' t want them , but because the singers who would be singing them are such notoriously bad musicians . Though an unrepentant Modernist , I am not one of these ; I continue to write vocal music as though singers were all right Hollywood " composers " are generally not really composers , especially when operating under the usual contractual obligation to have others do their orchestrations for them , an obligation that has existed for sixty or seventy years , thanks to the machinations of Robert Russell Bennett , the orchestrator who succeeded in inverting the power structure of Hollywood music so that the orchestrators became indispensible . . . only because the contracts required it . Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinksy were treated so badly by Hollywood , with their music cut up and put in all the wrong orders , A composer creates not only the sounds , which songwriters also do , he creates the very idiom , often down to the smallest harmonic phenomenon or vocal phoneme . Songwriters create new musical situations very , very seldom ; almost everything they do is borrowed from somewhere else . Composers do this very seldom . Writing for orchestra does not make a person a composer . If the methods are those of using sounds used by other songwriters before them , the music is not that of a composer , but of a songwriter . There are exceptions , but generally , film scores are not classical , composed music . They are elaborate instrumental " songs , " orchestrated by others , who are not doing creative work . The audience senses this , which is one of the reasons they call almost every musical piece a " song . " Such use of This brings us to a slightly mindbending fact : if the audience does not hear the composition as a proper composition , there is the chance that it is not one . If you use the Bible as a paperweight , it is not a book . For example , over time , some of Mozart ' s music has become so familiar that people listen to it misunderstanding that it is supposed to be turbulent when they hear it as jolly , or challenging when they hear it as sweet . When this happens , you have the worst	[ "COMPOSER", "SONGWRITER", "THE DISTINCTION" ]
http://christopherwesson.azurewebsites.net/2014/03/19/labelling-expressions-for-qgis-2/	Christopher Wesson March 19 , 2014 Tutorials Since 2.0 , QGIS has allowed expressions to define each of a layer ’ s property settings . These can be accessed via the dropdown icons to the right - hand side of each setting . They work in similar fashion to SQL queries in other GIS packages . Many people are still unaware that they exist , but once you start using them they are really quite a powerful addition ; a very good string to add to your QGIS bow . Here I will go through some simple examples to get you started . Example 1 : Setting maximum visibility scale based upon a filter Here I have Ordnance Survey ’ s Boundary - Line product . Boundary polygons have different types in a field called “ AREA_CODE ” . The most common expression that I use is CASE WHEN . This is basically an IF statement or an IF ELSE statement that will work as a filter on the data . So let ’ s take a look at my expression : CASE WHEN “ AREA_CODE ” = ‘ DIW ’ THEN 100000 WHEN “ AREA_CODE ” = ‘ LBW ’ THEN 100000 ELSE 200000 END This will look in the data for the field ‘ AREA_CODE ’ and look for the ones that have the value ‘ DIW ’ . These are the district wards . It will set the maximum scale of visibility to the given value of 100000 . Then it will look in ‘ AREA_CODE ’ for the London borough wards , ‘ LBW ’ . Once again I have set these to 100000 but a different number could be used . The WHEN … . THEN part of the expression can be repeated as many times as you need . Finally I have made use of the optional ELSE function . This is saying that for all other instances ( i.e. for any remaining features ) set the maximum scale to 200000 . All expressions must finish with END . You can see that in the box I have put ‘ Maximum 200000 ’ . I tend to put my default ( the else ) value in here but to be honest QGIS is n ’ t reading it anyway as the expression always overrides the value in the box . These expressions can be typed manually , or you can make use of the Function list in the top left of the ‘ Expression string builder ’ dialogue box . The CASE WHEN is a conditional statement so you will find this under ‘ Conditionals ’ . ‘ Fields and Values ’ will give you the field names and values in your own dataset . Example 2 : Wrapping label text The default for multiline labelling in QGIS is to separate lines with a common character , normally SPACE . The problem with this is that you end up with a new line for every word in your label which sometimes gets a bit silly . You could use another character but be warned that this will be removed from your label string . So here I have used a simple expression as an alternative method . Again making use if the CASE WHEN ELSE function , I have told the label formatting to only use multiple lines if the length of the entire text string is 20 or more characters . So let ’ s take a look at my expression : CASE WHEN length ( “ NAME ” ) > 19 ‘ ’ ELSE ‘ ’ END So the expression will look at the field in my data called ‘ NAME ’ and will use the ‘ length ’ function to find those strings longer than 19 characters . For these I have returned a value of a single space ( between the single inverted commas ) . Else , for those strings that are not greater than 19 characters , I have returned a double space . This is the character that the multiline wrap will occur on . The logic here is that for the longer text strings , each space in the string ( i.e. between each word ) will instigate a new line ; whereas for the shorter strings , it is looking for a double space . This double space does n ’ t exist in my data so these strings are never asked to start a new line . Example 3 : Label text size So here I have used a field containing the areas ( sizes ) of the polygons to determine the font size . “ HECTARES ” > 99999 9 ELSE 8 So first the expression will look for a field in my data called ‘ HECTARES ’ . If the value is greater than 99999 ( i.e. 100000 or more ) then it will set the font size to 9 , else the font size will be 8 . Alternatively you could use the drop down to dynamically size the labels based upon a field in your data , if you have one . This could be written as an expression , but a pre - formatted option exists on the dropdown . Quick summary I have frequently used SQL filters and label expressions in ESRI ArcGIS . In fact the OS VectorMap District product uses Maplex label expressions to automatically control all of the labelling . I have only recently started making use of the in QGIS but the concept is the same , and you will find that it allows you to have far greater control and customisation over the labelling element of your styling . See also http : / / docs . qgis . org / 2.0 / en / docs / training_manual / vector_classification / label_tool . html http : / / planet . qgis . org / planet / tag / labeling / https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = xfb - Nc3UKPc cartography expressions GIS Labelling QGIS Did you like this article ? Share it with your friends ! Tweet Getting cartographic text to display properly . says : June 9 , 2014 at 15 : 47 When I add cartographic text and display it using properties / label etc . , it displays it without orientating the text along roads etc . How can I set this ? Thanks Reply Christopher Wesson says : June 10 , 2014 at 12 : 36 Iestyn , thanks for the question . It very much depends on how your data is structured . Can I ask what data you have ? If the road names are an attribute of road lines , like in OS VectorMap District , then you can label them with curved placement . To do this , right click on the road layer , go to the labeling tab , choose rendering and then choose the option curved as shown here If your text is points , then you can rotate based upon a field in your data ( if it has one for orientation ) . To do this , right click on the road text layer , go to the labelling tab , choose rendering and then next to rotation , click on the capital letter Sigma . You can select to use a field from your data as highlighted in the second of the images below . RoadLabels2 . jpg RoadLabels3 . jpg If you are using OS OpenData , then try using the QML stylesheets . You can inspect them and copy and learn the tricks I ’ ve used within them to control labelling and so on . Hope that helps , feel free to e - mail me . The QGIS user group on Google+ is also very good . Regards Reply Ian Holt July 16 , 2014 at 20 : 49 Hi Chris , Thanks for this . I was just trying to figure out how to wrap labels of a certain length and your expression example was exactly what I was after !	[ "Christopher Wesson", "QGIS", "label expression" ]
http://christswords.com/content/mar-1014-suffer-little-children-come-unto-me	Mark 1014 Suffer the little children to come unto me KJV Verse Mark 1014 Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not for of such is the kingdom of God Greek Verse ΜΑΡΚΟΝ 1014 Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με μὴ κωλύετε αὐτά τῶν γὰρ τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ Literal Alternative Let the little children come before me and dont stop them for the reign of God is such as this Hidden Meaning This verse is identical to Luke 1816 and very similar to Matthew 1914 The word translated as Suffer primarily means to let go or to pass by This same word is usually translated as leave forgive suffer and let in the New Testament Here the sense is pass by since they are being blocked The children is from a noun that means children and infants up to seven years of age It is a diminutive form as we would say kids It has an article so these little kids comes closer Come is from a verb that means to come and to go It is a little like we use the phrase he is on his wayor to be under way which can mean either that he is coming or going with no direct reference to the position of the speaker More about Christs use of this work in this article While show up usually works make their way is comes closes because the verb is in a form where the subject acts on or for itself It is an infinitive to make their way The word translated as to means towards by reason of for and against Me is the regular firstperson pronoun in Greek The Greek word translated as and is used as the conjunction and but it also is used to add emphasis also In a series is best translated as not onlybut also After words implying sameness as The negative used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion The sense is that you dont want to do something not that it isnt done If it wasnt done the objective negative of fact would be used Forbid is from a verb that means to hinder and to prevent The word translated as for can be treated as supporting a dependent clause or in written English as this is because to start a new sentence It always appears in the second position Untranslated is the Greek article the which usually proceeds a noun and without a noun takes the meaning of the one The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns this that these those See this article for more Of such is from a word that is a strong form of the word that means such and like such Interestingly Christ most commonly uses this word in describing children This word and the article introducing it are both in the possessive case which is used for a lot of purposes It can mean that the the kingdom is made of up of children or that it for the benefit of children or that it is possessed by children The word translated as kingdom can be the region the reign the castle or the authority of a ruler Christ does not seem to use it to mean a physical region so its translation as reign or realm seems more appropriate This is especially true because the reign of a king means the execution of his will The word translated as of God means God and deity It is introduced with an article so the God Christ often uses it this way perhaps to indicate the one God as opposed to the pagan gods The sense is of the Divine Vocabulary Ἄφετε verb 2nd pl aor imperat act Suffer is from aphiemi which means to let fall to send away give up hand over to let loose to get rid of to leave alone to pass by to permit and to send forth from oneself τὰ παιδία noun pl neut nomacc diminutive Children is from paidon which means little child or young child up to seven years infant or young slave ἔρχεσθαι verb pres inf mp Come is erchomai which means to start to set out to come to go and any kind of motion It means both to go on a journey and to arrive at a place The word translated as come primarily means to start out but Christ usually uses it to mean come but not always It indicates movement especially its beginning without indicating a direction toward or away from anything so it works either as come or go but it is more like our phrase being underway Our English word show up captures both the start and come ideas πρός prep For is pros which means on the side of in the direction of from place towards before in the presence of in the eyes of in the name of by reason of before supplication proceeding from for effects dependent on derivable from agreeablebecoming like at the point of in addition to against and before The word translated as to means towards by reason of for and against με noun sg masc acc Me is e me which means I me and my Me is the regular firstperson pronoun in Greek καὶ And is from kai which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses and or but After words implying sameness as the same opinion as you Used in series joins positive with negative Not onlybut also Also used to give emphasis even also and just μὴ Not is from me which is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning not and no As οὐ ou negates fact and statement μή rejects οὐ denies μή is relative οὐ absolute μή subjective οὐ objective κωλύετε verb 2nd pl pres imperat act Forbid is from koluo which means to hinder withhold and to prevent αὐτὰ adj pl neut acc Them is from autos which means the same and the reflexive pronouns myself yourself himself herself itself or the oblique case of the pronouns him her and it It also means ones true self that is the soul as opposed to the body and of ones own accord τῶν article pl neutmascfem gen Untranslated is the Greek article the which usually proceeds a noun and without a noun takes the meaning of the one or in the plural the ones γὰρ For comes from gar which is the introduction of a clause explaining a reason or explanation for since and as In an abrupt question it means why and what τοιούτων adj pl neut gen Of such is from toioutos which means such as this comparable similar alike in this way just so and even so It is a stronger form of the word that means such and like such ἐστὶν verb 3rd sg pres ind act Is is from eimi which means to be to exist to be the case and is possible The future form is esomai The 3rd person present indicative is esti ἡ βασιλεία noun pl neut nom The kingdom is from basileia which means kingdom dominion hereditary monarchy kingly office passive being ruled by a king and reign τοῦ θεοῦ noun sg masc gen Of God is theos which means God the Deity The word translated as God means God and deity It is introduced with an article so the God Christ often uses it this way perhaps to indicate the one God as opposed to the pagan gods	[ "little children" ]
http://christushealthfoundation.org/contact-us/	Contact Us CHRISTUS Health Foundation Mailing Address CHRISTUS Health Foundation 919 Hidden Ridge Irving , Texas 75038 ph : 469.282.2000 Contacts Jeannette Baughman President and Executive Director Email : Jeannette Baughman Tel : 713.803.1803	[ "CHRISTUS Health Foundation", "Contact Us" ]
http://chrono-diamond.com/en	Startseite Chrono Diamond Weil Ihre Zeit kostbar ist Wer Schweizer Wertarbeit zu schätzen weiß wer einen aktiven Lifestyle pflegt und auf leichte Eleganz und gehobene Sportlichkeit Wert legt findet in Chrono Diamond den richtigen Partner Hochwertige Materialien und außergewöhnliches Design sprechen eine klare puristische Sprache Beim Segeln beim Reiten auf dem Golfplatz dem Tenniscourt oder auf dem Rennplatz Chrono Diamond steht für extravaganten Geschmack und Design allererster Güte Diese Uhren sind weit mehr als qualitativ hochwertige Zeitmesser Sie sind ein Statement gehobenen Geschmacks Die Kollektion von Chrono Diamond betont zeitloselegantes Design und unterstreicht dieses durch die Diamanten auf jedem Zifferblatt Unsere Uhrmacher legen höchsten Wert darauf durch diese individuellen Schmuckstücke jeden Tag zu einem ganz besonderen Erlebnis werden zu lassen Zuverlässige hochpräzise Zeitmesser in eleganter Erscheinung Swissmade Uhrwerke in Vollendung Chrono Diamond weil Ihre Zeit kostbar ist Bibiana Villanueva Product Development	[ "Chrono Diamond" ]
http://chs.cloverdale.k12.in.us/	Cloverdale High School Success for Everyone Home News Information Departments Guidance Athletics Faculty Staff Directory Pause Prev Next 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WELCOME TO CLOVERDALE HIGH SCHOOL Cloverdale High School is committed to challenging each student to reach his / her full intellectual , creative , and physical potential through a fully integrated curriculum . We encourage students to become life - long learners and problem - solvers through technology , global awareness , and other educational resources . We strive to create a diverse community that fosters respect and social responsibility enhanced by a strong partnership between home , school , and community . Cloverdale High School News CHS 2019 Top Seniors Honored Read More CHS Seniors Honored for Service in P.I.E . Read More Principal ' s Message Dear Cloverdale High School Parents , In order to provide the best educational experience for your student , please do not hesitate to contact your son or daughter ’ s teachers , advisor , mentor , or myself to let us know how we may assist you . Helping our students balance all expectations and activities to the best of their abilities is challenging and requires our continued connections . Thank you for partnering with us and allowing us to work with your very talented and wonderful children . Remember , our mission at Cloverdale High School is “ Success for Everyone ” . As always , very Proud to be a Clover , H . Sonny Stoltz Principal , Cloverdale High School	[ "CLOVERDALE HIGH SCHOOL" ]
http://chsopensource.org/2013/04/24/identification-of-prints-relief-and-intaglio-by-engraving-and-etching/	April 24 , 2013 by antoninocosentino Identify Prints . Relief , Intaglio , Engraving and Etching We do run a lot of initiatives , Stay on top of things ! Looking at old and new prints with an USB microscope is revealing and with some experience can lead to their identification . Printmaking history is fascinating as well as a complex subject . I like to share in this post some basic hints on their identification using the USB microscope but heartily recommending further readings [ 1 , 2 ] , since the number of techniques and variations is extraordinary , so a definitive attribution deserve an advanced knowledge . Though , even if the subject is complex , this does n ’ t mean we can not have some good time , experimenting a bit with prints . A great online resource is the IPI ( Image Permanence Institute ) Graphics Atlas [ 3 ] . Pre - photographic printing methods are classified in three main categories : Relief , Intaglio and Planographic . This post covers the first two . Relief Printing This is the oldest of the printing techniques . On the relief block – wood or metal – the non - printing areas are cut away and the ink is applied to the remaining raised areas by dabbing or with a roller . Then the ink is transferred by laying a sheet of paper and applying pressure . Relief is identified by : Edges ’ s rim . The process of transferring the ink from the block applying pressure produces a characteristic rim on the edges of the printed lines . This is a sign characterizing only relief printing . Two US dollars bill , front side . The bright green of the serial number shows ink rim on the edges , characteristic of relief printing . Embossing . Relief printing can show embossing on the back of the paper caused by the pressure applied . RTI ( Reflectance Transformation Imaging ) is the most suited photographic method to document embossing ) . RTI ( Reflectance Transformation Imaging ) allows to document embossing better than raking light . “ Il Capitano Spaventa ” , R . Bemporad e Figlio editori , Firenze , 1924 . Intaglio Intaglio means incising in Italian and this technique was developed in the 1500s . On the contrary to relief , the ink is held in grooves on the block ’ s surface . Intaglio is identified by : Varying ink intensity . The main characteristic of this technique is to show lines with varying ink intensity while in relief the intensity of the ink is always the same . Since the grooves ’ depth can be adjusted , the ink collected in it would vary and this translates in darker or paler printed lines . Raised ink . In strong dark lines the ink considerably rises up from the paper . Intaglio by Engraving There are two techniques to cut the lines of an intaglio print , engraving and etching . Engraving is the oldest method and it uses a burin with sharp V - shaped cutting section , which is pressed gradually down onto the surface of a copper plate and then driven more or less deeply through the metal . It will be raised up at the end of the line to lift out a sliver of copper . Intaglio by engraving is identified by : Shape of the line . It has clean edges , tends to be pointed at each end and to swell or diminish during its length . The controlled act of engraving also gives the line a formal character . Intaglio by Etching In the etching techniques the cutting is done by an acid and the artist can draw freely on the wax covered copper plate . Intaglio by etching ) is identified by : Shape of the line . Etching uses a rounded needle that passing through the wax ground give a more blunt end to the line than the engraving tool . And the very slight crumbling of the wax to either side of the line , combined with the somewhat uneven action of the acid , results in the less precise edge to the line than in an engraving . Etched line will be of the same width along their length , while the burin gives swelling shapes . Two US dollars bill , reverse side . The intaglio technique is evident in A ) the raised ink in the strongest dark lines . B ) dark lines accompanied by pale lines . The intaglio by engraving is evident in C ) lines are pointed and diminish during their length . References [ 1 ] B . Gascoigne “ How to identify prints ” Thames and Hudson , 2011 . [ 2 ] A . Griffiths “ Prints and Printmaking ” British Museum Press ; 2nd Revised edition , 1996 [ 3 ] http : / / www . graphicsatlas . org / Microscopy prints RTI USB microscope	[ "Identify Prints", "Relief Printing", "USB microscope" ]
http://chuckhawks.com/rifle_recoil.htm	Rifle Recoil By Chuck Hawks Recoil is generally expressed as " free recoil " and measured in foot - pounds of energy . Free recoil means that the rifle is allowed to move backward unrestrained after being fired . If your shoulder restrains the rifle ' s rearward motion , then your shoulder must absorb the energy generated by the recoiling rifle . Bummer ! Recoil is measured in something called a recoil pendulum , or calculated by mathematical formula based on Newton ' s physical law that says for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction . MV = MV ( mass times velocity equals mass times velocity ) , the momentum must be equal on both sides of the equation . Newton ' s law explains why rocket motors are able to propel the space shuttle into orbit , and why guns kick . The principle factors that must be considered to calculate recoil are bullet weight ( mass ) , bullet velocity , powder charge , and rifle weight ( mass ) . The mass times the velocity of everything ejected from the muzzle of a rifle ( principally the bullet and powder gasses ) will be equaled by the mass times the velocity of the recoiling rifle . In 1909 , the British Textbook of Small Arms stated that 15 ft . lbs . of free recoil energy was the maximum allowable for a military service rifle . ( The standard British .303 Lee - Enfield infantry rifle was below that figure , as are most service rifles to this day . ) The 1929 edition of the same textbook stated that recoil velocity should not exceed 15 fps ; above that velocity a gun - headache was very likely to occur . These figures remain practical maximums for the modern hunter . About 15 ft . lbs . of recoil energy represents upper limit of the average shooter ' s comfort level . Above that recoil becomes increasingly intrusive . The majority of authorities seem to agree that recoil of over 20 ft . lbs . is likely to cause the average shooter to develop a flinch , which is ruinous to accuracy . The effects of recoil are cumulative . The longer you shoot and the harder a rifle kicks , the more unpleasant shooting becomes and the more likely you are to jerk the trigger or flinch . The free recoil velocity is how fast the gun comes back at the shooter . The faster a gun comes back at you the more it hurts . This is because your body has less time to give with the recoil . You have probably heard about the " long , slow push " touted by some big bore fans as opposed to the " sharp rap " supposedly delivered by high velocity cartridges . Recoil velocity is a real , measurable effect . However , the " long slow push " appears to be a myth . Both my own personal experiences with a reasonable range of rifle calibers from .22 LR to .458 Win . Mag . and a quick perusal of the Rifle Recoil Table will show that the recoil velocity tends to increase as the recoil energy increases . The following examples of recoil energy and velocity are all measured in 8 pound rifles . ( Caliber [ bullet weight , muzzle velocity ] = free recoil energy & free recoil velocity . ) 6mm Rem . ( 100 grain , MV 3100 fps ) = 10.0 ft . lbs . & 9.0 fps .270 Win . ( 140 grain , MV 3000 fps ) = 17.1 ft . lbs . & 11.7 fps .30 - 06 ( 180 grain , MV 2700 fps ) = 20.3 ft . lbs . & 12.8 fps .35 Whelen ( 250 grain , MV 2400 fps ) = 26.1 ft . lbs . & 14.5 fps .450 Marlin ( 350 grain , MV 2100 fps ) = 35.7 ft . lbs . & 17.0 fps .458 Win . Mag . ( 500 grain , MV 2050 fps ) = 68.9 ft . lbs . & 23.5 fps In the typical examples above , as the bullet weight goes up the muzzle velocity ( MV ) goes down ; but the recoil energy and recoil velocity both continue to go up . The heavy bullets at relatively low velocity do not deliver a " long slow push , " they deliver a progressively harder and faster blow to the shooter . Note that the high velocity .270 with its 140 grain bullet has a recoil velocity of only 11.7 fps , while the relatively low velocity .450 Marlin with its 350 grain bullet at 2100 fps has a recoil velocity of 17 fps ! Rifle weight plays an important role in determining the amount of recoil delivered to the shooter ' s shoulder . For any given caliber and load , a lighter rifle kicks more than a heavier rifle . Which is why I avoid ultra - light hunting rifles . Here are a couple of examples showing the effect rifle weight has on recoil energy and velocity when shooting the exact same load . .300 WSM ( 180 grain , MV 2950 fps ) , 6.5 lb . rifle = 30.8 ft . lbs . / 17.5 fps .300 WSM ( 180 grain , MV 2950 fps ) , 8.5 lb . rifle = 23.6 ft . lbs . / 13.4 fps .45 - 70 ( 300 grain , MV 1900 fps ) , 7.0 lb . rifle = 26.6 ft . lbs . / 15.6 fps .45 - 70 ( 300 grain , MV 1900 fps ) , 8.5 lb . rifle = 21.9 ft . lbs . / 12.9 fps You can do your shoulder a favor by avoiding lightweight magnum rifles and " guide guns . " If you plan to do much shooting , get standard weight rifles . The " Rifle Recoil Table , " which can be found on the Rifle Information Page , has recoil energy and velocity figures for a great many rifle cartridges fired in rifles of typical weight . This is all well and good for theoretical models , but in reality the shooter ' s perception of recoil is influenced by the free recoil energy and the free recoil velocity his or her body must absorb and the shooter ' s pain threshold plus other factors . Some of these include stock fit , the size and shape and consistency of the rifle ' s recoil pad or butt plate , muzzle brake ( if any ) , and even action type in the case of a gas operated autoloader . Muzzle blast subjectively seems to increase recoil , although it has no actual bearing on the free recoil . If the shooter is only wearing a light shirt the kick will feel worse than if he is wearing a heavy jacket or padded shooting vest . Some of the factors that influence subjective recoil can be controlled . Wear a padded shooting vest at the range , and always wear ear protection when shooting . Have your rifles fitted with efficient recoil pads if they were not supplied that way by the manufacturer . When shooting , pull the rifle firmly against your shoulder . Do not let it get a running start at you . Severe bruising or even a broken collar bone can result from holding a hard kicking rifle ( especially something like a .375 or .458 Magnum ) away from your shoulder . Keep range sessions with powerful rifles short . Fire a group and then give yourself a break . When testing a powerful rifle I like to alternate between it and a mild kicking rifle ( like a .243 ) . I shoot a group with one rifle , then a group with the other . I seldom shoot more than one box of ( 20 ) cartridges through a hard kicking rifle during one range session , and half a box is better . There are devices that can be added to rifles to reduce recoil . Muzzle brakes are one such accessory , and they come standard on some hard kicking rifles . They reduce recoil by redirecting the escaping powder gas to the side and rearward . Everything that leaves the barrel adds to the recoil , which in the case of a rifle is the bullet and the gasses that propel it down the barrel . ( A sabot , should one be used , also adds to the recoil . ) The jet effect of the escaping powder gasses makes The dark side of muzzle brakes is that they dramatically increase muzzle blast . In fact , with every shot they typically cause permanent hearing loss even if the shooter is wearing normal ear protection . The effect on unprotected bystanders is even worse . For this reason muzzle brakes are not appropriate for most hunting rifles and most hunting conditions . Many guides and outfitters will not permit a sport to use a rifle equipped with a muzzle brake . Some African countries prohibit their use by law . Another recoil control device is the mercury filled or weight and spring loaded anti - recoil tube . These devices are usually mounted in the buttstock of a rifle or shotgun and help to reduce perceived recoil in two ways . First , they add weight , which actually reduces recoil . ( The same benefit can be achieved by packing the butt with lead shot . ) And second , the mercury or the spring loaded weight in the tube ( depending on the type of tube installed ) moves forward under recoil as your body is driven back Gas operated semi - automatic rifles also reduce perceived recoil by spreading it over a longer period of time . Rifles like the Browning BAR and Remington 7400 are an excellent choice in powerful calibers and for recoil sensitive shooters . The Remington is available in standard calibers up to .30 - 06 ; the Browning is also available in standard calibers , and adds 7mm Magnum , .300 Magnum and .338 Magnum to the list . Always take pains to see that any new rifle has a stock that fits you . A length of pull that is too short ; a small or hooked ( " rifle " ) buttplate ; excessive drop at comb and heel ; or a comb that it too high , particularly if it is also thin , can all be poison . A swell example of a very poorly designed rifle stock ( from the standpoint of efficiently minimizing recoil ) is the famous flintlock " Kentucky " rifle . These traditional stocks incorporated most of the negative features The modern classic stock , which features a nearly level comb designed to transmit recoil in a straight line to your shoulder and minimize muzzle jump , tends to keep the comb from rapping the shooter ' s cheek bone . The Weatherby magnum stock uses a Monte Carlo comb with a cheekpiece that slants down from back to front ( rather than down from front to back like a Kentucky rifle ) to move the comb away from the shooter ' s face during recoil . Both of these designs handle heavy recoil pretty well . Rifles in calibers that generate heavy recoil , from about .375 H&H on up , should have their forward sling swivel mounted below the barrel , forward of the forearm . This is done to protect the shooter ' s fingers . With really hard kicking rifles the forward sling swivel , if mounted to the forearm , can injure the hand when the rifle slams back . Thumbhole stocks should be avoided on hard kicking rifles . They are not only ugly ; they can be dangerous . The recoil of a powerful big bore rifle exceeds the strength of the thumb joint ; firing such rifles can hyper - extend , dislocate , or even break the thumb . A special stock designed specifically to minimize the effect of recoil is the A - Square Coil Chek . This stock was designed as a cooperative effort between a weapons system engineer , an orthopedic surgeon , a muscle internist , and an anthropologist specifically for rifles chambered for magnum and powerful , big bore ( over .40 caliber ) cartridges . It features an exceptionally wide butt pad that distributes recoil over a large area and helps to support the rotator cuff muscle . The Coil Chek stock also incorporates a specially shaped pistol grip that helps the shooter ' s master hand to retain a secure grip on the stock during recoil ; this allows the right arm to absorb some of the recoil energy . The comb of this stock is designed to fully support the shooter ' s face and retain it in the same location on the stock during recoil to prevent violent snapping of the head Whatever the approach , recoil is an unavoidable by - product of shooting and must be managed . Proper bullet placement is the principle factor in killing power , and consistent bullet placement is not possible if the shooter jerks the trigger or flinches because of his or her rifle ' s recoil . The best advice I can give is to select a rifle in a caliber that is within your basic recoil tolerance , and then further reduce the subjective effect of its recoil by all the appropriate means possible .	[ "Rifle Recoil", "bullet weight", "recoil velocity" ]
http://churchdirectories.lifetouch.com/how-it-works	How it works : Lifetouch directory program at a glance From start to finish , we deliver the best - in - class , no - cost photography and pictorial directory experience to you , your staff , and your families . Discovery A Lifetouch representative will connect with you to walk through our products and services and determine the program that fits your needs . Our goal is to deliver a great experience for your staff and families . Visit our Program Overview page . And yes , our directory programs ( both printed and mobile ) are truly no cost to your church . Only families that choose to purchase portraits or packages will pay for their products . Market your photography event At no cost , you will receive promotional materials , including posters , bulletin inserts , videos , digital assets , online scheduling , and email and telephone communications to invite and inform your families and community of your upcoming photography event . We ' ll take care of the work for you . Submit your member roster Your roster is a integral part of your printed and mobile directory . As soon as you send it to us , we begin working on your directory . Your Lifetouch representative will guide you through this process . Photography day execution Our photographers will arrive early to set up and prepare for the day to ensure a great experience for everyone . Your families will enjoy the experience and the opportunity to capture that moment in time with updated photographs . After photography Family photographs will be sent approximately three weeks after families ' session dates . Once all photography sessions are complete , our directory design team will assist you with creating your printed and electronic directory products .	[ "Lifetouch", "photography" ]
http://ci.albany.mn.us/index.asp?SEC=A8341FEC-6B8C-47D2-926B-75A89ED4C539&Type=B_BASIC	Skip to main content ► About Us Newsletters Capital Improvement Projects Job Postings Frequently Asked Questions Local Attractions Helpful Links ► News In About Us : Community Photo Album Population U.S. CENSUS POPULATION STATISTICS 2000 2010 CHANGE 1,796 2,561 + 42.6 % About the City of Albany Estimated community population was 2,682 and the household estimate was 1,076 as of April 1 , 2017 . source : MN State Demographer ) . Albany is located in Stearns County , 20 miles west of St . Cloud and 80 miles northwest of Minneapolis / St . Paul on Interstate 94 ( I - 94 ) . Albany has direct access to State Highway 238 , which originates in Albany . 2018 Albany Resource Guide Topography The City is located in the central portion of the State of Minnesota . Its average elevation is 1,190 feet above sea level and has gently rolling terrain with excellent productive soils and an abundant ground water supply can be found in the City . 2010 Demographic Profile Data City Maps Community Profile For a community profile on the City of Albany , visit MN DEED . This site will provide you with an overview of Major Employers , Workforce , Utilities , Telecommunications , Commercial Transportation and Shipping , Housing and Commercial Activity , Business and Community Services , Education , Government , Property Taxes , and Economic Development Services . Annual Community Events Industrial Property History of Albany The Years of " G ' Suffa Days " Climate ( Information provided by KASM - QPM Radio 1150 / 1300AM ) 2017 AVERAGE HIGH : 54.5 DEGREES AVERAGE LOW : 38 DEGREES TOTAL RAINFALL WAS : 27.29 " TOTAL SNOWFALL WAS : 24.08 " 1ST “ GOOD ” FROST : OCT . 13TH ( 29 DEGREES ) NEW RECORDS MARCH 16TH – 65 DEGREES MAY 6TH - 90 DEGREES	[ "Albany", "Minnesota" ]
http://ci.columbia.edu/ci/premba_test/c0331/s4/s4_4.html	Orientation Preassessment Algebra Precalculus Introduction Exponents , Roots , and Logarithms Nonlinear Functions Slope and Derivatives Discrete Probability Distributions Continuous Probability Distributions Statistical Sampling and Regression Postassessment Precalculus : Slope and Derivatives You may recall from your review of slopes in the section on linear functions that the slope has important business implications . Slope tells you the sensitivity of the y variable to changes in the x variable . This sensitivity is expressed in the value of the slope and is sometimes called the " rate of change " because it measures the rate of change in y as a result of a change in x . As the absolute value of the slope increases , so does the sensitivity of to changes in Nonlinear functions have slopes that change ; in fact , the slope may be different at every point along the curve . Slope also tells you the " nature of change " in as a result of a change in . This nature of change is expressed in the sign of the slope . A slope may be positive , negative , or zero . Consider the graph of the parabolic function below . Three points are labeled along this curve : A , B , and C . The slope is different at each of these points . At point A , the slope is zero . This point is the parabola ' s vertex — the maximum or minimum point of the function . At point B , the slope is negative . At point C , the slope is positive . Because slope has important business implications , managers are interested in measuring its value . The difficulty arises with nonlinear functions in that the slope changes at every point along the curve . To find the slope of a curve , you must select a point along the curve , draw a line — either through two points on the curve which are very close to the selected point or tangent to the curve at the selected point — and then measure the slope of the line drawn . If you draw a line through two points that are close to one another on a curve , that line is called a secant line . The slope of a secant line is also known as the " average rate of change . " The slope of the secant line approximates the slope of the curve at any point between the two points on the curve . When the two points chosen are closer together , the slope of the secant line becomes closer to the actual slope of the curve at the point of interest . A tangent line is a line that touches a nonlinear function at only one point , as shown in the right side of the figure above . The tangent line ' s slope is called the " instantaneous rate of change " because it is a precise measurement of the slope of the curve at that particular point . Finding the equation of the tangent line at any point of a curve can be tricky . Using the first derivative of the nonlinear function , however , you can quickly find the slope of the tangent line at any point on the curve without having to find the equation of the tangent line . Secant Lines The slope of a secant line approximates the slope of a nonlinear function between two points . Because a secant line is straight , its slope can be determined using the rise - over - run formula , which is discussed in the Linear Functions portion of the Algebra section of this course . The slope of a secant line can be used to find the average rate of change of sales revenues , price levels , or any other value represented by a nonlinear function . For example , suppose that the company for which you work produces nuts and bolts . The nuts and bolts are produced using the same manufacturing equipment . The company needs to produce both nuts and bolts , but there is a tradeoff that must be made regarding the use of the equipment — when the company produces more nuts , the manufacturing capacity for bolts is In this function , f ) is the number ( in millions ) of nuts produced and is the number ( in millions ) of bolts produced . The company wants to know more about the production tradeoffs , or average rate of change , between the number of nuts and bolts that can be produced at a rate of 5 million nuts , which corresponds to 2 million bolts produced . You can calculate average rate of change by identifying the slope of a secant line that passes through the point ( 2 , 5 ) and another point . For the best approximation , you should choose a point on the function that is nearby , such as ( 2.01 , 4.9599 ) . The secant You can find the slope of the secant line by calculating the change in over the change in between the points ( 2 , 5 ) and ( 2.01 , 4.9599 ) . As you can see in the graph above , the - axis is represented as f ) . You can report to the company that the average rate of change in production is 4.01 million fewer nuts per 1 million more bolts . To interpret this rate of change , recall the slope formula ( rise / run ) . In this area of the curve , for every one million more bolts produced ( run ) , production of nuts will have to be cut by 4.01 million ( rise ) . Why does a supply chain manager use derivatives ? Low bandwith High bandwith First Derivatives The slope of a secant line only estimates rate of change . It has already been mentioned that this estimation is more exact when you use a secant line that is between two close points on the curve . As you choose these points closer and closer together , the slope approaches an exact value . The line passing through this single point is the tangent line , and its slope , which measures the slope of the function at a single point , is the instantaneous rate of change The equation that describes the exact slope at this single point is called the function ' s first derivative . First derivatives are commonly used to identify the slope of a nonlinear function at a particular point and to identify any maximum and minimum points of a function . The first derivative is often written f ' a ) , which is read as " prime of a . " A table listing the fundamental rules of derivatives may be viewed by opening the link in the right margin . The steps for finding a function ' s first derivative are explained and illustrated in the following animation . Derivatives View animation Many of the functions you will encounter will be polynomial expressions such as ) = a 2 + b + c . This course will only consider derivatives of polynomial functions such as these . For help finding derivatives of other types of functions , consult a calculator or a business math text . Practice finding the first derivative of the polynomial expressions below . To find a function ' s first derivative , multiply the constant of each term by the exponent , then subtract one from each exponent . Consider a slightly more complex example ; find the derivative of the following function . Now that you have reviewed some of the basics of derivatives , consider again the company that produces nuts and bolts . The company originally wanted to determine the average rate of change of production between producing nut and producing bolts at the level of production where 2 million bolts and 5 million nuts are being produced . Your original calculation using a secant line was an approximation of the rate of change . Limits Fundamental Rules of Derivatives Now the company would like a precise measurement of the the instantaneous rate of change , or the slope of the line tangent to the point ( 2 , 5 ) . To determine this rate , you need to find the first derivative of the company ' s production function , ) = – 2 + 9 . Now that you have the first derivative , you can use it to find the slope of the line tangent to the point ( 2 , 5 ) . To do this , insert the value , 2 , into the derivative equation and solve . The slope , or instantaneous rate of change , of the production function at the point ( 2 , 5 ) is – 4 . This means that in order to produce 1 million more bolts , the company will have to produce 4 million fewer nuts . Compare the difference between using the slope of a secant line ( the average rate of change ) and the slope of a tangent line ( the instantaneous rate of change ) . The slopes are - 4.01 million and - 4 million , respectively . This demonstrates how the average rate of change can closely approximate the instantaneous rate of change when the points chosen are very close together . It is important to know whether the slope of a function at a particular point is positive , negative , or zero . The sign of the slope indicates to managers the nature of the change in the dependent variable for a given change in the independent variable . The sign of the slope can also be easily understood using the first derivative . If f ' ) < 0 ; then ) is decreasing . If f ' ) = 0 ; then ) is at a relative maximum or minimum . ) > 0 ; then ) is increasing . Extrema To find instantaneous rate of change at a certain point : 1 . Take the first derivative of a function . 2 . Plug the value of the point into the first derivative . 3 . The result is the instantaneous rate of change at the point . Businesses often want to identify a nonlinear function ' s maximum and minimum points , which are also known as extrema . The maximum point on a production function will tell a manager the point at which marginal production levels are at their highest . The minimum point on a cost function will tell managers where marginal unit costs are at their lowest . Extrema occur at the point at which slope is zero . Therefore , maximum and minimum points can be found by taking the first derivative of the function , setting it equal to zero , and solving for This use of derivatives has many important practical applications , including identifying a project team ' s maximum unit output of work . Consider a department that is assembling a project team to develop a new web site . The company has many projects going on concurrently and , although the web site development project is important , the company would like to staff it optimally so that the project is completed in the fastest manner possible and with the " right " number of people . The manager of this department hires you to determine the level of staffing at which each team member on the project will have the greatest level of output in terms of the tasks completed per week . You may have experienced this scenario on a project team for a job or school project in the past . If the team has too few people , team members are spread too thin across tasks and seldom get tasks completed . A team with too many people may result in additional time required in meetings to coordinate the activities of all the For this particular team , the function of productivity of an individual team member is stated as ) = – + 20 – 80 . To begin to determine the optimal number of people for the team , find the first derivative of the productivity function . When the first derivative is positive , the individual output continues to increase as people are added to the team . When the first derivative is negative , the individual output decreases as people are added to the team . Individual output is maximized at the point at which the individual output can no longer increase and has not yet begun to decrease . This maximum point occurs at the point at which the derivative is zero . You find that the department should assign 10 people to the development team in order to maximize the individual output . To determine the individual output when 10 people are assigned to the team , insert the quantity 10 into the original function . The number of tasks completed when individual productivity is maximized is 20 tasks per week . This occurs when 10 people are assigned to the project team . Second Derivatives The second derivative can be written as f " ) , which can be expressed verbally as " double prime of . " While the first derivative measures the rate of change of a function , the second derivative measures whether this rate of change is increasing or decreasing . To find the second derivative , simply take the derivative of the first derivative . Look at the following example of a function and its first and second derivative . 1 . Consider the graph below : Is the slope of the graph at point B positive , negative , or zero ? Solution 1 2 . Which point on the following graph has a slope of zero ? Solution 2 3 . The two points of a secant line should be _____ to ensure a good approximation of the slope . [ fill in blank ] Solution 3 4 . Find the first derivative of the following function : ) = 4 3 + 3 – 8 Solution 4 5 . Find the slope of the following function at = 2 : ) = 7 – 9 + 3 Solution 5 6 . If ) = – 4 + 8 , find the average rate of change between the points = 2 and = 2.1 . Solution 6 7 . The amount of output a company can produce is dependent on the number of workers . A company ' s production function is defined as + 40 ; where is the number of workers employed , and ) is the number of units produced by the company . The company currently has six employees ; find the average rate of change ( slope of the secant line ) of output of adding one more employee . Solution 7 8 . A company produces both color printers and black - and - white printers . Because the materials used to produce the two printers are mostly the same , the company faces a trade off between the number of color printers produced and the number of black - and - white printers produced . The function that models this relationship ) = – .25 + 36 ; where is the number of color printers , and ) is the number of black - and - white printers . If the company is currently producing 10 color printers , what is the instantaneous rate of change ( slope of the tangent ) at this point ? Solution 8 9 . A computer company sells a particular desktop model for $ 900 . The company has a cost function of ) = 3 + 36 + 6,000 , where is the number of units produced . To maximize profit , how many desktop computers should be produced , and how much will the company ' s profit be ? ( Note : Profit = Revenue – Cost ) Solution 9 To find the maximum or minimum point of a function : 1 . Take the first derivative of a function . 2 . Set the derivative equal to zero . 3 . Solve for 4 . Plug the value of into the function to find the corresponding value of . The point at ( x , y ) is the function ' s maximum or minimum . Previous \| Next	[ "Precalculus", "Slope and Derivatives", "Extrema" ]
http://ci.henderson.nc.us/departments/recreation-and-parks/aycock-recreation-center/	Aycock Recreation Center Visit us at 307 Carey Chapel Rd 2524929400 Hours of Operation Community Center MF 800 am 900 pm SAT 1000 am 600 pm SUN 100 pm 500 pm Pool M W F 800 am1000 am 400 pm 800 pm T Th 800 am1200 pm 400 pm700 pm SAT 1200 pm500 pm SUN 100 pm400 pm Admission DAILY PASS MONTHLY PASS County Resident County Resident Youth18 and under 2 Youth18 and under 25 Seniors55 and older 2 Seniors55 and older 25 Adults 5 Adults 30 NonCounty Resident Family Pass 35 Youth18 and under 5 Seniors Family Pass 30 Seniors55 and older 5 NonCounty Resident Adults 10 Youth18 and under 45 Seniors55 and older 45 Adults 50 Family Pass 65 Seniors Family Pass 50 The daily and monthly pass allows you and your family access to all of our amenities including indoor pool gymnasium fitness room and indoor walking track Walking Program 15 Anyone interested in only using only the indoor track on a monthly basis General Rules Age Supervision Policy Everyone must show their membership card at each visit We reserve the right to suspend service to anyone who does not obey the Center rules or acts inappropriately while at the facility You must check in at the front office with each visit Age Supervision Policy Ages 14 and older may enter the building without a guardian and remain in center until closing Ages 16 and older may bring younger children max of 2 between the ages of 913 must stay with children you are supervising at all times in the same area Ages 18 and older may bring any age child with them but must stay with any child under the age of 14 at all times in the same area Failure to abide by this Age Supervision Policy will result in suspension from the Aycock Recreation Center Indoor Pool Enjoy swimming laps or just playing in our heated indoor pool The water temperature stays a comfortable 8286 degrees Life jackets are available on a first come first serve basis You can check out a locker key from the front desk to store your dry clothes while you swim There may be times when the pool is unavailable due to a party rental swim club practice a swim meet or when we have reached maximum capacity Pool space is available on a first come first serve basis Monthly pass holders are not guaranteed an opportunity to swim when we have Gymnasium The gym is available for shooting ball by yourself or playing a game with others Please be aware that the gym may not be available for use in the evenings and on Saturday mornings during Rec League Volleyball and Basketball seasons A schedule of these games will be available at the front desk Please bring your own basketball Fitness Room The fitness room is available for you to work out however children must be at least 16 years of age to use the room Children may not accompany an adult in the room Anyone misusing the equipment will be asked to leave Come check out our treadmills elliptical machines exercise bike and free weights Fitness Room Times for Free Weights Monday 200pm300pm 700pm800pm Tuesday 200pm300pm 700pm800pm Wednesday 200pm300pm 700pm800pm Thursday 200pm300pm 700pm800pm Friday 200pm300pm 700pm800pm Saturday 1030am1130am 130pm230pm 430pm530pm Indoor Track 135 laps around the track is one mile Children under 16 are not allowed on the track without adult supervision but may walk if in close proximity to a guardian ID Cards You must present your ID card at the front desk at each visit This helps us keep a record of attendance and maintain a safe environment for you Click here to download an Aycock Membership Application and a Facility Use Application	[ "Community" ]
http://ci.rolling-hills-estates.ca.us/services/recreation-classes-and-programs	Recreation Classes and Programs FALL 2018 PROGRAMS SCHEDULE DOG AGILITY Come play with your dog Enjoy the sport of Dog Agility and learn to guide your dog through a course of obstacles Onehour classes will be offered for varying skill levels from Beginner to Advanced on Fridays at Ernie Howlett Park Please call 310 2000357 for more information about class levels and times Instructor Daniell Dumais RHE Resident Fee 160 NonResident Fee 176 GOLF LESSONS Adults ages 18 and up will receive six lessons at the Los Verdes Golf Course with Mike Buroza PGA Class A Member Small class instruction will benefit players at all levels Golf balls and golf clubs included RHE Resident Fee 109 NonResident Fee 120 Sat 915 1020 1130 am 1230 pm PINTSIZE SPORTS SOCCER A perfect introduction to preschool and elementary kids to a variety of sports in a positive and fun environment Students learn the basic skills of soccer hockey basketball and teeball in Monday Pintsize Sports classes while the Saturday soccer classes will focus on individual and team skills only Both programs consist of warming up stretching and skill drills focusing on individual and team play Your child will gain improved fitness agility stamina and coordination All equipment is provided Classes will be held at Ernie Howlett Park RHE Resident Fee 86 NonResident Fee 95 Parent Preschooler Tue 918 116 Aged 35 parent 4 Sports 230 310pm Tue 918 116 Aged 35 parent Soccer 320 400pm THE WOLF WITHIN PUPPY BASIC ADVANCED DOG OBEDIENCE COURSES Go beyond the typical training class World Class Dog Trainings 6week obedience courses will cover all aspects of you canines wellbeing nutrition exercise leadership confidence problemsolving skills and more Learn valuable tools and groundbreaking methods that originate from handson research of the ancestral wolf Our onehour classes will be offered for all skill levels Classes will be held on Sundays in Highridge Park 29035 Highridge Road Please call 310 8902811 for more information or visit wwwjmdogtrainingcom to register online Instructor Jennifer McCarthy RHE Resident Fee 275 NonResident Fee 299 Sat 98 1020 Puppy Class 1100 am 1200 pm Highridge Sun 98 1020 Level 1 Class 1230 130 pm Highridge Sun 98 1020 Level 2 Class 200 300 pm Highridge Sun 98 1020 Level 2 Class 330 430 pm Highridge Note To sign up for upper Levels you must have completed prior Level course RALLY OBEDIENCE Learn the AKC obedience sport of Rally in Ernie Howlett Park In Rally handler and dog work through a course of written signs that require precision and teamwork This 6week course will introduce you to the signs and teach you the skills needed to successfully compete in this fun AKC event A great way to build obedience skills and a closer relationship with your canine companion Instructor Vita Allison 562 4848049 RHE Resident Fee 117 NonResident Fee 130 Fri 914 1112 300400 pm No Classes 928 105 REGISTER ONLINE HERE	[ "Recreation Classes" ]
http://ci.san-fernando.ca.us/contact-us/los-angeles-county-information/	Los Angeles County Information Providing a variety of services in our City . The Los Angeles County provides a variety of services in and around the City of San Fernando , including the San Fernando Library , Animal Care and Control services , Industrial Waste , Environmental Health Department , and Vector Control . San Fernando Library 217 N . Maclay Avenue , San Fernando ( 818 ) 365 - 6928 Los Angeles County Animal Care & Control Castaic Shelter 31044 N . Charlie Canyon Rd . Castaic , CA 91384 ( 661 ) 257 - 3191 Los Angeles County Environmental Health Department Van Nuys / Sherman Oaks Office 14500 Roscoe Blvd . , 5th Floor , Panorama City , CA 91402 ( 818 ) 672 - 2222 Los Angeles County Clerk - Registrar / Recorder 12400 Imperial Highway , Norwalk , CA 90650 Main Office : ( 800 ) 815 - 2666 Los Angeles County Office of Homeless Initiative Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration 500 West Temple Street , Room 493 , Los Angeles , CA 90012 HomelessInitiative @ LACounty . gov Los Angeles County Industrial Waste Santa Clarita Office 23757 W . Valencia Blvd . , Santa Clarita , CA 91355 ( 661 ) 222 - 2953 Los Angeles County Vector Control Sylmar Branch 16320 Foothill Blvd . Sylmar , CA 91342 ( 818 ) 364 - 9589 Mon - Fri 7 : 30am - 4 : 00pm Superior Court – North Valley District San Fernando Courthouse 900 3rd Street Civil / Criminal : ( 818 ) 898 - 2655 Small Claims : ( 818 ) 898 - 2425 San Fernando Health Center 1212 Pico Street Main Office : ( 818 ) 837 - 6969 Helpline for Parents ( First5LA ) ( 888 ) 347 - 7855 Info Line of Los Angeles 24 - hour information and referral to community agencies for a variety of social services ( 818 ) 501 - 4447 City of San Fernando Employee Directory Introducing our City of San Fernando - - View Activities	[ "San Fernando Library", "County Information" ]
http://ci.stevenson.wa.us/government/city-council/	Home Government City Council City Council Stevenson operates under a Mayor - Council form of government where the Mayor serves as the head of the executive branch and five council members serve as the legislative branch . The Mayor and City Council members are elected by the citizens of Stevenson and serve a four year term . Click HERE to learn more about the members currently serving the citizens of Stevenson . A copy of the city ’ s current strategic goals can be found HERE City Council Meetings The City Council meets on the third Thursday at 6 : 00pm in City Hall , 7121 East Loop Road . Special meetings are published in the Skamania County Pioneer . With the exception of executive session meetings , Council meetings are open to the public , with opportunity for the public to speak . For all comments and testimony , speakers are asked to limit statements to about three minutes in order to allow as many people as possible the chance to address Council . For the link to City Council agendas , packets and minutes : Meeting Date Name Agenda Minutes Other Docs Contact Information Phone : ( 509 ) 427 - 5970 Email info @ ci . stevenson . wa . us Mail : City of Stevenson , City Council , PO Box 371 , Stevenson , WA 98648 . The Calendar of Events has details on City Council meetings and events . Stevenson City Hall is accessible to persons with disabilities . Please call ahead ( twenty - four ( 24 ) hour advanced notice ) if you will need special accommodations , including handicap accessibility or interpreter . ( 509 ) 427 - 5970 ( TDD 1 - 800 - 833 - 6388 ) .	[ "CITY COUNCIL", "Stevenson , WA", "Meetings" ]
http://cincinnatiusa.com/things-to-do/attractions/cincinnati-reds	Cincinnati Reds Downtown Major League Baseball ' s Cincinnati Reds - baseball ' s first professional franchise , makes it home at Great American Ball Park in downtown Cincinnati . Learn how you can enjoy the Cincinnati Reds baseball experience with the schedule , special ticket offers and planning information below . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Prev Next Where We ' re Located 100 Joe Nuxhall Way Cincinnati , OH 45202 Get Directions More Info rmation Call Now Visit Website Buy Now Get Directions TripAdvisor ® Traveler Rating Based on 339 reviews Read All Reviews Write a Review Information Hours During baseball season , the box office is open 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Monday - Friday , 10am - 4pm on Saturdays and 9 a.m. until the end of the 7th inning on game days . Parking See Where to park for Reds games for parking tips . Special Offers Cincinnati Reds 1 / 2 Price Tickets Book your hotel and get 1 / 2 price tickets for Reds home games . Some restrictions apply . Book Now About Located on the winding banks of the Ohio River , Great American Ball Park is the home of the Cincinnati Reds and is praised for innovative features , breathtaking views and affordable seating options . Great American Ball Park also celebrates the team ’ s rich history with the Reds Hall of Fame and Museum and award - winning Team Shop plus get an up close look at things on the Scotts Ballpark Tour Major League Baseball trademarks and copyrights are used with permission of MLB Advanced Media , L.P. All rights reserved . Upcoming Events Cincinnati Reds Baseball vs . Atlanta Braves Great American Ball Park Tue , Apr 23 , 2019 6 : 30 pm Cincinnati Reds Baseball vs . Atlanta Braves Great American Ball Park Wed , Apr 24 , 2019 6 : 30 pm vs . Atlanta Braves . Bark in the Park Thu , Apr 25 , 2019 vs . San Francisco Giants . Fireworks Friday Fri , May 03 , 2019 7 : 00 pm vs . San Francisco Giants . 150th Anniversary Commemorative Mr . Redlegs Bobblehead Sat , May 04 , 2019 7 : 00 pm Load more Submit an event to the Cincinnati USA calendar See Something Wrong ? Submit a correction	[ "Cincinnati Reds" ]
http://cincinnatizoo.org/plan-your-visit/membership/reciprocal-list/	Reciprocal List When you present your Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden membership card , you will receive 50 % off admission to the following zoos and aquariums : Alabama – Birmingham Zoo Alaska – Alaska SeaLife Center Arizona – Phoenix Zoo Reid Park Zoo SEA LIFE Arizona Aquarium Arkansas – Little Rock Zoo California – Aquarium of the Bay Cabrillo Marine Aquarium * Charles Paddock Zoo CuriOdyssey Fresno Chaffee Zoo Happy Hallow Zoo Los Angeles Zoo Oakland Zoo Sacramento Zoo San Francisco Zoo Santa Ana Zoo Santa Barbara Zoo Sequoia Park Zoo The Living Desert CANADA Calgary Zoo Granby Zoo Toronto Zoo Colorado – Pueblo Zoo Connecticut – Connecticut ’ s Beardsley Zoo Delaware – Brandywine Zoo District of Columbia – Smithsonian National Zoological Park Florida – Alligator Farm Zoological Park Brevard Zoo Central Florida Zoological Park Florida Aquarium Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens Mote Marine Laboratory Palm Beach Zoo Tampa ’ s Lowry Park Zoo Zoo Miami Georgia – Chehaw Wild Animal Park , Zoo Atlanta Idaho Idaho Falls Zoo at Tautphaus Park Zoo Boise Illinois – Cosley Zoo Henson Robinson Zoo Lincoln Park Zoo * , Miller Park Zoo Peoria Zoo Scovill Zoo Indiana – Fort Wayne Children ’ s Zoo Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden , Potawatomi Zoo Iowa – Blank Park Zoo Nat ’ l Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium Kansas – David Traylor Zoo of Emporia * , Hutchinson Zoo Lee Richardson Zoo Rolling Hills Zoo Sedgwick County Zoo Sunset Zoo Topeka Zoological Park Kentucky Louisville Zoological Garden Louisiana Alexandria Zoological Park BREC ’ s Baton Rouge Zoo Maryland The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore Salisbury Zoo Massachusetts – Boston Museum of Science Buttonwood Park Zoo Capron Park Zoo Franklin Park Zoo , Stone Zoo MEXICO Parque Zoologico de Leon Michigan – Binder Park Zoo Detroit Zoological Society John Ball Zoological Garden Potter Park Zoo Society The Children ’ s Zoo at Celebration Square SEA LIFE Michigan Aquarium Minnesota – Como Zoo Lake Superior Zoo Minnesota Zoo Missouri Dickerson Park Zoo Kansas City Zoo Saint Louis Zoo Endangered Wolf Center SEA LIFE Aquarium Montana Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center Nebraska Lincoln Children ’ s Zoo Omaha ’ s Henry Doorly Zoo Riverside Zoo New Hampshir e Squam Lakes Natural Science Center New Jersey Bergen County Zoo Cape May County Zoological Society Turtle Back Zoo New Mexico Albuquerque BioPark Living Desert Zoo & Gardens State Park New York Buffalo Zoo Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park Seneca Park Zoo Staten Island Zoo Trevor Zoo North Carolina – Natural Science Center of Greensboro North Carolina Aquarium at Roanoke Island North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher North Carolina Zoological Park , Western North Carolina Nature Center Museum of Life and Science North Dakota Chahinkapa Zoo Dakota Zoo Red River Zoo Roosevelt Park Zoo Ohio African Safari Wildlife Park Akron Zoological Park Boonshoft Museum of Discovery Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Columbus Zoo & Aquarium Toledo Zoo the Wilds Oklahoma Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden Tulsa Zoo & Living Museum Oregon Oregon Zoo Wildlife Safari Pennsylvania Elmwood Park Zoo Erie Zoological Society Lehigh Valley Zoo National Aviary Philadelphia Zoo Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium ZOOAMERICA North American Wildlife Park Rhode Island Roger Williams Park Zoo South Carolina Greenville Zoo Riverbanks Zoo & Garden South Dakota Bramble Park Zoo Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum Tennessee – Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park Knoxville Zoo Memphis Zoo Nashville Zoo Texas – Abilene Zoo Caldwell Zoo Cameron Park Zoo , Dallas Zoo Ellen Trout Zoo El Paso Zoo Gladys Porter Zoo Houston Zoo San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium Utah Tracy Aviary Utah ’ s Hogle Zoo Virginia Virginia Zoo Washington Point Defiance Zoological Society Woodland Park Zoo West Virginia – Oglebay ’ s Good Zoo Wisconsin Henry Vilas Zoo International Crane Foundation Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens NEW Zoo Racine Zoological Gardens * Denotes FREE admission – some restrictions may apply This list is subject to change without notice . The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden is not responsible for admission fees paid at reciprocal zoos as a result of unexpected changes in reciprocity agreements or other restrictions . Some organizations offer reciprocity to a limited number of individuals per visit , regardless of how many are covered by your Cincinnati Zoo membership . Parking and guest privileges generally do not reciprocate . We recommend you contact the zoos on this list prior to your visit to confirm the current reciprocity status and any restrictions . U pdated April 18 , 2017	[ "Reciprocal List", "Cincinnati Zoo", "Botanical Garden" ]
http://cindyandjana.com/vaginal-birth-recovery-top-10-answers-you-need-to-know/	Vaginal Birth Recovery : Top 10 Answers You Need To Know After a vaginal birth , you will have tons of questions ! Much of your time and energy will be spent focusing on your newborn . It can be easy to forget that you have just been through labour and delivery . You may have some special questions and concerns of your own . Here are the answers to the top 10 questions women ask after a vaginal birth . ( We answer the top questions after a C - section in this post . ) If you prefer getting this information in more detail through video click here 1 ) How long will I bleed ? Blood flow can last for up to 6 weeks after baby ’ s birth but for most women , it will subside sooner . For the first few days after baby ’ s birth , your blood flow will be bright red and about as heavy as your menstrual period . You may notice a small gush when you stand up after sitting or lying down . Although this may seem alarming , it can be normal . The blood can pool in your vagina while you relax . When you suddenly change position , it comes out in a ‘ gush ’ . If you have flow so heavy that you completely soak a maxi pad , from front to back , in less than an hour , By the time baby is three or four days old , your blood flow should start to become more watery and pinkish in color . By 8 - 10 days after delivery , your blood flow should be mostly yellowish - white in color . If your flow had subsided but it becomes bright red and heavy again , it could be your body ’ s way of telling you that you are overdoing it . Try resting to see if it subsides . Bleeding that stays bright red past the first week is unusual ; see your healthcare provider . 2 ) Are blood clots normal ? Occasional small blood clots are normal . By “ small ” , we mean clots the size of a $ 1.00 Canadian coin or smaller . Blood clots are dark red in color and appear jelly - like . After passing a clot , it is important to watch your blood flow carefully for the next hour . If you should completely soak a maxi pad , from front to back , in less than an hour , seek medical attention immediately ( go to the closest emergency room ) . It is rare , but a piece of the placenta can be left behind in your uterus after you give birth . When you pass this tissue , it will appear whitish and stringy . Monitor your symptoms a little more closely with this type of clot , as you are more at risk to develop heavy bleeding and infection . 3 ) How do I take care of my stitches ? Keep them clean : Not all women get stitches after a vaginal birth but if you do , you will need to keep them clean to prevent infection . Use a squirt bottle filled with warm water to clean your bottom after using the washroom . If your stitches sting when you pee , try squirting water as you pee to see if that removes the sting . Drink enough water to keep your urine dilute , as it will then burn less . Your urine should be colorless and not yellow ! Decrease swelling : If your bottom is swollen , using an ice pack during the first 24 hours can be helpful . Some women put water on a sanitary pad and freeze it to use as an ice pack . Soak your stitches : Soak your stitches in a tub of warm bath water 2 or 3 times a day . This helps to keep the stitches clean and brings blood to the area to speed healing . Some women find air - drying helpful . To air - dry , lay on the bed with nothing on your bottom for a few minutes or use a hairdryer on the low setting . Sit on a ‘ donut ’ : If your stitches are painful , try sitting on an inflatable ring ( available at most drug stores ) or a homemade ‘ donut ’ ( towel rolled up and made into a ring ) . This helps to take the pressure off your bottom when you sit . Stitches are dissolvable : Most stitches take up to 3 weeks to heal and will dissolve on their own . If you lose a stitch prematurely , doctors will not re - suture the area . Continue to keep the area clean and air dry to promote healing . 4 ) Can I take something for pain ? After a vaginal birth , you may have 3 types of pain : pain from an episiotomy or tear , ‘ afterpains ’ or hemorrhoid pain . Or , you may be lucky enough to have none of these ! Episiotomies and tears : Some tears are quite small and will cause little discomfort . Extensive tears or episiotomies take longer to heal . Tub soaks ( as mentioned in # 3 ) help to decrease perineal pain . You may need to take pain medication regularly for the first few days . Most pain medications are compatible with breastfeeding . Ask your healthcare provider for instructions . Afterpains : You may feel labour - like cramping as your uterus shrinks to its pre - pregnancy size . These cramps are strongest in the first few days after childbirth and should subside a little each day . When you breastfeed , the hormone that releases your milk also causes your uterus to cramp . Although it is uncomfortable , it helps to keep your bleeding under control . Taking regular pain medication can help to stay on top of this pain . If you wait until you experience an afterpain to take medication , the afterpain will be gone before Hemorrhoids : Hemorrhoids can begin during your pregnancy or appear after delivery . Tub soaks may be soothing . Over the counter ointments and creams will help to shrink the hemorrhoid and relieve the pain . If your hemorrhoids are severe , you may need a prescription ointment . Taking oral pain medications regularly can also be helpful . 5 ) Will it hurt to have a bowel movement ? Will my stitches let go ? Women are often scared to have their first bowel movement after giving birth , worrying they will split their stitches open . This trick can help : Using a clean pad , apply gentle counter pressure over your stitches as you push . This can help you to relax enough to pass that first stool . Drink lots of fluids and eat high fiber foods ( such as bran , raw fruits and vegetables ) to keep your bowel movements soft . Sometimes , a mild stool softener such as Docusate Sodium is suggested for the first week . 6 ) When will my milk come in ? You have milk as soon as your baby is born ! The first milk is called colostrum . It is a thick yellowish fluid and is produced in small volumes , perfect for the small size of your baby ’ s tummy . Colostrum is full of antibodies and properties that are important for your baby ’ s health . Around the third day after birth , you will notice your breasts becoming heavier . This signals a change to the more mature type of milk . The color changes from a golden to a whitish color and larger volumes will be produced . Read more about milk coming in here 7 ) Do I need a special diet when breastfeeding ? There is no need to worry about a special diet when breastfeeding . A healthy diet is all that is needed . You may hear well - meaning advice from family or friends about avoiding gassy foods such a beans or cabbage . This is an old wives tale . Gas from the mother ’ s intestinal tract can not be passed into her breast milk . The foods we eat can flavor breast milk but this does n ’ t harm the baby ; it is thought to be an early introduction to flavors . An exception to this can be cow ’ s milk protein found in dairy products . It is rare ( only 2 - 7 % of babies ) , but some babies may be allergic to dairy and react to it in the mother ’ s diet . You can read more about this problem It is recommended to limit your intake of caffeine to no more than 1 or 2 cups a day . Excessive caffeine may make baby fussy . Learn more about breastfeeding in our video course Simply Breastfeeding From Day One 8 ) Why am I feeling so emotional ? Women feel emotional after the birth of a baby ! Sometimes the emotions may be those you were expecting : euphoria , instant love . Other times , the emotions may not be expected . Many women report feeling a dull , flat disappointed feeling after birth . Others are embarrassed to admit they feel nothing for their baby . Having a baby can be a very overwhelming experience . There is no right or wrong way to feel . A difficult delivery , or one that did n ’ t go as you envisioned , may make it worse . Talk to your loved ones or your healthcare provider about the way you are feeling . Please know that even if you feel disconnected from your baby , feelings of connectedness will come in time . Taking time to rest and care for yourself is important . Looking after a newborn is more than a full time job . Coupled with the lack of time to sleep , it is no wonder this is a high - risk time for the flare - up of anxiety and depression . Postpartum blues are common in the first few weeks . If these feelings do not resolve in the first few weeks or the symptoms worsen , you could be suffering from postpartum depression and may benefit from treatment and a support group . Please talk to your healthcare provider . 9 ) How will I know if I have an infection ? The most common places to develop an infection after a vaginal birth are your stitches , your uterus and your bladder . Stitches : The first sign of an infection is increasing pain in your stitches , despite taking the same amount of pain medication . Reddened skin around the stitches or a thick yellow or greenish discharge is also signs to watch for . Uterus : A foul or rotten odour to your vaginal blood flow can be a sign of an infection in the uterus . ( Note : If you are unsure if your flow smells foul , it probably is n ’ t ! ) A smell similar to your regular menstrual flow is normal . Bladder : Symptoms of a bladder infection include burning when you pee , having to pee frequently and a feeling of ‘ urgency ’ ( needing to use the washroom NOW ! ) . Remember , it is not unusual to feel some burning around the stitches when you pee ( see point # 3 ) . General : If you should develop a fever in the first 6 weeks after giving birth , please notify your healthcare provider . You may have developed an infection that will require treatment . 10 ) When can I have sex again ? Let ’ s face it ; it is not the new moms who are asking this question ! It is , however , high on the new dad ’ s list of questions . The general recommendation is to wait 6 weeks after before resuming sexual intercourse . There are a few reasons why . The first is an increased risk of infection . Your uterus needs to heal at the site where the placenta was attached . This area is susceptible to infection if bacteria is introduced during intercourse . Secondly , it may take 6 weeks for the stitches to fully heal and become less tender . * Bonus : 11 ) When can I start exercising again ? The answer to this question can depend on your delivery , the extent of any tears , your hemoglobin and your fitness level throughout your pregnancy . If you exercised throughout your pregnancy and did not have a difficult delivery , you could safely do light exercises such as walking and stretching within a few days . It is important to listen to your body and cut back if your body says you are overdoing it . Signs you are overdoing it are an increase in your vaginal blood flow or feeling pain and discomfort . If you were not active during your pregnancy or had a difficult delivery with lots of tearing or stitches , please check with your healthcare provider prior to exercising . References : “ Postpartum Bleeding . ” HealthLink BC , 2017 , www . healthlinkbc . ca / health - topics / tn9119 “ Recovery After Birth . ” Prenatal Education , 2019 , www . ontarioprenataleducation . ca / recovery - after - birth / “ Recovering from Birth . ” Womenshealth . gov , 6 June 2018 , www . womenshealth . gov / pregnancy / childbirth - and - beyond / recovering - birth ? no_redirect = true “ Recovering From Delivery ( for Parents ) . ” Edited by Elana Pearl Ben - Joseph , KidsHealth , The Nemours Foundation , June 2018 , https : / / kidshealth . org / en / parents / recovering - delivery . html ? ref = search Pin this post for later reference : Other posts you may find helpful : Nutrition for New Moms and Top 10 Things That Can Freak You Out When You Have a Newborn Baby About the authors : Cindy and Jana are Registered Nurses and International Board Certified Lactation Consultants with a passion for making the lives of new parents easier . They have assisted over 30,000 families in their homes and provide research - based information through their website , workshops and online classes . Simon Oluoma says : May 27 , 2018 at 4 : 02 am After eight months of delivery my stitches tore pls what do should I go back to the hospital and stitch it again ? Reply cindyandjana says : May 27 , 2018 at 9 : 12 am Yes Simon , please see your health care provider . Reply Catherine September 8 , 2018 at 3 : 27 pm Hi I ’ m Vaginal Birth , and have level 2 tear , had stitches . When my baby almost 4 months , we tried to have sex , however , I was very painful and my stitches bleeding . What ’ s wrong ? Anything I need to do for healing ? Thanks Catherine	[ "Vaginal Birth Recovery", "Blood flow", "Blood clots" ]
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/25/3250	Home Circulation Vol . 107 , No . 25 Use of Automated External Defibrillators for Children : An Update Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Footnotes References Use of Automated External Defibrillators for Children : An Update An Advisory Statement From the Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force , International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation R.A. Samson R.A. Berg R . Bingham and Members of the PALS Task Force D . Biarent A . Coovadia M.F. Hazinski R.W. Hickey V . Nadkarni G . Nichol J . Tibballs A.G. Reis S . Tse D . Zideman and Additional Contributors Jerry Potts K . Uzark , and D . Atkins Originally published 1 Jul 2003 https : / / doi . org / 10.1161 / 01 . CIR . 0000074201 . 73984 . FD Circulation . 2003 ; 107 : 3250 – 3255 Footnotes References 1 Larsen MP , Eisenberg MS , Cummins RO , et al . Predicting survival from out - of - hospital cardiac arrest : a graphic model . Ann Emerg Med 1993 ; 22 : 1652 – 1658 . Crossref Medline Google Scholar 2 White RD , Vukov LF , Bugliosi TF . Early defibrillation by police : initial experience with measurement of critical time intervals and patient outcome . Ann Emerg Med 1994 ; 23 : 1009 – 1013 . Crossref Medline Google Scholar 3 Mosesso VN Jr , Davis EA , Auble TE , et al . Use of automated external defibrillators by police officers for treatment of out - of - hospital cardiac arrest . 1998 ; 32 : 200 – 207 . 4 Valenzuela TD , Roe DJ , Nichol G , et al . Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos . N Engl J Med 2000 ; 343 : 1206 – 1209 . 5 O ’ Rourke MF , Donaldson E , Geddes JS . An airline cardiac arrest program . Circulation 1997 ; 96 : 2849 – 2853 . 6 Page RL , Joglar JA , Kowal RC , et al . Use of automated external defibrillators by a US airline . N Engl J Med 2000 ; 343 : 1210 – 1216 . 7 American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation . Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care : International Consensus on Science , Part 9 : Pediatric Basic Life Support . 102 ( suppl I ) : I - 253 – I - 290 . Link 8 Quan L , Franklin WH , eds . Ventricular Fibrillation : A Pediatric Problem . New York , NY : Futura Publishing ; 2000 . 9 Swan HJC . Cardiac catheterization . In : Moss AJ , Adams FH , eds . Heart Disease in Infants , Children and Adolescents . Baltimore , Md : Williams & Wilkins ; 1968 : 287 . 10 Goldberg AH . Cardiopulmonary arrest . 1974 ; 290 : 381 – 385 . 11 Dahl CF , Ewy GA , Warner ED , et al . Myocardial necrosis from direct current countershock : effect of paddle electrode size and time interval between discharges . 1974 ; 50 : 956 – 961 . 12 Gaba DM , Talner NS . Myocardial damage following transthoracic direct current countershock in newborn piglets . Pediatr Cardiol 1982 ; 2 : 281 – 288 . 13 Killingsworth CR , Melnick SB , Chapman FW , et al . Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric - sized piglets . Resuscitation 2002 ; 55 : 177 – 185 . 14 Babbs CF , Tacker WA , VanVleet JF , et al . Therapeutic indices for transchest defibrillator shocks : effective , damaging and lethal electrical doses . Am Heart J 1980 ; 99 : 734 – 738 . 15 Gutgesell HP , Tacker WA , Geddes LA , et al . Energy dose for ventricular defibrillation of children . Pediatrics 1976 ; 58 : 898 – 901 . 16 Mogayzel C , Quan L , Graves JR , et al . Out - of - hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents : causes and outcomes . 1995 ; 25 : 484 – 491 . 17 Hickey RW , Cohen DM , Strausbaugh S , et al . Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting . 1995 ; 25 : 495 – 501 . 18 Eisenberg M , Bergner L , Hallstrom A . Epidemiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in children . 1983 ; 12 : 672 – 674 . 19 Sirbaugh PE , Pepe PE , Shook JE , et al . A prospective population - based study of the demographics , epidemiology , management and outcome of out - of - hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest . 1999 ; 33 : 174 – 184 . 20 Young KD , Seidel JS . Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation : a collective review . 1999 ; 33 : 195 – 205 . 21 Schwartz PJ , Priori SG , Dumaine R , et al . A molecular link between the sudden infant death syndrome and the long - QT syndrome . : 262 – 267 . 22 Losek JD , Hennes H , Glaeser PW , et al . Prehospital countershock treatment of pediatric asystole . Am J Emerg Med 1980 ; 7 : 571 – 575 . 23 Quan L , Wentz KR , Gore EJ , et al . Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County , Washington . Pediatrics 1990 ; 86 : 586 – 593 . 24 Suominen P , Olkkola KT , Voipio V , et al . Utstein style reporting of in - hospital paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Resuscitation 45 : 17 – 25 . 25 Nadkarni VM , Berg RA , Kaye W , et al . Survival outcome for in - hospital pulseless cardiac arrest reported to the National Registry of CPR is better for children than adults . Crit Care Med 2003 ; 31 : A14 . 26 Atkins DL . Pediatric defibrillation : optimal techniques . In : Tacker WA Jr , ed . Defibrillation of the Heart : ICDs , AEDs , and Manual . St Louis , Mo : Mosby - Year Book ; 1994 : 169 – 181 . 27 Walker RG , Chapman FW . Revisiting assumptions underlying defibrillation shock protocols : how much does impedance change between first and second shocks ? Prehosp Emerg Care 2002 ; 6 : 146 . 28 Tang W , Weil MH , Jorgenson D , et al . Fixed - energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation . Crit Care Med 30 : 2736 – 2741 . 29 Clark CB , Zhang Y , Davies LR , et al . Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation : biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model . 2001 ; 51 : 159 – 163 . 30 Samson RA , Atkins DL , Kerber RE . Optimal size of self - adhesive preapplied electrode pads in pediatric defibrillation . Am J Cardiol 75 : 544 – 545 . 31 Kerber RE , Kouba C , Martins J , et al . Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion : importance of impedance in determining the success of low - energy shocks . 1984 ; 70 : 303 – 308 . 32 Tang W , Weil MH , Sun S , et al . The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function . J Am Coll Cardiol 34 : 815 – 822 . 33 Schneider T , Martens PR , Paschen H , et al . Multicenter , randomized , controlled trial of 150 - J biphasic shocks compared with 200 - to 360 - J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out - of - hospital cardiac arrest victims . Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest ( ORCA ) Investigators . 102 : 1780 – 1787 . 34 Leng CT , Paradis NA , Calkins H , et al . Resuscitation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation with use of monophasic and biphasic waveform pulses for external defibrillation . 101 : 2968 – 2974 . 35 Gurnett CA , Atkins DL . Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high - risk child . Am J Cardiol 86 : 1051 – 1053 . 36 Cecchin F , Jorgenson DB , Berul CI , et al . Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children ? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias . 2001 ; 103 : 2483 – 2488 . 37 Kerber RE , Becker LB , Bourland JD , et al . Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation : recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance , incorporating new waveforms , and enhancing safety : a statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation , Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy . 1997 ; 95 : 1677 – 1682 . 38 Atkinson E , Mikysa B , Conway JA , et al . Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children . Ann Emerg Med . 2003 ; 41 . In press . 39 MacDonald RD , Swanson JM , Mottley JL , et al . Performance and error analysis of automated external defibrillator use in the out - of - hospital setting . 38 : 262 – 267 . 40 Jorgenson D , Morgan C , Snyder D , et al . Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated external defibrillator . 30 : S145 – S147 . Previous Back to top Next	[ "Automated external defibrillators", "arrhythmia detection algorithm", "pediatric shockable rhythms" ]
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/8/1210	Home Circulation Vol . 107 , No . 8 Exercise and Heart Failure Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Footnotes References Exercise and Heart Failure A Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise , Rehabilitation , and Prevention Ileana L . Piña Carl S . Apstein Gary J . Balady Romualdo Belardinelli Bernard R . Chaitman Brian D . Duscha Barbara J . Fletcher Jerome L . Fleg Jonathan N . Myers , and Martin J . Sullivan Originally published 4 Mar 2003 https : / / doi . org / 10.1161 / 01 . CIR . 0000055013 . 92097 . 40 Circulation . 2003 ; 107 : 1210 – 1225 Footnotes References 1 Franciosa JA , Park M , Levine TB . Lack of correlation between exercise capacity and indexes of resting left ventricular performance in heart failure . Am J Cardiol 1981 ; 47 : 33 – 39 . Crossref Medline Google Scholar 2 Fleg JL , O ’ Connor F , Gerstenblith G , et al . Impact of age on the cardiovascular response to dynamic upright exercise in healthy men and women . J Appl Physiol 1995 ; 78 : 890 – 900 . Crossref Medline Google Scholar 3 Sullivan MJ , Cobb FR , Higginbotham MB . Stroke volume increases by similar mechanisms during upright exercise in normal men and women . Am J Cardiol 1991 ; 67 : 1405 – 1412 . 4 Hagberg JM , Goldberg AP , Lakatta L , et al . Expanded blood volumes contribute to the increased cardiovascular performance of endurance - trained older men . J Appl Physiol 1998 ; 85 : 484 – 489 . 5 Seals DR , Hagberg JM , Spina RJ , et al . Enhanced left ventricular performance in endurance trained older men . Circulation 1994 ; 89 : 198 – 205 . 6 Schulman SP , Fleg JL , Goldberg AP , et al . Continuum of cardiovascular performance across a broad range of fitness levels in healthy older men . 1996 ; 94 : 359 – 367 . 7 Wilson JR , Martin JL , Schwartz D , et al . Exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure : role of impaired nutritive flow to skeletal muscle . 1984 ; 69 : 1079 – 1087 . 8 Sullivan MJ , Cobb FR . Central hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure . Chest 1992 ; 101 ( 5 suppl ) : 340S – 346S . 9 Hakki A - H , Weinreich DJ , DePace NL , et al . Correlation between exercise capacity and left ventricular function in patients with severely depressed left ventricular function . J Cardiac Rehabil 1984 ; 4 : 38 – 43 . 10 Shen WF , Roubin GS , Hirasawa K , et al . Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction response to exercise in chronic congestive heart failure : difference between dilated cardiomyopathy and previous myocardial infarction . 1985 ; 55 : 1027 – 1031 . 11 Stevenson LW , Brunken RC , Belil D , et al . Afterload reduction with vasodilators and diuretics decreases mitral regurgitation during upright exercise in advanced heart failure . J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 ; 15 : 174 – 180 . 12 Ziesche S , Cobb FR , Cohn JN , et al . Hydralazine and isorbide dinitrate combination improves exercise tolerance in heart failure : results from V - HeFT and V - HeFT II : the HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group . 1993 ; 87 ( 6 suppl ) : VI - 56 – VI - 64 . 13 Sullivan MJ , Hawthorne MH . Exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure . Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1995 ; 38 : 1 – 22 . 14 Myers J , Froelicher VF . Hemodynamic determinants of exercise capacity in chronic heart failure . Ann Int Med 1991 ; 115 : 377 – 386 . 15 Wilson JR , Martin JL , Ferraro N . Impaired skeletal muscle nutritive flow during exercise in patients with congestive heart failure : role of cardiac pump dysfunction as determined by the effect of dobutamine . 53 : 1308 – 1315 . 16 Drexler H , Banhardt U , Meinertz T , et al . Contrasting peripheral short - term and long - term effects of converting enzyme inhibition inpatients with congestive heart failure : a double blind , placebo - controlled trial . 1989 ; 79 : 491 – 502 . 17 Zelis R , Mason DT , Braunwald E . A comparison of the effects of vasodilator stimuli on peripheral resistance vessels in normal subjects and in patients with congestive heart failure . J Clin Invest 1968 ; 47 : 960 – 970 . 18 Zelis R , Flaim SF . Alterations in vasomotor tone in congestive heart failure . Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1982 ; 24 : 437 – 459 . 19 Zelis R , Longhurst J , Capone RJ , et al . A comparison of regional blood flow and oxygen utilization during dynamic forearm exercise in normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure . 1974 ; 50 : 137 – 143 . 20 Sullivan MJ , Knight JD , Higginbotham MB , et al . Relation between central and peripheral hemodynamics during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure : muscle blood flow is reduced with maintenance of arterial perfusion pressure . 1989 ; 80 : 769 – 781 . 21 LeJemtel TH , Maskin CS , Lucido D , et al . Failure to augment maximal limb blood flow in response to one - leg versus two - leg exercise in patients with severe heart failure . 1986 ; 74 : 245 – 251 . 22 Zelis R , Sinoway LI , Musch TI , et al . Regional blood flow in congestive heart failure : concept of compensatory mechanisms with short and long time constants . 1988 ; 62 : 2E – 8E . 23 McMurray JJ , Ray SG , Abdullah I , et al . Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure . 1992 ; 85 : 1374 – 1379 . 24 Longhurst J , Capone RJ , Zelis R . Evaluation of skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane thickness in congestive heart failure . Chest 1975 ; 67 : 195 – 198 . 25 Sinoway L , Minotti J , Musch T , et al . 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http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/108/2/e11	Home Circulation Vol . 108 , No . 2 Shortness of Breath Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Footnotes Additional Resources Shortness of Breath Biykem Bozkurt and Douglas L . Mann Originally published 15 Jul 2003 https : / / doi . org / 10.1161 / 01 . CIR . 0000075956 . 36340 . 78 Circulation . 2003 ; 108 : e11 – e13 Footnotes Correspondence to Biykem Bozkurt , MD , Medicine , 4C211 , Houston VA Medical Center , 2002 Holocombe Blvd , Houston , TX 77030 . E - mail bbozkurt @ bcm . tmc . edu Additional Resources American Thoracic Society . Consensus statement on dyspnea . Available at : http : / / www . olivija . com / dyspnea . / Accessed June 13 , 2003 . Google Scholar American Academy of Family Physicians . Diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea . Available at : http : / / www . aafp . org / afp / 980215ap / morgan . html . Accessed June 13 , 2003 . Google Scholar Previous Back to top Next back	[ "Shortness of Breath", "ECG", "medical problem" ]
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433	Home Circulation Vol . 109 , No . 3 Definition of Metabolic Syndrome Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Footnotes References Definition of Metabolic Syndrome Report of the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute / American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition Scott M . Grundy H . Bryan BrewerJr James I . Cleeman Sidney C . SmithJr Claude Lenfant and for the Conference Participants Originally published 27 Jan 2004 https : / / doi . org / 10.1161 / 01 . CIR . 0000111245 . 75752 . C6 Circulation . 2004 ; 109 : 433 – 438 Footnotes References 1 Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) expert panel on detection , evaluation , and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults ( Adult Treatment Panel III ) . Final report . Circulation 2002 ; 106 : 3143 – 3421 . Link Google Scholar 2 Reaven GM . Banting lecture 1988 : role of insulin resistance in human disease . Diabetes 1988 ; 37 : 1595 – 1607 . Crossref Medline Google Scholar 3 Ferrannini E , Haffner SM , Mitchell BD , et al . Hyperinsulinaemia : the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome . Diabetologia 1991 ; 34 : 416 – 422 . Crossref Medline 4 Abbasi F , Brown BW , Lamendola C , et al . Relationship between obesity , insulin resistance , and coronary heart disease risk . J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 ; 40 : 937 – 943 . 5 Bogardus C , Lillioja S , Mott DM , et al . Relationship between degree of obesity and in vivo insulin action in man . Am J Physiol 1985 ; 248 ( 3 pt 1 ) : e286 – e291 . 6 Ford ES , Giles WH , Dietz WH . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults : findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . JAMA 287 : 356 – 359 . 7 Alberti KG , Zimmet PZ . Definition , diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications . Part 1 : diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus : provisional report of a WHO consultation . Diabet Med 1998 ; 15 : 539 – 553 . 8 World Health Organization . Definition , diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications : report of a WHO Consultation . Part 1 : diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus . Geneva , Switzerland : World Health Organization ; 1999 . Available at : http : / / whqlibdoc . who . int / hq / 1999 / WHO_NCD_NCS_99 . 2 . pdf . Accessed December 12 , 2003 . 9 Einhorn D , Reaven GM , Cobin RH , et al . American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome . Endocr Pract 2003 ; 9 : 237 – 252 . 10 Lakka HM , Laaksonen DE , Lakka TA , et al . The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle - aged men . JAMA 288 : 2709 – 2716 . 11 Wilson PW , D ’ Agostino RB , Levy D , et al . Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories . 1998 ; 97 : 1837 – 1847 . 12 The Oxford Centre for Diabetes , Endocrinology , and Metabolism Diabetes Trials Unit . UKPDS Risk Engine . Available at : http : / / www . dtu . ox . ac . uk / riskengine . Accessed December 12 , 2003 . 13 Rubins HB . Triglycerides and coronary heart disease : implications of recent clinical trials . J Cardiovasc Risk 2000 ; 7 : 339 – 345 . 14 Genuth S , Alberti KG , Bennett P , et al . Follow - up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus . Diabetes Care 2003 ; 26 : 3160 – 3167 . Previous Back to top Next	[ "Metabolic Syndrome", "Definition" ]
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/118/4/397	Home Circulation Vol . 118 , No . 4 Stress - Related Cardiomyopathy Syndromes Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Footnotes References Stress - Related Cardiomyopathy Syndromes Footnotes Correspondence to Kevin A . Bybee , MD , Cardiovascular Consultants , PA , 20 NW Saint Luke ’ s Blvd , Suite 240 , Lee ’ s Summit , MO 64081 . E - mail kbybee @ cc - pc . com References 1 Samuels MA . The brain - heart connection . Circulation 2007 116 : 77 – 84 . Link Google Scholar 2 Tsuchihashi K , Ueshima K , Uchida T , Oh - mura N , Kimura K , Owa M , Yoshiyama M , Miyazaki S , Haze K , Ogawa H , Honda T , Hase M , Kai R , Morii I , for the Angina Pectoris – Myocardial Infarction Investigations in Japan . Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis : a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction . J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 38 : 11 – 18 . 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J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 41 : 737 – 742 . 7 Seth PS , Aurigemma GP , Krasnow JM , Tighe DA , Untereker WJ , Meyer TE . A syndrome of transient left ventricular apical wall motion abnormality in the absence of coronary disease : a perspective from the United States . Cardiology 2003 100 : 61 – 66 . 8 Kurowski V , Kaiser A , von Hof K , Killermann DP , Mayer B , Hartmann F , Schunkert H , Radke PW . Apical and mid - ventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome ( Tako - tsubo cardiomyopathy ) : frequency , mechanisms , and prognosis . Chest 2007 132 : 809 – 816 . 9 Desmet WJ , Adriaenssens BJ , Dens JA . Apical ballooning of the left ventricle : first series in white patients . Heart 89 : 1027 – 1031 . 10 Sharkey SW , Shear W , Hodges M , Herzog CA . Reversible myocardial contraction abnormalities in patients with an acute noncardiac illness . Chest 1998 114 : 98 – 105 . 11 Sharkey SW , Lesser JR , Andrey G , Zenovich AG , Maron MS , Lindberg J , Longe TF , Maron BJ . Acute and reversible cardiomyopathy provoked by stress in women from the United States . 2005 111 : 472 – 479 . Link 12 Kawai S , Suzuki H , Yamaguchi H , Tanaka K , Sawada H , Aizawa T , Watanabe M , Tamura T , Umawatari K , Kawata M , Nakamura T , Yamanaka O , Okada R . Ampulla cardiomyopathy “ Takotsubo ” cardiomyopathy : reversible left ventricular dysfunction : with ST segment elevation . Jpn Circ J 2000 64 : 156 – 159 . 13 Akashi YJ , Nakazawa K , Sakakibara M , Miyake F , Koike H , Sasaka K . The clinical features of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy . QJM 96 : 563 – 573 . 14 Wittstein IS , Thiemann DR , Lima JAC , Baughman KL , Shulman SP , Gerstenblith G , Wu KC , Rade JJ , Bivalacqua TJ , Champion HC . Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress . N Engl J Med 2005 352 : 539 – 548 . 15 Pavin D , Le Breton H , Daubert C . Human stress cardiomyopathy mimicking acute myocardial syndrome . Heart 1997 78 : 509 – 511 . 16 Dote K , Sato H , Uchinda AT , Ishihara M . Myocardial stunning due to simultaneous multivessel spasms : a review of 5 cases . J Cardiol 1991 21 : 203 – 214 . 17 Maron BJ , Towbin JA , Thiene G , Antzelvich C , Corrado D , Arnett D , Moss AJ , Seidman CE , Young JB . American Heart Association contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies : American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology , Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee ; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups ; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention . 2006 113 : 1807 – 1816 . 18 Ako J , Sudhir K , Farouque HMO , Honda Y , Fitzgerald PJ . Transient left ventricular dysfunction under severe stress : brain - heart relationship revisited . Am J Med 2006 119 : 10 – 17 . 19 Gianni M , Dentali F , Grandi AM , Sumner G , Hiralal R , Lonn E . Apical ballooning syndrome or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy : a systematic review . Eur Heart J 27 : 1523 – 1529 . 20 Anderson JL , Adams CD , Antman EM , Bridges CR , Califf RM , Casey DE Jr , Chavey WE II , Fesmire FM , Hochman JS , Levin TN , Lincoff AM , Peterson ED , Theroux P , Wenger NK , Wright RS , Smith SC Jr , Jacobs AK , Adams CD , Anderson JL , Antman EM , Halperin JL , Hunt SA , Krumholz HM , Kushner FG , Lytle BW , Nishimura R , Ornato JP , Page RL , Riegel B ; American College of Cardiology ; American Heart Association Task Force 50 : e1 – e157 . 21 Watanabe H , Kodama M , Okura Y , Aizawa Y , Tanabe N , Chinushi M , Nakamura Y , Nagai T , Sato M , Okabe M . Impact of earthquakes on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy . JAMA 294 : 305 – 307 . 22 Bybee KA , Motiei A , Syed I , Kara T , Lennon R , Murphy J , Wright RS , Rihal C . Electrocardiography can not reliably differentiate transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome from anterior ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction . J Electrocardiol 40 : 38 . e1 – e6 . 23 Ogura R , Hiasa Y , Takahashi T , Yamaguchi K , Fujiwara K , Ohara Y , Nada T , Ogata T , Kusunoki K , Yuba K , Hosokawa S , Kishi K , Ohtani R . Specific findings of the standard 12 - lead ECG in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy : comparison with the findings of acute anterior myocardial infarction . Circ J 67 : 687 – 690 . 24 Kume T , Akasaka T , Kawamoto T , Watanabe N , Yoshitani H , Akiyama M , Koyama Y , Neishi Y , Tsukiji M , Yoshida K . Relationship between coronary flow reserve and recovery of regional left ventricular dysfunction in patients with tako - tsubo - like transient left ventricular dysfunction . J Cardiol 43 : 123 – 129 . 25 Elesber A , Lerman A , Bybee KA , Murphy JG , Barsness G , Singh M , Rihal CS , Prasad A . Myocardial perfusion in apical ballooning syndrome : correlates of myocardial injury . Am Heart J 152 : 469 . e9 – e13 . 26 Parodi G , Del Pace S , Salvadori C , Carrabba N , Olivotto I , Gensini GF . Tuscany registry of Tako - Tsubo cardiomyopathy : left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome as a novel cause of acute mitral regurgitation . 50 : 647 – 649 . 27 Prasad A . Apical ballooning syndrome : an important differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction . 115 : e56 – e59 . 28 Hurst RT , Askew JW , Reuss CS , Lee RW , Sweeney JP , Fortuin FD , Oh JK , Tajik AJ . Transient midventricular ballooning : a new variant . 48 : 579 – 583 . 29 Reuss CS , Lester SJ , Hurst RT , Askew JW , Nager P , Lusk J , Altemose GT , Tajik AJ . Isolated left ventricular basal ballooning phenotype of transient cardiomyopathy in young women . Am J Cardiol 99 : 1451 – 1453 . 30 Shimizu M , Kato Y , Masai H , Shima T , Miwa Y . Recurrent episodes of Takotsubo - like transient apical ballooning occurring in different regions : a case report . 48 : 101 – 107 . 31 Elian D , Osherou A , Matetzky S , Hod H , Guetta V , Feinberg MS , Di Segni E . Left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome : not an uncommon variant of acute myocardial infarction in women . Clin Cardiol 29 : 9 – 12 . 32 Donahue D , Movahed MR . Clinical characteristics , demographics and prognosis of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome . Heart Fail Rev 10 : 311 – 316 . 33 Elesber A , Bybee KA , Prasad A , Wright RS , Lerman A , Rihal CS . Right ventricular dysfunction in the transient apical ballooning syndrome : incidence and impact on clinical outcome . 47 : 1082 – 1083 . 34 Haghi D , Athanasiadis A , Papavassiliu T , Suselback T , Fluecter S , Mahrholdt H , Borggrefe M , Sechtem U . Right ventricular involvement in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy . Eur Heart J 27 : 2433 – 2439 . 35 Ueyama T , Hano T , Kasamatsu K , Yamamoto K , Tsuruo Y , Nishio I . Emotional stress induces transient left ventricular hypokinesis in the rat via activation of the cardiac adrenoceptors : a possible animal model of “ tako - tsubo ” cardiomyopathy . Circ J 2002 66 : 712 – 713 . 36 Elesber A , Prasad A , Lennon R , Lerman A Rihal CS . Four - year recurrence rate and prognosis of the apical ballooning syndrome . : 448 – 452 . 37 Ibanez B , Navarro F , Cordoba M , M - Alberca P , Farre J . Tako - tsubo transient left ventricular apical ballooning : is intravascular ultrasound the key to resolve the enigma ? 91 : 102 – 104 . 38 Kurisu S , Inoue I , Kawagoe T , Ishihara M , Shimatani Y , Nishioka K , Umemura T , Nakamura S , Yoshida M , Sato H . Myocardial perfusion and fatty acid metabolism in patients with tako - tsubo - like left ventricular dysfunction . 41 : 743 – 748 . 39 Ito K , Sugihara H , Katoh S , Azuma A , Nakagawa M . Assessment of Takotsubo ( ampulla ) cardiomyopathy using 99mTC - tetrofosmin myocardial SPECT : comparison with acute coronary syndrome . Ann Nucl Med 17 : 115 – 122 . 40 Bybee KA , Murphy J , Wright RS , Prasad A , Rihal CS , Chareonthaitawee P . Acute impairment of regional myocardial glucose utilization in the apical ballooning ( Takotsubo ) syndrome . J Nuc Cardiol 13 : 244 – 250 . 41 McNulty PH , Jagasia D , Cline GW , Ng CK , Whiting JM , Garg P , Shulman GI , Soufer R . Persistent changes in myocardial glucose metabolism in vivo during reperfusion of a limited - duration coronary occlusion . 2000 101 : 917 – 922 . 42 Hashimoto K , Uehara T , Ishida Y , Nongi H , Kusuoka H , Nishimura T . Paradoxical uptake of F - 18 fluorodeoxyglucose during the sub - acute phase in patients with acute myocardial infarction . Ann Nucl Med 1996 10 : 93 – 98 . 43 DiCarli MF , Prcevski P , Singh TP , Janisse J , Ager J , Muzik O , Vander Heide R . Myocardial blood flow , function , and metabolism in repetitive stunning . J Nucl Med : 1227 – 1234 . 44 Schelbert HR , Buxton D . Insights into coronary artery disease gained from metabolic imaging . 1988 78 : 496 – 505 . 45 Schelbert HR , Henze E , Phelps ME , Kuhl DE . Assessment of regional myocardial ischemia by positron - emission computed tomography . 1982 103 : 588 – 597 . 46 Nef HM , Mollman H , Kostin S , Troidl C , Voss S , Weber M , Dill T , Rolf A , Brandt R , Hamm CW , Elsasser A . Tako - tsubo cardiomyopathy : interindividual structural analysis in the acute phase and after functional recovery . 28 : 2456 – 2464 . 47 Kneale BJ , Chowienczyk PJ , Brett SE , Coltart DJ , Ritter JM . Gender differences in sensitivity to adrenergic agonists of forearm resistance vasculature . 36 : 1233 – 1238 . 48 Mori H , Ishikawa S , Kojima S , Hayashi J , Wananabe Y , Hoffman JI , Okino H . Increased responsiveness of left ventricular apical myocardium to adrenergic stimuli . Cardiovasc Res 1993 : 192 – 198 . 49 Mayer SA , Lin J , Homma S , Solomon RA , Lennihan L , Sherman D , Fink ME , Beckford A , Klebanoff LM . Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage . Stroke 1999 30 : 780 – 786 . 50 Tung PP , Olmsted E , Kopelnik A , Banki NM , Drew BJ , Ko N , Lawton MT , Smith W , Foster E , Young WL , Zaroff JG . Plasma B - type natriuretic peptide levels are associated with early cardiac dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage . Stroke 36 : 1567 – 1571 . 51 Banki NM , Kopelnik A , Dae MW , Miss J , Tung P , Lawton MT , Drew BJ , Foster E , Smith W , Parmley WW , Zaroff JG . Acute neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage . 112 : 3314 – 3319 . 52 Tung P , Kopelnik A , Banki N , Ong K , Ko N , Lawton MT , Gress D , Drew B , Foster E , Parmley W , Zaroff J . Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage . 35 : 548 – 553 . 53 Parekh N , Venkatesh B , Cross D , Leditschke A , Atherton J , Miles W , Winning A , Clague A , Rickard C . Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage . : 1328 – 1335 . 54 Kono T , Morita H , Kuroiwa T , Onaka H , Takatsuka H , Fujiwara A . Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage : neurogenic stunned myocardium . 1994 24 : 636 – 640 . 55 Kuroiwa T , Morita H , Tanabe H , Ohta T . Significance of ST - segment elevation in electrocardiogram in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms . Acta Neurochir ( Wien ) 1995 133 : 141 – 146 . 56 Dujardin KS , McCully RB , Wijdicks EFM , Tazelaar HD Seward JB , McGregor CGA , Olson LJ . Myocardial dysfunction associated with brain death : clinical , echocardiographic , and pathologic features . J Heart Lung Transplant 2001 20 : 350 – 357 . 57 Banki N , Kopelnik A , Tung P , Lawton MT , Gress D , Drew B , Dae M , Foster E , Parmley W , Zaroff J . Prospective analysis of prevalence , distribution , and rate of recovery of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage . J Neurosurg 105 : 15 – 20 . 58 Zaroff JG , Rordorf GA , Ogilvy CS , Picard MH . Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage : evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury . J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 : 774 – 779 . 59 Lee VH , Oh JK , Mulvagh SL , Wijdicks EFM . Mechanisms in neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage . Neurocrit Care 5 : 243 – 249 . 60 Khechinashvili G , Asplund K . Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute stroke : a systematic review . Cerebrovasc Dis 14 : 65 – 66 . 61 Lanzino G , Kongable GL , Kassell NF . Electrocardiographic abnormalities after nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage . J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1994 6 : 156 – 162 . 62 Lee VH , Connolly HM , Fulgham JR , Manno EM , Brown RD , Wijdicks EF . Tako - tsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage : an underappreciated ventricular dysfunction . J Neurosurg 105 : 264 – 270 . 63 Bulsara KR , McGirt MJ , Liao L , Villavicencio AT , Borel C , Alexander MJ , Friedman AH . Use of the peak troponin value to differentiate myocardial infarction from reversible neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage . 98 : 524 – 528 . 64 Zaroff JG , Rordorf GA , Titus JS , Newell JB , Nowak NJ , Torchiana DF , Aretz T , Picard MH . Regional myocardial perfusion after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage . 31 : 1136 – 1143 . 65 Cechetto DF , Hachinski V . Cardiovascular consequences of experimental stroke . In : Cechetto DF , Hachinski V , eds . Bailliere ’ s Clinical Neurology , Neurocardiology . Vol 6 . London , UK : WB Saunders ; 1997 : 297 – 308 . 66 Samuals MA . Neurogenic heart disease : a unifying hypothesis . 1987 60 : 15J – 19J . 67 Masuda T , Sato K , Yamamota S , Matsuyama N , Shimohama T , Matsunaga A , Obuchi S , Shiba Y , Shimizu S , Izumi T . Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model . 33 : 1671 – 1676 . 68 Benedict CR , Loach AB . Clinical significance of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978 : 113 – 117 . 69 Elrifai AM , Bailes JE , Shih S - R , Diazumba S , Brillman J . Characterization of the cardiac effects of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs . 1996 : 737 – 742 . 70 Neil - Dwyer G , Walter P , Cruickshank JM , Doshi B , O ' Gorman P . Effect of propranolol and phentolamine on myocardial necrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage . BMJ 1978 2 : 990 – 992 . 71 Cruickshank JM , Neil - Dwyer G , Degaute JP , Hayes Y , Kuurne T , Kytta J , Vincent JL , Carruthers ME , Patel S . Reduction of stress / catecholamine - induced cardiac necrosis by beta 1 - selective blockade . Lancet 1987 2 : 585 – 589 . 72 Jensen JK , Christensen SR , Bak S , Atar D , Hoilund - Carlson PE , Mickley H . Frequency and significance of troponin T elevation in acute ischemic stroke . 99 : 108 – 112 . 73 Sharkey SW , Shear W , Hodges M , Herzog CA . Reversible myocardial contraction abnormalities in patients with acute noncardiac illness . 1998 114 : 98 – 105 . 74 Quenot J - P , Le Teuff G , Quantin C , Doise J - M , Abrahamowicz M , Masson D , Blettery B . Myocardial injury in critically ill patients . 128 : 2758 – 2764 . 75 Maeder M , Fehr T , Rickli H , Ammann P . Sepsis - associated myocardial dysfunction . 129 : 1349 – 1366 . 76 Court O , Kumar A , Parrillo JE , Kumar A . Clinical review : myocardial depression in sepsis and septic shock . Crit Care 6 : 500 – 508 . 77 Park J - H , Kang S - J , Song J - K , Kim HK , Lim CM , Kang D - H , Koh Y . Left ventricular apical ballooning due to severe physical stress in patients admitted to the medical ICU . 128 : 296 – 302 . 78 Parker MM , Shelhamer JH , Bacharach SL , Green MV , Natanson C , Frederick TM , Damske BA , Parrillo JE . Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock . Ann Intern Med 1984 100 : 483 – 490 . 79 Krishnagopalan S , Kumar A , Parrillo JE , Kumar A . Myocardial dysfunction in the patient with sepsis . Curr Opin Crit Care 8 : 376 – 388 . 80 ver Elst KM , Spapen HD , Nguyen DN , Garbar C , Huyghens LP , Gorus FK . Cardiac troponin I and T are biological markers of left ventricular dysfunction in septic shock . Clin Chem 46 : 650 – 657 . 81 Ammann P , Maggiorini M , Bertel O , Haenseler E , Joller - Jemelka HI , Oechslin E , Minder EI , Rickli H , Fehr T . Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes . : 2004 – 2009 . 82 Hoesel LM , Niederbichler AD , Ward PA . Complement - related molecular events in sepsis leading to heart failure . Mol Immunol 44 : 95 – 102 . 83 Cunnion RE , Schaer GL , Parker MM , Natanson C , Parrillo JE . The coronary circulation in human septic shock . 1986 73 : 637 – 644 . 84 Ruiz Bailen M , Aguayo de Hoyos E , Lopez Martnez A , Daz Castellanos MA , Ruiz Navarro S , Fierro Roson LJ , Gomez Jimenez FJ , Issa - Massad Khozouz Z . Reversible myocardial dysfunction , a possible complication in critically ill patients without heart disease . J Crit Care 18 : 245 – 252 . 85 Sardesai SH , Mourant AJ , Sivathandon Y , Farrow R , Gibbons DO . Phaeochromocytoma and catecholamine induced cardiomyopathy presenting as heart failure . Br Heart J 1990 63 : 234 – 237 . 86 Wood R , Commerford PJ , Rose AG , Tooke A . Reversible catecholamine - induced cardiomyopathy . 1991 121 : 610 – 613 . 87 Frustaci A , Loperfido F , Gentiloni N , Caldarulo M , Morgante E , Russo MA . Catecholamine - induced cardiomyopathy in multiple endocrine neoplasia . : 382 – 385 . 88 Shub C , Cueto - Garcia L , Sheps SG , Ilstrup DM , Tajik AJ . Echocardiographic findings in pheochromocytoma . 1986 57 : 971 – 975 . 89 Meune C , Bertherat J , Dousset B , Jude N , Bertagna X , Duboc D , Weber S . Reduced myocardial contractility assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography is associated with increased risk during adrenal surgery of patients with pheochromocytoma : report of a preliminary study . J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 : 1466 – 1470 . 90 Yoshinaga K , Torii H , Tahara M . A serial echocardiographic observation of acute heart injury associated with pheochromocytoma crisis . Int J Cardiol 66 : 199 – 202 . 91 Takizawa M , Kobayakawa N , Uozumi H , Yonemura S , Kodama T , Fukusima K , Takeuchi H , Kaneko Y , Kaneko T , Fujita K , Honma Y , Aoyagi T . A case of transient left ventricular ballooning with pheochromocytoma , supporting pathogenetic role of catecholamines in stress - induced cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy . Int J Cardiol : e15 – 17 . 92 Raper R , Fisher M , Bihari D . Profound , reversible , myocardial depression in acute asthma treated with high - dose catecholamines . Crit Care Med 1992 20 : 710 – 712 . 93 Akashi YJ , Nakazawa K , Sakakibara M , Miyaki F , Sasaka K . Reversible left ventricular dysfunction “ takotsubo ” cardiomyopathy related to catecholamine cardiotoxicity . J Electrocardiol 35 : 351 – 356 . 94 Bertolet BD , Freund G , Martin CA , Perchalski DL , Williams CM , Pepine CJ . Unrecognized left ventricular dysfunction in an apparently healthy cocaine abuse population . Clin Cardiol 1990 : 323 – 328 . 95 Pitts WR , Vongpatanasin W , Cigarroa JE , Hillis LD , Lange RA . Effects of intracoronary infusion of cocaine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in humans . 97 : 1270 – 1273 . Previous Back to top Next	[ "Stress-Related Cardiomyopathy Syndromes", "myocardial adrenergic hyperstimulation", "cardiovascular function" ]
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/49/3/498	Home Circulation Vol . 49 , No . 3 A Comparison of Transmural and Nontransmural Acute Myocardial Infarction Free Access article Download PDF Sections Tools Jump to Abstract Footnotes A Comparison of Transmural and Nontransmural Acute Myocardial Infarction JOHN E . MADIAS ROBERT A . CHAHINE RICHARD GORLIN , and DANIEL J . BLACKLOW Originally published 1 Mar 1974 https : / / doi . org / 10.1161 / 01 . CIR . 49 . 3 . 498 Circulation . 1974 ; 49 : 498 – 507 Abstract The records of one hundred and four patients who had enzyme curves diagnostic for acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) were analyzed to determine what differences , if any , existed between the clinical course of patients with transmural myocardial infarction ( TMI ) and patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction ( NTMI ) . The patients were subdivided into the two groups on the basis of accepted electrocardiographic criteria . There were no significant differences in prevalence or type of arrhythmias , occurrence of cardiogenic shock , or mortality in the hospital between the two groups . Enzymes tended to Footnotes Previous Back to top Next back	[ "acute myocardial infarction", "TMI", "CHF" ]
http://circadiansleepdisorders.org/defs.php	What Are Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ? Some brief definitions . More detailed descriptions appear below ( click on the links ) . Circadian Rhythms Physiological and behavioral changes in the body that occur on roughly a 24 hour cycle , sometimes called the body clock Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ( CRSDs ) or Circadian Sleep Disorders ( CSDs ) Abnormalities in length , timing , and / or rigidity of the sleep - wake cycle relative to the day - night cycle Five types of CSDs are defined below . The first four are chronic , with neurological causes . The last is temporary , with social and environmental causes Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome ( DSPS ) or Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder ( DSPD ) A condition characterized by an inability to fall asleep until very late at night , with the resulting need to sleep late in the morning or into the afternoon ; but an ability to sleep reasonably well if sleep and wake times are much later than normal . Non - 24 - Hour Sleep - Wake Disorder ( Non - 24 ) A condition in which a person ' s day length is longer than 24 hours . Sleep times get progressively later and later , so the person is eventually sleeping during the day until they cycle back to a nighttime bedtime . Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome ( or Disorder ) ( ASPS or ASPD ) A condition characterized by a need to sleep and wake up much earlier than normal Irregular Sleep - Wake Disorder ( ISWD ) A condition characterized by irregular sleep and wake periods , at least three sleep periods per day Shift Work Disorder A condition in which circadian rhythms are disturbed due to working during the body ' s natural sleep time , and the patient has serious difficulty in adjusting to the required schedule . And a couple of other definitions : Jet Lag A condition in which different body cycles are temporarily out of sync with each other and with the day - night cycle , resulting from travel across time zones . This is a temporary condition and is no longer classified as a circadian rhythm sleep disorder . Reverse Sleep This term has been used by some to refer to people who sleep during daylight and are awake at night . It could refer to either DSPS or Non - 24 Circadian Rhythm Circadian means " roughly daily " . The word was coined some 50 years ago from the Latin terms circa , about , and diem , day . Circadian rhythms cycle daily according to the 24 - hour rotation of the earth , and they are internally produced in all living things . Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate what will happen soon and adjust physical and behavioral changes accordingly . They also allow seasonal animals and plants to keep track of the seasons by measuring daylength . Circadian rhythms are often called the body clock . Humans produce on average a cycle lasting a bit over 24 hours , though there are individual variations . While these internal rhythms are approximately 24 hours , they are adjusted daily by external factors , especially sunlight or other bright lights . The most noticeable feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep / wake cycle . But there are other circadian rhythms including swings in many hormones throughout the day and night , the body temperature cycle , appetite and the best times of alertness and productivity . Ideally these rhythms are in sync with each other and with the light - dark cycle in nature , the norm being wakefulness during daylight hours and sleep during darkness . So for example normal adults usually go to sleep between 10 PM and 1 AM and awaken 7 - 8 hours later with Some people are flexible and can adjust to sleeping on practically any shift . Still , they may prefer to wake up early ( such people are often called " morning larks " ) or stay up late ( " night owls " ) . Other people can not adjust , and sleeping at the wrong time can make them ill . These people have circadian sleep disorders . Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Chronic circadian rhythm sleep disorders are internal ( endogenous , or built - in ) abnormalities of the circadian rhythms , the body ' s internal clock . They arise when a person is unable to fall asleep at a normal bedtime ( late evening ) , although he / she is able to sleep at other times . The length of the internal circadian cycle can normally be a bit shorter or longer than 24 hours . The cycle is entrained to 24 hours by external factors , especially light . If it can not be entrained , either because it is too far afield of the normal range , or for other neurological reasons , the result is a circadian disorder . In these disorders , the internal coordination of the various rhythms may also be normal or faulty . For example , some hormones may be on a different cycle than others . Common to these disorders is inflexibility : even when physically tired or sleep deprived , sufferers can not make up for lost sleep outside of their hard - wired sleep times . This factor is generally misunderstood by people who do not suffer from these disorders , leading to misunderstanding of what sufferers are up against , and a conclusion that they are just lazy or have n ' t tried hard enough to live on a normal schedule . The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD - 10 - CM , 2014 ) lists 6 subtypes of circadian rhythm sleep disorder : delayed sleep phase type free - running type advanced sleep phase type irregular sleep - wake type shift work type jet lag type as well as unspecified other , and conditions specified elsewhere The DSM - V defines Circadian Rhythm Sleep - Wake Disorder as follows : A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep - wake schedule required by an individual ' s physical environment or social or professional schedule . The sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia , or both . The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , and other important areas of functioning . Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome ( DSPS ) Delayed Sleep - Phase Syndrome ( DSPS ) , also called Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder ( DSPD ) , is a circadian sleep disorder in which the individual ' s internal body clock is delayed with respect to the external day / night cycle . A person with DSPS naturally falls asleep late at night , typically between 1 : 00 am and 6 : 00 am , and awakens in the late morning or in the afternoon . There is a striking inability to fall asleep at an earlier , more typical bedtime . As a result , many people with DSPS have been labeled as insomniacs . But if such a person is allowed to follow his internal body clock , he generally has no problems with either falling asleep or waking naturally . However , if he ignores his internal clock and attempts to live on a normal schedule , he finds himself unable to fall asleep until very late , but is forced to wake up early nonetheless . Despite being tired all day , he finds himself unable to fall asleep any earlier the next night . DSPS sufferers therefore differ from typical night owls who prefer to stay up late at night but can sleep at earlier times when they desire . A person with DSPS has no choice as to what time sleep onset comes . Thus DSPS has two essential components : one is the body ' s daily cycle , which is later than normal ; the other is the difficulty or even inability to shift one ' s schedule to an earlier time . While some individuals with DSPS are able to advance their sleep phase as much as 2 hours earlier , for example from a 5am sleep onset to a 3am sleep onset , by undertaking light therapy and melatonin treatment , they may find it impossible to advance their sleep phase further , to a societally normal day schedule . And many do not have success even with phase advancement of as little as 2 hours . For people with severe DSPS , a sleep onset change for any extended period of time has proven to be impossible , and therefore such people must sleep the hours set by their neurological sleep mechanism . The only true solution for such people , to avoid the destructive physical and mental deterioration that so many do experience , is for them to stay on the sleep schedule that is their natural physiologically dictated sleep schedule . Of course , that results in difficulty meeting the demands of education , employment , relationships , and parenting . The lack of sleep resulting from trying to fit into a normal wake time can cause difficulty thinking clearly , driving safely , and generally functioning well . Over time , this sleep deprivation may significantly reduce a person ' s productivity and enjoyment of life , and can lead to frequent illness , clinical depression , or other stress - related medical problems . There seem to be two types of DSPS . The adolescent variety , most common among boys , is outgrown by the early 20s . The literature says that this temporary form of DSPS may affect as many as 10 % of teenagers . Lifelong DSPS can begin in early childhood or puberty . Studies in the 1990s showed that about 0.15 % of adults are affected , as many women as men . DSPS was first formally described in 1981 by Dr . Elliot D . Weitzman and others at Montefiore Medical Center . It is thought to be responsible for 7 - 10 % of patient complaints of chronic insomnia . However , as many doctors are still unfamiliar with it , it often goes untreated or is treated inappropriately . DSPS is often misdiagnosed as primary insomnia , ADHD , depression , or other psychiatric conditions . Questions ? Read our DSPS Q&A document Non - 24 - Hour Sleep - Wake Disorder ( Non - 24 ) Non - 24 - hour Sleep - Wake Disorder ( Non - 24 ) , also known as hypernychthemeral syndrome or circadian rhythm sleep disorder , free - running type , is a circadian sleep disorder in which an individual falls asleep later each day . Generally the delay is about an hour or two , corresponding to a circadian cycle of 25 - 26 hours ; but some individuals with Non - 24 exhibit a much longer delay , especially those who have lived with Non - 24 for many years . Non - 24 is most commonly seen The daily delay in sleep onset causes the individual to gradually " cycle around the clock . " This means that part of the month the individual will be asleep at night and awake during the day , but another part will be lived in complete or near complete darkness , which can be disconcerting and depressing for the person with Non - 24 . This disorder is extremely debilitating . The lack of a stable sleep time makes it very difficult , often impossible , for a person with Non - 24 to maintain those things in life that occur at regular times - - employment , appointments with doctors , marriage and family life , and other social interactions . Thus Non - 24 can lead to isolation , poor health , poverty , and depression . An individual struggling to maintain life reponsibilities despite Non - 24 may have limited success for a time , but Non - 24 tends to become more rigid over time . The chronic sleep deprivation that comes with fighting against the body ' s urges to sleep and the increasing difficulty in fighting those urges as the disorder becomes more rigid ( more entrenched , more severe ) will eventually force those who do not respond to treatment into admitting that they have become disabled , giving up their efforts to remain in the workplace , and seeking alternate means It is unknown exactly how many people with Non - 24 can maintain a partially or totally normal sleep schedule with treatment ( light therapy , medications , melatonin , etc . ) , but one study found that nearly a third of patients responded at least partially to treatment . The study did not indicate how many of those patients experienced complete remission of Non - 24 with treatment , but it is assumed that total remission is relatively rare , given the tiny number of people with Non - 24 in support communities who report full recovery with Questions ? Read our Non - 24 Q&A document Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome ( ASPS ) Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome ( ASPS ) ( also called Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder , ASPD ) is characterized by bedtime and wake - up time much earlier than normal , although sleep quality is normal . People with ASPS may fall sleep at 6 or 8 p.m. and awaken about eight hours later . While the disorder appears to be much less common than its opposite , DSPS , it may simply be that it is diagnosed less often , since people with ASPS are generally able to maintain a normal 9 - 5 workday without difficulty . Irregular Sleep - Wake Disorder ( ISWD ) Irregular Sleep - Wake Disorder ( ISWD ) is characterized by at least three sleep episodes per 24 - hour period , irregularly from day to day . It most commonly occurs in elderly persons with dementia . It also occurs in some children with developmental disorders , including autism spectrum disorders . Finally ISWD can be a consequence of brain tumors or traumatic brain injury in both children and adults . It can cause social , familial and work problems . Shift Work Disorder Shift Work Disorder may occur when work schedules force people to be awake when their circadian rhythms dictate that they should be sleeping . It is classified as a Circadian Rhythm Disorder ( CRD ) and is extrinsic , i.e. caused by external behavioral factors . A considerable amount of research has been done on shift work disorder because of the importance of shift work in certain industries and occupations . Rotating and night shifts cause greater problems for some people than for others . Shift work results in a circadian sleep disorder in those people in whom the body clocks can not shift sufficiently , and the person suffers chronic sleep deprivation . Jet Lag Jet Lag results from travelling across time zones . Nighttime begins several hours earlier ( or later ) in the new time zone , than it did in the old time zone . As a result , the sleep / wake cycle must shift , and all the other circadian rhythms shift also . But they do n ' t all shift together . The shift in sleep hours may in itself cause significant tiredness . The desynchronization of the various circadian processes causes additional fatigue and malaise . Over a period of days , the various body clocks entrain A recent article 1 presents an intuitive way of looking at jet lag : One way to think about our circadian rhythm is to imagine a wall of pendulum clocks with rubber bands connecting the pendulums , keeping them in unison . When we cross time zones , our central clock ( in a part of the brain known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus , or SCN ) receives information about ambient light from the retina , indicating the change in time of day . This alters the rhythm of the SCN , but because the body ' s other clocks are only loosely coupled to the central clock , it takes time for them and the organ systems to which they belong to resynchronize — that is , to swing in harmony like the connected clock pendulums . During this time of adjustment , people often experience a mental and physical malaise . [ 1 ] Block , Gene D , Our Internal Sleep Clocks Are Out of Sync ( The Wall Street Journal , Aug 14 , 2014 )	[ "Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder", "DSPD" ]
http://circlekangusfarm.com/butchering/hog-weight-explanation/	HOG WEIGHT Individual animals vary but our estimate on a young hog , less than one year old and ready for the butcher , is weighing around 250 lbs on the hoof or call this the live weight of the hog . The butcher skins and guts the animals , so they are ready for the cooler and then takes what ’ s called the “ hanging weight ” An average “ hanging weight ” or carcass weight of a young hog that has a live weight of approximately 250 lbs is around 180 lbs . A side usually weighs around 90 lbs . This weight is taken while the meat is still warm and before the dry aging process begins in the cooler . This refers to the hanging weight or the gross weight by which the carcass is sold . This is the weight at which the butcher charges for cutting and packaging the meat . We also charge the buyer by this weight . Remember , Of course , it must be realized by consumers that the size of the animal , the amount of fat , the grade of meat , and the amount of trimming and boning that is done by the meat processor all affect the percentage of meat that the consumer will receive . The information provided should be considered as a guide to the amount of meat to be received . When buying pork one must realize the importance of how much fat is on the carcass because this will influence the amount of product in the packages . That ’ s why our finishing process has less waste from trimming of fat while still maintaining excellent marbling qualities and provides a superior product with outstanding flavor and tenderness . Typical live weight 250 lbs , carcass weight 180 lbs . ( 72 % of live weight ) , Saleable retail cuts 140 lbs . ( 56 % of live weight ) . Head , fat , bones and skin 40 lbs . Saleable retail cuts would be approximately : Ham 44 lbs , Loin area & chops 32 lbs . , Cured or Fresh Picnic roasts 12 lbs . , Boston butt roasts or slices 13 lbs . , Bacon 27 lbs . and Sausage 12 lbs . So , there are only about 32 pounds of pork chops for every 250 pounds of live weight or 180 pounds carcass weight . This leaves 108 pounds of other pork cuts to be sold . That is why a meat retailer needs to price pork so that all cuts sell . Since pork chops are in great demand and are relatively easy to prepare , especially in small portions , it is necessary to sell chops at a higher price per pound . To stay in business , the retailer must charge enough for each individual package of pork Weights will vary with the customized cuts of meat you choose and the way you need it packaged . Animals also vary in size and yield . Some people will get a little more and others a little less . All prices are subject to change without notice . Pricing at the time your order is placed will apply . You , your family and friends can have a healthier life by eating all natural Vegetable Diet Fed Pork from Circle K ’ s Angus Farm . Click Here to Place Your Order Online PDFs available for printing : Click here for the Butcher ’ s Questions .	[ "HOG WEIGHT", "butcher" ]
http://circlesoftroup.org/	Click To Play Overlays Previous Next Previous Next Building Community to End Poverty THE CRISIS In Troup County , more than 20 percent of the people live at or below the federal poverty level , which is $ 23,550 for a family of four . Today , in our community one in three children is living in poverty . THE SOLUTION Circles exists to identify and eliminate the causes of poverty and support those wishing to lift themselves out of poverty . We use a relational strategy to support both parents and children moving out of poverty while inspiring and equipping the community to reduce its poverty rate . Thank you to our community sponsors !	[ "Circles Of Troup County", "THE CRISIS" ]
http://circuit8.org/small-claims	Small Claims Court Information Before You File Frequently Asked Questions What is a small claims action ? It ’ s when there is a dispute between two parties , and the issue in controversy does not exceed $ 5,000 . You should review Chapter 34 of the Florida Statutes for a description of which causes of action are covered under small claims in the county court . Also review the small claims rules of procedure located in section 7 of the Florida Rules of Court for more detailed information . The statutes and rules of procedure which apply will depend upon the type of case filed . It is strongly recommended that you familiarize yourself with the laws that apply to your particular case by visiting your local law library . The first step in filing a small claims action is obtaining and filling out the necessary forms usually consisting of a statement of claim and a notice or service of process which requires the parties to appear at a specified pre - trial conference . Small claims forms are available at your local Clerk of Court ' s Office . What happens after filing ? Once the statement of claim has been completed and filed with the clerk of court , the plaintiff must provide the defendant with the copies of the statement of claim and the service of process form . In a small claims case , there are two general ways to provide the defendant with these forms . If the defendant lives in Florida , the statement of claim and services of process form can be sent by certified mail through the United States Postal Service . If the defendant refuses to accept the service of process through certified mail , or does not live in the Florida , or is a corporation within Florida , the statement of claim and service of process must be delivered to the defendant by the sheriff of the county where the defendant lives or is located . A private process server who is authorized to serve legal papers may also serve the defendant . Once the defendant has been served , the process may continue . If service of process is done incorrectly or not done at all , the case may not proceed . Once the defendant has been served with the statement of claim and the service of process form , both parties must attend a pre - trial conference . What happens at the Pre - trial Conference ? At the Pre - trial Conference , the judge will review the pleadings and documents and may simplify the issues , refer the case to mediation , and take care of any other matters as needed . You may settle the case with the other party before or at the pre - trial conference by entering into and filing a stipulation agreement . This agreement can settle all or part of the case and becomes part of the court order . Sometimes , the participation of a third , neutral party is helpful in aiding the litigants in reaching an agreement . This process is called mediation , and your case may be referred to it at the pre - trial conference . What if we are not able to reach an agreement through mediation ? If the parties are unable to reach an agreement through stipulation or mediation , they must appear for trial on the date and the time scheduled by the Clerk during the pre - trial conference . When the defendant fails to respond or show up to defend against the statement of claim , the Clerk or the judge may enter a default judgment . All parties are bound by the applicable law and the court can not help you to present your case . The parties must make certain to bring all evidence and witnesses to the trial but keep What is a judgment ? A judgment is the written decision of the case and includes the amount of money to be paid by one party to another , acts which must be performed , or property which must be transferred . After the judgment is signed , it will be recorded in the county ' s public records and will be provided to the parties either at the conclusion of the trial or later by mail . If the parties feel the judge has made an error , they have ten days from the date the judgment is entered by the court to file with the clerk for a rehearing . After the judgment is entered , the winning party may need to execute and enforce the terms of the judgment in order to collect money or property . If judgment monies are paid in full , the plaintiff must furnish the defendant with a completed satisfaction of judgment form which can be obtained from your local Clerk of Court . Please note that the Court does not guarantee collection . It is important to realize that just because you have won a judgment does not mean collection of judgment monies is guaranteed . The Court can not and does not guarantee collection of judgment monies . Small Claims Resources Small Claims Glossary	[ "error" ]
http://circus.fsu.edu/	The FSU Flying High Circus performances Prospective Students Summer Programs Ladies and Gentlemen Boys and Girls Children of all Ages Let me introduce you to the FSU Flying High Circus We are one of only two collegiate circuses in the United States A unique tradition on the campus of The Florida State University since 1947 the Circus is a yearround program in which FSU students can participate We boast an impressive student group that takes advantage of a marvelous learning opportunity from the circus as a part of their collegiate experience Once you see our show you will be amazed that it is put on by amateur college students Even though they receive no class credit they are able to put on a performance that rivals that of a professional show Not only do our students perform in the show but they also are involved in virtually every aspect of production from setup of our Big Top tent to the sewing of our costumes The show is the culmination of the tremendous amount of hard work dedication and skill that our students bring to our organization If you are enrolled at circusadminfsuedu Chad Mathews Director FSU Flying High Circus	[ "FSU Flying High Circus", "United States" ]
http://cisncancer.org/research/how_cancer_is_studied/epidemiological/study_types.html	You Are Here : Home > Cancer Research > How Cancer is Studied > Epidemiology > Types of Epidemiology Studies Types of Epidemiology Studies Below is a flow chart to help you understand how study types are classified . Each type is then discussed individually so you can learn more about its purpose . Chart adapted from " MedPage Tools : Guide to Biostatistics " Observational Studies : Descriptive & Analytical Types Observational studies involve no intervention other than asking questions and carrying out medical examinations and simple laboratory tests or X - ray examinations . In epidemiology , observational studies are more common than experimental ones , particularly if an investigator wants to determine whether an agent or exposure causes cancer in humans . Descriptive Studies Descriptive studies tend to be simpler and easier to conduct than analytical or experimental studies but they are nonetheless quite important . Descriptive studies can provide the background from which analytical studies emerge . They help to generate hypotheses , as opposed to testing them . Advantages : A large range of outcomes because no subgroups are studied A large range of potential predictors again because no subgroups are studied Disadvantages : Not possible to study subgroups No control for confounding as data is in aggregate form Not able to reproduce / replicate results as data was not collected in an experiment with defined perimeters . 1 . Cross - Sectional Comparison Studies : " Am I like my neighbors ? " Cross - sectional studies compare data that are combined from smaller groups as opposed to very large descriptive studies . These studies focus on observations made at only one point in time so they are quickly completed and relatively inexpensive . But they can not reveal a sequence of events over time since they sample data only once . Cross - sectional studies often simply compare the rate of a particular cancer in one place versus another place . 2 . Correlation ( Ecologic ) Studies : " What if I am exposed to this ? " Ecologic studies look at diet and cancer at the population level , think of this as the view from 30,000 feet . These types of studies represent a transition to analytical studies since they compare cancer rates of populations in relation to risk factors . They do not include outcome so they are n ' t considered analytical . Examples : The diet - cancer correlation Following populations as they migrate to compare cancer rates Advantages : Ecologic studies can provide powerful clues pointing in a particular direction , especially when they compare large populations with different diets . Disadvantages : Ecologic studies ca n ' t prove cause and effect . Scientists need more evidence from other studies to help prove the connection that ecologic studies point to . Image courtesy of American Institute of Cancer Research « Previous Page 1 2 3 4 Next Page » Advisory Board \| Acknowledgments \| Privacy Policy Disclaimers Site Map Copyright © 2006 - 2013 CISN - All Rights Reserved . Site Design by : Studio457	[ "Epidemiology Studies", "Cross-sectional studies" ]
http://cisncancer.org/research/new_treatments/tumor_markers/how_it_works.html	You Are Here : Home > Cancer Research > New Horizons In Cancer Treatments > Tumor Markers How Do Tumor Markers Work ? How Do Tumor Markers Work ? When diagnosing cancer , blood and pieces of tumor tissue are tested . These tests help to determine the characteristics of the tumor ( aggressiveness , rate of growth , and degree of abnormality ) . Tests for tumor markers may be used with other laboratory tests or procedures such as x - rays to detect and diagnose some cancers . Tumor markers may be proteins , antigens , or hormones . Tumor marker tests are not used by themselves for making a cancer diagnosis because most markers can be found in elevated levels in people who have benign conditions , and because no tumor marker is specific to a particular cancer . How tumor markers are measured Tumor markers are most often measured in blood and urine . They can also be found in tumors and other tissues . Tumor markers are sent to a laboratory where various methods are used to measure the levels . The marker is usually found by combining the sample with man - made antibodies that react with the tumor marker protein . Are tumor markers reliable indicators of cancer ? Not every tumor will cause an elevation in the tumor marker test , especially in the early stages of cancer . Physicians can use changes in tumor marker levels to follow the course of the disease , to measure the effect of treatment , and to check for recurrence . Tumor markers are not always reliable for the following reasons : Most tumor markers can be made by normal cells , as well as cancer cells . Tumor markers can be associated with noncancerous conditions . Tumor markers are not always present in early stage cancers . People with cancer may never have elevated tumor markers . Even when tumor marker levels are high , they are not specific enough . Reliability also depends on test sensitivity and specificity Tumor marker sensitivity refers to the test ' s ability to identify people who have the disease . If a test is not very sensitive , there will be many " false negative " results , and persons with cancer will go undetected . A test that yields many false negatives will obviously not be very good at helping reduce cancer deaths and creates a false sense of security for people who actually have the disease . This image shows 10 green spots on top that are actual cancer cases and 10 green spots on the bottom that are also cancer cases . In the bottom image only 7 of the 10 cancers have been found - the other three indicate " false negative " results that were not detected . Image Courtesy of the National Cancer Institute Tumor marker specificity refers to the test ' s ability to identify people who do not have the disease . If a cancer test is not very specific , it will yield many " false positive " results where a person will test positive even though they are cancer free . This error can lead to unnecessary and costly follow - up procedures and can cause anxiety in the person misdiagnosed . This image depicts many false positive results . Image Courtesy of the National Cancer Institute How tumor markers are used in cancer care Because abnormal tumor marker levels may only suggest the presence of cancer , other scientific tests are usually required before confirming a cancer diagnosis . Clinicians use tests such as biopsies and the evaluation of multiple tumor markers with some cancer types . A patient ' s history , physical exam , and other lab tests are also considered . Tumor markers are measured over a period of time to see if the levels are increasing or decreasing . Serial measurements are often more meaningful than a single measurement . It is also best to compare results from the same lab . Tumor markers are primarily used to follow people who have already been diagnosed with cancer . In monitoring people with cancer , tumor markers can be less expensive and invasive than other diagnostic tools . Tumor markers can also help doctors figure out where a cancer started when the disease , when found , is already widespread . Tests measuring tumor markers help in diagnosing cancer , monitoring treatment efficacy , and disease status before , during and after therapies , and evaluating the possibility of recurrence . It is thought that combining the results from several markers may be better than using a single marker . Image courtesy of SomaLogic « Previous Page 1 2 Next Page » Advisory Board \| Acknowledgments \| Privacy Policy Disclaimers Site Map Copyright © 2006 - 2013 CISN - All Rights Reserved . Site Design by : Studio457	[ "Tumor Markers", "cancer care" ]
http://cisr.ucr.edu/asian_tiger_mosquito.html	Asian Tiger Mosquito , Aedes albopictus The Situation : The Asian tiger mosquito entered the United States in shipments of used tires from northern Asia in the mid - 1980s . It can survive in a broad range of climates and has spread rapidly from the point of first detection in the south - central United States . Prior to its successful invasion of the southeastern U.S. , isolated introductions of this mosquito were detected and eradicated in California in 1971 and 1987 . In 2001 , the Asian tiger mosquito was found in two northern and four southern counties of California . This mosquito did not spread to Description : Adults of this mosquito have black bodies with conspicuous white stripes . A distinctive single white stripe runs the length of the back . Body length is approximately 0.5 centimeter . Distinct silver - white bands are evident on the palpus and tarsi . Eggs are approximately 0.1 centimeter in length and dark brown to black . Eggs are laid in moist areas just above the water surface and are capable of overwintering . Eggs hatch upon inundation and immature stages ( larvae and pupae ) of the life cycle occur in water . Larvae are filter feeders and occur Health Risks : The Asian tiger mosquito is an aggressive biter that feeds primarily during the day and has a broad host range including man , domestic and wild animals , and birds . It is a potential vector of encephalitis , dengue ( all four serotypes ) , yellow fever and dog heartworm . West Nile virus has been detected in this species in the eastern U.S. This mosquito is a competent vector of LaCrosse encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses . The Asian tiger mosquito also is a competent vector of two encephalitis viruses routinely monitored throughout California , St . Culex mosquitoes . SLE is a viral disease which is often very serious in young children and the elderly , attacking the central nervous system and occasionally causing death . Yellow fever is an extremely serious disease that is not established in the U.S. or in regions adjacent to the contiguous United States . Although the Asian tiger mosquito is a competent laboratory vector of several viral pathogens , there is no evidence to date that this mosquito has caused human disease in the U.S . Distribution : The Asian tiger mosquito is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread along major transportation routes by human activities , particularly commercial movement of scrap tires , to more than 900 counties in 26 states in the continental USA as well as Hawaii . Aedes albopictus was found again in California in 2001 and sporadically thereafter through 2004 . Although introductions to ports and nurseries have been controlled , this species continues to pose a threat to public health in California . Introduction of this species in standing water , enclosed containers where pools of water are present , or by desiccation - resistant eggs associated with previous pools of standing water are likely mechanisms of invasion by this species . Research : There is no ongoing research on this species in California . Research programs carried out by the CDC and in several southeastern states are focusing on documenting the distribution of the Asian tiger mosquito , studying the competitive interactions between Aedes albopictus and closely related species in the same genus , examining the disease incidence in specimens collected in nature , and carrying out laboratory vector competence studies . Cooperation between federal agencies and universities has greatly aided understanding of the distribution and ecology of this mosquito . Media within CISR is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License . Permissions beyond this scope may be available at www . cisr . ucr . edu / media_usage . html More Media on the this Asian Tiger Mosquito CISR : Blog posts on Asian Tiger Mosquito Wired : A California City is Fending off Zika by Releasing 40,000 Mosquitoes every week YouTube : IRD " The tiger mosquito " Le film Center for Invasive Species Research , University of California , Riverside Text Provided by : William Walton and updated by Mark Hoddle Photos courtesy of Susan Ellis Bugwood . org and Jared Dever William Walton Professor of Entomology william . walton @ ucr . edu Personal Website Mark Hoddle Director of Center for Invasive Species Research , Extension Specialist mark . hoddle @ ucr . edu Personal Website	[ "Asian Tiger Mosquito", "potential vector", "United States" ]
http://citadel.sjfc.edu/students/cep08849/e-port/the%20northern%20colonies.html	The Northern Colonies The New England Colonies The people who settled in the New England Colonies were called " Pilgrims " . Rhode Island Founded : 1636 by Roger Williams and others , at Providence Colony Name : Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Smallest colony and state Major Industry : Agriculture ( livestock , dairy , fishing ) , Manufacturing ( lumbering ) Rhode Island become a state on May 29 , 1790 and was the last colony to become a state . New Hampshire Founded : 1537 by John Wheelwright Colony Name : Province of New Hampshire Major Industry : Agriculture ( potatoes and fishing ) , Manufacturing ( textiles ) Explored by the French and English Connecticut Founded : 1635 by Thomas Hooker and others at Hartford Colony Name : Connecticut Colony Major Industry : Agriculture ( fishing , corn , wheat ) Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts Nickname : " The Constitution State " because their colonial laws were used as a guide when the U.S. Constitution was written Connecticut became a state February 6 , 1788 . Massachusetts Founded : 1630 by John Winthrop Founded : 1630 by John Winthrop Colony Name : Province of Massachusetts Bay Major Industry : Agriculture ( fishing , corn , livestock ) , Manufacturing ( lumbering , shipbuilding ) Settled by Pilgrims from England who were in search of a better life . The Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflower and landed on Plymouth Rock December 21 , 1921 . Massachusetts became a state February 6 , 1788 . Delaware Founded : 1638 by Peter Minuit Colony Name : Delaware Colony Major Industry : Agriculture ( fishing ) , Manufacturing ( lumbering ) Delaware was the first state to be ratified as a state . It became a state on December 7 , 1787 . Pennsylvania Founded : 1682 by William Penn and others Colony Name : Province of Pennsylvania Major Industry : Agriculture ( wheat , corn , cattle , dairy ) , Manufacturing ( textiles , papermaking , shipbuilding ) Nickname : " Keystone State " because of its center arch around the 13 colonies Pennsylvania became a state December 12 , 1787 . New York Founded : 1626 by Peter Minuit and others Colony Name : Province of New York , named after the Duke of York Major Industry : Manufacturing ( shipbuilding , iron works ) , Agriculture ( cattle , grain , rice , indigo , wheat ) Originally founded by the Dutch and called " New Amsterdam " , then the English took it over and change its name to New York New York became a state on July 26 , 1788 . New Jersey Founded : 1644 by English Colonists Colony Name : Province of New Jersey Major Industry : Manufacturing ( ironworking , lumbering ) Land was given to the Governor of the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel for this colony New Jersey became a state December 18 , 1787 . Back to " Thirteen Colonies " Page	[ "The Northern Colonies", "Pilgrims", "New England" ]
http://citadel.sjfc.edu/students/rnr00577/e-port/msti260/suburban.htm	What does suburban mean ? Suburban means a community that is located in areas that are outside of the city or a large town . Another name for a suburban community is the suburbs . Where do people in suburban communities work ? Many people who live in the suburbs often commute and work in the city . How do people in the suburbs get to work in the city ? People from the suburbs get to work in many different ways . Some people who live in the suburbs , but drive to the city often drive in cars , take commuter trains , and shuttle buses . What will I see in a suburban community ? In suburban communities you will see housing subdivisions . Housing subdivisions are made up of single family homes on the same land . They are also known as cul - de - sacs . You will also see office parks or business parks . Not all people who live in the suburbs have to travel to the city for work . Some people also work in business parks . An office park or business park is a smaller building with 4 - 12 floors containing different business . In suburbs you will also see many roadways . The roadways in suburban are very important because they allow people to travel throughout the community and into the city . Housing Subdivisions Building Parks Roadways What kind of stores are in suburban communities ? In suburban communities there are stores that are called retail stores . Retail stores include things such as strip malls , shopping malls , big - box stores , and chain restaurants . These stores are big stores that have different items to buy inside of them . An example of a retail store would be Wal - Mart . What kind of animals would I see in a Suburban Community ? In a suburban community you would see cats , dogs , squirrels , different kinds of birds such as blue - jays . Where do kids go to school in suburban communities ? Kids who live in suburban communities go to schools that are near their homes . There schools are just like schools in Urban and Rural community , however they are often desired because of their high standards . To get to school students living in suburban communities take the bus or even walk . Click here for homework ! Click here for Quiz ! Click here for take - home project ! Lesson Plan for Teachers ! \| Back \| MSTI 260 \|	[ "suburban communities", "mean" ]
http://citehealth.com/nursing-homes/pennsylvania/cities/audubon/meadows-at-shannondell	Meadows at Shannondell Detailed report on the nursing home located in Audubon , Pennsylvania ( PA ) . Meadows at Shannondell is a small , for - profit , nursing home with 60 beds based at 6000 Shannondell Drive in Audubon , PA . The facility has 49 residents indicating 82 % of its beds are occupied , which is about average within this state . The provider participates in the medicare program and provides resident counseling services . The home is located in a continuing care retirement community and is fully sprinklered . A total of 92 Medicare patients were given 2,454 days of non - swing bed care and services in 2006 , and the provider was reimbursed $ 790,525 by Medicare . 35 Medicare patients were given outpatient care and services by this provider in 2006 . The provider was reimbursed $ 23,941 by Medicare for these services . On a state level , the number of registered nurse hours per resident per day is much higher than average . Certified nursing assistant hours per resident per day is much higher than average . The number of licensed practical or vocational nurse hours per resident per day is . Licensed staff hours per resident per day is When compared to other nursing homes in the state , it is more likely for short - stay residents to have moderate to severe pain at Meadows at Shannondell . When compared to other nursing homes in the state , it is less likely for short - stay residents to have delirium . Overall Rating Based Upon 0 User Reviews \| Rate this Nursing Home Ownership Type For - Profit - Corporation Multiple Ownership No Address 6000 Shannondell Drive Audubon PA 19403 Phone Number ( 610 ) 728 - 5400 Geographic Coordinates 40.13472 - 75.413769 * The accuracy of these coordinates is at a address level . Programs Accepted Medicare Counseling Available Resident Sprinkler System The amount of the facility that is sprinklered . All fire code regulations at different locations must be met . Fully Sprinklered Beds The total number of beds the facility operates . Each resident is assigned to a single bed . This Provider 60 Montgomery County Average 119 Pennsylvania Average 123 United States Average 106 Beds Occupied The percentage of total beds that are occupied by residents . This Provider 82.00 % Montgomery County 89.19 % Pennsylvania 89.33 % United States 84.18 % Residents The total number of residents residing at the facility . 49 Montgomery County Average 108 Pennsylvania Average 112 United States Average 90 Located in a Hospital Indicates whether the facility is located within a hospital . Montgomery County 2 ( 3.39 % ) Pennsylvania 59 ( 8.24 % ) United States 1,271 ( 8.03 % ) Located in a CCRC Indicates whether the facility is located within a continuing care retirement community . Yes 17 ( 28.81 % ) 169 ( 23.60 % ) 1,255 ( 7.93 % ) Recent Surveys 09 / 12 / 2007 - Health Survey 09 / 12 / 2007 - Fire Safety Survey 10 / 30 / 2006 - Health Survey 09 / 29 / 2006 - Fire Safety Survey 01 / 31 / 2006 - Health Survey 11 / 28 / 2005 - Fire Safety Survey Discuss Review Directions Staff Top RN Hours Per Resident The average number of registered nurse hours per resident per day . 2.86 0.87 0.81 0.64 CNA Hours Per Resident The average number of certified nursing assistant hours per resident per day . 3.35 2.26 2.21 2.34 LPNLVN Hours Per Resident The average number of licensed practical or vocational nurse hours per resident per day . 1.44 0.67 0.82 0.79 Licensed Staff Hours Per Resident The average number of licensed staff hours per resident per day . 4.30 1.54 1.62 1.43 Quality Measures Top Long - Stay Residents Given Influenza Vaccination The percentage of long - stay residents given influenza vaccination during the flu season . Note : Not Available - The data for this measure is missing . Call the facility to discuss this quality measure . Long - Stay Residents Whose Need for Help With Daily Activities Has Increased The percentage of long - stay residents whose need for help with daily activities has increased . Note : Not Available - The number of residents is too small to report . Call the facility to discuss this quality measure . High - Risk Long - Stay Residents Who Have Pressure Sores The percentage of high - risk long - stay residents who have pressure sores . Not Available - The number of residents is too small to report . Call the facility to discuss this quality measure . Long - Stay Residents Who Were Physically Restrained The percentage of long - stay residents who were physically restrained . Low - Risk Long - Stay Residents Who Lose Control of Their Bowels The percentage of low - risk long - stay residents who lose control of their bowels or bladder . Long - Stay Residents Who Spend Most of Their Time in Bed The percentage of long - stay residents who spend most of their time in bed or in a chair . Long - Stay Residents With a Urinary Tract Infection The percentage of long - stay residents with a urinary tract infection . Short - Stay Residents Given Influenza Vaccination The percentage of short - stay residents given influenza vaccination during the flu season . Short - Stay Residents With Delirium The percentage of short - stay residents with delirium . 2.37 % 2.00 % 2.12 % Short - Stay Residents With Pressure Sores The percentage of short - stay residents with pressure sores . 16.00 % 19.98 % 18.14 % 17.46 % Long - Stay Residents Given Pneumococcal Vaccination The percentage of long - stay residents who were assessed and given pneumococcal vaccination . 74.00 % 77.02 % 84.03 % 79.81 % Long - Stay Residents Who Have Moderate to Severe Pain The percentage of long - stay residents who have moderate to severe pain . Low - Risk Long - Stay Residents Who Have Pressure Sores The percentage of low - risk long - stay residents who have pressure sores . Long - Stay Residents Who are More Depressed or Anxious The percentage of long - stay residents who are more depressed or anxious . Long - Stay Residents Who Have Catheter Inserted and Left The percentage of long - stay residents who have / had a catheter inserted and left in their bladder . Long - Stay Residents Whose Ability to Move Around Their Room Got Worse The percentage of long - stay residents whose ability to move about in and around their room got worse . Long - Stay Residents Who Lose Too Much Weight The percentage of long - stay residents who lose too much weight . Short - Stay Residents Given Pneumococcal Vaccination The percentage of short - stay residents who were assessed and given pneumococcal vaccination . 80.00 % 70.61 % 78.63 % 73.02 % Short - Stay Residents Who Had Moderate to Severe Pain The percentage of short - stay residents who had moderate to severe pain . 24.00 % 15.68 % 18.90 % 20.65 % Treatment Figures Non - Swing Bed Patients The number of non - swing bed patients treated by this provider that were covered by Medicare Part A in 2006 . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . 92 129 142 133 Non - Swing Bed Patient Discharges The number of non - swing bed patient discharges made by this provider that were covered by Medicare Part A in 2006 . A discharge is defined as a formal release from a hospital or skilled nursing facility . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . 94 120 123 124 Non - Swing Bed Utilization Days The number of days of non - swing bed care that are chargeable to Medicare Part A facility utilization by this provider in 2006 . This measure includes full days , coinsurance days , and lifetime reserve days . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . 2,454 3,982 4,621 4,470 Outpatients The number of outpatients treated by this provider that were covered by Medicare Part B in 2006 . An outpatient is defined as a patient treated in under 24 hours at a qualifying medical facility . These figures may include data from other departments at this facility . 35 286 301 Financials Medicare Non - Swing Bed Payments The total non - swing bed associated Medicare Part A payments made to this provider in 2006 . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . $ 790,525 $ 1,279,642 $ 1,309,115 $ 1,318,701 Medicare Payments Per Non - Swing Bed Utilization Day The average Medicare payments made to this provider per Medicare Part A covered non - swing bed utilization day in 2006 . This measure includes full days , coinsurance days , and lifetime reserve days . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . $ 322 $ 321 $ 283 $ 295 Medicare Outpatient Payments The total outpatient associated Medicare Part B payments made to this provider in 2006 . An outpatient is defined as a patient treated in under 24 hours at a qualifying medical facility . These figures may include data from other departments at this facility . $ 23,941 $ 110,767 $ 232,795 $ 266,523 Medicare Payments Per Non - Swing Bed Patient The average Medicare payments made to this provider per Medicare Part A covered non - swing bed patient in 2006 . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . $ 8,593 $ 9,901 $ 9,210 $ 9,943 Medicare Payments Per Non - Swing Bed Patient Discharge The average Medicare payments made to this provider per Medicare Part A covered non - swing bed patient discharge in 2006 . A discharge is defined as a formal release from a hospital or skilled nursing facility . A non - swing bed is defined as a bed that is used by a patient over a period of time at a skilled nursing facility , often as a residence . $ 8,410 $ 10,657 $ 10,604 $ 10,652 Medicare Payments Per Outpatient The average Medicare payments made to this provider per Medicare Part B covered outpatient in 2006 . An outpatient is defined as a patient treated in under 24 hours at a qualifying medical facility . $ 684 $ 903 $ 815 $ 885 Deficiencies 09 / 12 / 2007 - Hazardous Area Type : Fire Safety Category : Hazardous Area Issue : construction that can resist fire for one hour or an approved fire extinguishing system . Found Via : Survey Scope : Widespread Level of Harm : Potential for minimal harm Date Found : 09 / 12 / 2007 Date Fixed : 10 / 09 / 2007 09 / 12 / 2007 - Smoke Compartmentation and Control Type : Fire Safety Category : Smoke Compartmentation and Control Issue : smoke barrier doors that can resist smoke for at least 20 minutes . Found Via : Survey Scope : Widespread Level of Harm : Potential for minimal harm Date Found : 09 / 12 / 2007 Date Fixed : 10 / 09 / 2007 09 / 12 / 2007 - Electrical Electrical properly installed electrical wiring and equipment . 10 / 30 / 2007 09 / 12 / 2007 - Fire Alarm Systems Fire Alarm Systems properly maintained smoke detectors . Pattern 05 / 14 / 2007 - Quality Care Health Quality Care Give each resident care and services to get or keep the highest quality of life possible . Complaint Isolated Minimal harm or potential for actual harm 05 / 14 / 2007 06 / 20 / 2007 09 / 29 / 2006 - Smoking Regulations Smoking Regulations posted " No - smoking " signs in areas where smoking is not permitted or did not provide ashtrays where smoking was allowed . Pattern 09 / 29 / 2006 10 / 20 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Building Contruction Building Contruction approved construction type or materials . 09 / 29 / 2006 10 / 12 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Corridor Walls and Doors Corridor Walls and Doors corridor and hallway doors that block smoke . 11 / 15 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Smoke Compartmentation and Control Smoke Compartmentation and Control walls or barriers that prevent smoke from passing through and would resist fire for at least one hour . 10 / 16 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Building Service Equipment Building Service Equipment heating and ventilation systems that have been properly installed according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . 11 / 30 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Medical Gases and Anesthetizing Areas Medical Gases and Anesthetizing Areas properly constructed piped - in oxygen systems . 10 / 20 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Smoke Compartmentation and Control proper construction of ducts through walls designed to prevent smoke passage . 11 / 15 / 2006 09 / 29 / 2006 - Illumination and Emergency Power Illumination and Emergency Power properly located and lighted " Exit " signs . 10 / 19 / 2006 11 / 28 / 2005 - Illumination and Emergency Power Illumination and Emergency Power properly located and lighted " Exit " signs . 11 / 28 / 2005 12 / 09 / 2005 11 / 28 / 2005 - Building Contruction Building Contruction approved construction type or materials . 11 / 28 / 2005 12 / 09 / 2005 11 / 28 / 2005 - Illumination and Emergency Power emergency lighting that can last at least 1 1 / 2 hours . 12 / 14 / 2005 11 / 28 / 2005 - Fire Alarm Systems Fire Alarm Systems a fire alarm system that can be heard throughout the facility . 11 / 28 / 2005 - Automatic Sprinkler Systems Automatic Sprinkler Systems portable fire extinguishers . 12 / 16 / 2005 11 / 28 / 2005 - Building Service Equipment Building Service Equipment heating and ventilation systems that have been properly installed according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . 12 / 23 / 2005 11 / 28 / 2005 - Exits and Egress Exits and Egress exit stairways and towers that are smoke proof . 12 / 06 / 2006 11 / 28 / 2005 - Smoke Compartmentation and Control smoke barrier doors that can resist smoke for at least 20 minutes . 11 / 28 / 2005 - Smoke Compartmentation and Control walls or barriers that prevent smoke from passing through and would resist fire for at least one hour . 12 / 06 / 2005 Reviews and Ratings ( Details have not been substantiated ) No ratings or reviews have been completed . Write the first review ! Discussions ( Details have not been substantiated ) No discussions have been started . Start the first discussion ! Supplemental Last Modified Monday , July 21 , 2008 2 : 45 PM MST Indicates the latest change to the core data for this provider . It does not reflect changes from user input , such as reviews and discussions . Disclosure CiteHealth is not associated with Meadows at Shannondell or Meadows at Shannondell , the . We do not endorse , sponsor , or take financial incentives from this provider . Updates & Additional Information We appreciate any verifiable updates or additional information you may have on this provider .	[ "Meadows", "Shannondell", "retirement community" ]
http://citehealth.com/rehab-centers/massachusetts/cities/springfield/gandara-mental-health-center	Gandara Mental Health Center Detailed report on the mental health and substance abuse treatment rehabilitation center located in Springfield , Massachusetts ( MA ) . Gandara Mental Health Center is a drug or alcohol rehabilitation center with a primary focus on mental health and substance abuse treatment based at 85 Saint George Road in Springfield , MA . The treatment center provides outpatient care . There are special groups and programs for persons with co - occuring mental and substance abuse disorders , persons with HIV and AIDS , gays and lesbians , seniors and older adults , pregnant and postpartum women , women , men , DUI and DWI offenders , and criminal justice groups . Special language services provided include spanish . Payments via medicaid , state financed insurance , medicare , and private insurance are accepted . Payment assistance is offered by way of sliding fee scale and case by case basis ( check with Overall Rating Based Upon 0 User Reviews \| Rate this Rehab Center Primary Focus A mix of Mental Health and Treatment Services Address 85 Saint George Road Springfield MA 01104 Phone Number ( 413 ) 732 - 2120 Geographic Coordinates 42.108428 - 72.602499 * The accuracy of these coordinates is at a address level . Discuss Review Directions Services Top Substance Abuse Treatment Indicates whether the facility offers substance abuse treatment services . Substance abuse is viewed by the medical community as a long term illness and most treatment services are often designed specifically for the patient . Since physical changes occur within the brain when a person becomes addicted , overcoming the illness can be a long and up hill battle . This Provider Yes Springfield 12 ( 100.00 % ) Offer this Service Hampden County 21 ( 100.00 % ) Offer this Service Massachusetts 230 ( 97.46 % ) Offer this Service United States 11,192 ( 98.34 % ) Offer this Service Detoxification Indicates whether the facility offers detoxification services . Detoxification is the process of removing drugs and the effects of drugs from the body . There are numerous types of approaches to accomplish this . This Provider 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Service Hampden County 6 ( 28.57 % ) Offer this Service Massachusetts 65 ( 27.54 % ) Offer this Service United States 2,190 ( 19.24 % ) Offer this Service Buprenorphine Indicates whether the facility offers buprenorphine services , for use in substance dependence treatment . Buprenorphine services can be used to manage opioid dependence and is generally viewed to have a lower dependence - liability than methadone . 3 ( 25.00 % ) Offer this Service 5 ( 23.81 % ) Offer this Service 70 ( 29.66 % ) Offer this Service 1,783 ( 15.67 % ) Offer this Service Halfway House Indicates whether the facility has half way house facilities . A half way house can provide a person with monitoring and support upon reintegration into society when recovering from a dependency . 3 ( 25.00 % ) Offer this Service 4 ( 19.05 % ) Offer this Service 57 ( 24.15 % ) Offer this Service 1,088 ( 9.56 % ) Offer this Service Methadone Maintenance Indicates whether the facility offers methadone maintenance , for use in substance dependence treatment . Methadone can be used , much like Buprenorphine , to manage opioid addiction . Use of the drug can be used for both short and long term substance management . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Service 5 ( 23.81 % ) Offer this Service 42 ( 17.80 % ) Offer this Service 1,068 ( 9.38 % ) Offer this Service Methadone Detoxification Indicates whether the facility offers methadone detoxification services . Since Methadone can take the place of opioids , it is sometimes used to ease patients off drugs . 7 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Service 50 ( 21.19 % ) Offer this Service 847 ( 7.44 % ) Offer this Service Type of Care Top Outpatient Indicates whether the facility offers outpatient services on site . When used in context of substance abuse treatment , outpatient means that the patients do not live at the facility but rather come for classes , visits , or group meetings . Yes 6 ( 50.00 % ) Offer this Care 12 ( 57.14 % ) Offer this Care 134 ( 56.78 % ) Offer this Care 9,332 ( 82.00 % ) Offer this Care Partial Hospitalization or Day Treatment Indicates whether the facility offers partial hospitalization or day treatment services on site . With this type of care , patients still live at home but commute to the facility to receive treatment . Frequency of visits vary but can be up to seven days per week , if needed . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Care 3 ( 14.29 % ) Offer this Care 28 ( 11.86 % ) Offer this Care 1,455 ( 12.78 % ) Offer this Care Residential Short - Term Treatment Indicates whether the facility offers residential short - term treatment services on site . This type of care lasts 30 days or less . Typically , services are provided to residents in the form of a 24 hour residential , non - medical , substance free environment to promote recovery . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Care 3 ( 14.29 % ) Offer this Care 36 ( 15.25 % ) Offer this Care 1,573 ( 13.82 % ) Offer this Care Residential Long - Term Treatment Indicates whether the facility offers residential long - term treatment services on site . This type of care lasts more than 30 days . Typically , services are provided to residents in the form of a 24 hour residential , non - medical , substance free environment to promote recovery . 4 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Care 5 ( 23.81 % ) Offer this Care 74 ( 31.36 % ) Offer this Care 2,204 ( 19.37 % ) Offer this Care Hospital Inpatient Indicates whether the facility offers hospital inpatient treatment services on site . This type of care is given to patients in a medical facility . The patient will be monitored and treated 24 hours a day by medical staff for the duration of their stay . 1 ( 8.33 % ) Offer this Care 30 ( 12.71 % ) Offer this Care 597 ( 5.25 % ) Offer this Care Special Programs and Groups Adolescents Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for adolescents . 3 ( 25.00 % ) Offer this Program 4 ( 19.05 % ) Offer this Program 40 ( 16.95 % ) Offer this Program 3,452 ( 30.33 % ) Offer this Program Persons with Co - Occurring Mental and Substance Abuse Disorders Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups for specifically persons with co - occurring mental and substance abuse disorders . 4 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Program 7 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Program 93 ( 39.41 % ) Offer this Program 4,097 ( 36.00 % ) Offer this Program Persons with HIV or AIDS Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups for specifically persons with HIV or AIDS . 6 ( 50.00 % ) Offer this Program 7 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Program 49 ( 20.76 % ) Offer this Program 1,017 ( 8.94 % ) Offer this Program DUI and DWI Offenders Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for DUI and DWI offenders . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Program 3 ( 14.29 % ) Offer this Program 46 ( 19.49 % ) Offer this Program 3,548 ( 31.17 % ) Offer this Program Criminal Justice Groups Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for criminal justice groups . 3 ( 25.00 % ) Offer this Program 3 ( 14.29 % ) Offer this Program 42 ( 17.80 % ) Offer this Program 3,089 ( 27.14 % ) Offer this Program Gays and Lesbians Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for gays and lesbians . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Program 2 ( 9.52 % ) Offer this Program 19 ( 8.05 % ) Offer this Program 654 ( 5.75 % ) Offer this Program Pregnant and Postpartum Women Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for pregnant and postpartum women . 46 ( 19.49 % ) Offer this Program 1,561 ( 13.72 % ) Offer this Program Seniors and Older Adults Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for seniors and older adults . 2 ( 9.52 % ) Offer this Program 17 ( 7.20 % ) Offer this Program 734 ( 6.45 % ) Offer this Program Women Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for women . 8 ( 66.67 % ) Offer this Program 11 ( 52.38 % ) Offer this Program 98 ( 41.53 % ) Offer this Program 3,691 ( 32.43 % ) Offer this Program Men Indicates whether the facility offers special programs or groups specifically for men . 7 ( 58.33 % ) Offer this Program 8 ( 38.10 % ) Offer this Program 87 ( 36.86 % ) Offer this Program 2,844 ( 24.99 % ) Offer this Program Forms of Payment Medicaid Indicates whether the facility accepts Medicaid as a form of payment . 8 ( 66.67 % ) Offer this Form 15 ( 71.43 % ) Offer this Form 149 ( 63.14 % ) Offer this Form 6,124 ( 53.81 % ) Offer this Form State Financed Insurance Indicates whether the facility accepts state financed insurance as a form of payment . This does not include Medicaid programs . 8 ( 66.67 % ) Offer this Form 10 ( 47.62 % ) Offer this Form 135 ( 57.20 % ) Offer this Form 4,336 ( 38.10 % ) Offer this Form Medicare Indicates whether the facility accepts Medicare as a form of payment . 5 ( 41.67 % ) Offer this Form 10 ( 47.62 % ) Offer this Form 124 ( 52.54 % ) Offer this Form 3,598 ( 31.61 % ) Offer this Form Private Health Insurance Indicates whether the facility accepts private health insurance as a form of payment . 14 ( 66.67 % ) Offer this Form 147 ( 62.29 % ) Offer this Form 7,232 ( 63.54 % ) Offer this Form Military Insurance Indicates whether the facility accepts military insurance as a form of payment . Examples are VA and TRICARE . 2 ( 16.67 % ) Offer this Form 7 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Form 70 ( 29.66 % ) Offer this Form 1,068 ( 9.38 % ) Offer this Form Access to Recovery Voucher Indicates whether the facility accepts access to recovery vouchers as a form of payment . ATR is a program that provides vouchers for clients for purchase . They can be used for substance abuse treatment and recovery services . 1,534 ( 13.48 % ) Offer this Form Payment Assistance Sliding Fee Scale Indicates whether the facility has payment assistance in the form of a sliding free scale . Fees are typically based upon income and other factors . 6 ( 50.00 % ) Offer this Assistance 7 ( 33.33 % ) Offer this Assistance 77 ( 32.63 % ) Offer this Assistance 4,762 ( 41.84 % ) Offer this Assistance Payment Assistance Indicates whether the facility has payment assistance . Check with the facility for details . 6 ( 50.00 % ) Offer this Assistance 9 ( 42.86 % ) Offer this Assistance 107 ( 45.34 % ) Offer this Assistance 2,725 ( 23.94 % ) Offer this Assistance Special Language Services Assistance for Hearing Impaired Indicates whether the facility has language services for assistance for the hearing impaired . 8 ( 38.10 % ) Offer this Service 84 ( 35.59 % ) Offer this Service 3,104 ( 27.27 % ) Offer this Service American Indian and Alaska Native Languages Indicates whether the facility has language services for American Indian and Alaska native languages . Spanish Indicates whether the facility has language services for Spanish . 8 ( 66.67 % ) Offer this Service 12 ( 57.14 % ) Offer this Service 109 ( 46.19 % ) Offer this Service 3,054 ( 26.83 % ) Offer this Service Foreign Languages Other Than Spanish Indicates whether the facility has language services for foreign language services other than Spanish . 55 ( 23.31 % ) Offer this Service 786 ( 6.91 % ) Offer this Service Reviews and Ratings ( Details have not been substantiated ) No ratings or reviews have been completed . Write the first review ! Discussions ( Details have not been substantiated ) No discussions have been started . Start the first discussion ! Supplemental Last Modified Monday , February 28 , 2011 2 : 10 AM MST Indicates the latest change to the core data for this provider . It does not reflect changes from user input , such as reviews and discussions . Disclosure CiteHealth is not associated with Gandara Mental Health Center . We do not endorse , sponsor , or take financial incentives from this provider . Updates & Additional Information We appreciate any verifiable updates or additional information you may have on this provider .	[ "Gandara Mental Health Center", "substance abuse treatment", "Springfield , MA" ]
http://citiesunited.org/what-works/the-effects-of-pulling-levers-focused-deterrence-strategies-on-crime/	The Effects of Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime A number of American police departments have been experimenting with new problemoriented policing frameworks to prevent gang and groupinvolved violence generally known as the pulling levers focused deterrence strategies Focused deterrence strategies honor core deterrence ideas such as increasing risks faced by offenders while finding new and creative ways of deploying traditional and nontraditional law enforcement tools to do so such as directly communicating incentives and disincentives to targeted offenders Pioneered in Boston to halt serious gang violence the focused deterrence framework has been applied in many American cities through federally sponsored violence prevention programs In its simplest form the Anthony Braga and David Weisburd Campbell Collaboration 2012 httpswwwcampbellcollaborationorglibrarypullingleversfocuseddeterrencestrategieseffectsoncrimehtml Cities United June Newsletter June 2018 Highlights 5th Annual Convening Cant wait to see you in Knoxville Cities United Roadmap Academy June Cohort Click here to Cities United May Newsletter May 2018 Highlights Wear Orange for National Gun Violence Awareness Day Cities United Regional Convening hosted by Brooklyn Park MN Cities United April Newsletter April 2018 Highlights Walmart Foundation Grant Announcement Cities United Roadmap Academy March Cohort Click here to read the April newsletter Click here to subscribe play Cities United 2017 Summit Gun Violence Data The Guardian play Cites United Welcome Video play Cities United 2017 Summit PoliceInvolved Shootings and InCustody Deaths	[ "Pulling Levers", "Deterrence Strategies" ]
http://citizenwatchserv.com/	Home Welcome to the Citizen Factory Authorized Service Center in Richardson Texas . My name is Craig Johnson the owner & subcontractor for Citizen since 1977 . I welcome dealers and consumers alike for Warranty or post warranty service . I will personally handle the repair of your watch from start to finish . Repair process time is 2 to 4 weeks . ( See Disclaimer below ) CLOSING DATES : We will be closed April 8th thru the 12th for a vacation . Re - open on April 16th . Closed on Mondays , Weekends & Holidays AVAILABLE SERVICES : Re - charging & resetting of Eco - Drive models Cleaning & resealing Diver models Water Testing Overhaul & Re - builds of older models ( depending on spare parts availability ) Replacement of Energy Cells & outer parts ( bands / crystals etc . ) Labor + parts for repairs only . ( I do not sell just parts ) No evaluations are given until your watch arrive Use my PREPAID SERVICE FEES under ( shop ) in the menu Use my ( CONTACT US ) Button above for any questions before sending your WATCH & PREPAID SERVICE FEE Disclaimer You can shop for a flat rate repair cost found in my E - commerce store ( In Menu ) OR send your watch into me for evaluation , my procedure requires : 1 – Evaluation for repair : Labor time plus spare parts needed for proper repair will take 4 to 5 days ( After receiving watch ) 2 – Total repair cost is entered and mailed ( USPS ) to the customer after the above valuation time 3 – If the spare parts are IN the USA the repair time can be completed within four weeks from the customers payment date ( no exceptions ) 4 – Required back ordered parts for proper repair from overseas take 6 to 8 weeks from payment date ( no refunds due to no control on back orders from Citizen ) As a kidney transplant recipient I work alone and I had no employees since I started with my father in the mid - 1970 ’ s . If you do not have time to wait for a proper repair you may consider purchasing a new watch due to lack of repairman across the USA with no knowledge of Citizen manufactured watches How to submit your watch for service Citizen Watch Service Click the ( Blue Button ) Citizen Watch Service above . Than click on the Blue ( Make a Payment ) You can than pick a FLAT SERVICE FEE OPTION . Than click ( VIEW CART ) Check your total with the shipping cost , than click ( proceed to checkout ) Once you fill in your Billing & Shipping info , click ( proceed to PayPal ) , Once you fill in your credit card info and complete the transaction PayPal will send you & I emails confirming your purchase . Print the receipt & mail both your watch Allow 5 - 7 days for your package to arrive and for me to price any parts needed . Check your email daily for information on your repair . How to package your watch for shipment Roll your watch & request form up in bubble wrap and place in a small box . Be sure and add insurance with the mail service you use . DO NOT SEND YOUR DISPLAY / GIFT BOX . All shipping container are discarded . Shipping address is below : Please print clearly . Pack the product carefully to avoid damage . Citizen Watch Service ( CWS ) Ship postage prepaid to CWS Craig Johnson 800 East Campbell Rd , Ste 200 Richardson , Texas 75081 . No radio control , satellite or Proximity series repair at this location . Please send to Torrance location only Delivery Hours ( CST ) : Tuesday – Friday 10 : 00 a.m. to 4 : 00 p.m ( Phone Answered during announcement message ) e - mail : service @ citizenwatchserv . com or use the contact us above DELIVERY HOURS Tuesday – Friday 10 : 00 AM – 4 : 00 PM I am closed Mondays , weekends & holidays Retailers & consumers are welcome to drop in during my delivery hours . The building hours of operation are from 7 AM to 6 PM . Please use my LOCKBOX located just right of my door after delivery hours , SEAL UP AN ENVELOPE WITH YOUR WATCH & INFO WHEN USING THE LOCK - BOX , I WILL CONTACT YOU AFTER THE EVALUATION TIME WITH THE REPAIR COST	[ "CITIZEN WATCH SERVICE", "Craig Johnson", "Richardson Texas" ]
http://cityclerk.lacity.org/lacityclerkconnect/index.cfm?fa=ccfi.viewrecord&cfnumber=14-1371	File Activities Date Activity 06 / 06 / 2016 Council action final . 06 / 02 / 2016 Mayor transmitted file to City Clerk . Ordinance effective date : June 6 , 2016 . 06 / 01 / 2016 City Clerk transmitted file to Mayor . Last day for Mayor to act is June 13 , 2016 . 06 / 01 / 2016 Council adopted item forthwith . 05 / 25 / 2016 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on June 1 , 2016 . 05 / 25 / 2016 Entertainment and Facilities Committee waived consideration of item . 05 / 24 / 2016 Economic Development Committee transmitted Council File to Entertainment and Facilities Committee . 05 / 24 / 2016 Economic Development Committee approved item ( s ) ; Los Angeles Minimum Wage Ordinance No . 2 ( Reasonable Documentation ) version approved . 05 / 23 / 2016 City Attorney document ( s ) referred to Economic Development Committee ; Entertainment and Facilities Committee . 05 / 20 / 2016 Document ( s ) submitted by City Attorney , as follows : City Attorney report R16 - 0165 , dated May 20 , 2016 , relative to draft ordinances amending Articles 7 and 8 of Chapter XVIII of the Municipal Code to add an exemption for transitional job employees , sick time benefits and various procedural and technical changes . 05 / 20 / 2016 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on May 24 , 2016 . 04 / 20 / 2016 Council action final . 04 / 19 / 2016 Council adopted item as amended , subject to reconsideration , pursuant to Council Rule 51 . 04 / 13 / 2016 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on April 19 , 2016 . 04 / 12 / 2016 Economic Development Committee approved as amended . 04 / 08 / 2016 Chief Legislative Analyst document ( s ) referred to Economic Development Committee . 04 / 08 / 2016 Document ( s ) submitted by Chief Legislative Analyst , as follows : Chief Legislative Analyst report , dated April 8 , 2016 , relative to State minimum wage update . Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on April 12 , 2016 . 03 / 22 / 2016 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for April 12 , 2016 . 03 / 21 / 2016 Document ( s ) submitted by Chief Legislative Analyst , as follows : Chief Legislative Analyst and City Administrative joint report , dated March 18 , 2016 , relative to the follow - up policy elements for a Citywide Minimum wage . 03 / 18 / 2016 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on March 22 , 2016 . 03 / 18 / 2016 Chief Legislative Analyst document ( s ) referred to Economic Development Committee . 08 / 20 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by North Hollywood Northeast Neighborhood Council . 06 / 28 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council . 06 / 23 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for a date to be determined . 06 / 19 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on June 23 , 2015 . 06 / 19 / 2015 Chief Legislative Analyst report 15 - 06 - 0492 , dated June 19 , 2015 , relative to compensated and uncompensated time off survey of California cities with minimum wage Ordinances . 06 / 15 / 2015 Mayor transmitted file to City Clerk . Ordinance effective date : July 19 , 2015 . 06 / 11 / 2015 City Clerk transmitted file to Mayor . Last day for Mayor to act is June 22 , 2015 . 06 / 10 / 2015 Council adopted item forthwith . 06 / 03 / 2015 Council adopted item , subject to reconsideration , pursuant to Council Rule 51 ( vote : 13 - 1 ) ; Ordinance over to June 10 , 2015 for second consideration ; Motion 4 - A was referred to the Economic Development Committee ( see Council file No . 14 - 1371 - s6 ) . 06 / 03 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Winnetka Neighborhood Council . 05 / 29 / 2015 Economic Development Committee approved item ( s ) . 05 / 29 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on May 29 , 2015 . 05 / 26 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for a date to be determined due to cancellation of 5 / 26 / 15 meeting . 05 / 22 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on May 26 , 2015 . 05 / 22 / 2015 City Attorney document ( s ) referred to Economic Development Committee . Document ( s ) submitted by City Attorney , as follows : City Attorney report R15 - 0139 , dated May 22 , 2015 , relative to draft ordinances adding to the Municipal Code to establish a Citywide minimum wage and to create a Wage Enforcement Division ; etc . 05 / 19 / 2015 05 / 19 / 2015 Council adopted the Economic Development Committee report , as amended by Motion 4E as amended by Motion ( Parks - LaBonge ) , forthwith ; Motion 4D was referred to the Economic Development Committee ( see Council file No . 14 - 1371 - s5 ) . 05 / 14 / 2015 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on May 19 , 2015 . 05 / 13 / 2015 Chief Legislative Analyst ; City Administrative Officer document ( s ) referred to Economic Development Committee . 05 / 13 / 2015 Chief Legislative Analyst and City Administrative Officer joint report , dated May 12 , 2015 , relative to the policy elements for a citywide minimum wage . Economic Development Committee approved as amended . 05 / 12 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on May 13 , 2015 . 05 / 12 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Greater Cypress Park Neighborhood Council . 05 / 07 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by North Hills East Neighborhood Council . 05 / 05 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for a date to be continued . 05 / 01 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for Council on May 5 , 2015 . 04 / 30 / 2015 04 / 30 / 2015 Chief Legislative Analyst and the City Administrative Officer report , dated April 30 , 2015 , relative to the peer review of citywide minimum wage studies . 04 / 17 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Elysian Valley Riverside Neighborhood Council ; North Hollywood Northeast Neighborhood Council ; Silver Lake Neighborhood Council ; Winnetka Neighborhood Council . 04 / 02 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for a date to be determined . 04 / 01 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on April 2 , 2015 . 03 / 31 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for April 2 , 2015 . 03 / 27 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on March 31 , 2015 . 03 / 26 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for March 31 , 2015 . 03 / 25 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on March 26 , 2015 . 03 / 24 / 2015 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for March 26 , 2015 . 03 / 24 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by South Los Angeles Alliance of Neighborhood Councils . Community Impact Statement submitted by Pacoima Neighborhood Council . Community Impact Statement submitted by MacArthur Park Neighborhood Council . Community Impact Statement submitted by Central San Pedro Neighborhood Council . 03 / 20 / 2015 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on March 24 , 2015 . 03 / 19 / 2015 03 / 19 / 2015 Document ( s ) submitted by Chief Legislative Analyst ; City Administrative Officer , as follows : Chief Legislative Analyst and City Administrative Officer joint report , dated March 19 , 2015 , relative to the Citywide Minimum Wage Study . Community Impact Statement submitted by Harbor Gateway North Neighborhood Council . 02 / 27 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council . 01 / 20 / 2015 Community Impact Statement submitted by Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council . 10 / 28 / 2014 Economic Development Committee continued item to / for a date to be determined pending report by the Chief Legislative Analyst and City Administrative Officer . 10 / 24 / 2014 Economic Development Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on October 28 , 2014 . 10 / 07 / 2014 Motion referred to Economic Development Committee .	[ "Council File", "Minimum Wage", "Los Angeles" ]
http://cityclubny.org/projects/south-street-seaport/	South Street Seaport The City , through the Economic Development Corporation has for two decades been selling off its birthplace , the South Street Seaport , piece by piece . This great Historic District and its cultural center and interpreter , the South Street Seaport Museum , has been treated by the EDC as a checking account : whenever the City needed revenue , or the Museum did , EDC sold off or leased out another block or two of the Historic District ’ s properties . By having the Museum governed by the revenue - driven EDC rather than the Department of The City Club is drawing a line in the pavement and declaring that the Museum and the historic district should be treated like other cultural institutions — as a valuable gem for all the people , deserving of City support — rather than as a source of salable property whenever EDC needs revenue . Anyone who has been to the South Street Seaport Seaport in the last decade or so will find it difficult to believe that this failed market and the historical public space was once wildly successful . [ visitor numbers ? ? ? I understand they were higher than the Statue or than Rock Center ? ? ? ? anyone know ? ] The streets were always crowded with tourists and office workers , and drew many thousands of New Yorkers as well . Pier 17 was a thriving destination , and the museum attracted a steady stream of visitors ( This handsome spot on Manhattan ’ s waterfront was where New York began : South Street was where cotton , gold , oysters and other seafood , and human beings were brought to trade . The first world trade center was here , including the buildings that still survive . Wall Street began here because this port was where the money was . In the 1700s and 1800s it was shipowners , traders , and merchants who needed cash , credit and , especially , insurance , and these needs gave birth to NYC ’ s financial industry . The The Seaport District and especially the Museum were for many years a major tourist attraction and an economic engine , but that is not why it was designated . It was protected because it was historically significant . The Museum was created in large part to preserve and interpet the history of the District , and the District ’ s properties and attractions were to be preserved and developed to support and nourish the Museum . It was an ambitious plan , but it has never gotten the public support that we might expect a City - created museum to It is remarkable to think that the City has seen now better use for these spaces than to sell them . Indeed the land is worth cash , but so is Central Park — is there really no other value to our public spaces , our public treasures ? New York is blessed in that developers want to build here ; the real estate is valuable and profitable . That is a sign of economic health , certainly compared to other American cities . But that is not the only value , and as our city has shown in the past , large - scale development is not the only path to prosperity . And the huge popularity among our schools for the district , the ships and the stories they tell of New York ’ s past and of the sea demonstrates the kind of value New Yorkers The citizens of our city have a right to their historic places . The city has an obligation to to protect and preserve such places . By turning over public assets like the South Street Seaport waterfront to private development , the city turns its back on the citizens who love their city . The City Club has made clear that the city needs a major readjustment in its priorities . Just as the City changed course in the 1970s to protect historic neighborhoods instead of wholesale demolition , so must City Hall now embrace a new , or rather old , approach to achieving the livable city . And of all the places we need to protect and nurture back to the lively vibrancy it once had , the Seaport and the Seaport Museum stand first . Jeffrey Kroessler , for the City Club	[ "South Street Seaport", "New York", "EDC" ]
http://citycremation.com/	DIRECT CREMATION SERVICE $ 680 Providing simple , streamlined , and inexpensive direct cremation services , City Cremation is for folks who are comfortable with electronic and e - mail technology and are looking for the most simple type of disposition . Our website contains everything you need to understand and complete direct cremation arrangements . C lick “ arrange a cremation ” above and follow the easy instructions . Services Included for $ 680 Pick up of remains from a San Francisco hospital or San Francisco Medical Examiner Refrigerated storage of remains while the permit for cremation is obtained Completion of necessary paperwork ( obtaining the doctor or coroner ' s signature on the death certificate ) Filing the death certificate with the appropriate county and obtaining the permit for cremation The cremation container The cremation The plastic transportation container the ashes are placed into for shipping from our Emeryville crematory If remains are in excess of 250 lbs . , there in an additional $ 75 fee , over 300lbs , $ 175 , remains over 350lbs are not accepted by City Cremation Filing fees , Medical Examiner fees and taxes are not included Once City Cremation receives your completed forms , we will contact you via email to confirm receipt ( normal response time is within two hours during normal business hours ) . City Cremation will also contact the hospital or Medical Examiner ’ s Office to facilitate the release and transport of the remains to our facility as well as to begin the process of filing the death certificate and obtaining a permit for cremation . After receiving authorization from the facility where the remains are currently being held , City Cremation will pick up and transport the remains to our City Cremation will contact you when the ashes are available to be picked up from either our San Francisco office or our crematory in Emeryville . The ashes are generally available to be picked up three to seven business days from the time we initially receive your paperwork . If you can not arrange to retrieve the ashes at either of our locations , we can send them to you via US Priority Mail Express . There is an additional fee of $ 150 to have the ashes mailed . There are no other required costs from City Cremation . We accept MC or VISA	[ "DIRECT CREMATION SERVICE", "streamlined" ]
http://cityofcoalgate.com/	City of Coalgate Coalgate originated from coal mining activity and was the site of a mining camp . The majority of miners were migrant workers . In 1883 son of an Irish immigrant , Patrick Jay Hurley , grew up struggling as a miner in the nearby town of Lehigh , Ok . Hurley befriended an Indian boy who later became principal chief of the Choctaws and was allowed to use the family library for his studies . At age 15 Hurley worked as a ranch hand and at age 18 he acquired a position as caretaker at Bacone College where he attended In Coalgate three railroads were active around 1885 , Okla . City , Ada , and Atoka , Rock Island and the Missouri , Kansas and Texas Railroad . During this time the town was called Liddle and was well known by June 23 , 1890 when the bank was established . In 1898 the Post Office was established and an application for incorporation of the city of Liddle were being drawn up . At a meeting of the M . K . &T . Railroad board of directors , it was mentioned that a good name for the city Coalgate had grown to a population of 2,921 by statehood in 1907 and in one year the population had increased to 3,500 . The city had at least 65 merchants plus carpenters , doctors , veterinarians , and as many as seven attorneys and three newspapers . The streets in the downtown area were bricked in 1912 and Coalgate continued to grow until 1925 when the coalmines began to close . Since this time agriculture and manufacturing have become the leading industries .	[ "City of Coalgate", "migrant workers", "Patrick Jay Hurley" ]
http://cityofgibbon.org/community/history/	History Union Pacific Railroad In 1866 , a rail siding was built as part of the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad . It was named Gibbon Switch in honor of General John Gibbon . General John Thorpe was originally given the town site of what became Gibbon in exchange for establishing a town site in Buffalo County . The Union Railroad organized a colony of approximately 85 families from Ohio and other eastern states in the Winter of 1870 , and planned for the building of homes in the newly established State of Nebraska . Gibbon was also laid out during this time and on April 7 , 1871 a settlement commenced . A surveyor by the name of Mr . J.N. Paul helped the colonist by beginning a survey of the town site of Gibbon . This was finished by C . Putnam . The completion of the survey saw the donation of one block for a Lack of funds , poor crops , insufficient moisture , loss of livestock , shortage of fuel and conflicts with Native Americans were all hardships the colonists had to endure . Despite these hardships and contrary to original belief , Gibbon became the center for one of the most fertile sections of Buffalo County . Although it remained a small town , it was proportionally one of the most thriving towns on the Union Pacific Line . Buffalo County In 1872 the first courthouse was erected for Buffalo County in Gibbon . This courthouse was made of brick manufactured in Gibbon . The Presbyterian Church of Gibbon , completed in 1873 , was the first church in Buffalo County .	[ "Union Pacific Railroad", "Gibbon , NE", "Buffalo County" ]
http://cityofhesperia.us/index.aspx?NID=266	You Are Here : Home Your Government City Manager City Departments Departments F - Z Human Resources / Risk Management Employment Opportunities Employment Opportunities Welcome to the City of Hesperia employment opportunity page and thank you for your interest in applying ! City employment applications are accepted for open recruitments only . All application materials must be received by the Human Resources Division no later than the advertised closing date and time as noted on the job announcement . Postmarked , faxed , incomplete applications , and resumes received in lieu of the required employment application will not be accepted . Please review the job announcement carefully and upon submission of a completed City application , assure the inclusion of all necessary and supporting documentation has been provided . * * Applicants applying for more than one position are required to file a separate employment application and provide corresponding documentation for each position of interest . * * Completing and Submitting Your Employment Application Submit online - To access the City ' s online employment application system , please CLICK HERE . If you have questions in regards to utilizing the online application system or regarding your application , please contact the City of Hesperia , Human Resources Department , by calling ( 760 ) 947 - 1100 or by email at hr @ cityofhesperia . us Submit by mail or in person - To submit the City ' s paper employment application via mail or in person , please select the following link : City employment applications . This application allows you the ability to complete it on - line , save , print , attach supporting documentation ( cover letter , resume , certificates , etc . ) and either mail or deliver to City Hall at 9700 Seventh Avenue , Hesperia , CA 92345 . Applications submitted in person or by mail can be either digitally signed by clicking on the red tab in the signature portion of the application or with original signature . The City of Hesperia is currently accepting applications for the following positions : Deputy City Clerk ( Supplemental Questionnaire Required ) Deputy City Clerk Supplemental Questionnaire Personnel Technician For further information , please contact Human Resources by phone at ( 760 ) 947 - 1100 or by email at hr @ cityofhesperia . us Quick Links California Job Service Career Builder County of San Bernardino - Jobs View All	[ "Hesperia", "Employment Opportunities", "Human Resources Division" ]
http://cityofironwood.org/live/	Live in Ironwood Parks & Recreation Ironwood is home to many parks and recreational opportunities . In addition to being the start of Michigan ' s Iron Belle Trail , the Ironwood area has 5 Ski Hills , 100 ' s of miles of ski trails , 1,000 ' s of miles of snowmobile trails — all made possible and exciting as a result of our winters annual average of 200 ” of fresh white snow . Summer brings the best whitewater kayaking in the US , Lake Superior kayaking , and many miles of hiking and off - road vehicle trails . Visiting Ironwood ? Check out the Western UP Visitors Bureau ! Find out more . Downtown Ironwood Downtown Ironwood is the perfect place to visit as well as a great place to live . Within very close walking distance you will find everything that makes a city great : dining , shopping , theatre , churches , artisan studios , trails , and parks . Come downtown and enjoy the weekly summer markets , special events , vibrant sidewalks and streetscapes , along with art and theatre activity . Live in and by Downtown Ironwood ! Find Your North ! Schools Ironwood offers a complete educational experience from elementary school through college . Norrie and Sleight Elementary Schools , All Saints Catholic Academy , Luther L . Wright High School , and Gogebic Community College all take pride in offering first - rate instruction as well as an educational learning environment that mirrors the friendliness and community focus of Ironwood ’ s citizens .	[ "Ironwood", "whitewater kayaking", "recreational opportunities" ]
http://cityofls.net/Police/Submenu/Contact-Us	Police Submenu Contact Us Contact Us This form may be used to leave comments questions or suggestions To commend a police officer or file a complaint please select on of the following Police Employee Complaint Form Police Employee Commendation Form If you prefer you may also contact us by phone using our Department Phone Directory You can also view Frequently Asked Questions here FAQ section or call 816 9691700 during regular business hours For nonemergency calls after hours call 816 9697390 s indicate required fields Department Contact Message	[ "Contact" ]
http://cityofnormandy.gov/	Government Departments Residents Visitors Business Common Links Document Center Newsletters - latest Minutes - 03 - 05 - 2019 Agendas - 05 - 07 - 2019 Ordinances Normandy Mission Statement The City of Normandy is a municipal governmental entity that exists to provide public service . Those services must be delivered by an organization that is reflective of the community it serves . Normandy is a community where volunteerism , donation , self - sacrifice are common occurrences . We recognize those who have dangerous jobs but also those everyday people who perform services for others again and again because they care . Normandy is a community that prides itself on clean parks and neighbors caring about one another . Normandy is a progressive city . Normandy is a place where government services are dependable and efficient , where new ideas are embraced with enthusiasm and energy that encourages an environment for success . Normandy believes in integrity through openness , moral principles and ethical conduct in order to promote professional standards that deliver the best customer service to our citizens and all actions that are basic to the way we treat each other . Normandy also believes in accountability , pledging its stewardship in managing the public ' s resources to constantly be aware of responsibilities to the public . Normandy is committed to teamwork , a unity of purpose that leads to action . This daily effort should create an environment to which individuals can contribute ideas , skills , and talents in order to move our great city forward . CITIZEN HELP CENTER Check out helpful information for our residents and visitors . CodeRED Receive important community alerts Global Connect Emergency Alert Notification System Online Payments Make a payment online Document Center View community documents Report a Concern Submit concerns & requests NORMANDY NEWS Stay up to date with the latest news and press releases from the City of Normandy UPCOMING EVENTS Mark your calendars for events and happenings in Normandy . MEETINGS EVENTS SANITATION COURTS April 2019 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 View All	[ "Normandy", "Mission Statement" ]
http://cityofparma-oh.gov/en-US/Taxation.aspx	Change in filing due date for employee withholding Withholding remittance and payment must be received no later than the 15th of the month following the reporting period . SB 172 changed the quarterly withholding payment due date to the last day of the month following the end of the quarter . Changes in monthly and quarterly withholding thresholds Employers must remit monthly if withholdings in the previous calendar year exceeded $ 2,399 or if the amount required to be withheld during any month of the previous calendar quarter exceeded $ 200 . Employers can remit quarterly if their withholdings are under the threshold described for monthly filers . Changes in penalty and interest rates The late filing penalty is $ 25 / month per return ( capped at $ 150 / return ) regardless of liability . The penalty is a one - time $ 500 for casino operators and lottery sales agents . Late payment penalty on withholding is a one - time 50 percent penalty of the unpaid balance at the time payment is due . Late payment penalty on unpaid income tax and unpaid estimated income tax is a one - time 15 percent of the amount not timely paid . Interest will be calculated at the July federal short - term interest rate , plus 5 percent . See the chart below for years and rates . Calendar Year Monthly Interest Rate Yearly Interest Rate 2019 0.58 % 7 % 2018 0.50 % 6 % 2017 0.50 % 6 % 2016 0.42 % 5 % E - Filing For City Taxes The Parma Tax Department now offers online Tax Connect . You are able to check and see what payments and / or credit you have on your current or past tax years . You are also able to complete , file and , if needed , pay your taxes online . Call us at 440 - 885 - 8045 or e - mail us at taxoffice @ cityofparma - oh . gov if you have questions . Click the link below to get started . Tax Connect Online ( Works best with Internet Explorer ) View a brief instructional video tutorial on how to e - file your city taxes . Click the link for Tax Connect : https : / / webconnect03 . civicacmi . com / parma / tax We accept Master Card & Visa credit / debit cards for payment . Attention Business Withholders : ACH Credit Electronic Filing Parma Tax Department offers the ACH Credit Electronic Filing Program for withholding taxes . In order to be more efficient and business friendly , we offer electronic filing for withholding taxes . Benefits to you : The ACH Credit Program is available 24 hours a day , seven days a week . Your payments are processed conveniently and accurately via an electronic funds transfer . Requirements : To file using the ACH Credit Program , contact your bank to ensure the bank can process ACH credit transactions . Enrollment : To register , complete and mail or fax an ACH Credit Authorization Form Tax Rate Parma ’ s tax rate is 2.5 percent . For all employers who have employees working in Parma , you or your payroll service must withhold 2.5 percent on all wages for Parma City Income Tax . Tax Credit Parma ’ s tax credit for residents working outside of Parma is 100 percent of the first 2 percent withheld , but it ca n ’ t exceed the employment city tax rate . For those employers that do a voluntary withholding of residence taxes , see Chart A below for rates . Chart A Work City Tax Rate ( % ) 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.35 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.85 3.00 Due To Parma ( % ) 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.15 1.00 0.75 0.50 If you have questions or need assistance , call 440 - 885 - 8045 and ask for a tax auditor . Who Should File Parma has a 2.5 percent city income tax with 100 percent credit of the first 2 percent withheld , but it ca n ’ t exceed the employment city tax rate . Every resident 18 years old or older and not retired is required to file a City of Parma annual tax return . If you are not sure if you should file an income tax return or if your income is city taxable , contact the Tax Department . Extended Tax Hours and Due Date The Tax Department is open Monday through Friday , 8 : 30 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. and will also be open from 8 : 30 a.m. to 6 : 30 p.m. on April 2 , 4 , 9 , 11 and 15 . The Tax Department will prepare City of Parma income tax forms for free during office hours . Taxpayers will need to bring the following items with them to the tax office : Pre - printed tax form , which was mailed in January All W - 2s , 1099s , relevant schedules , etc . Proof of payment to other cities , if necessary Tax returns are due by Monday , April 15 , 2019 . Downloadable Tax Forms Current Year 2019 2019 Business Estimate Form 2019 Individual Estimate Form 2019 Individual Registration Form 2019 Monthly Withholding Form 2019 Quarterly Withholding Form 2019 Treasury Report Business Registration Refund Request ACH Credit Authorization Form Landlord Reporting Form Downloadable Tax Forms Previous Years 2018 1040 for 2018 Directional Guide 1040 for 2018 2018 PW3 Business Reconciliation 2017 1040 for 2017 Directional Guide 1040 for 2017 2017 Reconciliation Withheld 2016 1040 for 2016 Directional Guide 1040 for 2016 2016 Reconciliation Withheld 2015 1040 for 2015 Directional Guide 1040 for 2015 2015 Reconciliation Withheld 2014 1040 for 2014 Directional Guide 1040 for 2014 2014 Reconciliation Withheld 2013 1040 for 2013 Directional Guide 1040 for 2013 2013 Reconciliation Withheld 2012 1040 for 2012 Directional Guide 1040 for 2012 2012 Reconciliation Withheld 2011 1040 for 2011 Directional Guide 1040 for 2011 2011 Reconciliation Withheld 2010 1040 for 2010 Directional Guide 1040 for 2010 2010 Reconciliation Withheld 2009 1040 for 2009 Directional Guide 1040 for 2009 2009 Reconciliation Withheld 2008 1040 for 2008 Directional Guide 1040 for 2008 2008 Reconciliation Withheld 2007 1040 for 2007 Directional Guide 1040 for 2007 2007 Reconciliation Withheld 2006 1040 for 2006 Directional Guide 1040 for 2006 2006 Reconciliation Withheld 2005 1040 for 2005 Directional Guide 1040 for 2005 2005 Reconciliation Withheld 2004 1040 for 2004 Directional Guide 1040 for 2004 2004 Reconciliation Withheld 2003 1040 for 2003 Directional Guide 1040 for 2003 Page1 1040 for 2003 Page2 2003 Reconciliation Withheld Documents are in an Adobe PDF format . You will need the free Adobe Reader Software to view these documents . You can download the software using this link . Location 6611 Ridge Road Parma , Ohio 44129 Hours Monday - Friday 8 : 30 a.m. - 4 : 30 p.m . Contact Phone : 440 - 885 - 8045 Fax : 440 - 885 - 8044 taxoffice @ cityofparma - oh . gov Quick Links Tax Connect Online Tax Rate Tax Credit Who Should File Extended Tax Hours and Due Date Updated Parma News Downloadable Tax Forms	[ "Taxation", "employee withholding" ]
http://cityofsanteeca.gov/government/departments/finance/financial-reporting	Government Finance City Budget Financial Reports Feedback Share Bookmark City Budget Adopted Operating Budget Fiscal Year 201819 Adopted Capital Improvements Program 5Year Budget Fiscal Years 201718 through 202122 Financial Reports Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR June 30 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR June 30 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR June 30 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR June 30 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report CAFR June 30 2013 Santee Single Audit Report FYE June 30 2017 Santee Single Audit Report FYE June 30 2015 Santee Single Audit Report FYE June 30 2014 Santee Single Audit Report FYE June 30 2013 Santee Single Audit Report FYE June 30 2012 Government Compensation in California Contact Us For additional information contact the Finance Department at 6192584100 ext 144 or by email 10601 Magnolia Avenue Santee CA 92071 Free viewers are required for some of the attached documents They can be downloaded by clicking on the icons below Acrobat Reader Flash Player Windows Media Player Microsoft Silverlight Word Viewer Excel Viewer PowerPoint Viewer	[ "City Budget", "Financial Reports" ]
http://cityoftitusvillepa.gov/city-administration/treasurers-office/	Treasurer ’ s Office Office Hours : 9am - Noon Monday through Friday ( 814 ) 827 - 5300 x 305 Payments may also be made on - line , dropped in the boxes at City Hall , or at Farmer ’ s National Bank 127 West Spring Street Email City Treasurer Douglas J . Thompson CITY OF TITUSVILLE TAXES City Real Estate Taxes - mailed at the end of February Pay at Discount 3 / 1 – 4 / 30 Face 5 / 1 – 6 / 30 Penalty 7 / 1 – 12 / 31 School Real Estate / Per Capita Taxes mailed at the end of July Pay at Discount 8 / 1 - 9 / 30 Face 10 - 1 - 11 / 30 Penalty 12 / 1 - 12 / 31 * School Per Capita Taxes are mailed to every person over the age of 18 who lives in the City of Titusville . PAY 2019 CITY REAL ESTATE TAXES Last day to pay by credit card is 12 / 23 / 2019 . Local Services Taxes Are you eligible for a ( LST ) refund ? Download the refund form Here Are you eligible to be exempt from the LST ? Download the exemption form Here IMPORTANT PAYMENT NOTICE The last day to pay 2018 City & School Real Estate taxes and 2018 School Per Capita Taxes was December 31 , 2018 . Delinquent City & School Real Estate Taxes are turned over to Crawford County Tax Claim Bureau in Meadville . You can contact them at 1 - 800 - 982 - 9019 to make payment arrangements . Delinquent School Per Capita Taxes are turned over to Berkheimer for collection . You can contact them at 1 - 800 - 383 - 4870 to make payment arrangements . CITY OF TITUSVILLE TAXES City Real Estate taxes are a two tier system Land : 71.25 mils Bldg : 24.713 mils Assessed Value Taxable $ 68,591,411 Non - Taxable $ 83,019,421 Total $ 151,610,832 Earned Income Tax 1 % Local Services Tax $ 52 Business Licenses / Mercantile Licenses All businesses , before commencement of business , operating in the City of Titusville are required by City ordinance to obtain a business license . This includes transient / itinerant merchants , itinerant vendors and solicitors . A solicitation permit is required for door to door sales or transactions . Applications are available in the City Treasurer ’ s Office or can be downloaded . Download licenses Berkheimer Tax Administrator 3608 West 26th StSuite 202 Erie PA 16506 1 - 800 - 383 - 4870 City tax forms can be obtained at Berkheimer ’ s website by clicking here Our City Treasurer is an elected official , with the term of office being four years with no term limit . The public is invited to contact the office with questions , concerns , or just to gain a better understanding of the City Treasurer ’ s office . Failure to receive notice does not relieve any taxpayer from the payment of any taxes imposed by any taxing district ; and such taxpayer shall be charged with his taxes as though he had received notice .	[ "CITY OF TITUSVILLE", "Oil Industry", "LST" ]
http://cityofwatervilleks.org/	Home Home in the News . . . 2019 Lifeguard and Pool Manager Applications 01 / 28 / 2019 Applications for pool manager and lifeguards will be accepted until February 11 , 2019 . Applications are availab . . . read this entire article - - > Power Interruption Monday , December 17 12 / 14 / 2018 There will be a power interruption for Waterville customers Monday , December 17 at 9 : 00 p.m. lasting approximat . . . read this entire article - - > Need Anything ? 11 / 30 / 2018 The City Office is open Monday - Friday , 9 : 00 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. and 1 : 00 p.m. to 4 : 00 p.m. Any copies you may . . . Waterville RV Park 10 / 10 / 2018 Waterville RV Park is located in the 400 block of East Commercial Street , between Commercial and Walnut Streets . . . homepage Top About Waterville Waterville was established in 1870 as a pioneer town at the end of the railroad and beside the Little Blue River . When the railroad decided to extend West exactly 100 miles from Atchison , KS , the site for the city was determined . It was named by William Osborne , a railroad superintendent , for his hometown of Waterville , New York . Waterville is located in Marshall County on Junction US 77 and K - 9 Highway . From the Photo Gallery . . . Depot Museum Shade Events Today View Date : March April 2019 May Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 31 1 2 3 City Court 4 5 6 7 8 City Council Meeting 9 10 11 Chamber of Commerce Meeting 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 City Council Work Session 30 1 City Court 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chamber of Commerce Meeting 10 11	[ "Waterville", "Marshall County", "Health Department Flu Clinic" ]
http://ciudadania.yaeshora.info/faqs?id=0005	Applying for Naturalization Where do I file my naturalization application ? You should send your completed " Application of Naturalization " ( Form N - 400 ) to the appropriate USCIS Lockbox Facility that serves your area . Remember to make a copy of your application . Do not send original documents with your application unless it is stated that an original is required . Always make copies of all materials you send to USCIS . I have a disability . Will USCIS help me , or make accommodations for me ? USCIS will make accommodations for applicants with disabilities in order to demonstrate their eligibility in the naturalization process . For example , if you use a wheelchair , USCIS will make sure you can be fingerprinted , interviewed , and sworn in at a location that is wheelchair accessible . If you are hearing impaired , the officer conducting your interview will speak loudly and slowly , or they will work with you to arrange for an American Sign Language interpreter . If you require an American Sign Language interpreter at the oath ceremony , please indicate that in your Form N - 400 in the section where you are asked if you need an accommodation for a disability . If you use a service animal such as a guide dog , your animal may come with you to your interview and oath ceremony . If you know in advance that you will need some kind of accommodation , write a letter explaining what you will need and send it to the USCIS district office that will interview you . If you have a physical or developmental disability or a mental impairment that makes it difficult for you to acquire or demonstrate the required knowledge of English and civics , you may be eligible for an exemption of those requirements . To request an exemption , you must file a " Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions " ( Form N - 648 ) . How much does the Naturalization process cost ? The cost is $ 595.00 for the application and $ 85.00 for the biometrics for a total of $ 680.00 . How can I pay my application fee ? You must send the fee with your application . Pay the fee with a check or money order drawn on a U.S. bank payable to Department of Homeland Security . Do not use initials . Do not send cash . Application fees are not refundable . How long will it take to become naturalized ? The time it takes to become naturalized varies by location . USCIS is continuing to modernize and improve the naturalization process and is working to decrease the time it takes to an average of six months after the N - 400 application is filed . Can I change my name when I naturalize ? The USCIS does not have the authority to change a person ' s name when that person naturalizes . Therefore , there are only two ways that USCIS can issue your Certificate of Naturalization under a new name : 1 . If you present proof that you have already changed your name according to the legal requirements that apply to persons living in your State . USCIS can issue the Certificate of Naturalization with your new name . Such proof might include a marriage certificate or divorce decree showing that you changed your name when you married or divorced . It might also include some other State court order establishing that you changed your name , 2 . If you are going to take the Oath of Allegiance at a Naturalization Ceremony that is held in Court , you may ask the Court to change your name . If the Court grants your request , your new name will appear on your Certificate of Naturalization .	[ "naturalization application", "USCIS", "Form N-400" ]
http://civiced.org/resources/curriculum/lesson-plans/456-how-can-citizens-participate	Home Resources Lesson Plans Lesson Plans How Can Citizens Participate ? From We the People : The Citizen & the Constitution , second edition ( 1998 ) Middle School Grades Student Book Purpose of Lesson In this lesson you will learn about one of the most important rights of citizenship . This is the right to participate in governing our nation . The lesson will discuss the different ways you may participate . It will also suggest those things you should think about in deciding whether or not you should participate . When you finish the lesson , you should know the difference between a citizen and a non - citizen . You should also be able to support your views on whether and to what extent a citizen should participate in government . Terms to Know citizen alien Who is a citizen ? Anyone who is born in the United States or whose parents are U.S. citizens is a citizen of the United States . An alien is a person who is not a citizen . Many aliens can become citizens by following certain rules and procedures . The government protects many rights for anyone who lives in the United States . But citizens have one right aliens do not have . That is the right to vote and be elected to public office . Many people say that citizens also have important responsibilities to their country that aliens do not . We will examine what those responsibilities might be in this lesson . Problem solving Examining participation The Founders believed that the main purpose of government was to protect people ' s basic rights . Almost all citizens have the right to participate in governing our nation . They may choose among many different ways of doing this . Some ways to participate are listed below . Your class should be divided into small groups . Each group should read the list of ways citizens can participate . Then each group should answer the following questions and share its responses with the class . What are the advantages and disadvantages of each form of participation that is listed ? Are all these forms of participation equally important in protecting our basic rights ? Why or why not ? Which seem the most important ? Ways citizens can participate looking for information in newspapers , magazines , and reference materials and judging its accuracy voting in local , state , and national elections participating in a political discussion trying to persuade someone to vote a certain way signing a petition wearing a button or putting a sticker on the car writing letters to elected representatives contributing money to a party or candidate attending meetings to gain information , discuss issues , or lend support campaigning for a candidate lobbying for laws that are of special interest demonstrating through marches , boycotts , sit - ins , or other forms of protest serving as a juror running for office holding public office serving the country through military or other service disobeying laws and taking the consequences to demonstrate that a law or policy is unjust Should citizens participate ? Many citizens do not participate in our government . They do n ' t vote or participate in most of the other ways you have just discussed . However , some people believe that citizens have a responsibility to participate . Deciding whether to participate and how much time to spend participating is important . To make good decisions , you must think about several things . Some of these are : the purpose of our government how important your rights are to you how satisfied you are with the way the government is working An example may help . Imagine that you have hired a company to repair your bicycle . Before you hired them , you would want to be sure they could repair bicycles . Then you would want to make sure that they did what you had hired them to do . Suppose the company did a good job . Then you would not worry about checking on them if your sister ' s bicycle needed repairs a few weeks later . Suppose the company did a bad job on your bicycle . Then you might want to replace them or watch them even more closely when your sister ' s bicycle needed work . The same is true with the government . We should be sure the people we " hire " ( elect ) can do the job we are hiring them for . Once they get the job , we should keep an eye on them to make sure they are doing that job . If they do a good job , we may not watch them as closely . If they do a bad job , we may watch them very closely and may even decide to replace them . Participation in government is in our own self - interest . The amount of time we spend participating will probably depend on how well we think our elected officials are doing . If everything is going well , we will spend less time than if we are concerned that someone is violating our rights . If we are pleased with the government , we may vote and do little else . If we are dissatisfied , however , we will probably take other types of action . Reviewing and Using the Lesson How is citizen participation related to the purposes of our government ? Explain why participating in government is in our own self - interest . List three ways of participating in government . For each , tell why it would be an effective way of protecting your basic rights . Suppose you do not choose to vote or participate in any way in government . Should you still be required to obey its laws ? Why or why not ? If you do not think the government is protecting your basic rights , should you still be required to obey its laws ? Explain your answer . Does a good citizen have a responsibility to work to improve his or her society ? Why or why not ? Should a good citizen be concerned with improving the lives of those less fortunate ? Why or why not ? All rights reserved . The development of this text was originally funded and cosponsored by the Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution . The U.S. Department of Education disclaims the responsibility for any opinion or conclusions contained herein . The federal government reserves a nonexclusive license to use and reproduce for governmental purposes , without payment , this material where the government deems it in its interest to do so . We the People : The Citizen & the Constitution may be purchased from the Center at a nominal cost through our Online Store	[ "Citizens Participate", "Purpose of Lesson" ]
http://civil-rights.lawyers.com/civil-liberties/the-basic-constitutional-rights-of-a-us-citizen.html	Home Criminal Law Basic Constitutional Rights in the United States Criminal Law Criminal Law Basic Constitutional Rights in the United States by E.A. Gjelten Author and Editor The U.S. Constitution — especially the Bill of Rights — spells out individuals ’ basic civil rights . The Supreme Court has also recognized other fundamental rights that are included in the concept of liberty . Individuals in the United States enjoy a number of important civil liberties under the U.S. Constitution . When people talk about constitutional rights like freedom of speech or religion , they often refer to them as guarantees . But no rights are absolute . Government has the power to limit individuals ’ freedom under certain circumstances , like when they ’ ve committed a crime . And the First Amendment does n ’ t protect some speech , such as violent threats . Still , the U.S. Supreme Court has held that certain rights are so “ fundamental ” that any law restricting them must have an especially strong purpose and be narrowly targeted to serve that purpose without unnecessary restrictions ( the legal test known as “ strict scrutiny ” ) . Most of those rights are spelled out in the first ten amendments to the Constitution , known as the Bill of Rights , as well as the Fourteenth Amendment . The Supreme Court has also recognized other fundamental rights that are n ’ t specifically mentioned in the Constitution or its amendments ( more on that below ) . The Constitution generally discusses individuals ’ rights by saying what the government ca n ’ t do . We ’ ve briefly summarized the most important constitutional rights for individuals below . ( Click on the links for more detailed information . ) Expression and Faith The First Amendment prohibits government interference with two core sets of individual rights : freedom of expression , which includes free speech free press , and the freedom to assemble and petition the government ; and freedom of religion , including the freedom to practice any religion ( or none ) and the separation of church and state . Keeping Guns As the Supreme Court now interprets the Second Amendment , “ the right of the people to keep and bear Arms ” applies to individuals . This means that government generally ca n ’ t restrict the right of law - abiding individuals to have weapons and use them for legal purposes . But guns rights are n ' t unlimited . Federal , state , and local governments may enact reasonable gun control laws to protect public safety . Criminal Rights and the Police The Fourth , Fifth , and Sixth , and Eighth Amendments protect a number of significant rights when people are dealing with law enforcement and facing criminal charges , including : freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures the right to remain silent and not to testify against themselves the right to counsel and a court - appointed attorney for defendants who ca n ’ t afford to hire their own lawyer the right to a speedy trial , as well as a trial by jury for serious crimes criminal defendants ’ right to cross - examine witnesses against them and present their own witnesses protection from double jeopardy , and no cruel and unusual punishment Liberty and Fairness The Fourteenth Amendment extended to the states the Fifth Amendment ’ s requirement for “ due process of law ” before government can take away anyone ’ s life , liberty , or property . Before this amendment was passed in 1866 , the Bill of Rights applied only to actions by the federal government that limited individuals ’ basic rights . Over the years since then , however , the U.S. Supreme Court found that most of the provisions in the Bill of Rights were “ incorporated ” in the due process clause — meaning that they also apply to actions by the states . The Supreme Court has recognized certain fundamental rights that are n ’ t mentioned in the constitution but are an inherent part of liberty . Based on the Fourteenth Amendment ’ s liberty protection , the Supreme Court has also recognized certain fundamental rights that are n ’ t specifically mentioned in the Constitution or its amendments but are an inherent part of liberty and are deeply rooted in this country ’ s tradition and history . Examples of these inherent rights include the right to marry and parent your children , freedom of association , privacy rights , and the right to travel between states . Civil Rights Under State Constitutions Even though states ca n ’ t limit the freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights , some state constitutions provide more expansive civil liberties than those in the federal constitution . For example , several states have explicit privacy protections that go beyond federal law , and many state constitutions specifically guarantee equal rights for women , even though the proposed federal Equal Rights Amendment was never adopted . Speaking to a Lawyer If you believe that any branch of government — including a public school , law enforcement , or an elected official — has violated your constitutional rights , consider speaking with a civil rights lawyer . An attorney experienced in this area should be able to explain how federal and / or state law ( including the latest court cases ) applies to your situation , as well as any legal actions you might take to address the problem . And if you ’ ve been arrested , an experienced criminal lawyer can help protect your civil rights throughout the Share : Read more :	[ "Basic Constitutional Rights", "United States", "limit individuals ’ freedom" ]
http://civil.lasd.org/CourtLocation/cwcsinglewood.html?3	Back to Courthouse Location List INGLEWOOD BRANCH 1 REGENT STREET , # 122 INGLEWOOD CA 90301 Bailiff / Security Branch Supervisor Sergeant ( 310 ) 419 - 5297 Civil Process The Inglewood Branch handles civil process . Lost and Found Sheriff ' s Office ( 310 ) 419 - 5625 Sheriff ' s Office Civil Management Bureau First Floor , Room 122 8 : 30 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. , Monday - Friday ( 310 ) 419 - 5625 Vehicle Inspection 8 : 30 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. , Monday - Friday Inspection Area / Parking Directions to the Branch	[ "INGLEWOOD BRANCH", "Sheriff 's Office" ]
http://civil.laws.com/civil-litigation	Civil Litigation Civil Litigation Share What is Civil Litigation ? Civil litigation is a term used to describe the legal process applied to non - criminal matters . Civil litigation is thus the filing and subsequent application of a civil lawsuit ; civil litigation is incorporated into a non - criminal dispute to help produce a resolution . Civil litigation will aim to resolve such disputes as , family law disputes , court custody cases , matters involving child support payments , disputes between individuals and credit card companies , disputes involving landlord and tenants , as well as situations that involve a breach of contract . Civil litigation is the process of resolving a legal dispute between two or more parties ( individuals or business entities ) who seek compensation ( in the form of money ) for damages incurred or specific performances that were not delivered . Lawyers or legal professionals who specialize in civil litigation are known as ‘ litigators ’ ; legal professionals who practice civil litigation will represent a party in a trial , a hearing , or a form of alternative resolution method , such as arbitrations or mediations — these forms of hearings are heard by administrative agencies , foreign tribunals and federal , state , or local court systems . Types of Civil Litigation : Civil litigation will encompass a broad range of disputes that will directly enact a number of legal matters . As a result of this widespread characteristic , a civil litigator will typically specialize in a specific practice area . The most common types of civil litigation will include : disputes and laws that encompass landlords and tenants , environmental law , products liability , intellectual property disputes , construction , medical malpractice , employment and labor issues , anti - trust laws , real estate , worker ’ s compensation , and education law . Civil Litigation Professionals : The primary role of a civil litigation professional ( i.e. an attorney ) is to assume the dispute and oppositional position faced by their hired party . As a result of this , the civil litigation professional must possess a firm knowledge of the legal matter in question and must fully understand the principles and intricacies of the underlying dispute . A civil litigator must be well - versed in the seven distinct stages of civil litigation : the investigation of the case , the observation of pleadings , and the discovery stage ( the gathering of evidence and witness testimonies ) , pre - trial , the delivery and evaluation of the settlement and the appeal process if necessary . That being said , the majority of civil matters do not pass through each state of litigation ; the majority of lawsuits will be settled prior to trial ( the majority of civil matters are settled in the discovery portion For those civil matters that do reach a trial verdict , the majority of them are not appealed . Given the different stages and the varying subject matter involved in each case , the lifespan of a civil lawsuit may range from several months to several years — more complex civil litigation matters will often take years to pass from pre - suit investigation through trial and the subsequent settlement . The discovery portion of civil litigation is the most labor - intensive portion of the process . As a result of this notion , the average civil litigator spends little time in the actual courtroom ; the majority of resources and time are devoted to the gathering and evaluation of witness testimonies and evidence in the discovery stage . Comments comments No related posts . Share	[ "CIVIL LITIGATION", "family law disputes", "litigators" ]
http://civildigital.com/confederation-bridge-canada-longest-bridge-world-1010/	The Confederation Bridge , Canada – Longest Bridge in the World ( 10 / 10 ) The Confederation Bridge , Canada – Longest Bridges in the World “ The longest bridge in the world over ice - forming waters . ” Summary – length : 12.9 km – multi - span beam bridge with Post - Tensioned concrete box girder – bridge rests on 62 piers – 44 main piers are 250 m apart – design speed 80 kmph – cost C $ 1.3 billion At 12.9 km in length , the Confederation Bridge is the world ’ s longest bridge over ice covered waters . It is a multi span post tensioned concrete box girder structure which carries the two lane Trans Canada Highway between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick . The Confederation Bridge , Canada – Top View Various proposals for a fixed link across the Northumberland Strait can be traced as far back as the 1870s when the province ’ s railway system was developed . Indeed the first President of the original Canadian Society of Civil Engineers mentioned a proposed link in his first Presidential speech 1888 although at that time it was not a bridge that was proposed . Referring to projected works he noted “ The tunnel or subway to give railway connection with Prince Edward Island is another of the great Engineering works proposed . It is difficult at present to say whether Subsequent proposals arose during federal elections in the late 1950s and early 1960 ’ s and finally culminated in a proposal in the mid - 1980s which resulted in the current bridge being constructed . The bridge was designed by a consortium headed by a joint venture of J . Mueller International and Stantec . For the private sector , responsibility for this P3 project is with Strait Crossing Development Inc . whose shareholders are Borealis Infrastructure , Vinci Concessions Canada Inc . and Strait Crossing Inc . , under a 35 year concession agreement with the Federal Government . The bridge is founded on 65 piers , 44 of these are spaced at 250m apart . The bridge is 11m wide with two 3.75m wide traffic lanes and is generally 40m above water level with a 60m high navigation span . The Confederation Bridge consists of three parts : the 1.3 kilometer - long West Approach Bridge leaving Jourimain Island , over 14 piers ; the 0.6 kilometer - long East Approach Bridge leaving Borden - Carleton , over seven piers ; and the 11 kilometre long Main Bridge which joins the approach bridges , resting on 44 piers Sections of Confederation Bridge , Canada Construction began on October 7 , 1993 . Crews at the staging facility in New Brunswick created the approach bridges using precast concrete in steel forms , while the main bridge components – including pier bases , shafts , main girders , and drop - in girders – were produced on the opposite side of the Northumberland Strait , at the staging facility in PEI . The completed precast components were then transported by water to the bridge site , and assembled in place by a twin launching truss along with a one - of - a - kind travelling Sections of Confederation Bridge , Canada The Confederation Bridge is a notable achievement in both design and construction innovation and has put Canadian Engineering at the forefront of international bridge design . Author : Anand Paul May 16 , 2014 Civil Engineering Articles Civil Engineering Articles for Mobile Short Articles Transportation Engineering Transportation Engineering e - books bridge Canada ice - forming waters Longest Bridges multi - span beam bridge ← Previous post Next post →	[ "Confederation Bridge", "ice-forming waters", "Canada" ]
http://civilengineersforum.com/civil-engineering-types-branches/	12 Types of Civil Engineering Branches To Choose Your Career Civil engineering is the design , implementation and maintenance of public works . This involves facilities and structures such as arenas , large - scale monuments , government buildings , transportation routes as well as other structures . Engineers will either work for the city or for a private firm that has been hired by the city . Some civil engineers work in the private sector on projects for independent companies . Types of Civil Engineering Branches There are several types of civil engineering . A civil engineer can specialize in a number of different civil engineering branches . Those branches are described briefly below . You may also like to know about what civil engineers do # 1 : Construction Engineering This civil engineering branch deals with the planning , construction and maintenance of structures . Construction engineering is the planning and execution of designs from site development , environmental , structural , transportation and structural engineers . They must ensure that the plans that have been designed by other engineers are implemented to their exact specifications . Construction engineers will supervise fieldwork during the entire project . They are in a sense a cross between an engineer and manager as they will oversee the project from start to finish and handle any problems that come up throughout the duration of # 2 : Structural Engineering This branch of civil engineering encompasses the structural analysis and design of structures . It is the responsibility of the structural engineer to analyze and design a structure that will safely bear or resist the stresses , forces and loads . The design must satisfy the project specifications while meeting all safety regulations . The structure must endure massive loads as well as natural disasters and climate changes . # 3 : Geotechnical Engineering In geotechnical engineering , the studies of a civil engineer include soil , foundations , bearing capacities etc . The engineer will study the behavior of the earth materials and how they will affect a structure that is to be constructed . They will also evaluate pre - existing structures that are showing signs of problems with the earth materials under or near the structure . # 4 : Transportation Engineering Civil engineers that specialize in transportation engineering will work with the planning , construction and management of transportation facilities . They will design and implement the infrastructures that deal with transportation in order to provide a safe , comfortable , convenient , economical and environmentally compatible mode of transport . There are six divisions related to transportation engineering : highway , air transportation , waterway , aerospace , coastal & ocean and urban transportation . # 5 : Surveying This type of civil engineering branch handles the surveying and leveling of land by using different instruments to map and contour the terrain . This is done to locate and measure property lines , layout buildings , bridges , channels , highways , and pipelines for constructions . Surveyors are generally classified into two categories : plane surveying and geodetic surveying . # 6 : Water Resource Engineering These engineers deal with the design and construction of hydraulic structures . These structures include dams , canals and water distribution system . The engineer is responsible for the design of the structure as well as the implementation and safety precautions that must be closely adhered to when dealing with hydraulic structures . # 7 : Environmental Engineering This civil engineering type is the study of environment - friendly designs , pollution and their resolutions and sewage management . Many engineers focus solely upon the crisis of pollution and coming up with solutions as well as determining new and inventive ways for sewage management and other environmental entities . # 8 : Municipal Engineering These engineers will work with urban or city governments on the planning and management of the township . Most of these engineers work directly with government officials to ensure that the structures within the municipality are properly designed and implemented . # 9 : Coastal Engineering This branch of civil engineering deals with coastal and marine structures . These structures include groynes and embankments . These engineers not only ensure that the structures being erected correctly but they are also concerned with not disturbing the coastal regions . # 10 : Tunnel Engineering Civil engineers who specialize in tunnel engineering are responsible for the planning , designing , construction , safety and maintenance of tunnels . There are specifications that must be adhered to when working with tunnels for roadways , waterways or trains . # 11 : Earthquake Engineering Earthquake engineers study the seismic forces and earthquake resistant structures . In regions that are known for seismic activities , engineers must design and construct structures based on how well they will react within an earthquake situation . # 12 : Material Engineering This branch of civil engineering deals with the study of material strength , properties of materials used in construction and ceramics . These engineers will determine the best possible materials to be used for a project based on that project ’ s specifications .	[ "Civil Engineering Branches", "Construction Engineering", "Structural Engineering" ]
http://civilengineersforum.com/pert-cpm/	PERT vs CPM \| Differences Between Pert and CPM PERT vs CPM CPM and PERT ( Program Evaluation and Review Technique ) are most commonly used methods for project management . There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM . PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned , controlled and integrated work efforts to accomplish defined objectives . On the other hand , CPM ( Critical Path Method ) is the method of project planning consisting of a number of well defined and clearly recognizable activities . PERT / CPM – Differences between PERT and CPM Though PERT and CPM both are used for project management , there are differences between CPM and PERT . The relative table for PERT vs CPM is shown below . CPM PERT CPM uses activity oriented network . PERT uses event oriented Network . Durations of activity may be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy . Estimate of time for activities are not so accurate and definite . It is used extensively in construction projects . It is used mostly in research and development projects , particularly projects of non - repetitive nature . Deterministic concept is used . Probabilistic model concept is used . CPM can control both time and cost when planning . PERT is basically a tool for planning . In CPM , cost optimization is given prime importance . The time for the completion of the project depends upon cost optimization . The cost is not directly proportioned to time . Thus , cost is the controlling factor . In PERT , it is assumed that cost varies directly with time . Attention is therefore given to minimize the time so that minimum cost results . Thus in PERT , time is the controlling factor . Liked this comparison between PERT and CPM ? Subscribe to our newsletter to get such contents directly to your inbox .	[ "PERT", "CPM" ]
http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Lincoln_(Civ4)	in : Leaders ( Civ4 ) Leaders ( BtS ) American and 5 more Lincoln ( Civ4 ) Edit Share Back to the list of civilizations in Civ4 Abraham Lincoln A leader in Civilization IV Civilization American Introduced Beyond the Sword Fav . civic Emancipation Traits Philosophical Great People emergence rate increased by 100 % Double production speed for University Charismatic + 1 per city - 25 % experience needed for unit promotions + 1 happiness from Monument and Broadcast Tower Theme music Wikipedia has a page called : Abraham Lincoln ( 12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States . Contents show General Info Edit Lincoln leads the Americans in Civilization IV : Beyond the Sword Unique Unit Navy SEAL Unique Building Mall Starting Techs Fishing Agriculture AI Traits Strategy : science ( 5 ) and growth ( 2 ) . Favourite religion : Christianity . Wonder Construct random : 30 ( from 0 to 50 ) . Base Attitude : 1 ( from - 1 to 2 ) . Base Peace Weight : 9 ( from 0 to 10 ) . Warmonger Respect : 0 ( from 0 to 2 ) . Espionage Weight : 110 ( from 50 to 150 ) . Refuse To Talk War Threshold : 6 ( from 6 to 10 ) . No Tech Trade Threshold : 10 ( from 5 to 20 ) . Tech Trade Known Percent : 30 % ( from 0 to 100 ) . Max Gold Trade Percent : 10 % ( from 5 to 20 ) . Max War Rand : 300 ( from 50 to 400 ) . Raze City Prob : 0 ( from 0 to 75 ) . Build Unit Prob : 25 ( from 0 to 40 ) . Close Borders Attitude Change : - 2 ( from - 4 to - 2 ) . Same Religion Attitude Change Limit : 2 ( from 2 to 7 ) . Different Religion Attitude Change : 0 ( from - 2 to 0 ) . Favorite Civic Attitude Change Limit : 4 ( from 1 to 6 ) . Demand tribute will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request help will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request technology will be refused when : furious . Request strategic bonus will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request happiness bonus will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request health bonus will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request map will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request declare war will be refused when : pleased or worse . Request declare war them will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request stop trading will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request stop trading them will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request adopt civic will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request convert religion will be refused when : cautious or worse . Request open borders will be refused when : annoyed or worse . Request defensive pact will be refused when : pleased or worse . Request permanent alliance will be refused when : pleased or worse . Request vassal will be refused when : pleased or worse . Max War Nearby Power Ratio : 90 ( from 80 to 130 ) . Max War Distant Power Ratio : 50 ( from 30 to 100 ) . Max War Min Adjacent Land Percent : 2 ( from 0 to 4 ) . Limited War Rand : 200 ( from 40 to 200 ) . Limited War Power Ratio : 90 ( from 80 to 130 ) . Dogpile War Rand : 150 ( from 25 to 100 ) . Make Peace Rand : 10 ( from 10 to 80 ) . Demand Rebuked Sneak Prob : 20 ( from 0 to 100 ) . Demand Rebuked War Prob : 0 ( from 0 to 50 ) . Base Attack Odds Change : 0 ( from 0 to 6 ) . Worse Rank Difference Attitude Change : - 1 ( from - 3 to 0 ) . Better Rank Difference Attitude Change : 1 ( from 0 to 4 ) . Share War Attitude Change Limit : 4 ( from 2 to 4 ) . Vassal Power Modifier : 0 ( from - 20 to 50 ) . Civilopedia Entry " A house divided against itself can not stand . I believe this government can not endure permanently half - slave and half - free . I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided . It will become all one thing or all the other . " ( House Divided Speech , June 16 , 1858 ) President Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809 on the American frontier in Hadrin County , Kentucky . While not poor , Lincoln certainly had more in common with the average American than his more affluent political counterparts . An almost entirely self - made man , Lincoln ' s formal education included only 18 months of unofficial schooling which he supplemented with his own studies . Teaching himself law , he was admitted to the bar in 1837 upon which he became a well known and successful lawyer . Lincoln is best known for his Emancipation Proclamation , which declared the end to slavery in the United States , and his refusal to permit the secession of the South . His reasons for fighting the Civil War are often misconstrued , however , as being motivated by his desire to end slavery . Lincoln ' s motivations behind fighting the civil war were the preservation of the Union and , to an extent , the protection of the larger democratic ideals represented by an unshattered Union . " [ A ] nd that government of the people , by Few public speakers in American history have spoken in a manner that at once appealed to the desires of their constituents while at the same time addressed the larger issues outside the purview of an average citizen . This was Lincoln ' s gift . A brilliant orator and public speaker , he was able to convey the larger political picture to his constituents in a way that was at once easy to understand and implored action for the greater good of the country . Largely criticized and ridiculed for his policies before and during the war , Lincoln ' s greatness was only fully acknowledged by the public after his assassination by John Wilkes Booth on April 15th , 1865 . Trivia Lincoln seems to be in the Oval Office Categories Leaders ( Civ4 ) Leaders ( BtS ) Philosophical Leaders ( BtS ) Charismatic Leaders ( BtS ) Philosophical Leaders Charismatic Leaders ( Civ4 ) Add category	[ "Abraham Lincoln", "Philosophical", "Charismatic" ]
http://civilliberty.about.com/od/gendersexuality/g/Ciswoman-Cissexual-Woman.htm	Humanities Issues Ciswoman / Cissexual Woman : A Definition by Tom Head Updated April 16 , 2018 " Ciswoman " is shorthand for " cissexual woman " or " cisgender woman . " It defines a non - transsexual woman . Her assigned gender is female , and her assigned female gender is more or less consistent with her personal sense of self . What Is Assigned Gender ? An individual ’ s assigned gender is what appears on her birth certificate . A doctor or midwife delivered her and stated her physical gender or sex at the time of birth . The individual is forevermore a male or female based on this assessment – unless , of course , she takes legal steps to change it . Assigned gender is also referred to as biological sex , natal sex , or designated gender at birth . Transwomen vs . Ciswomen Transwomen is a shorthand term for transsexual women . It defines women who were initially assigned a male gender but have a female identity . If you identify as a woman and you ' re not a transsexual woman , you ' re a ciswoman . Gender Roles Cissexual and transsexual identities are grounded in gender roles , but gender roles are socially constructed and gender is not a very clearly - defined concept . An argument can be made that nobody is completely cissexual or transsexual , that these are relative terms representing an individual ' s experiences of what gender is . Ashley Fortenberry , a transwoman , explains , " Gender can not be defined by anyone other than the individual . Gender is personal and is based on ideas and characteristics that usually pertain to a specific sex . The simple fact is that everyone has characteristics of the opposite gender . " When Assigned Gender Is Wrong Of course , doctors are human and , as such , they can make mistakes . A baby might have an undiagnosed intersex condition , making it difficult or impossible to identify her " correct " gender at a glance . More commonly , a baby does not grow up to identify with the gender assigned to him or her at birth , a condition known as gender dysphoria . The American Civil Liberties Union indicates that 18 states and the District of Columbia have passed anti - discrimination laws protecting transgender and transsexual individuals . At the local level , approximately 200 cities and counties have done the same . The federal government has been slower to get on board with this type of legislation , although a federal district court in the District of Columbia has ruled that discrimination against employees who transition to a different gender is covered by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act . The U.S. Attorney General supported this decision in 2014 . Public Restrooms Several states have passed or are in the process of passing legislation to either allow or disallow transgender individuals from using restrooms designated for the gender they identify with as opposed to their assigned gender . Most notably , the U.S. Justice Department filed a civil rights lawsuit against the state of North Carolina in 2016 to block House Bill 2 , which requires that transgender individuals use restrooms for their assigned genders . The Bottom Line Ciswomen do n ' t share these problems because they identify with their assigned gender . Their designated gender at birth is who they are and who they consider themselves to be . Thus Title VII , which protects against sexual discrimination , protects them outright . Pronunciation : " Siss - woman " Also Known As : Cissexual woman , cisgender woman , cisgirl , " natural - born woman " ( offensive ) Antonyms : transman Continue Reading	[ "cisgender woman", "non-transsexual woman" ]
http://civilwar.wikia.com/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan	in : 1840 births 1914 deaths Union Navy officers and 13 more Alfred Thayer Mahan Edit Share Alfred Thayer Mahan [ [ Image : 200px \| center \| 200px \| border ] ] Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan Personal Information Born : September 27 , 1840 Place of Birth : { { { place of birth } } } Died : December 1 , 1914 ( aged 74 ) Place of Death : { { { place of death } } } Nickname : Birth Name : { { { birth name } } } Other Information Allegiance : United States of America Union Participation ( s ) : { { { participations } } } Branch : Union Navy Service Years : { { { service years } } } Rank : Captain Rear Admiral ( post retirement ) Service number : { { { servicenumber } } } Unit : Commands : USS Chicago Battles : American Civil War Awards : Relations : { { { relations } } } Other work : { { { otherwork } } } ( September 27 , 1840 – December 1 , 1914 ) was a United States Navy flag officer geostrategist , and historian , who has been called " the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century . " His concept of " sea power " , most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660 - 1783 ( 1890 ) , had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of naval officials across the world , especially in the United States , Germany , Japan and Britain . His ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy . Several ships were named USS Mahan , including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers Contents show Early life Edit Born at West Point , New York , to Dennis Hart Mahan ( a professor at the United States Military Academy ) and Mary Helena Mahan , he attended Saint James School , an Episcopal college preparatory academy in western Maryland . He then studied at Columbia for two years where he was a member of the Philolexian Society debating club and then , against his parents ' wishes , transferred to the Naval Academy , where he graduated second in his class in 1859 . Commissioned as a Lieutenant in 1861 , Mahan served the Union in the American Civil War as an officer on Congress Pocahontas , and James Adger , and as an instructor at the Naval Academy . In 1865 he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander , and then to Commander ( 1872 ) , and Captain ( 1885 ) . As commander of the Wachusett he was stationed at Callao Peru , protecting American interests during the final stages of the War of the Pacific File : ATMahan . png Despite his professed success in the Navy , his skills in actual command of a ship were not exemplary , and a number of vessels under his command were involved in collisions , with both moving and stationary objects . He had an affection for old square - rigged vessels , and did not like smoky , noisy steamships of his time ; he tried to avoid active sea duty . On the other hand , the books he wrote ashore made him arguably the most influential naval historian of the period . In pointing out how unlikely his ascent was Kyle Whitney compared his chances of achieving prominence in the navy to that of " a cheerleader becoming president " . Naval War College and writings In 1885 , he was appointed lecturer in naval history and tactics at the Naval War College . Before entering on his duties , College President Rear Admiral Stephen B . Luce pointed Mahan in the direction of writing his future studies on the influence of sea power . For his first year on the faculty , he remained at his home in New York City researching and writing his lectures . Upon completion of this research period , he was to succeed Luce as President of the Naval War College from June 22 , 1886 to January 12 , 1889 and again from July 22 , 1892 to May 10 , 1893 . There , in 1887 , he met and befriended Theodore Roosevelt , then a young visiting lecturer , who would later become president of the United States Mahan plunged into the library and wrote lectures that drew heavily on standard classics and the ideas of work of Henri Jomini . The lectures became his sea - power studies : The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 - 1783 ( 1890 ) ; The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire , 1793 - 1812 ( 2 vols . , 1892 ) ; and Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812 ( 2 vols . , 1905 ) . The Life of Nelson : The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain ( 2 vols . , 1897 ) supplemented the series . Mahan stresses the importance of the individual in shaping history , and extols the traditional values of loyalty , courage , and service to the state . Mahan sought to resurrect Horatio Nelson as a national hero in Britain and used the book as a platform for expressing his views on naval strategy and tactics . Criticisms of the work focused on Mahan ' s handling of Nelson ' s love affair with Lady Emma Hamilton , but it remains the standard biography . In addition to these works , Mahan wrote more than a hundred articles on international politics and related topics , which were closely read by policy makers . Upon being published , Mahan struck up a friendship with pioneering British naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton , the pair maintaining this relationship through correspondence and visits when Mahan was in London . Mahan was later described as a ' disciple ' of Laughton , although the two men were always at pains to distinguish between each other ' s line of work , Laughton seeing Mahan as a theorist while Mahan called Laughton ' the historian ' . Strategic views Mahan ' s views were shaped by the seventeenth century conflicts between Holland , England , France and Spain , and by the nineteenth century naval wars between France and Britain , where British naval superiority eventually defeated France , consistently preventing invasion and blockade , ( see Napoleonic war : Battle of Trafalgar and Continental System ) . To a modern reader , the emphasis on controlling seaborne commerce is a commonplace , but , in the nineteenth century , the notion was radical , especially in a nation entirely obsessed with expansion on to the continent ' s western land . On the other hand , Mahan ' s emphasis of sea power as the crucial fact behind Britain ' s ascension neglected the well - documented roles of diplomacy and armies ; Mahan ' s theories could not explain the success of terrestrial empires , such as Bismarckian Germany . However , as the Royal Navy ' s blockade of the German Empire was a critical direct and indirect factor in the eventual German collapse , Mahan ' s theories were vindicated by the First World War . Sea Power Mahan used history as a stock of lessons to be learned - - or more exactly , as a pool of examples that exemplified his theories . Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea , with its commercial usage in peace and its control in war . His goal was to discover the laws of history that determined who controlled the seas . His theoretical framework came from Jomini , with an emphasis on strategic locations ( such as chokepoints , canals . and coaling stations ) , as well as quantifiable levels of fighting power Mahan contended that with command of the sea , even if local and temporary , naval operations in support of land forces can be of decisive importance and that naval supremacy can be exercised by a transnational consortium acting in defense of a multinational system of free trade . His theories - - written before the submarine became a factor in warfare against shipping - - delayed the introduction of convoys as a defense against German U = Boats in World War I . By the 1930s the U.S. Navy was building long - range submarines to raid Japanese shipping Mahan argued that radical technological change does not eliminate uncertainty from the conduct of war , and therefore a rigorous study of history should be the basis of naval officer education . Sumida ( 2000 ) argues Mahan believed that good political and naval leadership was no less important than geography when it came to the development of sea power . Second , his unit of political analysis insofar as sea power was concerned was a transnational consortium rather than the single nation - state . Third , his economic ideal was free trade rather than autarchy . Fourth , his recognition of the influence of geography on strategy was tempered by a strong appreciation of the power of contingency to affect outcomes . . Mahan prepared a secret contingency plan of 1890 in case war should break out between Britain and the United States . Mahan concluded that the British would attempt to blockade the eastern ports , so the American Navy should be concentrated in one of these ports , preferably New York with its two widely separated exits , while torpedo boats should defend the other harbors . This concentration of the U.S. fleet would force the British to tie down such a large proportion of their navy to watch the New York exits that the other American ports would be relatively Mahan was a frequent commentator on world naval , strategic and diplomatic affairs . In the 1890s he argues that the United States should concentrate its naval fleet and obtain Hawaii as a hedge against Japanese eastward expansion and that the U.S. should help maintain a balance of power in the region in order to advance the principle of the Open Door policy both commercially and culturally . Mahan represented the U.S. at the first international conference on arms control was initiated by Russia in 1899 . Russia sought a " freeze " to keep from falling behind in Europe Impact on naval thought Timeliness contributed no small part to the widespread acceptance and resultant influence of Mahan ' s views . Although his history was relatively thin ( he relied on secondary sources ) , the vigorous style and clear theory won widespread acceptance of navalists across the world . Sea power supported the the new colonialism which was asserting itself in Africa and Asia . Given the very rapid technological changes underway in propulsion ( from coal to oil , from boilers to turbines ) , ordnance ( with better fire directors , and new high explosives ) and armor and emergence Mahan ' s name became a household word in the German navy , as Kaiser William II ordered his officers to read Mahan , and Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz ( 1849 - 1930 ) used Mahan ' s reputation to finance a powerful surface fleet . Between 1890 and 1915 , Mahan and British admiral John Fisher ( 1841 - 1920 ) faced the problem of how to dominate home waters and distant seas with naval forces not strong enough to do both . Mahan argued for a universal principle of concentration of powerful ships in home waters and minimized strength in distant seas , while Fisher reversed Mahan by utilizing technological change to propose submarines for defense of home waters and mobile battle cruisers for protection of distant imperial interests . The French were less susceptible to Mahan ' s theories . French naval doctrine in 1914 was dominated by Mahan ' s theory of sea power and therefore geared toward winning decisive battles and gaining mastery of the seas . But the course of World War I changed ideas about the place of the navy , as the refusal of the German fleet to engage in a decisive battle , the Dardanelles expedition of 1915 , the development of submarine warfare , and the organization of convoys all showed the navy ' s new role in combined operations with the army . The navy ' s part in securing victory was not fully understood by French public opinion in 1918 , but a synthesis of old and new ideas arose from the lessons of the war , especially by admiral Raoul Castex ( 1878 - 1968 ) Théories Stratégiques the classical and materialist schools of naval theory . He reversed Mahan ' s theory that command of the sea precedes maritime communications and foresaw the enlarged roles of aircraft and submarines in naval warfare . Castex enlarged strategic theory to include nonmilitary factors ( policy , geography , coalitions , public opinion , and constraints ) and internal factors ( economy of force , offense and defense , communications , operational plans , morale , and command ) to conceive a general strategy to attain final victory . Ideologically , the United States Navy initially opposed replacing its sailing ships with steam - powered ships after the Civil War ; Mahan argued that only a fleet of armored battleships might be decisive in a modern war . According to the decisive - battle doctrine , a fleet must not be divided ; Mahan ' s work encouraged technological improvement in convincing opponents that naval knowledge and strategy remained necessary , but that domination of the seas dictated the necessity of the speed and predictability of the steam engine . His books were greatly acclaimed , and closely studied in Britain and Imperial Germany , influencing the build up of their forces prior to the First World War . Mahan influenced the naval portion of the Spanish - American War , and the battles of Tsushima Jutland , and the Atlantic . His work influenced the doctrines of every major navy in the interwar period . Mahan ' s concept of sea power extended beyond naval superiority ; that in peace time , states should increase production and shipping capacities , acquire overseas possessions — either colonies or privileged access to foreign markets — yet stressed that the number of coal fuel stations and strategic bases should be few , not to drain too many resources from the mother country . Although Mahan ' s influence on foreign powers has been generally recognized , only rather recently have scholars called attention to his role as significant in the growth of American overseas possessions , the rise of the new American navy , and the adoption of the strategic principles upon which it operated . He died in Washington a few months after the outbreak of World War I . Japan The Influence of Seapower Upon History , 1660 - 1783 was translated to Japanese and used as a textbook in the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) . This strongly affected the IJN ' s Pacific War conduct , emphasising the " decisive battle " doctrine — even at the expense of protecting trade . The IJN ' s pursuit of the " decisive battle " was such that it contributed to Imperial Japan ' s defeat in 1945 , and so rendered obsolete the doctrine of the decisive battle between fleets , because of the development of the submarine and the aircraft carrier . However , one could argue that the IJN did not adhere entirely to Mahan ' s doctrine , as they did divide their main force from time to time , and as such sealed their own defeat . Later career Between 1889 and 1892 Mahan was engaged in special service for the Bureau of Navigation , and in 1893 he was appointed to command the powerful new protected cruiser Chicago on a visit to Europe , where he was received and feted . He returned to lecture at the War College and then , in 1896 , he retired from active service , returning briefly to duty in 1898 to consult on naval strategy for the Spanish - American War Mahan continued to write voluminously and received honorary degrees from Oxford Cambridge Harvard Yale Columbia Dartmouth , and McGill In 1902 Mahan invented the term " Middle East " , which he used in the article " The Persian Gulf and International Relations " , published in September in the National Review He became Rear Admiral in 1906 by an act of Congress promoting all retired captains who had served in the Civil War . At the outbreak of World War I , he initially engaged in the cause of Great Britain , but an order of President Woodrow Wilson prohibited all active and retired officers from publishing comments on the war . Mahan died of heart failure on December 1 , 1914 . Honors File : Mahan Hall - US Naval Academy . jpg The United States Naval Academy ' s Mahan Hall was named in his honor , as was Mahan Hall at the Naval War College . Mahan Hall at the United States Military Academy was named for his father , Dennis Hart Mahan A.T. Mahan Elementary School and A.T. Mahan High School at Keflavik Naval Air Station in Iceland , were also named in his honor . Naval Sea Cadet Corps unit in Albany , New York is honored with his name as the Mahan Division also named after the USS Mahan Works The Gulf and Inland Waters ( 1883 ) The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660 – 1783 ( 1890 ) The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660 - 1805 ( abridged ed , 1980 ) The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660 – 1783 ( 1890 ) * The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire , 1793 - 1812 ( 1892 ) Admiral Farragut ( 1892 ) The Future in Relation To American Naval Power , Harper ' s New Monthly Magazine , Oct 1895 The Life of Nelson : The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain ( 1897 ) The Life of Nelson , Volume 1 ( of 2 ) by A . T . Mahan at Project Gutenberg The Life of Nelson , Volume 2 ( of 2 ) by A . T . Mahan at Project Gutenberg The Interest of America in Sea Power , Present and Future ( 1897 ) Lessons of the War with Spain , and Other Articles ( 1899 ) The Problem of Asia and Its Effect Upon International Policies ( 1900 ) Story of the War in South Africa 1899 - 1900 ( 1900 ) ' online Types of Naval Officers Drawn from the History of the British Navy ( 1901 ) online Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812 ( 1905 ) From Sail to Steam , Recollections of Naval life ( 1907 ) Naval Administration and Warfare : Some General Principles , with Other Essays ( 1908 ) The Harvest Within : Thoughts on the Life of the Christian ( 1909 ) Naval Strategy : Compared and Contrasted with the Principles and Practice of Military Operations on Land ( 1911 ) Armaments and Arbitration ; or , The Place of Force in the International Relations of States ( 1912 ) The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence ( 1913 ) The Harvest Within : Thoughts on the Life of the Christian ( 1909 ) The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence ( 1913 ) See also 32x28px Biography portal 32x28px United States Navy portal Choke point , with regard to naval tactics John Fisher , 1st Baron Fisher War Plan Orange References Notes ↑ Keegan , John The American Civil War New York : Knopf , 2009 . p . 272 ↑ See " The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan " by Richard W . Turk ; Greenwood Press , 1987 . 183 pgs . page 10 See Larrie D . Ferreiro ' Mahan and the " English Club ” of Lima , Peru : The Genesis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History ' , The Journal of Military History - Volume 72 , Number 3 , July 2008 , pp . 901 - 906 Paret , Peter ( 1986 ) . Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp . 445 . Seager , Robert ( 1977 ) . Alfred Thayer Mahan : The Man and his Letters " . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp . 360 . [ 1 ] Knight , Roger ( 2000 ) The Foundations of Naval History : John Knox Laughton , the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession , Review of book by Professor Andrew Lambert in the Institute for Historical Research ' s Reviews in History series . ( London : Institute for Historical Research ) http : / / www . history . ac . uk / reviews / paper / knight . html - URL last accessed April 3 , 2007 Paret , Peter ( 1986 ) . Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp . 453 – 455 . Philip A . Crowl , " Alfred Thayer Mahan : The Naval Historian , " in Paret , Peter , Gordon A . Craig , and Felix Gilbert , eds . ( 1986 ) , ch 16 Jon Tetsuro Sumida , Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command : The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 2000 ) Jon Tetsuro Sumida , Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command : The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 2000 ) Kenneth Bourne , and Carl Boyd , " Captain Mahan ' s ' War ' with Great Britain . " U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 1968 94 ( 7 ) : 71 - 78 . Issn : 0041 - 798x Philip A . Crowl , " Alfred Thayer Mahan : The Naval Historian , " in Paret , Peter , Gordon A . Craig , and Felix Gilbert , eds . ( 1986 ) , ch 16 Jon Tetsuro Sumida , " Geography , Technology , and British Naval Strategy in the Dreadnought Era . " Naval War College Review 2006 59 ( 3 ) : 89 - 102 . Martin Motte , " L ' epreuve des Faits : ou la Pensee Navale Française face a la Grande Guerre , " Revue Historique Des Armées 1996 ( 2 ) : 97 - 106 . Issn : 0035 - 3299 Crowl , " Alfred Thayer Mahan : pages 451 , 460 Mark Peattie & David Evans , Kaigun ( U.S. Naval Institute Press , 1997 ) Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon , The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey ' s , 1993 ) Marc Parillo , The Japanese Merchant Marine in WW2 ( U.S. Naval Institute Press , 1993 ) Crowl , " Alfred Thayer Mahan : pp 474 - 77 Adelson , Roger . London and the Invention of the Middle East : Money , Power , and War , 1902 - 1922 . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06094 - 7 p . 22 - 23 Ebarb , Matthew A . " Midshipmen Learn Lessons from the Fleet " ( story number NNS071020 - 04 ) , Navy . mil , October 20 , 2007 . Primary sources Works by Alfred Thayer Mahan Seager II , Robert , ed . Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 3 vol 1975 ) v . 1 . 1847 - 1889 . - - v . 2 . 1890 - 1901 . - - v . 3 . 1902 - 1914 Mahan , Alfred Thayer . The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 - 1783 ( 1890 ) online edition Mahan , Alfred Thayer . ( 2 vols . , 1892 ) online edition Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812 ( 2 vols . , 1905 ) . ( 2 vols . , 1897 ) Mahan on Naval Strategy : selections from the writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan ed by John B . Hattendorf ( 1991 ) Further reading Apt , Benjamin . " Mahan ' s Forebears : The Debate over Maritime Strategy , 1868 - 1883 . " Naval War College Review ( Summer 1997 ) . Online . Naval War College . September 24 , 2004 Bowling , Roland Alfred . " The Negative Influence of Mahan on the Protection of Shipping in Wartime : The Convoy Controversy in the Twentieth Century . " PhD dissertation U . of Maine 1980 . 689 pp . DAI 1980 41 ( 5 ) : 2241 - A . 8024828 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Crowl , Philip A . " Alfred Thayer Mahan : The Naval Historian " in , ed . Peter Paret ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1986 ) Hattendorf , John B . , ed . The Influence of History on Mahan . Naval War College Press , 1991 . 208 pp . Karsten , Peter . " The Nature of ' Influence ' : Roosevelt , Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power . " American Quarterly 1971 23 ( 4 ) : 585 - 600 . in Jstor LaFeber , Walter . " A Note on the " Mercantilistic Imperialism " of Alfred Thayer Mahan , " The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol . 48 , No . 4 ( Mar . , 1962 ) , pp . 674 - 685 online at JSTOR Livezay , William E . Mahan on Sea Power ( Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , reprinted 1981 ) Puleston , W . D . Mahan : The Life and Work of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , U.S.N 1939 St . John , Ronald B . " European Naval Expansion and Mahan , 1889 - 1906 . " 1971 23 ( 7 ) : 74 - 83 . Issn : 0028 - 1484 . Argues that key Europeans were already set to expand their navies and that Mahan crystallized their ideas and generate broad support . Schluter , Randall Craig . " Looking Outward for America : An Ideological Criticism of the Rhetoric of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , USN , in American Magazines of the 1890s . " PhD dissertation U . of Iowa 1995 . 261 pp . DAI 1995 56 ( 6 ) : 2045 - A . DA9536247 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Seager , Robert . Alfred Thayer Mahan : The Man and His Letters ( Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 1977 ) , the standard biography Shulman , Mark Russell . " The Influence of Mahan upon Sea Power . " Reviews in American History 1991 19 ( 4 ) : 522 - 527 . in Jstor Shulman , Mark Russell . Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Powers , 1882 - 1893 ( 1995 ) Sumida , Jon Tetsuro . ( 2000 ) 184 pages excerpt and online search from Amazon . com Turk , Richard W . The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1987 ) Zimmermann , Warren . First Great Triumph : How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power . ( 2002 ) . 562 pp . , chapter on Mahan External links Template : Wikisourceauthor 40x40px Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Past Presidents of the Naval War College - from the Naval War College website Find a Grave The Life of Nelson - review Template : AHA Presidents cs : Alfred Thayer Mahan de : Alfred Thayer Mahan fa : آلفرد ماهان fr : Alfred Mahan id : Alfred Thayer Mahan it : Alfred Thayer Mahan he : אלפרד תייר מהן nl : Alfred Thayer Mahan ja : アルフレッド・セイヤー・マハン pl : Alfred Thayer Mahan pt : Alfred Thayer Mahan ru : Мэхэн , Альфред Тайер sk : Alfred Thayer Mahan sv : Alfred Thayer Mahan tr : Alfred Thayer Mahan uk : Альфред Тейєр Мехен zh : 阿尔弗雷德 · 赛耶 · 马汉 Categories 1840 births 1914 deaths Union Navy officers Geopoliticians Historians of the United States American military personnel of Irish descent American naval historians People from New York United States Naval Academy graduates United States Navy admirals Presidents of the American Historical Association Presidents of the Naval War College Columbia University alumni Naval War College faculty American military writers Military theorists Add category	[ "Alfred Thayer Mahan", "geostrategist" ]
http://civilwar.wikia.com/wiki/Nullification_Crisis	in : Political history of the American Civil War Secession in the United States Politics of South Carolina History of South Carolina Nullification Crisis Edit Share Events leading to the US Civil War Northwest Ordinance Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nullification Crisis Nat Turner ' s slave rebellion The Amistad Texas Annexation Mexican – American War Wilmot Proviso Ostend Manifesto Manifest Destiny Underground Railroad Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom ' s Cabin Kansas – Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott v . Sandford Brown ' s raid on Harper ' s Ferry Election of 1860 Secession of Southern States Battle of Fort Sumter This box : view talk edit The was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina ' s 1832 Ordinance of Nullification . This ordinance declared , by the power of the State itself , that the federal Tariff of 1828 and the federal Tariff of 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina . The controversial , and highly protective , Tariff of 1828 ( also called the " Tariff of Abominations " ) was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams . Opposed in the South and parts of New England , the tariff ’ s opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced . The nation had suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its British competition . By 1828 South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and his vice - president John C . Calhoun , the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification . On July 14 , 1832 , after Calhoun had resigned his office in order to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification , Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 . This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress . The reductions were too little for South Carolina , and in November 1832 a state convention declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . Military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement were initiated by the state . In late February both a Force Bill , authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina , and a new negotiated tariff satisfactory to South Carolina were passed by Congress . The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 11 , 1833 . The crisis was over , and both sides could find reasons to claim victory . The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South , and the states ’ rights doctrine of nullification had been rejected by the nation . By the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation . Contents show Background ( 1787 - 1816 ) Edit Historian Richard E . Ellis wrote : By creating a national government with the authority to act directly upon individuals , by denying to the state many of the prerogatives that they formerly had , and by leaving open to the central government the possibility of claiming for itself many powers not explicitly assigned to it , the Constitution and Bill of Rights as finally ratified substantially increased the strength of the central government at the expense of the states . The extent of this change and the problem of the actual distribution of powers between state and the federal governments would be a matter of political and ideological discussion up to the Civil War and beyond . In the early 1790s the debate centered on Alexander Hamilton ’ s nationalistic financial program versus Jefferson ’ s democratic and agrarian program , a conflict that led to the formation of two opposing national political parties . Later in the decade the Alien and Sedition Acts led to the states ’ rights position being articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions The Kentucky Resolutions , written by Thomas Jefferson , contained the following which has often been cited as a justification for both nullification and secession … that in cases of an abuse of the delegated powers , the members of the general government , being chosen by the people , a change by the people would be the constitutional remedy ; but , where powers are assumed which have not been delegated , a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy : that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits : that without this right , they would In the Virginia Resolutions , written by James Madison there is a similar argument : The resolutions , having taken this view of the Federal compact , proceed to infer that , in cases of a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise of other powers , not granted by the said compact , the States , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound to interpose to arrest the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights , and liberties appertaining to them . . . .The Constitution of the United States was formed by the sanction of the States , Historians differ over the extent to which either resolution actually advocated the doctrine of nullification . Historian Lance Banning wrote , “ The legislators of Kentucky ( or more likely , Breckinridge himself ) deleted Jefferson ' s suggestion that the rightful remedy for federal usurpations was a " nullification " of such acts by each state acting on its own to prevent their operation within its respective borders . Rather than suggesting individual , although concerted , measures of this sort , Kentucky was content to ask its sisters to unite in declarations that the acts were " void and of no force " , and in " requesting their appeal " at the succeeding session of the Congress . ” The key sentence , and the word " nullification " was used in supplementary Resolutions passed by Kentucky in 1799 . Madison ' s judgment is clearer . He was chairman of a committee of the Virginia Legislature which issued a book - length Report on the Resolutions of 1798 , published in 1800 after they had been decried by several states . This asserted that the state did not claim legal force . " The declarations in such cases are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied by other effect than what they may produce upon opinion , by exciting reflection . The opinions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . " If the states collectively agreed in their declarations , there were several methods by which it might prevail , from persuading Congress to repeal the unconstitutional law , to When , at the time of the Nullification crisis , he was presented with the Kentucky resolutions of 1799 , he argued that the resolutions themselves were not Jefferson ' s words , and that Jefferson meant this not as a constitutional but as a revolutionary right . Madison biographer Ralph Ketchum wrote : Though Madison agreed entirely with the specific condemnation of the Alien and Sedition Acts , with the concept of the limited delegated power of the general government , and even with the proposition that laws contrary to the Constitution were illegal , he drew back from the declaration that each state legislature had the power to act within its borders against the authority of the general government to oppose laws the legislature deemed unconstitutional . ” Historian Sean Wilentz explains the widespread opposition to these resolutions : File : TJeffersonrpeale . jpg Several states followed Maryland ' s House of Delegates in rejecting the idea that any state could , by legislative action , even claim that a federal law was unconstitutional , and suggested that any effort to do so was treasonous . A few northern states , including Massachusetts , denied the powers claimed by Kentucky and Virginia and insisted that the Sedition law was perfectly constitutional . . . . Ten state legislatures with heavy Federalist majorities from around the country censured Kentucky and Virginia for usurping powers that supposedly belonged to the federal judiciary . Northern Republicans supported the resolutions ' objections to the alien and sedition acts , but opposed the idea of state review of federal laws . Southern Republicans outside Virginia and Kentucky were eloquently silent about the matter , and no southern legislature heeded the call to battle . The election of 1800 was a turning point in national politics as the Federalists were replaced by the Democratic - Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , the authors of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions . However the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 “ did little to advance the cause of states ’ rights and much to weaken it . ” Over Jefferson ’ s opposition , the power of the federal judiciary , led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall , increased . Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his use of a national embargo designed to prevent involvement in a European war . Madison in 1809 used national troops to enforce a Supreme Court decision in Pennsylvania , appointed an “ extreme nationalist ” in Joseph Story to the Supreme Court , signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States , and called for a constitutional amendment to promote internal improvements . Opposition to the War of 1812 was centered in New England . Delegates to a convention in Hartford , Connecticut met in December 1814 to consider a New England response to Madison ’ s war policy . The debate allowed many radicals to argue the cause of states ’ rights and state sovereignty . In the end , moderate voices dominated and the final product was not secession or nullification , but a series of proposed constitutional amendments . Identifying the South ’ s domination of the government as the cause of much of their problems , the proposed amendments included “ the repeal of the three - fifths clause , a requirement that two - thirds of both houses of Congress agree before any new state could be admitted to the Union , limits on the length of embargoes , and the outlawing of the election of a president from the same state to successive terms , clearly aimed at the Virginians . ” The war was over before the proposals were submitted to President Madison . File : Jm4 . gif After the conclusion of the War of 1812 Sean Wilentz notes : Madison ’ s speech [ his 1815 annual message to Congress ] affirmed that the war had reinforced the evolution of mainstream Republicanism , moving it further away from its original and localist assumptions . The war ’ s immense strain on the treasury led to new calls from nationalist Republicans for a national bank . The difficulties in moving and supplying troops exposed the wretchedness of the country ’ s transportation links , and the need for extensive new roads and canals . A boom in American manufacturing during the prolonged cessation of trade with Britain created an entirely This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era . However in 1819 the nation suffered its first depression and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism . The “ extreme democratic and agrarian rhetoric ” that had been so effective in 1798 led to renewed attacks on the “ numerous market - oriented enterprises , particularly banks , corporations , creditors , and absentee landholders ” . Tariffs ( 1816 - 1828 ) While the Tariff of 1816 had some protective features , it received support throughout the nation , including that of John C . Calhoun and fellow South Carolinian William Lowndes The first explicitly protective tariff linked to a specific program of internal improvements was the Tariff of 1824 . Sponsored by Henry Clay , this tariff provided a general level of protection at 35 % ad valorem ( compared to 25 % with the 1816 act ) and hiked duties on iron , woolens , cotton , hemp , and wool and cotton bagging . The bill barely passed the federal House of Representatives by a vote of 107 to 102 . The Middle states and Northwest supported the bill , the South and Southwest opposed it , and New England split its vote with a majority opposing it . In the Senate the bill , with the support of Tennessee Senator Andrew Jackson , passed by four votes , and President James Monroe , the Virginia heir to the Jefferson - Madison control of the White House , signed the bill on March 25 , 1824 . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts led the New England opposition to this tariff . Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles , who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs , citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison ' s 1800 defense of them . Madison denied both the appeal to nullification and the unconstitutionality ; he had always held that the power to regulate commerce included protection . Jefferson had , at the end of his life , written against protective tariffs . File : MVan Buren - portrait . jpg The Tariff of 1828 was largely the work of Martin Van Buren ( although Silas Wright Jr . of New York prepared the main provisions ) and was partly a political ploy to elect Andrew Jackson president . Van Buren calculated that the South would vote for Jackson regardless of the issues so he ignored their interests in drafting the bill . New England , he thought , was just as likely to support the incumbent John Quincy Adams , so the bill levied heavy taxes on raw materials consumed by New England such as hemp , flax , molasses , iron and sail duck . With an additional tariff on iron to satisfy Pennsylvania interests , Van Pennsylvania New York Missouri Ohio , and Kentucky to Jackson . Over opposition from the South and some from New England , the tariff was passed with the full support of many Jackson supporters in Congress and signed by President Adams in early 1828 . As expected , Jackson and his running mate John Calhoun carried the entire South with overwhelming numbers in all the states but Louisiana where Adams drew 47 % of the vote in a losing effort . However many Southerners became dissatisfied as Jackson , in his first two annual messages to Congress , failed to launch a strong attack on the tariff . Historian William J . Cooper Jr . writes : The most doctrinaire ideologues of the Old Republican group [ supporters of the Jefferson and Madison position in the late 1790s ] first found Jackson wanting . These purists identified the tariff of 1828 , the hated Tariff of Abominations , as the most heinous manifestation of the nationalist policy they abhorred . That protective tariff violated their constitutional theory , for , as they interpreted the document , it gave no permission for a protective tariff . Moreover , they saw protection as benefiting the North and hurting the South . South Carolina Background ( 1819 - 1828 ) File : Sket - Calhoun . jpg South Carolina had been adversely affected by the national economic decline of the 1820s . During this decade 56,000 whites and 30,000 slaves , out of a total free and slave population of 580,000 left the state for a better place . Historian Richard E . Ellis describes the situation : Throughout the colonial and early national periods , South Carolina had sustained substantial economic growth and prosperity . This had created an extremely wealthy and extravagant low country aristocracy whose fortunes were based first on the cultivation of rice and indigo , and then on cotton . Then the state was devastated by the Panic of 1819 . The depression that followed was more severe than in almost any other state of the Union . Moreover , competition from the newer cotton producing areas along the Gulf Coast , blessed with fertile lands that produced a higher crop - yield per acre , made recovery painfully slow . To make matters worse , in large areas of South Carolina slaves vastly outnumbered whites , and there existed both considerable fear of slave rebellion and a growing sensitivity to even the smallest criticism of “ the peculiar institution . ” File : George - McDuffie . jpg State leaders , led by states ’ rights advocates like William Smith Thomas Cooper , blamed most of the state ’ s economic problems on the Tariff of 1816 and national internal improvement projects , although soil erosion and competition from the new Southwest were also very significant reasons for the state ’ s declining fortunes . George McDuffie was a particularly effective speaker for the anti - tariff forces , and he popularized the Forty Bale theory . McDuffie argued that the 40 % tariff on cotton finished goods meant that “ the manufacturer actually invades your barns , and plunders you of 40 out of every 100 bales that you produce . ” Mathematically incorrect , this argument still struck a nerve with his constituency . Nationalists such as Calhoun were forced by the increasing power of such leaders to retreat from their previous positions and adopt , in the words of Ellis , " an even South Carolina ’ s first effort at nullification occurred in 1822 . It was believed that free black sailors had assisted Denmark Vesey in his planned slave rebellion . South Carolina passed a Negro Seamen Act , which required that all black foreign seamen be imprisoned while their ships were docked in Charleston . Supreme Court Justice William Johnson , in his capacity as a circuit judge , declared this law as unconstitutional since it violated United States treaties with Great Britain . The South Carolina Senate announced that the judge ’ s ruling was invalid and that the Act would be enforced . The federal government did not attempt to carry out Johnson ' s decision . The Road to Nullification in South Carolina ( 1828 - 1832 ) File : JRP - SoW , S . jpg Historian Avery Craven argues that , for the most part , the debate from 1828 - 1832 was a local South Carolina affair . The state itself was not united and the sides were roughly equal . The western part of the state and a faction in Charleston led by Joel Poinsett would remain loyal to Jackson almost to the end . Only in small part was the conflict between “ a National North against a States ’ - right South ” . After the final vote on the Tariff of 1828 , the South Carolina congressional delegation held two caucuses , the second at the home of Senator Robert Y . Hayne . They were rebuffed in their efforts to coordinate a united Southern response and focused on how their state , by itself , would react . While many agreed with George McDuffie that tariff policy could lead to secession at some future date , they all agreed that as much as possible the issue should be kept out of the upcoming presidential election . Calhoun , while not at this meeting , served as a moderating influence . He felt that the first step in reducing the tariff was to defeat Adams and his supporters in the upcoming election . William C . Preston , on behalf of the South Carolina legislature asked Calhoun to prepare a report on the tariff situation . Calhoun readily accepted this challenge and in a few weeks time had a 35,000 word draft of what would become his “ Exposition and Protest ” . Calhoun ’ s “ Exposition ” was completed late in 1828 . He argued that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture . The tariff power , he felt , could only be used to generate revenue , not to provide protection from foreign competition for American industries . He believed that the people of a state or several states , acting in a democratically elected convention , had the retained power to veto any act of the federal government which violated the Constitution . This veto , the core of the doctrine of nullification , was explained by Calhoun in the Exposition : If it be conceded , as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions , that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments , and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former , it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers , and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction . The right of judging , in such cases , is an essential attribute of sovereignty , of which the The report also detailed the specific southern grievances over the tariff that led to the current dissatisfaction . ” Fearful that “ hotheads ” such as McDuffie might force the legislature into taking some drastic action against the federal government , historian John Niven describes Calhoun ’ s political purpose in the document : All through that hot and humid summer , emotions among the vociferous planter population had been worked up to a near - frenzy of excitement . The whole tenor of the argument built up in the “ Exposition ” was aimed to present the case in a cool , considered manner that would dampen any drastic moves yet would set in motion the machinery for repeal of the tariff act . It would also warn other sections of the Union against any future legislation that an increasingly self - conscious South might consider punitive , especially on the subject of The report was submitted to the state legislature which had five thousand copies of it printed and distributed . Calhoun , who still had designs on succeeding Jackson as president , was not identified as the author but word on this soon leaked out . The legislature took no action on the report at that time . In the summer of 1828 Robert Barnwell Rhett , soon to be considered the most radical of the South Carolinians , entered the fray over the tariff . As a state representative , Rhett called for the governor to convene a special session of the legislature . An outstanding orator , Rhett appealed to his constituents to resist the majority in Congress . Rhett addressed the danger of doing nothing : But if you are doubtful of yourselves – if you are not prepared to follow up your principles wherever they may lead , to their very last consequence – if you love life better than honor , - - prefer ease to perilous liberty and glory ; awake not ! Stir not ! - - Impotent resistance will add vengeance to your ruin . Live in smiling peace with your insatiable Oppressors , and die with the noble consolation that your submissive patience will survive triumphant your beggary and despair . Rhett ’ s rhetoric which talked of revolution and war was still too radical in the summer of 1828 , but with the election of Jackson assured , James Hamilton Jr . on October 28 in Walterborough “ launched the formal nullification campaign ” . Renouncing his former nationalism , Hamilton warned the people that , “ Your task - master must soon become a tyrant , from the very abuses and corruption of the system , without the bowels of compassion , or a jot of human sympathy . ” He called for implementation of Mr . Jefferson ’ s “ rightful remedy ” of nullification . Hamilton sent a copy of the speech directly to President - elect Jackson . However despite a statewide campaign by Hamilton and McDuffie , a proposal to call a nullification convention in 1829 was defeated by the William Drayton were all able to remain publicly non - committal or opposed to nullification for the next couple of years . The division in the state between radicals and conservatives continued throughout 1829 and 1830 . After the failure of a state project to arrange financing of a railroad within the state to promote internal trade , the state petitioned Congress to invest $ 250,000 in the company attempting to build the railroad . Congress tabled the measure and the debate in South Carolina resumed between those who wanted state investment and those who wanted again to attempt to get Congress involved . The debate demonstrated that a significant minority of the state did have an interest in Clay ’ s American System . However the impact of the Webster - Haynes debate ( see next section ) energized the radicals and some moderates started to move in their direction . The state election campaign of 1830 focused on the tariff issue and the need for a state convention . Radicals , on the defensive , deemphasized that the convention would necessarily be pro - nullification . Where voters were presented with races where an unpledged convention was the issue , the radicals generally won . Where conservatives effectively categorized the race as being about nullification , the radicals lost . The October election was narrowly carried by the radicals although the blurring of the issues left them without any specific mandate . However in South Carolina , the governor was selected by the legislature , and the leader of the radical movement , James Hamilton , was selected as governor and fellow radical Henry L . Pinckney was selected as speaker for the South Carolina House . For the open Senate seat , the more radical Stephen Miller was selected over William Smith . With radicals in leading positions , in 1831 , the momentum began to shift towards the radicals . State politics were now strictly divided along Nullifier and Unionist lines . Still , the margin in the legislature fell short of the two - thirds majority needed for a convention . Many of the radicals felt that convincing Calhoun of the futility of his plans for the presidency would lead him into their ranks . Calhoun meanwhile had reached his own conclusion that Martin Van Buren was clearly establishing himself as Jackson ’ s heir apparent . George McDuffie , at Hamilton ’ s prompting , made a three hour speech in Charleston demanding nullification of the tariff at any cost . In the state , the Published on July 26 , 1831 , the address repeated and expanded the positions he had made in the “ Exposition ” . While the logic of much of the speech was consistent with the states ’ rights position of most Jacksonians and even Daniel Webster remarked that it “ was the ablest and most plausible , and therefore the most dangerous vindication of that particular form of Revolution ” , the speech still placed Calhoun clearly in the nullifier camp . Within South Carolina , whatever attempts at moderation there were in the speech were drowned out as the It confirmed for Calhoun what he had written in a September 11 , 1830 letter : I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick [ sic ] institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end From this point , the nullifiers accelerated their organization and rhetoric . In July 1831 the States Rights and Free Trade Association was formed in Charleston and expanded throughout the state . Unlike state political organizations in the past that were led by the South Carolina aristocracy , this group specifically targeted all segments of the population including non - slaveholder farmers , small slaveholders , and the Charleston non - agricultural class . Governor Hamilton was instrumental in seeing that the association , which was both a political and a social organization , expanded throughout the state , and The state elections of 1832 were “ charged with tension and bespattered with violence ” and “ polite debates often degenerated into frontier brawls . ” Unlike the previous year ’ s election , the choice was clear between nullifiers and unionists . The nullifiers won and on October 20 , 1832 Governor Hamilton called the legislature into a special session to consider a convention . The legislative vote was 96 - 25 in the House and 31 - 13 in the Senate In November 1832 the Nullification Convention met . The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . Furthermore , attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state ’ s secession . Robert Hayne , who followed Hamilton as governor in 1833 , established a 2,000 man group of mounted minutemen and 25,000 infantry who would immediately march to Charleston in the event of a military conflict . These troops were to be armed with $ 100,000 in arms purchased in the North . The enabling legislation passed by the legislature was carefully constructed to avoid clashes if at all possible and to create an aura of legality in the process . To avoid conflicts with Unionists , it allowed importers to pay the tariff if they so desired . For others , they would pay the tariff by obtaining a paper tariff bond from the customs officer . They would then refuse to pay the bond when due , and if the customs official seized the goods , the merchant would file for a writ of replevin to recover the goods in state court . Customs officials who refused to return the goods ( by placing them under the protection of federal troops ) would be civilly liable for twice the value of the goods . To insure that state officials and judges supported the law , a test oath would be required for all new state officials that would bind them to support the ordinance of nullification . Governor Hayne in his inaugural address made it clear where South Carolina stood : If the sacred soil of Carolina should be polluted by the footsteps of an invader , or be stained with the blood of her citizens , shed in defense , I trust in Almighty God that no son of hers … who has been nourished at her bosom … will be found raising a parricidal arm against our common mother . And even should she stand ALONE in this great struggle for constitutional liberty … that there will not be found , in the wider limits of the state , one recreant son who will not fly to the rescue Washington , D.C. ( 1828 - 1832 ) File : Andrew jackson head . gif When President Jackson took office in March 1829 he was well aware of the turmoil created by the “ Tariff of Abominations ” . While he may have abandoned some of his earlier beliefs that had allowed him to vote for the Tariff of 1824 , he still felt protectionism was justified for products essential to military preparedness and did not believe that the current tariff should be reduced until the national debt was fully paid off . He addressed the issue in his inaugural address and his first three messages to Congress , but offered no specific relief . However on the constitutional issue of nullification , despite his strong beliefs in states ’ rights , Jackson did not waver . Calhoun ’ s “ Exposition and Protest ” did start a national debate over the doctrine of nullification . The leading proponents of the nationalistic view included Daniel Webster , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , Judge William Alexander Duer John Quincy Adams Nathaniel Chipman , and Nathan Dane . These people rejected the compact theory advanced by Calhoun , claiming that the Constitution was the product of the people , not the states . According to the nationalist position , the Supreme Court had the final say on the constitutionality of legislation , the national union was perpetual and had supreme authority over individual states . The nullifiers , on the other hand , asserted that the central government was not to be the ultimate arbiter of its own power , and that the states , as the contracting entities , could judge for themselves what was or was not constitutional . While Calhoun ’ s “ Exposition ” claimed that nullification was based on the reasoning behind the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , an aging James Madison in an August 28 , 1830 letter to Edward Everett , intended for publication , disagreed . Madison wrote , denying that any individual state could alter the compact Can more be necessary to demonstrate the inadmissibility of such a doctrine than that it puts it in the power of the smallest fraction over 1 / 4 of the U . S . — that is , of 7 States out of 24 — to give the law and even the Constn . to 17 States , each of the 17 having as parties to the Constn . an equal right with each of the 7 to expound it & to insist on the exposition . That the 7 might , in particular instances be right and the 17 File : 06 - 18 - 2006 10 ; 50 ; 42PM ( 2 ) .JPG Part of the South ’ s strategy to force repeal of the tariff was to arrange an alliance with the West . Under the plan , the South would support the West ’ s demand for free lands in the public domain if the West would support repeal of the tariff . With this purpose Robert Hayne took the floor on the Senate in early 1830 , thus beginning “ the most celebrated debate , in the Senate ’ s history . ” Daniel Webster ’ s response shifted the debate , subsequently styled the Webster - Hayne debates , from the specific issue of western lands to a general debate on the very nature of the United States . Webster ' s position differed from Madison ' s : Webster asserted that the people of the United States acted as one aggregate body , Madison held that the people of the several states had acted collectively . John Rowan spoke against Webster on that issue , and Madison wrote , congratulating Webster , but explaining his own position . The debate presented the fullest articulation of the differences over nullification , and 40,000 copies of Webster ’ s response , which concluded with “ liberty and Union , now and forever , one and inseparable ” , were distributed nationwide . Many people expected the states ’ rights Jackson to side with Haynes . However once the debate shifted to secession and nullification , Jackson sided with Webster . On April 13 , 1830 at the traditional Democratic Party celebration honoring Thomas Jefferson ’ s birthday , Jackson chose to make his position clear . In a battle of toasts , Hayne proposed , “ The Union of the States , and the Sovereignty of the States . ” Jackson ’ s response , when his turn came , was , “ Our Federal Union : It must be preserved . Martin Van Buren would offer , “ Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concession . Through their agency the Union was established . The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it . ” Van Buren wrote in his autobiography of Jackson ’ s toast , “ The veil was rent – the incantations of the night were exposed to the light of day . ” Thomas Hart Benton , in his memoirs , stated that the toast “ electrified the country . ” Jackson would have the final words a few days later when a visitor from South Carolina asked if Jackson had any message he wanted relayed to his friends back in the state . Jackson ’ s reply was : Yes I have ; please give my compliments to my friends in your State and say to them , that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States , I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct , upon the first tree I can reach . Other issues than the tariff were still being decided . In May 1830 Jackson vetoed an important ( especially to Kentucky and Henry Clay ) internal improvements program in the Maysville Road Bill and then followed this with additional vetoes of other such projects shortly before Congress adjourned at the end of May . Clay would use these vetoes to launch his presidential campaign . In 1831 the re - chartering of the Bank of the United States , with Clay and Jackson on opposite sides , reopened a long simmering problem . This issue was featured at the December 1831 National Republican convention in Baltimore which nominated Henry Clay for president , and the proposal to re - charter was formally introduced into Congress on January 6 , 1832 . The Calhoun - Jackson split entered the center stage when Calhoun , as vice - president presiding over the Senate , cast the tie - breaking vote to deny Martin Van Buren the post of minister to England . Van Buren was subsequently selected as Jackson ’ s running mate at the 1832 Democratic National Convention held in May . File : Henry Clay . jpg In February 1832 Henry Clay , back in the Senate after a two decades absence , made a three day long speech calling for a new tariff schedule and an expansion of his American System . In an effort to reach out to John Calhoun and other southerners , Clay ’ s proposal provided for a ten million dollar revenue reduction based on the amount of budget surplus he anticipated for the coming year . Significant protection was still part of the plan as the reduction primarily came on those imports not in competition with domestic producers . Jackson proposed With Congress in adjournment , Jackson anxiously watched events in South Carolina . The nullifiers found no significant compromise in the Tariff of 1832 and acted accordingly ( see the above section ) . Jackson heard rumors of efforts to subvert members of the army and navy in Charleston and he ordered the secretaries of the army and navy to begin rotating troops and officers based on their loyalty . He ordered General Winfield Scott to prepare for military operations and ordered a naval squadron in Norfolk to prepare to go to Charleston . Jackson kept lines of communication open with unionists like Joel Poinsett William Drayton , and James L . Petigru and sent George Breathitt , brother of the Kentucky governor , to independently obtain political and military intelligence . After their defeat at the polls in October , Petigru advised Jackson that he should Be “ prepared to hear very shortly of a State Convention and an act of Nullification . ” On October 19 , 1832 Jackson wrote to his Secretary of War , “ The attempt will be made to surprise the Forts and garrisons by the militia , and must be guarded against with vestal vigilance and any attempt by force repelled with prompt and exemplary punishment . ” By mid - November Jackson ’ s reelection On December 3 , 1832 Jackson sent his fourth annual message to Congress . The message “ was stridently states ’ rights and agrarian in its tone and thrust ” and he disavowed protection as anything other than a temporary expedient . His intent regarding nullification , as communicated to Van Buren , was “ to pass it barely in review , as a mere buble [ sic ] , view the existing laws as competent to check and put it down . ” He hoped to create a “ moral force ” that would transcend political parties and sections . The paragraph in the message that addressed nullification was : It is my painful duty to state that in one quarter of the United States opposition to the revenue laws has arisen to a height which threatens to thwart their execution , if not to endanger the integrity of the Union . What ever obstructions may be thrown in the way of the judicial authorities of the General Government , it is hoped they will be able peaceably to overcome them by the prudence of their own officers and the patriotism of the people . But should this reasonable reliance on the moderation and good sense of all portions of On December 10 Jackson issued the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , in which he characterized the positions of the nullifiers as " impractical absurdity " and " a metaphysical subtlety , in pursuit of an impractical theory . " He provided this concise statement of his belief : I consider , then , the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed . The language used by Jackson , combined with the reports coming out of South Carolina , raised the spectre of military confrontation for many on both sides of the issue . A group of Democrats , led by Van Buren and Thomas Hart Benton among others , saw the only solution to the crisis in a substantial reduction of the tariff . Negotiation and Confrontation ( 1833 ) In apparent contradiction of his previous claim that the tariff could be enforced with existing laws , on January 16 Jackson sent his Force Bill Message to Congress . Custom houses in Beaufort Georgetown would be closed and replaced by ships located at each port . In Charleston the custom house would be moved to either Castle Pinckney or Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor . Direct payment rather than bonds would be required , and federal jails would be established for violators that the state refused to arrest and all cases arising under the state ’ s nullification act could be removed to the United States Circuit Court . In the most controversial part , the militia acts of 1795 and 1807 would be revised to permit the enforcement of the custom laws by both the militia and the regular United States military . Attempts were made in South Carolina to shift the debate away from nullification by focusing instead on the proposed enforcement . The Force bill went to the Senate Judiciary Committee chaired by Pennsylvania protectionist William Wilkins and supported by members Daniel Webster and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey ; it gave Jackson everything he asked . On January 28 the Senate defeated a motion by a vote of 30 to 15 to postpone debate on the bill . All but two of the votes to delay were from the lower South and only three from this section voted against the motion . This did not signal any increased support for nullification but did signify doubts about enforcement . In order to draw more votes , proposals were made to limit the duration of the coercive powers and restrict the use of force to suppressing , On the tariff issue , the drafting of a compromise tariff was assigned in December to the House Ways and Means Committee , now headed by Gulian C . Verplanck . Debate on the committee ’ s product on the House floor began in January 1833 . The Verplanck tariff proposed reductions back to the 1816 levels over the course of the next two years while maintaining the basic principle of protectionism . The anti - Jackson protectionists saw this as an economic disaster that did not allow the Tariff of 1832 to even be tested and " an undignified truckling to the menaces and blustering of South Carolina . " Northern Democrats did not oppose it in principle but still demanded protection for the varying interests of their own In South Carolina , efforts were being made to avoid an unnecessary confrontation . Governor Hayne ordered the 25,000 troops he had created to train at home rather than gathering in Charleston . At a mass meeting in Charleston on January 21 , it was decided to postpone the February 1 deadline for implementing nullification while Congress worked on a compromise tariff . At the same time a commissioner from Virginia , Benjamin Watkins Leigh , arrived in Charleston bearing resolutions that criticized both Jackson and the nullifiers and offering his state as a mediator . Henry Clay had not taken his defeat in the presidential election well and was unsure on what position he could take in the tariff negotiations . His long term concern was that Jackson eventually was determined to kill protectionism along with the American Plan . In February , after consulting with manufacturers and sugar interests in Louisiana who favored protection for the sugar industry , Clay started to work on a specific compromise plan . As a starting point , he accepted the nullifiers ' offer of a transition period but extended it from seven and a half years to ad valorem rate . After first securing the support of his protectionist base , Clay , through an intermediary , broached the subject with Calhoun . Calhoun was receptive and after a private meeting with Clay at Clay ’ s boardinghouse , negotiations preceded . Clay introduced the negotiated tariff bill on February 12 , and it was immediately referred to a select committee consisting of Clay as chairman , Felix Grundy of Tennessee , George M . Dallas of Pennsylvania , William Cabell Rives of Virginia , Webster , John M . Clayton of Delaware , and Calhoun . On February 21 the committee reported a bill to the floor of the Senate which was largely the original bill proposed by Clay . The Tariff of 1832 would continue except that reduction of all rates above 20 % would be reduced by one tenth every two years with the final reductions back to 20 % coming in 1842 . Protectionism as a principle was not abandoned and provisions were made for raising the tariff if national interests demanded it . Although not specifically linked by any negotiated agreement , it became clear that the Force Bill and Compromise Tariff of 1833 were inexorably linked . In his February 25 speech ending the debate on the tariff , Clay captured the spirit of the voices for compromise by condemning Jackson ' s Proclamation to South Carolina as inflammatory , admitting the same problem with the Force Bill but indicating its necessity , and praising the Compromise Tariff as the final measure to restore balance , promote the rule of law , and avoid the " sacked cities " , " desolated fields " , and " smoking ruins " that he said would be the product of the failure to reach a Calhoun rushed to Charleston with the news of the final compromises . The Nullification Convention met again on March 11 . It repealed the November Nullification Ordinance and also , " in a purely symbolic gesture " , nullified the Force Bill . While the nullifiers claimed victory on the tariff issue , even though they had made concessions , the verdict was very different on nullification . The majority had , in the end , ruled and this boded ill for the South and their minorities hold on slavery . Rhett summed this up at the convention on March 13 . Warning that , " A people , owning slaves , are mad , or worse than mad , who do not hold their destinies in their own hands , " he continued : Every stride of this Government , over your rights , brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy . … The whole world are in arms against your institutions … Let Gentlemen not be deceived . It is not the Tariff – not Internal Improvement – nor yet the Force bill , which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending . … These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced – but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil : and until this Government is made a limited Government Aftermath The final resolution of the crisis and Jackson ’ s leadership had appeal throughout the North and South . Robert Remini , the historian and Jackson biographer , described the opposition that nullification drew from traditionally states ’ rights Southern states : The Alabama legislature , for example , pronounced the doctrine “ unsound in theory and dangerous in practice . ” Georgia said it was “ mischievous , ” “ rash and revolutionary . ” Mississippi lawmakers chided the South Carolinians for acting with “ reckless precipitancy . ” Forest McDonald , describing the split over nullification among proponents of states rights , wrote , “ The doctrine of states ’ rights , as embraced by most Americans , was not concerned exclusively , or even primarily with state resistance to federal authority . ” However , by the end of the nullification crisis , many southerners started to question whether the Jacksonian Democrats still represented Southern interests . Historian William J . Cooper notes that , “ Numerous southerners had begun to perceive it [ the Jacksonian Democratic Party ] as a spear aimed at the South rather than a shield defending the South . ” In the political vacuum created by this alienation , the southern wing of the Whig Party was formed . The party was a coalition of interests united by the common thread of opposition to Andrew Jackson and , free soil abolitionism , which became an issue in the late 1840s with the Mexican War and territorial expansion , never became part of the political dialogue . This failure increased the volatility of the slavery issues . Richard Ellis argues that the end of the crisis signified the beginning of a new era . Within the states ’ rights movement the traditional desire for simply “ a weak , inactive , and frugal government ” was challenged . Ellis states that “ in the years leading up to the Civil War the nullifiers and their pro - slavery allies used the doctrine of states ’ rights and state sovereignty in such a way as to try to expand the powers of the federal government so that it could more effectively protect the peculiar institution . ” States Madison reacted to this incipient tendency by leaving among his papers two paragraphs of " Advice to My Country " , which declared that the Union " should be cherished and perpetuated . Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened ; and the disguised one , as the Serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into paradise . " Richard Rush duly published this in 1850 , by which time Southern spirit was so high that it was denounced as a forgery . The first test for the South over the slavery issue began during the final congressional session of 1835 . In what became known as the Gag Rule Debates , abolitionists flooded the Congress with anti - slavery petitions focusing on ending slavery and the slave trade in Washington , D.C . The debate was reopened each session as Southerners , led by South Carolinians Henry Pinckney and John Hammond , prevented the petitions from even being officially received by Congress . Led by John Quincy Adams , the slavery debate remained on the national stage until late 1844 when Congress lifted all restrictions on processing the petitions . Describing the legacy of the crisis , Sean Wilentz writes : The battle between Jacksonian democratic nationalists , northern and southern , and nullifier sectionalists would resound through the politics of slavery and antislavery for decades to come . Jackson ’ s victory , ironically , would help accelerate the emergence of southern pro - slavery as a coherent and articulate political force , which would help solidify northern antislavery opinion , inside as well as outside Jackson ’ s party . Those developments would accelerate the emergence of two fundamentally incompatible democracies , one in the slave South , the other in the free North . For South Carolina , the legacy of the crisis involved both the divisions within the state during the crisis and the apparent isolation of the state as the crisis was resolved . By 1860 , when South Carolina became the first state to secede , the state was more internally united than any other southern state . Historian Charles Edward Cauthen writes : Probably to a greater extent than in any other Southern state South Carolina had been prepared by her leaders over a period of thirty years for the issues of 1860 . Indoctrination in the principles of state sovereignty , education in the necessity of maintaining Southern institutions , warnings of the dangers of control of the federal government by a section hostile to its interests – in a word , the education of the masses in the principles and necessity of secession under certain circumstances – had been carried on with a skill and success hardly inferior to the masterly Notes ↑ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 pp . 136 - 137 . Niven pg . 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg 143 ↑ Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg . 255 . Craven pg . 60 . Ellis pg . 7 Craven pg . 65 . Niven pg . 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg 143 Niven p . 192 . Calhoun replaced Robert Y . Hayne as senator so that Hayne could follow James Hamilton as governor . Niven writes , " There is no doubt that these moves were part of a well - thought - out plan whereby Hayne would restrain the hotheads in the state legislature and Calhoun would defend his brainchild , nullification , in Washington against administration stalwarts and the likes of Daniel Webster , the new apostle of northern nationalism . " Howe p . 410 . In the Senate only Virginia and South Carolina voted against the 1832 tariff . Howe writes , " Most southerners saw the measure as a significant amelioration of their grievance and were now content to back Jackson for reelection rather than pursue the more drastic remedy such as the one South Carolina was touting . " Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg . 1 - 3 . Freehling writes , “ In Charleston Governor Robert Y . Hayne . . . tried to form an army which could hope to challenge the forces of ‘ Old Hickory . ’ Hayne recruited a brigade of mounted minutemen , 2,000 strong , which could swoop down on Charleston the moment fighting broke out , and a volunteer army of 25,000 men which could march on foot to save the beleaguered city . In the North Governor Hayne ’ s agents bought over $ 100,000 worth of arms ; in Charleston Hamilton readied his ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wilentz pg . 388 Ellis pg . 4 McDonald pg . vii . McDonald wrote , “ Of all the problems that beset the United States during the century from the Declaration of Independence to the end of Reconstruction , the most pervasive concerned disagreements about the nature of the Union and the line to be drawn between the authority of the general government and that of the several states . At times the issue bubbled silently and unseen between the surface of public consciousness ; at times it exploded : now and again the balance between general and local authority seemed to be settled in one direction or another , only to be upset anew and to move back toward the opposite position , but the contention never went away . ” Ellis pg . 1 - 2 . For full text of the resolutions , see Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 James Madison , Virginia Resolutions of 1798 Banning pg . 388 Brant , p . 297 , 629 Brant , pp . 298 . Brant , p . 629 Ketchum pg . 396 Wilentz pg . 80 . Ellis p . 5 . Madison called for the constitutional amendment because he believed much of the American System was unconstitutional . Historian Richard Buel Jr . notes that in preparing for the worst from the Hartford Convention , the Madison administration made preparation to intervene militarily in case of New England secession . Troops from the Canadian border were moved near Albany so that they could move into either Massachusetts or Connecticut if necessary . New England troops were also returned to their recruitment areas in order to serve as a focus for loyalists . Buel pg . 220 - 221 McDonald pg . 69 - 70 Wilentz pg . 166 Wilentz pg . 181 Ellis pg . 6 . Wilentz pg . 182 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg . 92 - 93 Wilentz pg . 243 . Economic historian Frank Taussig notes “ The act of 1816 , which is generally said to mark the beginning of a distinctly protective policy in this country , belongs rather to the earlier series of acts , beginning with that of 1789 , than to the group of acts of 1824 , 1828 , and 1832 . Its highest permanent rate of duty was twenty per cent . , an increase over the previous rates which is chiefly accounted for by the heavy interest charge on the debt incurred during the war . But after http : / / teachingamericanhistory . org / library / index . asp ? document = 1136 Remini , Henry Clay pg . 232 . Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg . 257 . McDonald pg . 95 Brant , p . 622 Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 pp . 136 - 137 . McDonald presents a slightly different rationale . He stated that the bill would “ adversely affect New England woolen manufacturers , ship builders , and shipowners ” and Van Buren calculated that New England and the South would unite to defeat the bill , allowing Jacksonians to have it both ways – in the North they could claim they tried but failed to pass a needed tariff and in the South they could claim that they had thwarted an effort to increase import duties . McDonald pg . 94 - 95 Cooper pg . 11 - 12 . The Road to Disunion , pg . 255 . Historian Avery Craven wrote , “ Historians have generally ignored the fact that the South Carolina statesmen , in the so - called Nullification controversy , were struggling against a practical situation . They have conjured up a great struggle between nationalism and States ” rights and described these men as theorists reveling in constitutional refinements for the mere sake of logic . Yet here was a clear case of commercial and agricultural depression . Craven pg . 60 Ellis pg . 7 . Freehling notes that divisions over nullification in the state generally corresponded to the extent that the section suffered economically . The exception was the “ Low country rice and luxury cotton planters ” who supported nullification despite their ability to survive the economic depression . This section had the highest percentage of slave population . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg . 25 . Cauthen pg . 1 Ellis pg . 7 . Freehling , Road to Disunion , pg . 256 Road to Disunion , pg . 254 Craven pg . 65 . Niven pg . 135 - 137 . Freehling , pg 143 . South Carolina Exposition and Protest Niven pg . 158 - 162 Niven pg . 161 Niven pg . 163 - 164 Walther pg . 123 . Craven pg . 63 - 64 . pg . 149 pg . 152 - 155 , 173 - 175 . A two - thirds vote of each house of the legislature was required to convene a state convention . pg . 177 - 186 Prelude to Civil War , pg . 205 - 213 pg . 213 - 218 Peterson pg . 189 - 192 . Niven pg . 174 - 181 . Calhoun wrote of McDuffie ’ s speech , “ I think it every way imprudent and have so written Hamilton … I see clearly it brings matters to a crisis , and that I must meet it promptly and manfully . ” Freehling in his works frequently refers to the radicals as “ Calhounites ” even before 1831 . This is because the radicals , rallying around Calhoun ’ s “ Exposition ” were linked ideologically , if not yet practically , with Calhoun . Niven pg . 181 - 184 Ellis pg . 193 . Freehling , pg . 257 . Freehling pg . 224 - 239 pg . 252 - 260 pg . 1 - 3 . Ellis pg . 97 - 98 Remini , Andrew Jackson , v . 3 pg . 14 Ellis pg . 41 - 43 Ellis p . 9 Ellis pg . 9 Brant , p . 627 . Ellis pg . 10 . Ellis wrote , " But the nullifiers ' attempt to legitimize their controversial doctrine by claiming it was a logical extension of the principles embodied in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions upset him . In a private letter he deliberately wrote for publication , Madison denied many of the assertions of the nullifiers and lashed out in particular at South Carolina ' s claim that if a state nullified an act of the federal government it could only be overruled by an amendment to the Constitution . " Full text of the letter is available http : / / www . constitution . org / jm / 18300828_everett . htm Brant , pp . 626 - 7 . Webster never asserted the consolidating position again . McDonald pg . 105 - 106 v . 2 pg . 233 - 235 . v . 2 pg . 233 - 237 . v . 2 pg . 255 - 256 Peterson pg . 196 - 197 . Remini , v . 2 pg . 343 - 348 v . 2 pg . 347 - 355 v . 2 pg . 358 - 373 . Peterson pg . 203 - 212 v . 2 pg . 382 - 389 Ellis pg . 82 v . 3 pg . 9 - 11 . Full text of his message available at http : / / www . thisnation . com / library / sotu / 1832aj . html Ellis pg 83 - 84 . Full document available at : http : / / www . yale . edu / lawweb / avalon / presiden / proclamations / jack01 . htm Ellis pg . 93 - 95 Ellis pg . 160 - 165 . Peterson pg . 222 - 224 . Peterson differs with Ellis in arguing that passage of the Force Bill “ was never in doubt . ” Ellis pg . 99 - 100 . Peterson pg . 217 . Wilentz pg . 384 - 385 . Peterson pg . 217 - 226 Peterson pg . 226 - 228 Peterson pg . 229 - 232 pg . 295 - 297 Freehling , pg . 297 . Willentz pg . 388 Remini , Andrew Jackson , v3 . pg . 42 . McDonald pg . 110 Cooper pg . 53 - 65 Ellis pg . 198 Brant p . 646 ; Rush produced a copy in Mrs . Madison ' s hand ; the original also survives . The contemporary letter to Edward Coles ( Brant , p . 639 ) makes plain that the enemy in question is the nullifier . pg . 346 - 356 . McDonald ( pg 121 - 122 ) saw states ’ rights in the period from 1833 - 1847 as almost totally successful in creating a “ virtually nonfunctional ” federal government . This however did not insure political harmony as “ the national political arena became the center of heated controversy concerning the newly raised issue of slavery , a controversy that reached the flash point during the debates about the annexation of the Republic of Texas ” pg . 121 - 122 Cauthen pg . 32 References Brant , Irving : The Fourth President : A Life of James Madison Bobbs Merrill , 1970 . Buel , Richard Jr . America on the Brink : How the Political Struggle Over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic . ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6238 - 3 Cauthen , Charles Edward . South Carolina Goes to War . ( 1950 ) ISBN 1 - 57003 - 560 - 1 Cooper , William J . Jr . The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828 - 1856 ( 1978 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0385 - 3 Craven , Avery . The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 11894 - 0 Ellis , Richard E . The Union at Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Rights , and the Nullification Crisis ( 1987 ) Freehling , William W . The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay , 1776 - 1854 ( 1991 ) , Vol . 1 Freehling , William W . Prelude to Civil War : The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816 - 1836 . ( 1965 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 507681 - 8 Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 McDonald , Forrest . States ’ Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio 1776 - 1876 ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1040 - 5 Niven , John . John C . Calhoun and the Price of Union ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1451 - 0 Peterson , Merrill D . The Great Triumvirate : Webster , Clay , and Calhoun . ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 503877 - 0 Remini , Robert V . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1822 - 1832 , v2 ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 014844 - 6 Remini , Robert V . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy , 1833 - 1845 , v3 ( 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 015279 - 6 Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 310884 Walther , Eric C . The Fire - Eaters ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1731 - 5 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 Further reading Barnwell , John . Love of Order : South Carolina ' s First Secession Crisis ( 1982 ) Capers , Gerald M . John C . Calhoun , Opportunist : A Reappraisal ( 1960 ) Coit , Margaret L . John C . Calhoun : American Portrait ( 1950 ) Houston , David Franklin ( 1896 ) . A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina . Longmans , Green , and Co . http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = - XssAAAAIAAJ Latner , Richard B . " The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion , " Journal of Southern History 43 ( 1977 ) : 18 - 38 , in JSTOR McCurry , Stephanie . Masters of Small Worlds . New York : Oxford UP , 1993 . Pease , Jane H . and William H . Pease , " The Economics and Politics of Charleston ' s Nullification Crisis " , Journal of Southern History 47 ( 1981 ) : 335 - 62 , in JSTOR Ratcliffe , Donald . " The Nullification Crisis , Southern Discontents , and the American Political Process " , American Nineteenth Century History . Vol 1 : 2 ( 2000 ) pp . 1 - 30 Wiltse , Charles . John C . Calhoun , nullifier , 1829 - 1839 ( 1949 ) See also Origins of the American Civil War American System ( economic plan ) American School ( economics ) Alexander Hamilton Friedrich List Nullification Convention External links South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification , November 24 , 1832 [ 1 ] Primary Documents in American History : Nullification Proclamation from the Library of Congress President Jackson ' s Message to the Senate and House Regarding South Carolina ' s Nullification Ordinance ; January 16 , 1833 [ 2 ] Nullification Revisited : An article examining the constitutionality of nullification ( from a favorable aspect , and with regard to both recent and historical events ) . [ 3 ] de : Nullifikationsdoktrin ja : 無効化の危機 ro : Criza Anulării Categories Political history of the American Civil War Secession in the United States Politics of South Carolina History of South Carolina Add category	[ "Nullification Crisis", "Andrew Jackson", "South Carolina" ]
http://cja.org/where-we-work/el-salvador/	El Salvador Over 75,000 civilians died at the hands of government forces during the civil war in El Salvador ( 1980 - 1992 ) . These 12 years of violence were punctuated by three well - known atrocities : the 1980 assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero that sparked the conflict , the rape and murder of four American churchwomen that caused international outrage , and the 1989 Jesuits Massacre that finally compelled the international community to intervene . Roots of the Conflict Since the Spanish conquest in the 16th century , a single resource has dominated El Salvador : land . Like its Central American neighbors , El Salvador was organized into a giant plantation for luxury commodities : cocoa , indigo and , in the 1800s , coffee . Independence only shifted control from the Spanish to Salvadorans of European ancestry . Indigenous peoples and mestizos , comprising 95 % percent of the population , were reduced to virtual serfdom , while a small minority of landholders called the “ Fourteen Families ” ruled through a long series of military dictatorships Prelude to a War : 1932 - 1980 “ To be Salvadoran , ” wrote historian Héctor Lindo - Fuentes , “ means knowing that something tremendous happened in late January 1932 . ” [ 2 ] In the western part of the country , labor leader Agustin Farabundo Marti led a peasant revolt against the ruling dictatorship and the Fourteen Families . Within a few weeks , the revolt was crushed in a massive military reprisal called la matanza : the slaughter . An estimated 30,000 civilians were massacred , the majority of whom were indigenous people whose traditional dress and languages marked them for death . The Salvadoran military would dominate the government for decades to come . [ 2 ] In a sense , the conflict between left and right wings never ended . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , left - wing guerrillas and right - wing paramilitary death squads engaged in a deadly spiral of political violence . On October 15 , 1979 , a group of moderate officers ousted the dictator Carlos Humberto Romero and formed the Revolutionary Government Junta ( JRG ) . In January 1980 , right - wing violence broke out against the JRG , including bombings against government newspapers , kidnappings and murder . All of the JRG ’ s civilian leaders resigned The JRG ’ s main opponent on the right was a Salvadoran army officer named Roberto D ’ Aubuisson — also known under the sinister nickname “ Blowtorch Bob . ” D ’ Aubuisson was the mastermind behind an attempted coup against the JRG and the 1980 assassination of the renowned human rights defender Archbishop Oscar Romero . Although D ’ Aubuisson was arrested along with other senior officers responsible for Romero ’ s murder , a wave of right - wing terrorist attacks compelled the government to release him . He went on to found the right - wing Nationalist Republican Alliance party ( ARENA ) in September 1980 , and remained a key leader of the right - wing death squads throughout the war . Civil War : 1980 - 1992 The assassination of Archbishop Romero tipped the sporadic political violence of the 1970s into full - scale civil war . When 250,000 mourners gathered for his funeral , snipers attacked the crowd , killing 42 and wounding over 200 . A BBC reporter captured the terror : “ Tens of thousands of mourners who had gathered for Romero ’ s funeral Mass in front of the cathedral in San Salvador were filmed fleeing in terror as army gunners on the rooftops around the square opened fire … One person who was there told us he remembered the piles of shoes % media % In September 1980 , the five major leftist revolutionary organizations merged to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) . The FMLN fielded a guerilla army to oppose government and right - wing paramilitary forces . A few months later , in December 1980 , four American churchwomen were raped and murdered by military and paramilitary forces . U.S. President Jimmy Carter responded by temporarily cutting off aid to El Salvador . But U.S. policy took a dramatic shift with the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Asserting a hemispheric - wide national security strategy , the Reagan administration considered the Salvadoran government – its atrocities notwithstanding – a friend in the Cold War . [ 4 ] When the FMLN launched an all - out attack on the government on January 10 , 1981 , the United States came to the Salvadoran government ’ s assistance and provided them with substantial military aid and advisors . Much of this aid went to the formation of the Rapid Deployment Infantry Battalions , the same groups identified by the UN Truth Commission as “ the primary agents of war crimes . ” Still , U.S. policy towards El Salvador was not monolithic ; many U.S. officials denounced the atrocities committed in the counter - insurgency . Former ambassador Robert Throughout the 1980s , the war between government , guerilla and paramilitary forces continued to produce systematic human rights violations , subjecting civilians to torture , mutilation , forced disappearance , extrajudicial killing and mass rape . Some 75,000 Salvadorans were killed by massacres , summary executions , landmines and indiscriminate bombing . [ 6 ] Despite the election of the centrist José Napoleón Duarte in May 1984 – El Salvador ’ s first elected civilian leader in 50 years – negotiations between the FMLN and the government remain stalled . In 1989 , Duarte was replaced by Alfredo Cristiani of the right - wing ARENA party , under whom the conflict underwent a major escalation . But on November 16 1989 , a gratuitous act of violence finally shocked the world ’ s conscience . The Atlacatl Brigade , a rapid deployment counterinsurgency unit , entered the campus of the University of Central America and dragged six prominent Jesuit priests , their housekeeper and her daughter from their beds and murdered them . The Atlacatl Brigade had perpetrated an arc of atrocities beginning with the infamous El Mozote Massacre in 1981 . [ 7 ] The Moakley Report and the United Nations Truth Commission : 1989 - 1993 The Jesuits Massacre persuaded the U.S. Congress to create a special investigative task force in 1989 , led by Congressman Joseph Moakley . The findings of Moakley ’ s Task Force revealed that the upper echelon of the Salvadoran officer corps had been responsible for the murders of the Jesuits , and that 19 of the 26 Salvadoran officers responsible had received military training at the U.S. Army School of the Americas ( SOA ) . The report set in motion an international process to end the conflict . [ 8 ] The FMLN ’ s final offensive in late 1989 demonstrated that the conflict was at a stalemate ; neither side seemed capable of attaining a strategic advantage . At the same time , world events were stripping away the foreign support that had sustained both warring parties . The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union signaled the loss of crucial allies for the FMLN . At the same time , the end of the Cold War shifted U.S. policy in the region : there was no longer a compelling interest for the U.S. to support the unsavory On January 16 , 1992 , the signing of the United Nations - brokered Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City ended 20 months of negotiations . As part of the settlement , the Salvadoran government and the FMLN agreed to the establishment of a U.N. - appointed Truth Commission to investigate the abuses committed during the war . The Truth Commission ’ s report attributed the overwhelming majority of the human rights abuses to the Salvadoran armed forces and the paramilitaries . “ In examining the staggering breadth of the violence that occurred in El Salvador , the Commission was moved by the senselessness of the killings , the brutality with which they were committed , the terror that they created in the people , in other words the madness , or locura , of the war . ” - Reinaldo Figueredo , U.N. Truth Commission [ 9 ] An Enduring Problem of Impunity : 1993 - 2009 On March 20 , 1993 , five days after the U.N. Truth Commission report was released , the Salvadoran Legislative Assembly , dominated by the ARENA party , adopted a blanket amnesty law that shielded all military and guerilla forces from prosecution for human rights abuses committed during the war . Later , in a 1999 report concerning El Salvador ’ s failure to prosecute those responsible for the 1989 Jesuits Massacre , the Inter - American Commission on Human Rights declared the amnesty law a violation of international law . [ 10 ] This lack of accountability persists today . The right - wing ARENA party continued to govern from 1989 to early 2009 . During this time , the FMLN was demobilized and transformed itself into the party of opposition . But in a profound way , both sides have practiced electoral politics as a continuation of war by other means . To this day , the ARENA party anthem still vows that the nation will be “ the tomb where the Reds meet their end . ” [ 11 ] In 2009 , FMLN won the presidential elections . Former journalist Mauricio Funes now serves as the president . While this is a hopeful sign for the normalization of the political process , the Amnesty Law still stands , so the human rights violations of the civil war have not yet been fully addressed . CJA ’ s criminal cases against high - ranking Salvadoran officials in Spain and our civil litigation in the U.S. have emerged as a central component of this struggle . Notes [ 1 ] El Salvador : A Country Study , Ed . by Richard A . Haggarty , Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , November 1988 . available at : http : / / memory . loc . gov / frd / cs / svtoc . html Accessed : August 16 , 2009 . [ 2 ] Héctor Lindo - Fuentes , Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador : The Insurrection of 1932 , Roque Dalton and the Politics of Historical Memory , Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2007 , 253 . [ 3 ] “ Requiem for Romero ” , Maurice Walsh , BBC News , March 24th , 2005 . Available at : http : / / www . soaw . org / newswire_detail . php ? id = 777 Accessed : August 16 , 2009 . [ 4 ] El Salvador : War , Peace , and Human Rights , 1980 - 1994 , Special Collection , The National Security Archive , December 1996 . Available at : http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsa / publications / elsalvador2 / index . html Accessed : August 16 , 2009 . [ 5 ] “ Roberto D ’ Aubuisson , 48 , Far - Rightist in El Salvador ” ( obit . ) Richard Severo , New York Times , February 21 , 1992 . Available at : http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1992 / 02 / 21 / world / roberto - d - aubuisson - 48 - far - rightist - in - salvador . html Accessed : August 16 , 2009 . [ 6 ] From Madness to Hope : The 12 - year war in El Salvador , Report of the U.N. Truth Commission on El Salvador , 1 April 1993 http : / / www . derechos . org / nizkor / salvador / informes / truth . html [ 7 ] “ The Truth of El Mozote ” , Mark Danner , Institute of International Studies , U.C. Berkeley , December 6 , 1993 . Available at : http : / / globetrotter . berkeley . edu / people / Danner / 1993 / truthelmoz01 . html [ 8 ] “ Statement of Representative Joe Moakley Chairman of the Speaker ’ s Task Force on El Salvador ” , November 18 , 1991 . [ 9 ] “ The peace process in El Salvador : hearing before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , House of Representatives , One Hundred Third Congress , first session , March 16 and 23 , 1993 , ” Available at : http : / / www . archive . org / stream / peaceprocessinel00unit / peaceprocessinel00unit_djvu . txt [ 10 ] Inter - American Commission on Human Rights , Report Nº 136 / 99 , Case 10.488 Ignacio Ellacuria , S.J. ; Segundo Montes , S.J. ; Armando Lopez , S.J. ; Ignacio Martin - Baro , S.J. ; Joaquin Lopez y Lopez , S.J. ; Juan Ramon Moreno , S.J. ; Julia Elba Ramos ; and Celina Mariceth Ramos , El Salvador , December 22 , 1999 . Available at : http : / / www . cidh . org / annualrep / 99eng / Merits / ElSalvador10 . 488 . htm [ 11 ] “ Elections in El Salvador Invoke Rivalries of Civil War Years ” Elisabeth Malkin , New York Times , March 11 , 2009 . Available at : http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 03 / 12 / world / americas / 12salvador . html	[ "EL SALVADOR", "civil war" ]
http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2014/11/30/CJN.09750913.full	Renal Physiology Renal Control of Calcium , Phosphate , and Magnesium Homeostasis Judith Blaine Michel Chonchol and Moshe Levi CJASN July 2015 , 10 ( 7 ) 1257 - 1272 ; DOI : https : / / doi . org / 10.2215 / CJN . 09750913 Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics PDF This article has a correction . Please see : Erratum - October 07 , 2015 Abstract Calcium , phosphate , and magnesium are multivalent cations that are important for many biologic and cellular functions . The kidneys play a central role in the homeostasis of these ions . Gastrointestinal absorption is balanced by renal excretion . When body stores of these ions decline significantly , gastrointestinal absorption , bone resorption , and renal tubular reabsorption increase to normalize their levels . Renal regulation of these ions occurs through glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and / or secretion and is therefore an important determinant of plasma ion concentration . Under physiologic conditions , the whole body balance renal physiology calcium cell and transport physiology electrolytes ion channel Introduction Imbalances of calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium result in a number of serious clinical complications , including arrhythmias , seizures , and respiratory difficulties . The kidney plays a critical role in regulating serum levels of these ions . Regulation of calcium , phosphate , and magnesium occurs in different parts of the nephron and involves a number of different channels , transporters , and pathways . Below we describe the mechanisms governing renal control of these ions . Calcium The total amount of calcium in the human body ranges from 1000 to 1200 g . Approximately 99 % of body calcium resides in the skeleton ; the other 1 % is present in the extracellular and intracellular spaces . Although > 99 % of the total body calcium is located in bone , calcium is a critical cation in both the extracellular and intracellular spaces . Approximately 1 % of the calcium in the skeleton is freely exchangeable with calcium in the extracellular fluid compartment . Serum calcium concentration is held in a very narrow range in both spaces 1 2 ) . Gastrointestinal Absorption of Calcium Calcium balance is tightly regulated by the concerted action of calcium absorption in the intestine , reabsorption in the kidney , and exchange from bone , which are all under the control of the calciotropic hormones that are released upon a demand for calcium ( Figure 1A ) . In healthy adults , approximately 800 – 1000 mg of calcium should be ingested daily . This amount will vary depending on the amount of dairy product consumed . When 1 g of calcium is ingested in the diet , approximately 800 mg is excreted in the feces and 200 mg in the urine . Approximately 400 mg of the usual 1000 mg dietary calcium intake is absorbed by the intestine , and calcium loss by way of intestinal secretions is approximately 200 mg / d . Therefore , a net absorption of calcium is approximately 200 mg 3 ) . Although serum calcium levels can be maintained in the normal range by bone resorption , dietary intake is the only source by which the body can replenish stores of calcium in bone . Calcium is absorbed almost exclusively within the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . Each of these intestinal segments has a high absorptive capacity for calcium , with their relative calcium absorption being dependent on the length of each respective intestinal segment and the transit time of the food bolus ( 3 ) . Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 . Calcium , phosphate , and magnesium flux between body compartments . Calcium ( A ) , phosphate ( B ) , and magnesium ( C ) balance is a complex process involving bone , intestinal absorption of dietary calcium , phosphate , and magnesium , and renal excretion of calcium , phosphate , and magnesium . There are two routes for the absorption of calcium across the intestinal epithelium : the paracellular pathway ( i.e . , between the cells ) and the transcellular route ( i.e . , through the cell ) ( Figure 2A ) . The paracellular pathway is passive , and it is the predominant route of calcium absorption when the lumen concentration of calcium is high . The paracellular route is indirectly influenced by calcitriol [ 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2 D ] because it is capable of altering the structure of intracellular tight junctions by activation of protein kinase C , making the tight junction more permeable to the movement of calcium . However , 1 , 25 ( OH ) D mainly controls the active absorption of calcium . Calcium moves down its concentration gradient through a calcium channel into the apical section of the microvillae . Because the luminal concentration of calcium is usually much higher than the intracellular concentration of calcium , a large concentration gradient favors the passive movement of calcium . Calcium is rapidly and reversibly bound to the calmodulin - actin - myosin I complex . Calcium moves to the basolateral area of the cell by way of microvesicular transport . As the calmodulin - actin - myosin I complex becomes saturated with calcium , D exerts influence on the intestinal epithelial cells to increase their synthesis of calbindin . Calcium binds to calbindin , thereby unloading the calcium - calmodulin complexes , which then remove calcium from the microvilli region . This decrease in calcium concentration again favors the movement of calcium into the microvilli . As the calbindin - calcium complex dissociates , the free intracellular calcium is actively extruded from the cell sodium - calcium ( Na - Ca ) exchanger ( 4 5 Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 . Intestinal pathways for calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium absorption . ( A ) Proposed pathways for calcium ( Ca ) absorption across the intestinal epithelium . Two routes exist for the absorption of Ca across the intestinal epithelium : the paracellular pathway and the transcellular route . ( B ) Proposed pathways for phosphorus ( Pi ) absorption across the intestinal epithelium . NaPi2b mediates active transcellular transport of Pi . A paracellular pathway is also believed to exist . ( C ) Proposed pathways for magnesium ( Mg ) absorption across the intestinal epithelium . Apical absorption is mediated by the TRPM6 / TRPM7 channel , whereas basolateral Renal Regulation of Calcium Balance Total serum calcium consists of ionized , protein bound , and complexed fractions ( approximately 48 % , 46 % , and 7 % , respectively ) . The complexed calcium is bound to molecules such as phosphate and citrate . The ultrafilterable calcium equals the total of the ionized and complexed fractions . Normal total serum calcium is approximately 8.9 – 10.1 mg / dl ( about 2.2 – 2.5 mmol / l ) . Calcium can be bound to albumin and globulins . For each 1.0 - g / dl decrease in serum albumin , total serum calcium 6 In humans who have a GFR of 170 liters per 24 hours , roughly 10 g of calcium is filtered per day . The amount of calcium excreted in the urine usually ranges from 100 to 200 mg per 24 hours ; hence , 98 % – 99 % of the filtered load of calcium is reabsorbed by the renal tubules . Approximately 60 % – 70 % of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule , 20 % in the loop of Henle , 10 % by the distal convoluted tubule , and 5 % by 1 ) ( Figure 3A Figure 3 . Schematic illustration of the reabsorption of calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium by different segments of the nephron . ( A ) Calcium is filtered at the glomerulus , with the ultrafilterable fraction of plasma calcium entering the proximal tubule . Within the proximal convoluted tubule and the proximal straight tubule , 60 % – 70 % of the filtered calcium has been reabsorbed . No reabsorption of calcium occurs within the thin segment of the loop of Henle . The cortical segments of the loop of Henle reabsorb about 20 % of the initially filtered load of calcium . Approximately 10 % of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule , with another 3 via unidentified pathways . ( C ) Approximately 10 % – 30 % of the filtered magnesium is absorbed in the proximal tubule , 40 % – 70 % of filtered magnesium is absorbed in the thick ascending limb , and the remaining 5 % – 10 % of magnesium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule . CD , collecting duct ; DCT , distal convoluted tubule ; PCT , proximal convoluted tubule . The reabsorption of calcium in the proximal convoluted tubule parallels that of sodium and water . Proximal tubular calcium reabsorption is thought to occur mainly by passive diffusion and solvent drag . This is based on the observation that the ratio of calcium in the proximal tubule fluid to that in the glomerular filtrate is 1 : 1.2 . The passive paracellular pathways account for approximately 80 % of calcium reabsorption in this segment of the nephron . A small but significant component of active calcium transport is observed in the proximal tubules . The active transport of calcium proceeds 7 No reabsorption of calcium occurs within the thin segment of the loop of Henle ( Figure 3A ) . In the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle , 20 % of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed largely by the cortical thick ascending limb , through both transcellular and paracellular routes . In the thick ascending limb , the bulk of calcium reabsorption proceeds through the paracellular pathway and is proportional to the transtubular electrochemical driving force . The apical Na + - K + - 2Cl − cotransporter NKCC2 and the renal outer medullary potassium K ( ROMK ) channel generate the “ driving force ” for paracellular cation transport . Whereas NaCl reabsorption through NKCC2 is electroneutral ( NKCC2 translocates one Na , one K , and two Cl − ions from the lumen into the cell ) , apical potassium represents the rate - limiting step of this process and potassium ions back - diffuse into the lumen through the ROMK channels . Na and Cl accumulated inside the cell are then transported into the bloodstream through basolateral Na - K - ATPase and Cl channels , respectively . Overall , these processes yield a net cellular reabsorption of NaCl and the generation of a lumen - positive transepithelial potential difference , which drives nonselective calcium reabsorption through the paracellular route ( 8 ) ( Figure 4 ) . Calcium transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is also influenced by the calcium - sensing receptor ( CaSR ) ( 7 10 ) , which is localized in the basolateral membrane . How CaSR controls the calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb is now better understood . Using microdissected , in vitro microperfused rat cortical thick ascending limb , Loupy et al . showed that an acute inhibition of the CaSR does not alter NaCl reabsorption or the transepithelial potential difference but increased the permeability to calcium of the paracellular pathway ( 11 ) . The tight junction in the thick ascending limb expresses several claudins , including claudin - 14 , claudin - 16 , and claudin - 19 . A normal expression of claudin - 16 and claudin - 19 is required for a normal absorption of divalent cations in this tubular segment . Toka et al . reported that the disruption of CaSR decreases the abundance of the claudin - 14 mRNA and increases that of the claudin - 16 mRNA ( 12 ) . A treatment by cinacalcet increases the abundance of claudin - 14 mRNA , and in cell culture models overexpression of claudin - 14 , decreases the paracellular permeability to calcium ( 8 12 ) . Calciotropic hormones , such as PTH and calcitonin , stimulate active cellular calcium absorption in the cortical thick ascending limb ( Figure 4 . Model of calcium and magnesium absorption by the thick ascending limb of Henle . Calcium absorption proceeds through both an active , transcellular pathway and by a passive paracellular pathway . Only transport pathways relevant to calcium absorption are shown . Basal absorption is passive and is driven by the ambient electrochemical gradient for calcium . The apical Na - 2Cl cotransporter and the renal outer medullary potassium K channel generate the “ driving force ” for paracellular cation transport . Calciotropic hormones , such as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin , stimulate active calcium absorption in cortical thick ascending limbs . Inhibition of Na - K - 2Cl cotransport by loop diuretics or in Bartter ’ s syndrome decreases the transepithelial voltage , thus diminishing passive calcium absorption . In the model of magnesium absorption by thick ascending limb of Henle , 40 % – 70 % of filtered magnesium is absorbed in the thick ascending limb by a paracellular pathway , mostly enhanced by lumen - positive transepithelial In contrast with the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle , the distal tubule reabsorbs calcium exclusively via the transcellular route . The distal convoluted tubule absorbs 5 % – 10 % of the filtered calcium . Calcium absorption in this segment is active because it proceeds against a chemical and an electrical gradient . This active process can be divided into three steps . The first step requires calcium influx across the apical membrane . The transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 has been identified as the responsible protein in this process . The second step is the diffusion of calcium through the cytosol . During this process , calbindin - D28k binds intracellular calcium transported transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 and shuttles it through the cytosol toward the basolateral membrane where calcium is extruded sodium - calcium exchanger NCX1 and the plasma membrane calcium - ATPase PMCA1b , which is the final step in this process ( 13 15 ) . Figure 5 is a cell model of the three - step process of transcellular calcium transport . Figure 5 . Model of calcium and magnesium absorption by distal convoluted tubules . Calcium entry across the plasma membrane proceeds through calcium channels with basolateral exit occurring through a combination of the plasma membrane ATPase and Na - Ca exchanger . Calcium absorption is entirely transcellular . Calciotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin stimulate calcium absorption . Calcitriol [ 1 , 25 ( OH ) D ] stimulates calcium absorption through the activation of nuclear transcription factors . Inhibition of the apical NaCl cotransporter by thiazide diuretics or in Gitelman ’ s syndrome indirectly stimulates calcium absorption . In the model of magnesium absorption by distal convoluted tubules , approximately 5 % – 10 % of magnesium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule mainly by active transcellular transport mediated by TRPM6 . The absorbed magnesium is then extruded a recently identified magnesium / sodium exchanger across the basolateral membrane . The apical K channel Kv1 . 1 potentiates TRPM6 - mediated magnesium absorption by establishing favorable luminal potential . In addition , the basolateral K channel Kir4 . 1 and the γ - subunit of Na , K - ATPase also regulate magnesium reabsorption . Hormonal and Other Factors Regulating Renal Calcium Handling PTH . Many physiologic , pharmacologic , and pathologic factors influence renal calcium absorption ( Table 1 ) . The most important regulator is PTH , which stimulates calcium absorption . PTH is a polypeptide secreted from the parathyroid gland in response to a decrease in the plasma concentration of ionized calcium . Therefore , the major physiologic role of the parathyroid gland is to regulate calcium homeostasis . PTH acts to increase the plasma concentration of calcium in three ways : ( ) it stimulates bone resorption , ( ) it enhances intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption by promoting the formation within the kidney of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D , and ( ) it augments active renal calcium absorption . These effects are reversed by small changes in the serum calcium concentration that lower PTH secretion . View inline View popup Table 1 . Factors that alter renal regulation of calcium PTH secretion is tightly regulated on a transcriptional and post - transcriptional level dependent on the concentration of extracellular calcium . In fact , PTH gene transcription is increased by hypocalcemia , glucocorticoids , and estrogen . Hypercalcemia also can increase the intracellular degradation of PTH ( 16 ) . PTH release is increased by hypocalcemia , adrenergic agonists , dopamine , and prostaglandin E 16 ) . Changes in serum calcium are sensed by the CaSR , which is localized in the cell membrane of the parathyroid cells . The receptor permits variations in the plasma calcium concentration to be sensed by the parathyroid gland , leading to desired changes in PTH secretion ( Vitamin D . Vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) is a fat - soluble steroid that is present in the diet and also can be synthesized in the skin from 7 - dehydrocholestrol in the presence of ultraviolet light . The hepatic enzyme 25 - hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of vitamin D at the 25 position , resulting in the formation of 25 - hydroxyvitamin D or calcidiol . 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D produced by the liver enters the circulation and travels to the kidney , bound to vitamin D binding protein . In the kidney , tubular cells contain two enzymes ( 1 α - hydroxylase and 24 α - hydroxylase ) that can further hydroxylate calcidiol , producing 1 , 25 ( OH ) D , the most active form of vitamin D , or 24 , 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D , an inactive metabolite ( 17 ) . Hence , the vitamin D hormonal system consists of multiple forms , ranging from cutaneous precursors or dietary components to the most active metabolite , 1 , 25 ( OH ) D , which acts upon the target organ receptors to maintain calcium homeostasis and bone health . However , the serum concentration of 25 ( OH ) D , which is the precursor form of the biologically active vitamin D , is the best indicator of the overall vitamin D storage or status ( 18 ) . The 1 , 25 ( OH ) D enters the circulation and is transported to the small intestine , where it enhances intestinal calcium absorption . The most important endocrine effect of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D in the kidney is a tight control of its own homeostasis through simultaneous suppression of 1 - hydroxylase and stimulation of 24 - hydroxylase . An intact 1 , 25 ( OH ) D – vitamin D receptor system is critical for both basal and PTH - induced osteoclastogenesis . Mature osteoclasts release calcium and phosphorus from the bone , maintaining the appropriate levels of the two minerals in the plasma ( 17 18 Serum Calcium . Hypercalcemia is associated with an increase in urinary calcium excretion as a consequence of an increase in the filtered load and a decrease in the tubular reabsorption of calcium . Although hypercalcemia can decrease GFR by renal vasoconstriction , which tends to offset the increase in filtered load , hypercalcemia also causes a decline in tubular reabsorption of calcium by both PTH - dependent and - independent effects . Hypocalcemia decreases renal calcium excretion by decreasing the filtered load and enhancing the tubular reabsorption of calcium ( Extracellular Fluid . Expansion of the extracellular fluid is associated with an increase in sodium , chloride , and calcium excretion , whereas reciprocal effects are seen with volume contraction . The mechanisms of this effect are interrelated with the effects of sodium reabsorption and compensatory changes that occur as a result of volume expansion ( Metabolic Acidosis . Acute and chronic metabolic acidosis can be associated with an increase in calcium excretion , independent of PTH changes . The calciuria may , in part , be due to the mobilization of calcium from bone , as the hydrogen ion is buffered in the skeleton ; however , direct effects of acidosis on tubular calcium resorption also play a role ( Diuretics . Loop diuretics decrease calcium absorption as a result of inhibition of the transport of sodium chloride at the NKCC2 transporter in the ascending loop of Henle . Thiazide diuretics , which act in the distal tubule , are associated with hypocalciuria ( ) . Two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of thiazides on calcium excretion : ( ) increased proximal sodium and water reabsorption due to volume depletion , and ( ) increased distal calcium reabsorption at the thiazide - sensitive site in the distal convoluted tubule . Clinical Consequences of Alterations in Calcium Balance Hypocalcemia . The main causes of hypocalcemia can be categorized as follows : ( ) lack of PTH ( e.g. , hereditary or acquired hypoparathyroidism ) , ( ) lack of vitamin D ( e.g. , dietary deficiency or malabsorption , inadequate sunlight , and defective metabolism such as in liver and kidney disease ) , and ( ) increased calcium complexation ( bone hunger syndrome , rhabdomyolysis , acute pancreatitis , tumor lysis syndrome ) ( 19 ) . Low serum calcium stimulates both PTH synthesis and release . Both hypocalcemia and PTH increase the activity of the 1 - hydroxylase enzyme in the proximal tubular cells of the nephron , which increases the synthesis of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . PTH increases bone resorption by osteoclast . In addition , PTH and 1 , 25 ( OH ) D stimulate calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule . 1 , 25 ( OH ) D increases the fractional absorption of dietary calcium by the gastrointestinal tract . All of these mechanisms aid in returning the serum calcium to normal levels . Hypercalcemia . Important causes of hypercalcemia include excess PTH production ( primary hyperparathyroidism ) , excess 1 , 25 ( OH ) D ( vitamin D intoxication , sarcoidosis ) , increased bone resorption ( metastatic osteolytic tumors , humoral hypercalcemia , immobilization , Paget ’ s disease ) , increased intestinal absorption of calcium ( milk - alkali syndrome ) , decreased renal excretion of calcium ( thiazides ) , and impaired bone formation ( adynamic bone disease ) . Elevated serum calcium inhibits PTH synthesis and release . Decreases in PTH and hypercalcemia are known to decrease the activity of the 1 - hydroxylase enzyme , which , in turn , decrease the synthesis of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . Hypercalcemia also stimulates the C cells in the thyroid gland that increase synthesis of calcitonin . Bone resorption by osteoclasts is blocked by the increased calcitonin and decreased PTH . The decrease in 1 , 25 ( OH ) D decreases gastrointestinal tract absorption of dietary calcium . Low levels of PTH and 1 , 25 ( OH ) D also inhibit calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule , which increases renal calcium excretion . Finally , in the setting of hypercalcemia , activation of the basolateral CaSr inhibits ROMK channels , which are important contributors to the potassium recycling into the lumen of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle . This effect of hypercalcemia limits the rate of Na - 2CL cotransport by decreasing the availability of luminal K and therefore , dissipating the lumen - positive transepithelial voltage . The end result is that the CaSR activation diminishes paracellular sodium , calcium , and magnesium transport , producing a phenotype similar to Bartter ’ s syndrome . The signaling pathways underpinning the inhibitory effects of CaSR activation on NKCC2 and ROMK activities involve , at least in part , production of cytochrome P450 metabolites and / or of prostaglandins ( 10 ) . All of these effects tend to return serum calcium to normal levels . Main therapy for hypercalcemia includes saline and loop diuretics that increase renal excretion of calcium and bisphosphonates , which inhibit bone resorption ( 19 Phosphorus Daily Phosphorus Balance At steady state , oral phosphorus intake is balanced by phosphate ( Pi ) excretion in the urine and feces ( Figure 1B ) . Daily phosphorus intake varies between 700 and 2000 mg , depending on consumption of phosphorus - rich foods , such as dairy products . After absorption , phosphorus is transported across cell membranes as phosphate ( 31 mg / l elemental phosphorus = 1 mmol / l phosphate ) . Phosphate in the plasma or extracellular fluid undergoes one of three fates : transport into cells , deposition in bone or soft tissue , or elimination predominantly by the kidneys . Within the body , the majority of phosphorus stores are in the bone . Although serum phosphate 20 ) . Maintenance of serum phosphate within the normal range depends on a complex interplay between absorption of phosphate in the gut , exchange with bone stores , shifts between intracellular and intravascular compartments , and renal excretion . Gastrointestinal Absorption of Phosphate Although the kidneys are the major regulators of phosphate homeostasis , serum levels of phosphate are also altered by intestinal Pi absorption mediated by the type IIb NaPi cotransporters Npt2b ( 21 Figure 2B ) . Npt2b is regulated by dietary phosphate intake as well as 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . In the rat , phosphate reabsorption is greatest in the duodenum and the jejunum , with very little occurring in the ileum . By contrast , in the mouse , Pi is absorbed along the entire intestine with the highest levels of Pi reabsorption occurring in the ileum . The human pattern of intestinal phosphate reabsorption is thought to resemble that found in the rat . Renal Regulation of Phosphate Balance The kidney plays a key role in phosphate homeostasis . In normal adults , between 3700 and 6100 mg / d of phosphorus is filtered by the glomerulus ( Figure 1B ) . Net renal excretion of phosphorus is between 600 and 1500 mg / d , which means that between 75 % and 85 % of the daily filtered load is reabsorbed by the renal tubules . Maintenance of normal serum phosphorus levels is primarily achieved through a tightly regulated process of Pi reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate . Within the nephron , approximately 85 % of phosphate reabsorption occurs within the proximal tubule ( Figure 3B ) . The remainder of the nephron plays a minor role in Pi regulation and the transporters involved have yet to be identified ( 22 Within the proximal tubule , Pi transport from the ultrafiltrate across the proximal tubule epithelium is an energy - dependent process that requires sodium ( 23 ) . The three renal sodium phosphate cotransporters , Npt2a , Npt2c , and PiT - 2 , are all positioned in the apical brush border membrane of renal proximal tubule cells and use the energy derived from the transport of sodium down its gradient to move inorganic phosphate from the luminal filtrate into the cell ( Figure 6 ) . The amount of phosphate reabsorbed from the filtrate is determined by the abundance of the cotransporters in the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells and not by any alterations in the rate or affinity of Pi transport by post - transcriptional modifications ( 23 ) . Thus , hormones or dietary factors that alter phosphate reabsorption in the kidney do so by changing the abundance of the sodium phosphate cotransporters in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells . An increase in the brush border levels of the sodium phosphate cotransporters abundance results in increased phosphate absorption from the urine , whereas a decrease in cotransporter abundance leads to phosphaturia . Transport of Pi from the renal proximal tubule to the peritubular capillaries occurs an unknown basolateral transporter ( 24 Figure 6 . Model of phosphate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule . Pi is reabsorbed three sodium phosphate cotransporters : Npt2a , Npt2c and PiT - 2 . In humans , Npt2a and Npt2c are believed to play the most important role in phosphate reabsorption . The sodium phosphate cotransporters , which are positioned in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells , use energy derived from the movement of sodium down its gradient to move Pi from the filtrate to the cell interior . The amount of phosphate reabsorbed is dependent on the abundance of the sodium phosphate cotransporters in the apical brush border membrane and hormones such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast an unknown transporter . Npt2a and Npt2c are encoded by members of the SLC34 solute carrier family ( 25 ) , of which Npt2a is encoded by SLC34A1 ( 26 ) , whereas Npt2c is encoded by SLC34A3 ( 27 ) . PiT - 2 ( SLC20A2 ) is encoded by a member of the SLC20 family ( 28 ) . Within the proximal tubule in rats and mice , the abundance of Npt2a gradually decreases along the proximal tubule , whereas Npt2c and PiT - 2 are expressed mainly in the first ( S1 ) segment ( 29 ) . Work from knockout studies in rodents has shown that in mice , Npt2a is responsible for the majority ( approximately 70 % ) of the renal regulation of phosphate transport ( 29 ) . By contrast , linkage analyses have found that in humans , Npt2a and Npt2c may contribute equally to phosphate reabsorption ( 30 31 ) . The importance of PiT - 2 in the renal control of Pi in humans remains unclear ( 20 There are a number of functional differences between the three cotransporters ( Figure 6 ) . Both Npt2a and Npt2c preferentially transport divalent phosphate . However , Npt2a is electrogenic , transporting three sodium ions into the cell for every one phosphate ion , whereas Npt2c is electroneutral , transporting two sodium ions for every one phosphate ion ( 32 33 ) . PiT - 2 , on the other hand , although electrogenic like NaPi2a , preferentially transports monovalent phosphate ( ) . Changes in pH also affect the transporters differently . Npt2a and Npt2c show a doubling of Pi transport between pH 6.5 and 8 , whereas the transport rate of PiT - 2 is constant over this range ( 34 35 Renal control of phosphate reabsorption is regulated by a number of hormonal and metabolic factors ( Table 2 ) that are discussed below in more detail . These factors change phosphate reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate by changing the abundance of the three sodium phosphate cotransporters in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule . It should be noted that the time course of response to various stimulatory or inhibitory factors differs between the three cotransporters . In general , dietary or hormonal changes result in relatively rapid ( minutes to hours ) insertion or removal of Npt2a from the brush border membrane , whereas regulation of Npt2c and PiT - 2 occurs more slowly ( hours to 22 View inline View popup Table 2 . Factors that alter renal regulation of phosphate Dietary Factors Regulating Renal Phosphate Handling In animals with normal renal function , ingestion of phosphorus - containing foods leads to removal of Npt2a , Npt2c , and PiT - 2 from the proximal tubule brush border membrane , thereby decreasing phosphate reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate . By contrast , dietary Pi restriction leads to insertion of the sodium phosphate cotransporters in the proximal tubule brush border membrane , increasing phosphate reabsorption . Potassium deficiency leads to an increase in phosphate excretion in the urine despite a paradoxical increase in the abundance of Npt2a in the proximal tubule brush border membrane that should increase phosphate reabsorption . Potassium deficiency leads to changes in the brush border membrane lipid composition that are thought to inhibit Npt2a activity ( 36 Hormonal and Other Factors Regulating Renal Phosphate Handling PTH . PTH causes decreased renal reabsorption of phosphate and phosphaturia by decreasing the abundance of Npt2a , Npt2c , and PiT - 2 in the renal proximal tubule brush border membrane ( Figure 7 ) . In response to PTH , Npt2a is removed rapidly ( within minutes ) , whereas the decrease in apical membrane abundance of Npt2c and PiT - 2 takes hours ( 27 37 38 ) . The sodium phosphate cotransporter response to PTH involves several kinases , including protein kinases A and C and mitogen - activated protein kinase extracellular signal - regulated kinase 1 / 2 , as well as a myosin motor ( myosin VI ) ( 39 41 Figure 7 . Schematic of PTH - induced homeostatic mechanisms to correct hyperphosphatemia as GFR falls . As GFR falls , serum phosphorus levels increase , which stimulates release of PTH from the parathyroid glands . This in turn decreases the brush border abundance of Npt2a and Npt2c in the renal proximal tubule , leading to increased urinary excretion of phosphorus . PTH , parathyroid hormone . Fibroblast Growth Factor - 23 . Fibroblast growth factor - 23 ( FGF23 ) is produced in osteoblasts in response to increases in serum Pi . To exert its physiologic effects on the proximal tubule , FGF23 requires the presence of a cofactor , Klotho , which is produced in the kidney and activates FGF receptor 1 ( 42 ) . FGF23 reduces the expression and activity of the sodium phosphate cotransporters in the renal proximal tubule and is also thought to decrease the activity of the intestinal sodium phosphate cotransporter . FGF23 also reduces serum levels of calcitriol by decreasing the renal expression of 1 - hydroxylase , which is the rate - limiting step in calcitriol synthesis , and increasing renal expression of 24 - hydroxylase , which is required for calcitriol degradation ( 43 Figure 8 ) . In addition , FGF23 suppresses PTH synthesis , although the parathyroid glands are believed to become resistant to FGF23 as kidney disease progresses . Figure 8 . Schematic of the role of FGF23 in reducing hyperphosphatemia as GFR falls . As GFR falls , serum phosphorus levels increase , leading to increased FGF23 secretion from bone . FGF23 binds Klotho , a required cofactor , and the FGF23 / Klotho complex binds and activates FGFR1c , leading to decreased renal tubular expression of Npt2a and Npt2c . In addition , activation of FGFR1c by the FGF23 / Klotho complex results in decreased 1 - hydroxylase activity and increased 24 - hydroxylase activity , which leads to decreased levels of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D and decreased Pi absorption from the gut . FGF23 , fibroblast growth factor - 23 ; FGFR1c , FGF23 receptor 1c . 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . Calcitriol is believed to increase phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule ( 44 ) but the effects are confounded by the fact that changes in 1 , 25 ( OH ) D also alter plasma calcium and PTH levels . Glucocorticoids . Increased glucocorticoid levels lead to decreased proximal tubule synthesis and abundance of Npt2a as well as changes in brush border membrane lipid composition , which is thought to modulate sodium phosphate cotransporter activity ( 45 Estrogen . Estrogen causes phosphaturia by decreasing the abundance of Npt2a in the proximal tubule without altering Npt2c levels ( 46 ) . Estrogen also increases FGF23 synthesis ( 47 Thyroid Hormone . Increased levels of thyroid hormone increase phosphate absorption by increasing proximal tubule transcription and expression of Npt2a ( 48 ) . The Npt2a gene contains a thyroid response element and transcription of Npt2a mRNA is regulated by 3 , 5 , 3 - tri - iodothyronine ( 49 Dopamine . Dopamine leads to phosphaturia by inducing internalization of Npt2a from the proximal tubule brush border membrane . Dopamine - mediated internalization of Npt2a is dependent on a scaffolding protein ( sodium - hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor 1 ) because dopamine does not induce phosphaturia in sodium - hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor 1 knockout mice ( 50 Metabolic Acidosis . Metabolic acidosis stimulates phosphaturia , which helps remove acid from the blood because phosphate serves as a titratable acid ( 51 ) . By contrast , metabolic alkalosis increases renal phosphate absorption ( 52 ) . In mice , acidosis increases proximal tubule brush border membrane abundance of Npt2a and Npt2c , suggesting that phosphaturia results from inhibition of sodium phosphate cotransporter activity rather than changes in the levels of these proteins . Hypertension . An acute increase in BP leads to decreased renal phosphate reabsorption by inducing removal of Npt2a from the proximal tubule brush border membrane microvilli to subapical endosomes ( 53 Clinical Consequences of Alterations in Phosphorus Balance Hypophosphatemia . Hypophosphatemia can be caused by a shift of phosphorus from extracellular fluid into cells , decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate , or increased renal excretion of phosphate ( 54 ) . Hypophosphatemia is also seen in rare genetic disorders that decrease renal sodium phosphate cotransporter activity or increase PTH or FGF23 levels ( 55 ) . Hypophosphatemia is generally asymptomatic but serum phosphate levels < 1.5 mg / dl can cause anorexia , confusion , rhabdomyolysis , paralysis , and seizures . Respiratory depression in particular is associated with serum levels < 1 mg / dl ( 56 ) . Mild hypophosphatemia is treated with oral supplementation , whereas severe hypophosphatemia requires intravenous repletion ( 55 Hyperphosphatemia . As the GFR falls , free serum calcium levels fall and serum phosphorus increases ( 21 ) . The decrease in free serum calcium and increase in serum phosphorus stimulate the parathyroid glands to produce PTH , which decreases the abundance of Npt2a and Npt2c in the renal proximal tubule , leading to increased Pi excretion in the urine that in turn lowers serum Pi levels ( ) . Hyperphosphatemia also stimulates production of FGF23 , which decreases levels of Npt2a and Npt2c in the kidney , resulting in increased urinary excretion of phosphate ( Figure 7 ) . FGF23 also decreases production of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D , which decreases intestinal Pi absorption , further decreasing serum Pi levels ( ) . As GFR continues to fall , however , these compensatory mechanisms fail , leading to hyperphosphatemia . Acute elevations in serum phosphorus levels caused by oral sodium phosphate bowel purgatives ( e.g . , used in preparation for colonoscopy ) can cause acute phosphate nephropathy ( 57 ) . Acute phosphate nephropathy is characterized by AKI leading to chronic renal failure and biopsy findings of tubular injury and tubular and interstitial calcium phosphate deposits . Hyperphosphatemia is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of calciphylaxis ( 58 ) . Current treatment of hyperphosphatemia involves the use of oral phosphate binders that block phosphorus absorption from food . Secondary Hyperparathyroidism As mentioned above , under physiologic circumstances , PTH maintains serum calcium , increases phosphorus excretion , and stimulates production of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . However , as kidney function declines , PTH rises . A decrease in GFR causes an increase in serum phosphorus and FGF23 levels , which , consequently , decreases 1 - hydroxylase activity and 1 , 25 ( OH ) D synthesis . The decrease in serum concentrations of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D decreases serum calcium levels and secondary hyperparathyroidism ensues ( ) . Although FGF23 is known to suppress PTH in a nonuremic milieu , the parathyroid gland becomes resistant to FGF23 with progressive kidney disease , favoring PTH release and worsening of secondary hyperparathyroidism ( 59 ) . Hence , the lack of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D and increased FGF23 allow increased PTH production to continue ( Figure 9 Figure 9 . Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD . Progressive loss of renal mass impairs renal phosphate excretion , which causes an increase in serum phosphorus . Abnormalities in serum phosphorus homeostasis stimulate FGF23 from bone . Higher serum FGF23 levels in addition to decreased renal mass cause a quantitative decrease in synthesis of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D . High serum FGF23 levels decrease the activity of the 1 - hydroxylase enzyme . 1 , 25 ( OH ) D deficiency decreases intestinal absorption of calcium , leading to hypocalcemia , which is augmented by the direct effect of hyperphosphatemia . Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia stimulate PTH release and synthesis . The lack of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D , which would ordinarily feed back to inhibit the transcription of prepro - PTH and exert an antiproliferative effect on parathyroid cells , allows the increased PTH production to continue . Current therapeutic methods used to decrease PTH release in CKD include correction of hyperphosphatemia , maintenance of normal serum calcium levels , administration of 1 , 25 ( OH ) D analogs orally or intravenously , and administration of a CaSR agonist ( cinacalcet ) . The management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients principally involves the administration of some combination of the following : phosphate binders , vitamin D analogs , and calcimimetics . The CaSR is one of the main factors regulating PTH synthesis and secretion ; therefore , this target offers the potential to suppress PTH by complementary mechanism to vitamin D analogs . Calcimimetics are agents that allosterically increase the sensitivity of the CaSR in the parathyroid gland to calcium ( Magnesium Regulation of Magnesium Homeostasis Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular divalent cation . Magnesium serves several important functions in the human body , including intracellular signaling , serving as a cofactor for protein and DNA synthesis , oxidative phosphorylation , cardiovascular tone , neuromuscular excitability , and bone formation ( 60 64 The total body magnesium content in adults is approximately 24 g , 99 % of which is intracellular , stored predominantly in bone , muscle , and soft tissue , with only 1 % in the extracellular space . Normal total serum magnesium concentration is in the range of 0.7 – 1.1 mmol / l , 1.4 – 2.2 mEq / l , or 1.7 – 2.6 mg / dl . Sixty percent of serum magnesium exists in the ionized , free , physiologically active form , which is important for its physiologic functions . Ten percent of serum magnesium 60 64 As detailed below , serum magnesium concentration is regulated by the dynamic balance and interplay between intestinal and renal transport and bone exchange ( Figure 1C Intestinal Magnesium Absorption Typical magnesium ingestion is approximately 300 mg / d ( 65 ) . Intestinal absorption can range from 25 % when eating magnesium - rich diets to 75 % when eating magnesium - depleted diets . Approximately 120 mg of magnesium is absorbed and 20 mg is lost in gastrointestinal secretions , amounting to a net daily intake of 100 mg / d . Intestinal magnesium absorption occurs a saturable transcellular pathway and a nonsaturable paracellular passive pathway ( 65 66 Figure 2C ) . The majority of magnesium is absorbed by the small intestine and , to a lesser extent , by the colon . Transcellular magnesium absorption is permitted by the transient receptor potential melastatin ( TRPM ) cationic channels TRPM6 and TRPM7 . Mutations in TRMP6 result in hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia ( 67 68 ) . TRMP7 also plays an important role in intestinal magnesium absorption because heterozygote TRMP7 - deficient mice develop hypomagnesemia due to decreased intestinal magnesium absorption , whereas renal magnesium excretion is low to compensate for the decreased intestinal magnesium absorption ( 69 ) . When dietary magnesium intake is normal , transcellular transport mediates 30 % of intestinal magnesium absorption . This fraction increases when dietary magnesium intake is lower ( 70 72 ) . When dietary magnesium is higher , then the majority of intestinal magnesium absorption occurs the paracellular pathway , which is regulated by proteins comprising the tight junction , including claudins , occludin , and zona - occludens - 1 ( 73 76 ) . Tight junction assembly and function can be modulated by a number of signaling molecules that alter the phosphorylation state of the tight junctional proteins and the ionic permeability of the paracellular pathway . Paracellular transport depends on the transepithelial electrical voltage , which is approximately 5 mV lumen - positive with respect to blood . In addition , luminal magnesium concentrations range between 1.0 and 5.0 mmol / l compared with serum magnesium concentrations of between 0.70 and 1.10 mmol / l , which also provides a transepithelial chemical concentration gradient favoring absorption . Proton pump inhibitors , especially after long - term use , have been associated with hypomagnesemia . Impaired intestinal magnesium absorption , rather than renal absorption , seems to mediate the effect of proton pump inhibitors . Potential mediators include increased intestinal magnesium secretion , decreased active transcellular magnesium absorption due to decreased TRPM6 activity secondary to decreased intestinal acidity , or decreased paracellular magnesium absorption ( 77 78 Renal Regulation of Magnesium Assuming a normal GFR , the kidney filters approximately 2000 – 2400 mg of magnesium per day . This takes into account the fact that only 70 % of total serum magnesium ( 30 % is protein - bound ) is available for glomerular filtration . Under normal conditions , 96 % of filtered magnesium is reabsorbed in the renal tubules by several coordinated transport processes and magnesium transporters detailed below ( 9 79 84 Proximal Tubule . As shown in Figure 3C , 10 % – 30 % of the filtered magnesium is absorbed in the proximal tubule . Although the exact mechanisms are not known , magnesium is believed to be absorbed a paracellular pathway aided by a chemical gradient generated by Na gradient – driven water transport that increases intraluminal magnesium as well as lumen - positive potential . Thick Ascending Limb . A paracellular pathway in the thick ascending limb absorbs 40 % – 70 % of filtered magnesium , mostly enhanced by lumen - positive transepithelial voltage , in which claudin - 16 and claudin - 19 play an important role . The NKCC2 cotransporter mediates apical absorption of Na , K , and Cl . The apical ROMK mediates apical recycling of K back to the tubular lumen and generation of lumen - positive voltage . The Cl channel ClC - Kb mediates Cl exit through the basolateral membrane . Na , K , - ATPase also mediates Na exit 85 86 ) . This inhibition would be expected to diminish transepithelial voltage and , in turn , passive transport of magnesium within the cortical thick ascending limb . Bartter ’ s syndrome is caused by mutations in NKCC2 , or ROMK , or ClC - Kb , or Barttin ( an essential β - subunit for ClC - Ka and ClC - Kb chloride channels ) , and / or CaSR . However , hypomagnesemia is not present in all patients with Bartter ’ s syndrome . Mutations in CLDN16 or CLDN19 encoding the tight junction proteins claudin - 16 and claudin - 19 result in increased urinary magnesium excretion , hypomagnesemia , increased urinary calcium excretion , and nephrocalcinosis ( autosomal recessive familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis ) . By contrast , a recent study indicates a different phenotype for mutations in claudin - 10 ( 87 ) . Claudin - 10 determines paracellular sodium permeability and its loss leads to hypermagnesemia and nephrocalcinosis . In isolated perfused thick ascending limb tubules of claudin - 10 – deficient mice , paracellular permeability of sodium is decreased and the relative permeability of calcium and magnesium is increased . Moreover , furosemide - inhibitable transepithelial voltage is increased , leading to a shift from paracellular sodium transport to paracellular hyperabsorption of calcium and magnesium . These data identify claudin - 10 as a key factor in control of cation selectivity and transport in the thick ascending limb , and Loop diuretics inhibit chloride ( Cl ) absorption by NKCC2 and also decrease basolateral Cl efflux . This results in loss of lumen - positive potential , thereby decreasing the driving force for paracellular magnesium reabsorption claudin - 16 and claudin - 19 . Distal Convoluted Tubule . The remaining 5 % – 10 % of magnesium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule mainly by active transcellular transport mediated by TRPM6 . The apical K channel Kv1 . 1 potentiates TRPM6 - mediated magnesium absorption by establishing favorable luminal potential . EGF increases magnesium transport through TRPM6 . Inhibitors of EGF receptors such as cetuximab or panitumumab , utilized for treatment of EGF responsive cancers , are able to induce hypomagnesemia by interfering with magnesium transport in the kidney ( 88 Basolateral K channel Kir4 . 1 and the γ - subunit of Na , K - ATPase also increase magnesium reabsorption by generating a sodium gradient , making it possible for the thiazide - sensitive NCC ( thiazide - sensitive Na - Cl Cotransporter ) to facilitate sodium transport from the apical lumen to the cytosol . The absorbed magnesium is then extruded a recently identified magnesium / sodium exchanger SLC41A1 family ( 89 92 ) across the basolateral membrane ( 93 ) . Interestingly , mutations in SLC41A1 result in a nephronophthisis - like phenotype ( 93 ) . In addition , CNNM2 ( cyclin M2 ) has also been identified as a gene involved in renal Mg 2 + handling in patients of two unrelated families with unexplained dominant hypomagnesemia . In the kidney , CNNM2 was predominantly found along the basolateral membrane of distal tubular segments involved in Mg 2 + reabsorption ( 94 In addition to TRMP6 , the importance of these transporters in the thick ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule as well as the tight junction proteins in the thick ascending limb to regulation of magnesium reabsorption is reflected by the fact that mutations of these proteins result in various forms of genetic syndromes of hypomagnesemia ( Table 3 Table 3 . Factors that alter renal regulation of magnesium Mutations in PCBD1 ( pterin - 4 - carbinolamine dehydratase / dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte NF 1 homeobox A ) were recently shown to cause hypomagnesemia secondary to renal magnesium wasting ( 95 ) . PCBD1 is a dimerization cofactor for the transcription factor HNF1B . PCDB1 binds HNF1B to costimulate the FXYD2 ( sodium / potassium - transporting ATPase gamma chain [ a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXYD2 gene ] ) promoter , which increases renal tubular magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule . Bone . At least 50 % of the total body magnesium content resides in bone as hydroxyapatite crystals ( 96 ) . Dietary magnesium restriction causes decreased bone magnesium content ( 97 ) . Hypomagnesemia in rodents induces osteopenia with accelerated bone turnover , decreased bone volume , and decreased bone strength ( 98 101 ) . Although the bone magnesium stores are dynamic , the transporters that mediate magnesium flux in and out of bone have not yet been determined . Clinical Consequences of Alterations in Magnesium Balance Hypomagnesemia . Hypomagnesemia is usually defined as serum magnesium < 0.7 mmol / L , 1.4 mEq / L , or 1.7 mg / dl . Biochemical hypomagnesemia is common , with a prevalence of up to 15 % in the general population and up to 65 % in patients in the intensive care units ( 102 109 ) . The causes of hypomagnesemia are listed in Table 3 Hypomagnesemia can be secondary to impaired intestinal magnesium absorption or increased urinary magnesium excretion secondary to various hormones or drugs that inhibit magnesium reabsorption . At the clinical level , the assessment of magnesium stores and cause of magnesium deficiency continues to be a real challenge . Simultaneous measurements of serum and urine magnesium may help differentiate the cause of hypomagnesemia . Although proton pump inhibitors most likely cause impaired intestinal magnesium absorption , most of the other drugs associated with hypomagnesemia impair renal tubular magnesium reabsorption by direct or indirect inhibition of magnesium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb or the distal convoluted tubule ( 102 110 111 Hypomagnesemia is associated with hypokalemia , which is mediated by stimulation of the ROMK channel resulting in increased potassium excretion . Hypomagnesemia is also associated with hypocalcemia secondary to impaired PTH release and PTH resistance . Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia include weakness and fatigue , muscle cramps , tetany , numbness , seizures , and arrhythmias . Hypermagnesemia . Hypermagnesemia is caused by ingestion and increased intestinal absorption of Epsom salts and magnesium - containing cathartics , antacids , laxative abuse , and enemas . In addition , overzealous intravenous or intramuscular injection of magnesium for treatment of preeclampsia can also result in hypermagnesemia . Hypermagnesemia is associated with nausea , vomiting , neurologic impairment , hypotension , and electrocardiography changes including prolonged QRS , PR , and QT intervals . At higher levels due to intoxication , complete heart block , respiratory paralysis , coma , and shock can occur . Maintenance of normal serum levels of calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium depends on a complex interplay between absorption from the gut , exchange from bone stores , and renal regulation . Renal reabsorption of calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium occurs in several different parts of the nephron and involves a number of channels , transporters , and paracellular pathways , some of which remain to be defined . The importance of the kidney in maintaining normal calcium , phosphorus , and magnesium homeostasis can be seen in renal failure in which abnormalities of calcium , phosphorus , and Disclosures M.L. has received grant support ( unrelated to this publication ) from the National Institutes of Health , US Department of Veterans Affairs , Intercept , Daiichi Sankyo , Abbott , Genzyme , and Novartis . Footnotes Note : This manuscript was updated August 19 , 2015 with revised images for Figures 2 , 5 , and 6 . Published online ahead of print . Publication date available at www . cjasn . org Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Nephrology References ↵ Jacobson HR Striker GE Klahr S Kumar R Calcium metabolism . In : The Principles and Practice of Nephrology , edited by Jacobson HR Striker GE Klahr S 2nd Ed . St . 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Rathlou NH McDonough AA Proximal tubule Na transporter responses are the same during acute and chronic hypertension 279 F358 F369 2000 Felsenfeld AJ Levine BS Approach to treatment of hypophosphatemia Am J Kidney Dis 655 661 Carpenter TO The expanding family of hypophosphatemic syndromes J Bone Miner Metab 30 9 Gravelyn TR Brophy Siegert Peters - Golden Hypophosphatemia - associated respiratory muscle weakness in a general inpatient population Am J Med 870 876 1988 Markowitz GS Perazella MA Acute phosphate nephropathy 76 1027 1034 Kendrick Kestenbaum Chonchol Phosphate and cardiovascular disease Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 113 119 2011 Ben - Dov IZ Galitzer Lavi - Moshayoff Goetz Kuro - o Mohammadi Sirkis Naveh - Many Silver The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats 117 4003 4008 Whang Hampton Whang DD Magnesium homeostasis and clinical disorders of magnesium deficiency Ann Pharmacother 28 220 226 1994 Konrad Schlingmann KP Gudermann Insights into the molecular nature of magnesium homeostasis 286 F599 F605 2004 Topf JM Murray PT Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia Rev Endocr Metab Disord 4 195 206 Ayuk Gittoes NJ How should hypomagnesaemia be investigated and treated ? 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Smith Award : Minerals in motion : From new ion transporters to new concepts 1263 1269 Molecular identification of ancient and modern mammalian magnesium transporters 298 C407 C429 Ferrè Insight into renal Mg2 + transporters 176 Tyler Miller Control of renal calcium , phosphate , electrolyte , and water excretion by the calcium - sensing receptor Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 345 358 Haisch Almeida JR Abreu da Silva PR The role of tight junctions in paracellular ion transport in the renal tubule : Lessons learned from a rare inherited tubular disorder Am J Kidney Dis 320 330 Haisch Impaired paracellular ion transport in the loop of Henle causes familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis Ann N Y Acad Sci 1258 177 184 Hebert SC Extracellular calcium - sensing receptor : Implications for calcium and magnesium handling in the kidney 2129 2139 1996 Wang WH Lu Cytochrome P - 450 metabolites mediate extracellular Ca ( 2 + ) - induced inhibition of apical K+ channels in the TAL Am J Physiol 271 C103 C111 Breiderhoff Himmerkus Stuiver Mutig Will Meij Bachmann Bleich Willnow TE Müller Deletion of claudin - 10 ( Cldn10 ) in the thick ascending limb impairs paracellular sodium permeability and leads to hypermagnesemia and nephrocalcinosis 14241 14246 Petrelli F Borgonovo Cabiddu Ghilardi Barni Risk of anti - EGFR monoclonal antibody - related hypomagnesemia : Systematic review and pooled analysis of randomized studies Expert Opin Drug Saf 11 Suppl 1 ] : S9 S19 Goytain Functional characterization of human SLC41A1 , a Mg2 + transporter with similarity to prokaryotic MgtE Mg2 + transporters Physiol Genomics 337 342 Kolisek Launay Sponder Serafini Brenkus Froschauer Martens Fleig Schweigel SLC41A1 is a novel mammalian Mg2 + carrier 283 16235 16247 Mandt Song Scharenberg AM Sahni SLC41A1 Mg ( 2 + ) transport is regulated via Mg ( 2 + ) - dependent endosomal recycling through its N - terminal cytoplasmic domain Biochem J 439 129 139 Kolisek Nestler Vormann Schweigel - Röntgen Human gene SLC41A1 encodes for the Na+ / Mg² + exchanger 302 C318 C326 Hurd TW Otto EA Mishima Gee HY Inoue Inazu Yamada Halbritter Seki Konishi Zhou W Yamane Murakami Caridi Ghiggeri Abe Hildebrandt Mutation of the Mg2 + transporter SLC41A1 results in a nephronophthisis - like phenotype 967 977 Stuiver Lainez Will Terryn Debaix Sommer Kopplin Thumfart Kampik NB Querfeld U Willnow TE Němec Devuyst O Knoers NV Meij Müller CNNM2 , encoding a basolateral protein required for renal Mg2 + handling , is mutated in dominant hypomagnesemia Am J Hum Genet 333 343 de Baaij JH Ferreira Germann de Klerk JB Lavrijsen van Zeeland Venselaar Kluijtmans LA Mutations in PCBD1 cause hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting 25 574 586 2014 Elin Assessment of magnesium status Clin Chem 33 1965 1970 1987 Alfrey AC Miller NL Trow Effect of age and magnesium depletion on bone magnesium pools in rats 54 1074 1081 1974 Lai CC Singer Armstrong WD Bone composition and phosphatase activity in magnesium deficiency in rats J Bone Joint Surg Am 516 522 1975 Burnell Liu Miller AG Teubner Effects of dietary alteration of bicarbonate and magnesium on rat bone Am J Physiol 250 F302 F307 1986 Boskey Rimnac CM Bansal Federman Lian Boyan BD Effect of short - term hypomagnesemia on the chemical and mechanical properties of rat bone J Orthop Res 774 783 1992 Kenney MA McCoy Williams Effects of magnesium deficiency on strength , mass , and composition of rat femur Calcif Tissue Int 44 49 Lameris Monnens LA Drug - induced alterations in Mg2 + homoeostasis Clin Sci ( Lond ) 123 Dimke Monnens Evaluation of hypomagnesemia : Lessons from disorders of tubular transport 62 377 383 Ryder KW Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia . Requested vs routine JAMA 263 3063 3064 1990 Thienpont LM Dewitte Stöckl Serum complexed magnesium — A cautionary note on its estimation and its relevance for standardizing serum ionized magnesium Clin Chem 154 155 Sanders GT Huijgen HJ Sanders Magnesium in disease : A review with special emphasis on the serum ionized magnesium Clin Chem Lab Med 37 1011 1033 Huijgen HJ Soesan Mairuhu WM Kesecioglu GT Magnesium levels in critically ill patients . What should we measure ? Am J Clin Pathol 114 688 695 2000 Külpmann WR Gerlach Relationship between ionized and total magnesium in serum Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 224 251 258 Dewitte Dhondt Giri Stöckl Rottiers Lameire Thienpont LM Differences in serum ionized and total magnesium values during chronic renal failure between nondiabetic and diabetic patients : A cross - sectional study Diabetes Care 2503 2505 van Angelen AA Glaudemans van der Kemp AW Cisplatin - induced injury of the renal distal convoluted tubule is associated with hypomagnesaemia in mice Nephrol Dial Transplant 879 889 Dimke van der Wijst Alexander TR Meijer IM Mulder GM van Goor Tejpar Effects of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib on magnesium handling 1309 1316 View Abstract Previous Next Back to top In this issue Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Vol . 10 Issue 7 July 07 , 2015 Table of Contents Index by author View Selected Citations ( 0 ) Print Download PDF Article Alerts Email Article Citation Tools Request Permissions More in this TOC Section Acid - Base Homeostasis Handling of Drugs , Metabolites , and Uremic Toxins by Kidney Proximal Tubule Drug Transporters Physiology of the Renal Interstitium Show more Renal Physiology Cited By . . . Similar Articles Related Articles Keywords renal physiology calcium cell and transport physiology electrolytes ion channel	[ "Renal Control of Calcium", "Phosphate", "Magnesium Homeostasis" ]
http://cjglawfirm.com/	Your Litigation Partners in North Carolina We are lawyers in Durham NC dedicated to helping the injured and abused take back their rights and get what they deserve We sue employers who refuse to follow the law and we work on cases for families who have lost their loved ones because of injury or abuse Our lawyers in Charlotte NC handle personal injury and wrongful death cases with a special focus on bicycle crashes Weve built this firm on a passion for justice and we have a reputation for working hard and fighting for our clients If you have questions about what to do if you were hurt at work or if you were in a wreck that wasnt your fault and you are not quite sure what to do our attorneys can give you some quick answers We regularly take calls from people who may not be ready to hire a lawyer but just want to know what to expect Our website is designed to provide you with free information that will help with your particular situation With our two offices in Durham and Charlotte we are a law firm that is ready to help you get the justice you deserve If you do hire our attorneys you will find that we will work hard on your case and give you individual attention We will keep you informed and advise you at every step The case is yours and we always remember that We even have a Podcast Copeley Johnson Groningers Valerie Johnson and Leto Copeley are the Law Sisters Mixing legal information with entertainment The Law Sisters give important safety and legal information and discuss all things sex in the workplace While talk of sexual harassment may be having a moment the Law Sisters put the bad actors and action in the legal context Find The Law Sisters on Apple Podcasts Google Play TuneIn and Stitcher Listen in subscribe and give us a review Free Legal Resources Workers Compensation 101 8 Questions to Answer Before You Are Ever in a Wreck Essentials for Workers Comp Success Help for Families of North Carolina Burn Victims Publication Downloads Client Testimonials I always recommend Copeley Johnson Groninger to people with harassment sex abuse workers compensation and bike law matters They are excellent attorneys who care about their clients and justice They exemplify how all lawyers should be Mavis Gragg I just love Valerie Shes so honest and she didnt sugarcoat anything She just told me how it was I loved her truthfulness I would recommend the law firm very much so Client of Valerie Johnson I appreciate the fact that they are always there when I call When you are in the situation that I am in and feel slighted it really helps to have someone on your side that you can count on Stephen Johnson I didnt have to worry about anything Everything was timely and straightforward Just all in all a great experience Trudy Evans See more success stories	[ "Litigation Partners", "North Carolina" ]
http://ckdstage.com/ckd-diet-fitness/2033.html	\| Font Size A A Is Consumption of Amla Good for Kidneys Amla , also known as Indian Gooseberry , can provide a number of health benefits owing to the wide array of nutrients present in it . And in Ayurveda , regular consumption of amla can help us live for than 100 years . Well then , is consumption of amla good for kidneys ? It is well known that kidneys are important organs which are endowed with numerous functions . The healthy kidneys are responsible for discharging extra wastes and toxins from blood , keeping electrolyte and acid - base balance , regulating blood pressure , activating vitamin D and so on . However , when kidney are damaged by some factors , your body will suffer from various disorders like high phosphorus level , high blood pressure , high potassium level , bone problems , cardiovascular diseases , low immunity and so on . As a matter of fact , amla also have many benefits for kidney disease patients . You can see from the following content . Good for respiratory disorders Amla is considered to have a beneficial effect on respiratory disorders . Vitamin C in alma makes it a mighty herbal medicine against cold and cough . Consumption of amla is known to boost immunity , reducing flu and throat infection . Strengthen immune system The antibacterial properties of amla help the body to fight against bacterial , fungal and viral infections , making the body more resistant to diseases . It strengthens the immune system by removing toxins from the body . Prevent free radicals In addition , the high content of antioxidants in amla protects the body from the action of free radicals . Also , it promotes longevity and slows down the ageing process . Prevent cardiovascular diseases Amla is also known to have positive effects on the cardiovascular system . It is rich in many heart - friendly nutrients , which prevents the blockage of blood flow to the heart , reducing bad cholesterol . It strengthens the heart muscles , lowers cholesterol and controls hypertension . Good for diabetes The antioxidants in amla regulate glucose levels in the blood , decreasing albumin levels in patients . It inhibits the production of glycosylated hemoglobin , thus reducing blood sugar levels . We can see that Gooseberry have many healthy benefits for kidney healthy . If you have any questions , you can talk with our Online Doctor or email to ckdstage @ hotmail . com so that we can give your more info by email . Tag : kidney disease diet Diet & Fitness Previous ： Is It Safe to Drink Apple Cider Vinegar for Hemodialysis Patients Next ： What Food to Take to Get Rid of Protein in Urine Have any question ? Please leave a message below . You will get a feedback within 2 business days . Please remember to leave your Email ID , or Phone No . and Disease Description so that our doctor give the correspending help ! Pls tell patient ' s full name ( surname , first and middle name ) , we make the record to avoid mixture with other kidney case . Patient Full Name ： Age ： Gender ： Country ： Email ： Phone Number ： Kidney Disease : Skype ： Whatsapp ： Viber ： Disease Description * ：	[ "Indian Gooseberry", "numerous functions", "Kidneys" ]
http://ckdstage.com/ckd-stage-3/544.html	CKD : What Does It Mean if Your Creatinine Level Is 2.7 2013 - 12 - 06 09 : 22 \| Font Size A A Creatinine level is commonly talked issue since patients suffer from CKD . However , what exactly it is and how to cope with it are real headaches for patients . Then how to remedy such condition when Creatinine Level Is 2.7 CKD , known as Chronic Kidney Disease , is long - term renal damage with refractory and protracted diseased course for more than 3 months , which has long plagued medical area for its high morbidity and mortality that patients suffer from increasingly deteriorative clinical features from slight kidney related symptoms only to severe systemic complications of multiple tissue and organs . Creatinine , as a matter of fact , is metabolite of muscle in human body , which stays mainly unchanged under normal circumstance while significantly rises when renal insufficiency or dysfunction exists to a certain extent that renal functions such as Blood Purification and metabolite elimination severely decline , thus causing excess deposition of wastes , toxins and other metabolite in blood flow . In fact , it indicates stage 3 CKD when creatinine level is 2.7 , which behaves as medium period renal damage with serious GFR decline of 30 ~ 59ml / min . It is worth noting that patients with current situation are promising to be reversed fundamentally with timely and effective treatment in most cases , which , however , turns out to be irreparable stage 4 CKD if diseased course is repeatedly delayed with incomplete and halfway medication . Compared with numerous existing methods which aim at easing superficial phenomenon temporarily and perfunctorily while have a mass of side effects with the help of hormone , immunosuppressive agent and cytotoxic drug , natural treatments such as Micro - Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy is applied to well control blood pressure , improve microcirculation , increase blood and oxygen supply , reduce inflammatory response , dissolve thrombus , promote effective renal perfusion and degrade extracellular matrix , thus protecting and regenerating the structures and functions of intrinsic renal cells as much as possible . Blood Pollution Therapy is also optimal natural treatment to remedy CKD when creatinine level is 2.7 . If you want to know more about personalized suggestions , please leave a message blow or consult our live doctor for free . Tag : CKD CKD Stage 3 What Does It Mean if Your Creatinine Level Is 2.7 of CKD Previous ： CKD : How to Increase GFR Naturally with Creatinine 4.5 Next ： CKD with Creatinine 4.6 : How to Deal with Night Sweat naturally Have any question ? Please leave a message below . You will get a feedback within 2 business days . Please remember to leave your Email ID , or Phone No . and Disease Description so that our doctor give the correspending help ! Pls tell patient ' s full name ( surname , first and middle name ) , we make the record to avoid mixture with other kidney case .	[ "Chronic Kidney Disease", "Creatinine Level", "metabolite" ]
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/	Prof C K Michael Tse Name CK Michael Tse Post Chair Professor of Electronic Engineering Address Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong Email cktseieeeorg Phone 852 2766 6246 direct Fax 852 2362 8439 University Links Research Group Department Culture Promotion University IEEE Distinguished Lectures and Plenary Lectures On Network Science Applications New Arena in Power Systems Research Using Network Science to Measure a Power Grids Robustness How Facebook grow Do Twitter Weibo LinkedIn WeChat grow in different ways pdf A Network Perspective of Worlds Stock Market pdf Analyzing and Composing Music with Complex Networks pdf Applications of Complex Network Research From Science Engineering Arts to Finance pdf On Power Electronics Circuits and Systems Theory in Power Electronics Methods Applications and Case Studies pdf Energy Saving LED Driving pdf DesignOriented Bifurcation Analysis of Power Electronics pdf Circuit Theory and Design of PFC Switching Power Supplies pdf Circuit Theoretic Classification and Comparison of Parallel Connected Converters pdf 15day Short Course on Wireless Power Transfer Delivered at IEEE Int Elite School Taipei June 2018 IEEE PEL Beijing Chapter Dec 2018 PolyU Dec 2018 Part 1 Oveview Standards Part 2 Relevant Circuit Theory Part 3 Compensation Circuit Design Part 4 Transformer Design Part 5 Control Other Issues Workshop on Power Supplies Delivered at UWA 2013 Solomon Systech 2012 HKUST 2011 Lecture 1 Overview of SMPS Design Lecture 2 Topologies and Models Lecture 3 Analysis and Control Case Studies Lecture 4 Design and Analysis of Power Factor Correction Industry Invited Talks Innovation From Leonardo da Vinci to Modern Concept of Intellectual Property pdf General Education Course Invited Lecture Hong Kongs Mosaic History An Assemblage of Foreign Culture How the Flap of a Butterflys Wings Affects Us HK SciFest 2016 Public Lecture March 19 2016 Edited Video Recording My Hiking Album My Two Cents Blogs Views Chi K Tse received the BEng degree with first class honors and the PhD degree from the University of Melbourne Australia in 1987 and 1991 respectively He is an IEEE Fellow and an IEAust Fellow 15day Short Course on Wireless Power Transfer Technologies A 15 day crash course on Wireless Power Transfer Technologies was offered by PolyUEIE for engineers and researchers on Dec 1415 2018 This course was originally delivered in Taipei and presented by IEEE International Elite School in June 2018 Website httpieeeeliteschoolorgcoursehtmlWPTFBTTA The course was also rerun in Beijing by IEEE PEL Beijing Chapter on Nov 29Dec 1 2018 Readers Theatre Inherit the Wind I was lucky enough to be a cast member and to share the stage with King Sir and Mr Ngai Pinglong in the readers theatre Inherit the Wind This was my first theatre performance and a rare chance to experience acting and the fun of being on stage and at the same time to reflect on the many questions about life brought up by this thoughtevoking play httpwwwhongkongdramacomp1338 Hong Kongs Mosaic History A General Education Lecture Despite our Chinese root Hong Kongs lifestyle and culture are incredibly diversified Evidences of foreign influence are visible from all walks of life From our cup of milk tea at Cha Chaan Ting to the indispensable Japanese rice cooker that we use everyday Hong Kong peoples life has been deeply influenced by the Russian English French Italian Japanese and recently Korean In this lecture I took students through a timelapse tour of our cultural history The Students Flying Drones Project A group of 21 finalyear students in EIE spent 9 months in an experimental learningcommunity based project in which they learned to design and construct drones that performed intriguing functions Students began from scratch setting their objectives finding the right materials and components identifying the most appropriate approaches designing the machines and developing softwares and eventually getting their drones built and tested ArtistinResidence Programme 2018 Celebrated Lyricist Cheng KokKong Heartfelt thanks to Mr Cheng and the ArtistinResidence programme team for the opportunity to perform at the artists talk show In 2018 PolyU invited Hong Kongs celebrated lyricist Mr Cheng KokKong as its ArtistinResidence A series of programmes were staged including an exhibition a workshop and a meettheartist session Michael Tse in PolyUs People 理動人心 httpswwwpolyueduhkmysurveyindexphp871494newtestYlangen	[ "Electronic Engineering", "Hong Kong Polytechnic University" ]
http://cl.ingham.org/home/dbadoingbusinessas.aspx	Home Contact Information Campaign Finance Reporting Clerk of the Board of Commissioners CPL DBA Doing Business As Search Business Filings Weekly Business Filings Elections Genealogy Research Notary Public Vital Records What We Do Contact Information DBA Doing Business As Registering a Business name in Ingham County protects the business name in Ingham County only The certificate expires after five 5 years If a DBACoPartnership is not renewed the name becomes available for someone elses use All persons listed on the DBACoPartnership form must provide their full names and addresses DBACoPartnershipDissolution forms may be submitted in person or by mail If you decide to file a DBA in person all persons listed as owners must be present at the time of filing and must present a state issued picture ID drivers license or ID card If you decide to file a CoPartnership in person at least one person listed as owners must be present to sign and certify all other signatures at the time of filing and must present a state issued picture ID drivers license All signatures must be notarized if the forms are going to be submitted by mail The fee to file a DBACoPartnershipDissolution form is 1000 We do not charge to change the address of a business however if there are multiple owners all must be present to sign the form with the new address The fee for additional certified copies of any business filing is 200 per copy We accept cash in office only check money order MasterCard and Visa as form of payment Please make checks payable to the Ingham County Clerk Certificate of Persons Conducting Business Under an Assumed Name DBA Printable Form form can be used to register a New Business or Renew a Business CoPartnership Printable Form Dissolution of CoPartnership or Business Form Ingham County has a Regulation Eliminating Smoking in Public and Private Work Sites Ingham County Health Department to review the Regulation and determine if it applies to your business For information regarding CorporationsLLC Please call the Bureau of Commercial Services at 517 2416470 You may write to them at You may visit their office at Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs 2501 Woodlake Circle Bureau of Commercial Services Corporation Division Okemos MI 48864 PO Box 30054 Lansing Michigan 48909 To conduct a search of Corporation Business names in Michigan Contact Information BARB BYRUM County Clerk inghamclerkinghamorg Mason Courthouse 341 S Jefferson PO Box 179 Mason MI 48854 Veterans Memorial Courthouse 313 W Kalamazoo First Floor Lansing MI 48933 Phone 517 6767201 Fax 517 6767254 Hours of Operation 800 am to 500 pm Monday thru Friday The office may close for a short time during normal business hours due to occasional staff shortages Please be advised that as of Monday August 1 2016 there will be nonrefundable service fees applied to all credit card transactions conducted with the Ingham County Clerks Office As of that date my office will be able to accept Visa MasterCard Discover American Express and Debit Cards The service fee schedule below reflects the fee for each transaction amount whether the credit card is swiped or if the card information is manually entered Credit Card Service Fee Schedule as of June 30 2017 Transaction Amount Fee 001 5000 175 5001 7500 200 7501 10000 375 10001 15000 575 15001 20000 725 For each additional increment of 5000 or portion thereof add 200 Please know that a service fee will not apply to payments made by check money order or cash	[ "Doing Business As", "Ingham County" ]
http://claims.geico.com/uc.html	Claims Center is Currently Unavailable Our Claims Center is currently down Our Claims Center is currently undergoing maintenance . We hope to be available shortly . Thank you for your patience . Please visit us again or call us at 1 - 800 - 841 - 3000 for claims assistance . Need assistance ? Medical Provider Claims Tracking ( MPCT ) : call 1 - 800 - 731 - 0282 . Lienholders : call 1 - 877 - 318 - 0058 . ERS Provider Support : call 1 - 800 - 522 - 7775 . What to do after . . . Accidents and the claims process can be stressful . With GEICO , it does n ' t have to be that way . Follow these guides to know what to do after these types of incidents . Accident Glass Damage Theft Fire Damage Catastrophe Auto Repair Xpress ® is convenient and simple . Our fast and fair approach to auto repair is as easy as 1 , 2 , 3 . Drop A GEICO claim adjuster will meet with you at the repair shop . Repair An adjuster will process your claim as your car is being repaired . Pick Up Fully repaired cars will be guaranteed and good to go . Learn more about Auto Repair Xpress ® Get the answers you ' re looking for How does GEICO investigate a claim ? How does the auto claim settlement process work ? What is rental car reimbursement ? How does payment recovery work and how long does it take ? What happens when your vehicle is declared a total loss ? How do mechanical breakdown claims work ?	[ "GEICO", "Claims Center" ]
http://claimsnumbers.com/MAIN_STREET_AMERICA_GROUP.html	MAIN STREET AMERICA GROUP Customer Service ( 800 ) 258 - 5310 24 Hour Claims ( 877 ) 425 - 2467 The Main Street America Group does business under the following company names : NGM Insurance Company Old Dominion Insurance Company Grain Dealers Mutual Insurance Company Great Lakes Casualty Insurance Company Main Street America Assurance Company MSA Insurance Company Spring Valley Mutual Insurance Company Main Street America Protection Insurance Company The Main Street America Group offers insurance exclusively through independent agents . They have been in business since 1923 . Main Street America offers property and casualty insurance in 27 states , surety bonds in 44 states and annually writes nearly $ 900 million in premium . This info was last verified on 1 / 27 / 2012 . If this information is incorrect please contact us and let us know so that we can make any required changes .	[ "The Main Street America Group", "NGM Insurance Company", "Old Dominion Insurance Company" ]
http://clairekcreations.com/2012/08/belgium-biscuits/	Belgium biscuits Belgium biscuits I ’ m quite a visual person . With my sewing , I ’ ve never followed a pattern , I prefer to eye it out or ‘ copy ’ an item that I already have . I like IKEA ’ s assembly instructions that are all images rather than something telling me to put the left thingimy on top of the right thingo making sure it lines up with the thingedybob on top . The best Easter recipes from Claire K Creations I ’ m no different when it comes to recipes . Sometimes no matter how clear the instructions might sound to someone else , without a visual , I ’ m unlikely to create anything resembling the original . These Belgium biscuits were a victim of lack of visual aid . Though they tasted great , they ’ re not exactly what the cook book author had in mind when they wrote the recipe . At least now you can make them how they ’ re meant to be . The ingredients Butter and sugar Start by beating the butter and sugar together in the bowl of an electric mixer . Egg Scrape down the sides with a spatula and add the egg then beat it through . Flour , cocoa , baking powder and spices Take the bowl off the stand and sift in the flour , baking powder , cocoa and spices . Then you can either put it back on the stand and mix it all together or use a spoon . You could have guessed that I used the mixer . Mix it until the dough comes together in the middle . Biscuit dough Turn it out onto a floured surface and shape the dough into a ball . It was easiest to work with half the dough at a time so I cut it in two and set one piece aside . The dough at this stage smells rather amazing . It took a little bit of control not to nibble a bit off . Cutting the dough Use a floured rolling pin to roll the dough out to about 3mm thickness then cut out rounds with a 6.5cm cutter . I thought I ’ d go a bit fancy and use the cutter with a scalloped edge . I was n ’ t sure the dough would hold the shape while baking so I tried one out before I cut them all like this . It actually kept it ’ s shape really well so would be another good recipe to use for shaped biscuits like tea bag biscuits Ready for baking Place the dough rounds on the lined trays leaving just 2cm between each one . They do n ’ t really spread at all . Bake the biscuits at 180C fan - forced for 15 minutes or until they are golden . Resting Leave them to rest on the trays for 5 minutes . Icing Meanwhile make the icing by mixing the icing sugar , essence and colouring with a little water until it becomes spreadable . Start with about a tablespoon of water and add a little at a time . If it gets too runny , add more icing sugar . Cooling Transfer the biscuits to a wire rack to cool completely . Iced Now here is where my lack of visual aid got me into a bit of trouble . The recipe simply said ‘ ice half the biscuits and coat the un - iced biscuits with jam . ’ Re - reading it now , I can totally see what it ’ s meant to mean . A finished biscuit should go biscuit , jam , biscuit , icing . I had in my head that the icing and jam were the filling . I turned them all over , spread half the insides with jam and half the insides with icing then sandwiched them together . Sandwiched Icing sugar dusting As the end result still tasted the same as what they should have , I dusted them with icing sugar and pretended that ’ s exactly what they were meant to look like . The combination of spices , cocoa , icing and strawberry was quite a treat . Enjoy ! What about you ? Do you need to see things to work out how to do them or are you ok with written instruction ? 5.0 from 2 reviews Print Author : Edmonds cookery book Serves : 18 - 20 Ingredients Biscuit 125g ( 4.4oz ) butter , softened ¼ cup brown sugar 1 egg 2 cups plain ( AP ) flour 1 tsp baking powder 1 tsp cinnamon 1 tsp ground ginger 1 tsp mixed spice 1 tsp cocoa Icing ¾ to 1 cup icing sugar ¼ tsp strawberry essence a few drops of red food colouring water Filling ½ cup strawberry jam Instructions Pre - heat the oven to 180C ( 356F ) fan - forced . Line two baking trays with baking paper or grease them . Beat the butter and sugar together in the bowl of an electric mixer . Add the egg and mix it through . Scrape down the sides and mix again then add the sifted flour , baking powder , cocoa and spices and mix until the dough comes together . Lightly flour a work surface and roll the dough out until it is 3mm thick . Use a 6.5cm cookie cutter and cut out rounds of dough . Place them on the lined baking trays leaving 2cm between each one . Bake the biscuits for 15 minutes or until golden . Leave the baked biscuits on the tray for 5 minutes then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely . Meanwhile make the icing by adding a little water at a time to the icing sugar , essence and colouring until it is thick but spreadable . When the biscuits have cooled , spread half with icing . Spread the other half of the biscuits with jam and place the iced biscuits on top of the jam covered ones . Sprinkle with icing sugar to serve .	[ "Belgium biscuits", "IKEA", "butter and sugar" ]
http://clamp.wikia.com/wiki/Clow_Cards	in : CCS Clow Card Objects Clow Cards Edit Share The back of a regular Clow Card The Clow Cards ( クローカード ) , later the Sakura Cards ( サクラカード ) , are magical cards that are one of the focal points of the series Cardcaptor Sakura Cardcaptor Sakura : Clear Card Arc In the manga , there are only 19 named cards while the anime has 53 ( 52 from the main series and one from the The Sealed Card ) . The Cards were created by and named after Clow Reed , a half - English , half - Chinese sorcerer . After Clow passed away , the Book of Clow was sealed away with the Book ' s beast guardian , Cerberus , only to be released when a new " chosen one " appeared . The Cards represent a variety of concepts and natural forces deriving from the combination of Eastern and Western magic . Each of the Cards also has its own personality , ranging from good - natured to passive to aggressive , as well as powers based off of an elemental force of a specific task . When acting on their own , they will usually take the form depicted on the card face . The first 52 cards fall under either the Sun or Moon , corresponding Yue The original 19 cards from the manga were The Light The Dark The Watery The Firey The Earthy The Windy The Fly The Wood The Flower The Shadow The Erase The Mirror The Maze The Thunder The Glow The Sword The Shield The Jump , and The Illusion . Most of these cards also gained a different appearance when they were changed in to Sakura Cards ( Star Cards in the English dub ) . Two such are The Sword and The Shield , which gained completely different appearances , while most cards only turn pink and gain a star somewhere ( this was only in the manga ) . Contents show Clow Cards Edit The Firey The Firey and all cards related to it are under Cerberus ' jurisdiction . These Cards are : The Arrow The Fight The Power The Shot The Through The Thunder The Twin The Watery The Watery and all cards related to it are under Yue ' s jurisdiction . These Cards are : The Bubbles The Cloud The Freeze The Mist The Rain The Snow The Wave The Wood The Windy The Windy and all cards related to it are under Yue ' s jurisdiction . These cards are : The Dash The Float The Fly The Jump The Move The Song The Storm The Voice The Earthy The Earthy and all cards related to it are under Cerberus ' jurisdiction . These cards are : The Flower The Libra The Lock The Loop The Maze The Mirror The Sand The Light The Light and all cards related to it are under The Big The Create The Glow The Little The Return The Shadow The Sweet The Dark The Dark and all cards related to it are under The Change The Dream The Erase The Illusion The Silent The Sleep The Time The Back of a Sakura Card Sakura Cards Sakura Cards ( known as " Star Cards " in the English anime dub ) are the altered versions of the original Clow Cards after Sakura Kinomoto passes Yue ' s Final Judgement . When Sakura passed the Final Judgement , she became the true master of all of the Clow Cards , even the ones who chose Syaoran Li as their master . She had to transform the cards into Sakura Cards or else they would lose their magic ( in the English dub , the cards would go wild again if Sakura did n ' t transform them ) . Sakura could turn a Clow Card into a Sakura Card after she used it with her Star Sealing Wand , the changed version of her Sealing Wand . The Sakura Cards are all pink , a star is now inbetween the sun and moon on the back , and sometimes have altered the pictures of the Clow Cards on the front , such as The Return ' s clock turning into an hourglass . In the manga , the transformed Sakura Cards would also gain a star - shaped accessory , such as having a star on the back of its head and star earrings . The Hope and The Nameless Card are the only cards in the series that were Sakura Cards upon capture . Negative Cards There is only one negative Clow Card within the whole entirety of the series , which is The Nothing . The negative card is the opposite of and can cancel out all of the Clow and Sakura Cards . To balance out the positive energy made by the Clow Cards , Clow Reed created The Nothing and it has enough negative magical energy to match the positive energy of all 52 Clow Cards combined . The Nothing is the main antagonist of the 2nd Movie , The Sealed Card , as it steals the cards one by one since it is lonely . Clear Cards Sources Cardcaptor Sakura Movie 2 : Sakura and the Sealed Card Categories CCS Clow Card Objects Add category	[ "Clow Cards", "Sakura Cards", "magical cards" ]
http://clarenville.street-map.ca/	Clarenville street map Found 52 streets in Clarenville Newfoundland and Labrador Canada List of streets You can see below map of Clarenville Adeyville Rd Adeyville Road Crt Balbo Dr Balsom St Barside Rd Cholock Pl Clearwater Dr Clearwater Estates Cormack Dr Cowan Pl Crewe Pl Emerald Ave Fairview Crt Forest Rd Forest Road Ex Glenview Estates Gregory Pl Harbour Dr Hibernia Dr High Birchy Cres Huntley Dr Islandview Dr Ivanhoe Pl Jacqueline Ave Jean Darc Pl Jubilee Crt Legion Ln Legion Rd Maple Ave Marine Dr Mattco Cres Memorial Dr Municipal Sq Old Mill Rd Pitcher Pl Prince St Richwood Hill Sandy St Seawards Ln Sheppards Pl Swan Ave Syenite Rd Syenite Road Rd Taverner Pl Terra Nova Dr Terra Nova Rd Thistle Pl Thorburn Pl Tilleys Rd Trinity Crescent Cres Viking St White Rose Pl	[ "Canada" ]
http://clarifyingchristianity.com/heaven.shtml	Clarifying Christianity ( Click a topic ) Heaven Angels Church Cults Creation / Evolution Reading and Understanding the Bible Bible Search The Bible ' s Subjects Bibles In Various Languages The Source of Life Search ( Netscape ) Search ( IE ) The Trinity Baptism FAQ Dinosaurs Science Proving the Bible Losing Weight Statement of Faith Who Gets To Go To Heaven ? What Most People Think There may be as many opinions on who gets to go to heaven as there are people . Here are a few of the most popular ones : Everyone becomes an angel and goes to heaven when they die . Whoever obeys the Ten Commandments will go to heaven . Whoever goes to church will go to heaven . Whoever does more good things than bad things will go to heaven . Whoever believes in God will go to heaven . Whoever has not killed anyone or done anything really bad will go to heaven . Everyone in a Christian household will go to heaven . These opinions may seem OK , but they are all wrong “ If none of these are correct , who gets to go to heaven ? ” you may ask . The answer is simple . The people who get to go to heaven are the ones who “ get right with God ” by beginning a relationship with Him through His Son Jesus Christ . Unfortunately , understanding how to “ get right with God ” became unclear as organized religion developed over the centuries . ( Removing the various “ changes ” added by organized religion is one of the primary reasons for the existence of this site . ) Although “ religious people ” have been telling others how to go to heaven for a long time , what they say can be distorted by their opinions . That is why it is vital to go back to the unchanging foundation — the Bible . For example , the apostle Paul refuted the false teachings of his Although it will take a few minutes to explain how you can get to heaven , we hope you believe that learning how is worth a few minutes of your time . Click on the link below . You will soon learn that the real way to get to heaven has nothing in common with the opinions listed above . If you want to learn how to “ get right with God ” and go to heaven , click here . This information is based completely on the Bible , and can be verified by reading the Bible yourself . We provide proof that the Bible is the only source of truth elsewhere in this site . If you want to learn how we know the Bible is true , click here . What Do You Mean I Ca n ’ t Get To Heaven My Way ? Yes , a few people out there will use the “ get right with God ” link , read everything , and still think they are OK just as they are . We will humor you and tell you why the other “ methods ” of getting to heaven will not work . By the way , we discuss cults and false religions ( a separate issue ) on a different page Everyone becomes an angel and goes to heaven when they die . This opinion is wrong for at least three reasons : Not all angels end up in heaven . People and angels are different . The Bible never states that people turn into angels . Clarifying note : Certain angels that sinned have already been cast into hell . Read 2 Peter , chapter 2 , verse 4 to see that . Being an angel is no guarantee of getting into heaven . Although the Bible describes some angels as having the appearance of “ men ” or having “ human form , ” the text makes it obvious that angels are not people . Further , no place in the Bible says that one member of creation changes into another . This is true for animals , people . . . and angels too . To learn more about angels , please see our angels page . If you think that animals change into people , or people will change into angels — which they do not — see our Creation Versus Evolution page . Nothing in creation changes from what it starts out to be . You probably make a pretty good human , and God will keep you that way . Whoever obeys the Ten Commandments will go to heaven . This opinion is wrong for at least three reasons : The Bible never states that obeying the Ten Commandments will get you into heaven . The Ten Commandments are about 0.06 % of the Bible ( Exodus chapter 20 , verses 3 - 17 — later repeated in Deuteronomy chapter 5 , verses 7 - 21 ) . If that was all people needed to know , the other 99.94 % of the Bible would not have been written . Even the best people can not keep the Ten Commandments . Clarifying Note : Although we have met a number of people who think they have always obeyed the Ten Commandments , a few questions typically reveal that they have broken most of them hundreds of times each . For example , most people broke the commandment “ honor your father and your mother ” at least once as a sassy child . People then realize that by the time they finished their teenage years , they broke that Commandment hundreds of times more . If your parents are still living and you ever criticize anything about them , you are still breaking that commandment . We could continue with examples from the other commandments , but the point has been made . People who examine themselves truthfully discover they have broken most of the Ten Commandments at some time in their lives — and if you break one once , you are lost . Whoever goes to church will go to heaven . This opinion is wrong for at least three reasons . The Bible never states that attending church will get you into heaven . Since churches disagree with one another , how do you know you are in the correct one to get you into heaven ? If going to a restaurant does not turn you into a hamburger , why do you think going to a church will turn you into a saint ? ( Yes , that was supposed to be humorous , but the concept is completely valid . ) Clarifying Note : We have seen people who go to church each week and promptly fall asleep . If they are openly bored with God , will He still invite them into heaven anyway ? We do not think so . What if the church they are attending is actually a cult or a false religion ? If that is the case , they are in trouble . Do n ’ t get us wrong — an important part of this site is dedicated to helping people find a good church . Still , going to church will not get you into heaven . Whoever does more good things than bad things will go to heaven . This is also called “ balance scale ” judgment , and is one of the most common wrong beliefs . This opinion is wrong for at least three reasons : The Bible never states that doing more good things than bad things will get you into heaven . God is so holy ( perfect and sinless ) that “ all our righteousnesses are like filthy rags ” to Him ( see Isaiah chapter 64 , verse 6 ) . Do you think giving God a pile of filthy rags will cause Him to bring you into heaven ? We do n ’ t . Going to heaven ( or “ being saved ” ) is a free gift of God . He made it that way so nobody could boast that they made it to heaven by their own good deeds . ( See Ephesians chapter 2 , verses 8 and 9 . ) Whoever believes in God will go to heaven . The Bible never states that believing in God will get you into heaven , and confirms that such is the case in James chapter 2 , verse 19 . Satan ( the Devil ) believes God exists . In fact , he talks with God in Job chapters 1 and 2 . Yet , he is not going to heaven — he is going to be cast into the lake of fire and brimstone ( hell ) . This is recorded in Revelation chapter 20 , verse 10 . Angels that sinned were cast into hell — and they knew God . Read 2 Peter , chapter 2 , verse 4 . Sorry , believing in God is not enough to allow you to enter heaven . Whoever has not killed anyone or done anything “ really bad ” will go to heaven . Although murdering someone is one of the best ways to help you go to hell , the Bible never states that not murdering anyone will get you into heaven . The same is true of not doing “ lesser ” crimes . In the Bible , there are at least two murderers that went to heaven : Moses and David . There are some people who never killed anyone ( or did anything else “ really bad ” ) who still went to hell ( hades ) . Read an example in Luke chapter 16 , verses 19 to 31 . Everyone in a Christian household will go to heaven . The Bible never states that being part of a specific family will allow you to go to heaven . You are not physically born a Christian like you are born a citizen of a country . To become a Christian and go to heaven ( enter the kingdom of God ) you have to be “ born of water and the Spirit . ” This is different . See John chapter 3 , verses 1 - 8 . The Bible states that some members of a family will go to heaven while others sleeping or working next to them will not ( Matthew chapter 24 , verses 40 , 41 and Luke chapter 17 , verses 34 , 35 ) . Being the member of a family is not the way to get into heaven . OK , So Now What Do I Do ? Now that you realize why these other ways to go to heaven will not work , you need to recheck the information attached to the “ get right with God ” link . Otherwise , the grim truth is that when you die you will end up somewhere you never intended to end up , where there is “ weeping and gnashing of teeth . ” Copyright © 1998 , 2007 by Clarifying Christianity ( SM ) Printed copies of this article may be circulated if the article is reproduced in its entirety , along with this copyright notice . You may not charge for , request a donation for , or seek reimbursement from anyone for such copies . Links are OK . All rights reserved . Scripture taken from the New King James Version . Copyright © 1979 , 1980 , 1982 by Thomas Nelson , Inc . Used by permission . All rights reserved . All information contained in Clarifying Christianity is a resource for questions dealing with Christian issues . It is not to be taken as Christian counseling . Seek a qualified Christian counselor for help with all such issues . If you choose to work with a Christian counselor , it is your responsibility to ask pertinent questions before you begin , to assure yourself of their qualities and abilities . 1290	[ "Heaven", "Clarifying Christianity" ]
http://clark.com/employment-military/bungled-background-checks-could-cost-you-job-offer/	How to run a background check on yourself Clark Howard \| October 22nd , 2018 10 : 23 am Home Jobs How to run a background check on yourself 21 Comments Team Clark is adamant that we will never write content influenced by or paid for by an advertiser . To support our work , we do make money from some links to companies and deals on our site . Learn more about our guarantee here Advertisement Background checks can be one of the most nerve - racking activities related to getting a new job . In many cases , it ’ s not that you have anything to hide , but it ’ s just that the propensity for error ‘ either by a human or machine ‘ can have some serious ramifications . There are companies that charge employers big money to access personal information on potential hires . But the truth is , there is already plenty of data publicly available on us all ‘ meaning we can pretty much perform background checks on ourselves . Think of it as a sneak peak of what a potential employer might see when you go to apply for a job . How to run a background check on yourself While we ’ re in an era when so many online databases are basically at our fingertips , some of the info that ’ s available could be totally inaccurate . When it comes to background checks , accurate information on a person ’ s identity is especially crucial : Incorrectly run checks that confuse people with the same or similar names could be costing job applicants that all - important job offer . Aside from social networking sites such as Facebook , here are some free databases that have troves of information on people . Now , it ’ s important to note that many of these sites charge money to get full reports , but they ’ ll give you some clues about what information is available about you before you spend a dime : PeekYou . com : This people - search site crawls the web for links likely associated with you or the person you ’ re searching for . The site will also pull information from social media . With just a state , first and last name it can give you a person ’ s age , city and a partial phone number . There is a paywall to access a full report . BeenVerified . com : This site pulls a composite taken from across the web . It is pretty accurate in pinning the city a person is from or has lived in . It also features a comprehensive social search to identify possible relatives as well . While there is a paywall at a point if you ’ re using the web - based version , the app it let me dig much further , including accessing a person ’ s home address , email and phone number . With the app , you reportedly get deep access like this for one search per NSOPW : The National Sexual Offender Public Website is a safety resource that provides the public with access to sex offender data nationwide . Credit reports : Get free credit reports from Credit Karma and Credit Sesame to what employers ( who are increasingly running credit check on potential employees ) might see . As you can see , the web is full of personal information about you or anyone , but you may have to approach it in a piecemeal way . For arrest records and criminal data , that information is usually accessed for a price . RELATED : Here ’ s how your friends could help you recover your Facebook account Advertisement Show Comments 21 Comments	[ "Background checks", "racking activities", "potential hires" ]
http://clarksvilleelite.com/	Clarksville Elite Gymnastics Center 2231 Madison St Clarksville TN 37043 9319061663 Monday Thursday 1000 am 700 pm Friday 1000 am 1230 pm Saturday 900 am 1200 pm Sunday Closed	[ "Clarksville Elite", "Gymnastics" ]
http://clash-wiki.com/buildings/town-hall/town-hall-level-9/	Town Hall Level 9 Town Hall Level 9 The Town Hall is the heart of your village and the most important Building in the Clash of Clans game At ninth level the entire color of the Town Hall changes to dark gray with a red flag on the top An entrance into the Town Hall from the roof appears similar to the one on the Level 5 Clan Castle A small watchtower appears on the top left and there is a new extended red entryway leading into the Town Hall flanked with two gold chains There is also a skull added as a door design If noticed carefully both front corners of the Town Hall have carved Level 7 Walls Town Hall Level 8 Description At Ninth level the Town Hall has 4200 the upgrade cost is 3000000 and last for 10 days After finishing of the upgrade You will get the Experience 929 At this Level the Town Hall can store the following maximum amount of Resources 1000000 1000000 and 10000 Ninth level of the Town Hall allows you to build 13 additional Buildings Total is 101 including the Town Hall itself Traps and 5 Builders Huts The number of available sections of the Walls is increased by 25 Total is 250 The Most Expensive Upgrades The most expensive upgrade for Elixir at this town hall is Dragon level 4 for 7000000 The most expensive upgrade for Gold is XBow level 3 for 7000000 The most expensive upgrade for Dark Elixir is Archer Queen level 30 for 150000 Buildings and Troops Available at this Level of the Town Hall Building Types The Number of Buildings and Their Max Level Resource Buildings x 6 x 6 x 5 Army Buildings Defensive Buildings x 5 x 6 x 250 Its Interesting Traps x 6 x 6 Regular Troops Dark Troops Spells Heroes Town Hall Level 10 If you found an error highlight it and press Shift Enter or click here to inform us 21 Responses to Town Hall Level 9 Toby Unranked 1 17122018 at 2251 There are 7 elixir and gold collectors Reply Elbat Bronze III 4 10112018 at 0700 Town hall 9 level Arghya Unranked 1 07072018 at 1258 Dark spell factory max is level 4 and max level of barracks is level 11 Reply Lil Meer Unranked 1 08062018 at 1155 You can upgrade pekka to level 5 now Reply Mixndjkamil Unranked 1 17112018 at 0828 Level 4 actually Epicpone97 Unranked 1 22022018 at 0313 What about bomb tower anyone know Reply JCM Unranked 1 22022018 at 1409 Lvl 3 Wasiq Unranked 1 29112017 at 1320 Acha ok thats the upgrations of th9 thx Reply funny world Unranked 1 01022018 at 1424 I want town hall9 max account DHIRAJ INGALE Unranked 1 16042018 at 1738 I can give u bro I wanna sell it for 3000rs JPL Unranked 1 06112018 at 1426 No thing Faisal Unranked 2 16072017 at 1939 حسین Unranked 1 21102016 at 1245 Wizard lvl 6 is available at townhall 9 now And also baby dragon lvl 2 silver Gold III 47 22032017 at 1357 سلام حسین Faisal Unranked 2 16072017 at 1939 I want your account Alexander Unranked 1 21112017 at 1541 Goblin and Wallbraker are also level 6 Titan Unranked 1 28012018 at 1049 Wall breKer only lvl 5 anonymus Unranked 1 26042016 at 0340 minions are level 6 now just saying Reply Jason Chilman Unranked 1 26012018 at 0341 Thats not true lvl 5 minions is correct for th9 Also Skeleton spell and dark spell factory lvl 4 is now available for th9 Alex Unranked 1 06082018 at 1758 Do you know the max level of the skeleton spell for TH9 Tinku Unranked 1 12122018 at 0753 Tpiihbhhh pagal	[ "Town Hall Level 9", "Clash of Clans game" ]
http://clashofclans.wikia.com/wiki/Laboratory	in : Buildings Army Home Village Laboratory View source Comments ( 297 ) Share " What dark secrets do the Alchemists hide inside their Laboratory ? Nobody has dared to look . All we know is that their research makes our spells and troops harder , better , faster and stronger ! " Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 Level 9 Level 10 Summary The Laboratory is a building where you can upgrade your Troops and Spells . For a single research fee of Elixir or Dark Elixir , or one Hammer of Fighting or Hammer of Spells ( which will instantly finish the upgrade ) , a chosen troop , spell or siege machine ' s stats ( health , damage , etc . ) and cost ( not increased for siege machines ) will increase by a small amount . If you decide to upgrade your Laboratory while there ' s a research going on , it will continue the research progression . If you happen to be logged on when the Laboratory upgrade completes , it may appear that the upgrade picks up where it left off . Log out and back on to see your troop upgrade progress reach its proper progress level . If an upgrade within the Laboratory would complete while the Laboratory itself is being upgraded , the upgrade will not complete until the Laboratory finishes upgrading . You can not cancel the research while it is in progress , but you can immediately complete the upgrade . There are two methods to do so : using Gems , or with the relevant Magic Items ( a Book of Fighting for troops , a Book of Spells for spells ; a Book of Everything can be used for either ) . The Laboratories emit a purple ( level 1 - 6 ) , blue ( level 7 ) , red ( level 8 ) or yellow ( level 9 & 10 ) glow from the entrances when upgrading troop or spells . You do not need an available Builder to upgrade in the Laboratory . Different levels of troops will receive graphical changes . However , when you are upgrading a troop , the laboratory interface does n ' t show what it looks like after the upgrade . When a Laboratory upgrade is completed , it is applied immediately to any relevant troops , spells or siege machines that are present on the village , wherever they may be ( whether it is already ready or is being trained at the time that the upgrade completes ) . You do not have to create new instances of the upgraded unit to benefit from the upgrade . As a result , due to upgraded units having higher creation costs , you can queue the unit being upgraded in the relevant building just before the upgrade finishes , and then un - queue the unit when the upgrade finishes to gain some resources . Upgrade Differences Laboratories undergo significant visual changes at levels 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 . When initially constructed , the Laboratory consists of a wooden octagonal structure with multiple door - less entrances . A mass of black tubing covers the center of the Laboratory ' s roof . At level 2 , the Laboratory adds a large vat of Elixir mounted on one side , while the roof is reinforced with steel . A dial is on the vat of elixir , and wires connect it to the roof , near the black tubing . At level 3 , the Laboratory ' s roof adds a large black dome with circular [ elixir - colored ports . At level 4 , the doorways receive gold trim . At level 5 , a second Elixir vat is added to the left wall . The level 6 Laboratory receives a faceted crystal sphere on its roof supported by a black iron rod and a helical golden spring . Electricity periodically runs up the surface of the sphere . At level 7 , the crystal sphere is replaced by a huge set of stacked circular gold rings , identical to those found atop the level 7 Hidden Tesla . The elixir vat on the left side of the Laboratory is replaced with a larger one filled with Dark Elixir . The ringed structure on the roof crackles periodically with electricity . The dark color theme indicates that this level is unlocked at Town Hall level 9 . At level 8 , the circular gold rings are replaced with a vertical tube glowing from the inside . This tube is emblazoned with what appears to be the symbol representing radioactive material , which indicates that the liquid is likely radioactive . The door posts turn to a dark red color . It seems that red fluid is filling the left chamber . The dial also starts moving back and forth rapidly , showing that the vat may be overflowing . During an upgrade , the vertical tube spews fire . The red color theme indicates that this level At level 9 , the stack of rings are re - added to the top of the Laboratory , instead this time the rings are white rather than gold . The door post turns from a dark red to white . The red fluid on the left side is changed to yellow . The white and yellow color theme indicates that this level is unlocked at Town Hall level 11 . At level 10 , the Laboratory takes on a blue - gray color scheme . The stack of rings is now replaced with a giant yellow screw , which twists in and out of the roof when an upgrade is in progress . The dial from level 8 returns , and is now larger than before . The fluid vat on the left is now replaced by a metal tube with a cyan glow in the middle . Trivia Although a particular troop or spell may be listed in the table below as being available to upgrade at a particular Laboratory level , only those you have previously unlocked ( with the appropriate level Barracks Dark Barracks Spell Factory Dark Spell Factory ) will actually appear in the upgrade interface . For instance , the level 2 Lightning Spell is available in the level 1 Laboratory , but the Lightning Spell itself is not unlocked until the Spell Factory is built . Once the is constructed , you will be able to upgrade the as high as your current Laboratory allows . The conductor on top of the Laboratory on levels 6 and 7 depicts the ' lightning gatherer ' that is used to raise the dead creatures to life that are often found in horror movies . The pressure gauges on the side vats are only seen moving on the level 7 and 8 Laboratory , except for when troops / spells go under upgrade . Then , all laboratory gauges move . The Laboratory is currently the only building that can only be built / upgraded exactly once in every Town Hall level starting from 3 to 12 . The phrase : " Harder , better , faster , and stronger ! " is a reference to the French dance duo Daft Punk ' s widely known song , Harder Better Faster Stronger None of the troops increase in speed when upgraded . However , upgrading the Rage Spell Haste Spell in the Lab will produce more speed boosts , which justifies the word " faster " . The Laboratory , the and the Eagle Artillery are the only three buildings in the Home Village to take up a 4x4 grid space . The Laboratory contains 4 entry ways instead of 2 , they can be seen in the back where the arches for the entry ways stand . Icon Descriptions Tapping this icon displays information about the Laboratory , such as Level and Hitpoints . Tapping this icon begins upgrading the Laboratory to the next level , if you have enough resources and a free Builder . When the Laboratory is at maximum level , this icon is not shown . Tapping this icon instantly upgrades the Laboratory to the next level , at the cost of one Hammer of Building if you have one . When the Laboratory is at maximum level , this icon is not shown . Tapping this icon , which is displayed only while an upgrade is in progress , instantly finishes that upgrade at the cost of the displayed number of Gems Tapping this icon , which is displayed only while an upgrade is in progress , instantly finishes that upgrade at the cost of one Book of Building . This icon is only shown if you have at least one Book of Building Tapping this icon , which is displayed only while an upgrade is in progress , instantly finishes that upgrade at the cost of one Book of Everything . This icon is only shown if you have at least one Book of Everything but do not have a Tapping this icon , which is displayed only while an upgrade is in progress , boosts all your Builders for 1 hour by a factor of ten , at the cost of one Builder Potion Builder Potion Tapping this icon , which is displayed only while an upgrade is in progress , cancels the current upgrade and refunds half of the upgrade cost . Tapping this icon opens up the Laboratory interface , allowing you to upgrade your Troops ' and Spells ' levels . Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number Available 0 0 1 1 Size 4x4 Level Hitpoints Build Cost Build Time Experience Gained Level Required 500 25,000 1m 7 3 2 550 50,000 2h 84 4 3 600 90,000 8h 169 5 4 650 270,000 10h 189 6 5 700 500,000 12h 207 7 6 750 1,000,000 1d 293 8 830 2,000,000 2d 415 9 8 950 3,000,000 3d 509 10 9 1,070 6,000,000 6d 720 11 10 1,140 8,000,000 8d 831 12 Upgrade Chart The following charts lists the level of the Laboratory on the top and the unit / spell you can upgrade on the left . Each cell contains the level of the unit / spell you can train , how much it costs in elixir , and how long it takes . For example , Laboratory level 3 allows you to upgrade your Archers to level 3 for 250,000 Elixir and it takes 1 day . The top chart contains troop upgrades while the bottom chart contains upgrades . Certain troops and spells do n ' t have new levels unlocked at certain laboratory levels and are represented by ' - ' s . For example , there ' s no new level of Goblin unlocked at Laboratory level 2 , however you can upgrade it from level 1 to 2 with a level 2 ( or higher ) Laboratory if you did n ' t upgrade it when you had a level 1 Laboratory . Those indicated by * ( italics ) show that certain items do not need the Laboratory fully upgraded to gain in levels . Those items are accessible by a lower Laboratory once the and any other upgrade criteria is met . For example , a level 1 Laboratory can upgrade the once the other requirements of Town Hall 5 and ( level 1 ) are met . Note that for the interest of keeping this table compact , abbreviations for costs and times are used . K and M stand for thousand and million , respectively . Upgrades taking a whole number of days and a half are written as X . 5d instead of Xd 12h ( for example , an upgrade time of 2d 12h is written as 2.5d ) . Upgrade Chart Laboratory Level 2 Barbarian Cost 50K 150K 500K 1.5M 4.5M 6M 8M Time 6h 1d 2d 3d 4d 5d 8d Archer Cost 50K 250K 750K 2.25M 6M 7.5M 9M Time 12h 4d 5d Giant 100K 250K 750K 2.25M 5M 9.5M 12M 1.5d 6d 10d 14d Goblin 4.5M 6.75M 1.5d 7d Wall Breaker 100K 2M 9M 12M 14d Balloon 150K 450K 1.35M 2.5M 9.5M 10d Wizard 450K 1.35M 2.5M 5M 7M 11M Healer 1.5M 3M Dragon 2M 3M 7M 11M 7d P.E.K.K.A 2 / 3 5 / 6 3M / 5M 7.5M / 8.5M 10M 4d / 5d 7d / 8d Baby Dragon 3 / 4 6M / 7M 8M Time 6d / 7d Miner 2 / 3 4 / 5 6M / 7M 8M / 9.5M 5.5d / 6.5d 8d / 11.5d Electro Dragon Time * 2 * 3 * 200K * 500K 1M * 1d * 2d Healing Spell * 2 * 300K 600K 1.2M 4M * 1d Rage Spell * 3 * 450K * 900K 1.8M * 2d * 3d Jump Spell * 3M 4d Freeze Spell 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 3M / 4M / 5M / 7M 3d / 4.5d / 6.5d / 8d 9d 11.5d Clone Spell 4 / 5 4M / 6M 8M / 10M 4d / 5d 6.5d / 11.5d Wall Wrecker 6M / 8M 8d / 10d Battle Blimp 6M / 8M 8d / 10d Stone Slammer Laboratory Level Minion 3 / 4 10K 20K / 30K 40K 140K 180K 3.5d / 4d 5.5d 7.5d 11.5d Hog Rider 8 / 9 20K 30K / 40K 200K / 240K 3.5d 4d / 4.5d 7.5d 14d / 14d Valkyrie 60K / 70K 110K 190K 5.5d / 6.5d Golem 6 / 7 60K 70K / 80K 90K 150K / 200K 200K 9.5d / 11.5d Witch 75K 120K 160K 200K 9d 12d Lava Hound 60K 70K 6.5d Bowler 120K 160K 8.5d 12d Ice Golem 80K / 120K 160K / 200K 12d / 14d Poison Spell 25K 75K 2.5d 6.5d 9.5d Earthquake Spell 30K 90K 9.5d Haste Spell 40K 80K / 100K 6.5d / 9d Skeleton Spell Level 50K / 75K 125K 5d / 6.5d Bat Spell 60K / 80K 5d / 6.5d For additional statistics and information , see the Unit Calculators page . Home Village Buildings Defensive Buildings Cannon Archer Tower Mortar Air Defense Wizard Tower Air Sweeper Hidden Tesla Bomb Tower X - Bow Inferno Tower Eagle Artillery Giga Tesla Walls Traps Bomb Spring Trap Air Bomb Giant Bomb Seeking Air Mine Skeleton Trap Tornado Trap Resource Buildings Magic Items ) • Gold Mine Elixir Collector Dark Elixir Drill Gold Storage Elixir Storage Dark Elixir Storage Builder ' s Hut Clan Castle Treasury Army Buildings Army Camp Barracks Dark Barracks Laboratory Dark Spell Factory Workshop Barbarian King Altar Archer Queen Altar Grand Warden Altar Other Buildings Boat Decorations Obstacles Loot Cart Strongman ' s Caravan Categories Army Home Village	[ "Laboratory", "chosen troop", "siege machine 's stats" ]
http://clashofclans.wikia.com/wiki/Trophies	in : Gameplay Attacking Trophies View source Comments ( 161 ) Share For the trophies used in the Builder Base , see Versus Battle Trophies are the basis upon which status is earned . Trophies can be gained or lost when attacking or being raided . Summary You gain or lose trophies by either winning or losing Multiplayer Battles respectively . Trophies can also be won or lost when your village is raided . If your defense wins , you gain trophies ; if your attacker wins , you lose trophies . There are four reasons for controlling your trophy count : To gain position on the various leader boards : My League , Top Players ( Global and local ) and Top Clans . You are also ranked against your own clan members . To control which relative trophy level players you can attack . To control which relative level trophy can attack you . To be able to join different clans . On the other hand , you can not gain or lose trophies in a Clan War or in Friendly Battles , even though you are attacking other players or being attacked by them . Trophies are only won and lost during regular multiplayer attacks . The Leaderboard The leaderboard is determined by the number of trophies a player or a clan has . On each leaderboard , the top 200 trophy holders are listed . If your clan does not appear in the top 200 , you may view its rank when you scroll to the bottom of the " Top Clans " tab . It will be shown with the two clans immediately above and below it . To see how the collective clan trophy count is calculated , see Clan Ranking Matching When choosing a village to raid , you will be matched with people who have about the same number of trophies as you , and with a Town Hall level as similar to yours as possible . The matchmaking system makes it possible to find bases as much as about 600 trophies lower or higher than you are . A very common tactic is for high level players to deliberately keep their trophy counts low , so that they can be matched with weaker opponents . Trophy offers differ based on trophy difference between the attacker and the defender ; if both the attacker and the defender have an identical amount of trophies , the available trophies from the defender is 30 ( with a loss of 20 trophies to the defender should the attacker lose ) . On the other hand , if the defender is about 600 trophies higher than the attacker , the available trophies from the defender may be 43 ( with a loss of only 1 trophy to the defender if the attacker loses ) . As of the December 2015 update , the minimum trophy offer differs between Trophy Leagues ; while those at low trophy counts ( e.g. Silver League ) may experience minimum trophy offers of 1 trophy , those at high trophy counts ( e.g. Legend League ) may have minimum trophy offers of 6 trophies . This is to encourage variety in attacking at higher Leagues as low trophy offers of usually 1 trophy may encourage the player to utilize 1 - star strategies ( 1 - star against a base offering 1 trophy allows the attacker to win the 1 trophy ) ; a higher minimum trophy offer will encourage the attacker to utilize 2 Top Clan Rewards Players compete to have the most trophies and to bring their clan to the top of the leaderboard to receive Gems . At the end of every month , the top 3 clans receive Gem rewards divided equally amongst the top 20 players of those clan . The rewards are thus : First place clan : 50,000 Gems ( 2,500 Gems to each top 20 player ) . Second place clan : 30,000 Gems ( 1,500 to each top 20 player ) . Third place clan : 15,000 Gems ( 750 Despite the perception of many lower level and lower trophy count players , the reward system does not actually significantly benefit the top players in any way . In fact , as reported by Jorge Yao himself , the gems received are " not even noticeable " in comparison to the number he spent on a daily basis . Leagues As of April 17 , 2013 , anyone at or above 400 trophies may join a Trophy League Bronze League requires 400 Trophies , and higher Leagues require more trophies . These are each further divided into 3rd , 2nd , and 1st divisions , except for the Legend league . Click here for more information . Trivia Many experienced players call Trophies ' cups ' , as it is easy to say and type . Some Clans and players like to challenge each other to trophy contests for a bit of " in house " rivalry . You can also get gems from winning a certain number of trophies through the Sweet Victory and ( indirectly ) League All - Star achievements . For Sweet Victory , 1250 trophies gives you 450 gems . For League All - Star , for 2,000 trophies you receive 250 gems , for 2,600 trophies you receive 1,000 gems , and for 3200 trophies you receive 2,000 gems . It is impossible for players to have a negative trophy count . However , successful attacks against players with zero trophies still reward trophies to the attacker , and unsuccessful attacks at very low trophy counts give more trophies to the defending player than they take away from the attacker . This adds more total trophies to the game , causing inflation . This phenomenon is particularly noticeable at higher rankings : at one point in time no player had more than 3,000 trophies , but as of late 2013 many top players had more than 4,000 trophies . You can win up to a maximum of 59 trophies in an attack . Categories Gameplay Attacking	[ "Trophies", "Builder Base", "Versus Battle" ]

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