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http://dta.eu/hydraulics/hydraulic-accumulators/ | What is a Hydraulic Accumulator and Why do you Need it ? A hydraulic accumulator stores fluid under pressure and can serve a number of functions within a hydraulic system . It s an item that can provide years of trouble - free service . Accumulators can take a specific amount of fluid under pressure and store it . The fluid is then released when it s required to perform a specific task in the hydraulic system . Functions range from compensation of leakage oil or temperature fluctuations to dampening vibrations . Using hydraulic accumulators results in substantial energy savings and an increased system lifespan Adding an accumulator to a hydraulic system offers a number of advantages . The possibility to use smaller pumps , lower installed power , immediate availability of energy , or less heat production , to name just a few . Simple maintenance and installation of the hydraulic accumulator is another benefit . Increased service lifetime of accumulators and unlimited storage life with no fatigue and no inertia because of the design of hydraulic accumulators . Applications that require a lot of power for limited periods of time benefit most from accumulators Accumulators basically comprise of two compartments : one of the compartments is filled with gas ; the other compartment , which is connected to the hydraulic circuit , is filled with hydraulic fluid . The accumulator shell is made of carbon steel , stainless steel or aluminium . Depending on separating elements , we can distinguish three types of hydraulic accumulators : bladder accumulators , diaphragm accumulators , and piston accumulators . We supply different types of hydraulic accumulators Bladder Accumulators A bladder accumulator is the most commonly used hydro - pneumatic accumulator . We supply bladder accumulators for high and low pressure applications . Type of bladder accumulators Low pressure bladder accumulators High pressure bladder accumulators Bladder accumulator spare parts About bladder accumulators Piston Accumulators Piston accumulators use pistons as separating elements and can handle much higher gas compression ratios and flow rates . We also supply piston seals and repair kits . Type of piston accumulators Piston accumulator spare parts Piston accumulator with position control High pressure piston accumulator About piston accumulators Diaphragm Accumulators Diaphragm accumulators have a relatively small fluid storage capacity . We supply diaphragm accumulators with high compression ratios of up to 8 : 1 . Type of diaphragm accumulators Welded type diaphragm accumulator Threaded type diaphragm accumulator About diaphragm accumulators Accumulator Accessories Safe usage of hydraulic accumulators with accumulator accessories from renowned manufacturers . We supply testing devices , mounting kits and shut - off blocks . Type of accumulator accessories Charging and testing unit Gas pressure vessels Safety and shut - off blocks Accumulator mounting elements About accumulator accessories QUALITY BRANDS ACCUMULATORS FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS We supply high quality brands hydraulic accumulators for various demanding applications . These include Parker Hannifin , Olaer , FCH , Greer , Hydac , QHP , Bosch Rexroth , and others on request . Our scope of supply covers the full range of different accumulator types ( bladder , piston , diaphragm ) and accumulator accessories , such as safety valve blocks and testing devices . We supply genuine spare parts for all the hydraulic manufacturers referred to above . Applications that utilise large flows at high speeds may use accumulators for energy storage . When required , the accumulator pushes fluid into the hydraulic circuit to add to the pump flow . When the actuators in the hydraulic system are not in motion , the accumulator will refill . Accumulators can also operate as energy sources during normal operation of the system . Accumulators that are weight - or spring - loaded can also be used in industrial applications . | [
"HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR",
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http://dtknives.com/Information.html | DT Knives P.O. Box 94536 Albuquerque , NM 87199 ciprints @ yahoo . com How I make a knife I look for old used metal files . The old ones are usually 1095 high carbon . I look for the Nicholson , Arcade , Disston , Grobet and Heller brand . New files made in China are low carbon and case hardened this makes them unsuitable for knife making . Old sawblades and car leaf springs are really good too . I then take the file and put it in the forge where it is heated to approximately 1550 degrees . I might hammer it out on a anvil to the rough shape or just turn off the forge and let the steel cool slowly inside . I usually wo n ' t mess with it for at least 6 hours while it cools . Once cooled hard but brittle file is now soft and ready to shape . It can be filed with another file or metal can be removed with a belt grinder . I have a few basic paterns that I use for the rough layout but I just grind away until i like the feel and look of the blade . I like to color outside the lines so no CNC , Plasma or waterjet cutters here . every knife is different . You wo n ' t find 50 of the same thing for sale . If you ' re looking for the flawless , perfectly machine cut knife , skip to the end . . . . . I then choose the handle material . I like Cocobolo , Amboyna , Afzelia , Buckeye burl , Maple burl . Elk antler is available most of the time and micarta is sometimes used when I have time to make it . After the holes are drilled for the scales or bolsters , the blade is sanded down to 400 grit . Then back to the forge where the blade is again heated to 1500 F and plunged into quenching oil . This hardens the steel but leaves it very brittle . The blade is placed in an oven and heated twice to temper the steel . Now comes more sanding . How much depends on the look I ' m going for . Lots of western types and bushcraft guys like a knife that has a used look . The handles are put on and pinned in place . Now it ' s time to profile the handle . Again this is done to my hand and tastes . Yours may vary . After shaping the handle it ' s sanding time again ! this time up to 1200 grit after which the handle is sealed with an oil . A handmade sheath is then made and fitted to that particular knife design . The leather is 7 - 9 oz . Sometimes I tool the leather but if you want it plain , I can do that . If you have any questions or special order requests , please feel free to email me | [
"knife making",
"metal files",
"Old sawblades"
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http://duboislc.org/ED-Watch/Words/1-100.html | Home Building Minds DuBois " The Man " Because of Them - - We Can Biographical Sketch of W.E.B. DuBois DLC Mission W.E.B Dubois Creed About Board Dr . Carla Mebane Leon Dixon Phil Vann Terri Barnes Tim Jones Vern Glover Financial Reports 2011 Annual Report 2012 Annual Report Historical Brief of the DLC ( 1999 ) Staff Welcome to Our New Facility Founder ' s Corner Education Resources Education Guides Jeremiah Cameron Word Lists A Parental Guide for Mathematics Competency Math Black History An Historical Look At African Americans in Greater Kansas City An Historical Perspective of the Negro Church Black Classic Voices Black Studies Harriet Tubman โ s Civil War Campaign James L . Farmer , This Life Should Not Go Thankless Lessons from Historical Episodes and Events The Birth of Slavery The Father โ s Role in the Slave Quarter Family The Origin of Memorial Day A Black Perspective of American History Part 01 : Prior to the American Revolution Part 02 : American Revolution Through 1800 Part 03 : Slave Revolts , Insurrections , and Conspiracies Part 04 : The Ante - Bellum South ( 1800 โ 1860 ) Part 05 : On the Causes of the Civil War Part 06 : The Civil War Part 07 : The Involvement of Blacks in the Civil War Part 08 : Post Civil War / Reconstruction Part 09 : Black Participation in Reconstruction Part 10 : A Word About The Black Cowboys Part 11 : Post Reconstruction up to World War I Part 12 : The Causes Leading up to World War I Part 13 : The Effects of World War I Part 14 : The Roaring Twenties Part 15 : The Depression to World War II Part 16 : World War II Part 17 : Post World War II to the Seventies DLC Press AEOSP Fables Future In Our Hands Osirian Legend Shine Short Bio ' s THE SANCTITY OF THE MOTHER The Lion Cubs World of Our Dreams Young Lions Programs College Coaching Computer Science BFTAA โ W.E.B. DuBois Robotics class Cisco Certified Network Academy Computer Science Club - - Video Game Programming Computer Security Topics Graphic Design and Web Development Linux - Ubuntu Desktop Telehub Video - Editing Math Fractions Reading Events 2016 MLK Volunteers Get Involved ! Donate Today Volunteer Media DLC Video ' s 2014 - 2015 Enrollment BFTAA VEX Robotics Club Celebrations Math Fractions Videos Working the Dream BFTAA Digital Inclusion Facebook Instagram Print A quick shout out to Terron Sims and Morrison Burton ! Cook Report Jan - Feb 2015 KC computer event seeks to close digital gap for urban core kids Siklu , Gigabit Project Using Fiber - Like Wireless W.E.B. DuBois Learning Center Buys Milton Moore School Site TV More Free Public WiFi Coming Resources Consulting Facility Rental Reading Class Founder ' s Corner | Education Resources | Word Lists | Word List 001 - 100 001 - 100 - - > First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words Submitted by org on Tue , 05 / 20 / 2014 - 14 : 46 The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words These most commonly used words are ranked by frequency . The first 25 make up about one - third of all printed material in English . The first 100 make up about one - half of all written material , and the first 300 make up about sixty - five percent of all written material in English . The First Hundred the of and a to in is you that it he was for on are as with his they I at be this have from or one had by word but not what all were we when your can said there use an each which she do how their if will up other about out many then them these so some her would make like him into time has look two more write go see number no way could people my than first water been call who oil its now find long down day did get come made may part Taken From : The Reading Teachers Book of Lists , Third Edition ; by Edward Bernard Fry , Ph . D , Jacqueline E . Kress , Ed . D & Dona Lee Fountoukidis , Ed . D . โน Word Lists up 101 - 200 - - > Second 100 Most Commonly Used English Words โบ Printer - friendly version 64924 reads | [
"English Words"
] |
http://dubuquecounty.org/services/ | Services Directory Home Services Directory Where Do I Go For โฆ . ? A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Absentee Ballot Request Elections page Address Request Zoning page Assistance with Utilities , Rent & Medication Veterans Page or call General Relief @ 563 - 589 - 7892 ATV Registration Recorder page Auto Registration and Title Treasurer page B Beer and Liquor Licenses Auditor page Bid Notices and Bid Results Bids page Birth Certificates Recorder page Boards and Commission Applications Boards and Commissions page Board Meeting Agendas / Minutes ( go to the applicable page for โฆ ) Conservation Health Library Supervisors Zoning Boat Registration and Title Bridge Loads Secondary Roads Budget Information Budget page Building Log ( Zoning Certificates Issued ) Zoning page Building Permits Burial Veterans page or call General Relief ( 563 ) 589 - 7892 Business Property Tax Credit โ Dubuque County Dubuque County Assessor page Business Property Tax Credit โ City of Dubuque City of Dubuque Assessor page C Calendar of Events Event Calendar page Camping , Cabins , Picnic Shelters Information Conservation page Cigarette License Auditor page Cistern Plugging Health page City of Dubuque Map GIS page Comprehensive Plan Document Conservation Events Conservation Event page County Road Map GIS page or Secondary Roads page Crime Stoppers Sheriff page or call ( 563 ) 588 - 0714 or 1 - 800 - 747 - 0117 D Damage Claim Secondary Roads Death Certificates Delinquent Taxes Treasurer page Disabled Veteran Homestead Credit โ Dubuque County Dubuque County Assessor page Disabled Veteran Homestead Credit โ City of Dubuque City of Dubuque Assessor page Downloadable Audio Books Library page Driveway Permits or Drug Info Sheriff Page or call ( 563 ) 589 - 4406 E Elderly Tax Credit Emergency Management Agency Emergency Management page Employment Opportunities Personnel page Entrance Permits to County Roads Secondary Roads page or Environmental Education Health page Environmental Health Elections Elections page Event Calendar Event Calendar page F Facilities Maintenance Facilities Maintenance page Family Farm Credit County Assessor page Farm Exemptions from Zoning Fillmore Fairways Conservation page or call 852 - 3377 Fire and Ambulance District Maps Fire Training Facility Emergency Management page Flood Plain Maps & Permits Forest Reserve Property Tax Exemption Call Conservation at 556 - 6745 or Assessor at 589 - 4432 G GIS - Geographical Information Systems Golfing โ Fillmore Fairways or call 852 - 3377 H Health Education Heritage Trail Homestead Credit โ Dubuque County Homestead Credit โ City of Dubuque Hunting and Fishing Access I Immunizations Information Technology Information Technology page Inmate Visitation Sheriff Page Inspections ( private on - site waste treatment systems , water wells ) J Jail K K โ Nothing currently exists for K L Landfill Call ( 319 ) 828 - 4943 Library Branches & Hours Library page License Plates M Maps ( county highway , drainage districts or topographical ) Maps ( election districts ) Maps ( GIS ) Maps ( Parks and Recreation ) Conservation Parks page Maps ( Surveys ) Maps ( real estate ) Maps , County to purchase call 563 - 589 - 4492 Marriage Certificate Marriage License Issuance Meeting Agenda Health Library Supervisor or Zoning page Meeting Minutes Supervisor or Zoning page Mental Health / Disability Services MHDS page or call 589 - 7870 Military Exemption โ Dubuque County Military Exemption โ โ City of Dubuque City of Dubuque Assessor page Military Records Mobile Home Taxes Most Wanted Motor Vehicle Registration N Nature Center ( Swiss Valley ) Nursing Home Care Sunnycrest page O Ordinances Ordinances page Oversize Load Permits P Park Maps Conservation Parks page Passport Applications Permits Permits ( Building ) Permits ( Road โ Tile Crossing , Driveway , Entrance , Utility , Oversize Loads ) Secondary Roads page Permits ( Septic ) Permits ( Weapons ) Permits ( Well ) Personnel Personnel page Plats & Surveys โ Pending Plats & Surveys โ Recorded Recorder page Plat Book GIS / Mapping page Property and Assessment Information Property Search page Property Tax Exemption โ Dubuque County Dubuque County Assessor page Property Tax Exemption โ City of Dubuque Property Tax Online Payment Public Health Emergency Preparedness Q Q โ Nothing currently exists for Q R Real Estate Recording Information & Fees Real Estate Records Search Real Estate Tax Real Estate Transfer Information Rezoning Applications Road Closings & Construction Roads , report problems Roads , request dust control S Sales Tax Permit IA Department of Revenue 800 - 367 - 3388 or www . state . ia . us / tax Septic Inspection at Time of Transfer Septic Permits Sheriff Sale Snowmobile Registration and Title Special Use Permit Applications Zoning page Supervisor โ s Meetings Supervisor page Survey โ new subdivisions & splits Survey โ existing Swiss Valley Nature Center T Tax Credit Claim Tax Exemptions and Credits โ Dubuque County Dubuque County Assessor page Tax Exemptions and Credits โ City of Dubuque City of Dubuque Assessor page Tax Levy Information Tax Liens โ โ ( state and federal ) Tax Payments Time of Transfer Septic Inspections Trade Name / Sole Proprietorship Trails U Utilities , Digging Iowa One Call : 1 - 800 - 292 - 8989 V Variance Application Vehicle Titles & Registration Veteran Benefits โ Local & National Veterans page Veterans Commissioners Veteran Grave Markers Veteran page Vital Records Voter Registration Elections page Voting Elections page or state website http : / / www . sos . state . ia . us / elections W Weapons Permits Well Water tests Well permits , well plugging X X โ Nothing currently exists for X Y Y โ Nothing currently exists for Y Z Zoning - rezoning property Zoning Applications Zoning Certificate ( Building Permit ) Zoning Fees Zoning Ordinance Phone Directory Calendar of Events Services Directory Bid Notices and Bid Results Assessor โ City of Dubuque Assessor โ Dubuque County Attorney Auditor Board of Supervisors Boards and Commissions Budget Cities of Dubuque County Conservation Elections Emergency Management Engineer / Roads Dept Facilities Maintenance GIS / Mapping Health Department Human Services Information Technology Mental Health / Disability Services Recorder Personnel Sheriff Sunnycrest Manor Treasurer Veterans Affairs Zoning | [
"Services Directory",
"Dubuque County"
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http://duchenne.com/about-duchenne | Duchenne muscular dystrophy : the basics Duchenne muscular dystrophy , sometimes shortened to DMD or just Duchenne , is a rare genetic disease . It primarily affects males , but , in rare cases , can also affect females . Duchenne causes the muscles in the body to become weak and damaged over time , and is eventually fatal . The genetic change that causes Duchenne โ a mutation in the DMD gene โ happens before birth and can be inherited , or new mutations in the gene can occur spontaneously . Learn more about the genetics behind Duchenne . The cause of Duchenne Duchenne is caused by a genetic mutation that prevents the body from producing dystrophin , a protein that muscles need to work properly . Without dystrophin , muscle cells become damaged and weaken . Over time , children with Duchenne will develop problems walking and breathing , and eventually the muscles that help them breathe and the heart will stop working . Duchenne is an irreversible , progressive disease . There is currently no cure for Duchenne . Duchenne by the numbers One of more than 30 forms of muscular dystrophy Occurs in 1 in 3,500 to 5,000 males born world wide Average age of diagnosis Time from initial symptoms to diagnosis is 2.5 years More than 90 % in wheelchairs by age 15 One of the most serious genetic diseases in children worldwide The first signs and symptoms The first signs and symptoms of Duchenne are often noticed around the age of 2 or 3 . Children with Duchenne may be slower to sit , stand or walk . Most are unable to run and jump properly due to weakness in the core muscles of the body . Common signs and symptoms of Duchenne you may notice : Not walking until approximately 18 months of age Walking on toes with legs apart , walking with the belly pointed out , or both Falling down often Needing help getting up from the floor or using arms to โ walk โ the body to a standing position ( Gower โ s maneuver ) Larger calves than other children of the same age or size Fatigue Behavior and learning problems Delayed speech Duchenne ' s effect on the brain Children with Duchenne are more likely to have conditions affecting the brain , such as mental health , learning , or seizure disorders . The key protein for muscle function that is missing in Duchenne , dystrophin , is also believed to have a role in brain development . In children with Duchenne , the lack of dystrophin is believed to affect the ability of certain brain cells , called neurons , to connect properly and share information This can lead to challenges with important brain functions such as attention , memory , learning , speech , and intellectual ability Children with Duchenne are more likely to have such conditions as attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) , learning disorders such as dyslexia , and obsessive - compulsive disorder ( OCD ) In addition , abnormal electrical activity in the brain makes children with Duchenne more prone to developing epilepsy ( seizures ) To learn more about important considerations for parents , visit Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy ' s Care for Duchenne resource . The difference between Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy You ' ll often hear Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) and Becker muscular dystrophy ( BMD ) spoken about together . BMD is another type of muscular dystrophy with symptoms like Duchenne , but it is a milder form . BMD is also caused by a change to the gene for dystrophin , but people with BMD make an abnormal but working version of dystrophin . This still results in muscle weakness and damage , but it is less severe and worsens more slowly than in Duchenne . Common questions about Duchenne Learn More Why dystrophin is so important The typical progression of Duchenne Learn about genetic mutations | [
"Duchenne muscular dystrophy",
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http://duckcovemarina.com/ | Duck Cove Marina Marina Area Duck Cove Marina Fishing Marina RV Park Duck Cove Marina Indoor Fishing Area Duck Cove Marina Marina Area Duck Cove Marina Fishing Marina RV Park Located On The Beautiful Lake Tawakoni Texas Less than one hour from DFW and all parts of East Texas Duck Cove Marina and RV Park is just southeast of Quinlan Texas and south of Greenville Interstate 30 Featuring 99FT Indoor Fishing Pier 24 Hour 7 Day Fishing Dry and Wet Boat Storage Boat Launch RV Hookups Tent Camping Instant SMS Updates Want to know when the fish are biting or latest news at Duck Cove Marina Text without quotes follow duckcovemarina to number 40404 On Facebook Be sure to check out our Facebook Page You will find the latest news and photos we have posted PLUS photos shared by our great customers On Twitter Uncle Ricks is also on Twitter We recommend the Instant SMS method to get alerts but we welcome you to follow us on Duck Cove Marina Interesting Stats Lake Tawakoni reservoir lies within three Texas counties Hunt Rains and Van Zandt 53 miles east of Dallas 25 miles southeast of Greenville 21 miles northeast of Wills Point 5734 mile of lake shoreline Stay Up To Date Keep up with happenings around the marina Catfish Stripers Bass Crappie Video Section Fishing is excellent come see us Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Lake Info Our Location News and Weather | [
"Duck Cove Marina",
"Lake Tawakoni"
] |
http://duckiedeck.com/play/tooth-brushing | Teeth Brushing To get your child to brush their teeth is one thing To put a system in place where consistency is needed Impossible Children as well being lovely little creatures cute curious funny they are also unfortunately unhygienic if left to their own devices Therefore the Tooth Brushing game is an excellent device for all parents looking to put into place a firm system where the child learns themselves about not only brushing itself but the benefits of brushing Every child will ask about the reward before any set task They will want to know what they are going to gain from doing a certain act before they waste their sweet toddler time Therefore it is vital that as parents you are able to clearly show why brushing their teeth will be beneficial to them Here is where this brilliant Tooth Brushing device steps in This game persuades and encourages the player the child to become hygienic It is an extremely clever game as it uses the picture of a Hippo which is generally seen as quite an unhygienic By systematically cleaning the teeth the child begins to understand that brushing equals clean teeth and clean teeth means you are not dirty like the animal hippo The child will create parallels between all these acts within the game This thought will then help them act on this and implement it within their real lives They will become much more motivated and upbeat about brushing their teeth Not only because of the mentioned reasons but also due to the simple fact that they had fun whilst playing this Tooth Brushing game They will reenact the scenes played behind a computer This game is unlike others simply because it does not only tell you how to do it but teaches you the precise and exact method of how to brush ones teeth It puts in place for our child an interactive system which any 25 year old will be able to relate to By the end of this game they will be running for the toothbrush and paste gloating about how shiny their teeth are and why they can not wait to get them dirty just so they can brush them again Other similar games Match Game This game will test your childs organisational and matching skills At first this game may seem like a simple exercise which your child has to carry out and it is All they have to do is match the locks with the corresponding holes However it is the simplicity of this match game which will leave your child with skills and tools that will be very helpful in their future personal lives Shell Game At Duckie Deck we aim to provide a smile to all the children who play Alongside the smile we provide the best games and another plus is that all our games have an educational benefit and there is always something learn Counting Games We are all aware how important Maths is within our daily lives As well as your child being creative it is important that they are able to use and develop both parts of their brains both the creative and quantitative for example Maths problems and Science Every parent wants their child to exceed in what they enjoy however when they are at such a young age it is vital that they are able to create a more complete understanding of the world around them | [
"game"
] |
http://ductmate.com/product.aspx?id=61 | Home Product Categories Other Duct Components Moisture Drain Our Products Basic Use When moisture collection is a problem in ductwork or drain pans the Ductmate Moisture Drain is an economical and fast way of installing a leakproof drain Product Spec Sheets Moisture Drain Spec Sheet Material Safety Data Sheets Ductmate Galvanized Steel Products Description The Ductmate Moisture Drain draws the surrounding duct area into a funnel shape assuring drainage Special Characteristics The funnel is made of 12 gauge galvanized sheet metal and can not be deformed The threaded drain nut and cap are corrosion resistant | [
"Moisture Drain"
] |
http://dui.drivinglaws.org/dui-illinois-misdemeanor-or-felony.htm | Market Your Law Firm Lawyer Directory Dealing with a DUI Charge Underage DUI DUI vs . Wet Reckless Call Us : 1 ( 855 ) 762 - 4365 Illinois DUI Laws , Fines , and Consequences Learn about the penalties for DUI convictions in Illinois . By Riccola Voigt , Attorney " In Nolo you can trust . " โ The New York Times Why You Can Trust Us We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month . Our service is 100 % free of charge . Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network , which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100 + years . Featured In Copyright ยฉ 2019 MH Sub I , LLC dba Nolo ยฎ Self - help services may not be permitted in all states . The information provided on this site is not legal advice , does not constitute a lawyer referral service , and no attorney - client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site . The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising . In some states , the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service . Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state . Your use of this Terms of Use Supplemental Terms Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy 7031 Koll Center Pkwy , Pleasanton , CA 94566 In Illinois , it โ s unlawful for a person to drive or be in โ actual physical control โ of a motor vehicle : with a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of at least .08 % while under the influence of alcohol while under the influence of alcohol , intoxicating compounds , drugs , or a combination thereof to an extent that renders the person incapable of driving safely with any amount of a controlled substance in the person โ s blood , urine , or other bodily substance , or with a tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) concentration of five nanograms or more in the blood or ten nanograms or more in another bodily substance within two hours of driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle . Penalties Imposed for Convictions A driving under the influence ( DUI ) arrest typically leads to an administrative โ statutory summary suspension โ of an offender โ s license under Illinois โ s implied consent law . And if the offender is convicted of DUI in court , there are criminal penalties imposed in addition to the administrative consequences . Criminal Penalties Generally , the criminal penalties imposed for DUI convictions are more severe if : the defendant โ s BAC was .16 % or more ( get an idea of how many drinks it takes there was a passenger under the age of 16 in the vehicle , or the defendant has prior DUI convictions . The chart below details the minimum and maximum penalties for first , second , and third DUI convictions . 1 st offense 2 nd offense 3 rd Jail and Community Service Maximum : 364 days 6 months ( if passenger under 16 years ) 100 hours of community service ( if BAC .16 % or more ) 5 days ( or 240 hours of community service ) to 364 days Minimum : 2 days ( if BAC .16 % or more ) 10 days ( or 480 hours of community service ) to 7 years ( if passenger under 16 years ) 10 days ( or 480 hours of community service ) to 7 years Minimum : 90 days ( if BAC .16 % or more ) Fines Maximum : $ 2,500 Minimum : $ 500 ( if BAC .16 % or more ) and $ 1,000 ( if passenger under 16 years ) Maximum : $ 2,500 Minimum : $ 1,250 ( if BAC .16 % or more ) $ 2,500 to $ 25,000 ( if passenger under 16 years ) Maximum : $ 25,000 Minimum : $ 2,500 ( if BAC .16 % or more ) and $ 25,000 ( if passenger under 16 years ) License Revocation 1 year ( 2 years if under 21 years of age ) 5 years 10 years Additionally , all DUI offenders who had a passenger under the age of 16 in the vehicle at the time of the offense must complete 25 days of community service in a program benefiting children . Implied Consent and Refusing Chemical Testing in Illinois Under Illinois โ s implied consent law , all drivers are deemed to have given consent to chemical testing of breath , blood , urine , and / or another bodily substance if there โ s probable cause to believe the person is under the influence The Illinois Secretary of State will automatically suspend the license of any motorist who fails or refuses to submit to chemical testing . This administrative suspension is known as a โ statutory summary suspension . โ Generally , a person fails a chemical test if it discloses : a BAC of .08 % or more five nanograms or more of THC per milliliter of blood or ten nanograms or more per milliliter of another bodily substance , or any amount of a controlled substance in the person โ s blood , urine , or other bodily substance . A driver who โ s under 21 years of age is subject to a zero - tolerance suspension if a chemical test discloses a BAC of more than .00 % , but less than .08 % . The statutory summary suspension applies to an underage offender whose BAC is .08 % or more . Motorists who fail or refuse to submit to chemical testing face the following suspension periods : 1st Offense 2nd Offense 3rd Offense Suspension Period for Failed Test 6 months 1 year 1 year Suspension Period for Test Refusal 3 years 3 years Suspension Period for Failed Test ( Underage ) 3 months Suspension Period for Test Refusal ( Underage ) 6 months 2 years 2 years For purposes of Illinois โ s implied consent law , a first offender is a person who has n โ t had a prior DUI conviction or a statutory summary conviction within five years of the current offense . Other Penalties Imposed for DUI Convictions in Illinois All DUI offenders must complete an alcohol / drug evaluation . If the evaluation indicates the existence of a substance abuse problem , the offender must complete the recommended treatment program . Offenders are also required to attend a victim impact panel ( VIP ) , which is a panel compromised of victims of DUI offenders that focuses on the consequences of DUI accidents . The defendant is usually responsible for all fees associated with the evaluation , treatment , and VIP . For second and subsequent convictions , the defendant is required to hold a restricted driving permit ( RDP ) for five continuous years as a condition of obtaining full driving privileges after the suspension . A defendant with an RDP can only drive for work , school , medical appointments , alcohol / drug treatment , and in other limited circumstances . An ignition interlock device ( IID ) must be installed and used in the defendant โ s vehicle for five years and the defendant must pay $ 30 for each month the IID is used . | [
"DUI Laws",
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http://dui.drivinglaws.org/la.php | Louisiana Drunk Driving Fines & Penalties Learn about the penalties for a DWI / DUI conviction in Louisiana . By Richard Stim , Attorney " In Nolo you can trust . " โ The New York Times We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month . Our service is 100 % free of charge . Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network , which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100 + years . Copyright ยฉ 2019 MH Sub I , LLC dba Nolo ยฎ Self - help services may not be permitted in all states . The information provided on this site is not legal advice , does not constitute a lawyer referral service , and no attorney - client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site . The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising . In some states , the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service . Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state . Your use of this Terms of Use Supplemental Terms Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy 7031 Koll Center Pkwy , Pleasanton , CA 94566 Louisiana uses the following drunk driving terminology : DUI ( Driving Under the Influence ) and DWI ( Driving While Intoxicated ) . What are the penalties for a DUI / DWI in Louisiana ? 1 st Offense 2 nd Offense 3 rd 4 th Jail 2 days to 6 months 30 days up to 6 months 45 days up to 5 years 75 days up to 30 years Fines and Penalties $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 2,000 $ 5,000 License Suspension 90 days 1 year 2 years 2 years IID * * Required Possible Possible Yes Yes Lookback Period : 10 years ( Period of time that prior DUIs are relevant for sentencing . Also known as a โ washout โ period . ) * * Ignition Interlock Device How much do you have to drink ( BAC * ) for a DUI in Louisiana ? Under 21 .02 % 21 or older .08 % Commercial .04 % * * BAC = blood alcohol content How many drinks does it take ? Check the BAC chart You may want to try our BAC Calculator , however I would n ' t let any results encourage you to drink and drive . What if you refuse to take a chemical test in Louisiana ? Louisiana has an implied consent law . That means that if you refuse to submit to a chemical test you will be subject to a fine and automatic license suspension . Learn more about Louisiana โ s implied consent law 1 st Offense 2nd Offense 3 rd Offense Refusal to take test 6 month license revocation 6 month license revocation 2 days minimum jail term Disclaimer : We try to keep the information provided here up to date . However , laws often change , as do their interpretation and application . Different jurisdictions within a state may enforce the laws in different ways . For that reason , we recommended that you seek the advice of a local attorney familiar with DUI cases in your area . Drinking and Driving Laws in Louisiana In the State of Louisiana it is illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of .08 percent or above . The .08 BAC limit is the standard measurement across the United States for an " Impaired " driver . Louisiana has lower BAC limits for minors and drivers of commercial vehicles . The Louisiana driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) law also covers the use of drugs such as marijuana , amphetamines , tranquilizers and barbiturates . The penalty for driving under the influence of drugs is the same as driving under the influence of alcohol . How many drinks does it take to reach the legal limit in Louisiana ? Every person is different , there are calculators , charts and graphs to reference your body weight , sex , and number of drinks , but these devices should be used with caution as your unique physical characteristics play a large role in the calculation of your individual blood alcohol concentration level . Studies have been done that have show that some people may have an increase of .05 percent for each drink taken . Given that low number , it takes very little alcohol to reach the .08 percent limit and be deemed " legally drunk " . The best answer is not to drink and drive . The State of Louisiana has strict laws for drunk driving , and when you drink and drive in Louisiana , you risk your freedom , finances and your future . The first DWI you receive in The State of Louisiana will go on your record as a criminal offense . You will be fined up to $ 1,000 and you will pay for all of the legal proceedings . You could spend up to 6 months in jail and lose your drivers license for up to 90 days if you are over 21 , and up to 6 months if you are under 21 . On your second drunk driving conviction you will spend a minimum of 48 hours in jail , up to 6 months . You could be fined up to $ 1,000 and you will pay for all of the legal proceedings . You will also lose your drivers license for up to 1 year . If you have a 3rd DWI conviction in the State of Louisiana you will have a felony criminal record and spend from 1 to 5 years in prison , 45 days of which is mandatory jail time . You will also be fined up to $ 2,000 . Your drivers license will be revoked for 2 years and your automobile may be seized and sold by the state . You will also be ordered to 6 weeks of inpatient and 12 months of outpatient substance abuse treatment and have home incarceration for the remainder of your sentence . Any offender For your 4th DWI conviction in the State of Louisiana you will have a felony criminal record and spend up to 30 years in prison , 75 days of which is mandatory jail time . You will also be fined up to $ 5,000 . Your drivers license will be revoked for 2 years and your automobile may be seized and sold by the state . You will also be ordered to 6 weeks of inpatient and 12 months of outpatient substance abuse treatment and have home incarceration for the remainder of your sentence . Any offender placed on probation Can the penalties for DUI in Louisiana be reduced ? Louisiana DWI penalties range in severity based on a number of factors including whether : there were prior offenses in the past ten years the driver ' s BAC is above .15 the driver ' s BAC is over .20 % the driver is underage the driver had a commercial license , or there was a minor in the car . If you have no prior DUI offenses , you may face jail time ( or two days of community service ) , fines and a license suspension ; however , if you have multiple prior offenses within the past ten years the fines will be higher , the jail time longer , and the license suspension either longer or - in some cases - permanent . For example , a first offense with a BAC over .15 % requires mandatory 48 hours of mandatory jail time . Your ability to negotiate a favorable plea bargain is generally going to depend When a prosecutor accepts a plea bargain , generally the new charges that you plead to will be a " wet reckless , " which is a variation on the standard reckless driving charge . ( Note : there is no statutory provision on whether a wet reckless plea bargain will be accepted in Louisiana , but it ' s possible a lawyer may be able to create a plea bargain for you . ) Even so , pleading to a lesser offense may still result in a loss of your license and a criminal record ; however , your penalties are n ' t going to be as severe . Whether or not you will be able to plead down depends Can you plead to a lesser offense than DUI in Louisiana ? A defendant might receive a " wet reckless , " or a conviction of reckless driving involving alcohol , as a result of a plea bargain in which a charge of drunk driving is reduced to a case of reckless driving . There is no statutory provision on whether a wet reckless plea bargain will be accepted in Louisiana , but it ' s possible a lawyer may be able to create a plea bargain for you . | [
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http://dui.drivinglaws.org/penalty-for-killing-someone-while-drunk-driving.htm | What Are the Criminal Charges and Penalties for Killing Another Person While Driving Drunk ? The penalties for killing someone while driving drunk are quite severe , and vary by state law . " In Nolo you can trust . " โ The New York Times Why You Can Trust Us We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month . Our service is 100 % free of charge . Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network , which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100 + years . Featured In Copyright ยฉ 2019 MH Sub I , LLC dba Nolo ยฎ Self - help services may not be permitted in all states . The information provided on this site is not legal advice , does not constitute a lawyer referral service , and no attorney - client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site . The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising . In some states , the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service . Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state . Your use of this Terms of Use Supplemental Terms Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy 7031 Koll Center Pkwy , Pleasanton , CA 94566 The penalties for killing someone while driving drunk are quite severe . Typically , a motorist who ' s convicted of a DUI - related ( or BUI - related ( boating under the influence ) ) killing is looking at felony charges that carry jail or prison time , fines , and license suspension or revocation . What Charges Will You Face ? Generally , a motorist who causes the death of another person while driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol faces felony charges . However , states differ on how DUI - related killings are charged . In many cases , the prosecutor will have several options . DUI enhancements . Some states have DUI statutes that specify more severe penalties for DUI offenses involving deaths . In Michigan , for instance , a standard first OWI ( operating while intoxicated ) is a misdemeanor and carries up to 93 days in jail and a maximum $ 500 in fines . But a Michigan OWI offender who causes the death of another person is guilty of a felony and faces up to 15 years in prison and $ 2,500 to $ 10,000 in fines . ( Read more about Michigan ' s vehicular homicide laws . ) Vehicular homicide and vehicular manslaughter . Lots of states have laws that are specific to driving - related unlawful killings . For example , in Florida , a motorist can be convicted of " vehicular homicide " for causing the death of another while driving in a " reckless manner . " The vehicular homicide statute applies to all killings that result from driving in a reckless manner โ not just those that involve driver intoxication . Generally , a Florida vehicular homicide conviction is a second - degree felony and carries up to 15 years in prison and a maximum $ 10,000 in fines . Florida law also provides a DUI enhancement that makes a DUI - related killing a second - or first - degree felony . So , for DUI - related killings , Florida prosecutors can choose whether to charge vehicular homicide , the DUI - death enhancement , or both . California , on the other hand , does n โ t have a DUI - death enhancement ( unless multiple victims were killed or injured ) but does have vehicular manslaughter laws specific to DUI - related offenses . A California DUI offender who โ with negligence or gross negligence โ violates a traffic law or does a lawful act which might produce death in an unlawful manner and kills another person can be charged with โ negligent vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated โ or โ gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated . โ Depending on the circumstances , a convicted motorist faces four years to life in prison . Manslaughter and murder . Even if a state has laws that specifically apply to driving - or DUI - related killings , someone who kills another while driving under the influence can typically be convicted of a more general crime โ like involuntary manslaughter or second - degree murder . ( Find out about the vehicular homicide and manslaughter laws in your state . ) Talk to an Attorney The consequences of a DUI - related killing are serious . If you โ ve been arrested for a DUI offense where someone died , get in contact with an experienced defense attorney right away . A qualified lawyer can let you know what your options are and help you decide on how best to handle your situation . | [
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http://dui.drivinglaws.org/topics/dui-dwi-laws | DUI Laws " In Nolo you can trust . " โ The New York Times We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month . Our service is 100 % free of charge . Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network , which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100 + years . Copyright ยฉ 2019 MH Sub I , LLC dba Nolo ยฎ Self - help services may not be permitted in all states . The information provided on this site is not legal advice , does not constitute a lawyer referral service , and no attorney - client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site . The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising . In some states , the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service . Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state . Your use of this Terms of Use Supplemental Terms Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy 7031 Koll Center Pkwy , Pleasanton , CA 94566 Some states refer to it as Driving Under the Influence ( DUI ) , others refer to it as Driving While Intoxicated ( DWI ) and a small group of states called it Operating Under the Influence ( OUI ) . ( We generally refer to it as " DUI " at this site . ) This criminal offense generally includes either driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent it impairs your physical and mental faculties , or driving while you have a blood alcohol content of .08 or greater regardless of whether the alcohol has had any DUI Laws by State Find your state below to get in - depth information about the laws and penalties for DUI . Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware D.C . Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming DUI Testing more Ignition Interlock Devices : Costs and Requirements Read about how ignition interlock devices ( IIDs ) work , how much IIDs cost , and what happens if you try to evade detection by tampering with or tricking an IID . DUI Evidential Breath Test ( EBT ) Devices Read about the breathalyzers that police use in DUI cases to prove a driver ' s blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) in court , and the consequences of refusing a breath test . How can I be charged with a DUI if I passed my Breathalyzer ? Why was I charged with a DUI / OWI if I passed my Breathalyzer ? DUID Laws more Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Driving under the influence of drugs is illegal in every state . Read about how DUI / DWI laws apply when a motorist is caught driving while high on drugs . Can I Get a DUI for Driving High on Marijuana ? How DUI laws apply to motorists who drive while high on marijuana , and the penalties for a conviction . Open Container Laws California โ s Open Container Laws California โ s open container laws generally prohibit consumption and possession of open containers of alcohol and marijuana in a motor vehicle . Read about the specifics of these laws and the penalties for a violation . North Carolina โ s Open Container Laws North Carolina โ s open container laws prohibit transporting an open container of alcohol in the passenger area of a vehicle . Michigan โ s Open Container Law Michigan โ s open container law prohibits both drivers and passengers from transporting or possessing an open container of alcoholic liquor in a motor vehicle . Read about the specifics , including the exceptions and penalties . | [
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http://dui.findlaw.com/dui-charges/felony-dui.html/ | Felony DUI Most states classify a standard DUI ( or DWI ) charge as a misdemeanor . Certain circumstances can raise the level of the charge to a felony , however . A conviction for a felony DUI carries stiffer penalties and more lasting consequences than a misdemeanor charge . Not every state has the same rules for what does and does not constitute felony drunk driving , though , so you should check the laws and procedures in your state for more information . Here are some common situations that could result in a felony DUI / DWI charge : Elevated Blood Alcohol Concentration ( BAC ) Every state currently has a .08 percent " per se " DUI rule in effect . This rule states that , if a driver has a BAC of .08 or above , the state can assume that the driver is intoxicated in violation of the statute . In addition , states commonly will elevate a drunk driving charge to a felony if chemical tests reveal that the driver ' s BAC exceeds a certain elevated level set by law - usually around .16 percent . Not every state has this law , but at the minimum states generally impose a harsher punishment for a high BAC . Bodily Harm Some states raise a DUI / DWI charge to a felony if the driver causes bodily harm to another . Sometimes , prosecutors have the discretion to decide whether to prosecute a DUI / DWI case involving bodily injury as a misdemeanor or a felony . In some states , like California , prosecutors must also demonstrate that the person charged with DUI / DWI caused that injury in question . If another driver runs into the intoxicated driver while stopped at a stop sign and suffers injuries , then the intoxicated driver did n ' t cause the bodily harm and the DUI / DWI charge will remain a misdemeanor . Prior Convictions States generally will charge an intoxicated driver with felony DUI if the driver has multiple prior convictions for the offense within a certain period of time . The number of prior convictions and the time period vary between states but some states , such as New York , will charge a person with felony DUI if he or she has just one prior conviction for any DUI / DWI crime within the past ten years . Children in the Vehicle Many states have passed laws that make driving while under the influence with children in the vehicle a felony . A recent high - profile example of this is Leandra ' s Law in New York . The law passed after an 11 year - old girl died when her friend ' s mother crashed her car while driving under the influence . Leandra ' s Law applies when a child of 15 years or younger is present but be sure to check your own state ' s law since the ages that trigger the law can vary . DUI / DWI while Driving on a Restricted , Suspended or Revoked License Many states make a DUI / DWI offense a felony if it occurs while the offender had a restricted , suspended or revoked license . Illinois , for example , makes this crime a Class 4 felony punishable by 1 - 3 years in state prison . Do n ' t Face a Felony DUI Alone : Contact an Attorney Today If you ' ve been arrested for a felony DUI , it ' s in your best interests to enlist the help of an experienced DUI lawyer . A felony DUI can have lasting consequences on your life , including possible prison time , heavy fines , and more . To learn more about your case and possible legal options moving forward , it ' s a good idea to meet with an experienced DUI attorney in your area . | [
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http://dulfy.net/2012/10/11/swtor-patch-1-5the-hunt-for-hk-51companion-droid/ | Patch 1.5 SWTOR SWTOR Patch 1.5 โ HK - 51 Companion Droid Quest guide Dulfy 534 Comments Oct 11 , 2012 SWTOR HK - 51 guide with detailed walkthroughs on obtaining HK - 51 , the new companion droid introduced to SWTOR in Patch 1.5 . Navigation Fatal Errors ( Empire ) | The Fatality ( Republic ) โ Heroic 2 + Theoretika ( Heroic 2 + ) 7 HK Components Lord of Agony ( Heroic 2 + ) Things to know before starting the quest ( i.e. how to prepare ) You will need an alt of the opposite faction . It does n โ t have to be high level ( Level 15 is ok ) . This is because one of HK 51 โ s components is obtained from the other faction โ s territory but it is bind on legecy ( i.e. you can mail it to your main ) The more the merrier . When hunting down HK - 51 โ s components , the more people you have to cover territory , the better . Once a component is unearthed , anyone nearby , regardless of if they are in your party / ops , can loot it . If you scanner detects a component nearby , make sure to call it out so other players can benefit as well ! You will need to run two specific flashpoints as part of the quest . Only Coruscant and Dromund Kaas compoents are bound to legacy , rest of the components go straight to your mission tab of your inventory and are bound to that character . So yes , you will need a level 50 character to unlock HK - 51 but there might be an option in the future to unlock it for other characters in your legacy . Fatal Errors ( Empire ) | The Fatality ( Republic ) โ Heroic 2 + Quest start โ Belsavis Section X New arrives to Section X will be greeted by a droid called G0 - A1 ( Empire ) | B6 - 31 ( Republic ) not far from the ship landing pad . He will hand you a quest called Fatal Errors ( Heroic 2 + ) for Empire players | The Fatality ( Heroic 2 + ) for Republic players and ask you to track down General Avrun ( Empire ) | Bren ( Republic ) out in the Frozen Lake . While this quest is labeled as a Heroic 2 + , it can be soloed if you are decently geared . You will need to head to the west portion of Section X and enter a subzone called The Frozen Lake . Talking to General Avrun | Bren will lead you to the middle of map where you enter an instance for the mission . Here is the lore / quest text associated with this part of the mission . At the end of the mission , you will encounter a trio of Dread Forces Leader ( champion ) and 2x Dread Forces Gunner ( strong ) . Completing Fatal Errors will reward you with the following lore text for Fatality Crash Theoretika portion โ Heroic 2 + Completing Fatal Errors will grant you the next heroic 2 + mission : Directive : Activate Assassination Protocols for Empire players or Assertion : Repairs Required for Republic players . Here is the quest text associated with it . You will need to hop back on your shop and travel to the Unknown regions to locate the ship called Theoretika This is a fairly spooky ship โฆ Deck 4 The first deck you will enter is Deck 4 . It is pretty spooky here and there is a little treasure hunt here . . you will need to get an access card off one of the dead bodies and find two data recordings ( if you want to do the bonus quest ) . First , the dead body . Getting the badge off the dead body will grant you access to the two engineer decks down at the bottom of the map ( left and right corner ) . Do n โ t worry if you found a door that needs a security card to access . this door will be unlocked later ! The two datalogs First one Second one . . Now . . go to the bottom left and bottom right corners of deck 4 , you can now open both doors with your recently acquired engineer ID badge . . You will find a datalog and an emergency power battery in each . . Right engineer bay Battery Datalog 3 Left Engineer bay Datalog 4 There is also a battery here you can grab but it appears you do n โ t need it . Unlocking Deck 5 To unlock Deck 5 , you need to head to the very front of deck 4 and insert the battery into one of the clickable sockets . This will allow you to power up the terminal nearby and get you access to Deck 5 ! Deck 5 Deck 5 entrance is right here . . Right inside is datalog 5 Go to the right side of deck 5 , you will enter a room with some water and a bunch of broken wires below . You will need to run to the end of that room and activate the console to turn power back on with your emergency battery . There is a bit of problem after you restored the power , you ca n โ t cross the water anymore since the electricity is flowing through the water ! To get back , you need to do a small jump puzzle ! First , get on top of the ramp See those boxes on top of the ramp ? You are going to jump on top of it and onto the pipe above it . From the pipe , you need to jump onto another pipe that is right across ! This jump may take a few tries . Just do n โ t jump too close to the pipe or your head will hit it and fall down ! Once you are up on the pipe , jump up and follow the arrows . Now , you are going to cross the narrow beam in the middle connecting the two fat platforms . Once you are across , do n โ t run forward but instead go to the other direction to get on another pipe . At the end of the pipe is a container that you can blow up to get past the fence and hop on another pipe . Follow this pipe to the end and you can jump down on a platform to cross the water ! Now you will see another door open due to the restored power , you can now get to the north side of Deck 5 and gain access to Deck 6 ! Do n โ t go there yet ! ! Look for a dead body along the way . . it will have a security access badge . Deck 4 Security Access Room Now recall the room in Deck 4 that required a security access badge to enter ? Ya , go back to Deck 4 and enter that room . . Surprise surprise ! Here is datalog 6 and a dead body but you need to get out first ( if you die or do / stuck , you will need to wait ~ 5 minutes for the door to reset to enter that room again ) . Immediately to the right of the door is a crate you can click to reveal a control panel . . but you need a fuse to operate it . . The fuse is actually located on the top left corner , in a pile of garbage if you place the door on your back . Here is a map of the location , keep in mind that the map is a bit weird since it places the door to the right . Now you have opened the door , grab the # 6 datalog and the medical bay badge ! Deck 5 Medical Bay Go back to Deck 5 , at the bottom left corner is the medical bay Inside the medical is the final datalog and also empty stim injectors that you can refill with the nylite canisters located around the room . Now you are ready to head to Deck 6 ! Deck 6 First order of business , restore power to Deck 6 first by using the Research Lab Power Breaker . This will spawn Specimen Gamma 19 , which is fairly challenging to solo for undergeared players . Now , remember that Nylite stuff you acquired in the medical bay ? It is in your missions items tab in your inventory . Use it on the boss to make it easier to kill ! After you defeated the boss , use the panel and you just completed the Theoretika portion ! 7 HK Components Component # 1 ( Transistor ) : Outlaw โ s Den in Tatooine . If you have the legacy perk purchased , you can just port to Outlaw โ s Den directly . Otherwise , travel to Outlaw Den and seek out Collector Kezzit , the jawa vendor . Beware this place is free for all PVP so you will be flagged and could get griefed . He sells two things you need to buy Burba Seismic Excavator / Scanner for 50k ( need it for other components ) and Wrapped HK Transistor for 125K ( first component of HK - 51 ) Component # 2 ( Chassis ) : Taris โ Sinking City At this time , I am not sure if the components are random spawns or spawns in a number of pre - determined locations . You will need to use the Burba Seismic Excavator / Scanner and click it ( hotbar it ) . This will scan within 25m of it and tells you if it find it or not . Here are some coordinates where people have reported finding the HK - component on Taris . - 120 , โ 157 ( my location marked on the map ) 90 , โ 100 ( reported location ) - 51 , โ 142 ( second reported location ) Note that once unearthed , it will stay on the ground for 1 minute and allow anyone nearby to click it . Thus it is recommended that everyone work together in the rough area indicated in the map to locate it . Once it disappears , it will reappear in another location . Component # 3 ( AI Regulator ) Coruscant โ Jedi Temple If you are Imperial , you will need to make a Republic alt and level him / her to level 15ish or just have a high level escort you . You will need to head to Jedi Temple and take the elevator up . Again , the location is random and moves after someone found it . Here is where I got my ( - 2915 , 3091 ) Note that the component acquired from Coruscant goes straight into your inventory and it is bind to legacy so you can mail it to your main . Component # 4 ( Motivator / Arm ) Dromund Kaas โ Dark Temple Approach If you are Republic , you will need to make an Imperial character and level him / her to L15 or just have a high level escort you . You will need to head to the Dark Temple Approach . There is no exact coordinate but I got my on โ 1758 , 517 . The component moves after one person has found it so just hunt around the rough location on my map . Note that the component acquired from Dromund Kass goes straight into your inventory and it is bind to legacy so you can mail it to your main . Component # 5 ( Power Core ) Hoth โ Glacial Fissure Hoth component can be acquired in the NE portion of Glacial Fissure , all around the wreck of Ambria โ s Fury . This is one vast area to search and we finally found our component here at the locations 645 , โ 869 . Like other components , this one moves once someone unearth it so just search in the general area around the wreck . Component # 6 ( Weapon Component ) โ False Emperor normal mode HK - 47 will drop the component required . Component # 7 ( Loyalty Chip ) โ Hardmode Maelstrom Prison / Foundry Foundry : Empire players will need to complete hardmode Foundry . At the end of Foundry , after you defeat Revan , there will be a Loyalty Chip that you can pick it up located right above the chest . After you have all 7 components , you will be asked to return to General Avrun and this will complete the quest ! Lord of Agony โ Heroic 2 + You receive this mission after completing Activate Assassination Protocols from Avrun or Repairs Required from Bren . Unlike the previous heroic 2 + missions , this one is actually a heroic mission as you will be facing trios of champion + 2 strongs . A lot of mobs can also heal , making this a bit more challenging than the previous heroic 2 + s . You are on the home stretch though ! After you defeat Lord of Agony , you will get to activate HK - 51 and watch a nice cinematic ! | [
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http://dulfy.net/2013/04/09/swtor-makeb-datacron-guide/ | makeb SWTOR SWTOR Makeb Datacron guide Dulfy 21 Comments Apr 9 , 2013 Video guide on getting the two Makeb Datacrons + 10 endurance and + 10 presence . + 10 Presence Makeb Datacron This datacron can be obtained in Perekta Mesa and takes only a couple minutes . The start is near the Imperial speeder . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . + 10 Endurance Makeb Datacron Start of this datacron is in Frinn Mesa near the Republic speeder . Imperial players will need to traverse from their side to the Republic end . This datacron has a long trek and may take anywhere from 30 minutes to a few hours . Remember to turn off your sprint if you are uneasy about walking on narrow beams . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Paulo Gomes โข 2 years ago A little trick for all you doing the Endurance Datacron : if you can use a character with Phase Walk , and bind it to a button on your keyboard . If you fall and hit the button before actually dying you can return to the last spot you activated it . . . Hollow โข 3 years ago I know it ' s old , but thanks ! Gave me the Galactic Datacron achievement finally . Could n ' t have done it without your video . ! ! ! ! ! Rizenfell โข 5 years ago With the + 10 Presence Datacron , it is far easier to jump onto the small brass that runs along the large pipe , then go to the end and jump onto the slightly cracked part of the end pipe , move along a few feet , then jump into the pipe . On the linked image - A then B then C . - Wes - โข 5 years ago Thanks for sharing , Dulfy ! Easy stuff w / a little guidance . : ) DaduHulk I am having one difficulty . At the platform that raises vertically , after I get to the top , I go to jump on my speeder , and it seems to catch at the edge and I always miss the platform . I tried jumping just before the edge , no help . I tried just driving off the edge , nope . Is there some trick there ? David P Dulfy , this may seem like a strange question but can you log out in the middle of going for the Endurance Datacron and will it log you back in wherever you were ( on a random ledge ) ? I want to try to get this tomorrow but I do n ' t know if I ' ll have time and if I start I might not be able to finish in one sitting . Thanks . Matthew R Not Dulfy , but yes . Linkman Nice , thx for the great guide . took 20 mins my first time and 8 my second = ) Imistu โข 3 years ago Why did you have to do it twice ? Vulpis Because datacrons * used * to be per - character before the last major update . Chuey Morgan If you get the Presence datacron pay it forward and invite people to leap to you . I did and got a big ( 50k ) thank you . Boldee I also noticed there is a slightly easier route across the mining shaft bridge for the endurance cron with less jumping and chance to fall . Start from the entrance by running up the diagonal beam on the left as you enter and you see another horizontal beam just before you get to the top , jump onto that and then walk to the middle of that beam and turn and face the wall , there is a ledge , jump to that then up again turn right jump onto the pipe and from there you can run the whole Boldee I noticed for the presence cron that you run around the back of the buildings at the beginning to get to the rocks that you jump onto to go up to the platform with the passage through the wall , you do n ' t need to do that . If you head off from the shuttle pad as normal when you go under the archway you can jump over the gap to the right to get to those rocks , this save any aggro . Meglivorn Thank you for the videos . . . but I ca n ' t help wondering how the hell people find theese in the pts first . . . @ _ @ azhure azhure Thanks so much for the videos , that endurance datacron is incredibly annoying to fail on ! mattu Natharra I think it has the makeb datacrons bunched in with alderaan with no codex entry . Not sure on that though . mattu Natharra i also noticed this , normally i would n ' t have but I had all the crons before the patch then grabbed the makeb ones and no codex progress . Also I will note that the planet codex does not provide a description for makeb . Its possible that the new crons were thrown into aldaraans codex , since its exactly 2 that are missing . Super wow awesome video ! the endurance one is long worse if you fall lol โข 6 years ago Anyone know anything about the two extra datacrons on Alderaan ? got the two on Makeb and checked my codex and it said I was 67 / 69 on datacrons . Checked it out and apparently the codex tells me I am 5 / 7 on datacrons for Alderaan and last time I checked there were only 5 datacrons there Karna Abeje โข 6 years ago thanks , Dulfy for the endurance one ! lol , I made that difficult jump on my first try and then I missed the last one as I thought you could make it without mounting lol , but I got it on the second try - Vasanta / Karna Selena Gomez Thanks D | [
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http://dullesmetro.com/contact-us/ | Contact Us The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project encourages you to contact us with any questions you have about the project or its impact to the region ' s traffic . The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project is the result of years of cooperative efforts by the resident and the political and business leadership of this community . Over the years , we have had more than 600 meetings with individuals , businesses and groups . Lessons learned at those meetings have helped create this dynamic transportation project . We want to hear more from you and welcome your ideas and feedback . When construction starts , we know you will have more to say and more questions to ask . Please contact us : Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project Office Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 198 Van Buren Street Suite 300 Herndon , VA 20170 ( 703 ) 572 - 0500 Communications / Media / Information Marcia McAllister ( 703 ) 572 - 0506 Marcia . Mcallister @ dullesmetro . com Capital Rail Constructors Suzanne Miller ( 571 ) 375 - 1524 Suzanne . Miller @ Kiewit . com For Construction Emergencies 24 - Hour Emergency Construction Hotline ( 844 ) 385 - RAIL ( 844 ) 385 - 7245 | [
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http://dundeeplace.com/ | Dundee Place is the latest apartment complex to be constructed in the Highlands of Louisville , KY . Rich finishes , open layouts , large closets and prime location make Dundee an ideal residence for those seeking luxury living . Located walking distance from the vibrant Bardstown Road with boutique shops , night life , and fine and casual dining . Additionally , the Highlands is home to Cherokee Park , a 409 - acre multi - use park . With hiking , biking and walking trails , Cherokee provides recreational use for everyone and it โ s only a few miles from Dundee Place . Dundee Place is situated just off the beaten path at the intersection of Dundee & Yale streets . | [
"Dundee Place",
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http://dupuytrens-contracture.com/dupuytren-pronunciation/ | Dupuytren Pronunciation How to pronounce Dupuytren if you are not French > > Learn about the Dupuytren Contracture Institute > > Testimonials about natural Dupuytren treatment Guillaume Dupuytren ( 1777 โ 1835 ) , was the leading French surgeon of his day . His fame was established by being the first to perform many surgical procedures ; he made the first excision of the lower jaw ( 1812 ) , first successful ligation of the external iliac artery ( 1815 ) and subclavian artery ( 1819 ) , first successful treatment of aneurysm by compression ( 1818 ) , surgical treatment of wryneck ( 1822 ) , and many other surgical accomplishments . He also created a four division classification of burns ( 1832 ) . And , we would not be too concerned hand contracture deep in the fascia of the palm that reduces finger movement ( 1831 ) . The question , and difficulty , in pronunciation of the word Dupuytren arises from the fact that there are two sounds within this French word that are not used in the English language . For this reason any of the internet discussions about this topic are spent describing two particular sounds an English - speaking person can not easily make . Additionally , in the French language no accents are placed on spoken syllables ; each syllable has an equal emphasis , unlike the English language . Now , diving into the more difficult part of the pronunciation , it is helpful to know that both โ u โ in โ Dupuytren โ are sounded . To do this correctly it is necessary to make a thin sort of โ u โ , where the tongue attempts to say โ ee โ while the lips are shaped to say โ oo โ . The second โ u โ is rapidly pronounced , so that the syllable sounds like โ pwee โ . If the English speaking reader wants to become really confused about the correct pronunciation of Dupuytren simply go to several of the websites that feature a pronunciation speaker where you can hear the word spoken . Click on the link in any of these and you will hear a French speaker pronounce the word , and you will note all sound a bit different with each speaker . When I learned there is apparently a difference of opinion amongst the French how to pronounce Dupuytren , I became much more relaxed about the subject . Dupuytren pronunciation : You are only wrong in France The closest pronunciation I can write using English to portray the French word , Dupuytren , is something like โ du - pwee - trahn , โ in which the last syllable is made somewhat grand and soft at the same time by using the nose to make the sound . But you are most likely an English speaking individual , for whom the intricacies of the French language are of little interest , and you only wish to pronounce the man โ s name close enough to being correct that your listener will know what it is you are speaking about . For this reason when I am speaking to someone about Dupuytren contracture treatment , I know they are looking for help when they come to a โ D โฆ ah โฆ ah โ word that causes them to slow down and stumble a bit . This is when I will slowly and confidently tell them , โ DU - PA - TREN contracture . โ We are then all happy and ready to learn about Dupuytren contracture treatment . I have a feeling the good Dr . Dupuytren would not mind at all . Trigger Finger and Dupuytren Contracture Dupuytren Contracture Institute Link Exchange | [
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http://duramaxsidingandwindows.com/ | DuraMAX Siding and Windows - Certified ! DuraMAX Siding and Windows is a ProVia Certified Installer DuraMAX Siding and Windows is proud to be recognized as a Certified Installer for ProVia Replacement Windows , Doors and Siding Products . Companies bearing this symbol have completed specialized training for installing ProVia doors and windows in a professional - class manner . - Certified Installers are trained in a ProVia Engineering Test Lab to support any custom design and our fabrication specifications . - Certified Installers are specially trained in Service Issues and Techniques to fully maintain your Windows , Doors and Siding to protect the investment in our products thoughout the lifetime of your home . DuraMAX Siding and Windows Presents : WX - 1000 Bay We are pleased to announce that DuraMAX Siding and Windows continues as the first authorized dealer of the Aeris Collection of replacement windows here in Atlanta . The Aeris Collection ' s WX1000 and VT800 Series window by ProVia combine the advantages of modern composite materials with the elegant look of traditional pine wood interior without the maintenance of actual wood . Energy efficient and a stylish look your home deserves . ProVia is a 2013 Energy Star Partner of the Year ! - Warm Edge Glazing - Vinyl frame and sash - DualTech Locks & Tilt - Tension Balance System Visit our Aeris Collection replacement windows page for more details , features and pictures of these affordable , elegant and energy efficient windows . DuraMAX Roofing - GAF Roofing Installer GAF Roofing DuraMAX Roofing is a division of DuraMAX Siding and Windows . We feature the GAF Timberline ยฎ Cool Series Roofing Shingles . GAF roofing shingles now carry a Limited Lifetime Warranty ! In addition to the beautiful look of our GAF shingles , you will get up to $ 500 ( 10 % of material cost ) in the form of a tax credit on shingles that are ENERGY STAR ยฎ qualified - like the Timerline Cool Series . GAF Shingles were recently featured on the ABC TV Show Extreme Makeover : Home Edition filmed right here in Georgia . GAF is North America ' s largest manufacturer of roofing products and takes pride in creating American Jobs . Let DuraMAX Roofing show you the beautiful styles and energy saving benefits of using GAF Timberline roofing shingles for your home . DuraMAX Siding & Windows : BBB A+ Rated SServing the Metro Atlanta Area for 45 years . Better Business Bureau A+ Rating . EPA Lead Safe Certified ! DDuraMAX Siding & Windows , Inc . provides the finest workmanship and materials in the home weatherizing , insulation , exterior remodeling and roofing industry . In our 45 years of operation as home improvement contractors we have never had a formal complaint registered with the Better Business Bureau . That " s because we appreciate our customers and always stand behind our work . Our siding products have a lifetime material and labor warranty and we provide you with lifetime written workmanship warranty at completion . That ' s certified contracting ! We use only the industry leaders in replacement Doors and Windows like Provia . Our roofing materials are the strongest in the business from Timberline . When it comes to Fiber Cement and Composite Cladding Siding , CedarMAX and HardiPlank are the highest rated and most durable solutions available . Tru Guard has provided our customers with a with a quality rainwear protection product that funnels away water from your home and keeps out clogging leaves and debris . Call us today at 770 - 464 - 9000 or fill out our Estimate Page and stop energy loss today ! | [
"DuraMAX Siding and Windows",
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http://durandaljs.com/get-started.html | Getting Started With RequireJS as its base and a thin layer of conventions , Durandal can provide amazing productivity while helping you to maintain SOLID coding practices . Pair that with out - of - the - box support for rich UI composition , modal dialogs , eventing / messaging , widgets , transitions , routing and more . . . .and there ' s no doubt you ' ll be able to build whatever apps you can imagine . There are several ways to get started with Durandal , depending on your platform choice . While Durandal is a pure JavaScript library , independent of any server - side platforms , we try to package it up in a variety of ways that are appealing to web developers . For this brief tutorial , we ' ll use our raw HTML Starter Kit . Note : See the docs section titled " Set Up Options " for other ways to get setup with a variety of platforms and tools including Grunt , NuGet , Visual Studio , Bower and more . Download HTML Starter Kit Once you ' ve downloaded the HTML Starter Kit and unzipped it , you can actually run the sample app immediately by opening the index . html file in Firefox * , or by spinning up a web server and browsing to the index page . The starter kit application demonstrates a basic navigation architecture with routing , history , data - binding , modal dialogs and more . But , we ' re not going to look at that just yet . Instead , we ' re going to write our own little app from scratch . To do this , locate the app folder and delete its contents , then delete the index . html . Now we have a completely blank project , pre - configured with all our scripts and css . Note : IE , Chrome and Safari do n ' t like serving the files directly from the file system . If you would like to use one of these browsers , simply use your preferred web server technology to serve the files . index . html Let ' s start by writing our own index . html file . Here ' s the markup we ' ll use : < ! DOCTYPE html > < html > < head > < link rel = " stylesheet " href = " lib / bootstrap / css / bootstrap . css " / > < link rel " stylesheet " href " lib / font - awesome / css / font - awesome . css " / > " lib / durandal / css / durandal . css " " css / starterkit . css " < / head > < body > < div id " applicationHost " > < / div > < script src " lib / require / require . js " data - main " app / main " > < / script > < / body > < / html > All we have here are a few css files , a single div called " applicationHost " and a single script tag . We ' ve added Bootstrap and FontAwesome here so we can easily make things look decent , but they are n ' t required by Durandal . The important piece to notice is the script tag . Durandal encourages modular code practices by using RequireJS as one of its core building blocks . In a Durandal app , all JS code is written in modules . The script tag in our loads RequireJS which facilitates the framework ' s module strategy . Once the module loader is initialized it then uses the data - main attribute to start up our app . This attribute points to our main module . This is much like the main function in most c - based languages . It is the entry point for our application . Let ' s go ahead and create that module now . To do that , first create a file named main . js and place it in the app folder . Here ' s the code for that file : main . js requirejs config ( { paths ' text ' ' . . / lib / require / text ' ' durandal ' ' . . / lib / durandal / js ' ' plugins ' ' . . / lib / durandal / js / plugins ' ' transitions ' ' . . / lib / durandal / js / transitions ' ' knockout ' ' . . / lib / knockout / knockout - 2.3.0 ' ' jquery ' ' . . / lib / jquery / jquery - 1.9.1 ' } ) ; define function require var system require ' durandal / system ' ) , app ' durandal / app ' ) ; system debug true ) ; app title ' Durandal Starter Kit ' app configurePlugins ( { router true dialog } ) ; start ( ) . then function ( ) app setRoot ' shell ' This is pretty standard โ boilerplate โ configuration for most Durandal apps . But , let ' s go over this piece by piece : At the top we have the requirejs . config block . This section configures the module system so that it can find our core libraries . It ' s just a set of relative paths , so that the first time we reference " jQuery " for example , the module system knows where to load it from . Here you see that we have paths configured for the requirejs text plugin ( used to load views ) , Durandal ' s core modules , Knockout and jQuery . In the same way that Durandal uses RequireJS for modules , it uses Knockout for data - binding and jQuery as its browser abstraction . After we set up the RequireJS configuration , we define our main module . All code in Durandal is written in modules and takes the following form : var someModule ' some / module ' . . . other modules required here . . . return someValue To create a module you call the define function . You pass a function to define which serves as a factory for your module . Whatever you return from this function becomes your module instance . You can return an object to create singleton object modules or a function to create class constructor modules . Additionally , you can declaratively express dependencies upon other modules . To import another module into your module you use the require function . In our main module above , you can see that we import or require two of Durandal ' s modules : system and app . We then use the system module to turn on framework debugging . After that we use the app module to set our app ' s title and load two optional plugins . Finally , we tell the app to start , which is an asynchronous action , and when that completes we call a curious function : setRoot . The call to setRoot is what actually causes something to be rendered on the screen . You can think of the root as your " main window " , " master layout " or the " shell " of your application . The parameter points to the module which contains our shell ' s behavior . The only problem is . .that does n ' t exist yet . So , let ' s create it . The Shell Most components in Durandal contain both " behavior " and " content " . Your application ' s shell should be no exception to this rule . We ' ll represent these two different concerns by creating two files : a JavaScript file for the behavior and an HTML file for the content . * Under your app folder create : shell . js and shell . html . I ' ll give you the code for each of those now , then we ' ll see how it all works . Naturally , most applications also have " presentation " concerns as well , which are preferrably handled by CSS . shell . js app ' durandal / app ' ) , ko ' knockout ' return name ko observable ( ) , sayHello ( ) app showMessage ' Hello ' + this name + ' ! Nice to meet you . ' ' Greetings ' } ; shell . html < section > < h2 > Hello ! What is your name ? < / h2 > < form class " form - inline " > < fieldset > < label > Name < / label > < input type " text " data - bind " value : name , valueUpdate : ' afterkeydown ' " < button type " submit " class " btn " data - bind " click : sayHello , enable : name " > Click Me < / button > < / fieldset > < / form > < / section > Notice that our defines a module as we have previously discussed . It has dependencies on two other modules : app knockout . Our module returns an object literal as its definition . This object has one property , name , and one function , sayHello . The property is special . Here , we have used Knockout to create an observable property . An observable property supports two - way data - binding to html , change notification and a number of other features . Notice that the sayHello function uses this property to display a message box with Durandal ' s app module . To fully understand this code , you need to look at it side - by - side with the HTML . Notice how the HTML has attributes in it . These attributes declaratively connect the HTML to the properties and functions in the module we just looked at . See how the input tag has a attribute that connections its value to our name property ? It also specifies that our property should be updated after key down events ( as opposed to focus change , which is the default ) . Also , take a look at the button . Its click event is bound to our function . Furthermore , the button will only be enabled when the property has a truthy value . Pretty cool ! Go ahead and run the app by opening in Firefox or spinning up a web server to view it in another browser . When you do this , here ' s what ' s going to happen : RequireJS will load . RequireJS will load your and configure the framework . Your main . j s will present the app by calling setRoot The files will be loaded , data - bound to one another and injected into the applicationHost div in the page . Once it ' s loaded , try typing in the input field and notice how the button ' s enabled state changes . Then , click the button to see what happens . Navigation This is all pretty cool , but most applications do n ' t just have one page . So , let ' s turn our shell into a navigation app . To start , rename your to home . js and your to home . html . Now , create two new files which will serve as our navigation shell . Here ' s the source for the new router ' plugins / router ' router router activate router map ( [ route ' ' title ' Home ' moduleId ' home ' nav ] ) . buildNavigationModel ( ) ; router activate ( ) ; } ; < div > < div " navbar navbar - fixed - top " " navbar - inner " < ul " nav " " foreach : router . navigationModel " < li " css : { active : isActive } " < a " attr : { href : hash } , html : title " > < / a > < / li > < / ul > " loader pull - right " " css : { active : router . isNavigating } " < i " icon - spinner icon - 2x icon - spin " > < / i > < / div > < / div > " container - fluid page - host " " router : { transition : ' entrance ' } " > < / div > Looking at our navigation shell , you can see the same module pattern . Here we are requiring our router plugin and using that to create an object . We configure the router with a single route that points to our home module . This router configuration specifies the route pattern to match on , the title to display , the moduleId to load when the route is matched and whether or not we should tag this route as part of our visible navigation ( nav : true ) . After we configure our routes , we then call buildNavigationModel which takes the route info , and builds a special collection that we can data - bind to for display as a top - level navigation UI . Finally , we activate the router . All of this takes place inside a function called activate . Every time Durandal presents a component on screen , it will look for an optional callback . If present , it will invoke it prior to data - binding . This allows modules to execute custom activation code , such as configuring the application ' s router in this case . Once again , it ' s easiest to understand if you look at the module side - by - side with it ' s view . If you do that , you will first see how we are data - binding to the navigationModel property in order to generate a navbar . Each navigable route is turned into an li with a link that is bound to the route ' s hash title . As part of the navbar , we also bind an animating spinner icon to the router ' s isNavigating property . As a result , whenever we are in the process of navigating from one page to another , the spinner will be visible and animating . At the bottom of the view is a special router binding which connects to our router in the module . This serves as a placeholder where the current " page " will be displayed . The transition property indicates that whenever the page changes , Durandal should use the " entrance " transition animation . Go ahead and run it again . It looks pretty similar to before , except now there ' s a navbar . It ' s not very impressive because we still only have one page . Let ' s create a second page so we can navigate back and forth . Mount Rainier Let ' s create a second page that calls Flickr and gets back a bunch of pictures to display of Mount Rainier . Our first step is to add another route . Update your shell ' s router config so that it has these two routes now : route ' ' title ' Home ' moduleId ' home ' nav } , ' rainier ' ' Mount Rainier ' ' rainier ' That ' s our original , default home route , plus our new route for the page we are about to add . By now , I hope you see the pattern emerging . We create a module and a view for our new page . rainier . js http ' plugins / http ' ko url ' http : / / api . flickr . com / services / feeds / photos_public . gne ' qs tags ' mount ranier ' tagmode ' any ' format ' json ' images ko observableArray ( [] ) , activate that this if images ( ) . length 0 http jsonp url qs ' jsoncallback ' ) . then response that images response items rainier . html < section > < h2 > Mount Rainier < / h2 > " row - fluid " < ul " thumbnails " " foreach : images " < li > < img style width 260px height 180px " attr : { src : media . m } " < / li > < / ul > < / section > I bet you can figure out how this works . Our module uses the http plugin to call the Flickr api in its activate callback . It then stores that data in it ' s observable array property . The view simply binds to that array of data . If you run the app now , you ' ll see two items in the navbar and you ' ll be able to navigate back and forth between them . You can also use the browser ' s back button . There ' s lots more details and tons more that Durandal can do . At this point , you might want to download the original starter kit and take a look at it in more detail to see a few more interesting tidbits . You ' ll probably also want to download the official samples to see how other Durandal makes building rich , dynamic JavaScript apps simple by encouraging a modular approach . It ' s no surprise that our community is growing so fast . Please join our google group to ask questions and share your experiences with other developers . Most importantly , use Durandal to create something . We hope you deeply enjoy the experience . | [
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http://dustinsapush.blogspot.com/2013/10/imperial-goals-of-british-french-and.html | Thursday , October 17 , 2013 Imperial Goals of the British , French , and Spanish The imperial goals of the British , French , and Spanish in North America between 1580 and 1763 were similar in that all three European states sought to capture the wealth and commerce offered by the New World and in that they all used imperialism as a means of increasing the authority , territory , and influence of their state ; however , the British , French , and Spanish imperialistic goals differed in that Britain ' s religious goals were those regarding asylum , while the French and Spanish sought to gain converts ; moreover , the relationships the The British , French , and Spanish all sought to capture the wealth and commerce in North America . The British imperialistic goals in the New World included utilizing the North American as a means to acquire raw materials , such as lumber , to be made into finished goods in England ; similarly , the French commercial goals consisted of capturing the lucrative fur trade in North Eastern America ; likewise , the Spanish used their imperial holdings to obtain valuable resources such as gold and silver for vast wealth in Spain . Although the English and French both The British used their colonies for tobacco and other cash crops such as wheat to be transported to England in the Triangle Trade ; similarly , both the French , with their prized colony of Saint - Dominique , and the Spanish , with their holdings in the Caribbean โ such as Cuba โ established large plantations or Encomiendas for the production of sugar , rice , and cotton to be transported back to Europe for consumption and use . Perhaps the most reinforcing evidence that the British , French , and Spanish has similar economic goals for their North American imperial holding was that they all had a common motive . All three European powers were driven in their economic goals of imperialism by mercantilism and the idea that the world โ s wealth was finite . The imperial goals of the British French and Spanish were also similar in that they all sought to increase the authority of their respective states . The British , French , and Spanish all had imperial goals of increasing the influence and authority of their society . The desires of the British , French , and Spanish to expand their influence are best demonstrated with the continuous state of conflict in and around their imperial holdings . For example , The British colony at Jamestown found itself in constant conflict with the Native American Powhatan tribe . Moreover , these three European often came into conflict with one another . Instances like Queen Anne โ s War and eventually the French and Indian War were causes The British , French , and Spanish all differed in their treatment of natives . The British sought to isolate themselves from natives or โ transplant โ British society in North America , visible in their construction of forts such as the one at Jamestown ; however , in contrast , the French formed an integrated relationship with natives , especially the Algonquin , in order to gain access to the coveted fur trade ; moreover , the Spanish differed from the French and British in that they exploited the native peoples by making them work and die on sugarcane The religious goals of the British were those of asylum ; whereas the French and Spanish sought to gain converts . The religious dominations of the British colonists were mostly puritan and were mostly persecuted groups , for example , the Quakers and Puritans both immigrated to North America to escape persecution in England ; however , in contrast , the French and Spanish were both Catholic and the Jesuit missionaries of both states made efforts to convert the masses of North America to Catholicism ; moreover , the Spanish established missions on the Camino Real such as Mission San Diego and Mission San Luis Obispo . The British , French , and Spanish imperial goals were mostly consistent from 1580 to 1763 . The British , French , and Spanish all sought to acquire raw materials and increase commerce with their imperial holdings in North America and they all had imperial goals of expanding their territory , authority , and influence ; however , they differed in that the British sought religious asylum in the New World , while the French and Spanish sought to convert and in that they all wanted to form different relationships with the indigenous population of North America . Posted by Dustin Messner at 11 : 08 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Newer Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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following Filter Assemblys 0914 R1 0508 GSXR 1000 0914 GSXR 1000 0810 ZX10 1115 ZX10 We also have in stock the 0508 GSXR 1000 Oem Filter Assembly We will extend the 10 off on this as well 10 3 weeks ago Tel Tac II Tachometer The Tel Tac II Tachometer is a selfcontained digital tach with builtin memory recall Compact 318 x 318 size is easy to mount Extremely rugged construction allows it to perform in almost any racing environment Tel Tac II recals and displays the highest overall RPM for up to 3 weeks ago 2016 cbr1000rr motor kit 2800 miles price is 2500 plus shipping 717 319 6143 low milage wont last long 3 weeks ago Cashiers Check Scam Everyone be careful about anyone contacting you to buy you dwarf car or modlite by sending you a cashiers check Then telling you they want to send it for way more than you are asking to send to someone else to take care of the shipping Someone tried 3 weeks ago Chevette Steering Rack and spindles For Sale Stock Chevette racknever raced 125 plus shipping Stock Chevette spindles never raced 120 a set plus shipping Located in Southern California Message me if interested Thankslapper 1 month ago 0708 GSXR 1000 complete motor kit Engine comes as a complete car kit with 6850 miles Call or text 7406320608 for details and videos of it running 1 month ago FOR SALE 10 bolt toyota floter housing 400 I have a used 10 bolt Toyota floater housing for sale it came out of a MM car has all brackets short side was bent I sent it to MM and they had it repaired short side tube and end were replaced this was a spare that I 1 month ago 0708 GSXR 1000 complete motor kit Engine comes as a complete car kit with 9000 miles Call or text 7406320608 for details and videos of it running 1 month ago FOR SALE 2010 kawasaki zx10r motor engine kit low miles still in bike comes complete good compression 404260019nine 1800oo 1 month ago FOR SALE Complete sellout RRT 57 Modlite Sold Thanks 1 month ago Zx10 engine angle Does anybody have any pics of how they are mounting their engines and just how much angle can you put in it with the stock pan and not cause oil problems My car was built with a oil cooled gsxr but im upgrading to an 04 zx10 and 2 months ago 07 cbr 1000rr air filter Has anyone ever ran the Peter D itg air filter setup And if so did it work good and pics would be appreciated Also is there any other options out there Any nice homemade options and pics I could look at 2 months ago 07 car 1000th air filter Has anyone ever used the itg setup from Peter D and If so do you have any pics And what other options are there I havent found many 2 months ago Coupe chassis toyota housings Toyota 10 bolt housings wbrankets 1 43 1 39 175 each coupe nearly completed chassis wfront control arms and spindles 1500 located in WakarusaIn call Kim 574 536 4688 Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago hawk driveshaft adapterspinch clampsoverflow tanks Hawk Suzuki drive shaft adaptors 2 50 each pinch clamps 2 15 each Granatelli radiator overflow tank aluminum new 25 Jaz over flow tank 15 located in WakarusaIn call Kim 574 536 4688 Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago control armspro shocks lower control arms 2 25 each Pro Shocks 25 each sb62 3 sb63 sb64 sb52 2 sb53 sb531 located in WakarusaIn call Kim 574 536 4688 Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago steering wheelfuel pumpfuel regulatorgas tank cap whardw 11Dished steering wheel 25 E8016s fuel pump wbracket 10 fuel regulator 10 gastank cap whardware 30 located in WakarusaIn call Kim 574 536 4688 ATTA Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago F8G lectron pro carbs F8G Lectron Pro Carbs have 2 sets set with throttle cables attached 600 set with throttle cables unattached 400 located in WakarusaIn call Kim 574 536 4688 Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago Springs 10 springs 20 each Carrera 175 yellow 250 225 2 black 2502 275 8 blue coil 300 2 10 unknown located in WakarusaIn call kim 574 536 4688 Attached Thumbnails 2 months ago Older posts MidJune 2018 We are experimenting with new forum software it is expected 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http://dwidude.com/much-dwi-cost-texas/ | How Much Does A DWI cost in Texas ? By CaraJ October 9 , 2013 Austin Area DWI Attorney David P . Lamb Leave a comment So let โ s get to it : How much does a DWI cost in Texas ? DWI : You Ca n โ t Afford It ! I am sure you have seen that sign as you are driving along Texas highways . To be honest with you , most really ca n โ t afford it . Check out this list of expenses you can expect if you are charged with a DWI in Texas . Posting bail is the first expense you face after being arrested for a DWI in Texas . The are several factors that will determine the amount of your bail but it could range from several hundred to several thousand dollars , which will be returned to you minus the nonrefundable TX DWI fees if you appear as scheduled in court . Once you post bond , you will have to get a ride to pick up your vehicle and pay towing and impound fees to get your car back after a Texas DWI charge , which will likely cost a minimum additional fee of $ 100 to $ 300 just to get your car back . Upon conviction of a DWI in TX , you will pay a high fine , which can run from hundreds to thousands of dollars , including additional Texas DWI court costs or Ignition Interlock Device fees . The fines for a first time DWI offense in Texas is up to $ 2000 , and up to as high as $ 10,000 if there was a passenger younger than 15 years of age in the vehicle . The following information , itemizes the cost of a DWI involved in a first - time DWI offense conviction in Texas : TX DUI Attorney Costs ( estimated range ) $ 1,200 - $ 10,000 Criminal DWI Fines $ 600 - $ 11,500 Texas DWI Classes ( estimate ) $ 475 License Reinstatement Fee $ 100 Increased Insurance Rates ( estimate ) $ 900 Ignition Interlock Fees ( estimate ) $ 1 , 00 So to answer this question , the minimum First - Time Texas DWI Cost in Texas ( plus applicable taxes on some items ) is a whopping $ 12,675 ! Austin DWI Attorney , Sean Simpson , The DWI Dude , is ready to stand with you in court . Whether you are facing a DWI or other type of criminal charge , you can rest assured that we are experienced , knowledgeable and skilled to defend your rights , your freedom and your future . ACTUAL COST OF A DWI IN TEXAS MAY BE HIGHER * Other potential Texas DWI costs include property damage , loss of employment income and insured and uninsured medical costs . Texas fights driving under the influence offenses through some of the toughest laws , programs , and DWI costs in the country , including : โข License suspension โข High fines , fees , and costs for a DUI in TX if convicted โข Longer drivers license suspension periods โข Mandatory alcohol / DWI education classes and treatment program โข Vehicle impound fees โข Ignition Interlock Device program | [
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http://dwidude.com/secondary-costs-of-a-dwi-in-texas/ | Secondary Costs of a DWI in Texas Austin DWI lawyers and San Antonio DWI lawyers have long questioned the reasonableness of the tactics of the police when investigating and making DWI in Texas arrests , as well as the consequences of a conviction . This page will help you understand what the short - term and long - term consequences of a DWI in Texas really are . If you have been arrested in San Antonio or Austin , call us right now for a free , no obligation case evaluation ! The State of Texas brags that a first time DWI in Texas can cost you as much as $ 10,000 . A first time DWI in Texas is still a misdemeanor offense . Does it make sense that it should cost you $ 10,000 , but any other first time misdemeanor charge will cost you about $ 1,000 ? Of course not . Besides the money you pay for a , think about the secondary costs that the courts never tell you about : 1 . Increase in premium or denial of life insurance for several years . 2 . Increase in premium or denial of auto insurance for several years . 3 . Inability to pass security clearances . 4 . Disqualification from certain jobs . 5 . Denial of right to enter certain countries for life . 6 . Evidence of a DWI conviction will be used against you in a child custody or divorce case . 7 . Inability to obtain commercial or other driver โ s license for up to five years in some states . 8 . Inability to accept a job that requires driving a vehicle as part of the job description . 9 . Lower credit rating . 10 . Inability to receive certain government benefits and loans . 11 . Inability to conveniently get to and from work . These are just some of the secondary consequences of a DWI in Texas . If you have been arrested for a call our San Antonio DWI lawyers , or Austin DWI lawyers for free information about how to best protect yourself from the overly harsh consequences of a DWI conviction . You only have 15 days to protect your driver โ s license . Call right now ! | [
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http://dying.lovetoknow.com/native-american-death-rituals | Native American Death Rituals By Michele Meleen Counselor Source While each Native American tribe is unique in its death practices , there are some common beliefs about death and the burial process held by many tribes . Since Native Americans do not organize time through structured calendars , their bereavement practices often center on natural elements and seasons . Understanding traditional beliefs about death and burial rituals offers a way to preserve these cultures and respectfully help Native Americans dealing with death . General Native American Beliefs About Death Traditional Indian burials take significantly more time than typical American funerals . These families do n ' t like to rush the process which can take up to several days to complete . Autopsies are typically frowned upon in most occasions because Native Americans tend to discourage any contact with the deceased ' s body . Many believe the spirit will leave the body through rituals and ceremonies where family and tribe members must help it on its way . If the body is cut open in an autopsy , the spirit may not properly begin its journey after death . Sioux Practices Pat Janis , the Oglala Sioux Tribe ' s Burial Assistance Program Director , and medicine man Two Dogs share traditional and modern death rituals among the Sioux tribe in the Rapid City Journal . Generally , the Sioux believe it takes four days after burial for the spirit of the deceased to journey to its next resting place . They believe death is not an end of life , but the beginning of another journey for the spirit . Tree or Scaffold Burial Traditionally , the Sioux would place the body of the deceased in a tree or on the platform of a scaffold that stood about eight feet above the ground , and the remains stayed there for one year . The body was treated as if it still had life . The person was clothed in his or her best clothing and sewed into an animal skin . This bundle was placed on the scaffold along with the deceased ' s possessions and food items . After one year the body was buried in the ground . Combination of Christain and Native American Death Rituals Today , many Sioux practice both traditional and modern Christian death rituals . This process takes about two days where the family of the deceased holds wakes over both days in a large area . Wherever the wake takes place is also where the funeral takes place since they prefer not to move the body until the actual burial . The family of the deceased feeds everyone in attendance over the course of the two days and at least one family member has to stand by the body at all times . Source At the funeral , the Christian ceremony is usually performed . Afterward , a medicine man performs a more traditional ceremony with prayers , songs , and a drum group . After each ceremony , friends and family take turns paying their final respects to the deceased by giving him " spiritual foods " called wasna or pemmican to help the spirit on its travels . Gifts for the spirit , such as knives and shawls , are also placed in the casket before burial . Chippewa Rituals The Chippewa traditionally believe the spirt leaves the body after burial , not just after death , so they prefer immediate burials . They also subscribe to the belief that it takes a spirit four days after burial to reach happiness . This belief drives their ritual because family members see it as their duty to help the spirit move on as quickly as possible . Fires to Guide the Spirit A pow - wow is held at the deceased ' s home the night after the burial . Before dark , one person lights a fire at the head of the grave , and this fire is lit every night for four nights to help guide the spirit . Feasting and Disposing of Possessions At the end of the fourth day after burial , a medicine man presides over a feast and is responsible for giving away all the deceased ' s belongings . Each person who receives an item must give a new piece of clothing in return . All these new clothes are wrapped in a bundle and given , along with a dish , to the closest living relative . This person then hands out each article of new clothing to someone he or she finds worthy . Honorary Meals The deceased ' s loved one keeps the dish and carries it for one year to every meal he or she attends . It is filled with food to honor the deceased . Kiowa Practices According to Toby Blackstar , a Native American funeral director , the Kiowa believe in - ground burial is the only acceptable way to release a body after death . They believe the Creator birthed the body from the earth , so it must return to the earth through decomposition . For the Ponca Tribe , there is a fear of the deceased which drives their death rituals . They are afraid the dead will resent them and his ghost will haunt anyone with his possessions . So , the tribe burns all the deceased ' s possessions , even if they are valuable . Any remaining family members who shared a house with the deceased person then move into a new house . Navajo Rituals The Navajo also believe a spirit will come back if it is not buried in the correct manner . They do n ' t necessarily fear the return of the spirit for their own safety , but more because they want the spirit to go on . Due to this belief , the Navajo value dying outside the house so the spirit ca n ' t linger in the home . Once a person dies , the body must go through a traditional cleansing ritual as soon as possible . Two nude men covered in ash cleanse the body . Afterward , three family members wrap the body , load it on a new horse , and lead it as far north as they can . The family members then bury the body and conceal the grave . The horse is killed and buried too so it can help the spirit move on . Iroquois Practices As a general practice , these tribes buried their dead in graves and traditionally took a more vengeful approach to death . Decades ago , they practiced revenge through torture of the person responsible for a loved one ' s death , but these practices evolved into required payments of money rather than life . Taking a man ' s life cost ten strings of wampum and taking a woman ' s life cost twenty because she was valued for her ability to have children . Mourning Wars If a loved one was killed by a person from another tribe , the matriarch of that person ' s family could ask tribal warriors to take a prisoner from the tribe of the murderer . These mourning wars often involved a planned raid on another tribal village for that sole purpose . Once captured , the matriarch would choose whether the prisoner was adopted into her family or tortured based on her level of grief . If torture was chosen , all village members had to take part as a signal of ending the person ' s old life . The Iroquois valued strength in numbers , so the tortured prisoner would often get adopted into the tribe as a replacement for the person they lost . Condolence Ceremony At some point in history , these mourning war practices were replaced by the Condolence Ceremony , particularly for clan and tribal chiefs . During this ceremony , members of several tribes would come together to mourn the loss as a nation rather than just the deceased ' s family mourning a family member on their own . These sacred ceremonies have not been well documented because they are deeply personal to Iroquois tradition . What is known is that leaders of another tribe were charged with conducting the ceremonies which included recitations of actions individuals could take to grieve the loss and comforting words . A string of wampum is presented by all the nations as one for each specific recitation , which could vary by tribe and circumstance . Community Death Feast One modern practice by the Oneida Nation is the Community Death Feast . These annual feasts are held once each spring and once each fall to honor those who have died . Each person in the community brings a traditional food like corn mush , wild berries , wild rice , or venison to share with the whole group . One plate is filled with some of each shared dish and placed in a private are just before sunrise as a token for the dead . Traditions Meet the Modern Age for Native American Funerals While modern Native American death rituals today may look very different from those practiced hundreds of years ago , there are often some elements of the traditional beliefs still included in their practices . Many of these rituals and beliefs are n ' t well documented and are considered sacred , so they remain shrouded in mystery to outsiders as Native Americans continue to honor their dead . 20 Top Funeral Songs People Will Relate To Dying Celebrities 4 View comments | [
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http://dyingwords.net/who-really-killed-jonbenet-ramsey/ | WHO REALLY KILLED JONBENET RAMSEY ? 188 Replies On December 26 , 1996 , the beaten and strangled body of six - year - old JonBenet Ramsey was found hidden in the basement of her Boulder , Colorado , home . Immediately , police and media suspicion focused on her wealthy parents , John Bennet Ramsey and Patricia ( Patsy ) Ramsey , as being responsible . Now twenty years later the child beauty queen โ s cold case has little new to offer except for the recent suggestion that JonBenet never really died and that she โ s actually the current pop - star , Katy Perry . Setting stupid conspiracy theories aside , the fact remains that someone viciously slaughtered JonBenet . The little girl became a cultural obsession and the person or persons guilty of JonBenet โ s death were never prosecuted . Was it a lack of viable suspects ? Lack of admissible evidence ? A homicide investigation mishandled right from the start ? Or was it failure to properly decipher the murder mystery โ s most important clue โ the ransom note Here โ s a look at what the case facts tell us about who really killed JonBenet Ramsey . Patsy Ramsey claimed to have come downstairs to the kitchen at five o โ clock on Boxing Day morning and found a two - and - a - half page , hand - written ransom note on the landing of their secondary staircase . The author directed the letter at John Ramsey and claimed to represent a group of individuals from a foreign faction who were โ in possession โ of JonBenet . The note demanded a ransom of $ 118,000 be paid in certain bills or JonBenet would die . Boulder Police recorded Patsy Ramsey โ s report being phoned in at 5 : 51 am . Two patrol officers attended and took basic information but did not treat the Ramsey house as a crime scene . It was not secured , nor searched , and an unrecorded number of people had access to the residence until early afternoon when a detective took over and asked a family friend to assist John Ramsey to search the house for โ anything unusual โ . The recorded events are confusing but it โ s said John Ramsey located JonBenet โ s dead body in a far corner of a basement wine cellar , covered with her bedroom blanket . She had a ligature cord around her neck , her hands were bound above her head , and her mouth was sealed with duct tape . John Ramsey apparently removed the tape and carried the body up to the living room where it was laid in front of the Christmas tree . The police were called back and the case began being treated as a homicide . A forensic crime scene examination identified several points of unsecured ingress to the house but no sign of forced entry nor anything to clearly suggest an unauthorized intruder had been present . Prominent was the ligature or cord around JonBenet โ s neck that was tied to a wooden handle , described as a โ garrote โ . It was physically matched to a broken paint brush handle in Patsy โ s art room which was in the basement , near the wine cellar . Similar pieces of cord were also found in the home . As well , the pad which the note - paper originated from was located on the main floor , as was the pen used to write it The Ramsey parents were not formally interviewed , no statements were taken , and continuity of the note โ being a prime piece of evidence โ as well as its forensic treatment was questionably handled . The pathologist attended the residence at 6 pm and did a cursory examination of JonBenet โ s body before removing her to the morgue . She was dressed in a white nightie and white panties with white tights overtop . The panties and tights were soaked in urine . Postmortem changes were advanced with rigor mortis already passing and early decomposition presenting . Though the stages of mortis are not precise science for conclusively identifying the time of death , the body โ s physical condition suggested that JonBenet had been dead for a considerable time , estimated between 10 pm the previous evening and no later than 5 : 51 am when the police report was received . In pathologist John E . Meyer โ s words โ โ Far closer to 10 pm than to 5 am . โ JonBenet โ s autopsy determined her cause of death as โ asphyxia by strangulation associated with craniocerebral trauma โ and the medical diagnosis was : I . Ligature strangulation Circumferential ligature with associated ligature furrow of neck Abrasions and petechial hemorrhages , neck Petechial hemorrhages , conjunctival surfaces of eyes and skin of face II . Craniocerebral injuries Scalp contusion Linear comminuted fracture of right skull Linear pattern of contusions of right cerebral hemisphere Subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage Small contusions , tips of temporal lobes III . Abrasion of right cheek IV . Abrasion / contusion , posterior right shoulder V . Abrasions of lower left back and posterior left lower leg VI . Abrasion and vascular congestion of vaginal mucosa VII . Ligature of right wrist VIII . Toxicology Blood ethanol โ none detected Blood drug screen โ no drugs detected From reading this , it โ s clear JonBenet received a massive blow to the upper right of her head from contact with a blunt object , approximately an hour or more before deat h . This is supported by the contusion ( bruise , not a laceration or cut ) to her scalp , the linear fractures to her skull , and the subdural ( underlying ) hemorrhaging ( bleeding ) in her brain . This can not occur after death and the known pathology established a considerable time period elapsed between when the blow was administered and when the cardiovascular system stopped functioning . The pathologist opinioned that JonBenet was alive but unconscious for an hour , possibly an hour - and - a - half , before she was strangled It โ s also clear that ligature asphyxia ( strangling with the cord ) was her death โ s triggering mechanism and this is corroborated by the presence of petechial hemorrhages ( tiny bloodspots ) in her eyes and on her face . This is a classic symptom of mechanical strangulation and is peculiar to the airway being violently interrupted The presence of various abrasions and contusions are evident of physical violence being inflicted on JonBenet prior to death , as is the violation of her vaginal area . Her cheek abrasion is consistent with a slap to the face , her shoulder and legs marks are consistent with her still - alive body being roughly handled as if dragged , but caution must be taken in interpreting her vaginal injury as being consistent with sexual assault There was no presence of semen , however some blood spotting was noted in her underwear . Later forensic examination would identify a foreign pubic hair on her blanket and an unknown DNA sample on her underwear that was consistent with a male contributor . The police and district attorney โ s investigation focused on the improbability that a total stranger would break into the home , severely wound JonBenet , then kill her at least an hour later after packing her body from an upper bedroom and down two floors to the basement of a house in which three others were present โ all the while hanging around to write a lengthy note . From the start , Patsy Ramsey โ s behavior was suspect โ as was her husband โ s . Though there was no suggestion of previous child abuse in the home , it was well known Patsy Ramsey selfishly promoted her daughter like a trophy doll who she desperately wanted to shine in fame and fortune . As police and media attention centered on the Ramseys , they limited their contact with investigators and quickly โ lawyered - up โ until a controlled , counter - offensive in the media could be established . The evidence against the Ramseys was examined by a grand jury empaneled during a ten - month period in 1998 . The jury returned an indictment against John and Patsy Ramsey on charges of child abuse resulting in JonBenet โ s death but was quashed by the district attorney who felt there was no reasonable likelihood of conviction . The grand jury โ s findings were sealed and only released to the public in 2013 , seven years after Patsy Ramsay โ s death from cancer . To this day , the smoking gun in JonBenet โ s homicide is the alleged ransom note . If the note is legitimate , then it โ s a kidnapping that went sideways . If it โ s fraudulent , it โ s a murder staged to look like a kidnapping . Regardless , there โ s no doubt the note โ s author is responsible for killing JonBenet and it โ s within the note where the killer reveals their true identity . Let โ s look at it : The note needs to be examined in three ways . First โ was there any forensic evidence present to physically identify the author ? I ca n โ t imagine it not being fingerprinted nor examined for DNA , however I ca n โ t find any internet reference one way or the other and existing photos do n โ t show the normal discoloration associated with chemically checking for fingerprints on paper . Second โ what do forensic handwriting analysists say about the writer ? A number of document examiners have analyzed the note and have eliminated John Ramsey as well as fifty - three other subjects as the author . But , they can not rule Patsy Ramsay out as penning it . To be fair , no one conclusively states she was the writer but all agree the author intentionally attempted to disguise themselves . Third โ what does the science of statement analysis tell us ? It โ s here where the killer โ s identity is revealed . Let โ s look at the note again : * * * Mr . Ramsey Listen carefully ! We are a group of individuals that represent a small foreign faction We don respect your bussiness but not the country that it serves . At this time we have your daughter in our posessio n . She is safe and unharmed and if you want her to see 1997 , you must follow our instructions to the letter . You will withdraw $ 118 , 000.00 from your account . $ 1 00 , 000 will be in $ 1 00 bills and the remaining $ 18 , 000 in $ 20 bills . Make sure that you bring an adequate size attache to the bank . When you get home you will put the money in a brown paper bag . I will call you between 8 and 0 am tomorrow to instruct you on delivery . The delivery will be exhausting so I advise you to be rested . If we monitor you getting the money early , might call you early to arrange an earlier delivery of the money and hence a earlier delivery pick - up of your daughter . Any deviation of my instructions will result in the immediate execution of your daughter . You will also be denied her remains for proper burial . The two gentlemen watching ove r your daughter do not particularly like you so I advise you not to provoke them . Speaking to anyone about your situation , such as Police , F.B.I. , etc . , will result in your daughter being beheaded . If we catch you talking to a stray dog she dies . If you alert bank authorities , she dies . If the money is in any way marked or tampered with , . You will be scanned for electronic devices and if any are found , . You can try to deceive us but be warned that are familiar with Law enforcement countermeasures and tactics . You stand a 99 % chance of killing your daughter if you try to out smart us . Follow instructions and you stand a 100 % chance of getting her back . You and your family are under constant scrutiny as well as the authorities . Do n โ t try to grow a brain John . You are not the only fat cat around so do n โ t think that killing will be difficult . Do n โ t underestimate us John . Use that good southern common sense of yours . It is up to you now John ! Victory ! S.B.T.C * * * The first thing that comes to my mind when reading the note is that it โ s nonsense . It โ s complete and utter bullshit and here โ s why : It โ s very long with a lot of unnecessary , redundant information . It โ s written on three pieces of paper which took a considerable amount of time to compose . True ransom notes are exceptionally rare and all are short and to the point : โ We have your daughter ! We will kill her if you do n โ t give us X - amount of money by __ ! . Wait for instructions ! ! DO NOT call the police or she dies ! ! ! The writer introduces themself as representing a โ group of individuals from a small foreign faction โ . Foreign ? Faction ? Who calls themselves a foreign faction Patsy had been up an hour before calling police The writer states to not respect Ramsey โ s business , but not his country then changes the message by striking out โ do n โ t โ to reflect a friendlier tone . The asking sum of $ 118,000.00 is a bizarre number . Some examiners equate it to a similar salary bonus amount John Ramsey recently collected but how would a foreigner know if it โ s even in his bank account never mind how much ? Calling โ tomorrow between 8 and 10 am โ indicates the note was written before midnight on December 25 th โ The delivery will be exhausting so I advise you to be well rested โ indicates someone thinking about a lack of sleep before the event is exposed . And hence โ is a unique phrase that โ s rarely used except in very formal correspondence or in biblical phrases There are obvious misspellings in common words like โ possession โ and โ business โ while more easily erred words such as โ adequate โ , โ attache ( with the accent ) โ , โ deceive โ , โ deviation โ , and โ scrutiny โ . Otherwise , the writer uses proper punctuation , grammar , and sentence structure which indicates an attempt at disguise by a person with a fair degree of education The use of exclamation points in only the opening and closing is not realistic of a desperate person โ s threat . You โ d expect emphasis being put on the instructions to get money and threats to retaliate . Beheaded โ and โ stray do g โ indicate a feint towards some sort of middle - eastern ethnic decoy . Proper burial โ is indicative of someone who knew what JonBenet โ s final disposal would be . Burial was the accepted practice in the Ramsays โ religious faith , rather than cremation . The phrase โ two gentlemen watching ove r โ stands right out . โ Gentlemen โ being a term used in a ransom note ? Totally unrealistic . And โ watching over โ is another term like โ and hence โ where it does n โ t remotely resemble normal speech , rather it reflects a biblical overtone where โ God watches over โ . I advise you not to provoke them I advise you to be rested โ are passive statements and reflect a feminine touch Four times the writer uses the phrase โ . โ If JonBenet was still alive when the note was written , the author would likely use the term โ she will die โ . This indicates the writer knew JonBenet was already dead The note โ s address changes from โ Mr . Ramsey โ being used once to โ โ being repeated three times . This is far too familiar for an unknown kidnapper and strongly indicates the writer knew John Ramsey personally The closing terms โ Victory ! S.B.T.C appear cryptic and of some personal , religious significance to the writer . A principle behind the science of statement analysis is that truthful people rarely use synonyms . They remain consistent in language whereas deceitful people change language and weave in synonyms to distract . Another principle is that people expose their psychological profile in their writing So what does the JonBenet Ramsay note say about the author ? It โ s clearly a deceitful attempt to distort the facts , using unrealistic , bizarre , and unbelievable demands to shift attention from the reality of the situation . It โ s apparently written by a woman of higher education , with a religious background , familiar with John Ramsey , who ca n โ t bear to bring JonBenet โ s name into the equation , yet cryptically reveals a personal message It โ s written in characters that ca n โ t be eliminated from Patsy Ramsey โ s known handwriting and it was written with a Sharpie pen and foolscap paper found in her home โ the home in which JonBenet was murdered and who โ s body was stashed on the cold basement floor . Patsy Ramsey denied culpability until her death but denials are cheaper than a thrift store suit . A look at her psychological profile is telling . Patsy Ramsay was a beauty queen , herself โ crowned Miss West Virginia in 1977 . She graduated from university with a B.A. in journalism and was a devout member of the Episcopalian church and a wealthy socialite in her community . Perversely , she flaunted an air of modest integrity while flogging every chance to sexually exploit her six - year - old daughter in front of every pageant and camera she could find . Patsy Ramsey was an educate d articulate , and calculating woman . She was also very religious It โ s in the Bible where the key to the ransom note โ s lock is hidden The terms โ watching over โ are consistent with a religious mindset and they are known to be used in the Ramsey family Christmas message which Patsy wrote the year after JonBenet โ s death . The numeric figure โ 118 โ is highly revealing and it fits with a notable Bible passage recognized by the Episcopalian faith . It โ s found in Corinthians 1 : 1 8 For the word of the cross is to those who are perishing foolishness , but to us who are being saved it is the power of God . โ Significant are the note โ s closings โ โ โ . Victory is well established as a Christian slogan which refers to Christ โ s triumph by rising from the dead and symbolizing the triumph of good over evil and the forgiveness and everlasting salvation of a soul from sin . โ โ is the well - known acronym for โ Saved By The Cross The โ Victory โ reference is also revealed in Corinthians 15 : 51 - 57 . Behold , I tell you a mystery ; we shall not all sleep , but we shall all be changed , in a moment , in the twinkling of an eye , at the last trumpet ; for the trumpet will sound , and the dead will be raised imperishable , and we shall be changed . For this perishable must be put on the imperishable , and this mortal must be put on immortality โฆ then will come about the saying that is written โ DEATH IS SWALLOWED UP IN VICTORY . O DEATH , WHERE IS YOUR VICTORY sin , and the power of sin is the law ; but thanks be to God , who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ . In my opinion , a convincing case is made that Patsy Ramsay was the author of the ransom note and , therefore , the person who really killed JonBenet . It โ s also likely that John Ramsey had some knowledge and was covering up for his wife . He โ s already had a previous daughter die โ now a second โ and he could n โ t bear to lose the rest of the family . Only he will know . But this still leaves the question of why Patsy Ramsey killed her daughter ? What were the horrific circumstances that led to such a senseless , barbaric crime ? I think the best theory is offered by Steve Thomas who is the original Boulder detective who investigated the case and wrote the book โ JonBenet โ Inside The Ramsey Murder Investigation โ . Detective Thomas postulates that Patsy and John Ramsey returned to their home around 10 pm Christmas Day after a social event . Patsy checked on JonBenet and found she โ d been bed - wetting again . At the time , Patsy was already on emotional overload โ about to pop a breaker . She was under severe psychological stress with heavy socialite commitments seasonal depression struggling to face her fortieth birthday keeping the perfect face and โฆ who knows what all else With temper stretched , Patsy severely admonished JonBenet for the urinary mess and likely did an aggressive wiping simulation on her daughter โ s crotch , accounting for the โ abrasion and vascular congestion of vaginal mucosa โ . This escalated to a violent event where JonBenet โ s head was smashed into a hard , blunt surface such as a doorframe or piece of furniture which rendered her unconscious with a potentially lethal brain injury . Possibly thinking JonBenet was dead and probably panicking , Patsy went into damage control which may have involved John Ramsey at this point . It โ s inconceivable to think he did n โ t know or at least suspect something . Somewhere during the next hour to an hour - and - a - half , JonBenet was finished off with a garrote fashioned from available materials , her body was moved , and the stage was set to simulate a ritualistic killing . A plan was then devised to deceive the authorities by way of a concocted ransom note which contained a cryptic justification with some hope of divine reconciliation . But what โ s really evident to me โ why I truly believe both Patricia and John Ramsey were culpable in JonBenet โ s murder โ is the date on the inscription they jointly approved for the headstone on their daughter โ s grave . They knew she was dead before midnight . This entry was posted in Forensics Life & Death and tagged Accused Analysis Cause of Death cold case Criminal Forensic Investigation John Ramsey JonBenet Ramsay Killed mother Murder Murdered note Pathology Patricia Ramsey Patsy Ramsey ransom really Science solved statement strangle Suspect unsolved Unsolved Murders who on April 16 , 2016 โ TOP TWENTY - TWO TIPS FOR SELF - EDITING THE MAGIC BULLET IN THE JFK ASSASSINATION โ | [
"JONBENET RAMSEY",
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http://dynamiclearning.ae/ | Emotional Intelligence is blending rational and emotional thinking to make optimal decisions It forms the foundation for all our interventions and is an integral part of how we resolve people performance challenges We make EQ tangible We have enabling people to power growth down to a science Neuroscience and the study of behaviour We are a development coaching and change consultancy specialising in Emotional Intelligence EQ Emotional Intelligence is in each of us and is measurable in driving performance in four key outcome areas Emotions drive people people drive performance Based in Dubai we partner with clients and associates across the Middle East and beyond and have a global presence as the longeststanding Preferred Partner in the Six Seconds network Effectiveness Relationships Wellbeing Quality of Life Find out more about us What we do how we do it Using statisticallyvalidated sciencebased tools we measure performance at the individual team and organisational level Working in partnership with you we translate the data bringing it to life in the context of where you are now and where you want to go Next we create your unique solutions that are practical and measurable designed to enable performance nurture talent and lead positive change Here are the engines that power our solutions dynamic consulting diagnose partner dynamic development improve grow dynamic coaching acknowledge evolve dynamic tools measure apply of top performers are high in Emotional Intelligence TalentSmart of top managers find EQ more important for business than IQ Freedman 2014 What is EQ Emotional Intelligence is the ability to recognise your own emotions and those of others to discern between different feelings and label them appropriately to use emotional information to guide thinking and behaviour and to manage and adjust emotions to adapt to environments and achieve your goals Join our Events to find out more about EQ The World Economic Forum has identified EQ as the sixth top critical skill to have by 2020 We know its number ONE Everything comes to life through language In challenging situations simply naming feelings calms our brains reactions and helps us feel better and think more clearly It turns out that naming emotions reduces the emotional reaction in the amygdala the part of the brain responsible for fightflightfreeze reactions Our Clients Our Vision To enable people to power growth through Emotional Intelligence Our Mission To contextualise behaviourial data and craft practical solutions in developing emotional awareness through intentional choice | [
"Emotional Intelligence"
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http://e.hormone.tulane.edu/learning/types-of-hormones.html | Endocrine Disruption Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals The Hormones Androgens Corticoids Estrogens Progestins Thyroid Actions Docking : Receptor Binding Delivery : Transport Proteins Disposal : Metabolic Changes Dynamics : Interactions Wildlife Effects Human Effects Sources Phytoestrogens Gathering Evidence What Does ED Mean ? Endocrine System Hormone Glands Target Cells Types of Hormones Feedback Loops Glossary Endocrine System : Types of Hormones Signaling Near and Far Chemical Structures Water vs Fat Solulable Hormones are molecules that carry instructions from more than a dozen endocrine glands and tissues to cells all over the body . Humans have about 50 different known hormones , which vary in their structure , action and response . They control a variety of biological processes including muscle growth , heart rate , menstrual cycles and hunger . Hormones travel throughout the body , either in the blood stream or in the fluid around cells , looking for target cells . Once hormones find a target cell , they bind with specific protein receptors inside or on the surface of the cell and specifically change the cell ' s activities . The protein receptor reads the hormone ' s message and carries out the instructions by either influencing gene expression or altering cellular protein activity . These actions produce a variety of rapid responses and long - term effects . Hormones vary in their range of targets . Some types of hormones can bind with compatible receptors found in many different cells all over the body . Other hormones are more specific , targeting only one or a few tissues . For example , estrogens , the female sex hormones , can regulate function by binding to special estrogen receptor sites in uterine , breast and bone cells . In addition , the same cell can act as a target cell for many different regulatory molecules . For instance , the same uterine , breast and bone cells that accept estrogens , also contain progesterone , androgen , glucocorticoid , vitamin D and vitamin A receptors . Signaling Near and Far Hormones are classified ( separated into groups ) according to how they travel in the body and their chemical structure . Endocrine and neurosecretory signals : The long - distance travelers CAPTION : As shown above , hormones released into the bloodstream from endocrine gland cells and special cells in the hypothalamus ( neurosecretory cells ) travel throughout the body looking for target cells . These hormones are similar to a television signal in that they are broadcast everywhere but can only be picked up and read by a cell with the right hormone receptor or antenna . CREDIT : Tulane / Xavier Center for Bioenvironmental Research Paracrine , autocrine and synaptic signals : The local targeters Paracrine , autocrine and synaptic are three types of local hormone signaling . In paracrine signaling , hormones are released into the fluid between cells ( the interstitial fluid ) and diffuse to nearby target cells . Hormones that influence secretions or other processes on the same cells that released them are said to be autocrine signalers . The more specialized synaptic signaling occurs between neurons ( the nerve cells that make up the nervous system ) and between neurons and muscle cells , allowing nerve cells to talk to each other and to muscles . back to top Chemical Structures Hormones are also grouped according to chemical structure . Structures dictate if the hormone prefers to be surrounded by water or fat ( water or fat soluble ) , which determines : if the hormone travels in the blood alone or attached to a protein if the hormone will bind to receptor sites outside or inside of the target cell ( fat soluble can bind both whereas water soluble hormones usually bind on the outside ) and how the hormone is broken down ( metabolized ) . Three general structures are known . Steroid hormones are fat - soluble molecules made from cholesterol . Among these are the three major sex hormones groups : estrogens , androgens and progesterones . Males and females make all three , just in different amounts . Steroids pass into a cell ' s nucleus , bind to specific receptors and genes and trigger the cell to make proteins . Amino acid derivatives , such as epinephrine , are water - soluble molecules derived from amino acids ( the building blocks of protein ) . These hormones are stored in endocrine cells until needed . They act by binding to protein receptors on the outside surface of the cell . The binding alerts a second messenger molecule inside the cell that activates enzymes and other cellular proteins or influences gene expression . Insulin , growth hormone , prolactin and other water - soluble polypeptide hormones consist of long chains of amino acids , from several to 200 amino acids long . They are stored in endocrine cells until needed to regulate such processes as metabolism , lactation , growth and reproduction . back to top Water vs . Fat Soluble Most water - soluble hormones , like the amino acid derivatives and peptides , can travel freely in the blood because they " like " water . However , they are repelled by lipid or fatty structures such as the membranes that surround the cell and nucleus . Because of this , these hormones generally bind to receptor sites on the outside of the cell and signal from there . Fat - soluble hormones , like the sex hormone steroids estrogens and androgens , are fat soluble and water repellent . That is , they " like " lipid or fatty structures such as those surrounding cells but are generally repelled by watery areas . Steroids generally travel to their target cells attached to a special carrier protein that " likes " water ( such as , sex steroid hormone binding globulin and serum albumin ) . The hormones detach before passing into the cell where they bind to receptors . To get a better picture of this , think of oil and water . The two do n ' t mix and separate into distinct layers . In this case , the amino acid derived and peptide hormones would prefer to be in the water layer , and the steroid hormones would prefer to be in the oil layer . Special carrier proteins that are comfortable in both oil and water can escort the peptide and amino acid derived molecules into the oil , and the steroid molecules into the water . | [
"Hormones",
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http://e360.yale.edu/feature/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change/2892/ | How Can We Make People Care About Climate Change ? Norwegian psychologist Per Espen Stoknes has studied why so many people have remained unconcerned about climate change . In a Yale Environment 360 interview , he talks about the psychological barriers to public action on climate and how to overcome them . By Richard Schiffman July 9 , 2015 Per Espen Stoknes , a Norwegian psychologist and economist , has been doing a lot of thinking about a question that has bedeviled climate scientists for years : Why have humans so far failed to deal with the looming threat posed by climate change ? That question is the focus of his recent book , What We Think About When We Try Not To Think About Global Warming , in which he analyzes what he calls the five psychological barriers that have made it difficult to deal realistically with the climate crisis . Those include : the distant nature of the problem ( it โ s far off in time and often in other parts of the globe ) ; the doom - and - gloom scenarios about the impacts of climate change , which make people feel powerless to do anything about it ; and the psychological defenses that people have to avoid feeling guilty about their own contributions to fossil fuel emissions . Per Espen Stoknes In an interview with Yale Environment 360 , Stoknes โ who co - founded three clean energy companies and helps lead the BI Center for Climate Strategy at the Norwegian Business School โ talks about these barriers and about how the discussion of climate change needs to be reframed . โ We need a new kind of stories , โ he says , โ stories that tell us that nature is resilient and can rebound and get back to a healthier state , if we give it a chance to do so . โ Yale Environment 360 : Scientists and journalists have been warning us for years about climate change . But you say the message is not getting across . Why not ? Per Espen Stoknes : My work starts with what I call the psychological climate paradox . Long - term surveys show that people were more concerned with climate change in wealthy democracies 25 years ago than they are today . So the more science , the more Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) assessments we have , the more the evidence accumulates , the less concerned the public is . To the rational mind this is a complete mystery . e360 : You โ re suggesting that the initial impact of news about climate change actually moved the meter a bit , but after the initial alarm the meter went back to the default position , and people became unconcerned again ? Stoknes : Absolutely . In the late 1980s this was a novel scare , we had n โ t heard much about it before . [ Scientist ] Jim Hansen really broke the story in the international news media in 1988 . At that point there was a wave of environmental concern . The earth came to seem fragile in a new way . But as this news was out there for longer , we started habituating to it . And when it began to be clear that our own lifestyle was responsible for these new threats , then several psychological barriers โ The question that drives me is : Is humanity up to the task , or are we inevitably short - term thinkers ? โ e360 : Why did you write this book ? Stoknes : It gradually became clear that the time has come when we need to shift from talking about the climate system to talking about people โ s responses to climate science . How can it be that we are behaving in such a self - destructive way , that we are seemingly inevitably pushing the planet way beyond the 2 - degree [ Celsius ] limit that scientists have proposed [ for avoiding dangerous climate change ] ? Climate scientists have been trying to educate us on this for so long that they are frustrated and exhausted and feeling exasperated . Some have become cynical saying that it seems as if humans are wired to self - destruct , maybe our genes are n โ t well equipped to deal with these long - term issues . It seems we prefer to eat all our cake today and not care about the coming decades . Is there any way around this inability to think in the long term ? The question that really drives me and that fuels my research is : Is humanity up to the task , or are we inevitably short - term thinkers ? Or to put it a bit more constructively , what are the conditions under which humans will begin to think and act for the long term as far as the climate is concerned ? Is it possible to pinpoint the mechanisms or functions in the human psyche that would enable us to act for the long term ? And if so , what are they and how can they be strengthened Is the rejection of climate science a global phenomenon ? We need to be clear that this is a cultural phenomenon . Because in countries like Thailand and the Philippines , or in Latin America and countries in Southern Europe , the concern about climate change is very high . So it is an issue that particularly pertains to people in wealthy democracies . It is much more difficult for somebody in Bangladesh who is acutely vulnerable , who lives on the coast , to say that sea level rise is not happening , because they are actually experiencing it . If a drought takes away a farmer โ s It is much more difficult to allow that cultural psychology to interfere when you are face - to - face with a failed monsoon or a drought , and your seeds are lost . Why is it so hard for people in the developed world to come to terms with climate change ? There are five main psychological barriers : distance , doom , dissonance , denial , and identity . This is what the book is about . And the reason climate science communication is so difficult is that it triggers these barriers one after the other . โ If you overuse fear - inducing imagery , what you get is fear and guilt , and this makes people more passive . โ The first barrier is distance . If you look at the IPPC report or other science , they are using graphs charting different variables which typically end with the year 2100 . So you are positioning the facts in a way that creates a psychological distance โ it is so far in the future that it feels less important , and the sense of urgency goes down . I mean , when is the last time you made a decision for the next century ? People think this is far off โ it is not here and now , it โ s also up there in the Arctic or Antarctica , it affects other people , not me , I โ ll be old before this really happens , other people are responsible , not me . We distance ourselves from it in so many ways that the pure facts are not sufficient to generate a sustained sense of risk . Another factor that discourages people from dealing with climate change is the fact that it is so often presented as a doom - and - gloom scenario . Studies show that more than 80 percent of news articles relating to the IPPC assessment reports primarily employed the catastrophe frame . Only 2 percent were using what I call the opportunity frame . What we know from psychological studies is that if you overuse fear - inducing imagery , what you get is fear and guilt in people , and this makes people more passive , which counteracts engagement . This includes creativity as well . If you give people a guilt or fear - inducing message and then ask them to solve a problem that requires creative thought , there is a statistically significant reduction in the amount of creativity that people come up with to formulate solutions . Another of the barriers you cite is dissonance . What do you mean by that ? Dissonance is the inner discomfort when I feel like a hypocrite โ when my knowledge of climate change is not matched by my actions to stop it . We know that our fossil energy use contributes to global warming , yet we continue to drive , fly , eat beef , or heat with fossil fuels , then dissonance sets in . Psychologists have found that people are pretty creative in finding ways to defuse this tension between thoughts and deeds . One strategy to deal with this might be to say , โ Well , I do n โ t personally emit that much carbon , it โ s the Chinese , the corporations or somebody else who does that . It โ s my neighbor with the big SUV , or my friend who flies more than I do . โ Another strategy is to doubt . So we say that it is really not certain that C02 causes global โ Those who reject climate change are getting back at those who criticize their lifestyles . โ We can understand why the fossil fuel industry might have an economic interest to spread such ideas , but why do people want to believe this misinformation ? If I can believe the doubters , then my dissonance goes away . I do n โ t need to feel bad about myself . That โ s where denial fits in ? Yes . The next level is the full out denial , where we negate , ignore , or otherwise avoid acknowledging the unsettling facts about climate change . The word denial has perhaps been overused as a pejorative against the other side who are [ portrayed as ] immoral , or ignorant , or the enemy . But psychological denial is a process that we all have and use . It is a way that we defend ourselves . Those who reject climate change are getting back at those who criticize their lifestyles , and want to tell them how to live . So when Ted Cruz or Marco Rubio talk about climate change , they are not necessarily stupid or ignorant or immoral , but they are reinforcing a social contract that says this is an issue that we are not supposed to take seriously . This ties into our sense of identity . Each of us has a sense of self that is based in certain values โ a professional self , a political self , a national identity . We just naturally look for information that confirms our existing values and notions , and filter away whatever challenges them . Psychologists know that if you criticize people to try to make them change , it may only reinforce their resistance . This has been empirically demonstrated by Dan Kahan at Yale , who found that the more science conservative ideologues know , the more likely they were to get it wrong on climate change . They use all they know about science to criticize climate science and defend their values . ALSO FROM YALE e360 Finding a Better Message on The Risks of Climate Change To overcome polarization on the issue of climate change , Yale professor Dan Kahan says in an interview with e360 , scientists and the media need to frame the science in ways that will resonate with the public . A message that makes people feel threatened , he says , simply will not be effective . READ MORE So what are your recommendations in terms of how we need to reframe the discussion of climate change to be more effective in reaching people ? We need a new kind of stories , stories that tell us that nature is resilient and can rebound and get back to a healthier state , if we give it a chance to do so . We need stories that tell us that we can collaborate with nature , that we can , as Pope Francis has urged , be stewards and partners of the natural world rather than dominators of it . We need stories about a new kind of happiness not based on material consumption . Since we have a pretty good understanding of the barriers , that is a good place to start . We need to flip the barriers over so they become successful strategies . Rather than something distant , communicators need to make climate change feel like something that is near , personal , and urgent . Rather than doom , we need to emphasize the opportunities that the crisis affords us . Climate change is an opportunity for economic development โ an entire energy system has to be redesigned from the wastefulness of the previous century to a much smarter mode of doing things . It โ s a great opportunity to improve global collaboration and knowledge sharing and to create a more just society . So climate change is a fantastic opportunity to encourage our global humanity to emerge . We need to be talking about this . Richard Schiffman reports on the environment and health for a variety of publications that include The New York Times Scientific American , the Atlantic and . His latest book is a collection of nature - inspired poems entitled " What the Dust Does n ' t Know . " More โ Topics Climate Climate Change Skepticism Regions Asia Join the conversation : How Can We Make People Care About Climate Change ? Show comments โ Never miss a feature ! Sign up for the E360 Newsletter โ | [
"People Care",
"Climate Change",
"psychological barriers"
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http://e3living.com/pages/no-parent-page/cost-calculator.html | Cost Calculator Use our handy calculator for an indepth analysis of how much you , or your company can save by switching to long - lasting , energy - efficient and mercury - free LED lighting . For questions about calculator please view our definition guidelines page . CURRENT LED BULB Lamp Life Lamp Cost $ $ Ballast Cost Lamp Wattage Ballast Wattage ( typically 10 % of lamp ) Total Power Consumption Daily Operating Hours Labor Rate ( Ballast ) Labor Rate ( Lamp ) kW Cost ( cents ) Number of Lamps Total Cost ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS Lamps & Ballast Labor ( Lamps & Ballast ) Electricity TOTAL EACH BULB TOTAL SYSTEM ESTIMATED SAVINGS FOR LED LAMPS For Each Bulb For Entire System Annual Savings Simple Paybacks / Years Return on Investment Energy Cost Saving Over Life Total Savings Over Life Annual Energy Savings kWh Annual Carbon Footprint Savings / LBS Save As PDF Print Page Reset Project Name : Distributor Name : Cancel = Per DOE US Avg . ( actual varies by state ) | [
"COST CALCULATOR",
"ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS"
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http://eaglenest.blogs.wm.edu/2011/03/05/incubation-brood-patch/ | CCB Eagle Nest Blog Posted by : rlukei | 2011 / 03 / 05 Incubation ( Brood ) Patch Today March 5 at Norfolk Botanical Garden photographer Shelly Fowler captured an outstanding image of the incubation patch โ also known as the brood patch โ on the female bald eagle . So just what is the brood patch and do all birds develop one during the breeding season ? No โ not all birds develop a brood patch . Some birds like the blue - footed booby use their feet in place of a brood patch . Some birds like gulls and plovers have three brood patches , and other birds like pelicans and cormorants do not have an The incubation patch begins to develop on the breast or abdomen shortly before the female lays her eggs through hormonal changes that cause the feathers that cover that area to fall out on their own . That leaves a wrinkled patch of bare skin that blood vessels fill with warm blood . When we see the female or male โ wiggle โ as they settle upon the eggs , they are spreading that bare patch over the eggs to keep them warm . We should begin to see eaglets in about a week . I have spent time this week reviewing production records from the annual bald eagle surveys taken in Virginia by The Center for Conservation Biology . Only one other pair of Virginia bald eagles โ in Prince George County ( nest PG0602 ) โ has consistantly produced three eggs like this pair at Norfolk Botanical Garden ! ! We have really been priveleged viewers . Copywrited photograph used with permission of Shelly Fowler . Categories : At the nest Eagle Nest Blog What Size are Bald Eagle Eggs ? First Eaglet of the 2011 Season Responses Wonderful photo ! It has been so interesting to follow these eagles and their nest . We have a nest in our area , but it is so far away , getting photos is difficult . By : mary on 2011 / 03 / 06 at 9 : 02 am Thank you so much for the teaching comments Reese . Thank you Shelly for the fabulous picture . After Three years of watching this is the first I have seen or heard of the brood patch . Wonderful ! ! By : babetteanne on 2011 / 03 / 06 at 10 : 26 am Reese , thanks for the great info on the brood patch . I did n โ t realize the process of the incubation patch ! Shelly at 12 : 49 pm TV watching has gone by the wayside . I spend a lot of time watching this and am learning new things about eagles every day . Love it ! Marylyn Sidle at 2 : 51 pm Thanks for the info Reese . With Shelly โ s picture and your explanation , is it very clear now . One question though . Does the male eagle go through hormonal changes too or is the process of his brood patch different than the female . Response โ Hormonal change for both . Violet at 4 : 47 pm The Beauty Of God Creation . What a Gift to of been able to have seen this much so far , Thank you so much . I โ m forever Greatful . Katie on 2011 / 03 / 09 at 4 : 49 pm OK Reese โฆ . today is the 10th . . what day do you expect to see the first hatch ? Response โ Based on their past performance โ the 12th or 13th . sheribeari on 2011 / 03 / 10 at 6 : 16 am absolutely magnificent phot and creature Linda on 2011 / 03 / 10 at 11 : 11 am I have a nesting pair of bald eagles 200 ft from my mailbox ! ! This is a first in Mt . Pleasant , Tx โฆ and the community and game warden are so thrilled . Last year โ s chicks died of a freak hailstorm โฆ but 2 eaglets are wobbling around this year ! Response โ Lucky you . Wishing better success in 2011 . Beverly at 3 : 57 pm Great shot sis and interesting article Georgeanne at 7 : 19 pm Love the teaching you do as well as just enjoying the Eagles . The next 80 days will see dust bunnies at my home , whie I watch the antics of the young . london on 2011 / 03 / 13 at 3 : 08 pm Categories At the nest Banding Biology Blog Info Camera Info Eagle Nest Blog Eagle Tracking Food / Feeding History Migration bird watching Uncategorized Support Conservation Join CCB on Facebook The Center for Conservation Biology Promote Your Page Too Blogroll Adopt a bald eagle Black Rail Working Group CCB on Facebook EagleTrak blog EagleTrak Gallery Garden of Eagles 2011 calendar VaEagles Nest Locator VaFalcons WVEC Nestcam at NBG EagleTrak blog New Web Site July 16 , 2014 Grace Beginning to Expand Her Range July 14 Camellia Visiting Shillelagh Rd โ Chesapeake 7 / 14 Browse Browse by Category Browse by Category Pages about CCB about Eagle Nest blog March 2011 S M T W T F S ยซ Feb Apr ยป 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Archives Archives Meta Register Log in Entries RSS Comments RSS WordPress . org | [
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http://eaninquiry1.weebly.com/how-do-frequencies-affect-pitch.html | Home What Are Acoustics ? How Are Sound Waves Created ? How is a Sound Loud or Soft ? How Do Frequencies Affect Pitch ? How is Sound Recorded ? Why Does Singing Sound Better In the Shower ? Can Sounds Trigger Memory ? How Do Frequencies Affect Pitch ? A frequency is how frequent sound waves pass a certain point in a second . Pitch is how high or low we hear a sound to be . If the frequency is higher , the pitch is higher . The unit of frequency is hertz . Ghz , or gigahertz , also can be used to measure frequencies . We can hear all the way up to 20,000 hertz ! To conclude , the higher the frequency , the higher the pitch . The lower the frequency , the lower the pitch . | [
"Sound Waves",
"Acoustics",
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http://earjecosystem.weebly.com/toucan-food-chain.html | Home Ecosystems Animals of EARJ Plants of EARJ EXTRAS Channel Billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus ) Classification Curiosities Food Chain Reproduction Fun Links Bibliography The C hannel - billed Toucan ' s diet consists of : Fruits such as tangerines - Citrus tangeria Seeds such as jackfruit seeds - Artocarpus heterophyllus Insects such as dubia cockroaches - Blaptica dubia Other common fruit sources are mangos ( Mangifera indica ) and bananas Musa balbisiana The channel billed toucan is an omnivorous heterotroph . An example of a food chain which can be seen in our school ' s ecosystem is shown below : Tangerine ( Citrus reticulate ) consumed by the Dubia Cockroach ( Blaptica dubia ) which is consumed by the Channel Billed Toucan ( Ramphastos vitellinus ariel ) . A predator of the Channel Billed Toucan is the Capuchin Monkey ( Cebus Apella ) The Capuchin Monkey can eat the eggs of the Channel Billed Toucans , but has been known to try to eat live toucans as well . A Food Chain Including The Channel Billed Toucan . In this food chain , the Channel Billed Toucan is the Secondary Consumer on the Third Trophic Level . | [
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"Citrus tangeria"
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http://earlyaviators.com/emacread.htm | John Macready Courtesy of Sally Macready Wallace NATIONAL AVIATION HALL OF FAME You will find a very comprehensive biography of John on the National Aviation Hall of Fame site . To access that page , click on the title above . You will find yourself on the homepage of the site . Next , click on " Enshrinees List " , which you will find on the left side of the secreen . You will then find a complete list of the enshrinees is displayed . Scroll down to " Macready , John " and click on it . That will open his page and you can read his story . Use your " BACK " button to return to this site . FIRST CROP DUSTING , AUGUST 31 , 1921 This was the first successful demonstration of crop dusting in the United States . The plane was piloted by John Macready . A six acre Catalpa grove in Troy , Ohio , had been infested by the Sphinx moth . Text & photo courtesy of Sally Macready Wallace John A . Macready in the Packard LePere LUSAC Courtesy of Sally Macready Wallace TURBOCHARGER TESTING , 1917 - 1923 John joined the Army in 1917 and was assigned to high altitude testing of turbochargers . For a complete story of this phase of his career , which is detailed on the webpage of the USAF Museum , click on : Macready Photo copy of barograph printout of John Macready ' s flight to 40,800 ' in open cockpit Lusac 11 , Lepere biplane , 9 / 28 / 21 FIRST NON - STOP FLIGHT ACROSS THE U.S. , MAY 2 , 3 , 1923 United States Army Air Service Fokker T - 2 flown by Lieutenant John A . Macready and Lieutenant Oakley G . Kelly Courtesy of Roy Nagl Lt . John A . Macready & Lt . Oakley G . Kelly Library of Congress Collection , 9 - 14 - 07 Lt . Oakley G . Kelly & Lt . John A . Macready Library of Congress Collection , 9 - 18 - 10 Artist ' s rendering of T - 2 flying through thunder and lightning storms over central U.S . Photo of map of United States showing route of successful First Non Stop Flight Across the U.S. , May 2 , 3 1923 , John Macready and Oakley Kelly , pilots . Text and photo courtesy of Sally Macready Wallace For enlarged version , click on : Route Map PULITZER CUP RACE WORLD ' S GREAT SPEED CLASSIC November 3 , The 1921 race was to have been held in Detroit , but assurance that the army and navy flyers could be sent to take part was not forthcoming , it was said , and the plans were canceled . The Aero Club of Omaha , Neb . , then flew into the breach , and with financial aid of citizens arranged the International Air Congress with the Pulitzer race , Nov 3 , 1921 , as its chief attraction . There was a throng of spectators and a good field of contestants at the race in Omaha . The course was a 20 - mile triangle and the distance 150 miles . This time , Bert Acosta , a civilian , of the Aero Club of New York , won with a speed of 176 miles per hour , about four miles an hour below the winning rate of the year before , Second place went to another civilian , C . E . Coombs of New York , flying for S . E . J . Cox , wealthy Texas oil man . Lieut . John A . MacReady , co - holder of the record for the recent transcontinental flight , came in third . This From the ST . LOUIS POST - DISPATCH , Sunday , September , 1923 AVIATION HISTORY IS WELL SUMMARIZED in the three pilots shown above . In the cockpit is Col . Charles A . Lindbergh , conqueror of the Atlantic . Beside his plane , from left to right , are Brigadier General Gilmore , and Lieut . J . A . Macready , one time holder of the world ' s altitude , distance and endurance flight records and Orville Wright , co - inventor of the airplane Wright no longer flies . Macready quit the U . S . Air Service more than a year ago to enter industry as assistant chief engineer of Frigidaire Corporation . The above picture was taken at Dayton , Ohio , as Lindbergh was on his way to Washington to complete arrangements for his future activities . Text & Photo Courtesy of Sally Macready Wallace ONLINE RESOURCES Using the Google search engine using " John A . Macready " + aviation , ( 12 - 14 - 06 ) , you will find about 156 links . A good place to start is the website of the USAF Museum . It features a section called : USAF People To access the page devoted to John Macready , which has a brief biography illustrated with several great photographs , just click on : Macready First Transcontinental Flight , 1923 Lieutenants John A . Macready and Oakley G . Kelly took off from Long Island , New York , on May 2 , 1923 , and landed at Rockwell Field , San Diego , California , on May 3 , slightly more than 26 hours and 50 minutes later . They flew in a Fokker T - 2 which is on display at the National Air and Space Museum . The plane , along with a story of the flight , may be found on the website of the National Air and Space Museum by clicking on : First Flight WRIGHT 1911 MODIFIED " B " FLYER On the website of the USAF Museum , you will find the actual plane which was flown by Lt . Macready during the International Air Races at Dayton , OH . , in Oct . 1924 . To access the page , just click on : Wright Flyer Making Commercial Night Flying Safe By James A . Macready This is the first article Lieutenant Macready has written for publication since he left the Air Service to take a general ' s pay in industry , " wrote the Editor of the December 1926 issue of U . S . Air Services magazine . " He entered the electric refrigerator field last April and is now assistant chief engineer for Frigidaire Corporation . " I was alerted to this very interesting article by Larry Radka , the webmaster of his " RARE HISTORY " website . We are grateful to Larry for finding this obscure article by " James " A . Macready and for making it so readily available to our online community . You can access the page by clicking on the title above . ONLINE VIDEO CLIP The website of the Nevada Aerospace Hall of Fame offers a number of video clips of Hall of Fame inductees , including one of John Macready . You can enjoy the clip by clicking on : and scrolling down to the second entry . As time permits , I think you will enjoy viewing each of the other clips of Hall of Fame inductees , as well as many of the other features which are available on the homepage of the site . RECOMMENDED READING John Macready Aviation Pioneer by Sally Macready Wallace A celebration of the first non - stop transcontinental flight and the pioneer who made it happen . Sunflower University Press , Manhattan , Kansas John A . Macready died in 1979 . Editor ' s Note : If you have any information on this pioneer aviator please contact me . E - mail to Ralph Cooper Back | [
"JOHN A . MACREADY",
"FIRST CROP DUSTING",
"TURBOCHARGER TESTING"
] |
http://earlycuda.org/tech/vin.htm | VIN Decoding For 1964 1965 US Models First Digit Car Make 1Valiant slant6 Barracuda slant6 2Plymouth slant6 64 Dart slant6 65 3Plymouth V8 64 Belvedere slant6 65 4Dodge slant6 64 Coronet slant6 65 6Dodge V8 64 7Dart slant6 64 D Dodge 65 L Dart V8 R Belvedere V8 65 VValiant V8 Barracuda V8 W Coronet V8 65 Second Digit Series Number 1Valiant V100 Dart 170 Belvedere 1 64 Coronet Deluxe 65 330 65 Savoy 64 Polara 65 2Belvedere 64 440 64 Polara 65 3Valiant V200 Dart 270 Belvedere II 65 Coronet 440 65 Fury 65 Polara 64 4Valiant Signet Barracuda 64 Dart GT Satellite 65 Coronet 500 65 Sport Fury 65 5Valiant V100 wagon Dart 170 wagon Belvedere I 65 Coronet wagon 65 Savoy wagon 64 330 wagon 64 6Belvedere wagon 64 7 Valiant V200 wagon Dart 270 wagon Belvedere II wagon 65 Coronet 440 wagon 65 Fury wagon 64 8Barracuda 65 Belvedere Taxi 65 Coronet Taxi 65 9Belvedere Police 65 Coronet Police 65 0Belvedere Super Stock 65 Coronet Super Stock 65 Third DigitModel Year 41964 51965 Fourth DigitAssembly Plant 1Lynch Road Detroit MI 2 Dodge Main Hamtramck MI 3Jefferson Ave Detroit MI 4Belvidere IL 5Los Angeles CA 6 Newark DE 7St Louis MO 9 Windsor Ont Canada Fifth thru Tenth DigitsProduction Number Sequential Production number starting with 100001 VIN Decoding For 196667 US Models 1st DigitCar Make B Barracuda LDart RBelvedere Satellite VValiant WCoronet XCharger 2nd digitSeries number EBelvedere Fleet Coronet Fleet L Valiant 100 Dart 170 Belvedere I Coronet Deluxe HValiant 200 66 Valiant Signet Dart 270 Belvedere II Coronet 440 Barracuda 67 KBelvedere Police Coronet Police Belvedere II Super Stock 67 Coronet 440 Super Stock 67 PBarracuda 66 Dart GT Satellite Coronet 500 Charger SBelvedere GTX 67 Coronet RT 67 TBelvedere Taxi Coronet Taxi 3rd and 4thBody Style 212door sedan 232door coupe 27 2door convertible 292door sports coupe 414door sedan 454door station wagon 6pass 464door station wagon 9pass 5th digitEngine A170 1bbl slant6 B225 1bbl slant6 Cspecial order slant6 D273 2bbl V8 180hp D273 4bbl V8 235 or 275hp 67 E273 4bbl V8 235hp 67 E318 2bbl V8 230hp 66 F 318 2bbl V8 230hp 67 F361 2bbl V8 265hp 66 G383 2bbl V8 270hp 67 G383 4bbl V8 325hp 66 H383 4bbl V8 325hp 67 H426 2x4bbl V8 Hemi 425hp 66 J426 2x4bbl V8 Hemi 425hp 67 L440 4bbl 375hp 67 6th digitModel Year 61966 71967 7th digitAssembly Plant 1Lynch Road Detroit MI 2Dodge Main Hamtramck MI 3Jefferson Ave Detroit MI 4Belvidere IL 5Los Angeles CA 6Newark DE 7 St Louis MO 8 Export 9Windsor Ont Canada Eighth thru Thirteenth DigitsProduction Number Sequential Production number typically starting with 100001 Thanks to Club member Bob Harris for providing the following additional information to which he credits an original 1966 Chrysler Parts Catalog for the 1966 Passenger Car Chrysler part number 816900678 ValiantBarracudaDart models Abody cars were built at Hamtramck Los Angeles and St Louis plants Hamtramck was the only plant building the Valiant Signet convertible VH27 the Barracuda BP29 and the Dart convertible LH27and LP27 The Hamtramck plant built all Valiant Barracuda and Dart model types Los Angeles and St Louis built all but those three model types just mentioned All Hamtramck sequence numbers start at 500001 for theValiantBarracudaDart models only and the Los Angeles and St Louis plant sequence numbers start at 100001 as do all other passenger cars built at the Hamtramck plant Yes Canadian VIN information is different We plan to post that soon Sorry for the delay | [
"US Models",
"Car Make",
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http://earnmononline.blogspot.com/p/ad-posting.html | Earn By Posting Ads ! ! ! Hey PTC user stop clicking for $ 0.0005 and start earning a real money CAP Rewards is a unique website that pays you to post ads . It takes about 1 to 2 minutes to copy - paste an ad and click a few buttons . It โ s that simple . You also earn for every click on your ad , every sign - up , every sale and visit to your link . No experience is needed at all . If you can copy - paste a piece of text and follow simple steps , you can get some nice earnings out of this . I โ ll be posting a full You can Skip this and go to How To Post Ads section Now . Do you have 5 minutes a day ? That โ s really all it takes to earn with CAP Rewards . You copy and paste simple ads on websites and get paid for it . You Get Paid For โฆ - Posting ads ( $ 0.10 to $ 0.25 Per Ad ) - Referring affiliates - Get paid for every click on your Ads - Get paid for every sale Believe me it ' s way better then clicking on ads for $ 0.0005 . IMPORTANT UPDATE : Do NOT promote your Unique Link directly on Traffic Exchanges , Mailers and other high - traffic advertising platforms . In the CAP Rewards Terms Of Service you can read why . Just promote a splash page ( or a blog post ) with a link on it to your CAP Rewards Unique Link so that only interested people end up visiting your Unique Link ( You earn with every unique view ) . If you send too many people to your link that do not sign up , your conversion rate will be low and you will LOSE earnings from that period . It โ s always good to read the FAQ , Terms of Service and contact CAP How does CAP Rewards Works ? CAP Rewards is really easy for everyone . No technical knowledge or special marketing skills needed at all . Spend 5 minutes a day and you โ ll see your earnings grow . Start Earning With CAP Rewards : Sign Up for Free at CAPRewards - Choose a Plan ( Free or Upgraded ) - Copy Text Ads - Post the Text Ads on specific websites - Submit URL for post Ads - Get Paid for posting , clicks , signups , and sales ! Make Simple Money - You DO NOT need any previous experience . - You ONLY need 5 minutes a day to make money . - Post more ads and make more money . Simple ! - Work when it is convenient for you . - Basic internet browsing knowledge is enough to get you started . Top Reasons to join CAP Rewards . You DO NOT need a website of your own You DO NOT have to sell anything at all ! You need to carry products or inventory ! You โ ll NEVER have to deal with customers or follow up on leads ! You โ ll NEVER have to call or contact anyone at all ! Try Freelance Advertising If you do n โ t like posting ads , go for freelance advertising . You will still make money for everything except for posting ads . Posting 1 Ad takes takes about 1 - 2 minutes and can earn you $ 0.25 , so I highly recommend you post some ads every day , there โ s really no limit . If you do n โ t want to post ads , just grab your unique URL and promote it online . You can post it on social media , in your email signature , on your website , blog , articles , etc . How To Post Ads | [
"CAP Rewards"
] |
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/fishes/kinds/kinds_what.html | Intro What ' s a Fish ? Parts of a Fish Lifestyles Fish We Eat FAQ Home References Cited Glossaries What is a fish ? What is a fish ? The fish family tree Relatives - how do we know ? When ancestors separated Recognizing new fishes Fishes and us PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS What is YOUR definition of a fish ? Does your definition work for ALL fishes ? Can your friends think of exceptions ? The everyday concept of fishes tends to exclude more than a few . If scales , fins and gills were all required , catfishes , hagfishes and lungfishes would n ' t qualify . Taxonomically speaking , there is no official classification called " fishes " . Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming living things . Unique two - part names are assigned to each living and extinct species . The first part of the name is the genus and the second part is the specific epithet . For example , the scientific name for the Greenland Shark is Somniosus microcephalus and for the Pacific Sleeper Shark it is Somniosus pacificus . Like a last name shared by related family members , the genus name Somniosus is shared by related species . Other shared names above the level of genus are used to describe more inclusive groupings of related living things . Leafy seadragon Phycodurus eques Seadragons , seahorses and pipefishes first appeared 52 million years ago during the Eocene . [ 20 ] Specimen at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps . Photographer - Memorie Yasuda . DFL | ITIS | FB | EOL | TOL | IUCN | FW - NMFS To learn more : โข Exhibit : Birch Aquarium at Scripps โข Pygmy seahorses โข Fossil seahorses โข Kingdom of the seahorse , NOVA The basis of modern classification considers only lineage . Clues to this are found in physical similarities . Generations of research conducted by naturalists and scientists , particularly the study of fossils , shows that living things have become more varied with time . Rather than developing in a random way , plants and animals modify and build on what was there . New species are the result of incremental modification of inherited features over very long spans of time . Sorting out who - is - related - to - who in the previous generation is a complex and difficult task for someone who was not there to Newer imaging techniques , embryological studies and molecular ( DNA ) analyses made possible by rapid technological advances have resulted in a flurry of adjustments to the family tree of fishes . Nevertheless the basic framework of the tree that predates the digital revolution is still remarkably accurate . And even with modern technologies , murky branches of the family tree of fishes remain for future scientists to tackle . Ocean Sunfish or Common Sunfish Mola mola The currently accepted scientific name for the Ocean Sunfish is the name given by Linnaeus in 1758 , Mola mola . However the image above , from 1887 , refers to this fish as Mola rotunda , as defined by Cuvier in 1798 . Since . . . rather than the names changing over time , it is the definition of the name that changes . All the names continue to have meaning even if one is accepted in usage today . To be clear , scientists refer not only to the two - part name of a species , but to the definition they use , e.g . " , Cuvier , 1798 . DFL | ITIS FB EOL | TOL | IUCN | FW - NMFS To learn more : โข Exhibit : Source of image - " The Fisheries and Fisheries Industries of the United States " , NOAA . โข Synonyms of Original literature contains terms and concepts that were current for their time . For example the term " Pisces " is no longer as an official taxonomic group . If you think of the categories of classification as file folders and the types of animals as papers that belong in particular folders , the filing system has changed . Not only have the names of the folders changed , but the rationale for the order of the categories and who should be in each folder have changed also . Since it can be hard to keep up with all the name changes , we present the categories in a general way , so you can get a feel for how fishes are categorized today . For fish specialists , both the archaic ( outdated ) and new names are important to know in order to understand the meaning of historical documents regardless of when and where they were written . An older scientific observation written in another language using archaic terms does not invalidate a good observation . What is the taxonomic category that contains all fishes ? It is Craniata . The group name " Craniata " covers the section of the tree - of - life on Earth that begins with the earliest fishes . Those earliest fishes were ancestors of the modern hagfishes . Craniata is a group name at the level of subphylum in the Linnean system . You may be familiar with the seven main levels of the Linnean system - kingdom , phylum , , class , order , family , genus and species . The nearly universal use of the prefixes " sub " , " supra " and " infra " for each of the seven levels shows that forcing the categories of life into seven fixed steps is getting harder and harder to do . However , not all craniates are fishes . Craniates also include the tetrapods or four - limbed animals with legs , arms , or wings that eventually populated land . The descendants of fishes that moved to land came from the branch of fishes that includes lungfishes . The family tree of fishes show How do we know who ' s - related - to - whom ? show How do you recognize a new species of fish ? What fishes tell us about ourselves | [
"fish"
] |
http://earthjournalism.net/resources/acid-rain | Acid Rain By Earth Journalism Network 9 June 2016 Earth Journalism Network Global Water Industrial pollution Precipitation Acid rain Air Pollution Toolkit INTRODUCTION Acid rain when precipitation includes acidic compounds . This precipitation could include snow , fog or bits of dry material in the atmosphere which drift down to Earth . Acid rain is formed when chemicals such as sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) or nitrogen oxides ( NO x ) react with water in the atmosphere to form mild solutions of sulfuric or nitric acid . The acidity of solutions is measured on a logarithmic pH scale from 0 to 14 with 0 being most acidic and 14 being most alkaline and 7 as neutral . Distilled water is at 7 with normal rainwater naturally being from 5.3 to 6.0 . Any measurement below 5.3 is commonly considered to be acid rain . Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides can be produced either by human activity or by nature . Burning coal and oil and volcanic eruptions produce sulfur dioxide while the cars and lightning strikes produce nitric oxides . Acid rain has been linked to a number of harmful impacts on the natural environment and human activities . Soil โ Acid rain draws toxic metals such as aluminum out of the soil which then gets carried by rainwater to water sources . Some soils may be naturally better at neutralizing the acidity than others . This ability is known as the โ buffering capacity โ Forests and vegetation โ Acid rain damages trees and the increased aluminum in the soil inhibits the uptake of water . The decline of tree growth in Europe and North America has been linked to acid rain . Wildlife โ Acid rain is particularly harmful against aquatic life . Some life forms are more tolerant of acidity than others which has resulted in the โ jellifying โ of certain lakes of North America where small microorganisms thrive on the lack of competition and the acidity . Because ecosystems are interconnected , the effects of acid rain can be felt by many animals and the overall biodiversity of the area . Human Activities โ Acid rain can corrode and weather buildings , especially those constructed out of limestone . While acid rain itself is too dilute to cause serious health concerns , the dry depositions of the acid can cause serious respiratory issues such as lung cancer . Acid rain became a well - known problem in Western Europe and North America in the 1970s and 1980s , and this led to legislation to curtail the threat . Today , there are major new sources of acid rain such as Asia โ s industrial centers and major cities with growing numbers of cars . ALTERNATIVES / SOLUTIONS An early response to acid rain was to use taller chimneys at power stations , but this just meant the acid rain fell further away . The most effective solution is to reduce air pollution at its source . This can be done by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and by taking steps to stop pollutants from entering the atmosphere . One way to do this is by installing โ scrubbers โ in the chimneys of power stations and industrial facilities . Scrubbers use wet lime / limestone ( or a mixture of water and powdered limestone ) to remove sulfur before it reaches the outside air . Other approaches in the energy sector include using low - sulfur coal , converting coal to cleaner gas via gasification , or burning coal in the presence of calcium in limestone , which reacts with the sulfur in coal to produce a harmless waste product . Cars can be fitted with catalytic converters , which remove chemicals that cause acid rain from exhaust fumes . In areas where acid rain falls , limestone can be added to soils , lakes and rivers to reduce their acidity but this โ liming โ is an expensive , and only temporary fix . Some countries have used legislation to promote such solutions to acid rain . The Acid Rain Program under the US Clean Air Act led to a rapid and cost - effective decline in pollutants through a โ cap and trade โ approach , as described in this SolveClimate blog post REPORTING TIPS AND RESOURCES Acid rain is a complex story to cover due to its many causes and effects . It is an example of a trans - boundary problem โ where the impacts can occur very far from the source of the pollution making it hard to pinpoint . Additionally , impacts take on many different forms , some of which are not able to be seen quickly . Journalists must be sure to investigate closely to correctly attribute the effects of acid rain to its sources whether they are natural or man - made . For news and story ideas , the India Environmental Portal produces summaries of research papers and online news about acid rain in India , China and other Asian nations . Acid News is a quarterly magazine that focuses on acid rain stories from a largely European perspective . A good source for journalists covering acid rain in Asia is the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia , which operates in 13 countries . CASE STUDY โ Impacts of Asia โ s acid rain According to the World Resources Institute , acid rain is now particularly problematic in areas of southeast China , northeast India , Thailand , and the Republic of Korea that are in or downwind of urban and industrial centers . Research in the late 1990s has shown high levels of acid rain in these areas and has linked this to declines in crop yields and tree growth . As Asia industrializes its emissions of sulfur dioxide are expected to rise rapidly , nearly doubling between 2000 and 2020 according to some estimates . | [
"Acid Rain",
"acidic compounds",
"sulfur dioxide"
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http://earthjustice.org/irreplaceable/emperor-penguin | Emperor Penguin Kevin Schafer By far the world โ s largest penguin species , emperor penguins can grow up to 4 feet tall and weigh more than 80 pounds ! It is the only Antarctic animal that breeds during the harsh winter , when hundreds or even thousands of penguins huddle together in colonies for warmth . Every year , pairs of emperor penguins dutifully raise a single chick . Male penguins incubate the egg for two months without eating a single meal , while females forage for food . They take over child - rearing duties when the females finally return . Climate Change Impacts The penguin โ s survival depends heavily on the abundance of food , such as krill , which thrives on algae that grow on the underside of sea ice . With warmer temperatures , the sea ice melts , leading to less algae and less krill . Not only does a declining krill supply mean less food for chicks , but it also prevents penguin parents from building up the energy they need for those long periods of incubating the egg without eating . Scientific Name : Aptenodytes forsteri Species Group : Birds Irreplaceable Region : Antarctic , Oceans IUCN Red List : No data Endangered Species List : No data Stay Connected Join our community of more than 1,000,000 activists to learn more about our work . We are connected to each other , to our environment . From faraway places to our own backyard . But climate change is now changing the Earth as we know it , and animals and plants from the Arctic to the Everglades are feeling the consequences . | [
"EMPEROR PENGUIN"
] |
http://earthlife.net/mammals/teeth.html | Teeth are important things , without them eating becomes a lot more difficult . In mammals teeth have reached their highest peak of evolution , mammalian teeth are both more complicated and more efficient than in other vertebrates . Teeth are heavy and require considerable muscle to operate efficiently , this has made an important contribution to the evolution of the mammal skull . Teeth , like bones , are living structures . They rest in a specially designed cavity in the bones of the jaw and at least while they are growing they have a supply of blood and nutrients to them through their base . The crown is the outside of the part of the tooth that is above the jaw bone , it is the part that does all the hard work . It is capped with an extra hard substance called enamel . The rest of the tooth is softer , but still harder than bone . Beneath the enamel Teeth can be divided into two sections . The part above the gum called the crown and the part embedded in the gum called the root . Teeth in mammals come in four different sorts : Incisors , Canines , Premolars and Molars . Not all mammals have all , or even any of them and the roles any particular sort of teeth play in an animal ' s life can be quite diverse . The arrangement of teeth in any given mammals mouth can be expressed as a ' dental formula ' . This formula gives the arrangement of one side of an animal ' s jaw such that incisors are always written first then canines then premolars and then molars . For humans 2123 - 2123 is upper and lower jaws respectively signifying 2 incisors , 1 canine , 2 premolars and 3 molars on each side in both the upper and lower jaw . In total this adds up to 8 incisors , 4 canines , 8 premolars and 12 molars = 32 teeth in humans . Other mammals have different numbers of each sort of teeth in their upper and lower jaws . Hence Smoky Bats ( family Furipteridae ) have the dental formula 2123 - 3133 whilst Hyenas have 3141 - 3131 normally . Incisors = Cutting teeth - these are the front most teeth in the jaw primarily used for the initial biting of food . They have a straight , sharp cutting edge and one root . In many Rodents they grow continually throughout the animals life , this is because they get warn down gnawing through things . Canines = Stabbing teeth - normally only 2 pairs ( one each side ) per jaw . They have a sharp , pointed edge and are used with the incisors to bite into food and or to kill prey . Like incisors they have one root . The tusks of many animals such as elephants are modified canines . They are missing in rodents and most large herbivores ( Perissodactyls and Artiodactyls ) . The gap where the canines would have been is often enlarged and is called a ' diastema ' . Premolars = Next back from the canines . They are generally similar to molars in form and function in both herbivores and omnivores , but in carnivores some of them at least are slimmer and are used to cut flesh . When they ( the first lower premolar and last upper premolar ) are modified like this they are called the carnassials . Otherwise premolars are teeth we use to crush and grind our food . Their upper surfaces have a broad , lumpy top instead of a sharp biting edge . These small irregular lumps are called cusps . Premolars Molars = These are larger than premolars and extremely variable depending on the animal ' s diet . Like premolars they are used for crushing and grinding food , and like premolars their upper surfaces have ridges called cusps on them . Molars normally have three to five cusps and two or three roots . In humans we call the third molars , those closest to the back of the mouth ' Wisdom Teeth ' . If the jaw bone is not large enough to accommodate all the teeth in it , as sometimes happens with humans , these wisdom teeth Have You Seen The Other Earthlife Web Chapters This page was designed and written by Mr Gordon Ramel Advertising Inquiries Disclaimer , Copyright and Privacy | [
"mammals teeth",
"heterodonts",
"mammal skull"
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/page4.php | Changes in the Carbon Cycle Left unperturbed , the fast and slow carbon cycles maintain a relatively steady concentration of carbon in the atmosphere , land , plants , and ocean . But when anything changes the amount of carbon in one reservoir , the effect ripples through the others . In Earth โ s past , the carbon cycle has changed in response to climate change . Variations in Earth โ s orbit alter the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun and leads to a cycle of ice ages and warm periods like Earth โ s current climate . ( See Milutin Milankovitch . ) Ice ages developed when Northern Hemisphere summers cooled and ice built up on land , which in turn slowed the carbon cycle . Meanwhile , a number of factors including cooler temperatures and increased phytoplankton growth may have increased the amount of carbon the ocean took out of the atmosphere . The drop in atmospheric carbon caused additional cooling . Similarly , at the end of the last Ice Age , 10,000 years ago , carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose dramatically as temperatures warmed . Levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have corresponded closely with temperature over the past 800,000 years . Although the temperature changes were touched off by variations in Earth โ s orbit , the increased global temperatures released CO 2 into the atmosphere , which in turn warmed the Earth . Antarctic ice - core data show the long - term correlation until about 1900 . ( Graphs by Robert Simmon , using data from Lรผthi et al . , 2008 , and Jouzel et al . , 2007 . Shifts in Earth โ s orbit are happening constantly , in predictable cycles . In about 30,000 years , Earth โ s orbit will have changed enough to reduce sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere to the levels that led to the last ice age . Today , changes in the carbon cycle are happening because of people . We perturb the carbon cycle by burning fossil fuels and clearing land . When we clear forests , we remove a dense growth of plants that had stored carbon in wood , stems , and leaves โ biomass . By removing a forest , we eliminate plants that would otherwise take carbon out of the atmosphere as they grow . We tend to replace the dense growth with crops or pasture , which store less carbon . We also expose soil that vents carbon from decayed plant matter into the atmosphere . Humans are currently emitting just under a billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere per year through land use changes . The burning of fossil fuels is the primary source of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today . ( Photograph ยฉ 2009 stevendepolo . ) Without human interference , the carbon in fossil fuels would leak slowly into the atmosphere through volcanic activity over millions of years in the slow carbon cycle . By burning coal , oil , and natural gas , we accelerate the process , releasing vast amounts of carbon ( carbon that took millions of years to accumulate ) into the atmosphere every year . By doing so , we move the carbon from the slow cycle to the fast cycle . In 2009 , humans released about 8.4 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuel . Emissions of carbon dioxide by humanity ( primarily from the burning of fossil fuels , with a contribution from cement production ) have been growing steadily since the onset of the industrial revolution . About half of these emissions are removed by the fast carbon cycle each year , the rest remain in the atmosphere . ( Graph by Robert Simmon , using data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and Global Carbon Project . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , when people first started burning fossil fuels , carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have risen from about 280 parts per million to 387 parts per million , a 39 percent increase . This means that for every million molecules in the atmosphere , 387 of them are now carbon dioxide โ the highest concentration in two million years . Methane concentrations have risen from 715 parts per billion in 1750 to 1,774 parts per billion in 2005 , the highest concentration in at least 650,000 years . | [
"Carbon Cycle",
"climate change",
"temperatures warmed"
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php | Global Warming Throughout its long history , Earth has warmed and cooled time and again . Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit , as the atmosphere or surface changed , or when the Sun โ s energy varied . But in the past century , another force has started to influence Earth โ s climate : humanity How does this warming compare to previous changes in Earth โ s climate ? How can we be certain that human - released greenhouse gases are causing the warming ? How much more will the Earth warm ? How will Earth respond ? Answering these questions is perhaps the most significant scientific challenge of our time . What is Global Warming ? Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth โ s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels . The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius ( 1.1 to 1.6 ยฐ F ) between 1906 and 2005 , and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years . Temperatures are certain to go up further . Despite ups and downs from year to year , global average surface temperature is rising . By the beginning of the 21st century , Earth โ s temperature was roughly 0.5 degrees Celsius above the long - term ( 1951 โ 1980 ) average . ( NASA figure adapted from Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis . Earth โ s natural greenhouse effect Earth โ s temperature begins with the Sun . Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice . Of the remaining 70 percent , most is absorbed by the land and ocean , and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere . The absorbed solar energy heats our planet . As the rocks , the air , and the seas warm , they radiate โ heat โ energy ( thermal infrared radiation ) . From the surface , this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long - lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane . When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth โ s surface , microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters โ like the bricks in a fireplace , they radiate heat even after the fire goes out . They radiate in all directions . The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface , enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight . This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere โ the natural greenhouse effect โ is beneficial for life on Earth . If there were no greenhouse effect , the Earth โ s average surface temperature would be a very chilly - 18 ยฐ C ( 0 ยฐ F ) instead of the comfortable 15 ยฐ C ( 59 ยฐ F ) that it is today . See Climate and Earth โ s Energy Budget to read more about how sunlight fuels Earth โ s climate . The enhanced greenhouse effect What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years , humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever - increasing rate , mostly by burning fossil fuels , but also from cutting down carbon - absorbing forests . Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750 , carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent . Increases in concentrations of carbon dioxide ( top ) and methane ( bottom ) coincided with the start of the Industrial Revolution in about 1750 . Measurements from Antarctic ice cores ( green lines ) combined with direct atmospheric measurements ( blue lines ) show the increase of both gases over time . ( NASA graphs by Robert Simmon , based on data from the NOAA Paleoclimatology and Earth System Research Laboratory . The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules , so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere . Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface , Earth โ s surface temperature rises . By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases , we are making Earth โ s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse . | [
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php | Orbital Variations Changes in orbital eccentricity affect the Earth - sun distance . Currently , a difference of only 3 percent ( 5 million kilometers ) exists between closest approach ( perihelion ) , which occurs on or about January 3 , and furthest departure ( aphelion ) , which occurs on or about July 4 . This difference in distance amounts to about a 6 percent increase in incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) from July to January . The shape of the Earth โ s orbit changes from being elliptical ( high eccentricity ) to being nearly circular ( low Obliquity ( change in axial tilt ) As the axial tilt increases , the seasonal contrast increases so that winters are colder and summers are warmer in both hemispheres . Today , the Earth ' s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from the plane of its orbit around the sun . But this tilt changes . During a cycle that averages about 40,000 years , the tilt of the axis varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees . Because this tilt changes , the seasons as we know them can become exaggerated . More tilt means more severe seasons โ warmer summers and colder winters ; less tilt On the Shoulders of Giants Milutin Milankovitch Orbital Variations Milankovitch Theory Links and References Left : The eccentricity of the Earth ' s orbit changes slowly over time from nearly zero to 0.07 . As the orbit gets more eccentric ( oval ) the difference between the distance from the Sun to the Earth at perihelion ( closest approach ) and aphelion ( furthest away ) becomes greater and greater . Note that the Sun is not at the center of the Earth ' s orbital ellipse , rather it is at one of focal points . Note : The eccentricty of the orbit shown in the lower image is a highly exaggerated 0.5 . Even the maximum eccentricity of the Earth ' s orbit โ 0.07 โ it would be impossible to show at the resolution of a web page . Even so , at the current eccentricity of .017 , the Earth is 5 million kilometers closer to Sun at perihelion than at aphelion . ( Images by Robert Simmon , NASA GSFC ) Precession Changes in axial precession alter the dates of perihelion and aphelion , and therefore increase the seasonal contrast in one hemisphere and decrease the seasonal contrast in the other hemisphere . Left : The change in the tilt of the Earth ' s axis ( obliquity ) effects the magnitude of seasonal change . At higher tilts the seasons are more extreme , and at lower tilts they are milder . The current axial tilt is 23.5 ยฐ . Image by Robert Simmon , NASA GSFC ) next : Milankovitch Theory back : Milutin Milankovitch Precession โ the change in orientation of the Earth ' s rotational axis [ this can be seen more clearly in an animation ( small ( 290 kB QuickTime ) or large ( 1.2 MB QuickTime ) ) ] โ alters the orientation of the Earth with respect to perihelion and aphelion . If a hemisphere is pointed towards the sun at perihelion , that hemisphere will be pointing away at aphelion , and the difference in seasons will be more extreme . This seasonal effect is reversed for the opposite hemisphere . Currently , northern summer occurs near aphelion . ( Image by Robert Simmon , NASA GSFC ) | [
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Volcano/ | by Jason Wolfe September 5 , 2000 When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines June 15 , 1991 , an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and ash particles blasted more than 12 miles ( 20 km ) high into the atmosphere . The eruption caused widespread destruction and loss of human life . Gases and solids injected into the stratosphere circled the globe for three weeks . Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact global climate , reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth ' s surface , lowering temperatures in the troposphere , and changing atmospheric circulation patterns . The extent to Mount Pinatubo , June 13 , 1991 ( Image courtesy of NOAA ) NASA ' s Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) enables study of the chemistry , dynamics and energy balance in the atmosphere layers above the troposphere . UARS provides near - global ( - 80 degrees to + 80 degrees ) measurements of the atmospheres ' internal structure as well as measurements of external influences acting on the upper atmosphere . These measurements are made simultaneously in a coordinated manner . The UARS dataset spans from September 18 , 1991 through August 31 , 1999 . UARS data are available from the Goddard Space Flight Center DAAC ( now GSFC Earth Sciences DAAC ) . SAGE II , launched in October 1984 , uses a technique called solar occultation to measure attenuated solar radiation and to determine the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosols , ozone , nitrogen dioxide , and water vapor around the globe . SAGE II data are available from the Langley Atmospheric Sciences Data Center DAAC Multi - Channel Sea Surface Temperature ( MCSST ) data are derived from measurements of emitted and reflected radiance by the five - channel Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers ( AVHRR ) onboard the NOAA - 7 , - 9 . - 11 and - 14 polar orbiting satellites . MCSST data currently extend from November 11 , 1981 through June 7 , 2000 , and are updated as new data become available . The sea surface temperature data sets may be ordered from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory DAAC ( now named the Physical Oceanography DAAC ) . Large - scale volcanic activity may last only a few days , but the massive outpouring of gases and ash can influence climate patterns for years . Sulfuric gases convert to sulfate aerosols , sub - micron droplets containing about 75 percent sulfuric acid . Following eruptions , these aerosol particles can linger as long as three to four years in the stratosphere . Major eruptions alter the Earth ' s radiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb terrestrial radiation , and scatter a significant amount of the incoming solar radiation , an effect known as " radiative forcing " that can last from two to three years following a volcanic eruption . " Volcanic eruptions cause short - term climate changes and contribute to natural climate variability , " says Georgiy Stenchikov , a research professor with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University . " Exploring effects of volcanic eruption allows us to better understand important physical mechanisms in the climate system that are initiated by volcanic forcing . " Stenchikov and Professor Alan Robock of Rutgers University with Hans Graf and Ingo Kirchner of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology performed a series of climate simulations that combined volcanic aerosol observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II ( SAGE II ) available from the Langley DAAC , with Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) data from the Goddard Space Flight Center DAAC . Volcanic ash , like this from Mount St . Helens , is not really ash , but tiny jagged particles of rock and glass . ( Image courtesy of the USGS , from the USGS Fact Sheet 027 - 00 . A new browser window will open . ) The research team ran a general circulation model developed at the Max Planck Institute with and without Pinatubo aerosols for the two years following the Pinatubo eruption . To study the sensitivity of climate response to sea surface temperature , using data from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory DAAC , they conducted calculations with climatologically mean sea surface temperature , as well as with those observed during particular El Niรฑo and La Niรฑa periods . By comparing the climate simulations from the Pinatubo eruption , with and without aerosols , the researchers found that the climate model calculated a general cooling of the global troposphere , but yielded a clear winter warming pattern of surface air temperature over Northern Hemisphere continents . The temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere increased by 4 Kelvin ( 4 ยฐ C ) because of aerosol absorption of terrestrial longwave and solar near - infrared radiation . The model demonstrated that the direct radiative effect of volcanic aerosols causes general stratospheric heating and tropospheric cooling , with a tropospheric warming " The modeled temperature change is consistent with the temperature anomalies observed after the eruption , " Stenchikov says . " The pattern of winter warming following the volcanic eruption is practically identical to a pattern of winter surface temperature change caused by global warming . It shows that volcanic aerosols force fundamental climate mechanisms that play an important role in the global change process . " This temperature pattern is consistent with the existence of a strong phase of the Arctic Oscillation , a natural pattern of circulation in which atmospheric pressure at polar and middle latitudes fluctuates , bringing higher - than - normal pressure over the polar region and lower - than - normal pressure at about 45 degrees north latitude . It is forced by the aerosol radiative effect , and circulation in winter is stronger than the aerosol radiative cooling that dominates in summer . Man - made , or " anthropogenic " emissions can make the consequences of volcanic eruptions on the global climate system more severe , Stenchikov says . For instance , chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in the atmosphere start a chain of chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces that destroy ozone molecules in the mid - latitude stratosphere , intensifying observed stratospheric ozone depletion . " While we have no observations , the 1963 Agung eruption on the island of Bali probably did not deplete ozone as there was little atmospheric chlorine in the stratosphere . In 1991 after the Pinatubo eruption , when the amount of CFCs in the stratosphere increased , the ozone content in the mid - latitudes decreased by 5 percent to 8 percent , affecting highly populated regions , " says Stenchikov . NASA and the National Science Foundation have funded Robock and Stenchikov to study the Pinatubo eruption in more detail , and to conduct another model comparison with the volcanic aerosol data set . They plan to combine SAGE II data with available lidar and satellite data from various DAACs to improve their existing data set . By understanding the impact of large volcanic eruptions on Earth ' s climate system in more detail , perhaps scientists will be in a better position to suggest measures to lessen their effects on people and natural resources . | [
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4781 | Puncak Jaya , Indonesia ร This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated . At the time of publication , it represented the best available science . JPEG The Seven Summits are the highest peaks on each of the Earth โ s seven continents . However , there is some debate about whether to count New Zealand and Oceania ( which adds the Pacific Islands and the Indonesian archipelago ) in with Australia . If Oceania is considered as part of the Australian continent , then the tallest peak is Puncak Jaya , also known as Carstenz โ s Pyramid . Its 4,884 - meter - tall ( 16,024 - foot ) summit stands well above both Australia โ s Mt . Kosciuszko and New Zealand โ s Aoraki / Mt . Cook . Located in the Papau province of Indonesia ( formerly known as Irian Jaya ) , the peak is in the midst of the 2,500 - km - long Pegunungan Maoke , or Central Range , of the island of New Guinea . Its anglicized name comes from the Dutch navigator Jan Carstenz who first surveyed the peak from the island โ s coastline in 1623 on a rare clear day . When Indonesia took control of the province in the 1960s , the peak was renamed Puncak Jaya ( Victory Peak ) . The first recorded climb of the mountain was in 1962 by a team led by the Austrian climber , Heinrich Harrer ( of Seven Years in Tibet fame ) . Since then , particularly since the interest in the Seven Summits concept , Puncak Jaya has been visited many times . It is a moderately difficult climb on the standard route up the north face and along the summit ridge , which is all hard rock surface . The area is highly inaccessible , requiring a 100 - km hike from the nearest town with an airport โ Timika โ to the base camp , which usually takes about four or five days each way . A local band of guerillas , fighting to make the Papau While Puncak Jaya โ s peak is free of glaciers , there are several on its slopes , including the Carstensz Glacier , the Meren Glacier , and Northwall Firn ( hanging glaciers ) . Being equatorial , there is little variation in the mean temperature during the year ( around 0.5 ยฐ C ) and the glaciers fluctuate on a seasonal basis only slightly . However , analysis of the extent of these rare equatorial glaciers from historical records show significant retreat since the 1850s , indicating a regional warming of around 0.6 ยฐ C per century between 1850 This image was acquired by Landsat 7 โ s Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ( ETM+ ) sensor on May 29 , 2003 . This is a false - color image made using shortwave - infrared , near - infrared , and green wavelengths ( ETM+ bands 7 , 4 , and 2 ) . In this scheme , snow and ice appears blue while clouds are white , bare unvegetated land such as the rocky limestone summit ridges appear red or pinkish , the deep purple and grey is the open pit copper mine while the lush rainforest of the [ Editor โ s Note : This is the last in a series of Landsat scenes of the world โ s Seven Summits . Previous peaks include Asia โ s Mt . Everest , North America โ s Denali / Mt . McKinley , South America โ s Cerro Aconcugua , Antarctica โ s Vinson Massif , Australia โ s Mt . Kosciuszko , New Zealand โ s Aoraki / Mt . Cook , and Africa โ s Kilimanjaro . ] Image obtained from the University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility Image of the Day for August 29 , 2004 Image of the Day Land View more Images of the Day : Aug 28 , 2004 Aug 30 , 2004 You might also be interested in | [
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"Puncak Jaya , Indonesia"
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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=703 | The Intertropical Convergence Zone ร This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated . At the time of publication , it represented the best available science . JPEG The Intertropical Convergence Zone , or ITCZ , is the region that circles the Earth , near the equator , where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres come together . The intense sun and warm water of the equator heats the air in the ITCZ , raising its humidity and making it buoyant . Aided by the convergence of the trade winds , the buoyant air rises . As the air rises it expands and cools , releasing the accumulated moisture in an almost perpetual series of thunderstorms . Seasonal shifts in the location of the ITCZ drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations , resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes . Longer term changes in the ITCZ can result in severe droughts or flooding in nearby areas . This image is a combination of cloud data from NOAA โ s newest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES - 11 ) and color land cover classification data . The ITCZ is the band of bright white clouds that cuts across the center of the image . For more GOES images , visit the GOES Project Science site . Image Courtesy GOES Project Science Office Image of the Day for July 12 , 2000 Image of the Day Atmosphere View more Images of the Day : Jul 11 , 2000 Jul 13 , 2000 You might also be interested in | [
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http://earthquaketrack.com/p/united-states/recent | Recent Earthquakes Near United States Sorted : Recent Filter By Magnitude Nearby Places United States has had : ( M1 . 5 or greater ) 48 earthquakes in the past 24 hours 471 earthquakes in the past 7 days 1,945 earthquakes in the past 30 days 66,687 earthquakes in the past 365 days The largest earthquake in United States : today : 2.9 in Volcano Hawaii United States this week : 5.3 in Kalaoa Hawaii United States this month : 5.3 Kalaoa this year : 7.0 Anchorage Alaska Sorted : Recent Filter By Magnitude Nearby Places A 2019 - 04 - 17 15 : 27 : 05 UTC 1.7 magnitude , 0 km depth Healy Alaska B 2019 - 04 - 17 14 : 01 : 48 UTC 2.3 magnitude , 6 km depth Hawthorne Nevada C 2019 - 04 - 17 13 : 41 : 27 UTC 1.7 magnitude , 5 km depth Seeley California D 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 57 : 30 UTC 1.5 magnitude , 20 km depth Valdez E 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 51 : 24 UTC , 0 km depth Big Bear City California F 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 39 : 02 UTC 2.0 magnitude , 7 km depth Broadmoor G 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 09 : 37 UTC , 3 km depth San Juan Bautista H 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 08 : 06 UTC 2.9 magnitude , 4 km depth San Juan Bautista I 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 05 : 58 UTC 2.7 magnitude Volcano J 2019 - 04 - 17 12 : 04 : 19 UTC 2.6 magnitude A 2019 - 04 - 17 11 : 58 : 21 UTC 1.8 magnitude , 7 km depth Mammoth Lakes B 2019 - 04 - 17 11 : 57 : 25 UTC , 59 km depth Cohoe C 2019 - 04 - 17 11 : 47 : 05 UTC , 3 km depth China Lake Acres D 2019 - 04 - 17 11 : 41 : 21 UTC 2.4 magnitude E 2019 - 04 - 17 09 : 47 : 06 UTC 1.8 magnitude , 16 km depth Loma Linda F 2019 - 04 - 17 07 : 56 : 00 UTC 1.6 magnitude , 31 km depth Big Lake G 2019 - 04 - 17 06 : 12 : 36 UTC , 8 km depth Borrego Springs H 2019 - 04 - 17 05 : 41 : 58 UTC 2.1 magnitude , 40 km depth Big Lake I 2019 - 04 - 17 05 : 31 : 06 UTC 1.5 magnitude , 2 km depth Healy J 2019 - 04 - 17 05 : 11 : 43 UTC 2.3 magnitude , 5 km depth Cupertino 2019 - 04 - 17 04 : 53 : 45 UTC 2019 - 04 - 17 04 : 11 : 43 UTC 1.6 magnitude , 4 km depth Aguanga 2019 - 04 - 17 03 : 32 : 06 UTC 2.1 magnitude Searles Valley 2019 - 04 - 17 03 : 13 : 37 UTC , 31 km depth Valdez 2019 - 04 - 17 01 : 39 : 56 UTC Soledad 2019 - 04 - 17 01 : 19 : 18 UTC , 22 km depth 2019 - 04 - 17 01 : 01 : 16 UTC , 13 km depth Nikiski 2019 - 04 - 17 00 : 47 : 59 UTC 2019 - 04 - 16 23 : 30 : 39 UTC Boron 2019 - 04 - 16 22 : 57 : 03 UTC , 15 km depth Carlsbad โ Previous Next โ Places Near United States LA and Southern California Yukon Northwest Territories Greater New York Area , New Jersey Greater Philadelphia Area , Pennsylvania Greater Philadelphia Area , New Jersey Southern New England Potomac Shenandoah Near The Coast Of Massachusetts Gulf Of Maine Greater Los Angeles Area , California Santa Monica Bay , California Southern California San Pedro Channel , California Gulf Of Santa Catalina , California | [
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http://earthroomconcerts.org/ | Looking for excellent singersongwriter and contemporary folk music in Monmouth County Youve come to the right place source url Concert Schedule Saturday 3092019 730 PM Lucy Kaplansky Lucy Kaplansky is a rare vocal talent a truly gifted performerfull of enchanting songs New York Times Blending country folk and pop styles Lucy has the unique ability to make every song sound fresh whether singing her own sweet originals covering country classics by June Carter Cash and Gram Parsons or singing pop favorites by LennonMcCartney and Nick Lowe A Billboardcharting singer she has topped the folk and Americana radio charts and has been featured on shows throughout the world from NPRs Weekend and Morning Editions to BBC Radio to CBS Sunday Morning One of the most indemand harmony singers Lucy has sung on countless records performing with Suzanne Vega Bryan Ferry Nanci Griffith and Shawn Colvin Lucy began singing in bars when she was still a teenager When she was just out of high school she took off for New York City where she became part of the renaissance of the Greenwich Village folk scene centered around Folk City and the Fast Folk recordings Her compatriots included Suzanne Vega The Roches Steve Forbert and John Gorka as well as her frequent duo partner Shawn Colvin The New York Times said it was easy to predict stardom for her but instead Lucy got a doctorate in psychology and started a private practice Eventually Shawn Colvin lured Lucy Lucy has now released 8 solo albums and released radiocharting albums and toured in the folk supergroup trios Cry Cry Cry with Dar Williams and Richard Shindell and Red Horse with Eliza Gilkyson and John Gorka Lucys September 2018 release Everyday Street is a stunning collection of songs weaving stories of joy friendship family loss and discovery It is somewhat of a departure sonically stripped down spontaneous acoustic with the feel of one of her concerts The songs were recorded over four days with her longtime collaborator Duke Levine These are genuine performances many captured in one take Lucy Kaplansky by Beowulf Sheehan Advance tickets 20 at the door 25 Buy advance tickets here PayPal account not required Saturday 4062019 730 PM Ryanhood Named Best GroupDuo in the 2014 International Acoustic Music Awards acousticduo Ryanhood got their first break more than a decade ago as streetperformers at Bostons Quincy Market It was there that they were spotted by a college booking agent and thrust into the college touring scene where Campus Activities Magazine would name them one of the most requested acts by college buyers all across the country Theyve since gone on to perform more than 800 shows in 45 US states over the past decade and have shared stages with Jason Mraz Matt Nathanson Train and many more Cameron Hoods rich and folky lead vocals Ryan Greens explosive guitar and mandolin riffs and their airtight vocal harmonies prompted the Arizona Daily Star to call them a match made in radio heaven And their star is still on the rise They were recently named the Discovery of the Year by John Platt at WFUV New York City were a featured act at Australias National Folk Festival in April 2018 and appeared as Most Wanted emerging artists at the 2018 Falcon Ridge Folk Festival Their sixth and newest album Yearbook is led by their signature twopart vocal harmonies decorated with flares of guitar ukulele and mandolin and centers on songs about being young growing old and making peace with the passing of time They currently reside in their hometown of Tucson AZ where Advance tickets 20 at the door 25 Buy advance tickets here PayPal account not required Saturday 5112019 730 PM Vance Gilbert with Kala Farnham opening Vance Gilbert burst onto the singersongwriter scene in the early 90s when buzz started spreading in the folk clubs of Boston about an exmulticultural arts teacher who was knocking em dead at open mics Born and raised in the Philadelphia area Vance started out hoping to be a jazz singer and then discovered his affinity for the storytelling sensibilities of acoustic folk music Once word got out about Gilberts stageowning singing and playing Shawn Colvin invited him to be special guest on her Fat City Tour Noted not only for being the ever consummate performer Gilbert has recorded 12 albums Considered by many to be an integral part of the national folk scene Gilberts approach to the acoustic singer songwriter idiom is significant Gilberts compositions while frequently employing sophisticated melodies and harmonies that attest to his jazz roots remain sublime attestations to the storytellers craft He even has a tune on a Grammy Nominated childrens album How rounded is that Kala Farnham is a multiinstrumentalist singersongwriter hailing from the Quiet Corner of CT Kalas signature songwriting has been described as a reinvention of the folk tradition made popular by artists such as Joni Mitchell and Joan Baez she has been praised for her classical undertones and playful dose of Broadway theatricality onstage and a lyricism that springs to life with creative storytelling cultural references and rich metaphor Kala is an alumni of the 2017 Johnny Mercer Songwriters Project and the winner of the 2017 Rhode Island Songwriters Association Performing Songwriter Contest Advance tickets 20 at the door 25 Buy advance tickets here PayPal account not required | [
"Concert Schedule"
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http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/june-solstice-full-moon-in-2016 | June solstice full moon in 2016 Posted by Bruce McClure in Astronomy Essentials | June 20 , 2016 Celebrate a June solstice full moon on June 20 , 2016 . It โ s the Northern Hemisphere โ s first summer solstice full moon since 1967 , aka the Summer of Love . Image via yoganonymous . com . Watch for a full - looking moon on the eve of the June solstice ( June 19 , 2016 ) and a full moon on the solstice itself ( June 20 ) . From what we โ ve been able to gather ( sources below ) , this is the first full moon to fall on the June solstice since the year 1967 , which some recall as the year of the Summer of Love , a social phenomenon centered on San Francisco , London and other places around the globe . There โ ve been a number of near misses of full moons on June solstices , however . And we are indeed talking about the June solstice , not solstices in general . In fact , there was a full moon eclipse on the December solstice in 2010 Reliably , the phases of the moon recur on or near the same calendar dates every 19 years . It โ s the โ or near โ that causes the full moon to miss the solstice on that 19th year , sometimes . Nineteen years from this year โ s solstice โ on June 20 , 2035 โ the full moon will not fall on the same date as the June solstice . It โ ll be another near miss , with the full moon falling on June 20 , 2035 , and the solstice arriving one day later . It appears as if the full moon and June solstice wo n โ t fall on the same calendar date again until June 21 , 2062 . Be aware that , as we โ re figuring all this , we โ re using Universal Time ( UT or its variant UTC ) , what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time . Universal Time is the favorite of astronomers because it applies to Earth as a whole . What if we used other time zones ? Well , for instance , if we use U.S. time zones , the last full moon and the June solstice actually coincided on June 21 , 1986 . On June 20 , 2016 , the moon turns full at 11 : 02 UTC . The solstice arrives some 11.5 hours later , at 22 : 34 UTC . Rising nearly full moon โ near San Francisco , California โ on June 19 , 2016 via EarthSky Facebook friend Amy Van Artsdalen . There โ s something else special about this full moon , in addition to its falling on the solstice . It marks the fourth of four full moons in between the March 2016 equinox and the June 2016 solstice . Usually , there are only three full moons in one season ( between an equinox and solstice , or vice versa ) , but sometimes there are four . The third of four full moons to take place in a single season has its claim to fame : it โ s sometimes called a seasonal Blue Moon ( in contrast to a Blue Moon by the definition of second full moon in a calendar month ) . The most recent Blue Moon by the seasonal definition occurred on May 21 , 2016 , or one lunar month before this solstice full moon . Okay so โฆ seven times in 19 calendar years , a season has four full moons . And in cycles of 19 years , the moon phases fall on or near the same calendar dates . It should be no surprise that โ sure enough , 19 years from now โ we โ ll have four full moons in between the March 2035 equinox and June 2035 solstice , and the full moon on May 22 , 2035 , will count as the third of four full moons in one season โ a seasonal Blue Moon . Want to know more about the seven seasonal Blue Moons in the next 19 - year cycle ? Click here Have a happy solstice full moon , y โ all ! Photo is the 2015 June full moon at Hartman Rocks , Gunnison , Colorado by Matt Burt . Thanks , Matt ! The last time a full moon fell on a solstice generally was in 2010 โ the December solstice of December 21 , 2010 , when the full moon staged an exceedingly rare December solstice total lunar eclipse . There is amazingly accurate Gregoriana eclipse cycle of 372 years , featuring the recurrences of eclipses with the seasons , as defined by solstices and equinoxes . We find a total lunar eclipse last happening on the December solstice 372 years ago , on December 21 , 1638 . Looking 372 years ahead of 2010 , to the year 2382 , we find a December solstice partial lunar eclipse on December 21 , 2382 . And 19 years after that , in 2401 , there โ s a December solstice total lunar eclipse on December 21 , 2401 . Sources for the story above : Stellaphane equinox and solstice calculator Six millennium catolog of phases of the moon Solstices and equinoxes : 2001 to 2100 Read more : How often does a solar eclipse happen on the March equinox ? Bottom line : Solstice and full moon both fall on June 20 , 2016 , for the first time since 1967 , aka the Summer of Love . Bruce McClure Bruce McClure has served as lead writer for EarthSky ' s popular Tonight pages since 2004 . He ' s a sundial aficionado , whose love for the heavens has taken him to Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and sailing in the North Atlantic , where he earned his celestial navigation certificate through the School of Ocean Sailing and Navigation . He also writes and hosts public astronomy programs and planetarium programs in and around his home in upstate New York . MORE ARTICLES Moon , Mars , Pleiades on April 7 to 9 2 days ago Leo loses his tail . We gain a constellation 4 days ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/why-is-mars-sometimes-bright-and-sometimes-faint | Brightest Mars since 2003 Why was Mars so bright and red in our sky in July and August 2018 Heres the answer Mars is very bright now And its very red in color Dennis Chabot of POSNE NightSky captured this photo of Mars on July 21 2018 Have you seen Mars yet Watch for it tonight Youll find it easily because nothing else in the night sky resembles it now Were now receiving emails daily from people wondering what is that red star Its not a star Its Mars Since around July 7 Mars has been brighter than Jupiter which is normally the secondbrightest planet and fourthbrightest object in the sky after the sun moon and planet Venus Mars now outshines Jupiter by some 18 times Itll remain brighter than Jupiter until around September 7 Remember Mars in 2003 That was the last time the red planet came exceptionally close to Earth It was closer in 2003 than it had been in some 60000 years In 2018 Mars isnt quite as bright as it was in 2003 But nearly Mars can be faint or it can be a bright planet Keep reading to learn why the appearance of Mars varies so widely in our sky and why Mars is so bright now Want to see Mars now Check out EarthSkys planet guide A fun opportunity to view Mars comes in late July 2018 when the bright moon sweeps past it On July 27 when Earth sweeps between the sun and Mars bringing Mars to opposition in our sky well also be sweeping between the sun and moon at full moon In fact at this July 2018 full moon well go directly between them creating the longest total lunar eclipse of this century On that night the moon and Mars will be close together More than any other bright planet the appearance of Mars in our night sky changes from year to year Its dramatic swings in brightness are part of what make Mars a fascinating planet to watch with the eye alone Mars was faint throughout 2017 If you saw it then and see it tonight you wont recognize Mars now So why Why does Mars sometimes appear very bright and sometimes very faint The first thing to realize is that Mars isnt a very big world It is only 4219 miles 6790 km in diameter making it only slightly more than half as big as Earth at 7922 miles 12750 km in diameter The small size of Mars means that when Mars is bright its brightness isnt due to its bigness as is the case with Jupiter Recent photos of bright Mars from the EarthSky community Mars isnt very big so its brightness when it is bright isnt due to its bigness as is true of Jupiter Mars brightness or lack of brightness is all about how close it is to us Image via Lunar and Planetary Institute Matt Pollack captured Mars from Little Tupper Lake in the Adirondacks of upstate New York Read more about this photo The main reason for Mars extremes in brightness has to do with its nearness or lack of nearness to Earth The distances between Earth and Mars change as both worlds orbit around the sun Sometimes Earth and Mars are on the same side of the solar system and hence near one another At other times as it was throughout most of 2017 Mars is far across the solar system from us Look at the diagrams below which show Earth and Mars in their respective orbits around the sun On this depiction via Fourmilab Mars is red and Earth is blue In early October 2017 Mars was relatively far across the solar system from Earth The distance between our 2 worlds was relatively large so Mars appeared faint Earth will pass between between the sun and Mars on July 27 2018 This is Mars opposition It comes to opposition about every 2 years and at such times Mars is always at its best for that 2year period But theres also a 15year cycle of Mars whereby the red planet is brighter and fainter in our sky In July 2018 well be at the peak of the 2year cycle and the peak of the 15year cycle and Mars will be very very bright Image via Fourmilab Mars orbits the sun just one step outward from Earths orbit Earth takes a year to orbit the sun once Mars takes about two years to orbit once Opposition for Mars when Earth passes between Mars and the sun happens every two years and 50 days So Mars brightness waxes and wanes in our sky about every two years But 2018 is a very very special year for Mars Mars will appear brighter in our sky this year than it has since 2003 The last opposition was on May 22 2016 Around that time Mars was very bright indeed in Earths sky See photos of Mars in May 2016 The 2018 opposition of Mars isnt an ordinary opposition though Astronomers call it a perihelic opposition or perihelic apparition of Mars Artists concept of Earth 3rd planet from the sun passing between the sun and Mars 4th planet from the sun Not to scale This is Mars opposition when it appears opposite the sun in our sky The exact date of opposition is July 27 2018 Image via NASA In other words we go between Mars and the sun bringing Mars to opposition in our sky around the same time Mars comes closest to the sun The word perihelion refers Mars closest point to the sun in orbit Maybe you can see that in years when we pass between Mars and the sun when Mars is also closest to the sun Earth and Mars are closest Thats what will be happening in 2018 and its why the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers ALPO wrote The 2018 perihelic apparition of Mars will prove to be one of the most favorable since the 2003 apparition when the red planet came closest to Earth in 59635 years the year 57617 BC Again the Mars opposition is July 27 2018 We will pass between the sun and Mars on September 16 2018 Diagram by Roy L Bishop Copyright Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Used with permission Visit the RASC estore to purchase the Observers Handbook a necessary tool for all skywatchers Read more about this image According to ALPO in 2003 Mars came within 346 million miles 557 million km of Earth closer than at any time in over nearly 60000 years Itll be only 12 million miles just under 2 million km farther away in 2018 Closest approach for Mars in 2018 will take place on July 31 some four days after its July 27 opposition Linda Cook in Manzanita Oregon caught a meteor appearing to point toward Mars on July 12 2018 Its meteor season by the way EarthSkys meteor guide is here Bottom line Mars alternates years in appearing bright and faint in our night sky 2017 was one of the offyears but in 2018 well have a grand view of Mars best since 2003 July and August 2018 are the best months to see it Deborah Byrd Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and founded EarthSkyorg in 1994 Today she serves as EditorinChief of this website She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor A science communicator and educator since 1976 Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool naturelovers she says MORE ARTICLES Partial solar eclipse January 56 2019 4 hours ago Latest sunrises north and sunsets south in early January 2 days ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/procyon-harbringer-of-the-dog-star | Procyon is the Little Dog Star Posted by Larry Sessions in Brightest Stars | February 24 , 2017 The Dog Star , Sirius , is easy to spot because it โ s the sky โ s brightest star . Procyon โ the other Dog Star โ is near its brighter brother on the sky โ s dome . Image via Yunji Kitahara It โ s hard to think of Procyon โ the Little Dog Star โ without also thinking of the other Dog Star , Sirius . If you โ re looking at the right time of year ( or right time of night ) , you can always find Sirius because it โ s the sky โ s brightest star . Procyon is always near its brighter brother on the sky โ s dome . Procyon is n โ t nearly as bright as Sirius . It โ s the 8th brightest star in the sky , and the 6th brightest How to see Procyon Procyon in history and mythology Procyon science Want to know more about astronomy ? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today ! View larger . | Orion with his Dogs . The Dog Stars are Sirius in the constellation Canis Major , and Procyon in the constellation Canis Minor . In this photo , Orion is in the upper right . Notice that the three stars of Orion โ s Belt point to the brightest star in this photo , Sirius . Procyon is the bright star on the far left of the photo . Procyon and Sirius make a large triangle with the bright star Betelgeuse in Orion . Taken in February 2015 by Daniel McVey over White River National Forest โ Summit County See more photos from Daniel McVey on his Facebook page . Procyon is easy to find on winter and spring evenings , in a large pattern made of three bright stars , known as the Winter Triangle . How to see Procyon . Look for Procyon in the evening in the winter and spring months . By March of every year , Procyon is at or near the meridian ( highest point in the sky ) at early evening . By June , Procyon sets not long after dark . Procyon is the brightest star in Canis Minor the Lesser Dog . This constellation is small , with only one other noteworthy star , named Gomeisa . Sometimes , Canis Minor is called the Hot Dog . Sometimes Procyon is called the Lesser Dog Star or Little Dog Star . Our chart shows Procyon as a member of the Winter Triangle asterism . In other words , these stars are not a recognized constellation โ just a group of noticeable stars that happen to form a triangle pattern on the sky โ s dome . Fainter than blue - white Sirius to its south , white Procyon is marginally brighter than orange - red Betelgeuse to the west . The best time to view Procyon is at evening in late winter through spring , when the Winter Triangle ( Sirius , Procyon , Betelgeuse ) is highest in the sky . At magnitude 0.4 , Procyon is almost the same brightness as nearby Betelgeuse in Orion , with average magnitude 0.45 . ( Remember , in the magnitude system , larger numbers are fainter . ) โ Procyon โ is also the genus designation of raccoons . Image via University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Procyon in history and mythology . Procyon is the alpha star of the constellation Canis Minor the Small Dog . In mythology , Canis Minor is the smaller of two of Orion the Hunter โ s companion hunting dogs . The constellation Canis Major depicts the Great Dog , highlighted by Sirius , the sky โ s brightest star ( after the sun ) . The name Procyon is from Greek and means โ before the dog , โ a reference to the rising of this star shortly before Sirius , the larger Dog Star in the constellation Canis Major . Procyon โ s rising time was particularly important in ancient Egypt , because the helical rising โ or rising just before the sun โ of Sirius heralded the annual flooding of the Nile River . Thus the rising of Procyon just before Sirius gave even more advanced warning . Procyon still does rise before Sirius as seen from mid - northern latitudes , like those in the northern United States . But from the southern U.S. and similar latitudes โ for example , Cairo in Egypt โ Sirius now rises before Procyon ! Thus an observer in Cairo today would find that Sirius rising a couple of minutes before Procyon and the reason for the name โ before the dog โ no longer applies . This change is due to a kind of long - term wobble in Earth โ s motion , called precession . An aside : โ procyon โ is also the genus designation of raccoons . Apparently the โ before the dog โ appellation indicated that biologists once considered raccoons as the precursors of dogs in the evolutionary sequence โ an idea no longer in favor . Read more about Procyon from Daniel Perley at Berkeley . Procyon science . The star Procyon is nearing the end stages of its lifetime , evolving from a normal mature star to the inflated giant stages of old age . Normal stars spend the large majority of their lifetimes converting hydrogen into helium . As the available hydrogen runs out , a star grows larger and its surface becomes cooler . Eventually Procyon will become a red giant star , much larger and brighter than the sun , but that is still some millions of years in the future . Currently Procyon is designated as an F5IV - V star , where the F5 essentially gives the color or temperature of the star โ s surface , and the IV - V means that it is in a transitional phase between the Main Sequence ( V ) and subdwarf ( IV ) periods . Only 11.4 light - years away , Procyon is one of our nearest stellar neighbors . It is about 1.4 times as massive as the sun , and has roughly twice its diameter . Slightly more than 7 times brighter than the sun , Procyon โ s hotter surface ( about 11,300 degrees F ( 6550K ) compared to about 10,000 degrees F for the sun ) radiates more of the higher energy but shorter wavelengths of light . As such , it is nearly 8 times more energetic ( luminous ) than the sun . Procyon is a double star with a faint white dwarf companion that is not visible except in telescopes . The white dwarf , Procyon B , is farther along in its evolution than Procyon , and in fact has reached the end of the line . It no longer produces stable hydrogen fusion and is considered a โ dead โ star . The reasonable assumption is that these two stars formed at the same time , so the fact that Procyon B has already become a stellar corpse indicates that it originally must have been slightly more massive than Procyon The position of Procyon is RA 07h 39m 18.1 / 17.7s , dec + 05 ยฐ 13 โฒ 29 / 20 โณ . Bottom line : The star Procyon is the Little Dog Star . How to find Procyon in your sky . Larry Sessions Larry Sessions has written many favorite posts in EarthSky ' s Tonight area . He ' s a former planetarium director in Little Rock , Fort Worth and Denver and an adjunct faculty member at Metropolitan State University of Denver . He ' s a longtime member of NASA ' s Solar System Ambassadors program . His articles have appeared in numerous publications including Space . com , Sky & Telescope , Astronomy and Rolling Stone . His small book on world star lore , Constellations , was published by Running Press . MORE ARTICLES Moon to move between 2 colorful stars 17 hours ago Use the moon to locate the Crab on April 13 4 days ago Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Enrique .Ontario โข 6 years ago Nice post . Jenof4 โข 6 years ago Thanks for this post . We see Procyon outside my daughter ' s bedroom window each night , and as we look at it , we have always wondered what it was . I downloaded a constellation app onto my phone , and we discovered that our star was Procyon . We are enjoying learning about our night time companion . Barry A . Sallade Now that is what astronomy is all about . It is great you get to share the wonder with your daughter . Happy Star Gazing . joe โข 2 months ago hey bro this is good junk โข 2 months ago good talk junk nice larrysessions โข 5 years ago Thank you for all the comments . vic santiago , lipa phils . โข 5 years ago Very well explained , a story to tell my children again and again . Thanks ! serenity this is a cool star its very awsome Chuck So interestingly enough , there are inhabitants in the Procyon system . They are blonde human people . They are allies to Earth inhabitants , and share the same Lyran descent as we do . Some people on Earth are originally from Procyon and ended up here on Earth by accident . Some people who are star seeds are from Procyon . cneujahr867 โข 7 years ago she is totaly right lol mom | [
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http://earthsky.org/earth/evergreen-tree-shape | Why do most evergreen trees have a pyramid shape ? Posted by EarthSky in Earth | Science Wire | December 19 , 2014 Those who admire the shape of a Christmas tree might like to know that its shape has evolved in response to wind , snow , and light . Photo credit : Bill Abbott / Flickr Evergreen trees โ such as spruces , pines and firs โ have the shape of a pyramid . Why ? Evergreen trees โ which are known collectively as conifers โ often grow in places that have severe winters . An evergreen tree โ s shape does help keep wet , heavy snow off its upper branches . Conifers also tend to have shallow roots . In other words , they lack long , sturdy tap roots . So they โ re subject to being knocked down by wind . Their shape reduces wind resistance and helps keep the tree standing upright . What โ s more , the trees are mostly needle - leaved or scale - leaved , instead of having broad , flat leaves . The shape of the leaves is also an advantage in climates that sometimes feature abrasive , blowing ice crystals . Photo credit : glasseyes view / Flickr The tree โ s shape also lets it get more light , because the top branches do n โ t shade the bottom ones . The major branches of conifers are layered , with an open area between the layers . This helps wind pass through , and it helps the tree get enough light , especially when sunlight comes in at a low angle , as it does during the winter months . Those who admire the shape of a Christmas tree might like to know that its shape has evolved in response to wind , snow , and light . Image Credit : Olivander EarthSky The EarthSky team has a blast bringing you daily updates on your cosmos and world . We love your photos and welcome your news tips . Earth , Space , Human World , Tonight . MORE ARTICLES Today in science : The Day of 6 Billion 2 years ago More than 450 volcanoes in Ring of Fire 3 years ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/earth/when-can-you-see-earths-shadow | When can you see Earth โ s shadow ? Posted by Deborah Byrd in Earth | February 12 , 2018 Like all worlds orbiting suns , our planet Earth casts a shadow . Here are some times to look for it . Earth โ s shadow is the dark blue line above the horizon in this photo taken in January 2018 by Jรถrgen Andersson in Sweden . Like all worlds orbiting a sun , Earth casts a shadow . Earth โ s shadow extends about 870,000 miles ( 1.4 million km ) into space . You might not realize it , but , from Earth โ s surface , you can see the shadow . In fact , it โ s easy to see , and you โ ve probably already seen it , many times , as day changes to night . That โ s because night itself is a shadow . When night falls , you โ re standing within the shadow of Earth . The best time to watch for Earth โ s shadow is when it โ s creeping up on your part of Earth โฆ Like all shadows , the shadow of Earth is always opposite the sun . So you โ ll want to look eastward after sunset for the shadow ( or westward before sunrise ) . View larger . | Night falls when the part of Earth you โ re standing on enters Earth โ s shadow . Image via NASA . The shadow is a deep blue - grey , and it โ s darker than the blue of the twilight sky . The pink band above the shadow is called the Belt of Venus . The shadow of the Earth is big . You might have to turn your head this way and that โ along the arc of the horizon opposite the sun โ to see the whole thing . And , just so you โ ll recognize it more easily , remember that the shadow is curved , in exactly the same way that the whole Earth is curved . And , once you spot it , do n โ t go back inside just yet . Wait awhile , and watch Earth โ s shadow ascending in the east at exactly the same rate that the sun is setting below your western horizon . Earth โ s shadow is the blue line near the horizon , behind the bare trees , in this November 2017 photo by Alice McClure . The pink band above the shadow is called the Belt of Venus . You do n โ t have to be in a country location to see Earth โ s shadow . Sucheta Wipat caught the Earth โ s shadow and Belt of Venus on a cloudy evening in London in August 2017 . Earth โ s shadow extends so far into space that it can touch the moon . That โ s what a lunar eclipse is . It โ s the moon within Earth โ s shadow . When the sun , the Earth and the moon are aligned in space ( nearly or perfectly ) , with the Earth in between the sun and moon , then Earth โ s shadow falls on the moon โ s face . Then people on Earth see the shadow gradually turn a bright full moon dark in a lunar eclipse . As seen from Earth โ s surface , there are typically two or more lunar eclipses every year . Some are total , some are partial , some are a subtle kind of eclipse known as penumbral During a lunar eclipse , a very small amount of light from the sun filters through Earth โ s atmosphere onto Earth โ s shadow on the moon . It โ s why โ at the middle part of a total lunar eclipse โ the shadow on the moon looks reddish . Eclipse guru Fred Espenak in Arizona โ whose calculations of eclipses have been a mainstay of eclipse observing for decades โ wrote of the January 31 , 2018 , total lunar eclipse : โ What a wonderful total lunar eclipse ! This was my 30th , and the 1st one I โ ve seen where the moon set during totality . โ Mike O โ Neal submitted this gorgeous shot of the January 31 , 2018 , lunar eclipse . He wrote : โ Could not quite get to full before the clouds rolled in over northeastern Oklahoma . โ Another way to get an awareness of Earth โ s shadow is simply to think about it as seen from space . The image below provides a beautiful global view of Earth at night . It โ s a composite image , assembled from data acquired by the Suomi National Polar - orbiting Partnership ( Suomi NPP ) satellite over nine days in April 2012 and 13 days in October 2012 . The dark part is , of course , Earth โ s shadow . Image via NASA . Bottom line : You might see Earth โ s shadow as an ascending line of darkness in the east just after sunset . Or you might see it brushing the moon โ s face during a lunar eclipse . Or think about night as a shadow , when you โ re standing outside in darkness after sunset โฆ maybe tonight . Enjoying EarthSky ? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today ! Deborah Byrd Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and founded EarthSky . org in 1994 . Today , she serves as Editor - in - Chief of this website . She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities , including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor . A science communicator and educator since 1976 , Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century . " Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool nature MORE ARTICLES Mercury below Venus in morning sky 22 hours ago Moon and Gemini stars on April 12 3 days ago Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari bill โข 5 months ago i mean i ca n ' t reply to anyone bill โข 5 months ago i ca n ' t comment , can anyone help ? Barbara Baldwin I need to share something . I was watching videos of " unexplained phenomena " one was of israel . Above a city was the anomaly . It was either : A : god , or : B : god . Actually it was a punch hole cloud . # 2 was of these " never seen before " gold streaks of light ( just after sunset ) rising in streaks from somewhere below the horizon . No one could explain it . I could ( but I ca n ' t remember the name ) I ' m so proud . . Claudia Crowley This article explains about the streaks of light you saw - crepuscular rays . https : / / earthsky . org / todays . . . Barbara Baldwin That ' s them . Are n ' t they beautiful ? Now I will try to pronounce it . . .ty ! Mariusz Krukar โข 6 months ago https : / / mkgeoblog . wordpress . . . I have raised this issue in this writing . Moreover I would like to say , that the Earth ' s shadow varies throughout the civil twilight . See more to grasp the mechanism how it works in terms of the light scattering in the Earth ' s atmosphere . ColinHenshaw โข 1 year ago The Earth ' s Shadow is a little known phenomenon , but is visible any night after sunset or before dawn . The best way to image it is with the panoramic facility on a small digital camera . This image was taken with a Sony Cybershot camera at 03.46UT on March 6th 2015 , from Saudi Arabia https : / / uploads . disquscdn . c . . . reh hogg โข 1 year ago Nice , @ ColinHenshaw King James NASA is actually " Hollywood " ; Earth is Flat https : / / youtu . be / VFf0bJBqlGs Kirgidis Giorgos Also moon is flat ? That ' s funny , James . . Personally , I do n ' t care if Gaia is a globe or a frisbee , She ' s still breathtakingly beautiful , right , James ? | [
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http://earthsky.org/earth/where-are-the-coldest-places-on-earth | Where are the coldest places on Earth ? Posted by Deanna Conners in Earth | December 30 , 2012 Antarctica , Greenland and Siberia are among the coldest places on Earth . Winter is now in full swing in the Northern Hemisphere , and while it might be cold where you live , the record for the coldest places on Earth goes to Antarctica , Greenland and Siberia . Antarctica The lowest surface air temperature ever observed on Earth was recorded at the Vostok research station in Antarctica on July 21 , 1983 . On that date , temperatures dropped to a frigid - 128.6 o F ( - 89.2 o C ) . The Vostok research station was established by Russia in 1958 . Vostok is located at an elevation of 11,444 feet ( 3,488 meters ) , and it is about 700 miles ( 1,127 kilometers ) from the South Pole . Location of Lake Vostok in Antarctica . Image Credit : NASA via Wikimedia Commons . Greenland On December 22 , 1991 , scientists from the University of Wisconsin measured a record low temperature of - 92.9 F ( - 69.4 C ) at the Klinck research station on Greenland โ s ice cap . The measurement was made with an automated temperature recorder . The Klinck research station is located within the Arctic Circle at an elevation of 10,187 feet ( 3,105 meters ) . Direct observations of temperatures as low as - 87.0 F ( - 66.1 C ) were made with a thermometer on January 1 , 1954 at a British research station in Northice , Greenland . Siberia Siberia is a region that stretches across northern Asia . On February 6 , 1993 , a record low temperature of - 89.9 F ( - 67.7 C ) was measured in Oymyakon , Russia . Oymyakon is home to a few hundred people . The school in Oymyakon reportedly closes only when temperatures drop to below - 61 F ( - 52 F ) . Other extremely cold places do exist on Earth , but temperature records from these places have not been officially validated . For example , a temperature reading of - 100 F ( - 73.8 C ) was measured on the slopes of Mount McKinley in Alaska . However , the exact date on which this temperature occurred could not be determined . The Arctic Circle is located at a latitude of 66 ยฐ 33 โ 44 โ north of the Equator . Image Credit : Wikimedia Commons . The coldest places on Earth tend to be located near the poles . Polar regions do not receive direct sunlight during the winter months due to the tilt in the Earth โ s axis . Hence , polar regions can get very cold . Antarctica , the large land mass in the Southern Hemisphere , is the coldest place on Earth . In the Northern Hemisphere , the coldest places tend to be located on land masses farther away from the North Pole because the Arctic Ocean has a warming influence on the region . Bottom line : Antarctica , Greenland and Siberia are among the coldest places on Earth . The lowest surface air temperature ever observed on Earth was recorded at the Vostok research station in Antarctica on July 21 , 1983 . On that date , temperatures dropped to a frigid - 128.6 F ( - 89.2 C ) . Ancient microbes discovered under 60 feet of Antarctic ice NOAA releases the 2012 Arctic Report Card Can you explain why Earth has four seasons ? Deanna Conners Deanna Conners is an Environmental Scientist who holds a Ph . D . in Toxicology and an M.S. in Environmental Studies . Her interest in toxicology stems from having grown up near the Love Canal Superfund Site in New York . Her current work is to provide high - quality scientific information to the public and decision - makers and to help build cross - disciplinary partnerships that help solve environmental problems . She writes about Earth science and nature conservation for EarthSky . MORE ARTICLES Moon to move between 2 colorful stars 18 hours ago Use the moon to locate the Crab on April 13 4 days ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/human-world/beware-the-ides-of-march | Why beware the Ides of March ? Posted by EarthSky in Human World | March 15 , 2019 The Ides of March are March 15 . We in modern times probably would n โ t know about them โ or know we โ re supposed to beware of them โ if it were n โ t for William Shakespeare . Image via Encyclopedia Britannica If you โ ve heard of the Ides of March , you might know you โ re supposed to beware of them . Why ? In ancient Rome , the Ides of March were equivalent to our March 15 . In the Roman calendar , this date corresponded to several religious observances . The Romans considered the Ides of March as a deadline for settling debts . But โ for our modern world โ if you โ ve heard of the Ides of March , it โ s probably thanks to William Shakespeare . In his play Julius Caesar , a soothsayer attracts Caesar โ s attention and tells him : Beware the ides of March . Caesar demands : What man is that ? Set him before me , let me see his face . When the soothsayer repeats his warning , Caesar dismisses him , saying : He is a dreamer ; let us leave him . Pass . Two acts later , Caesar is assassinated on the steps of the Senate . In the play โ and in reality โ Julius Caesar was indeed assassinated on the ides of March โ March 15 โ in the year 44 B.C . The soothsayer tells Caesar to beware the Ides of March โฆ but Caesar does n โ t listen . Image via History . com Help EarthSky keep going ! Please donate what you can to our annual crowd - funding campaign . In the ancient Roman calendar , each month had an Ides . In March , May , July , and October , the Ides fell on the 15th day . In every other month , the Ides fell on the 13th day . The word Ides derives from a Latin word , meaning to divide . The Ides were originally meant to mark the full moons , but because calendar months and lunar months were different lengths , they quickly got out of step . The Romans also had a name for the first day of every month . It was known as the Kalends . It โ s from this word that our word calendar is derived . In fact , our modern calendar is very much like the one that Julius Caesar enacted the year before his death . It had 365 days and 12 months each year . It even took into account the fact that Earth โ s orbit around the sun is n โ t a whole number of days , by adding a leap day every few years . Image via veraukoion . Bottom line : The Ides of March corresponded to March 15 in ancient Rome . We remember them thanks to William Shakespeare โ s play Julius Caesar EarthSky The EarthSky team has a blast bringing you daily updates on your cosmos and world . We love your photos and welcome your news tips . Earth , Space , Human World , Tonight . MORE ARTICLES Why is Easter so late this year ? 10 hours ago Does the black hole image confirm Einstein ' s relativity theory ? 2 days ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/human-world/how-cell-membranes-shape-our-life | How cell membranes shape our life Click here to enlarge image above Posted by ร
se Dragland Life requires two things : a membrane that can distinguish between nothing and something , and that this โ something โ must be an organism that is capable of reproducing . Some time ago , American scientists created a protein that behaves just like primitive enzymes did when life evolved on Earth . This chunk of protein consisted of two chains , each of which contained 31 amino acids . The scientists also managed to produce membranes shaped like part of the bacterium . The question is whether life could have emerged in this way ; that genetic material was accidently captured inside a membranous envelope , and that this was what led to further evolution . The basis of all life One thing that is certain is that super - thin membranes โ which may be only a a few nanometres ( millionths of a millimetre ) thick โ are to be found everywhere within us and around us , acting as a sort of wall that allows certain types of molecule to pass through it , while keeping others out . And they are more important and powerful than most of us realise . The best - known is the eardrum , a thin membrane that protects the inner ear and is also set in motion by sound - induced vibrations , converting sound - waves into minute movements of the bones of the inner ear ; movements that we perceive as sound . Organic membranes are also essential in the world of plants . Photosynthesis , the process whereby plants use light from the Sun to convert CO2 into organic compounds such as sugars , and oxygen , is one of the most important natural processes on Earth . This is a sophisticated system with a highly regulated shuttle traffic of ions and molecules that passes through several membranes . It has been said that all higher life - forms would actually die out within 25 years if this process ceased to take place ! โ Do cell membranes shape our lives ? In our own bodies , membranes surround every single cell . These membranes are so fine that they were not discovered and confirmed until modern electron microscopy arrived in the late 1950s . For this reason , it is only recently that scientists have discovered the roles played by membranes in our bodies . Not only do membranes separate the interior of the cell from the external environment , but something in the membrane itself makes important , and correct , decisions about which substances can pass into and out of the cell . The membrane simply treats different molecules in different ways : toxic or unnecessary substances are not permitted to enter . Cell biologist Bruce Lipton , who has taught in the schools of medicine at both the University of Wisconsin and Stanford University , has dedicated all of his career in research to cell membranes . He claims , controversially enough , that membranes , rather than genes , are what shape our lives . It is in the membrane that the active intelligence of the cell is to be found . The membrane receives signals from the cell โ s environment , depending on which molecules attach themselves to the membrane wall ; it interprets the signals and tells the cell what to do ; and these signals we largely create ourselves through stress , nutrition and feelings , claims Lipton . Membranes created by man We ourselves have learned to simulate the fantastic membranes of the plant and animal world for our own purposes . Inorganic membranes lie under the tiles on our bathroom floor , filter out bacteria from our drinking water and are found in industrial fuel cells . Membranes are used in structures that need to withstand water pressure . They are used in gardens , under roads and in all sorts of ponds and reservoirs . Energy and climate SINTEF scientist Rune Bredesen and Thorleif Holt have been working on membranes for several years . One of them does research on the use of membranes to improve the efficiency of CO2 scrubbing , the other on membranes as the basis of saline electricity generation . The world โ s first prototype saline power plant was built at Hurum outside Oslo last year . It mixes freshwater and seawater through membranes , and is able to extract energy via osmosis . All over Europe and in the USA , teams of scientists are using membranes in saline power plants . One of SINTEF โ s tasks is to help develop the optimal membrane for the Hurum plant . Thorleif Holt and his colleagues have tested hundreds of candidates , but have not reached their goal yet . What role does the membrane play in a saline power plant ? โ It operates according to the same principle as in an animal cell ; certain substances are allowed to pass through it , others are not . Freshwater and saltwater are put into the same tank , separated only by a membrane . It is in the nature of the freshwater to force its way through the membrane to dilute the saltwater , which increases the pressure in the saltwater โ s section of the tank . The freshwater passes through the membrane , but the saltwater can not . โ Holt and his colleagues have concentrated for the most part on sheet membranes . But the layers need to be made thinner and more porous , and it is important that the water is able to penetrate them . At the same time , they need to be strong . Membranes for a cleaner world Meanwhile , Rune Bredesen and his team of scientists are working on materials designed to capture CO2 . In a field that is currently regarded as one of the most important topics in applied science , membranes are an essential part of the picture . The world is short of energy , and one method of generating electricity is by burning natural gas . The problem is that when natural gas is burned , the carbon in the gas reacts with oxygen in the air to produce CO2 , which should not be emitted to the atmosphere . The current debate regarding natural gas power stations centres on how we can lower the cost of carbon capture sufficiently to make it worthwhile to use this as a technique . Both Bredesen and his colleagues at the University of Oslo and NTNU are trying to find the cheapest and best way to do this . This means that the gas - scrubbing process must not use too much energy . โ There are many ways of scrubbing gases , โ says Bredesen . We are putting a lot of effort into removing CO2 before the gas is burnt in the power station ; this is known as โ pre - combustion technology โ . Natural gas or coal is converted to hydrogen and CO2 . We then use membranes to separate the two gases . When we have separated out the combustible hydrogen , we are left with CO2 that is easier to deal with , and can be stored . We use the hydrogen as fuel for electricity generation The hydrogen membrane from SINTEF appeared to offer the cheapest and most efficient CO2 capture in an EU carbon capture project , in which 24 partners participated and four different technologies were evaluated and compared in terms of cost and efficiency . Now the scientists are about to scale up the technology involved , since a gas - fuelled power station will need several thousand square metres of membranes . Can bio - membranes combat global warming ? But can humanity actually control the cycle and conditions under which life exists ? Yes , believes Norwegian company Albedo Technology International , which claims that its special reflector membrane could help to control the temperature of the Earth โ s surface . Between 2007 and 2009 , the company carried out a series of tests in the Sahara desert , where it sprayed its product on the ground in order to create a reflective film , which lowered the surface temperature by 45 degrees Celsius . On a one million square metre test field in Morocco , the company tested several versions of its product , and climate scientists at Norway โ s Cicero climate research centre confirm that the biomembrane has great potential if it can be made to stay in place on large areas for long periods of time . The company is now about to start a parallel research project in the Arizona desert in the USA , that will document what sort of changes take place when large amounts of energy are reflected back into space from the Earth โ s surface . It remains to see whether the bio - membrane will come true . In any case , we may ask whether the โ original โ biological membranes , in the course of their faithful everyday efforts to keep our bodies and life in Earth in general , going , are still the most advanced systems available . Illustration : The eardrum lies in the auditory canal . The membrane system deflects tiny hairs in the cells of the cochlea in the inner ear , which are what enable us to hear sounds . Credit : Line Halsnes ร
se Dragland is the editor of GEMINI magazine , and has been a science journalist for 20 years . She was educated at the University in Tromsรธ and Trondheim , where she studied Nordic literature , pedagocics and social science . geminimagazine GEMINI is a research news magazine in which journalists report about technology and insights from NTNU , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology and SINTEF - Scandinavias largest research organisation . MORE ARTICLES Today in science : Bingham Canyon landslide 1 day ago Alaska ' s mountain glaciers : A 10 - year story 6 days ago | [
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http://earthsky.org/space/how-do-i-watch-the-total-lunar-eclipse | How to watch a total eclipse of the moon Posted by Deborah Byrd in Astronomy Essentials | Space | January 20 , 2019 Are you planning on watching the January 20 - 21 total eclipse of the moon ? Here are some tips . Image Credit : Jiyang Chen Coming up โฆ Total lunar eclipse of January 20 - 21 , 2019 A total lunar eclipse is one of the most dramatic and beautiful โ and easiest - to - view โ of all astronomical events . During a total lunar eclipse , the sun , Earth and moon form a line in space . Earth โ s shadow falls on the face of the moon . An entire hemisphere of Earth can see the eclipse , that is , the whole side of Earth on which it โ s nighttime when the eclipse takes place . No special equipment needed . Just grab your lawn chair , go outside and plan A total lunar eclipse is one of nature โ s grandest spectacles . Here are some tips that can help you enjoy it . Total lunar eclipse mosaic by eclipse master Fred Espenak . 1 . Be sure you know the right date and time of the eclipse . For example , the partial umbral eclipse of January 20 - 21 , 2019 โ when it โ ll appear as if a dark bite is being taken from the moon โ begins at 03 : 34 UTC on January 21 , 2019 . For us in North America , that is Sunday evening โ January 20 โ at 10 : 34 p.m. Eastern . Elsewhere in the world , the eclipse begins before dawn on January 21 . More info and times here . Be careful . Watch the times . Note that the times are often given in what is called Universal Time , or UTC . Here โ s how to translate Universal Time to your local time zone . 2 . Select a good place to watch . Yes , you can see it from cities or suburbs , but rural locations add clarity to the night sky , plus the sights and sounds and smells that can make an eclipse experience truly memorable . There โ s a special beauty to watching in a country location , where thousands of stars pop into view and where the landscape around you will darken as the eclipse progresses . If possible , the ideal location would have a wide open view of the sky , unobscured by trees or tall buildings . City parks or state parks are often good places to watch the skies . Check the closing times ! Or plan to camp out overnight . When the eclipse begins , just recline comfortably ( lawn chairs are great ! ) and observe the eclipse . Visit EarthSky โ s Best Places to Stargaze to find an eclipse - viewing location Post your eclipse photo to EarthSky Community Photos View larger . | Monica Hall captured this beautiful shot of the Japanese Lantern Effect โ whereby the moon display swaths of various colors โ during the April 2014 eclipse . Read more about this photo . 3 . Know the stages of a total lunar eclipse . Eclipses last several hours and have several parts . Penumbral eclipse begins . The outer , light penumbral shadow begins to cover the moon . It looks like a dusky shading moving across the moon โ s face . This phase of the eclipse is subtle . Some people say they ca n โ t tell it โ s happening , even while looking right at it . We โ ve heard it said you ca n โ t discern the shadow until it reaches across roughly 70 percent across the moon โ s face , but , in actuality , discernment is an individual skill . You might or might not see it before then . You Partial eclipse begins . The inner , dark umbral shadow begins to cover the moon . Like the penumbral shadow , it starts on one side and slowly creeps across the moon โ s face . It looks like a dark bite taken out of the moon . Earth โ s shadow looks completely dark at first . As the eclipse progresses , it โ ll begin to take on a reddish - brown color that you can capture in time - exposure photos . Notice that the shadow on the moon โ s face is curved . This fact enabled Aristotle to deduce Earth is a sphere , Total eclipse begins . The dark shadow completely covers the moon . This is the total phase of the eclipse , called the totality . It generally lasts for about an hour . During the totality , the shadow on the moon often appears red . It is very beautiful , and the subtle colors change and shift through totality ! Plus , red is n โ t the only color you โ ll see during totality . There are grays and browns , too . Some people say they see a rim of the color turquoise on the moon , in the minutes around the start and end of totality . This turquoise color is the result of absorption by Earth โ s Japanese lantern effect . You can capture it in photos , like the photo above by Monica Hall . Greatest eclipse . The middle of the eclipse . The totality is at its mid - point . The shadow on the moon might now look reddish , or very dark , depending on whether a major volcanic eruption has recently taken place back on Earth . Volcanic eruptions may add aerosols to Earth โ s stratosphere , which can darken an eclipse . Notice that the eclipsed moon looks more three - dimensional than an ordinary full moon . Look deeply within the shadow on the moon โ s face . Can you recognize the familiar face of the man in the Total eclipse ends . The inner , dark umbral shadow begins to leave the moon โ s face . A sliver of light appears on one edge of the moon . For the next hour or two , gradually less and less of the moon will be in Earth โ s inner , dark umbral shadow . Partial eclipse ends . The dark umbral shadow leaves the moon . Penumbral eclipse ends . The light , outer penumbral shadow leaves the moon . The eclipse is over . Illustration of a โ selenelion , โ an effect by which atmospheric refraction may lift the sun and an eclipsed moon above your horizon simultaneously . 4 . Can you see a selenelion ? Here โ s one more thing you might want to watch for . It โ s rare to get to see it from any one location on the globe , but very cool if you โ re in the right spot to catch it . If you โ re in just the right spot on Earth , you might observe the eclipsed moon setting while the sun rises โ or the eclipsed moon rising while the sun sets . This is called a selenelion . Celestial geometry says this should not happen . After all , in order for an eclipse to take place , the sun and moon must be exactly 180 degrees apart in the sky , in a perfect alignment known as a syzygy . Such perfection โ needed for an eclipse to take place โ would seem to make it impossible to view the sun and eclipsed moon above your horizon simultaneously . But โ thanks to atmospheric refraction , the same effect that causes a spoon in a glass of water to appear broken in two โ you might actually see images of the sun and totally eclipsed moon , both above your horizon at once , lifted up by the effect of refraction . You need to be positioned in just the right spot on Earth โ s surface to see a selenelion . The chart below shows you who has a shot at it for the January 20 - 21 , 2019 , total lunar eclipse : View larger . | At greatest eclipse , the totally eclipsed moon will be straight overhead ( at zenith ) over western Cuba , where it โ s just after midnight local time on January 21 , 2019 ( 05 : 12 UTC on January 21 ) . Those to the west ( left ) of this spot ( most of North America , Hawaii ) will see the moon at greatest eclipse on the evening of January 20 . Those to the east ( right ) of this spot ( Europe and Africa ) will see the moon at its greatest eclipse in their western sky on the morning of January 21 . The eclipse map above is courtesy of the NASA eclipse site . It shows your best chance of witnessing โ a totally eclipsed moon and sun both above the horizon simultaneously โ at or near the very narrow band labeled U2 - U3 on the worldwide map above . It โ s along the narrow U2 - U3 path ( crossing Africa and the Middle East ) where the totally eclipsed moon is about to set in the west as the sun sits low in the east at sunrise January 21 . Or , if you โ re in far northeastern Asia ( Siberia ) , you might catch a selenelion with the totally eclipsed moon in the east as the sun sits low in the west at sunset January 21 . Of course , you โ ll need an absolutely level horizon to see a selenelion . You still might be able to see a selenelion of a partially eclipsed moon and the sun both above the horizon from a wider swath of the world . Given clear skies and an unobstructed horizon , the section on the worldwide map between U1 ( beginning of partial umbral eclipse , before totality ) and U2 ( beginning of total lunar eclipse ) might be in a position to witness a selenelion of a partial eclipse . Eastern Africa and the Middle East might see a partial eclipse selenelion at sunrise January 21 Those residing in between U3 ( end of total lunar eclipse ) and U4 ( end of partial umbral eclipse , after totality ) might have some chance of seeing a partially eclipsed moon and the sun in the same sky , too . Northwest Africa and Eastern Europe might see a partial eclipse selenelion at Meanwhile , folks living in the Hawaiian Islands might see a partial eclipse selenelion at sunset January 20 Click here for a larger view of the worldwide map Click on this handy sunrise / sunset calendar to find out your sunrise / sunset times and moonset / moomrise times . Be sure to to check the moonrise and moonset box . Even if you โ re along this U2 - U3 path , or near it , you โ ll want to have your binoculars handy because the totally eclipsed moon will be contending with the light of day . Enjoying EarthSky ? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today ! Bottom line : You have to be in the right place on Earth โ s globe to see a total eclipse of the moon . But there โ s a good chance you will be , since half the world can see a lunar eclipse . You will enjoy a lunar eclipse more under a dark sky . Plan to watch for several hours . Watch the various parts of the eclipse . Optical aid , such as binoculars , will enhance the view . Have fun ! What is a Blood Moon ? How many supermoons in 2019 ? | [
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http://earthsky.org/tonight/how-to-watch-a-solar-eclipse-safely | Top 7 tips for safe solar eclipse viewing Posted by Deborah Byrd in Astronomy Essentials | January 3 , 2019 Safe โ and unsafe โ solar eclipse viewing methods . Order your eclipse glasses now ! View larger . | Fred Espenak โ aka Mr . Eclipse โ created this self - portrait during a 2006 total solar eclipse . Watching a total eclipse of the sun is a dramatic and awe - inspiring experience . Daylight turns to darkness , and nature falls under a hush . Then , for a few brief minutes , all attention is focused on the sky . Contrary to what some believe , you can view the sun with no eye protection during the totality , when the moon covers the sun completely . But you need eye protection or an indirect viewing system to watch a partial solar eclipse , or to watch the partial phases of a total solar eclipse . Keep reading to find some tips on safe eclipse viewing methods below . 1 . Do NOT use these techniques . Whatever you do , never look at the sun directly without a safe filter in place to protect your eyes . Besides your unprotected eyeballs , here are some other things you should not use . Do NOT use sunglasses , polaroid filters , smoked glass , exposed color film , X - ray film , or photographic neutral density filters . Viewing the sun with a safe solar telescope . 2 . Safe solar filters for a telescope . If you have a โ scope , you โ ll need a safe solar filter on the sky end of it in order to watch an eclipse safely . Do not use a filter on the eyepiece end of your telescope . There โ s too much to say about solar filters to include in this article , so we refer you to Fred Espenak โ s article on safe solar filters . If you do n โ t have a โ scope , you still have plenty of options , such as โฆ 3 . A home - rigged , indirect viewing method . Creating a pinhole camera is another great option , because it lets families and friends get a good view of the eclipse together . We recommend this article by the masters of do - it - yourself science at the Exploratorium in San Francisco . Their article on how to view solar eclipses safely teaches you to make an easy pinhole projector . With it , you can shine the sun โ s image onto a flat surface and impress your friends and neighbors while giving everyone ( including yourself ) a cool experience . Big fun in Austin , Texas , at the May 20 , 2012 solar eclipse when an EarthSky employee passed out solar eclipse glasses at a local restaurant . 4 . Local viewing at an astronomy club , park or nature center . We highly recommend this route for any kind of eclipse , or any astronomical event . If you watch among other amateur astronomers and casual sky gazers , you โ ll have fun , learn about astronomy and get the best possible view in your location . SkyandTelescope . com offers a way to search for astronomy clubs in your area . Or try the NASA Night Sky Network , which is another way to search . Here โ s a search page from Go - astronomy . com . And here are astronomy clubs and societies affiliated with the Astronomical League , one of this nation โ s most established confederations of amateur astronomers . 5 . Commercial solar eclipse glasses . You might find these online or at a local nature center , or museum . Solar eclipse glasses are super easy to use , and they โ re sort of cool - looking . Viewing the May 20 , 2012 , solar eclipse through welder ' s glass 6 . Welder โ s glass , # 14 or darker . Be sure it is # 14 or darker . The great thing about welder โ s glass is that it allows you to view an eclipse directly . Plus welder โ s glass is a bit more durable than commercial eclipse glasses . If you โ re like me , you โ ll forget where you put the commercial eclipse glasses by the next eclipse . With the welder โ s glass , you can always add it to your rock collection . Search for a local โ welding supply โ company . 7 . Online viewing . Great option if the eclipse takes place when it โ s nighttime outside for you , or if you โ re in the wrong part of the world to see the eclipse . The disadvantage here is that you wo n โ t have the fun of seeing the event with your family , friends and neighbors . And you wo n โ t get the full experience of a total solar eclipse , which , trust me , is nothing short of mind - blowing . But any view of the eclipse is better than none . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Bottom line : Safe solar eclipse viewing techniques , tips and links here . Best New Year โ s gift ever ! EarthSky moon calendar for 2019 | [
"safe solar eclipse viewing"
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http://earthworx.biz/ | Welcome to the online home of EarthWorx EarthWorx is a locally owned and operated business in Brookville Pennsylvania and a new location in Woodland Pennsylvania We specialize in bringing landscaping and home improvement materials directly to our customers Should you need mulch stone a retaining wall pavers or are just curious about what you could do to brighten up your home EarthWorx has something for you And if you dont own a truck EarthWorx can also make deliveries | [
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http://easternboats.com/ | It ' s not just a boat , it ' s a lifestyle 27 Tournament 22 Sisu eastern - 248 - exp_life_0204 Eastern 248CC_0024 kid eastern - 20cc_0167 eastern - 20cc_0274 eastern - 20cc_0289 eastern - 31 - soundings_14 eastern - 248 - exp_life_0142 27 - isl - int - 1 eastern_27_2013_feature_0023 eastern - 24island_lifestyle - 0071 Eastern27Tourn_00865 eastern_248t_fishing_056 Sales / Dealer Rep : Kevin @ easternboats . com Service : service @ easternboats . com Office : Cheryl @ easternboats . com 31 Industrial Way Milton , NH 03851 phone : 603 - 652 - 9213 fax : 603 - 652 - 9219 What started in 1981 as a single boat in a two - bay shop is now a three - boat line company in a four - warehouse facility , building boats 18 โ - 27 โ . Our down east hulls โ classic design , paired with the modern build , make our boats fuel efficient . If you are looking for a smooth ride to make memories with your family , a boat to meet your fishing and lobstering needs , or you are looking to make your journey through The Great Loop , Eastern Boats has a boat for you . Our History Employment Opportunities 31 Industrial Way , Milton , NH 03851 , USA Eastern Boats Inc . | [
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http://easterncables.com/en/?page_id=86 | Financial Reports of Eastern Cables Ltd Resistration Form 31 AGM Resistration Form Price Sensitive Notice 31th AGM Notice New 31th AGM POSTPONED NOTICE 31th AGM Notice Price Sensitive Notice 091117 Price Sensitive Notice 12417 QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS REPORTS 1st QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS1st20142015 HALF YEARLY ACCOUNTS 2nd Quarter 2014 QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS_3rd20142015 1st QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS1st20152016 HALF YEARLY ACCOUNTS 2015 QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS_3rd20152016 1st QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS_1st20162017 HALF YEARLY ACCOUNTS 2016 QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS_3rd20162017 1ST QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS 1st20172018 HALF YEARLY ACCOUNTS 2017 3RD QUARTERLY ACCOUNTS 3rd20172018 YEARLY ACCOUNTS REPORTS Yearly Accounts 20162017 Yearly Accounts 20152016 Yearly Accounts 20142015 Yearly Accounts 20132014 Yearly Accounts 20122013 Yearly Accounts 20112012 31th AGM Directors Report 30th AGM Directors Report Citizen Charter Report on shareholdingunit holding of the sponsersdirectorsforeignersinstitutions and shareholders who hold 5 or more of listed securities Report on Free share Holding No comments Factory Location Mizanur Rahman Chairman Engr Ushamoy Chakma Managing Director BSEC chairman Honorable Additional Secretary to the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh Mr Mizanur Rahman visiting Eastern Cables Ltd Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Necessary Links Dhaka Stock Exchange Chittagong Stock Exchange BSEC November 2018 M T W T F S S May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | [
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http://easton.wickedlocal.com/news/20181018/charlie-baker-jay-gonzalez-offer-clear-choice-in-governors-race | SPECIAL REPORT 557 PM When dream homes become nightmares Easton builder at center of case Charlie Baker Jay Gonzalez offer clear choice in governors race Previous Hide caption Gov Charlie Baker tells editors from GateHouse News Service that smartphones will help modernize MBTA fare collection methods Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Charlie Baker left and Jay Gonzalez DAILY NEWS AND WICKED LOCAL PHOTOS BY JOHN WALKER Hide caption Lt Gov Karyn Polito and Gov Charlie Baker discuss issues during a meeting Thursday with editors from GateHouse News Service in Framingham Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Jay Gonzalez Democratic challenger for governor makes a point during a meeting Thursday with editors from GateHouse News Service at the MetroWest Daily News in Framingham Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Democrat Jay Gonzalez says a vote to reelect Gov Charlie Baker is a vote for the status quo Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Gov Charlie Baker tells editors from GateHouse News Service that smartphones will help modernize MBTA fare collection methods Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Charlie Baker left and Jay Gonzalez DAILY NEWS AND WICKED LOCAL PHOTOS BY JOHN WALKER Hide caption Lt Gov Karyn Polito and Gov Charlie Baker discuss issues during a meeting Thursday with editors from GateHouse News Service in Framingham Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Jay Gonzalez Democratic challenger for governor makes a point during a meeting Thursday with editors from GateHouse News Service at the MetroWest Daily News in Framingham Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Democrat Jay Gonzalez says a vote to reelect Gov Charlie Baker is a vote for the status quo Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Hide caption Gov Charlie Baker tells editors from GateHouse News Service that smartphones will help modernize MBTA fare collection methods Daily News and Wicked Local Staff PhotoJohn Walker Next By Eli Sherman Wicked Local Eli_Sherman Posted Oct 18 2018 at 905 PM Updated Oct 19 2018 at 940 AM As Republican Gov Charlie Baker looks to continue to build on his track record of getting things done through bipartisanship challenger Jay Gonzalez is presenting himself as a progressive Democrat who can push Massachusetts beyond what he calls the status quo In less than three weeks voters will decide between incumbent Gov Charlie Baker a Republican and challenger Jay Gonzalez a Democrat The Nov 6 vote will determine who will lead Massachusetts through the next four years The two men are offering different approaches which were spelled out during separate editorial meetings with several GateHouse Media newspapers on Thursday Were offering two different paths Gonzalez said pointedly Baker a Republican leading a state dominated by Democrats is looking to continue to build on his track record of getting things done through bipartisanship We have spent a ton of time out of the Statehouse out of Greater Boston and around the commonwealth face to face with decision makers Baker said I think that has a lot to do with why so many of them most of whom are Democrats and independents are supporting us The firstterm governor says hes focused on improving the states transportation system mitigating the fallout of the gasfueled explosions in Merrimack Valley and advocating for social issues that at times pit him against more conservative members of his party More election news Acton Republican Margaret Busse and incumbent state Sen Jamie Eldridge DActon tangled during MiddlesexWorcester District senate debate Gonzalez meanwhile is presenting himself as a progressive Democrat who would push Massachusetts beyond what he calls the status quo We need a governor who sees the world the way it should be and who will take us to that place he said Gonzalezs picture for Massachusetts includes ambitious policy initiatives including overhauling the transportation system implementing singlepayer health care and lowering the cost of earlychildhood education The editorial meetings which lasted several hours covered a broad range of other issues including climate change and how to deal with ongoing scandals at the Massachusetts State Police Charlie Baker Baker who first took office in 2015 describes himself as a Ronald Reagan Republican Im most comfortable in the place Ive been which is fiscally disciplined and socially inclusive and tolerant Baker said I happen to believe thats where a lot of voters are too The stance has worked well for him Hes largely popular in both Massachusetts and elsewhere So far this election cycle hes maintained a sizeable lead over Gonzalez in the polls even among Democrats But it does sometimes land him in hot water including during a televised debate Wednesday hosted by WGBH when Gonzalez asked him whether he would vote for Geoff Diehl the GOP candidate for US Senate Baker of Swampscott stumbled over his response despite having already endorsed the candidate which opponents pounced on as a sign the governor supported party over policies Diehl a supporter of President Donald Trump supports many controversial policy issues Baker has opposed When asked about it Baker clarified himself I misspoke he said I endorse him and Im going to vote for him More election news Incumbent state Rep Danielle Gregoire and Republican Paul Ferro trade barbs during 4th Middlesex District state representative debate Beyond party politics Baker who was joined by Lt Gov Karyn Polito discussed ongoing work his administration has undertaken to improve the transportation systems in different parts of the state The work he explained is not flashy involving the replacement of railroad ties platforms and investing in electronic systems and third rails The state is on track he said to invest 8 billion over the next five years to make the MBTA more dependable The state is also studying the feasibility of building a highspeed train to connect the western part of the state to Boston By 2025 Baker added the South Coast Rail project will be up and running When asked whether the line might connect to Cape Cod however Baker stopped short of promising anything Im trying not to get too many balls in the air at once on this he said The governor also spoke to the current level of oversight on natural gasline infrastructure A moratorium has been placed on new gasline infrastructure conducted by National Grid Massachusetts and Columbia Gas The latter utility company is the operator of gas lines in Merrimack Valley where last month an overpressurized line led to explosions that damaged dozens of homes and resulted in the death of a teenager The state has made available hundreds of RVs and apartments along with hotel rooms throughout the region to victims of the disaster and about 1800 people have asked for assistance Were monitoring this closely Baker said Finally Baker defended his handling of the embattled State Police which is entangled with an ongoing scandal involving troopers who collected overtime pay for work that was never done He said he was satisfied with the investigation into the issue so far saying the state had hired an outside auditing firm to do a toptobottom review of the agency He also defended the troopers not involved The vast majority of them do some really important work every day he said Jay Gonzalez Gonzalez a former health insurance executive served as the secretary of administration and finance under former Gov Deval Patrick A Needham resident Gonzalez is aiming high with ambitious progressive policy ideas that hes hopeful voters will see as an improvement on whats being accomplished by the current administration Its important we have public leaders who are forcefully fighting back to preserve our values and to protect our people Gonzalez said Gonzalez received a positive public response to his performance during Wednesdays televised debate giving him a muchneeded boost in a race thats largely been led by Baker Were feeling great about where things stand Gonzalez said I dont put a lot of stock in polls these days Theres an energy out there that is not being captured by the polls in terms of the people turning out and voting Gonzalezs proposed policies have been the discussion of much of the race including his hope to overhaul and replace the current systems of transportation health care and earlychildhood education Hes upfront about the high cost that would be required to fund such projects saying he would immediately work toward implementing two new taxes The first known commonly as the millionaire tax would assess income on wealthier individuals which he would use to pay for transportation and education A similar plan was making its way to become a ballot question this election cycle before the Mass Supreme Judicial Court threw it out earlier this year The second tax would be a 16 percent assessment on the total value of endowments operated by universities and colleges that exceed 1 billion in value The tax he argues is something the otherwise taxexempt educational institutions can afford especially as the endowments after operational costs and financial aid have increased in value between 48 percent and 84 percent annually over the last 15 years Working families in this state are the ones who arent feeling any of the benefit of that and were failing them he said When it comes to transportation Gonzalez said he would use the newfound money which he bills at about 3 billion each year to pay for improvements to the MBTA and commuter rail He said the current system is not working for Massachusetts residents People are fed up and weve just come to tolerate this substandard system he said On the subject of climate change Gonzalez said he wants to see more resources going toward mitigation and preparing for sealevel rise He supports the idea of a carbon tax and says hed work with other states to try and get something accomplished regionally to ensure Massachusetts could maintain a competitive economic edge throughout New England As for the state police Gonzalez said he believes theres a need to bring in someone from the outside to lead the agency The move is currently prohibited under state law which Gonzalez said he would work to change legislatively or work around if necessary Not that the state police union would drive the decision on this but I wouldnt be surprised if they were supportive he said The troops feel like theyve been stained with this corruption and many if not most have nothing to do with it Sign up for daily email Wake up to the days top news delivered to your inbox Read Next The simplest speediest Thanksgiving turkey is only a pair of kitchen shears away Updated Nov 15 at 1244 PM For a truly happy holiday season now is the time to take stock of your kitchen Posted Nov 15 at 1201 AM 5 Thanksgiving experts share tips and tricks for a flawless Thanksgiving dinner Posted Nov 14 at 1200 PM Tis the season for fresh pungent garlic Posted Nov 14 at 900 AM How to choose your bathroom vanity lighting Posted Nov 14 at 1201 AM Cooking chitlins with my grandmother brought me a deeper love for soul food Posted Nov 13 at 1200 PM Terms of Service | [
"Charlie Baker",
"Jay Gonzalez"
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http://eastpointpo.com/dynamic-triplanar-orthoses | Are you looking for a new kind of bracing treatment ? Dynamic Triplanar Orthoses may be for you ! We are thrilled to announce that we now fit patients with Dynamic Triplanar Orthoses โ a new bracing solution that focuses on your specific needs for a more successful rehabilitation and an improved quality of life . In conjunction with this new service , we will also be working with DynamicBracingSolutions โข , an innovative orthotic treatment developed by clinicians Marmaduke Loke and Jean - Paul Nielsen in California . Our patients are already seeing a significant difference with the Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis . โ The brace has been great , โ says EastPoint patient Steve Bjork . โ My walking has been getting better , and the biggest change is that I feel secure when I stand or walk . Without the brace , I am very unstable . Thank you ! โ Read below for more information on Dynamic Triplanar Orthoses and to see if you โ re a potential candidate for these amazing braces ! What is a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? A Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis is an orthosis that manages the side - to - side rotation of the tibia . When you manage the side - to - side motion of the tibia , the foot stays on the line of progression โ preventing it from going pigeon - toed or duck - footed . This also gives the user the energy to help take the next step . What makes a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis different from other bracing treatments ? What materials are used to make a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? Who is the best candidate for a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? What is the process of wearing a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? What is the cost of a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? What results could I see with a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis ? Player error The player is having trouble . We โ ll have it back up and running as soon as possible . Using a Dynamic Triplanar Orthosis is a lengthy process that โ s not always easy . However , with time , patience and practice , the results can be amazing and drastically improve your quality of life . Contact us today for more information or to schedule an appointment . | [
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http://eastsidefreedomlibrary.org/ | A 3D tour of ESFL East Side Freedom Library 2 hours ago ESFLs Peter Rachleff cohosts Connections with Laurie Fitz on AM950 Special guests Steve Hirsh and Davu Seru both of whom will bring musical ensembles into ESFL this coming month Listen in Connections Radio January 5 2019 AM 950 am950radiocom East Side Freedom Library 1 day ago Great History Day workshop today Students from Open World Washington CretinDerham Hall Steve Trimble has joined the team of mentors Orso as ever played a key role Message Page East Side Freedom Library shared a link 1 day ago Intimate Photos of Community and Resilience in New Yorks Chinatown in the 1980s nytimescom East Side Freedom Library 1 day ago Baldwins work provokes so many worthwhile conversations Come visit ESFL and read his LITTLE MAN LITTLE MAN and more James Baldwins Harlem Through a Childs Eyes nybookscom East Side Freedom Library Attribution 40 International CC BY 40 | [
"Freedom Library"
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http://eastwoodcustoms.com/projects/eastwood-wedgtail-dlx/ | Eastwood Wedgtail DLX Description Comments Check out this ultra - rare Wedgtail ( often misspelt Wedgetail ) . Less than 110 were made from 1968 - 1973 , and the " series one " 1968 version is SUPER rare . So we think it ' s time to put the Eastwood Custom Shop to work . This guitar will have dual humbucker pickups , 3 - way switch with dual volume and tone controls . Modern upgrades will include a Bigsby B - 50 with roller bridge and a modern C - shaped slim taper neck profile . Our goal is to bring it to | [
"Eastwood",
"Wedgtail DLX"
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http://easycdg.com/airport-guide/maps-terminal-paris-cdg-airport-charlesdegaulle/ | ParisCharles de Gaulle airport terminal maps Navigate your way around CDG airport here youll find maps with with locations of boarding gates facilities and services ParisCharles de Gaulle airport has three passenger terminals T1 T2 T3 Terminal 2 complex consists of seven subterminals listed 2A to 2G the TGVRER railway station If you are not sure which terminal you need visit our terminal info page Further information Guide for Arriving passengers Guide for Departing passengers Maps Terminal 1 Terminal 1 Guide terminal 1 Maps Terminal 2 Terminal 2A Terminal 2C Terminal 2D Terminal 2E Terminal 2F Terminal 2G Guide terminal 2 TGVRER railway station Maps Terminal 3 Terminal 3 Guide terminal 3 | [
"airport terminal maps"
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http://easyfunschool.freeunitstudies.com/article1788.html | EasyFunSchool has over 1500 pages of free unit studies science projects recipe and craft ideas history activities many other resources to make homeschooling more enjoyable for both child and parent Subject Index Art Lessons and Activities Science Lesson Plans History Lessons and Activities Language Arts Lesson Plans Unit Studies for Presidents Unit Studies for States Unit Studies for Mathematics Unit Studies for Geography Home Ec Lessons Activities Index Educational Games and Puzzles Index Christmas and Winter Activities and Lessons Index Unit Studies for Nature Preschool Lessons and Activities Subject Index The Reluctant Dragon The following activities can be used with the book Reluctant Dragon by Kenneth Grahame Mr Grahame is also the author of the books Wind in the Willows and Ichabod and Mr Toad Book Summary The story is about a a big dragon a boy and a knight The dragon is peaceful and doesnt want to have anything to do with fighting and becomes best friends with the boy But the boys village calls on the night to slay the dragon because they wont believe he is peaceful The boy introduces the knight to the dragon and they stage a mock battle to fool the villagers They succeed and everyone lives happily ever after The book originally entitled Dream Days was published in 1953 under the name The Reluctant Dragon About the Author Kenneth Grahame was born in 1859 After a career in banking Mr Grahame turned his hand to writing He was also a great storyteller His characters are funny and friendly His stories reflect his sense of humor and a great as childrens books 1 In the story the boy becomes friends with the dragon by sharing poetry and stories Think about why friends are important and how we can develop friendships 2 A possible collateral topic to cover is friendship 3 An art activity would be to have the children draw what they think the reluctant dragon looks like based on the description in the book Or have them draw dragons in general 4 For older students discuss the concept of what a stereotype is 5 Discuss how to problem solve This is what the boy the knight and the dragon did to defuse a potentially violent situation 6 A collateral project suggestion is poetry Allow the children to write their own poetry Or compose a poem based on the story 7 Discussion question Why did the villagers think it was necessary to get St George to come to their village 8 Discussion question Would you have helped the dragon Why or why not 9 Discussion question How did the dragon and the knight make the fight look real 10 Draw a picture of the village as it was described in the book Suggested VocabularySpelling Words affable audible culture festal gentry mediate monotonous noxious occupation scourge shepherd stroll tyrant valiant wily Other books by Kenneth Grahame WIND IN THE WILLOWS The Golden Age Common Reader Editions Dream Days Common Reader Editions The Adventures of Mr Toad Toad Triumphant Wind in the Willows Coloring Book The Willows and Beyond Great New Units How to Train Your Dragon Unit Study Dear America Series Oregon Trail Unit Study Dr Seuss Horton Hatches the Egg Dear America Seeds of Hope Gold Rush Unit Alice in Wonderland The FourStory Mistake Educational Links Learning About Math Can Be Fun 8 Pneumonic Devices The 44 Presidents In Order Our Vice Presidents In Order | [
"Reluctant Dragon",
"Kenneth Grahame"
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http://easyscienceforkids.com/all-about-small-predators-and-scavengers/ | Sponsored Links : Small Predators and Scavengers If wolves , bears and other predators are at the top of the food chain and plants are at the bottom , what โ s in the middle ? How about small predators and animals which scavenge for food ? These animals include skunks weasels , hyenas , stoats , mongoose and raccoons All About Small Predators and Scavengers : Skunk belongs to small predators . Small predators are carnivorous , but most of them eat other foods like dog food , vegetables , fruit and even garbage . Most of them are nocturnal , meaning they hunt at night and sleep during the day . They โ re also really smart . Some small predators are obviously wild . You would n โ t try to catch a hyena , right ? Others seem like they โ d make good pets . Raccoons look cute , but they scratch and bite if frightened . They โ re wild animals , after all . Sponsored Links : Raccoon another small predator Fun Facts about Small Predators and Scavengers for Kids Many small predators belong to the weasel family . Weasels , skunks , badgers , stoats , otters , wolverines and minks are all related . Hyenas and mongoose are not related to weasels . Most of these animals only live two to three years . Many are hit by cars or eaten by larger predators . Small predators and scavengers usually have good hearing and a strong sense of smell . Their eyesight might be weak . Most small predators are nocturnal . Mongoose eats other animals . That โ s why it is a ( small ) predator . Small Predator and Scavenger Vocabulary Predator : An animal that eats other animals Carnivorous : Meat eater Nocturnal : Awake at night , sleeps during the day Learn More All About Small Predators and Scavengers Watch this interesting video all about small predators and scavengers : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . A video documentary of a hyena scavenging the remains of a lion kill . Small Predator and Scavenger Q&A Question : Do small predators and scavengers help humans ? Answer : Sometimes they eat livestock , garbage or garden vegetables , but they also eat mice and other rodents that carry disease and eat our food . Small predators are usually helpful . โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ Question : Are small predators endangered ? Answer : Most small predators have many babies over their lifetime . They eat many types of food so they usually do n โ t go hungry . They can live almost anywhere . They are not endangered . โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ Important Members of Small Predators and Scavengers skunks weasels mongoose raccoons badgers Enjoyed the Easy Science for Kids Website all about Small Predators and Scavengers info ? Take the FREE & fun Small Predators and Scavengers quiz and download FREE Small Predators and Scavengers worksheet for kids . For lengthy info click here Cite this Page | [
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http://eatatsaffron.com/saffron-restaurant/breakfast/ | Breakfast Enjoy breakfast at Saffron from 7 am to 11 am daily CROISSANTS BAGELS PANCAKES Charleston Avocado Toast Homemade Sourdough Toasted Open Face w Fresh Avocado Local Tomato Fried Egg 9 Southern Avocado Toast Homemade Sourdough Toasted w Local Tomato Red Onion Lox Feta 8 Lox and Bagel Plate Homemade Toasted Bagel Choice of Homemade Bagel Plain MultiGrain or Cinnamon Raisin w Salmon Lox Cream Cheese Sliced Tomato Red Onions Capers 12 Croissant Sandwich Fried Egg Ham Cheddar Cheese on Butter Croissant 8 Saffron Express Choice of Croissant Butter Jelly Latte 7 Buttermilk Pancakes Three Fluffy Buttermilk Pancakes Topped w Butter 6 Blueberry Pancakes Three Fluffy Buttermilk Blueberry Pancakes w Fresh Blueberries 7 southern breakfast Deloriss Shrimp Grits Stone Ground Grits Topped w Saute Shrimp Brown Sauce Biscuit 10 The Eye Opener V Two Eggs Any Style Hash Browns or Grits Toast 8 Eggs Benedict Poached Eggs Canadian Bacon on Homemade English Muffin Hollandaise Sauce 10 French Taste ThickCut Homemade Brioche Soaked in Egg Cinnamon Grilled Topped w Cinnamon Sugar 8 Steak Eggs 8 oz NY Strip Three Eggs 2 Buttermilk Pancakes Hash Browns or Grits 15 omelettes 3 Egg Omelette Toast Hash Browns or Grits Cheese Omelette 9 Southern Vegetable Omelette 9 Ham Cheese Omelette 9 Philly Steak Cheese Omelette 10 Make any Omelette Skinny w Egg White 2 a la carte Bagel Cream Cheese Butter Jam and Choice of Homemade Bagel Plain MultiGrain or Cinnamon Raisin 4 Egg Biscuit V Scrambled Eggs American Cheese on Homemade Biscuit 6 Speciality Coffee Espresso Cappuccino Hot Tea Juices sides Sausage Link 3 Salmon Lox 4 Two Eggs 4 Ham 3 Grits 3 Three Eggs 6 Country Ham 4 Cheese Grits 350 Single Pancake 2 Corned Beef Hash 4 Hash Browns 3 Toast 3 Bacon 3 Fruit Bowl 4 Hummus 3 | [
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http://eatdrinkbetter.com/2009/02/21/10-foods-to-prevent-cancer/ | You are here : Home Eat Drink Better 10 Foods to Prevent Cancer 10 Foods to Prevent Cancer by granolagirl 10 years ago 25 Share Share on Pinterest Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Every year more than 500,000 people die from cancer in the United States alone . Many researchers and cancer specialists believe that up to 60 % of those deaths can be prevented if Americans adopt healthier lifestyles . According to Rachael Stolzenberg - Solomon , a researcher at the National Cancer Institute , โ The easiest and least expensive way to reduce your risk of cancer is just by eating a healthy diet . โ Cancer - Fighting Foods Here is an overview of ten important cancer - fighting foods to include in your diet on a regular basis : 1 . Garlic Garlic contains a number of compounds that can protect against cancer , especially that of the skin , colon , and lungs . 2 . Dark Leafy Greens Dark greens are rich sources of antioxidants called carotenoids . These scavenge dangerous free radicals from the body before they can promote cancer growth . 3 . Grapes Grapes ( and red wine ) contain the chemical resveratrol , which is a very potent antioxidant that can prevent cell damage before it begins . 4 . Green Tea The flavonoids in green tea have been shown to slow or prevent the development of several types of cancer including colon , liver , breast , and prostate . 5 . Tomatoes The compound lycopene , ( which is most easily absorbed from cooked tomatoes ) has been shown to prevent prostate cancer , as well as cancer of the breast , lung , and stomach . 6 . Blueberries Of all the berries , blueberries are the richest in cancer fighting compounds . They are beneficial in the prevention of all types of cancer . 7 . Flaxseeds Flax contains lignans , which can have an antioxidant effect and block or suppress cancerous changes . The omega - 3 fatty acids can also help protect against colon cancer . 8 . Mushrooms Many mushrooms contain compounds that can help the body fight cancer and build the immune system as well . 9 . Cruciferous Vegetables Vegetables such as broccoli , cauliflower , cabbage , and Brussels sprouts contain strong antioxidants that may help decrease cancer risk . 10 . Whole Grains Whole grains contain a variety of anti - cancer compounds including antioxidants , fiber , and phytoestrogens . These can help decrease the risk of developing most types of cancer . Remember , along with a healthy diet , a physically active lifestyle is important for cancer prevention as well . Want to talk food ? You can drop us a line via our contact page or โ like โ us on Facebook to get in on the conversation ! Image credit : William Couch on flickr creative commons More on Disease Prevention : Pomegranate Juice May Help Prevent Cancer Preventing Osteoporosis : Food and Drink to Build Bone Density Whole Food Nutrition vs . Supplements | [
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http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/is-ketosis-dangerous | December 2 , 2011 Ketosis & fasting Is ketosis dangerous ? by Peter Attia Read Time 2 minutes You may have heard from your doctor that ketosis is a life - threatening condition . If so , your doctor is confusing diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA ) with nutritional ketosis , or keto - adaptation . First , some semantics . Our body can produce , from fat and some amino acids , three ketone bodies ( a โ ketone โ refers to the chemical structure where oxygen is double - bonded to carbon sandwiched between at least 2 other carbons ) . These ketone bodies we produce are : acetone , acetoacetone , and beta - hydroxybutyrate ( B - OHB ) . [ For anyone who is interested , they are the 3 most right structures on the figure , below . ] Why do we make ketones ? For starters , it โ s a vital evolutionary advantage . Our brain can only function with glucose and ketones . Since we ca n โ t store more than about 24 hours โ worth of glucose , we would all die of hypoglycemia if ever forced to fast for more than a day . Fortunately , our liver can take fat and select amino acids ( the building blocks of proteins ) and turn them into ketones , first and foremost to feed our brains . Hence , our body โ s ability What is diabetic ketoacidosis ? When diabetics ( usually Type I diabetics , but sometimes this occurs in very late - stage , insulin - dependent , Type II diabetics ) fail to receive enough insulin , they go into an effective state of starvation . While they may have all the glucose in the world in their bloodstream , without insulin , they ca n โ t get any into their cells . Hence , they are effectively going into starvation . The body does what it would do in anyone โ it starts to make ketones out of But this state of metabolic derangement is not actually possible in a person who can produce insulin , even in small amounts . The reason is that a feedback loop prevents the ketone level from getting high enough to cause the change in pH that leads to the cascade of bad problems . A person who is said to be โ keto - adapted , โ or in a state of nutritional ketosis , generally has beta - hydroxybutyrate levels between about 0.5 and 3.0 mM . This is far less than the levels required to cause harm through acid Keto - adaption is a state , achieved through significant reduction of carbohydrate intake ( typically to less than 50 grams per day ) and moderate protein , where the body changes from relying on glycogen as its main source of energy to relying on fat . Specifically , the brain shifts from being primarily dependent on glucose , to being primarily dependent on beta - hydroxybutyrate . This has nothing to do with what a diabetic patient is experiencing in DKA , but does illustrate how poorly informed and quick to react the medical community is . DKA and Would you like access to extensive show notes , references , and a transcript of this podcast ( and more ) ? Check out this post to see an example of what the substantial show notes look like . Become a member today to get access โฆ Become a Member Photo by Andrew Yardley on Unsplash Peter Attia Peter Attia is a physician practicing in NYC and California . His practice focuses on longevity , the overlap of lifespan and health span . His clinical interests are nutritional biochemistry , exercise physiology , lipidology , endocrinology , and a few other cool things . Categories Ketosis & fasting Tags biochemistry diabetes insulin ketoacidosis ketosis medicine Disclaimer : This blog is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine , nursing or other professional health care services , including the giving of medical advice , and no doctor / patient relationship is formed . The use of information on this blog or materials linked from this blog is at the user ' s own risk . The content of this blog is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice , diagnosis , or treatment . Users should not disregard , or delay in obtaining , medical advice for any medical Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Steve B053 โข 1 year ago This is a superb article . Accurate . Concise . Factual . Refreshing . ( BTW , I lost over 100lbs - safely - in ketosis . Virtually no cravings for food . It was if my body / brain made the " switch " to ketones , like a dual lantern can go from burning fuel gas to kerosene . Again , it ' s not food , it ' s what the food industry , like in America , " processes " food and injects preservatives ( sugar is a preservative , like salt - in addition to Angeliki โข 1 year ago I ' ve been using this ketogenic diet , specifically the Cambridge diet for 3 - 4 weeks now and I have lost 11 kilos . My problem is that my triglycerides are very high ( 600 ) and my cholesterol too . Is this diet connected to these side effects ? Thank you in advance Kelsey Bross Hi Dr Attia , I have been experimenting with the keto diet for a couple month and have lost about twenty pounds . I love the way of eating and how I feel when eating high fat low carb . But I am currently not following the diet due to finding out I am pregnant . I have heard it is n ' t safe to be in ketosis when pregnant . I was wondering what your thoughts are on this ? Thank you so much ! Paul Hi Dr . Attia , After diagnosis with and treatment to rid myself of a severe Duodenum Ulcer I was the discovered that I have a Hiatus Hernia . My doctor prescribed tablets called Nexium which serve to reduce the amount of stomach acids thus reducing the reflux and pain . I find I need to take one tablet approximately every 3 to 4 days . If Ketosis produces acid that eats fat rather than Glucose would this acid be detrimental to my condition ? Josh โข 2 years ago Hi Dr . Attia , I found you through the Tim Ferris podcast and have found your blog wonderfully informative . My question is whether you are aware of causes for dangerously large spikes in triglyceride and LDL - p values while following a strict ketogenic diet high in saturated fats . Are you aware of any specific genes or conditions that could contribute to such a reaction ? I ' m having trouble finding any information on related cases . Diane โข 2 years ago I am a 59 year old and have been diagnosed with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease . Will a ketogenic diet stress my liver , with the increased fat intake ? Daniel Hoff โข 11 months ago Hello Diane . I am 61 and was fearful I have Fatty Liver ( my extra weight I carry so much around my waist ) . So I am doing this low carb to avoid having this sugar ( glucose and fructose ) in my body . My belief is a fatty liver comes from being overworked in processing SUGAR and / or storing FRUCTOSE . So I believe keto HELPS with Fattly Liver . Also , low carb ( not spiking your glucose ) will cause less insulin in your blood stream . This extra insulin can cause insulin Juan Great article . I agree that the ketogenic has many benefits but at the same time if we limit carbs to less than 50g / day we might end up with a very low fibre diet . I think the great problem is that ketogenic diets can be extremely variable e.g. massive variations in the content of fatty acids and even fibre they may have . I worry is that some individuals may follow ketogenic diets extremely low in fiber and this may increase their risk of colorectal cancer in the long - term . Furthermore , if these diets are very high in saturated fatty acids they could have a negative action on lipid profile . What do you think about this ? john smith What , never heard of cruciferous vegetables ( broccoli , cauliflower , turnips , radishes , cabbage ) ? I ' m typically serving them up with fat ( i.e. Alfredo sauce on broccoli ) . Maybe never heard of flax bread ( nearly 100 % fiber ) ? These are all staples in most ketogenic diets , and I probably eat more fiber on a given a day than most people eat in a week . Hanna Hi Peter My husband started the keto diet to lose weight . After trying many different diets , this one finally worked and he lost about 40 lbs . He has been on it for a few years now and is very committed . I started researching the diet to make sure it is safe and healthy long term . After what I ' ve read , I have just one question : how does such a diet effect the kidneys ? If someone only has about 120 % kidney function rather than a full 200 % , will ketosis put too Sara Hello Peter , You made this statement - " . . . Since we ca n ' t store more than about 24 hours worth of glucose , we would all die of hypoglycemia if ever forced to fast for more than 24 hours . . . " This is not true . If you do n ' t eat for 24 hours , you will NOT die ! There are many documented cases of people fasting for MUCH longer than 24 hours and still being alive . I love your website and most of the information on this page is accurate , but this statement is simply wrong . I think you should remove this line from this great article . I think you need to read a bit more carefully , Sara . . . do you actually think I ' m implying that we ca n ' t go more than 24 hours without food ? Linda I do n ' t want to have to do all this monitoring of blood chemistry levels to make sure I ' m not harming myself or have to go to the hospital because something went wrong and is having an ill effect on me . I think that just eating a healthy diet of all real foods in moderation with an emphasis on fruits & vegetables is key to good health . Our parents , grandparents & great grandparents did n ' t do all this to stay healthy . They ate a well balanced diet with all all Has there ever been any testing of food combinations ( potatoes , string beans & a pork chop ) eaten in the same meal for glycemic indexes ? Since we do n ' t usually eat foods in isolation but in combination with other food Ex . pasta with tomato or alfredo sauce , potatoes with butter or sour cream , hot cereal ( oatmeal , cream of wheat , grits etc . ) with milk , butter & sugar etc . When we eat a meal of say potatoes , string beans & a pork chop it all gets mixed up in our stomach and digested together not in isolation . Also the reason I ask this is because I make all my own food from scratch and any web page that gives the glycemic index for food has the glycemic index for foods in isolation ( flour , butter , string beans , peach etc . ) and / or for the highly processed version ( ex . blueberry muffin ) , When I make say a blueberry muffins I use half or less of the sugar called for in the recipe . I also use whole wheat flour not all purpose . I would really like to be able I am close to 60 yrs . old and recently had my annual physical and all my blood work came back within normal range . The majority of the food I ' ve eaten all my life has been made from scratch not highly processed stuff that resembles real food but actual real food , just like my parents , grandparents & great grandparents . They all stayed healthy until they were very old . The key here is to eat real food made from scratch not highly processed stuff that resembles real food . Daniel Hoff โข 11 months ago Linda , you write many great points . Let me add : watch out for glyphosate ( round up herbiside / GMO grains ) . And , re fruit , in the past our great grand parents could not eat fruit every day , because they ate in season . We can get too much fruit , since it is available 365 days a year ! Claire Femal I have read that refrigerated , cooked potatoes have a lower glycemic index than eating them when they are warm and that adding rice vinegar for rice or just vinegars in general with the carbohydrates can lower the response as well . So perhaps a potato salad with vinegar would be healthier than a warm baked potato if what I read was true . I think you have a valid question , because these problems were n ' t so prominent even with the existence of agriculture and these foods that are now considered bad , the change has been Connor Method I ' m at 3.3 mmol after nearly 2 days of fasting , and one day ( before the fast ) having switched over to the keto diet . Peter , you talk about 1 - 3 being the range , and I understand the danger is for diabetics ; however do the benefits of the diet curb off after you exceed 3 ? Does this mean I can appropriately add carbs so long as I ' m in that range ( I ' m a natural runner / endurance athlete , and have an incredibly fast metabolism ) ? Esther Hi Peter I ' ve been doing KD as a t - 1 diabetic in medically diagnosed honeymoon for a good while is it possible to achieve Ketosis by alkalising the body ? Well that is my Question that I have . I know that I have a very tight control my blood glucose levels this way . Thanks for the information on your blog Sarah I am 5 ' 4 " got up to 170 pounds ! I was addicted to food . I did a two day fast and I ' ve been now eating a high protein diet . It ' s been 1 1 / 2 weeks and I ' ve lost 10 pounds so far . I ' ve never felt better . I ' ve lost 10 pounds before on veg diet but I allowed myself some carbs . I would still have cravings and be hungry . With high protein I have no cravings . No carb or sugar Octavio Dr Attia , is it healthy to stay on a Ketonic diet over time , even when you already lost weight ? And what about red wine ? Alcohol produces glucose in your body or good red wine is healthy and adaptable in a Ketonic diet , in moderate amounts ? Thank ' s in advance David Singer Dr . Thank you for this blog . I found you while listening to Dr . Rhonda Patrick , Tim Ferris etc . . I appreciate the work all of you are doing . I think doing the Ketone diet is great . I wonder about the long term implications . If we want long term test results we just have to look at the 7th Day Adventists ( especially the vegans ) , Okinawans , etc . . I realize you want to go beyond that . My biggest issue with this way of eating is it ( accidently ) gives people license eating Bad fats like bacon and other nitrate filled meats along in frying in any oil since all oils can go rancid before we realize it . If we are not going to put the diet in the context of eating healthy foods than we fool ourselves . Its seems like everyone is so focused on what they are doing they are forgetting the picture picture . I have a question for you and hopefully you can pass this question along to your peers . I ca n ' t get anyone to respond . What is the difference between synthetic vitamins and natural whole food vitamins ? For xxample the Garden of life My Kind Organic Whole Food Multi Vitamins look great . But Dr . Rhonda likes her synthetic Multi ' s from Vita Cost . This seems crazy to me unless My kind are not what they claim to be ? Seems to me there is a huge issue where that few people except I realize my question to you might not be your department , but I ca n ' t seem to get the Attention of Dr . Ames or Patrick with my concerns and questions . I am sure this question is also important for you to know the answer . Its does not make rational sense to put synthetic vitamins into our bodies especially when there mind be a healthy and natural alternative ? Thanks I hope you get what I am saying and asking . Take care and good luck . , Tinu Hi . . . I am from India . After getting inspired by a Keto Diet , I was following it for almost a month . I even lost 3 kilos in the initial 8 days , after which the weight loss became quite stagnant . However , I was still continuing with the diet until lately , when my Doctor friend mentioned that Keto is very harmful for the body as certain unhealthy toxins form inside the body and it is not at all healthy to follow in a long run . I am 29 years , 5 ' Tinu , I have not heard about toxins forming in your body from not eating a lot of carbs . What ' toxins ' did your doctor say . I would certainly question him as to the toxins and some studies that document what he said Faheem Sattar HI Peter Attia , I have been in keytosis 24 / 7 for the past 3 months and on the urine strips where you can check your levels i am always on 4 - 5 could be slightly more as it instantly changes to dark purple sometimes almost like black . I do drink plenty of water . My question is could body have too much acidosis if i continue this state for a longer period ? How will acidosis work i have heard this is produced simultanously with ketosis . I fear that too much acid will build up overtime and cause my Kindest Regards Faheem . Stacy Dear sir Peter Attia Is it ketosis safe for long term . Like lifetime . ? Robert This is really a great blog of interesting information about ketosis . I have just started in this realm of ketosis and would like to understand more of where is it dangerous ? If I am adding ketones into my system to induce ketosis this should be a good thing correct ? I feel great losing weight and sleeping like I never have before . My concern comes to when are there to many ketones and what happens then ? I am taking a supplement that induces ketosis very quickly but is there a point that this is to much Matthew Cirillo Re : This does illustrate how poorly informed and quick to react the medical community is . . . : They might be reacting quicker than you think - Might it have more to do with the AMA and friends in DC , the grain and sugar lobbyists . . . I suppose they have time to talk with each other while waiting for an opportunity to meet with our political leaders . Just think of all those " fat - free " products in the supermarkets , the huge bread isles . . . not to mention doctor visits and pharmaceuticals that treat the multitude of dietary - caused ailments . Thomas Hello , I ' m a type 1 diabetic and I ' ve been on a slow carb diet ( whole gains ) at a macro ratio of 50 carbs 30 protein 20 fats . I ' ve just discovered keto . I ' m excited to try this but fearful at the same time . What do I do if my blood glucose drops below 100 ? What do type 1s need to focus on to make keto work and stay healthy ? Andrew Langley Dr . Attia , On August 1 of 2016 , one month before my 66th birthday , I started a LCHF diet after many years of going up and down with my weight and definitely on the wrong road health wise . I weighed 194.6 and today I weigh 173 lbs . All of this in 10 weeks . I can wear clothes now that I have n ' t worn this century ! The reason it has worked for me is that the science that you and your colleagues expound upon is correct and easy to apply . I ca n ' t understand for the life of me why it is n ' t mainstream . It does have its " rocket science " side but also it has the " paper airplane " side as well as I was able to start and get positive results before understanding the science behind it . Can it really be as simple as it was for me ? I believe so honestly . I As a former Marine with 2 tours in Viet Nam and entering the final stretch I ca n ' t thank you and your colleagues enough as I now know what to do and how to do it . Keeping it is up to me . No excuses now . Semper Fi Andy Langley Gerry Wow ! Keto is powerful stuff . I ' ve stuck to a low carb diet for many years but the other calories were mostly protein . Decided to try the keto diet . Here ' s my thoughts 1 ) Some sites cite 20 - 30 % suffering from Keto Flu . I think its closer to 100 % - I think the lower numbers are those thinking they are ketogenesis when they are not . I got carbs below 50g for a couple weeks and thought I was in keto state based on urine test strips . It was n ' t until I reversed my protein / fat from 2 / 1 protein / fat to 2 / 1 fat protein . Then it hit ! Its a major body change . The stomach cramps have 2 ) the ill affects of the switch to fat - burning have been compensated by some stunning changes . My mental alertness is incredible - higher than ever in life . The dreams are INCREDIBLE . For a week straight I have vivid dreams seeming all night long that I remember . I ' ve done a lot of reading on lucid dreaming and done some things to encourage it with little success . Once I went into true ketosis the dreams became stunning . 3 ) I ' ve always thought positively of olive oil and good fats , however the idea of literally drinking oil was a hard change . I do a shot of olive oil first thing when I wake . Seems to soothe the stomach and probably provide nutrients for biotics . I also cam up with a treat that got me through the keto flu About a 1 / 2 gallon to a gallon of filtered walter whole bag of frozen spinach - broken into small bits Braggs amino acid - soy sauce alternative - 2 tbs soup stock to your liking sea salt if needed 1 / 2 cup to a cup of unsalted butter ( depending on your fat needs ) boil and enjoy ! WIll last a few days depending on your intake Andrew Langley Dr . Attia , It is my understanding that the liver can not process ketone bodies for its own use . If that is true how does the liver receive its nourishment during ketosis ? Thank you . The liver turns out not to need a huge amount of energy . Even in starvation , it can derive energy from " manufactured " glucose via glycerol , which is necessary for part of the brain ' s needs . Roberta David Dear Peter , I ' m from Croatia and my english is n ' t well , but I hope you ' ll understand me . I ' m 50 , extremely active ( mountaineer , free climber , bicycling 15 - 25 miles per day , badminton player . . . ) and completely healthy except my tennis elbow on both arms for last 9 years . I ' ve done MRI and both tendons are partially pulled out ( partial avulsion ) and every year or two I have to rest at last 3 months , do rehabilitation exercises and wait Thanks , Roberta Teresa Laher Someone help . I am so frustrated . I ' ve been eating less than 20 carbs / day . I ' ve been relentless on eating high fat , lower protein and bare carbs . I ca n ' t loose weight . What am I doing wrong ? Do I need to cut out the fat from dairy ? I ' m menopausal but can this be why I ca n ' t drop the weight ? Ugh . . . Any advise ? Teresa It can be the dairy causes an insulin response . I have seen studies show that . When insulin is in your blood , you will not lose fat . However , it may be that you are just having too many calories from your high fat intake . If you are sure you are not over eating fat ( calories ) and you are under 20 g carbs a day ( that is so , so low ) I would be tempted to ask your doctor re thyroid issues . Sebastien Lelarge Dr Attia , I went to ketosis a few weeks ago and I think I have know fully transitioned . I started again my endurance training ( trail running ) 3 weeks ago . The 2 first weeks were tough most probably because this is new to my my body . The last week was quite fun with good sensations . However , I am monitoring my resting HR every morning since the beginning of the training and I noticed my resting HR increased by ~ 15 pulse ! When trained , I was used to 45 bpm and it ' s now 60 ! Is that something we are expecting to see when in ketosis ? Am I doing something wrong ? What would be your advice ? Thanks Sebastien Heathar Shepard Hi Peter , Thanks so much for this article . I am writing an eBook on Nutritional Ketosis and this article provided me with a very clear , well understood explanation of ketosis . Thanks so much for sharing ! You ' re welcome to explore my nutritional site and blog at www . eatprimalfoods . com . Thanks again Peter . Angelina Hello there , I started to eat keto 8 days ago My mmol / l went up from 0.5 in the beginning ( being on a veggie diet for the last 2 years , lots of non starchy vegetable , good amount of nuts and super little protein ) to day 6 my ketones went up to 3.6 mmol / l and glucose 3.7 . Day 7 went to 4.6mmol / l and 3.5 glucose . This morning day 8 my ketones are 6.3mmol / l and glucose is 3.8 . I ' m eating 200 + g of fat , coconut oil , butter , my carb is a bit Super newbee Angelina Denise I just started the ketogenic diet this past Sunday in the hopes it would reduce my belly fat and high cholesterol . I had routine blood work done yesterday and the Dr . ' s office called this morning saying my liver enzymes with elevated and my cholesterol went up . Although I was n ' t told which went up . Is this what I should expect this early in the diet ? Yesterday I was only in mild ketosis and moderate ketosis this morning . Do I need to worry about my liver and cholesterol ? I am Denise I ' d like to add that I have no gall bladder so I am aware I need to add some digestive enzymes to help digest the fats . Could this be why the enzymes are high ? Pamala I have been on a medically supervised ( by my doctor ) , low carb life - style change for four months , since my doctor found my A1c level to be 5.8 and fasting glucose at 105 . I also need to lose 40 pounds . I ' ve lost 18 so far , and my A1c is now at 5.3 and fasting glucose is 99 . This really works ! I have more energy and sleep better on this ( could be the weight loss ? ) . It ' s my new norm and I ' m I will continue to read your blog and get insights as to the mechanics of this . Very fascinating ! ! Lorine Allan Hi Peter , I have several family members on the ketosis diet doing very well . I ask my health care practitioner about getting on the diet and she said that it is hard on your liver and did n ' t think it would be good for me at the time as I have had Hep C for 25 years and will be going on the drug Harvoni for 8 weeks to clear the Hep C .All my blood work came back in normal range except a little high on the LDL cholesterol 164 and above average HDL 66 and liver fibrosis Question 1 : Is ketosis hard on your liver and kidneys ? Question 2 : Is there any papers or research I can bring my HP to show her that ' s provesotherwise ? Thanks so much , Lorine Lorine , I have not seen data on ketosis and hep C . Jovana Dear Doctor , I have read and learned a lot from you , so I am hoping now you could answer my question . Every time I do low carb , and do a workout , I become hypoglicemic shortly after ( headacke , nauseous , blured vision . . . ) . That leads me to the question : is it impossible to have longer intense workouts at low carb diet , as it will lead to usage of all glicogen ? Or I have a problem with hypoglicemia in some eay , since this happens every time I eat less than 50g of carbs and do a workout ? Much appreciated fast answer ! susie Hi , can you please point me to a link that is a good explanation of how diet - induced ketosis ( long term ) effects body chemistry ? Does diet induced ketosis slow the metaboilsm ? Can you please point me to a link that explains what happens to the metabolism during ketosis ? I am especially interested in this relating to hashimoto ' s and hypothyroidoism ; ( a slower metabolism and slower digestion are already in place ) Thank you : ) Hakan Thanks for the article . I ' m in ketogenic diet for 14 days . Today , I tested my ketone level in urine , and it seems to be around 80 mm . So I decided to increase my daily carb intake from 15 gr to 50 gr . Can that be useful for lowering keton level a bit ? 80 mm keton is dangerous ? Im not a diabetic ill . I lost 6 kg within 14 days . That was a very fast fat loss Sharolyn Norris I am curious to know what effect a ketogenic diet has on someone with stage 4 cirrhosis of the liver , I have been trying to find documented research on this and keep coming up empty handed . I was told since 2005 I had fatty liver then I was told a few years later that I no longer had it . I had an Ultrasound done Jan 2014 that showed I had fatty liver again , was diagnosed type 2 diabetic Sept 2014 drastically cut my carbs and ended up doing ketogenic in May 2015 , Nov 2015 diagnosed I do not know the answer to this question . Certainly fatty liver ( NAFLD ) can ebb in and out , and we suspect this can even happen for NASH , but I have never heard of this once a person progresses to cirrhosis . Esther Just a quick question regarding Ketosis , can you alkalise and be in Ketosis at the same time , what are your thoughts on this Peter Patrick Ticman , M.D . Is the INSULIN RESISTANCE brought about by a ketogenic diet dangerous ? Does it lead to the same complications ( micro and macrovascular ) of diabetes type 2 ? The studies out there are animal studies . There is one study on humans with only 3 subjects and it was only done for 11 days - - still showed insulin resistance . Perhaps you know of studies that I ' m not aware of ? Anecdotal reports show some normal non diabetics having an elevated FBS of 150 and post KD prandial of 250 . Is n ' t this I have never heard of insulin resistance ' brought about ' by ketosis . I have hear of insulin resistance reversed by a ketogenic diet . Insulin resistance comes from too much glucose ( carbs ) over many years . Keto lowers glucose spikes from carbs . Why would that CAUSE insulin resistance ? | [
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http://eatloveshare.com.au/recipes/introducing-heritage-desserts-by-chris-dips/ | Introducing โฆ Heritage Desserts by Chris โ Dips By Chris Dips on July 13 , 2015 Here at Chris โ we love to indulge in restaurant quality , decadent sweet treats , which is why we have created the Heritage Desserts range . Using only the finest ingredients , the premium dessert range comes ready - to - serve in our signature handmade European terracotta pots , for easy ( and impressive ) entertaining at home . The mouth watering flavours include Madagascan Vanilla Creme Brรปlรฉe , Madagascan Vanilla Panna Cotta and Passionfruit Creme Brรปlรฉe . The Heritage Dessert Range is now available at Woolworths Supermarkets in the chilled section . A Focus on Sustainability . Not only are our terracotta pots an elegant addition to any table , but they are also sustainable and microwave , dishwasher and oven safe , meaning that you can use them again and again , in many different ways . Posted in : Dessert Tagged : berry creme brulee dessert heritage desserts mousse panna cotta sweets treat ยซ Home - style White Corn Chips Madagascan Vanilla Panna Cotta ยป | [
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http://eattheplanet.org/archives/206 | Puffball Mushroom , You โ ll Be Ok If You Follow One ID Feature Posted on May 23 , 2013 by Joe @ EatThePlanet eattheplanet . org is an affiliate marketer . We may earn commission from links to products and services on this page . our facebook page for additional articles and updates . Follow us on Twitter @ EatThePlanetOrg Bovista aestivalis Puffball Mushroom ( Photo By : Ron Pastorino at Mushroom Observer / Wikimedia Commons ) The Puffball Mushroom ( Genus : Calvatia , Bovista and others ) is an easily identifiable common mushroom but it has some very , very poisonous look - a - likes , namely young destroying angel and deathcap mushrooms . Puffball mushrooms fall into a number of genuses , most of them are small ( less than 3 โ ) but there is one giant puffball ( Calvatia gigantea ) that can grow up to one foot diameter and is edible . Correct Identification There is one good way to tell puffballs apart from its poisonous look - a - likes , you must cut the mushroom in half from top to bottom . The inside of edible puffball mushrooms should be pure white , like a marshmallow , or like fresh mozzarella balls , there should be no patterns , or marks or colors or anything other than pure white , and especially no signs of gills . If you follow this one rule you should be able to enjoy mushroom hunting for puffball mushrooms without worry . Not all puffballs are edible HERE , These species are synonymous with Calvatia gigantea but are referred to by a different scientific name . Edibility and Culinary Use Giant Puffball ( Calvatia gigantea ) ( Photo By : Pavel Savela / Wikimedia Commons ) Puffballs have a mild mushroomy taste that is not overwhelming , some people describe it as an earthy taste . They can be used in recipes in place of eggplant . The texture is like tofu so they make a great addition to soups . They should be eaten cooked , baked , boiled , or fried in butter are all common ways to eat this mushroom . Although it is possible to freeze or dry them they are best when eaten shortly after picking , this may be one reason they are not a popular grocery item . See breaded puffball mushroom recipe for one way to prepare them . Washing the interior of the mushroom is not a good idea since it will soak up water like a sponge and become soggy , if you are worried about dirt or germs you can remove the skin from the mushrooms instead . Health Benefits The nutritional and health benefits of wild foods are not studied enough . But there is one important possible health benefit to eating puffballs in the genus Calvatia . A chemical called calvacin has been found in puffballs in the genus calvatia . Calvacin is now being studied as a potent cancer drug because of its antitumor properties . The studies are still ongoing and there have not been any huge breakthroughs , but it is known to prevent tumors when taken on a regular basis . Cautions Lycoperdon pyrforme Puffball Mushroom ( Photo By : Bernd Gliwa / Wikimedia Commons ) The primary caution of this fungus is to make sure it is identified correctly , if you accidentally eat a mushroom in the Amanita genus especially destroying angel ( Amanita bisporigera , ocreata , or virosa ) or deathcap ( Amanita phalloides ) then you will probably die within 24 hours . But the rule mentioned above about making sure the mushroom is pure white is universally accepted , and will keep you safe . Rare allergic reactions have been reported and are usually minor , so always eat a small portion of any new food and wait before indulging in large quantities . Conclusion Giant Puffball This is a great mushroom for mushroom hunting , especially the giant puffball because it is almost impossible to misidentify . It has a mild taste and a familiar texture . It can be cooked and added to many types of dishes . So with one identification rule to follow this can be a great wild edible to add to your list . Featured Videos - eattheplanet . org Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Many of our readers find that subscribing to Eat The Planet is the best way to make sure they do n ' t miss any of our valuable information about wild edibles . Subscribe to our mailing list Email Address our facebook page for additional articles and updates . Follow us on Twitter @ EatThePlanetOrg Greenbrier โ Winter and Spring Wild Edible Read more . 5 Trees With Edible Inner Bark Read more . 5 Easy to Forage Edible Winter Plants of the Northeast 5 Reasons Why Lab Grown Meat is Better Wild Carrot โ Queen Anne โ s Lace Broccoli and Wild Garlic Recipe Autumn Olive Fruit Leather Recipe Linden Flower Tea Recipe Staghorn Sumac Tea Veggie Banana Leaf Tamales Recipe 1 2 3 10 Next ยป Edible Fungus Edible Fungus Edible Mushrooms Foraging Mushroom Hunting Native American Indian Food 3 3 comments on โ Puffball Mushroom , You โ ll Be Ok If You Follow One ID Feature October 12 , 2015 at 10 : 21 am Janet Moss says : I โ d love to send a photo for correct identification . Reply October 15 , 2017 at 1 : 29 pm Lala says : Can you provide links to the studies that show โ Calvacin โฆ is known to prevent tumors when taken on a regular basis โ ? I could n โ t find anything online beyond some early studies from the โ 60s on animals ( and there seemed to be some pretty nasty side effects ) , and something published in Mongolia from 2011 . Reply October 22 , 2017 at 10 : 15 pm Joe @ EatThePlanet Here is one summary of a study that states that calvacin has antitumor properties . It then goes on to state all the risks associated with high doses of isolated calvacin . Thats one reason I mention in the article that there have n โ t been any breakthroughs in developing an effective anticancer drug . There are some promising properties but they have some issues to work out still . http : / / cancerres . aacrjournals . org / content / 23 / 7_Part_1 / 1036 | [
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http://eatwineblog.com/2006/03/24/debunking-the-chilean-seabass-myth/ | Debunking the Chilean Seabass Myth Tweet by Liz Caskey on March 24 , 2006 As of late when dining out in restaurants in and around Chile , I have come to notice ( and am alarmed ) that most menus do a horrendous translation job when it comes to accurately defining what Chilean Seabass is in English . For those readers traveling in Chile , please beware of the following misnomer to avoid major food disappointments and gross overcharging when your plate ( or bill ) arrives . CORVINA : This indeed is a bass , but not a Chilean seabass . Try a regular old sea bass that swims around in most of the world โ s oceans . This is lovely , firm , white fish that works in ceviche , roasted , seared with just about everything . However , most restaurants translate this as Chilean Sea Bass ( biggest culprits are those in Santiago restaurants frequented by foreigners or on the coast ) . Do n โ t be fooled ; the only reason this bass is Chilean is because it swims in national MERO : The real deal , or the Chilean seabass we know as imported . Abroad , it can rake in US $ 40 per pound or even in Chile up to US $ 20 per pound as it is virtually all exported and few people in the local market will pay the outrageous prices it can garner abroad . Mero is actually Patagonian toothfish , a slimy , black , long fish with firm but oily meat ( similar to Salmon but no Omegas here ) . Most mero in Chile comes frozen due to the long distances it travels from Antarctic waters and due to its high cost , is usually found in more expensive restaurants . Not to beat the environmental drum , it is worth mentioning that this species is under a fishing quarantine during much of the year as the population has been so depleted that it is in risk of extinction . For reference purposes , average price per kilo for fillet : 15,000 ( US $ 30 ) Personally , I would order the corvina . Or some other great local white , delicious fish like rollizo ( Rockfish ) , robalo ( Striped bass ) , congrio ( Monkfish ) , merluza ( Hake ) , vieja ( Grouper ) or heck , even the boring old reineta ( flounder ) . Chile DOES have 6,000 kilometers of coastline after all . Happy Fishing โ or dining . Tagged as : Corvina Seabass 1 comment Rodrigo Lau July 7 , 2013 at 7 : 23 pm Funny thing , I believe in Mexico โ mero โ is what โ s known as grouper ; โ robalo โ seems the same as in Chile though : rock bass or sea bass ( not Chilean sea bass of course ) . Comments on this entry are closed . 1 trackback The Mother Sea Previous post : Vendimia : Grape Harvest , That Time of Year ( VIAJES Magazine , La Tercera Newspaper , 26 - 02 - 2006 ) Next post : Some Argentinean Elegance โ and Inspiration CONTACT US ON TRAVEL WITH US SOUTH AMERICAN COOKING Pages ABOUT | [
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http://eatyourworld.com/destinations/canada/quebec/montreal/what_to_eat/tourtiere | Montreal < < prev next > > < < back to foods in Montreal Tourtiรจre What : A traditional French - Canadian meat pie rich in regional variations , the Quรฉbรฉcois tourtiรจre ( โ tour - tee - air โ ) is made of finely ground meat ( commonly pork , beef , or veal ) and spices like nutmeg , cloves , and cinnamon , encased in a flaky pastry shell . It โ s a common holiday dish , prepared around Christmas / New Year โ s , and is often eaten with a relish - like homemade ketchup ( similar to pรขtรฉ chinois ) . While it โ s generally accepted that the dish has been present in Quรฉbec for several centuries โ no doubt having been influenced by the older savory pies of France and England โ the origins of its name are unclear : It might have come from now - extinct tourtes , or passenger pigeons โ once cooked into the pies โ or it might be named for the deep baking dish used to make the pies . Within Quรฉbec , tourtiรจre is perhaps most famously associated with the Saguenay โ Lac - Saint - Jean region ( where it often includes potatoes , too ) , but it โ s well represented in and around Montrรฉal as well . Where : For more than 40 years , specialty butcher / deli Maison du Roti ( 1969 , ave . du Mont - Royal Est , map ) has brought high - quality meat products โ as well as fine cheeses , coffee and tea , and gourmet prepared foods โ to the Plateau Mont - Royal neighborhood , near pretty Parc Lafontaine . The store makes excellent tourtiรจres to go , perfect for apartment - dwelling visitors with access to an oven . When : Daily , 9am - 9pm Order : Tourtiรจres maison , a veal , pork , and beef mix , cost $ 9.49 / kilogram here , across several sizes ( smalls are in the $ 5 range ) ; other varieties of pie on offer during our visit were canard ( duck ) , gibier ( game , which is bison and pork ) , and agneau ( lamb ) . To eat , heat the pie at around 300 ยฐ F for 30 minutes or until heated throughout . Ours turned out beautifully flaky outside and flavorful within , with finely ground meaty innards augmented by diced carrot , celery , and spices . In addition to tourtiรจres , Maison du Roti is also a good source of tarte au sucre and prepared pรขtรฉ chinois Alternatively : Regional boulangerie chain Premiรจre Moisson ( 7075 , rue Casgrain , map ) , at the Marchรฉ Jean - Talon , is another great specialty store for heat - and - serve meat pies . For the ovenless : Among the restaurants serving tourtiรจre by the slice are La Binerie Mont - Royal ( 367 , ave . du Mont - Royal Est , ) , that bastion of homemade Quรฉbรฉcois comfort food , where the beef - pork tourtiรจre is good but a little less seasoned . Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari | [
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http://ebay.about.com/od/sellingeffectivel1/a/_sbe_tax1099k.htm | eBay FAQs Should You Claim eBay Earnings on Your Taxes ? โข โข โข By Aron Hsiao Updated December 07 , 2018 eBay is like any other business ; if you earn money doing it , you need to report those earnings to the IRS . Unlike side hustles that pay cash like pet sitting , selling items on Craigslist , selling plasma , shoveling snow , or cutting lawns , eBay sales are trackable through Paypal . When it comes time to file taxes , always consult a licensed tax professional for tax advice . Here is what you need to know about eBay and taxes , and a few ways to stay organized so that when tax time rolls around , you wo n ' t be scrambling to find the correct documentation to file . Whether the IRS Know What You Sold on eBay They do n ' t . The government has no way of seeing what you sold on eBay , or how much your sales were . They can not look at your sales reports or access your account . If $ 20,000 or more was deposited into your Paypal account within 200 transactions for a calendar year , you would receive a 1099K . According to the IRS : Form 1099 - K , Payment Card and Third Party Network Transactions , is an IRS information return used to report certain payment transactions to improve voluntary tax compliance . You should receive Form 1099 - K by January 31st if , in the prior calendar year , you received payments : From payment card transactions ( e.g. , debit , credit or stored - value cards ) ; In settlement of third - party payment network transactions above the minimum reporting thresholds of โ Gross payments that exceed $ 20,000 , AND More than 200 such transactions You will not receive a 1099K unless both conditions , $ 20,000 gross payments AND more than 200 transactions are met . This presents the next question . Whether You Have to Report Gross Sales Less Than $ 20,000 According to the IRS , if you only sell occasionally and your online sales are equivalent to a physical garage sale , you do not have to report gross sales . Examples of this would include selling children ' s outgrown clothing or toys a couple of times a year , having moving sales as you downsize your possessions , or selling items as an online estate sale after a loved one has passed . There are a few conditions to help you determine if your eBay business is an actual business or a hobby : If you are intentionally purchasing items for resale this is considered a business and you should report gross sales . If you are selling items online on a regular basis , you should report the earnings . Benefits of Reporting eBay as a Business If you are in the category of running an eBay business rather than a hobby seller , it is imperative to keep good records so that you can deduct expenses . For the layperson , this means that you can subtract expenses related to your business to bring down your taxable income , resulting in paying lower income taxes . If you spend money on your business , keep receipts , and even better , record expenses in a spreadsheet monthly so that tax time is n ' t confusing or overwhelming . Here ' s the perfect spreadsheet for eBay sellers . According to the IRS , examples of expenses that may be deductible include : Inventory costs Inventory storage systems such as bins , tubs , or cabinets Office supplies such as tape , printer ink , cleaning supplies Mannequin or dress form Laundry products , stain removers , lint rollers Shipping supplies including boxes , plastic bags , bubble wrap Mileage when sourcing or going to post office Educational materials including eBooks , courses , books , or DVDs Professional services ( accountant , attorney ) Professional organizations Storage unit rental fees Subscriptions for services such as Terapeak , InkFrog , or Stamps . com Coaching or mentoring Advertising such as business cards , Facebook ads , or local newspaper ads Computers Office furniture Repair costs such as computer or printer repair Travel to trade shows , seminars , or business events Bank service charges Sponsorships If you do not have an accountant or CPA , it is best to search for one that comes recommended by someone you trust . Do n ' t just rush to the closest tax professional chain or the company who has set up shop in Walmart . Taxes are serious business , and you are hiring a professional to do an important job for you . Do your homework and interview several tax professionals before turning your business over to them . Ask around on Facebook for recommendations , or ask other small business owners in your area about their CPA . Small business owners are usually eager to help each other out and when it comes to professional references . Look on Yelp for reviews or check Angie ' s List . Make sure you hire an experienced reputable professional . Audits are a nightmare , and you do n ' t ever want one ! * Disclosure : This is not tax advice . Always consult a licensed tax professional for tax advice . Continue Reading + | [
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http://ebensburgpa.com/ | Welcome to Ebensburg Borough Cambria County , Pennsylvania Home Home SEWER PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE & MAP โ April 2019 Attention Borough Residents : Sewer Project Construction Schedule Update โ April [ โฆ ] Ebensburg Borough Hiring Full - Time Police Officer The Borough of Ebensburg is seeking applicants for : Full - Time Police [ โฆ ] Prev Next Ebensburg Borough News SEWER PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE & MAP โ April 2019 April 12 , 2019 Attention Borough Residents : Sewer Project Construction Schedule Update โ April [ โฆ ] Looking to Hire Help for Grass Cutting / Shoveling ? April 11 , 2019 Ebensburg Borough Hiring Full - Time Police Officer March 27 , 2019 New Proposed Borough Ordinance March 27 , 2019 EBENSBURG BOROUGH VEHICLES FOR SALE March 26 , 2019 Read All Posts | [
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http://ebi.missouri.edu/?page_id=52 | What are Evidence Based Interventions ( EBI ) ? Evidence - based interventions ( EBI ) are treatments that have been proven effective ( to some degree ) through outcome evaluations . As such , EBI are treatments that are likely to be effective in changing target behavior if implemented with integrity . The EBI movement has an extensive history across Medicine , Clinical and Counseling Psychology . In the 1990 โ s the EBI movement was extended to Education / SchoolPsychology . While there has been a great deal of intervention research and general discussion , the development of an agreed upon โ list โ of EBI has Before such a list would be useful , there are several critical features of EBI that must be understood to result in effective use . We refer to those features as the โ EBI Fine Print โ . EBI Fine Print I โ EBI are validated for a specific purpose with a specific population . As such , EBIs are only useful for a range of problems and as such , must be paired up with the right situation . If you match an EBI with a problem is it not designed to address , there is no reason to think that it will work . A hammer is an effective tool , but not with a screw . EBI Fine Print II - EBI assumes that the treatment is used in the manner that it was researched . As such , changing parts of an intervention , while typical , can invalidate the EBI . There are many ways to change an intervention ( frequency , materials , target , and on and on ) , which can alter the effectiveness of the EBI . EBI Fine Print III - EBI are typically validated with large group research , or a series of small group studies . While large group research is ideally suited for the documentation of interventions , which typically have a strong effect with a specific problem , it is common that within that large group there are cases where the intervention was not effective . In other words , large group research documents interventions as likely effective , not surely effective for a specific case . It is critical to remember that even the most effective interventions are often ineffective with The general implication of the EBI Fine Print is that a list of EBIs is just a nice place to start . There are several additional steps that are critical for the correct use of EBI in applied settings . These steps will be discussed below . Methods of Identifying Interventions Which are โ Evidence Based โ . There are a number of methods for establishing when an intervention can be deemed โ evidence based โ . For example , several groups use a meta - analytic approach with the goal of assigning an effect size to certain interventions . This approach has some substantial advantages including providing a clear mathematical โ rating โ so that a number of competing educational program can be considered . The What Works Clearinghouse is arguably the best example of such a site . This method is most appropriate for comprehensive academic or social behavior programs . Such programs can be applied across large populations and their general effectiveness can be measured . As such , this should be the first level of validation considered by groups looking to adopt schoolwide , or large scale intervention programs ( e.g. an academic or schoolwide social behavior curriculum ) . While understanding the importance of this approach , there are some critical weaknesses that require that other concepts of defining โ evidence based โ are considered Recognizing that the intervention program validation method has inherent limitations , another protocol is necessary to offer educational professionals a complete array of EBI . Specifically , at the level of an individual child , or a small group of children , it is critical to shift the focus of validation from a content area ( e.g. reading , mathematics or social behavior ) and focus on the function of the problem behavior or academic difficulty . The EBI Network protocol was designed to examine the literature base for simple interventions that can be done in most classes with little It is critical to understand that intervention selection is only the first step using this model , and that all selected interventions will be implemented with fidelity , target outcomes will be measured , and the effectiveness of the interventions will be determined by the outcome data rather than some a priori decision . Using this model , the EBI Network protocol has the following steps . Examine scholarly publications ( research journals ) for interventions that have one or more experimental studies reporting some level of effectiveness . Priority is given to interventions with a series of experimental studies documenting some level of effectiveness ( e.g. Cover , Copy , Compare ) or those based on a strongly supported theoretical orientation ( e.g. positive reinforcement ) . Sort selected interventions into categories based on what common academic or behavior problem they address . Please see theEBI Network Common Problem Framework page for an explanation of the framework used to sort interventions . Develop simple protocols that teachers or other educational professionals can use to try out the intervention . These protocols all include the following elements : Intervention Name Brief Description Overview of the common problem โ the intervention is designed to address Overview of the intervention procedures Overview of the critical components of the intervention . These are intervention procedures that are considered essential for fidelity purposes . Overview of the assumptions of the intervention . This section often includes limitations . Materials needed Citations Develop YouTube videos modeling the interventions . Develop Evidence Briefs for the interventions . These briefs are then presented in two tables ( academic and behavior interventions ) , which organize them based on the common problem the intervention is designed to address . It is critical to again note that this method of intervention validation assumes that users understand selection of an intervention is only the first step in a defensible problem solving process . It is essential that all selected interventions are implemented with fidelity , target outcomes be measured , and the effectiveness of the interventions be determined by the outcome data . The true documentation that an intervention is โ evidence based โ for a specific case occurs only when there is outcome data indicating a change in the target behavior . | [
"Evidence-based interventions",
"University of Missouri ."
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http://ebookfriendly.com/kindle-cloud-reader-tips-facts/ | Kindle Cloud Reader โ 7 tips and facts to know by Piotr Kowalczyk Updated : Sep 30 , 2017 / 07 : 19 If you buy an item via this post , we may get a small affiliate fee . Details Kindle Cloud Reader is a way to read Kindle books online in the web browser . Here are some facts and tips to keep in mind . If you do n โ t have a Kindle e - reader , a tablet or a smartphone , you can still access your Kindle books . You can do it on any computer , by opening a web browser and entering the special url address . See also : 12 tips to make the most of Kindle books on your iPad 17 most durable and functional iPad mini 5 cases and sleeves Kindle Cloud Reader is a free , web - based app that you can visit by going to read . amazon . com On one side , it โ s a good thing . You do n โ t have to spend money on Kindle e - reader or Amazon Fire tablet . You do n โ t even need to own a smartphone with a screen large enough to let you comfortably read . All you need is an Amazon account . Kindle Cloud Reader has the interface similar to dedicated Kindle apps . You โ ll see here a list of books you bought on Amazon , and be able to read them . Before we move on to the details , there is one thing to be clarified . Many users confuse Kindle Cloud Reader with other services and features offered by Amazon . Let โ s take a closer look at each one : Amazon Cloud Drive It โ s a cloud storage service offered by Amazon , similar to Google Drive or Dropbox . It has nothing to do with your Kindle books . You can use it to store pictures and personal documents , to make them available from any device by simply signing in to your Amazon Cloud Drive account . Kindle cloud library All the books added to Kindle account are stored on Amazon servers , not on the particular device . This remote archive is called the โ cloud โ , and you can access it from any Kindle device or app , and obviously Kindle Cloud Reader . The Kindle cloud is everything under Manage Your Content and Devices ( formerly Manage Your Kindle ) section in your Amazon account settings page . Kindle Cloud Reader It โ s not the Kindle e - reader , not Amazon Cloud Drive , and not your Kindle cloud library . It โ s a way to access your Kindle cloud library via the web browser . So , in fact , it โ s a webpage with a special interface that lets read books on a computer . Read also 50 best Kindle cases and accessories to buy in 2019 Top article Find the best Kindle cases and accessories for the basic Kindle , Paperwhite , and Oasis . The list includes items not only from Amazon but also Etsy , Caseable , eBay , and other sites . Kindle Cloud Reader โ tips and facts 1 . Access your Kindle books from any computer with a web browser If someone says โ access your books from any device โ , they assume you understand it as โ any device you own โ : your own Kindle e - reader , your mobile device with a Kindle app installed , your computer with a Kindle app installed . Kindle Cloud Reader is the missing part . You do n โ t need to have any of your devices with you , to access your Kindle books . In fact , you do n โ t need to own any device at all . Any computer in a public space , like a library or internet cafรฉ , is enough to access the books stored in your Kindle cloud . Find the computer , open the browser , and go to read . amazon . com url address . Sign in with your Amazon credentials . That โ s it . Under the Cloud tab you โ ll see all books you bought in the Kindle Store . Note : make sure to log out from your Amazon account before leaving the public computer . 2 . It โ s available for Kindle users around the world Kindle Cloud Reader was launched in August 2011 . At that time it was available only for Kindle users registered in Amazon . com . Now , the web - based Kindle app is available globally , including users of localized Kindle Stores ( UK , Germany , France , or India , to name the few ) . No matter which Kindle Store you โ re logged in , you can access your books in a web browser โ from anywhere in the world . The pattern for url address is the same in all Kindle Stores โ type โ read โ before the domain of your local Amazon site . Here are the examples : Kindle Store UK โ read . amazon . com . uk Kindle Store Italy โ read . amazon . it Kindle Store India โ read . amazon . in Kindle Store Canada โ read . amazon . ca Users from countries , where localized Kindle Stores were launched , may have two accounts : one for Amazon . com , and one for the local Amazon site . This might be the source of confusion . Some users expect they could access the Kindle books from both accounts . That โ s not possible . Example . If you live in Germany , when you sign in with Amazon . com credentials , you โ ll see only the books bought in the American Kindle Store . To see the books bought in Kindle Store Germany , you โ ll have to sign out from Amazon . com , and sign in with Amazon . de credentials . 3 . You ca n โ t add and read your personal files Usually , users can add personal documents to the connected Kindle device or app , by sending them to a special email address . They can also download these personal documents from the Kindle cloud to particular Kindle apps . However , this useful feature is not available in : Kindle for PC Kindle for Mac In other words , when you open Cloud tab in the Kindle Cloud Reader , you โ ll only see the books purchased from the Kindle Store . This is the major disadvantage of the Kindle Cloud Reader . Amazon just does n โ t want users to treat Kindle Cloud Reader as a web - based reader of mobi ebook files downloaded from other sites . I do n โ t think Amazon will enable an option to add and manage personal files in the Kindle Cloud Reader any time soon . If you are looking for ways to read free books online , the best option is to go for any app that supports epub format , not mobi . Adding own files to Google Play Books , associated with your Gmail account , is the easiest possible way . Plus Google offers inline translation in a web - based Google Books app . Another option to read epub files on the web are browser extensions , naming only Readium or Magic Scroll 4 . You can add and read free books from the Kindle Store The good news is that you can add to the Kindle Cloud Reader any free book found in the Kindle Store . It could be : a book from Top 100 Free Kindle Titles a book listed in Free Popular Classics section , a free sample of any Kindle book . Simply , go to a page with book details , double - check whether the Kindle price is displayed as $ 0.00 . Then , from the green widget on the right , under โ Deliver to โ , select , and hit Buy button . Click or tap to enlarge You do n โ t need to send the book directly to Kindle Cloud Reader to access it . Once you add it to any of your Kindle devices or apps , it automatically gets stored in your Kindle cloud library . That means you can access it from any other app connected with your Kindle account . When you sign in to Kindle Cloud Reader for the first time , you โ ll see all the titles from your Kindle cloud library under the tab . 5 . Get Kindle books for offline reading By default , only a few books that you are currently reading are being downloaded to your browser , so even if for a short while you lose an internet connection , you โ ll still be able to access them . You can , however , decide which Kindle books you want on your computer for offline reading . To enable this option , click on Downloaded tab on the top ( see screenshot ) . Click on Enable Offline button . By doing so , you are in fact downloading a Kindle Cloud Reader web app , that will let you manage stored books in the browser โ s memory . The offline mode is available for major internet browsers , including Chrome , Safari , Firefox , and even Internet Explorer . You can read detailed installation instructions on this page To download the book to the browser , simply right - click ( PC ) or control - click ( Mac ) on a book cover , and select Download & Pin Book option from a drop - down menu . Once the book is downloaded , you will see it under the Downloaded tab . It โ s also marked with a green pin under the cover . 6 . A way to copy your Kindle highlights Kindle Cloud Reader offers very basic features : highlights , notes , or search within a book . Just like in other Kindle apps there is no way to make highlights editable . But Cloud Reader has one advantage over the rest โ you can copy the highlights without leaving the web browser Once you highlight the text , it is automatically added to your Kindle activity account that you can reach in the web browser at kindle . amazon . com With a couple of minutes of delay , all the highlights appear in Your Highlights section . From here , you can copy the highlights to whatever app you want . Imagine you โ re going to the library . You do n โ t have to grab your own computer there . One of the library โ s computers is enough to work with texts from various sources . Open Kindle Cloud Reader in one tab , Kindle highlights in the next , and in the third tab you โ ll have a Google Docs text document in which you write your book , essay or blog post . 7 . Access two Kindle accounts at the same time Earlier , I used an example of a German user , who has accounts in both the US and German Kindle Store . This may happen when someone decides not to migrate the Kindle account from US to a local one . In this case , some books are available through one and some through the other account . Not convenient at all . Kindle Cloud Reader can be really helpful here . Let โ s say , you are using the Mac laptop . In the Kindle for Mac app you can login with Amazon . com credentials , and in the Kindle Cloud Reader on Safari , you can use Amazon . de . What โ s more , you do n โ t even need to download the Kindle application at all , if you only use on your Mac any other browser than Safari . Use Safari for one account , and the other browser for the other one . Kindle Cloud Reader works also fine in the iPad โ s Safari browser . Again , you can use Kindle iOS app to login with one Amazon account , and Kindle Cloud Reader for the other . If you are interested whether the Kindle Cloud Reader can run in Chrome on Android tablet , the answer is โ no โ . The page prompts to download Kindle for Android app . โข โข โข To get more posts like this , please subscribe by RSS or email . Let โ s also connect on Facebook Twitter , and Pinterest Interested in more posts about Kindle ? Here they are : 12 tips to make the most of Kindle books on your iPad What โ s better than Kindle Paperwhite ? Two Kindles Paperwhite Should I buy Kindle Paperwhite 4 ? These five questions will help you decide Kindle iOS app will soon let you filter books by read and unread Amazon โ s rules for naming Kindle generations are highly confusing | [
"Cloud Reader",
"web browser .",
"Kindle books"
] |
http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/fitzgerald/f_scott/gatsby/chapter1.html | The Great Gatsby , by F . Scott Fitzgerald Chapter 1 In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I โ ve been turning over in my mind ever since . โ Whenever you feel like criticizing any one , โ he told me , โ just remember that all the people in this world have n โ t had the advantages that you โ ve had . โ He did n โ t say any more , but we โ ve always been unusually communicative in a reserved way , and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that . In consequence , I โ m inclined to reserve all judgments , a habit that has opened up many curious natures to me and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores . The abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality when it appears in a normal person , and so it came about that in college And , after boasting this way of my tolerance , I come to the admission that it has a limit . Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes , but after a certain point I do n โ t care what it โ s founded on . When I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever ; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart . Only Gatsby , the man My family have been prominent , well - to - do people in this Middle Western city for three generations . The Carraways are something of a clan , and we have a tradition that we โ re descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch , but the actual founder of my line was my grandfather โ s brother , who came here in fifty - one , sent a substitute to the Civil War , and started the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on to - day . I never saw this great - uncle , but I โ m supposed to look like him โ with special reference to the rather hard - boiled painting that hangs in father โ s office . I graduated from New Haven in 1915 , just a quarter of a century after my father , and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War . I enjoyed the counter - raid so thoroughly that I came back restless . Instead of being the warm centre of the world , the Middle West now seemed The practical thing was to find rooms in the city , but it was a warm season , and I had just left a country of wide lawns and friendly trees , so when a young man at the office suggested that we take a house together in a commuting town , it sounded like a great idea . He found the house , a weather - beaten cardboard bungalow at eighty a month , but at the last minute the firm ordered him to Washington , and I went out to the country alone . I had a dog It was lonely for a day or so until one morning some man , more recently arrived than I , stopped me on the road . โ How do you get to West Egg village ? โ he asked helplessly . I told him . And as I walked on I was lonely no longer . I was a guide , a pathfinder , an original settler . He had casually conferred on me the freedom of the neighborhood . And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees , just as things grow in fast movies , I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning over again with the summer . There was so much to read , for one thing , and so much fine health to be pulled down out of the young breath - giving air . I bought a dozen volumes on banking and credit and investment securities , and they stood on my shelf in red and gold like new money from the mint , promising to unfold the shining secrets that only Midas and Morgan and Maecenas knew . And I had the high intention of reading many other books besides . I was rather literary in college โ one year I wrote a series It was a matter of chance that I should have rented a house in one of the strangest communities in North America . It was on that slender riotous island which extends itself due east of New York โ and where there are , among other natural curiosities , two unusual formations of land . Twenty miles from the city a pair of enormous eggs , identical in contour and separated only by a courtesy bay , jut out into the most domesticated body of salt water in the Western hemisphere , the great wet barnyard of Long Island Sound I lived at West Egg , the โ well , the less fashionable of the two , though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them . My house was at the very tip of the egg , only fifty yards from the Sound , and squeezed between two huge places that rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season . The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard โ it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy , with a tower Across the courtesy bay the white palaces of fashionable East Egg glittered along the water , and the history of the summer really begins on the evening I drove over there to have dinner with the Tom Buchanans . Daisy was my second cousin once removed , and I โ d known Tom in college . And just after the war I spent two days with them in Chicago . Her husband , among various physical accomplishments , had been one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven โ a national figure in a way , one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty - one that everything afterward savors of anti - climax . His family were enormously wealthy โ even in college his freedom with money was a matter for reproach โ but now he โ d left Chicago and come East in a fashion that rather took your breath away : for instance , he โ d Why they came East I do n โ t know . They had spent a year in France for no particular reason , and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together . This was a permanent move , said Daisy over the telephone , but I did n โ t believe it โ I had no sight into Daisy โ s heart , but I felt that Tom would drift on forever seeking , a little wistfully , for the dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football game . And so it happened that on a warm windy evening I drove over to East Egg to see two old friends whom I scarcely knew at all . Their house was even more elaborate than I expected , a cheerful red - and - white Georgian Colonial mansion , overlooking the bay . The lawn started at the beach and ran toward the front door for a quarter of a mile , jumping over sun - dials and brick walks and burning gardens โ finally when it reached the house drifting up the side in bright vines as though from He had changed since his New Haven years . Now he was a sturdy straw - haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner . Two shining arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward . Not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body โ he seemed to fill those glistening boots until he strained the top lacing , and you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his thin His speaking voice , a gruff husky tenor , added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed . There was a touch of paternal contempt in it , even toward people he liked โ and there were men at New Haven who had hated his guts . โ Now , do n โ t think my opinion on these matters is final , โ he seemed to say , โ just because I โ m stronger and more of a man than you are . โ We were in the same senior society , and while we were never intimate I always had the impression that he approved of me and wanted me to like him with some harsh , defiant wistfulness of his own . We talked for a few minutes on the sunny porch . โ I โ ve got a nice place here , โ he said , his eyes flashing about restlessly . Turning me around by one arm , he moved a broad flat hand along the front vista , including in its sweep a sunken Italian garden , a half acre of deep , pungent roses , and a snub - nosed motor - boat that bumped the tide offshore . โ It belonged to Demaine , the oil man . โ He turned me around again , politely and abruptly . โ We โ ll go inside . โ We walked through a high hallway into a bright rosy - colored space , fragilely bound into the house by French windows at either end . The windows were ajar and gleaming white against the fresh grass outside that seemed to grow a little way into the house . A breeze blew through the room , blew curtains in at one end and out the other like pale flags , twisting them up toward the frosted wedding - cake of the ceiling , and then rippled over the wine - colored rug , making a shadow on it as wind The only completely stationary object in the room was an enormous couch on which two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon . They were both in white , and their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house . I must have stood for a few moments listening to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall . Then there was a boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind The younger of the two was a stranger to me . She was extended full length at her end of the divan , completely motionless , and with her chin raised a little , as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall . If she saw me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no hint of it โ indeed , I was almost surprised into murmuring an apology for having disturbed her by coming in . The other girl , Daisy , made an attempt to rise โ she leaned slightly forward with a conscientious expression โ then she laughed , an absurd , charming little laugh , and I laughed too and came forward into the room . โ I โ m p - paralyzed with happiness . โ She laughed again , as if she said something very witty , and held my hand for a moment , looking up into my face , promising that there was no one in the world she so much wanted to see . That was a way she had . She hinted in a murmur that the surname of the balancing girl was Baker . ( I โ ve heard it said that Daisy โ s murmur was only to make people lean toward her ; an irrelevant criticism that At any rate , Miss Baker โ s lips fluttered , she nodded at me almost imperceptibly , and then quickly tipped her head back again โ the object she was balancing had obviously tottered a little and given her something of a fright . Again a sort of apology arose to my lips . Almost any exhibition of complete self - sufficiency draws a stunned tribute from me . I looked back at my cousin , who began to ask me questions in her low , thrilling voice . It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down , as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again . Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it , bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth , but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget : a singing compulsion , a whispered โ Listen , โ I told her how I had stopped off in Chicago for a day on my way East , and how a dozen people had sent their love through me . โ Do they miss me ? โ she cried ecstatically . โ The whole town is desolate . All the cars have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath , and there โ s a persistent wail all night along the north shore . โ โ How gorgeous ! Let โ s go back , Tom . To - morrow ! โ Then she added irrelevantly : โ You ought to see the baby . โ โ I โ d like to . โ โ She โ s asleep . She โ s three years old . Have n โ t you ever seen her ? โ โ Never . โ โ Well , you ought to see her . She โ s โ โ โ Tom Buchanan , who had been hovering restlessly about the room , stopped and rested his hand on my shoulder . โ What you doing , Nick ? โ โ I โ m a bond man . โ โ Who with ? โ I told him . โ Never heard of them , โ he remarked decisively . This annoyed me . โ You will , โ I answered shortly . โ You will if you stay in the East . โ โ Oh , I โ ll stay in the East , do n โ t you worry , โ he said , glancing at Daisy and then back at me , as if he were alert for something more . โ I โ d be a God damned fool to live anywhere else . โ At this point Miss Baker said : โ Absolutely ! โ with such suddenness that I started โ it was the first word she uttered since I came into the room . Evidently it surprised her as much as it did me , for she yawned and with a series of rapid , deft movements stood up into the room . โ I โ m stiff , โ she complained , โ I โ ve been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember . โ โ Do n โ t look at me , โ Daisy retorted , โ I โ ve been trying to get you to New York all afternoon . โ โ No , thanks , โ said Miss Baker to the four cocktails just in from the pantry , โ I โ m absolutely in training . โ Her host looked at her incredulously . โ You are ! โ He took down his drink as if it were a drop in the bottom of a glass . โ How you ever get anything done is beyond me . โ I looked at Miss Baker , wondering what it was she โ got done . โ I enjoyed looking at her . She was a slender , small - breasted girl , with an erect carriage , which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet . Her gray sun - strained eyes looked back at me with polite reciprocal curiosity out of a wan , charming , discontented face . It occurred to me now that I had seen her , or a picture of her , somewhere before . โ You live in West Egg , โ she remarked contemptuously . โ I know somebody there . โ โ I do n โ t know a single โ โ โ โ You must know Gatsby . โ โ Gatsby ? โ demanded Daisy . โ What Gatsby ? โ Before I could reply that he was my neighbor dinner was announced ; wedging his tense arm imperatively under mine , Tom Buchanan compelled me from the room as though he were moving a checker to another square . Slenderly , languidly , their hands set lightly on their hips , the two young women preceded us out onto a rosy - colored porch , open toward the sunset , where four candles flickered on the table in the diminished wind . โ Why candles ? โ objected Daisy , frowning . She snapped them out with her fingers . โ In two weeks it โ ll be the longest day in the year . โ She looked at us all radiantly . โ Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it ? I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it . โ โ We ought to plan something , โ yawned Miss Baker , sitting down at the table as if she were getting into bed . โ All right , โ said Daisy . โ What โ ll we plan ? โ She turned to me helplessly : โ What do people plan ? โ Before I could answer her eyes fastened with an awed expression on her little finger . โ Look ! โ she complained ; โ I hurt it . โ We all looked โ the knuckle was black and blue . โ You did it , Tom , โ she said accusingly . โ I know you did n โ t mean to , but you did do it . That โ s what I get for marrying a brute of a man , a great , big , hulking physical specimen of a โ โ โ โ I hate that word hulking , โ objected Tom crossly , โ even in kidding . โ โ Hulking , โ insisted Daisy . Sometimes she and Miss Baker talked at once , unobtrusively and with a bantering inconsequence that was never quite chatter , that was as cool as their white dresses and their impersonal eyes in the absence of all desire . They were here , and they accepted Tom and me , making only a polite pleasant effort to entertain or to be entertained . They knew that presently dinner would be over and a little later the evening too would be over and casually put away . It was sharply different from the West , where an evening was hurried โ You make me feel uncivilized , Daisy , โ I confessed on my second glass of corky but rather impressive claret . โ Ca n โ t you talk about crops or something ? โ I meant nothing in particular by this remark , but it was taken up in an unexpected way . โ Civilization โ s going to pieces , โ broke out Tom violently . โ I โ ve gotten to be a terrible pessimist about things . Have you read โ The Rise of the Colored Empires โ by this man Goddard ? โ โ Why , no , โ I answered , rather surprised by his tone . โ Well , it โ s a fine book , and everybody ought to read it . The idea is if we do n โ t look out the white race will be โ will be utterly submerged . It โ s all scientific stuff ; it โ s been proved . โ โ Tom โ s getting very profound , โ said Daisy , with an expression of unthoughtful sadness . โ He reads deep books with long words in them . What was that word we โ โ โ โ Well , these books are all scientific , โ insisted Tom , glancing at her impatiently . โ This fellow has worked out the whole thing . It โ s up to us , who are the dominant race , to watch out or these other races will have control of things . โ โ We โ ve got to beat them down , โ whispered Daisy , winking ferociously toward the fervent sun . โ You ought to live in California โ โ began Miss Baker , but Tom interrupted her by shifting heavily in his chair . โ This idea is that we โ re Nordics . I am , and you are , and you are , and โ โ โ After an infinitesimal hesitation he included Daisy with a slight nod , and she winked at me again . โ โ And we โ ve produced all the things that go to make civilization โ oh , science and art , and all that . Do you see ? โ There was something pathetic in his concentration , as if his complacency , more acute than of old , was not enough to him any more . When , almost immediately , the telephone rang inside and the butler left the porch Daisy seized upon the momentary interruption and leaned toward me . โ I โ ll tell you a family secret , โ she whispered enthusiastically . โ It โ s about the butler โ s nose . Do you want to hear about the butler โ s nose ? โ โ That โ s why I came over to - night . โ โ Well , he was n โ t always a butler ; he used to be the silver polisher for some people in New York that had a silver service for two hundred people . He had to polish it from morning till night , until finally it began to affect his nose โ โ โ โ Things went from bad to worse , โ suggested Miss Baker . โ Yes . Things went from bad to worse , until finally he had to give up his position . โ For a moment the last sunshine fell with romantic affection upon her glowing face ; her voice compelled me forward breathlessly as I listened โ then the glow faded , each light deserting her with lingering regret , like children leaving a pleasant street at dusk . The butler came back and murmured something close to Tom โ s ear , whereupon Tom frowned , pushed back his chair , and without a word went inside . As if his absence quickened something within her , Daisy leaned forward again , her voice glowing and singing . โ I love to see you at my table , Nick . You remind me of a โ of a rose , an absolute rose . Does n โ t he ? โ She turned to Miss Baker for confirmation : โ An absolute rose ? โ This was untrue . I am not even faintly like a rose . She was only extemporizing , but a stirring warmth flowed from her , as if her heart was trying to come out to you concealed in one of those breathless , thrilling words . Then suddenly she threw her napkin on the table and excused herself and went into the house . Miss Baker and I exchanged a short glance consciously devoid of meaning . I was about to speak when she sat up alertly and said โ Sh ! โ in a warning voice . A subdued impassioned murmur was audible in the room beyond , and Miss Baker leaned forward unashamed , trying to hear . The murmur trembled on the verge of coherence , sank down , mounted excitedly , and then ceased altogether . โ This Mr . Gatsby you spoke of is my neighbor โ โ โ I said . โ Do n โ t talk . I want to hear what happens . โ โ Is something happening ? โ I inquired innocently . โ You mean to say you do n โ t know ? โ said Miss Baker , honestly surprised . โ I thought everybody knew . โ โ I do n โ t . โ โ Why โ โ โ she said hesitantly , โ Tom โ s got some woman in New York . โ โ Got some woman ? โ I repeated blankly . Miss Baker nodded . โ She might have the decency not to telephone him at dinner time . Do n โ t you think ? โ Almost before I had grasped her meaning there was the flutter of a dress and the crunch of leather boots , and Tom and Daisy were back at the table . โ It could n โ t be helped ! โ cried Daisy with tense gaiety . She sat down , glanced searchingly at Miss Baker and then at me , and continued : โ I looked outdoors for a minute , and it โ s very romantic outdoors . There โ s a bird on the lawn that I think must be a nightingale come over on the Cunard or White Star Line . He โ s singing away โ โ โ Her voice sang : โ It โ s romantic , is n โ t it , Tom ? โ โ Very romantic , โ he said , and then miserably to me : โ If it โ s light enough after dinner , I want to take you down to the stables . โ The telephone rang inside , startlingly , and as Daisy shook her head decisively at Tom the subject of the stables , in fact all subjects , vanished into air . Among the broken fragments of the last five minutes at table I remember the candles being lit again , pointlessly , and I was conscious of wanting to look squarely at every one , and yet to avoid all eyes . I could n โ t guess what Daisy and Tom were thinking , but I doubt if even Miss Baker , who seemed to have mastered a certain The horses , needless to say , were not mentioned again . Tom and Miss Baker , with several feet of twilight between them , strolled back into the library , as if to a vigil beside a perfectly tangible body , while , trying to look pleasantly interested and a little deaf , I followed Daisy around a chain of connecting verandas to the porch in front . In its deep gloom we sat down side by side on a wicker settee . Daisy took her face in her hands as if feeling its lovely shape , and her eyes moved gradually out into the velvet dusk . I saw that turbulent emotions possessed her , so I asked what I thought would be some sedative questions about her little girl . โ We do n โ t know each other very well , Nick , โ she said suddenly . โ Even if we are cousins . You did n โ t come to my wedding . โ โ I was n โ t back from the war . โ โ That โ s true . โ She hesitated . โ Well , I โ ve had a very bad time , Nick , and I โ m pretty cynical about everything . โ Evidently she had reason to be . I waited but she did n โ t say any more , and after a moment I returned rather feebly to the subject of her daughter . โ I suppose she talks , and โ eats , and everything . โ โ Oh , yes . โ She looked at me absently . โ Listen , Nick ; let me tell you what I said when she was born . Would you like to hear ? โ โ Very much . โ โ It โ ll show you how I โ ve gotten to feel about โ things . Well , she was less than an hour old and Tom was God knows where . I woke up out of the ether with an utterly abandoned feeling , and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl . She told me it was a girl , and so I turned my head away and wept . โ all right , โ I said , โ I โ m glad it โ s a girl . And I โ You see I think everything โ s terrible anyhow , โ she went on in a convinced way . โ Everybody thinks so โ the most advanced people . And I know . I โ ve been everywhere and seen everything and done everything . โ Her eyes flashed around her in a defiant way , rather like Tom โ s , and she laughed with thrilling scorn . โ Sophisticated โ God , I โ m sophisticated ! โ The instant her voice broke off , ceasing to compel my attention , my belief , I felt the basic insincerity of what she had said . It made me uneasy , as though the whole evening had been a trick of some sort to exact a contributory emotion from me . I waited , and sure enough , in a moment she looked at me with an absolute smirk on her lovely face , as if she had asserted her membership in a rather distinguished secret society to which she and Tom belonged . Inside , the crimson room bloomed with light . Tom and Miss Baker sat at either end of the long couch and she read aloud to him from the Saturday Evening Post . โ the words , murmurous and uninflected , running together in a soothing tune . The lamp - light , bright on his boots and dull on the autumn - leaf yellow of her hair , glinted along the paper as she turned a page with a flutter of slender muscles in her arms . When we came in she held us silent for a moment with a lifted hand . โ To be continued , โ she said , tossing the magazine on the table , โ in our very next issue . โ Her body asserted itself with a restless movement of her knee , and she stood up . โ Ten o โ clock , โ she remarked , apparently finding the time on the ceiling . โ Time for this good girl to go to bed . โ โ Jordan โ s going to play in the tournament to - morrow , โ explained Daisy , โ over at Westchester . โ โ Oh โ you โ re Jordan Baker . โ I knew now why her face was familiar โ its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many rotogravure pictures of the sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach . I had heard some story of her too , a critical , unpleasant story , but what it was I had forgotten long ago . โ Good night , โ she said softly . โ Wake me at eight , wo n โ t you . โ โ If you โ ll get up . โ โ I will . Good night , Mr . Carraway . See you anon . โ โ Of course you will , โ confirmed Daisy . โ In fact I think I โ ll arrange a marriage . Come over often , Nick , and I โ ll sort of โ oh โ fling you together . You know โ lock you up accidentally in linen closets and push you out to sea in a boat , and all that sort of thing โ โ โ โ Good night , โ called Miss Baker from the stairs . โ I have n โ t heard a word . โ โ She โ s a nice girl , โ said Tom after a moment . โ They ought n โ t to let her run around the country this way . โ โ Who ought n โ t to ? โ inquired Daisy coldly . โ Her family . โ โ Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old . Besides , Nick โ s going to look after her , are n โ t you , Nick ? She โ s going to spend lots of week - ends out here this summer . I think the home influence will be very good for her . โ Daisy and Tom looked at each other for a moment in silence . โ Is she from New York ? โ I asked quickly . โ From Louisville . Our white girlhood was passed together there . Our beautiful white โ โ โ โ Did you give Nick a little heart to heart talk on the veranda ? โ demanded Tom suddenly . โ Did I ? โ She looked at me . โ I ca n โ t seem to remember , but I think we talked about the Nordic race . Yes , I โ m sure we did . It sort of crept up on us and first thing you know โ โ โ โ Do n โ t believe everything you hear , Nick , โ he advised me . I said lightly that I had heard nothing at all , and a few minutes later I got up to go home . They came to the door with me and stood side by side in a cheerful square of light . As I started my motor Daisy peremptorily called : โ Wait ! โ โ I forgot to ask you something , and it โ s important . We heard you were engaged to a girl out West . โ โ That โ s right , โ corroborated Tom kindly . โ We heard that you were engaged . โ โ It โ s libel . I โ m too poor . โ โ But we heard it , โ insisted Daisy , surprising me by opening up again in a flower - like way . โ We heard it from three people , so it must be true . โ Of course I knew what they were referring to , but I was n โ t even vaguely engaged . The fact that gossip had published the banns was one of the reasons I had come East . You ca n โ t stop going with an old friend on account of rumors , and on the other hand I had no intention of being rumored into marriage . Their interest rather touched me and made them less remotely rich โ nevertheless , I was confused and a little disgusted as I drove away . It seemed to me that the thing for Daisy to do was to rush out of the house , child in arms โ but apparently there were no such intentions in her head . As for Tom , the fact that he โ had some woman in New York . โ was really less surprising than that he had been depressed by a book . Something was making him nibble at the edge of Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs and in front of wayside garages , where new red gas - pumps sat out in pools of light , and when I reached my estate at West Egg I ran the car under its shed and sat for a while on an abandoned grass roller in the yard . The wind had blown off , leaving a loud , bright night , with wings beating in the trees and a persistent organ sound as the full bellows of the earth blew the frogs full of life . The silhouette of a I decided to call to him . Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner , and that would do for an introduction . But I did n โ t call to him , for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone โ he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way , and , far as I was from him , I could have sworn he was trembling . Involuntarily I glanced seaward โ and distinguished nothing except a single green light , minute and far away , that might have | [
"The Great Gatsby",
"F . Scott Fitzgerald"
] |
http://ebtseattle.com/ptsd.html | Trauma and StressorRelated Disorders What are trauma and stressorrelated disorders For some individuals exposure to traumatic or stressful life events leads to problems with anxiety and other distressing emotions ie sadness grief loss disgust and symptoms ie intrusive thoughts and memories about the trauma physical and emotional reactivity to traumarelated cues avoidance of situations that are related to the trauma Although the majority of people who are exposed to traumatic events recover over time and do not develop ongoing problems many do and benefit significantly from appropriate treatment Decades of research have shown that traumarelated symptoms can be effectively treated even many years after traumas have occurred Our staff have Below are brief descriptions of the types of trauma and stressorrelated disorders we treat at the Anxiety Center Posttraumatic stress disorders PTSD PTSD can develop after individuals experience events that involve actual or threatened serious injury death or sexual violence Symptoms of PTSD can develop related to these experiences if individuals have experienced them directly witnessed these events happening to others learned about these events happening to loved ones or had repeated exposure to the details of these types of events ie first responders police officers Common types of traumas that are linked to PTSD symptoms include serious accidents physical assault or abuse military combat natural disasters terrorist incidents and sexual assault or abuse Individuals with PTSD experience at least some of each of four different types of symptoms 1 Intrusive thoughtsfeelings related to the trauma including distressing memories of the trauma distressing dreams related to the trauma flashbacks in which the person feels that they are reliving the trauma and intense physical andor psychological reactions and distress to cues that are related to the trauma situations places feelings body sensations etc 2 Avoidance of things associated with the trauma including efforts to avoid memories thoughts and feelings about the trauma as well as avoiding external reminders of the event ie people places objects talking about the event 3 Negative changes in cognition and mood related to the trauma including difficulties remembering parts of the traumatic event strong negative beliefs about selfothersthe world feelings of selfblame negative emotion states fear horror anger guilt decreased interest in important activities feeling detached from others and difficulties experiencing positive emotions love joy 4 Changes in physical reactivityarousal related to the trauma including increased irritabilityanger exaggerated startle response hypervigilance concentration problems sleep problems and selfdestructive behaviors Symptoms that persist in each of these categories for more than 1 month following a traumatic event may indicate a diagnosis of PTSD In some people symptoms of PTSD do not begin for 6 months or more following a traumatic event The significant emotional cognitive and behavioral changes that can occur with PTSD are often very challenging to live with and can greatly impair functioning and quality of life Acute stress disorder ASD Symptoms of ASD are very similar to those of PTSD with some minor exceptions and a diagnosis is given if symptoms are present between 3 days and 1 month following a traumatic event For some people symptoms of ASD will decrease after a few weeks and will not persist For others the symptoms continue for longer than 1 month after the trauma and a diagnosis of PTSD may then be appropriate Adjustment disorders Many individuals develop emotional or behavior problems following other stressful live events that are not included in the diagnoses of PTSD and ASD Examples of these types of stressors include marital problems a relationship breakup or divorce jobrelated difficulties or losing a job illnesses that lead to increasing levels of disability living in areas of high crime etc Adjustment disorders are diagnosed when symptoms that develop in response to these types of events involve marked distress that is greater than expected and also lead to impairment in important areas of functioning Adjustment disorder reactions can involve predominant feelings of anxiety | [
"trauma",
"disorders"
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http://ec.europa.eu/budget/explained/budg_system/financing/fin_en.cfm | Where does the money come from How is the budget financed The EU budget is funded chiefly 98 from the EUs own resources supplemented by other sources of revenue is based on the principle that expenditure must be matched by revenue has inbuilt schemes to compensate certain EU countries Own resources account for approximately 98 of the budget The total amount of own resources to cover annual payment appropriations are not allowed to exceed 120 of the EUs gross national income GNI The remaining approximately 2 of budget revenue comes from other sources of income Own resources Own resources provide the EUs main revenue There are three kinds of own resources for background details see European Union Public Finance 5th Edition 2014 Traditional own resources mainly customs duties on imports from outside the EU and sugar levies EU governments retain collection cost under Own Resources Decision 2014335 the collection costs were reduced to 20 Background European Union Public Finance page 191 own resource from value added tax VAT A standard percentage is levied on the harmonised VAT base of each EU country The VAT base to be taxed is capped at 50 of GNI for each country This rule is intended to prevent less prosperous countries having to pay a disproportionate amount in such countries consumption and so VAT tend to account for a higher percentage of national income Background European Union Public Finance page 191 own resource based on gross national income GNI A uniform percentage is levied on the GNI of each EU country It is used to balance revenue and expenditure ie to fund the part of the budget not covered by other sources of income Although designed simply as a balancing system this has become the largest source of revenue Background European Union Public Finance page 193 Other revenue The budget also has other sources of revenue eg taxes on EU staff salaries contributions from nonEU countries to certain programmes fines on companies for breaching competition laws etc Background European Union Public Finance page 197 Revenue and expenditure balancedbudget requirement When the EU Council and the European Parliament approve the annual EU budget total revenue must equal total expenditure In practice however actual revenue and expenditure often differ from the estimates There is usually a surplus which is used to reduce EU countries contributions to the budget for the following year National compensation mechanisms In the past some countries felt that they were paying too much towards the budget compared to other countries Measures were taken to correct compensate these imbalances including the UK rebate the UK is reimbursed by 66 of the difference between its contribution and what it receives back from the budget The calculation is based on its GNI and VAT lumpsum payments to Denmark the Netherlands Sweden and Austria reduced VAT call rates for the Netherlands Sweden Germany The cost of the UK rebate is divided among EU member countries in proportion to the share they contribute to the EUs GNI However since 2002 this has been limited to 25 of its normal value for Germany the Netherlands Austria and Sweden who considered their relative contributions to the budget to be too high This cost is shared by the other EU members Background European Union Public Finance page 194 Did you find what you were looking for Share this page | [
"money",
"budget financed",
"Own resources"
] |
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/energy/2005_inquiry/index_en.html | In this section Overview State aid to secure electricity supplies Electricity Gas Oil Energy and climate change Whats new Legislation Cases Energy and environment Sector Inquiry The European Commission launched an inquiry into competition in gas and electricity markets in 2005 pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation 12003 EC This page provides information relating to the inquiry including reports press releases frequently asked questions FAQ speeches and other relevant documents Revitalising the Lisbon agenda is a top priority for the current Commission In its Communication of 2 February 2005 to the Spring European Council Working together for growth and jobs a new start for the Lisbon strategy COM2005 24 final the Commission set out a more proactive application of competition policy in particular by means of sectoral screenings for barriers to competition in the energy sector The energy inquiry responded to concerns voiced by consumers and new entrants in the sector about the development of wholesale gas and electricity markets and limited choice for consumers Read more about sector inquiries The final report published in January 2007 identified serious shortcomings in the electricity and gas markets too much market concentration in most national markets a lack of liquidity preventing successful new entry too little integration between Member States markets an absence of transparently available market information leading to distrust in the pricing mechanisms an inadequate current level of unbundling between network and supply interests which has negative repercussions on market functioning and investment incentives customers being tied to suppliers through longterm downstream contracts current balancing markets and small balancing zones which favour incumbents Followup to the sector inquiry To tackle the problems identified in the course of the inquiry the Commission is pursuing individual cases under competition rules antitrust merger control and state aids and has taken further action to improve the regulatory framework for energy liberalisation The EU Electricity Gas markets third legislative package September 2007 Press release Energising Europe A real market with secure supply IP071361 19092007 Speech by Commissioner Neelie Kroes More competitive energy markets building on the findings of the sector inquiry to shape the right policy solutions Final report 10 January 2007 Communication from the Commission Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation EC No 12003 into the European gas and electricity sectors COM2006851 final DG Competition report on energy sector inquiry SEC20061724 10 January 2007 This document contains the full technical report including the above Communication as Executive summary Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Press release Commission energy sector inquiry confirms serious competition problems IP0726 Frequently asked questions on the final report MEMO0715 Speech by Commissioner Kroes at the press conference The Final Report of the inquiry was adopted together with proposals for a comprehensive package of measures to establish a new Energy Policy for Europe to combat climate change and boost the EUs energy security and competitiveness Energy for a changing world website The EUs contribution to shaping a future global climate change regime Study Structure and performance of six wholesale electricity markets in 2003 2004 and 2005 Press release Study on electricity markets supports the results of the Commissions Sector inquiry IP07522 20042007 Executive summary Part 1 methodology results on Belgium and France Part 2 results on Germany and Spain 6 MB Part 3 results on the Netherlands and UK 8 MB Part 4 crosscountry comparisons and conclusions Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Speeches More competitive energy markets building on the findings of the sector inquiry to shape the right policy solutions Commissioner Neelie Kroes SPEECH07547 19092007 More competition and greater energy security in the Single European Market for electricity and gas Commissioner Neelie Kroes SPEECH07212 30032007 A new European Energy Policy reaping the benefits of open and competitive markets Commissioner Neelie Kroes SPEECH0763 05022007 Introductory remarks on the final report of the energy sector competition inquiry Commissioner Neelie Kroes SPEECH074 10012007 The liberalisation of EU Energy Markets DirectorGeneral Philip Lowes speech in London The Beesley Lectures Institute of Economic Affairs 09112006 A new energy policy for a new era Commissioner Kroes speech in Lisbon Conference on European Energy Strategy the Geopolitical Challenges SPEECH06648 of 30102006 The need for a renewed European energy policy Commissioner Kroes speech in London OFGEM seminar on Powering the Energy Debate Europe Competition and Regulation SPEECH06541 of 28092006 Towards an Efficient and Integrated European Energy Market First Findings and Next Steps Neelie Kroes Public Presentation of the Preliminary Findings of the energy sector inquiry SPEECH0692 Date 16022006 Preliminary report 16 February 2006 Executive Summary Preliminary report Part 1 Part 2 1560 KB Annexes 5842 KB Press release Energy sector inquiry confirms serious problems and sets out way forward IP06174 16022006 Frequently asked questions MEMO0678 16022006 Public presentation of the preliminary findings of the energy sector inquiry on 16 February 2006 Agenda Presentation findings about the electricity sector 366 KB Presentation findings about the gas sector 1404 KB Speech by Neelie Kroes Towards an Efficient and Integrated European Energy Market First Findings and Next Steps SPEECH0692 16022006 Speech by Andris Piebalgs The situation of Internal Markets in Gas and Electricity SPEECH0694 16022006 Speech by Stavros Dimas Why are Competitive Electricity and Gas Markets Good for Environment SPEECH0697 16022006 Contributions from the panel Willy Bosmans President of Eurogas Harry Roels CEO of RWE Public consultation on the preliminary report The Commission received several comments on the Preliminary report of the Energy Sector Inquiry from interested parties in response to the Public Consultation which was closed on 1 May 2006 Initial findings 15 November 2005 Issues Paper 2305 KB Press release Member States must do more to open markets competition inquiry identifies serious malfunctions IP051421 of 15112005 Press release Commission sector inquiry reveals serious problems in energy markets MEMO05425 of 15112005 Presentation of first findings by Commissioner Kroes to the Council 1 December 2005 Opening of the inquiry 2005 Communication by Commissioners Neelie Kroes and Andris Piebalgs opening the inquiry de en fr Commission decision initiating the inquiry COM 20051682 Reference published in the Official Journal C144 1462005 p 13 de en fr Press release Commission opens sector inquiry into gas and electricity IP05716 13062005 Frequently Asked Questions MEMO05203 13062005 Opinion of the Advisory Committee on restrictive practices and dominant positions 29 April 2005 en de fr top | [
"Sector Inquiry",
"Energy",
"environment"
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http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/candidates.htm | Additional tools Enlargement Candidate countries and potential candidates Candidate Countries Albania the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Montenegro Serbia and Turkey are candidate countries Negotiations are held with each candidate country to determine their ability to apply EU legislation acquis and examine their possible request for transition periods In order to conduct the accession negotiations EU legislation and standards are divided into 35 chapters which are negotiated one by one DG Environment is assisting the countries particularly in preparing to comply with the environmental component of chapter 27 An underlying principle of the negotiations is that countries have to fully transpose and implement the EU legislation by the time of accession Transitional measures can be granted essentially for investmentheavy directives provided that the measures are limited in time and scope and do not create distortion of competition for the EU single market These are mainly in the field of waste water industrial pollution and air quality No transitional periods are granted to horizontal legislation Environmental Impact Assessment Access to information etc nature legislation or framework legislation waste framework legislation water framework legislation etc Transition periods are only granted Albania applied for the EU membership in April 2009 and received the candidate status in June 2014 Progress in the accession process will depend on achievements in few key areas such as fight against corruption and organised crime reform of judicial system and constructive and sustainable political dialogue between government and opposition The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was declared a candidate country in December 2005 Opening of negotiations will depend on the progress made in aligning with the EU acquis The Commission recommended that negotiations for accession to the European Union should be opened However the ongoing name dispute with Greece is hampering further progress Montenegro submitted the application for EU membership in December 2008 The candidate status was granted on 17 December 2010 The opening of accession negotiations took place in June 2012 Following the screening process Montenegro needs to fulfil an opening benchmark before accession negotiations for Chapter 27 Environment can be opened Serbia applied for the candidate country status in December 2009 The candidate country status was granted in March 2012 On 21 January 2014 the first Intergovernmental Conference took place signaling the formal start of Serbias accession negotiations The screening exercise for Chapter 27 Environment took place in 2014 and the screening report has been adopted by the Council in December 2016 without an opening benchmark Serbia has been invited by the Presidency in December 2016 to submit its negotiating position for Chapter 27 Turkey was declared a candidate country in December 1999 Negotiation talks were opened on 3 October 2005 and Chapter 27 was open for negotiations on 21 December 2009 Technical discussions are ongoing in areas such as water waste nature protection or horizontal legislation Potential Candidates These are countriesentities which have a clear prospect of joining the EU in the future but have not yet been granted candidate country status Stabilisation and Association Agreement SAA negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina were opened in September 2005 and on 16 June 2008 BosniaHerzegovina and the European Union signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement The SAA entered into force in June 2015 The country has submitted in February 2016 its application to join the EU In September 2016 the Council invited the Commission to present an Opinion on BiH application The Opinion is currently under preparation UN Security Council Resolution 1244 1999 placed Kosovo under the transitional administration of the United Nations Kosovos authorities declared independence on 17 February 2008 The European Union took note of the declaration of independence left to the Member States to decide on the recognition and asked the Commission to enhance the cooperation with Kosovo The Stabilization and Association Agreement between EU and Kosovo has been initiated in July 2014 and entered into force in April 2016 | [
"Candidate Countries",
"Albania",
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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing | Population structure and ageing navigation search Data extracted in May 2018 . Planned article update : May 2019 . Highlights Tweet In 2017 , nearly one fifth ( 19 % ) of the EU population was aged 65 and more . Tweet The share of people aged 80 years or more should more than double by 2080 to reach 13 % of the whole population . Increase in the share of the population aged 65 years or over between 2007 and 2017 Break in time series in various years between 2007 and 2017 : EU , Belgium , Germany , Estonia , Ireland , France , Luxembourg , Hungary , Poland and Slovenia Provisional data : EU and France This article looks at the impact of demographic ageing within the European Union ( EU ) , which is likely to be of major significance in the coming decades . Consistently low birth rates and higher life expectancy are transforming the shape of the EU - 28 โ s age pyramid ; probably the most important change will be the marked transition towards a much older population structure , a development which is already apparent in several EU Member States . As a result , the proportion of people of working age in the EU - 28 is shrinking while the relative number of those retired is expanding . The share of older persons in the total population will increase significantly in the coming decades , as a greater proportion of the post - war baby - boom generation reaches retirement . This will , in turn , lead to an increased burden on those of working age to provide for the social expenditure required by the ageing population for a range of related services . Full article Direct access to Other articles Tables Database Dedicated section Publications Methodology Legislation Visualisations External links Categories Gender Population ageing Population Statistical article Multilingual 8 watching users Privacy policy About Statistics Explained Disclaimers | [
"Population structure",
"ageing",
"European Union"
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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities | Statistics on European cities navigation search Data extracted in March 2018 . Planned article update : September 2019 . Highlights Tweet The highest young - age dependency ratio for cities in the EU was recorded in the Communautรฉ d โ agglomรฉration Val de France , situated close to Paris ( 58.4 % ) . Tweet Citizens of other EU Member States accounted for more than one fifth of the total population living in the Belgian capital city , Bruxelles / Brussel . Source : Eurostat More than half the world โ s population resides in urban areas , and cities continue to attract an increasing share of the people in search of a job and an improved quality of life . Indeed , cities are often seen as centres of economic growth , providing opportunities for study , innovation and employment ; poles of economic activity that attract a broad spectrum of people ( be they national or international migrants ) . This is particularly true for capital cities , which are often characterised by particularly high concentrations of economic activity , employment and wealth . Full article Yet , there is often a paradox insofar as some cities also display very high levels of social exclusion , unemployment and income disparity , while many cities are confronted by issues such as crime , traffic congestion or pollution . Furthermore , within individual cities it is possible to find people who enjoy a very comfortable lifestyle living in close proximity to others who may face considerable challenges โ herein lies the โ urban paradox โ . An increasing share of the European Union ( EU โ s ) population live and work close to cities and it is widely expected that this pattern will continue in the future , as economic activity is consolidated in and around urban areas . There is however a diverse mix of cities in the EU : at one end of the scale are the global metropolises of London and Paris ( with close to 10 million inhabitants ) , while at the other end , approximately half of the cities in the EU had a relatively small urban centre of between 50 and 100 thousand inhabitants . Although population numbers in and This expansion of population numbers both within and around some of the main metropolises in the EU โ sometimes referred to as urban sprawl โ is accompanied by a range of complex challenges : for example , issues relating to sustainability , social cohesion , an ample supply of housing , or the provision of efficient transport services . This article focuses on three areas : demographic developments ( including a special focus on migrants ) ; education and labour markets ( including an analysis of the transition from unemployment to employment ) ; and the living standards enjoyed by those living in cities ( including information on the risk of poverty or social exclusion and housing costs ) . Population Population statistics for cities refer to the total number of inhabitants according to their usual residence , in other words , the place where a person normally lives , regardless of temporary absences ; this is generally their place of legal or registered residence . Population numbers are a reference for measuring the general size of an urban entity and are used as a denominator for many derived indicators . Young - age dependency ratios Map 1 provides information on the age structure of 925 cities in the EU , Norway and Switzerland . The size of the circles shows how large each city is in terms of its overall number of inhabitants , while the shading reflects the young - age dependency ratio , in other words the ratio between the number of young people aged 0 - 19 years and the number of working - age people ( defined here as persons aged 20 - 64 years ) . Across the EU - 28 as a whole , the young - age dependency ratio was 34.7 % in 2016 . The age structure of EU cities was somewhat skewed insofar as 552 recorded ratios that were below the EU - 28 average , compared with 356 that had higher than average young - age dependency ratios . These figures are influenced , at least to some degree , by fertility patterns , with falling crude birth and fertility rates often associated with a decision to delay parenthood , have smaller families or have no children . This pattern may be particularly common in cities Cities with the highest young - age dependency ratios were often characterised by relatively large populations of manual workers and / or migrant populations Young - age dependency ratios were relatively high in most cities across the Benelux countries , France and the United Kingdom . In contrast , the lowest ratios tended to be recorded in cities located in eastern and southern part of the EU , as well as in Germany and Austria . A closer analysis reveals that many of the cities with particularly high shares of young persons ( relative to their working - age populations ) were characterised as suburban areas around some of the EU โ s largest cities or more provincial areas with relatively high shares of manual workers and / or net inward migration . There were 11 cities in the EU which recorded young - age dependency ratios of at least 50.0 % โ in other words , the population structure was such that there were fewer than two people of working - age for each young The highest young - age dependency ratio ( 58.4 % ) was recorded in the Communautรฉ d โ agglomรฉration Val de France , situated to the north of the French capital , while each of the remaining French cities were also located relatively close to the capital , namely , Saint Denis and Creil ( both also to the north of Paris ) , the Communautรฉ d โ agglomรฉration Lacs de l โ Essonne , Sรฉnart en Essonne and Evry ( to the south ) , and Mantes en Yvelines and Communautรฉ de communes des Coteaux de Seine ( to These developments were synonymous with more general patterns , insofar as the 52 cities with the highest young - age dependency ratios in the EU were all located in either France or the United Kingdom ( if excluding the atypical case of the autonomous Spanish city of Melilla ) . Outside of these 52 cities in France or the United Kingdom , the highest young - age dependency ration was in Greater Ede ( to the east of Utrecht in the Netherlands ) . At the other end of the range , the vast majority of the 307 cities across the EU with young - age dependency ratios that were less than 30.0 % were located in Germany ( 88 cities ) , Poland ( 50 ) , Italy ( 45 ) , Romania ( 35 ) and Spain ( 32 ) , while Bulgaria was the only other EU Member State to record a count that was in double - digits ( 11 cities ) . Looking in more detail , the lowest young - age dependency ratios in the EU were recorded in two German university cities , namely , Greifswald ( in north - east Germany ; 21.7 % in 2014 ) and Wรผrzburg ( northern Bavaria ; 21.7 % in 2015 ) . They were followed by two cities in Romania โ Brasov ( central Romania ; 22.1 % in 2015 ) and Braila ( eastern Romania ; 22.3 % in 2015 ) โ and the Italian city of Cagliari ( which is on the southern coast of Sardinia ; 22.6 % in Map 1 : Young - age dependency ratio , selected cities , 2016 ( % ) Source : Eurostat ( urb_cpopstr ) ( urbcpop1 ) and ( demo_pjanind ) People living in capital cities Figure 1 presents the structure of the resident population as of 1 January 2015 for four capital cities in the EU . These population pyramids contrast the proportion of people living in each city centre with the broader measure of people living in the surrounding commuter zone ( known as the functional urban area ) . The Slovenian and British capital cities appear to exert a considerable pull on relatively young working - age people , possibly reflecting employment and lifestyle opportunities A functional urban area consists of a city and its surrounding commuting zone . On this basis , London ( the capital city of the United Kingdom ) was by far the most populous city in the EU , with 12.1 million inhabitants in 2015 ; for comparison there were 4.5 million people living in the Italian capital of Roma and its surrounding commuter zone . Bratislava ( Slovakia ) and London both reported a relatively high share of their populations being composed of working - age persons between 25 and 44 years , whereas in Roma , it appeared A more detailed analysis of the population structure reveals that more than half of the total number of inhabitants in the Belgian capital city of Bruxelles / Brussel were living in the surrounding commuting zone . This could be contrasted with the situation in London , where more than 70 % of the population were living in the greater city . It is also interesting to note that in Bratislava and Roma , it was relatively common for elderly generations to be living in the city , while the elderly in Bruxelles / Brussel were more likely to be living Figure 1 : Population pyramids , selected capital cities , 2015 ( % share of population ) Eurostat ( urb_cpop1 ) and ( urb_lpop1 ) Migrants living in cities Migration is a long - standing phenomenon , however , it is only since the middle of the last century that Europe has undergone a shift from being a region of net emigration to a region characterised by net immigration . Many European cities play an important role in relation to the perception of migrants through their mix of multicultural and ethnically diverse populations . Cities are often characterised as places where migrants and non - migrants interact , through work , study , or raising their families . While cities can offer considerable opportunities for migrants , they may also face considerable challenges regarding integration and / or inclusion . Indeed , one of the European Commission โ s main priorities is to better manage migration . In this context , the integration and social inclusion of the growing number of migrants settling in Europe is key , whether they originate from other EU Member States or further afield . Citizens from other EU Member States accounted for more than one fifth of the total population living in the city of Bruxelles / Brussel ( the Belgian capital ) Figure 2 provides an alternative analysis concerning the structure of urban populations , detailing the cities and functional urban areas in the EU with the highest shares of EU and non - EU foreign citizens in 2016 ( note the latest reference year available varies considerably for some EU Member States ) . In Derry and Strabane ( Northern Ireland , the United Kingdom ) almost half ( 44.7 % ) of the total number of inhabitants living in the urban centre were citizens of other EU Member States . By contrast , in its broader functional urban area ( in other words , including the surrounding commuter zone ) , the share of migrants from other EU Member States in the total number of inhabitants was just 2.1 % . This pattern was relatively common , insofar as migrants tend to live in city ( centres ) . The second highest share of citizens from other EU Member States was also recorded in Northern Ireland , namely in the capital of Belfast , where just over 1 in 4 ( 25.4 % ; 2011 data ) of the city โ s population was a foreign citizen from another EU Member State . The relatively high share of foreign EU citizens living in the southern Spanish city of Fuengirola ( 22.5 % ; 2016 data ) may be attributed , at least in part , to a high number of retirees . The next highest shares were recorded in Baltic Member States may , at least in part , be attributed to former Soviet Union citizens who are permanently resident . Figure 2 : Cities and functional urban areas in the EU with the highest shares of EU and non - EU foreign citizens , 2016 ( % share of population ) ( urb_cpopcb ) ( urb_lpopcb ) Education and employment The Europe 2020 strategy is the EU โ s growth and jobs strategy for the current decade , which aims to deliver smart , sustainable and inclusive growth . Within the context of education and employment , the strategy foresees increasing the EU - 28 employment rate among persons aged 20 - 64 years to 75 % , cutting the proportion of early leavers from education and training to less than 10 % , and raising the share of people aged 30 - 34 years with a tertiary level of education to at least 40 % . Tertiary students Modern economies characterised by digital technologies , high skills and innovation are likely to require a growing number of qualified staff in the coming years ; skills gaps already exist in some EU Member States and specific sectors . Europe โ s future prosperity depends , at least to some degree , on nurturing more dynamic , high - achievers who can develop innovative products and processes . More than half of the total number of inhabitants living near Barcelona in Cerdanyola del Vallรจs were tertiary students enrolled in higher education establishments Map 2 shows the prevalence of tertiary education students relative to the total number of inhabitants for 810 cities across the EU . In 2015 , there were , on average , 3.8 tertiary students enrolled in the EU - 28 โ s higher education establishments for every 100 inhabitants . Unsurprisingly , the number of tertiary students relative to population size was skewed in favour of cities , with this ratio often rising considerably higher in many of the EU โ s most famous university cities . These cities with relatively large student populations were widely dispersed across the There were 23 cities in the EU where there the student population in tertiary education accounted for at least one quarter of the total number of inhabitants . These were primarily located in Germany ( seven cities ) , Spain ( four ) , Italy ( three ) , Belgium , Portugal and the United Kingdom ( two cities each ) , while the list was completed by individual cities from each of Austria , Poland and Slovakia . Looking in more detail , there were three cities where the ratio of higher education students to the total resident population Map 2 : Number of tertiary students relative to population size , 2016 ( students enrolled to study at ISCED levels 5 - 8 per 100 inhabitants ) ( urb_ceduc ) ( urbcpop1 ) ( educ_uoe_enrt01 ) ( demo_pjan ) The transition from unemployment to employment In a majority of the eastern EU Member States , cities generally tended to outperform rural areas economically and record some of the highest rates of growth for their economic performance . By contrast , in some western Member States โ for example , Belgium , France or the United Kingdom โ it was common to find a number of cities โ left behind โ by globalisation ; places that industrialised early on in the industrial revolution but which have not fully adapted when their traditional activities moved elsewhere or were replaced by new technologies . Many of these cities long - term unemployment , high levels of poverty and people living in social exclusion . Figure 3 shows an analysis by degree of urbanisation , illustrating one aspect of labour market flexibility , namely , the share of the adult population ( people aged 15 - 74 years ) that was able to move out of unemployment into a job during the course of 2016 . In most western and southern economies of the EU , people living in cities faced the greatest difficulties in moving out of unemployment into work . When compared with people living in rural areas , the difference was particularly acute in Austria , France , Portugal , Spain and Greece , as well as Slovenia . Figure 3 : Transition of unemployed persons moving from unemployment to employment , by degree of urbanisation , 2016 ( % share of unemployed persons aged 15 - 74 ) ( lfsi_long_e03 ) Unemployment in cities Figure 4 focuses on unemployment rates exclusively in cities , with an analysis by country of birth . In 2016 , the total unemployment rate in the EU - 28 was 9.1 % , with slightly lower rates for people born in the reporting country ( 8.4 % ) and people born in another EU Member State ( 8.6 % ) . By contrast , the EU - 28 unemployment rate was much higher among people born outside the EU ( 15.4 % ) . In Ireland , Italy , Cyprus , Portugal and the United Kingdom , the unemployment rate in cities was lower among people born in another EU Member State than it was for nationals This pattern โ higher unemployment rates in cities for people born outside the EU โ was repeated in the vast majority of the EU Member States for which data are available . In 2016 , the only exceptions were Croatia and the Czech Republic : for the former , the unemployment rate among people born outside the EU ( 8.0 % ) was lower the rate for people born in Croatia ( 11.3 % ) ; for the latter , the unemployment rate among people born outside the EU ( 5.8 % ) was lower than the rate for people The biggest differences ( in percentage point terms ) between unemployment rates in cities for people born outside the EU and people born in the reporting country were in Belgium , Finland and Sweden . The relatively high levels of social exclusion witnessed among city - dwellers in some northern and western EU Member States may , at least in part , reflect a lack of capacity to assimilate migrants from non - member countries into the labour market . It is also interesting to note that in five of the EU Member States โ Italy , Cyprus , the United Kingdom , Ireland and Portugal โ the unemployment rate in cities for people born in another EU Member State was lower than the rate for people born in the reporting country . Figure 4 : Analysis by country of birth of the unemployment rate in cities , 2016 ( % share of labour force aged 15 - 74 ) Eurostat , labour force survey Living conditions One of the five headline targets for the Europe 2020 strategy is to reduce poverty in the EU by lifting at least 20 million people out of the risk of poverty or social exclusion by 2020 . The same indicator is also used within the sustainable development goals ( SDGs ) and to track the progress being made in relation to the European pillar of social rights , which aims to build a more inclusive and fairer EU . People living at risk of poverty or social exclusion In 2016 , almost one quarter ( 23.5 % ) of the EU - 28 population was living at risk of poverty or social exclusion . An analysis by degree of urbanisation ( see Figure 5 ) reveals that people living in towns and suburbs had the lowest risk of poverty or social exclusion ( 21.6 % ) , a share which was 23.6 % for city - dwellers and peaked at 25.5 % among people living in rural areas . These figures reflect the growing number of people living in suburban areas , within relatively close reach of urban In western EU Member States , the risk of poverty or social exclusion tended to be higher in cities , whereas in eastern Member States it was usually higher in rural areas A closer examination reveals that in half ( 14 ) of the EU Member States , the highest proportion of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion was recorded in rural areas . More than half of the rural population was at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2016 in Bulgaria and Romania . There were eight Member States where the share of the rural population at risk of poverty or social exclusion was within the range of 30.0 - 40.0 % โ Greece , Lithuania , Latvia , Croatia , Spain , Cyprus , Hungary and Italy By contrast , the rural populations of Germany , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Belgium , Denmark , Austria and Malta ( note the data for rural areas is of low reliability ) were much less likely to be at risk of poverty or social exclusion than people living in cities . As such , western European cities were often characterised by an urban paradox , insofar as while they generated high levels of wealth , they also reported that relatively large shares of their populations were living with the risk of poverty or social exclusion . Figure 5 : Proportion of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion , by degree of urbanisation , 2016 ( ilc_peps13 ) ( ilc_peps01 ) Housing costs Real estate prices and rents vary considerably , not just between and within EU Member States , but also at a more local / regional level . Nevertheless , housing is often the largest single item in a household budget , irrespective of whether the occupants are paying off a mortgage / loan or renting a property . People living in cities often paid a premium for living centrally or in a particular borough / district ; this meant they were more likely to face a considerable burden from the cost of their housing The housing cost overburden rate is defined as the share of the population that is living in a household where total net housing costs were greater than 40 % of disposable income . The EU - 28 housing cost overburden rate averaged 11.1 % in 2016 : an analysis by degree of urbanisation reveals that thus burden was lowest in rural areas ( 8.6 % ) , with a slightly higher rate recorded for people living in towns and suburbs ( 10.2 % ) and a peak among those living in cities ( 13.5 % ) . Note that people living in cities are often In five EU Member States โ Greece , Bulgaria , Romania , Germany and the United Kingdom โ the share of the rural population in 2016 that was overburdened by the cost of housing was in double - digits ( 10 % or higher ) ; particularly high rates were observed in Greece and Bulgaria . By contrast , there were seven EU Member States where a double - digit share of the population living in towns and suburbs was overburdened by housing costs , with Greece again recording a particularly high share . The share of the population living in cities that was overburdened by housing costs exceeded 10 % in Member States , including all five that registered double - digit shares for their rural populations and again lead by Greece ; they were joined by Denmark , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Italy , Austria , Spain Figure 6 : Housing cost overburden rate , by degree of urbanisation , 2016 ( % share of people living in households where total housing costs represent more than 40 % of disposable income ) ( ilc_lvho07d ) ( ilc_lvho07a ) Feeling safe in capital cities The final analysis in this section concerns information from a perception survey . Figure 7 presents data for capital cities in the EU and details the answers given by respondents when queried about how safe they felt in the neighbourhood where they live . In 2015 , the highest shares of positive replies ( people who strongly agreed or somewhat agreed that their neighbourhood was safe ) were recorded in the Nordic capitals of Stockholm ( 96 % ) , Kรธbenhavn ( 95 % ) and Helsinki / Helsingfors ( also 95 % ) ; note that slightly higher shares Figure 7 : Respondents ' answers to the question do you feel safe in the neighbourhood where you live , capital cities , 2015 ( % share of total ) ( urb_percep ) Source data for figures and maps Focus on European cities Data sources Eurostat โ s data collection on cities ( formerly known as the Urban Audit ) is undertaken by national statistical authorities , the Directorate - General for Regional and Urban Policy ( DG REGIO ) and Eurostat . It provides statistics on a wide range of socioeconomic indicators that cover many aspects that relate to the quality of urban life : demography , housing , health , economic activity , the labour market , income disparities , educational qualifications , the environment , climate , travel patterns , tourism and cultural infrastructure . The latest data collection exercise sought information from almost one thousand different European cities ( across EU Member States , Norway , Switzerland and Turkey ) , each with a population of at least 50 thousand inhabitants in their urban centre ; The urban statistics presented in this article relate to three different concepts : the majority of the data presented refer to cities ( one or more local administrative unit ( LAUs ) where the majority of the population lives in an urban centre of at least 50 thousand inhabitants ) , although the concepts of the greater city ( an approximation of the urban centre when this stretches beyond the administrative city boundaries ) and the functional urban area ( a city plus its surrounding commuting zone ) are also employed . The information presented has been adapted to reflect the most appropriate definitions , whereby information on greater cities is preferred when reflecting cases where a relatively high share of the population lives outside of the administrative boundaries of the urban centre ( for example , the Greek capital of Athina ) . The Directorate - General for Regional and Urban Policy conducts a perception survey every three years in the EU Member States , Iceland , Norway , Switzerland and Turkey ; the latest survey was conducted in June 2015 and covered 79 different cities . These surveys cover a range of issues , including : employment , the environment , housing , transport , culture , city services and immigration . For more information : Dedicated section on cities Methodological manual on city statistics Context The Europe 2020 strategy is the EU โ s growth strategy for the period through to 2020 : it aims to support the recovery from the global financial and economic crisis through smart , sustainable and inclusive growth . To deliver the Europe 2020 targets through economic , social and environmental initiatives in cities and urban areas , policymakers have acknowledged the need to mobilise multi - level governance structures whereby local and regional actors are involved in policy design and delivery alongside central government . The Europe 2020 monitoring platform is a network of 178 cities and regions coordinated by the European Committee of the Regions , which monitors the involvement of EU local and regional authorities in the European semester and the Europe 2020 strategy . The European Commission โ s Directorate - General for Environment ( DG Environment ) works on a range of issues with the goal of improving urban environments , for example : the United Nations ( UN ) sustainable development goals , in particular goal 11 , which seeks to ensure that all cities are inclusive , safe , resilient and sustainable ; EU environmental legislation which aims to guarantee that EU residents may live and work in cities that provide clean air and water , avoid exposure to excessive noise , and deal properly with waste , while protecting nature and biodiversity , and promoting green infrastructure the European green capital initiative , which allows cities to showcase their environmental performance , recognising and rewarding local efforts to improve the environment , the economy and the quality of life in cities ( the Dutch city of Nijmegen was the winner of the 2018 award ) ; European green leaf initiative , which allows towns and smaller cities ( of between 20 and 100 thousand inhabitants ) to be recognised for their commitment to better environmental outcomes , with a particular accent on efforts that generate green growth and new jobs ( the Belgian city of Leuven and Swedish city of Vรคxjรถ were jointly named as winners of the 2018 award ) . Cities and urban areas are at the heart of the EU โ s cohesion policy . At least half of the resources associated with the European Regional Development Fund ( ERDF ) during the period 2014 - 2020 will be invested in urban areas . One of the main areas concerns integrated strategies for sustainable urban development ( allocated around EUR 10 billion ) , whereby around 750 cities across the EU will be empowered to implement strategies that touch upon various dimensions of urban life , including : urban renewal , education , economic development , social inclusion and environmental protection . These initiatives are intended to provide a stimulus for tackling issues such as demographic challenges , job creation , social inclusion or the impact of climate change , all of which are critical for achieving the smart , sustainable , inclusive society envisaged in the Europe 2020 strategy . The EU โ s urban agenda was launched in May 2016 through the Pact of Amsterdam . It is based on three pillars , namely , to deliver better regulation , better funding and better knowledge . The urban agenda is founded on cooperation between cities , EU Member States , the European Commission and other stakeholders to stimulate growth , living standards , the quality of life and innovation in European cities . To deliver these goals , 12 different partnerships have been identified to coordinate actions ; within the context of this article the most relevant concern : the inclusion of migrants and refugees ( to propose and implement ways for better managing the integration of migrants and refugees , with particular importance given to the challenges and needs of cities ) ; jobs and skills in the local economy ( to deal with economic performance and business development at a local level , essential components for sustainable development and social cohesion ) ; urban poverty ( to contribute to better policies which impact on the inclusion of vulnerable groups and the regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods ) ; housing ( as affordable housing is a basic human right and fosters social cohesion , this partnership aims to contribute better policies and frameworks to stimulate access to adequate housing ) . The European Commission โ s Agenda on migration ( COM ( 2015 ) 0240 final ) set out a European response providing immediate actions in relation to the plight of thousands of migrants putting their lives in peril to cross the Mediterranean in 2015 and 2016 . It also provided a range of longer - term policy solutions to manage migration in the EU better , based on : reducing the incentives for irregular migration ; border management โ saving lives and securing external borders ; a common asylum policy ; and a new policy on legal migration . The ERDF supports the integration of migrants through various measures such as : investment in social , health , education , housing and childcare infrastructure ; the regeneration of deprived urban areas ; actions to reduce spatial and educational isolation of migrants ; or initiatives around business start - ups for migrants . Funding from the ERDF has also been used to help tackle the migration challenge in terms of emergency measures , such as providing support to establish reception centres and shelters for migrants and asylum - seekers . Direct access to Other articles Tables Database Dedicated section Publications Methodology Legislation Visualisations External links European cities - spatial dimension ( background article ) Rural areas in the EU Territorial typologies for European cities and metropolitan regions ( background article ) Urban Europe โ Statistics on cities , towns and suburbs ( online publication ) Eurostat regional yearbook Urban Europe โ Statistics on cities , towns and suburbs โ 2016 edition Sustainable Development in the European Union โ Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context โ 2017 edition Quality of life in European cities 2015 โ Perception survey in 79 European cities โ European Commission , Flash Eurobarometer 419 , January 2016 Quality of life in cities 2012 โ Perception survey in 79 European cities โ European Commission , Flash Eurobarometer 366 , October 2013 Urban audit ( urb ) , see : Cities and greater cities ( urb_cgc ) Functional urban areas ( urb_luz ) Perception survey results ( urb_percep ) Cities ( Urban audit ) Degree of urbanisation Metropolitan regions Eurostat statistical atlas ( Chapter 13 ) City statistics illustrated Metropolitan regions illustrated My capital in a bubble A harmonised definition of cities and rural areas : the new degree of urbanisation โ European Commission โ 2014 Cities in Europe โ The new OECD - EC definition โ European Commission โ 2012 Degree of urbanisation classification Metadata on city statistics ( ESMS metadata file โ urb_esms ) Methodological manual on city statistics โ Eurostat โ 2017 European Commission โ Environment โ Sustainable development European Commission โ Regional and urban development โ Cities European Commission โ Regional policy โ Urban development European Commission โ Urban agenda for the EU United Nations โ Sustainable development goals ( SDGs ) Maps can be explored interactively using Eurostat โ s statistical atlas ( see user manual ) . This article forms part of Eurostat โ s annual flagship publication , the Eurostat regional yearbook Categories Cities Regional yearbook Regions and cities Statistical article | [
"European cities",
"Statistics"
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Box 66 FI - 00521 Helsinki Tel . + 358 10 6052 000 info @ tukes . fi www . tukes . fi Mechanical Engineering and Metals Industry Standardization in Finland Mechanical Engineering and Metals Industry Standardization in Finland / Metalliteollisuuden Standardisointiyhdistys ry Mrs Hanna Jรคrvenpรครค Managing Director Tel . + 358 40 551 8514 hanna . jarvenpaa @ metsta . fi www . metsta . fi VTT Expert Services Ltd Mrs Liisa Rautiainen P . O . Box 1001 FI - 02044 VTT Visiting address : Biologinkuja 7 , Otaniemi , 02150 Espoo Tel . + 358 20 722 4920 liisa . rautiainen @ vtt . fi www . vttexpertservices . fi France Ministรจre du redressement productif Bureau de la libre circulation des produits DGCIS - SQUALPI 61 boulevard Vincent Auriol F 75703 PARIS CEDEX 13 Secrรฉtariat : Mme CAMATEL Tรฉl . : + 33 ( 0 ) 1 44 97 29 72 libre - circulation . dgcis @ finances . gouv . fr Information sur le marquage " CE " : http : / / www . entreprises . gouv . fr / libre - circulation - marchandises / marquage - CE http : / / www . entreprises . gouv . fr / libre - circulation - marchandises / marking ? language = en - gb Chambre de Commerce et d ' Industrie de Paris Centre d ' Information Europรฉenne Membre d ' Entreprise Europe Network Direction des Actions et de la Coopรฉration Internationales 2 rue Adolphe Jullien 75001 Paris Tรฉl . : + 33 ( 0 ) 1 55 65 73 48 Fax : + 33 ( 0 ) 1 55 65 73 06 mdelanglez @ ccip . fr www . pic2europe . fr www . ccip . fr Chambre de Commerce et d ' Industrie de Rรฉgion Alsace Centre d โ Information Europรฉenne 10 , place Gutenberg 67081 Strasbourg Cedex www . alsace - export . com www . strasbourg . cci . fr www . entreprises . gouv . fr / politique - et - enjeux / europe / reseau - entreprise - europe Chambre de Commerce et d ' Industrie de l ' Essonne Service Innovation & Dรฉveloppement Technologique Pรดle Projets Europรฉens 2 Cours Monseigneur Romรฉro - BP 135 F - 91004 รvry Cedex Tรฉl . : + 33 ( 0 ) 1 60 79 90 08 Fax : + 33 ( 0 ) 1 60 79 90 71 m . vergnaud @ essonne . cci . fr www . essonne . cci . fr Association Francaise des Chambres de Commerce et d ' Industrie ACFCI - 46 Avenue de la Grande Armรฉe CS 50071 75858 Paris Cedex 17 www . cci . fr Germany Enterprise Europe Network TรV Rheinland Consulting GmbH TรV Rheinland Consulting GmbH Ansprechpartner : Edwin Schmitt EU - Beratungsstelle Tillystrasse 2 90431 Nรผrnberg Tel . + 49 - 911 - 655 49 33 Fax + 49 - 911 - 655 49 35 Edwin . schmitt @ de . tuv . com www . tuv - een . de and www . tuv . com / eu - beratung TISCHLER SCHREINER DEUTSCHLAND Ansprechpartner : Ralf Spiekers , Abteilungsleiter Technik Bundesinnungsverband fรผr das Tischler - / Schreinerhandwerk fรผr Baufertigteilmonteure und Bestatter Ansprechpartner : Ralf Spiekers Informationsstelle fรผr Unternehmensfรผhrung Technik - Normung - Arbeitssicherheit Littenstr . 10 10179 Berlin Tel . : 030 / 30 88 23 - 20 Fax : 030 / 30 88 23 - 42 spiekers @ tischler . org www . tischler - schreiner . de DGUV Test ( Prรผf - und Zertifizierungssystem der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung ) Eine Geschรคftsstelle der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung ( DGUV ) Spitzenverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungstrรคger der รถffentlichen Hand Alte Heerstraรe 111 53757 Sankt Augustin Tel . : 02241 / 231 - 1467 Fax : 02241 / 231 - 841448 dguv - test @ dguv . de www . dguv . de / dguv - test Greece Ministry of Economy Competitiveness and Shipping Mrs Eleni Ferti Government Expert Ministry of Development Mr . Alexandros Akritopoulos Government Expert Ministry of Development Mr . Theodoros Tsirogiannis Implementation Authority EBETAM - Metallurgical Industrial Research and Techological Development Centre Mrs . Alexandra Gika 76 M . Merkouri Str . 17342 Athens Greece Tel . 0030 210 9961408 fax 0030 210 9969850 a . gika @ ebetam . gr www . ebetam . gr Hungary Kรกlmรกn Albert vezetล - fลtanรกcsos Nemzetgazdasรกgi Minisztรฉrium Ipari รฉs รpรญtรฉsgazdasรกgi Fลosztรกly , Mลฑszaki Szabรกlyozรกsi รฉs Vรฉdelemkoordinรกciรณs Osztรกly 1055 Budapest , Honvรฉd u . 13 - 15 . Tel : + 36 1 374 2864 albert . kalman @ ngm . gov . hu www . ngm . gov . hu ITD Hungary Zrt . 1061 Budapest , Andrรกssy รบt 12 . Telefon : + 36 1 472 8153 www . enterpriseeurope . hu Borsod - Abaรบj - Zemplรฉn Megyei Kereskedelmi รฉs Iparkamara Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Borsod - Abaรบj - Zemplรฉn County Tel : + 36 46 501 090 3525 Miskolc , Szentpรกli u . 1 . bokik @ bokik . hu www . bokik . hu Bรกcs - Kiskun Megyei Kereskedelmi รฉs Iparkamara Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bรกcs - Kiskun County Tel : + 36 76 501 500 6000 Kecskemรฉt , รrpรกd krt . 4 . www . bkmkik . hu Iceland Neytendastofa - The Consumer Agency Borgartรบni 21 105 Reykjavรญk Tel : + ( 354 ) 510 1100 postur @ neytendastofa . is www . neytendastofa . is Nรฝskรถpunarmiรฐstรถรฐ โ Innovation Center Iceland โ Enterprise Europe Network รrleynir 2 - 8 112 Reykjavik Tel : + ( 354 ) 522 9000 http : / / www . nmi . is / Staรฐlarรกรฐ รslands - Icelandic Standards ( IST ) - is the national standards body of Iceland . It is an independent association whose role by law is the publication of Icelandic standards and the representation of Iceland in international and regional standards bodies . IST is a member of the European standards organizations CEN , CENELEC and ETSI and of the international standards organizations ISO and IEC . Skรบlatรบni 2 105 Reykjavรญk Tel : + ( 354 ) 520 7150 stadlar @ stadlar . is www . stadlar . is Ireland Italy Latvia Ministry of Economics of Republic of Latvia Brivibas Street 55 Riga , LV - 1519 Latvia tel . : + 371 6701 31 97 fax : + 371 6728 08 82 www . em . gov . lv Normunds Freibergs tel . : + 371 6701 32 68 e - mail : Normunds . Freibergs @ em . gov . lv Edijs Saicans tel . : + 371 6701 31 43 E - mail : Edijs . Saicans @ em . gov . lv Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia Brivibas Str . 72 Riga , LV - 1011 Latvia tel . : + 371 6787 60 00 fax : + 371 6787 60 02 www . vm . gov . lv e - mail : vm @ vm . gov . lv Contact Person : Evita BUNE evita . bune @ vm . gov . lv Enterprise Europe Network Latvia Investment and Development Agency of Latvia tel . : + 371 6703 94 30 fax : + 371 6703 94 31 www . liaa . gov . lv www . een . lv edgars . bulvans @ liaa . gov . lv Liechtenstein Lithuania Lietuvos Respublikos ลชkio ministerija ( Ministry of Economy The Republic of Lithuania ) Ms Asta Arlauskaite Asta . Arlauskaite @ ukmin . lt www . ukmin . lt Valstybinฤ ne maisto produktลณ inspekcija prie ลชkio ministerijos ( State Non Food Products Inspectorate under the Ministry of Economy ) Ms Danutฤ Banytฤ ลฝalgirio g . 92 LT - 09303 Vilnius Lithuania Ph . : + 370 5 261 2300 Fax . : + 370 5 262 9413 rastine @ vnmpi . lt www . vnmpi . lt Lietuvos nacionalinฤ vartotojลณ federacija ( Lithuanian National Consumer Federation ) Ms Alvita Armanaviฤienฤ Stikliลณ g . 8 LT - 01131 Vilnius Ph . / Fax . : + 370 5 261 59 79 federacija @ vartotojai . eu www . vartotojuteises . lt Nacionalinฤs vartotojลณ konfederacija ( National Confederation of Consumers ) Ms Alvita Armanaviฤienฤ Stikliลณ g . 8 LT - 01131 Vilnius Lithuania Ph . / Fax . : + 370 5 261 59 79 konfederacija @ vartotojai . eu www . vartotojai . eu Lietuvos prekybos pramonฤs ir amatลณ rลซmลณ asociacija ( Association of Lithuanian Chambers of Commerce Industry and Crafts ) Ms Agnฤ Juลกkeviฤiลซtฤ J . Tumo - Vaiลพganto str . 9 / 1 LT - 01108 Vilnius Ph . : + 370 5 261 2102 agne . juskeviciute @ chambers . lt www . chambers . lt Luxembourg Chambre des Mรฉtiers du Grand - Duchรฉ de Luxembourg Enterprise Europe Network Luxembourg 2 , Circuit de la Foire Internationale L - 1347 Luxembourg Tรฉl . : ( + 352 ) 42 67 67 - 230 / 266 Fax : ( + 352 ) 42 67 87 E - mail : een @ cdm . lu ILNAS Dรฉpartement Surveillance du Marchรฉ Southlane Tower I 1 , Avenue du Swing L - 4367 Belvaux Tรฉl . : ( + 352 ) 247 74320 Fax : ( + 352 ) 247 94320 Email : surveillance @ ilnas . etat . lu http : / / www . portail - qualite . public . lu Malta Technical Regulations Division , Malta Competition & Consumer Affairs Authority , Mizzi House , National Road , Blata l - Bajda , HMR 9010 , MALTA . Telephone : ( + 356 ) 2395200 Fax : ( + 356 ) 21242406 www . mccaa . org . mt The Malta Chamber of Commerce Enterprise and Industry Exchange Buildings , Republic Street Valletta Phone : ( + 356 ) 2123 3873 www . maltachamber . org . mt General Retailers and Traders Union Exchange Buildings Republic Street Valletta Phone : ( + 356 ) 2123 2881 ( + 356 ) 2123 2883 www . grtu . net The Netherlands Netherlands Enterprise Agency ( part of the Dutch ministry of Economic Affairs that encourages entrepreneurs in sustainable , agrarian , innovative and international business . It helps with grants , finding business partners , know - how and compliance with laws and regulations ) Ton Durieux P.O. Box 93144 2509 AC The Hague , The Netherlands + 31 88 042 42 42 intake @ rvo . nl http : / / english . rvo . nl www . rvo . nl / onderwerp / ce - markering Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment P.O. Box 20951 2500 EZ The Hague + 31 70 339 39 39 https : / / www . rijksoverheid . nl / ministeries / ministerie - van - infrastructuur - en - milieu Netherlands Chamber of Commerce The Netherlands Chamber of Commerce supports entrepreneurs with information and advice to do business successfully . Sint Jacobsstraat 300 3511 BT Utrecht Netherlands + 31 88 585 1 585 groei @ kvk . nl www . kvk . nl Metaal unie : Association for SMEs in the metalsector . P . Verslinden + 31 30 605 33 44 verlinden @ metaalunie . nl www . metaalunie . nl Norway Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap The Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning P.O. Box 2014 3103 Tรธnsberg Tel : + 47 33 41 27 97 www . dsb . no Nรฆringslivets hovedorganisasjon The NHO - Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise Postboks 5250 Majorstuen 0303 Oslo Tel : + 47 23 08 83 31 www . nho . no Enterprise Europe Network Norway Akersgata 13 0104 Oslo Tel : + 47 22 00 27 51 www . bedriftieu . no Nรฆrings - og fiskeridepartementet The Ministry of Trade , Industry and Fisheries Pb 8014 Dep 0030 Oslo Tel : + 47 22 24 05 25 www . regjeringen . no / no / dep / nfd / id709 / Post - og teletilsynet The Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority Postboks 93 4791 Lillesand Tel : + 47 22 82 48 50 www . npt . no Poland Podlaska Fundacja Rozwoju Regionalnego ( Podlaska Regional Development Foundation - PRDF ) Dorota Isajuk ul . Starobojarska 15 15 - 073 Biaลystok tel : 085 740 86 83 isajuk @ pfrr . pl www . pfrr . pl Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiฤbiorczoลci ( Polish Agency for Enterprise Development ) , Enterprise Europe Network Justyna Kulawik Enterprise Europe Network Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiฤbiorczoลci Polish Agency for Enterprise Development ul . Paลska 81 / 83 00 - 834 Warszawa T . + 48 22 432 86 45 justyna_kulawik @ parp . gov . pl www . een . org . pl Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny - Polish Committee for Standardization ul . ลwiฤtokrzyska 14 00 - 050 Warszawa tel . 22 55 67 777 info @ pkn . pl www . pkn . pl Polish Toy Association ( Polskie Stowarzyszenie Zabawek i Artykuลรณw Dzieciฤcych ) Monika Chmieliลska Polskie Stowarzyszenie Branลผy Zabawek i Artykuลรณw Dzieciฤcych ul . Patriotรณw 193 / 195 04 - 858 Warszawa stowarzyszenie @ toys . pl www . toys . pl Polish Craft Association ( Zwiฤ
zek Rzemiosลa Polskiego - ZRP ) Zwiฤ
zek Rzemiosลa Polskiego ul . Miodowa 14 00 - 246 Warszawa zrp @ zrp . pl www . zrp . pl Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovak office of standard metrology and testing Kvetoslava Steinlova ล tefanoviฤova 3 810 05 Bratislava ph . nr . : + 421 2 52493 521 www . unms . sk Slovak institut of metrology Anna Nemฤekovรก Karloveskรก 63 842 55 Bratislava ph . nr . + 421 2 60294 380 www . smu . sk Slovak trade inspection Nadeลพda Machรบtovรก Prievozskรก 32 827 99 Bratislava ph . nr . 421 2 58272 103 www . soi . sk Slovenia Ministry of Economy Kotnikova 5 1000 Ljubljana Ms Vinka Soljaฤiฤ tel . : + 386 1 400 35 64 vinka . soljacic @ gov . si http : / / www . vlada . si / en / about_the_government / who_is_who / ministries / ministry_of_the_economy / Chamber of craft of Slovenia Celovลกka cesta 71 1000 Ljubljana Mr Mitja Korunovski tel . : + 386 1 583 05 00 Mitja . Korunovski @ ozs . si http : / / www . ozs . si Inspectorate of Health Parmova 33 Ms Helena Hocevar tel . : + 386 1 280 38 02 gp . zirs @ gov . si http : / / www . zi . gov . si Ministry of Health ล tefanova 5 tel . : + 386 1 478 60 01 gp . mz @ gov . si Spain Ministerio de Industria , Energรญa y Turismo Secretarรญa General de Industria y de la Pequeรฑa y Mediana Empresa Pยบ de la Castellana , 160 28071 Madrid Tel . + 34 91 349 41 50 www . minetur . gob . es IDEPA - Instituto de Desarrollo Econรณmico del Principado de Asturias EEN Galactea Plus - Idepa Asturias Parque Tecnolรณgico de Asturias Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Paz Palacio Tel . + 34 98 598 00 20 epaz @ idepa . es www . idepa . es / europa CEOE โ Confederaciรณn Espaรฑola de Organizaciones Empresariales C / Diego de Leรณn , 50 28006 Madrid Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Pilar Calvo Santos - Garcรญa Departamento de Polรญtica Exterior y Relaciones Multilaterales Tel . + 34 91 566 35 48 pcalvo @ ceoe . es www . ceoe . es Consejo Superior de Cรกmaras de Comercio C / Ribera del Loira , 12 28042 Madrid Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Cristina Sancristรณval Zurita Apoyo y Desarrollo de Proyectos Europeos Tel . + 34 91 590 69 00 cristina . sancristoval @ cscamaras . es www . camaras . org CEPYME - Confederaciรณn Espaรฑola de la Pequeรฑa y Mediana Empresa C / Diego de Leรณn , 50 28006 Madrid Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Gabriela Uriarte Tel . + 34 91 411 61 61 gabrielauriarte @ cepyme . es www . cepyme . es Direcciรณn General de Consumo - Consejerรญa de Economรญa y Hacienda - Comunidad de Madrid C / Ventura Rodriguez , 7 โ 4ยช planta 28028 Madrid Persona de contacto : D . Mariano Sรกnchez - Ortiz Rodriguez , Subdirector General de Coordinaciรณn Tel . + 34 91 420 58 77 mariano . sanchez - ortiz @ madrid . org Cรกmara de Comercio de Madrid C / Ribera del Loira , 56 - 58 28042 Madrid Tel . + 34 91 538 35 00 comercio @ camaramadrid . es www . camaramadrid . es CEIM - Confederaciรณn Empresarial de Madrid C / Calle Diego de Leรณn , 50 Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Marta Salazar Tel . + 34 91 411 53 17 economia @ ceim . es www . ceim . es AMEC - Asociaciรณn Multisectorial de Empresas C / Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes , 684 08010 Barcelona Persona de contacto : D . Jordi Gaya Tel . + 34 93 415 04 22 innovacionycompetitividad @ amec . es www . amec . es COCETA - Confederaciรณn Espaรฑola de Cooperativas de Trabajo Asociado C / Vallehermoso , 15 โ 1ยบ 28015 Madrid Persona de contacto : Dรฑa . Paloma Arroyo Tel . + 34 91 446 97 50 confederaciรณn @ coceta . coop www . coceta . coop Sweden Marknadskontrollrรฅdet โ The Swedish Market Surveillance Council http : / / www . marknadskontroll . se / SWEDAC - Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment SWEDAC is the national accreditation body in Sweden . www . swedac . se The helps small business to make the most of the European marketplace . Working through local business support organisations we can help companies : http : / / www . enterpriseeurope . se / United Kingdom Enterprise Europe Network UK http : / / www . enterprise - europe . co . uk / Please visit the above website to find your local Enterprise Europe Network office . You can then contact them with your CE marking enquiry and a European information adviser will be able to help you . | [
"CE marking",
"Austria",
"Belgium"
] |
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/tbt/en/search/ | Search We invite you to search the TBT database using the options below You are welcome to choose any combination of filters Please be aware that complex searches will take longer to perform Document Date Search by single date or date range to Document Number Search by document number or number range to Country Type in a country code or select a country from the list Select an option Country Group You may also search by one of the following country groups All Field of activity Search by one or more fields of activity You may search the list by typing the desired text Search by a type of objective Comments Reactions or Answers Search for comments reactions or answers from a country or organization Keywords Search by keywords Please separate each keyword by using a comma eg EuropeanCommissionTBT Do not use space or any other character for separation Enable fulltext search of the announced text or any other relevant text available | [
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http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-2/a/vol2a_chap1_2013-06_en.pdf | Public Health Health - EU Newsletter : Commission launches portal to ease transition to new Regulations on medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices 12.04.2019 Timo Pesonen , the new Director General of the European Commission ' s Directorate General for Internal Market , Industry , Entrepreneurship and SMEs ( DG Grow ) , discusses the revamped Medical Devices section on the European Commission ' s website that was launched to help smooth the transition to two new Regulations on medical devices and in vitro . . . Health Systems in the EU : Commission publishes report on tools and methodologies to assess the efficiency of health care services 11.04.2019 Today , the EU Expert Group on Health Systems Performance Assessment ( HSPA ) published its report titled " Tools and methodologies to assess the efficiency of health care services in Europe : an overview of current approaches and opportunities for improvement " . All highlights EU action on health EU Health Policy State of Health in the EU Funding International cooperation Indicators and data Improving health systems Cross - border healthcare European Reference Networks eHealth : Digital health and care Health technology assessment Health workforce Health systems performance assessment Expert panel Promoting good health Tobacco Nutrition and physical activity Alcohol Social determinants Pharmaceuticals and substances of human origin Medicinal products European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) Blood , tissues , cells and organs Diseases and health threats Crisis preparedness and response Communicable diseases European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ( ECDC ) Vaccination Antimicrobial resistance Non - communicable diseases Risk assessment Scientific committees Endocrine disruptors Endocrine disruptors Biocides Biocides | [
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http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/iceland/ | Site navigation Trade Policy Policy making EU position in world trade EU and WTO Countries and regions Negotiations and agreements Development Statistics Accessing markets Import and export rules Trade policy and you Website content Countries and regions Iceland Iceland ' s economic and trade relations with the EU are mainly governed by the European Economic Area ( EEA agreement . The European Economic Area extends the laws of the single market ( except for agriculture and fisheries laws ) to the European Economic Area countries . This means that Iceland is legally bound to add EU directives and regulations about the free movement of goods , persons , services and capital into Icelandic law . Trade picture The EU makes up 61.5 % of Iceland ' s total trade in goods , followed by the United States , Norway and China . The EU had a trade surplus of โฌ 707 million in 2016 . This was the EU ' s first trade surplus with Iceland in ten years . Iceland ' s exports to the EU mainly consist of fuels and mining products , non - ferrous metal and fish and fishery products . Iceland is the fifth - largest exporter of fish and fishery products to the EU after Norway , China , Ecuador and Morocco , representing 4 % of EU fish and aquaculture imports . Iceland grants duty free market access for most fish and fishery products . The EU also applies tariff concessions on some fish and fishery products originating in Iceland , e.g. cod . EU - Iceland : Trade in goods Table EU imports EU exports Balance 2015 2016 2017 Years 0 - 5 5 Billions EU - Iceland : Trade in services Table EU imports EU exports Balance 2014 2015 2016 Years - 1 0 1 2 Billions EU - Iceland : Foreign direct investment Inward stocks Outward stocks - 2 - 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Date of retrieval : 16 / 04 / 2018 More statistics on Iceland EU and Iceland As a member state of the European Economic Area , Iceland fully applies EU laws about the four freedoms ( free movement of goods , persons , services and capital ) , along with laws related to other areas of EU and EEA cooperation . As a result , the agreement creates a lot of economic integration , common competition rules , rules for state aid and government procurement between Iceland and the EU . Agriculture and fisheries are not covered by the agreement . However the agreement emphasises the commitment of the parties to a gradual opening up of agricultural trade , which is done by concluding separate agreements . As member of the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) , Norway seeks to conclude bilateral free trade agreement in the so - called EFTA framework . This means that Switzerland , Norway , Iceland and Liechtenstein can negotiate a free trade agreement with a respective third country via EFTA . Trading with Iceland Rules and requirements for trading with Iceland Importing into the EU from Iceland EU trade defence measures on imports from Iceland Exporting from the EU to Iceland Export rules on food and plant health Trade defence measures in force in Iceland The EU has a delegation in Iceland Iceland is a member of the World Trade Organisation Last update : 16 Apr 2018 | Top of page | [
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"European Economic Area"
] |
http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/iraq/ | Website content Countries and regions Iraq The EU ' s trade relations with Iraq are governed by the EU - Iraq Partnership and Cooperation Agreement , which is the first contractual relation between two partners . The text of the EU - Iraq Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed on 11 May 2012 . Its trade provisions entered into force provisionally on 1 August 2012 , until ratification procedures for the whole agreement are completed . Trade picture The EU is Iraq ' s second - biggest trade partner behind China , followed by India , the United States , Turkey , and South Korea . In 2017 , the EU accounts for 18 , 5 % of the total Iraqi trade , compared to 22 , 1 % for China , 15 , 1 % for India , 11 , 6 % for the United States , 11 , 2 % for Turkey , and 7 , 8 % for South Korea . Total bilateral trade between the EU and Iraq amounted to over โฌ 16 , 6 billion in 2017 . EU imports from Iraq were worth โฌ 13 , 1 billion in 2017 . Oil imports represented โฌ 13 , 0 billion , up to 99.6 % of all EU imports from Iraq . The EU exported โฌ 3 , 5 billion worth of goods to Iraq in 2017 . EU exports to Iraq are dominated by machinery and transport equipment ( โฌ 1 , 4 billion , 41 , 1 % ) , chemicals ( โฌ 0 , 7 billion , 20.5 % ) , and food ( โฌ 0 , 3 billion , 9 , 9 % ) . EU - Iraq : Trade in goods Table EU imports EU exports Balance 2015 2016 2017 Years - 20 0 20 Billions EU - Iraq : Trade in services Table EU imports EU exports Balance 2014 2015 2016 Years 0 1 2 Billions EU - Iraq : Foreign direct investment Inward stocks Outward stocks 1 2 3 4 5 6 Date of retrieval : 16 / 04 / 2018 More statistics on Iraq EU and Iraq The EU - Iraq Partnership and Cooperation Agreement The agreement has a wide coverage of policy sectors including trade in goods , trade in services , trade related issues such as Intellectual Property Rights , technical barriers to trade , sanitary and phytosanitary issues and a dispute settlement method . It provides preferential elements and substantial market access to EU companies , namely in public procurement ( the same treatment that national companies get ) , services and establishment and investment in Iraq . The second meeting of the EU - Iraq Sub - committee on trade and related policies took place on 20 January 2016 in Brussels . The EU sees closer trade ties with Iraq as an important part of the reconstruction and development of Iraq . The European Commission ' s strategy for Iraq was set out in the 2004 Commission Communication " The EU and Iraq : a framework for engagement " , reinforced by the 2006 Commission Communication " Recommendations for renewed engagement with Iraq " . Both documents support Iraq ' s political transition to democracy and the establishment of a market economy . The Communication of 2004 proposed the negotiation of a Trade and Cooperation Agreement as a first step to develop a partnership between the EU and Iraq . Most recently , the EU ' s commitment towards peace , stability and security of Iraq has been reiterated in the Council conclusions on Iraq ( December 2015 ) and the Council conclusions on the EU Regional Strategy for Syria and Iraq as well as the Da ' esh threat ( May 2016 ) . Iraq is not a member of the World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) , though it requested WTO accession in September 2004 . The EU supports Iraq ' s accession to the WTO and believes that WTO membership will enhance structural reform in the country and reintegration into the multilateral trading system . Financial aid In 2016 EU adopted a special measure in favour of Iraq for the Funding Facility for Stabilization . Therefore the EU - Iraq Partnership and Cooperation Agreement that entered into force provisionally in August 2012 is a non - preferential trade agreement ( an agreement between the EU and a non - WTO member that uses basic WTO rules ) . Trading with Iraq Importing into the EU from Iraq EU trade defence measures on imports from Iraq Exporting from the EU to Iraq Export rules on food and plant health Trade defence measures in force in Iraq The EU is present on the ground in Iraq Trade relations are part of the EU ' s overall political and economic relations with Iraq Iraq has observer status in the World Trade Organisation | [
"Iraq",
"The European Commission 's"
] |
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http://ecadconsultant.com/tips.html | HOME REFERENCES TIPS / TRICKS LINKS CONTACT Welcome to Electrical Computer - Aided Design Consulting Headquarters Doug McAlexander , Inc . AutoCAD Electrical Training and Implementation Support Certified Autodesk AutoCAD Electrical Expert Elite ( 770 ) 841 - 8009 Tips and Tricks Pre - paid phone / e - mail / video support is available . You can contact Doug with a via phone , text , or e - mail and receive a prompt answer via phone , e - mail , or text , or possibly a video with step - by - step instructions . This page includes some " freebies " to give you an idea of the kind of support you can expect from our pre - paid plan . Videos ( Press your browser ' s Back button to return to this page ) The Super Project Manager add - in for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical , available exclusively from Doug McAlexander , Inc . The Dynamically Paired Source and Destination add - in feature for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Saved Circuits , available exclusively from Doug McAlexander , Inc . The System - wide Update Block tool for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical , available exclusively from Doug McAlexander , Inc . Inserting a terminal strip using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Jumper terminal blocks using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical The Terminal Strip Editor utility in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Using the Multilevel Association tool in the Terminal Strip Editor Inserting 3 - phase contacts with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical The Schematic Surfer in action Representing the same device with both a front - of - door - view footprint and a rear - of - door - view footprint using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical ' s WDTAGALT attribute Click here to learn how to generate a Tallied Purchase List format Panel BOM with item numbers assigned on a per - part number basis Click here to view a demonstration of the improvements related to item numbering in version 2013 of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Watch the AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Automatic Reports utility in action How To ' s INDEX ( click text to advance to area of interest ) 12 easy steps for creating your own custom " smart " border / title block template for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Understanding the differences between AutoCAD ยฎ and AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Converting plain " Legacy " AutoCAD ยฎ drawings to AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical format Sub - Project solutions for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Creating a preferred vendor parts catalog for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Understanding the enhanced catalog number Lookup capabilities of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical version 2011 Understanding some of the various support files used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Understanding some of the optional symbol attributes used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Understanding the WDBLKNAM attribute in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Managing auxiliary contacts with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Adding auxiliary contacts to the BOM on an as - needed basis with the ASSEMBLYCODE Using the Fan - in / Fan - out feature to document cables and cable cores Adding Cable Data to a Wire From / To Report AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical allows the Schematic to also serve as a Wiring Diagram Using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical to create a power bus from terminal blocks How to define a feed - through terminal block with 3 connection points , 2 on one side and one on the other side How to get AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical subassembly parts into the BOM with unique item numbers How to use Footprints created with plain " vanilla " AutoCAD ยฎ Toggling between Standard Footprints and Wiring - Diagram - Style Footprints Representing 1 - pole and 3 - pole fuses with the same Footprint Adding a 4 - Pole Circuit Breaker to the Icon Menu How to add more DIN rails and wireways to the AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical DIN rail menu Sharing AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical over a network List of Family Codes used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Naming Convention for Parametric PLC Blocks used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Converting from promis - e to AutoCAD Electrical AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical IEC tag mode ( Combined Installation / Location tag mode ) explained The origin of the JIC symbols that ship with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical A General Overview of Global Electrical Standards Sample IEC Project created with AutoCAD Electrical Get on the fast - track to productivity with training by a 20 + year veteran of electrical controls design using intelligent CAD 12 easy steps for creating your own custom " smart " border / title block template for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical 1 . Develop the basic border drawing for your company . Type ATTDEF at the command prompt to insert attributes . Insert attributes with tag names such as SHEET , TOTALSHEETS , DESC1 , DESC2 , DESC3 , REV , DWGNO , etc . , setting such properties as text height , width factor , justification etc . 2 . Create a project called Border_Template . Do n ' t worry about putting any drawings in it . Inside the Border Template folder create a new text file named Border_Template_wdtitle . wdl Note : AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical searches the project folder first for either PROJECTNAME_wdtitle . wdl or default_wdtitle . wdl . If neither is found in the project folder it will search the User folder for default_wdtitle . wdl . This WDL file controls the language of the prompts you get when you right click a project name in the Project Manager and select Descriptions to enter the project line label data . The default is LINE1 , LINE2 , etc . The syntax for this file is as follows : Back To INDEX Understanding the differences between AutoCAD ยฎ and AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Back To INDEX Converting plain " Legacy " AutoCAD ยฎ drawings to AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical format Sub - Project solutions for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Quite often I need to assign a different document number to the various types of drawings in a project . For example , the schematic must be a unique document number with unique data in the title block , including page numbering that applies only to the pages that make up the schematic . I must also have a unique Document Number , Drawn By , Checked By , etc . for the panel layout , the wire list , and the bill - of - materials . After all , on a large scale project , these might each But I still need the intelligent connectivity between the schematic , panel layout , wire list , and BOM for editing purposes , and for a " global " view of the entire project . This can be accomplished within the Project Manager of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical without any custom programming . Create your master project with all necessary drawings , as usual . Next create another project for schematic drawings only , placing its respective .WDP file inside the same folder as the master project . WDP file . Keep all drawings in the master project folder . Right click the schematic only project and select Add Drawings . Add only the schematic drawings to this project . Repeat this procedure again for the panel layout , and again for the wire list , and finally for the bill - of - materials . You now have one master project for performing master level edits and updates . But you also have 4 individual " sub - projects " which you can activate to perform a title block update , allowing each of these " sub - projects " to have its own unique project line label data ( i.e. Document Number , Job Number , Drawn By , Checked By , Date , Revision , etc . ) . You can activate each " sub - project " , right - click over it in Project Manager , and edit the Description lines Creating a preferred vendor parts catalog for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical When you share the vendor catalog ( default_cat . mdb ) across a network it is normal to experience a slower response time when performing a part number Lookup . This is due to network traffic / latency . The search - interval , or seek - time , for a part Lookup is also affected by the size of the default_cat . mdb file . The more manufacturers you select during the installation process , the larger the default_cat . mdb file , resulting in a slower seek - time . There is an alternate method you can use if you would like to have access to all manufacturers from time to time but would also like to work from a smaller " preferred " list of manufacturer parts . First , make a copy of the default_cat . mdb file ( normally located in the Catalogs folder ) and rename the copy to complete_cat . mdb . Next use MS Access ยฎ to edit the default_cat . mdb and remove all manufacturers and / or part numbers you will never use . If you never use AB , then remove If you know you will never us AB parts , do not select the AB checkbox from the manufacturer ' s list when installing AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . Only check the boxes for the manufacturers you will actually use . Once the catalog database is trimmed down to only your preferred manufacturer parts the seek - time for a Lookup will be less . The next thing to do is to right - click on your project name and select Properties . Click the button labeled " Other " , then click on the radio button labeled " Optional : Define a secondary catalog lookup file for this project . " Browse to the complete_cat . mdb file . OK out of all the dialog boxes . With the " trimmed down " default_cat . mdb you should experience a faster response when performing a part number Lookup . Anytime you need a part number from the complete catalog , click the " Other " button from within the Lookup dialog ( version 2010 and previous ) and follow the prompts to temporarily switch to the complete catalog . For version 2011 or later click the arrow in the field labeled as Database and select the Secondary File . Understanding the enhanced catalog number Lookup capabilities of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical version 2011 Version 2011 of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical includes significant enhancements to the part number ( a.k.a. catalog ) Lookup tool . When you click Lookup you will see that the top left box under Catalog is blank . Click in this box and start typing a part number . The results in the window below will begin to narrow down according to what you type in . You can perform similar filtering for other columns , such as Description , Miscellaneous , etc . You can drag and drop fields left or right to order them according to your needs . You can also type a portion of a part number into the Search Database field using an asterisk ( * ) for a wildcard . Then click the magnifier icon to begin the search . This will search across family tables so it is possible to select a part from the TRMS ( terminals ) table and assign it to a fuse , for example a fuse holder style terminal . Understanding some of the various support files used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical obtains some of its functional rules from simple text files called support files . Most of the files are discussed in detail in the Help system built into AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . The fact is that some files can be located in more than one location , depending upon the user . For example , the main parts catalog is the default_cat . mdb file , located by default at My Documents \ AcadE 2008 \ Catalogs . You could copy this file to a specific project folder and rename it to _cat . mdb , then make modifications as necessary for the specific project . For example , let ' s say you want to delete all but the preferred suppliers for each type of component . You could take a similar approach with the default . wdw file , normally located at C : \ Documents and Settings \ Doug McAlexander \ Application Data \ Autodesk \ AutoCAD Electrical 2008 \ R17 . 1 \ enu \ Support \ User . Move this file to a specific project folder and modify as necessary to force the naming convention for wire color / gauge labels . Another file in the User folder that might be modified for use with a specific project is the default_wdtitle . wdl file . This file controls the project line label prompts that you see when you right - click on a project name and select Descriptions . The one that installs by default will most likely need to be modified to meet your needs . If you use different title blocks , perhaps customer - specific , you may need to place a _wdtitle . wdl file in the specific project folder so the project line label prompts coincide with the title block for that project . If you choose to use the User Defined Attributes functionality AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical will create a .wda file in the folder of the active project . The WDA file stores a list of custom attributes you may have added to some blocks and that you wish to make available for reports . The bottom line is that AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical looks first inside the project folder for these files before it will use a default file from the User folder . During a project copy you will see a list of support files that AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical will search for . If any are found they are checked by default , assuming that you will want to copy them as well . You can uncheck if you wish not to copy the project specific support files . Understanding some of the optional symbol attributes used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical does not interpret the graphical appearance of a symbol . The data stored in various attributes within the symbol gives AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical the information it needs to interpret what kind of symbol it is and what to do with it . The CONTACT attribute may have a value of NO , NC , or NCNO for example . This tells AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical whether the contact is to be treated as a normally - open ( NO ) , normally - closed ( NC ) , or Form - C ( NCNO a.k.a. change - over contact ) . See example below : Understanding the WDBLKNAM attribute in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Allow me to clarify one issue that has confused many of us . It involves the WDBLKNAM attribute . You do n ' t normally need a WDBLKNAM attribute to send the Lookup command to the appropriate table for schematic symbols , such as the CR table for a control relay . The operation looks at the 2nd and 3rd character in the symbol file name to determine what table to look in . If you wish to override this and direct the Lookup to open a different table , you can enter the alternate table name in the WDBLKNAM attribute , preceded by an underscore . Earlier releases of AutoCAD Electrical ยฎ ignored the first character in the WDBLKNAM attribute value so we had to enter some value as a placeholder . I used the underscore character . To further illustrate this let ' s consider the terminal - block - style SPDT relays as an example . The catalog data might actually be located in the TRMS table , along with other similar devices from the same supplier , like terminal blocks , fuse holders , etc . You could add a attribute to the HCR1 and VCR1 relay symbol blocks and enter a value of TRMS to redirect the Lookup to the table . I would prefer to create an alternate relay coil symbol with a attribute , and add to the symbol file name in order to differentiate it from the standard relay symbols . This way I only look into the TRMS table when the relay coil is a terminal block style relay . So I would copy HCR1 . dwg , rename it to HCR1_TRMS . dwg , and add the attribute with a value of . I would also copy VCR1 . dwg , rename it to VCR1_TRMS . dwg , and add the attribute with a value of . See the illustration below : Managing auxiliary contacts with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical Suppose you have a contactor that is available with or without aux contacts . There are two ways to approach this . You can simply enter the L1 / T1 , L2 / T2 , and L3 / T3 pins in the Pin List Database and consider the auxiliary contact pin numbers as something you assign manually when used . Or you might permanently add the aux pins to the end of the Pin List for the contactor , making them automatically available as needed , as illustrated in the following screen shot of the Pin List Database edit dialog . The illustration below shows how to edit the pin assignments in the Catalog Browser , starting in release 2015 . Adding auxiliary contacts to the BOM on an as - needed basis with the ASSEMBLYCODE Suppose you have a contactor that you sometimes add a normally - open auxiliary contact to , or a normally - closed contact , or both , on an as - needed basis . Enter an assembly list value of NOAUX in the record for the NO aux contact . Enter NCAUX for the assembly list value of the NC aux contact . Do n ' t add the assembly code to the main part in the catalog database . You will enter it " on - the - fly " as needed . When you insert or edit the main part , type in NOAUX in the ASSEMBLYCODE field if you want a NO aux contact added , type NCAUX if you want a NC aux contact added . Type NOAUX ; NCAUX into the ASSEMBLYCODE field for the main part if you want both . You can even add a quantity if you prefer more than one of either . For example , NOAUX ; 2 , NCAUX will get one NO aux contact and 2 NC aux contacts . I like playing with assembly codes . We explore all options in my training to cover the various scenarios , such as with this contactor scenario . A sample screen shot from my training course is attached . Using the Fan - in / Fan - out feature to document cables and cable cores I have my own way of using Fan - in / Fan - out to document cables and cable cores . I document the cable cores and then sum into one line , passing the cable to another page and breaking it back out again into individual cable cores . The Fan - in / Fan - out supports my method , but my particular workflow is n ' t covered in Help . First , insert the wires that will be summed into one line . You can assign them to a specific wire type layer as desired , but if they will be summed into a cable , I recommend creating a Cable Conductor and assign the wires to this layer / type . When you insert cable markers , they will define the cable core color or number . You can insert the cable markers either before of after you insert the fan - in / fan - out source or destination . After the fan - in / fan - out symbols are inserted , the wire type on the side that will be summed into one line will be assigned to layer _MULTI_WIRE . Connect these _MULTI_WIRE segments to one plain drafting line and assign this line to layer . You can use a Fillet at the join point if you wish . You can use Match Properties to copy the layer assignment from one of the segments . If the must break and continue at another location , use Stand - alone Cross - references at the break points , because standard Source Destination arrows will not function with the layer . The attached screen shots , from my advanced training course , illustrate my method . Adding Cable Data to a Wire From / To Report AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical allows the Schematic to also serve as a Wiring Diagram I like it when the same documentation that was used to build it can be used to troubleshoot it . When the schematic is also a wiring diagram it is easier to understand the route a wire takes . For example , think of a 14AWG wire branching off from a main circuit breaker to feed a control circuit . There is also a 10AWG wire connected to the breaker from a main disconnect on the door . If I use a dot ( the typical schematic only approach ) I am only showing the panel shop , or the Using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical to create a power bus from terminal blocks So you wish to create a power bus by installing a jumper - bar down the middle a terminal strip . The following is the method I have used since 1997 and it works perfectly . It has been further enhanced since the introduction of the Terminal Strip Editor ( a.k.a . TSE ) . This method applies to either vertical or horizontal power rails . In this example I will use a standard ladder diagram . Insert the ladder and rungs as usual . Replace the ambiguous node dots with terminal block symbols , since your power rail is actually made up of terminal blocks ; not solder joints , wire - nuts , or a daisy - chain of wire . Open the Create / Edit Wire Type dialog and add a new wire type named JUMPER JUMPER - BAR if you prefer . Use Change / Convert Wire Type to assign all segments of wire between the terminal block symbols to the layer named JUMPER or JUMPER - BAR . This takes care of the schematic portion of the power bus . Easy is n ' t it ? The JUMPER or JUMPER - BAR layer will still be considered a current carrying conductor , as it truly is , and will even pass along the wire number ( a.k.a. node number ) to other connected devices . But it will not appear in the From / To List as a wire that must be connected . AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical is programmed not to include a wire type ( layer ) with the word JUMPER anywhere in its name when it creates a wire From / To List . The illustration below shows the JUMPER - BAR layer assigned to the vertical rails ( shown in magenta color ) . Use any color that would not be confused with your wiring standard . I chose magenta since I have no magenta wires in the system . How to define a feed - through terminal block with 3 connection points , 2 on one side and one on the other side . How to get AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical subassembly parts into the BOM with unique item numbers Starting with version 2009 of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical you can assign an item number to parts listed in the Multiple Catalog list for a component symbol . Take for example a 1794 - TB3 terminal board for A - B Flex I / O modules . This part may appear as a multiple catalog item under several " master parts " , such as 1794 - IB16 , 1794 - IR8 , etc . AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical 2009 normally displays all Multiple Catalog items beneath each master part they are associated with . This is because AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical is I will share with you how I have gotten around this issue during the years that I have been using AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . I have had this scenario with fuses and fuse holders , control relays and their bases and clips , and with such parts as the 1794 - TB3 Flex I / O terminal board . Forget using Assembly Codes or Multiple Catalog . These will not provide the report format you seek . There are two alternative approaches : 1 . Insert a Generic Marker from the Panel Layout > Insert Footprint > Manual menu . How to use Footprints created with plain " vanilla " AutoCAD ยฎ You can use existing " dumb " footprint blocks " as - is " if you wish . AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical has a group of blocks at the root level of the Panel folder that contain various types of attributes , according to the type of component the footprint represents . Use the Footprint Database File Editor to associate your footprint with the MFG , CAT , and optional ASSYCODE combination that should trigger insertion of this footprint . When you choose this component using the Insert Footprint from Schematic List method AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical will merge the appropriate block Representing 1 - pole and 3 - pole fuses with the same Footprint 3 - pole fuse symbols inserted from the Icon Menu use a special command trigger called wd_3unit . This command trigger actually inserts a " parent " fuse symbol ( i.e . HFU1 ) followed by two " child " fuse symbols ( i.e . HFU2 , adapting to virtually any wire spacing . Electrical then automatically joins the three separate fuse symbols together with a dashed link line to give the appearance of a 3 - pole fuse . Disconnect Switches and Circuit Breakers are handled much the same way . This is appropriate because the other two poles of a circuit breaker or disconnect are actually molded into the same package as the first pole . However , the difference between a 1 - pole fuse and a 3 - pole fuse is the fuse holder . Each of the 3 fuses are therefore represented by a parent symbol , which includes the MFG CAT attributes needed to store the catalog data . We can not edit the Footprint Database and create a permanent relationship between one fuse part number and separate 1 - pole , 2 - pole , and 3 - pole footprints . So how do I handle this ? The following is a brief expanation of how I teach this in my Admin - level Training course . I have the class use one fuseholder footprint that includes the graphic for a single fuse and its fuse holder , just as they would appear together in the panel . In the Footprint Database , I have the class create an entry for the fuse part number that calls up this single pole footprint . What I teach the class to do is select all 3 fuses at once when they insert from the Schematic List to their panel layout . Next I have the class use the Uniform Spacing option and specify the left - to - right spacing between each footprint symbol so the three fuse holder footprints insert next to one another , yet appear as though they are one 3 - pole fuse holder . With this approach one footprint So how do we enter the part number for the 3 - pole fuse holder ? In our class project we add the 3 - pole fuse holder as a Multiple Catalog entry for the first fuse symbol only and we do not allow the update to update the other two fuses Bonus : Set the Project Properties for per - part - basis and you can assign a separate Item number to the fuse holder . The balloon insertion tool will detect the fuse holder and its Item number assignment and insert an additional balloon . Be sure and select the first fuse footprint for balloon , the one with the fuse holder entry , so both item numbers are detected . The image below illustrates the final result of my approach : Adding a 4 - Pole Circuit Breaker to the Icon Menu 3 - pole device symbols inserted from the Icon Menu use a special command trigger called wd_3unit . This actually inserts a " parent " symbol ( i.e . HCB1 ) and two " child " symbols ( i.e . HCB2 , adapting to virtually any wire spacing . Electrical then automatically joins the three separate symbols together with a dashed link line to give the appearance of a 3 - pole device . Disconnect Switches and multi - pole Fuses are handled much the same way . You can use the wd_3unit command trigger to create 4 - pole , 5 - pole , etc . symbols , but you must enter the parent name and each necessary child . The wd_3unit command trigger only needs the name of the parent symbol to insert a 3 - pole device symbol . It then searches the active library for the same symbol name as the parent symbol , but with a " 2 " as the 4th character of the symbol name , instead of " 1 " . It inserts two of these child symbols onto the Add at the top right - hand side of the Icon Menu Wizard dialog and choose the Command option . Type in a name ( i.e. 4 Pole Circuit Breaker ) . Hint : You can create an icon image from a previously inserted 4 - Pole Circuit Breaker that was perhaps inserted as a 3 - pole with a 2nd + child symbol added afterwards . You might also just leave the icon image field blank and wait until you insert your new 4 - pole symbol . You can always come back to the Icon Menu Wizard , right - click on your 4 Pole Circuit Breaker symbol , select Properties , and edit it to add an icon image by zooming to the inserted symbol on your drawing Finally , you need to enter the wd_3unit command trigger code . If you want the wd_3unit command trigger to insert anything other than one parent and two children , you will need to specify the parent and each child . In the field labeled Command type in wd_3unit HCB1 HCB2 HCB2 HCB2 ( see image below ) . Click OK to save and exit the Icon Menu Wizard . Insert your new 4 Pole Circuit Breaker . The wd_3unit command trigger will prompt you for the insertion point of symbol HCB1 ( VCB1 if on vertical wires ) , then it will prompt you for the direction in which it should look for wires for the child symbols . It will insert the 3 child symbols ( HCB2 or VCB2 ) onto the next available wires , and all 4 symbols will ultimately be joined by a dashed link line . Toggling between Standard Footprints and Wiring - Diagram - Style Footprints You can toggle between standard footprints and wiring diagram style footprints by clicking the arrow at the bottom of the Insert Footprint from Schematic List dialog . This instructs Electrical to look for a table named for the manufacturer , but ending in _WD . You have to create these tables yourself . Simply Add a new Manufacturer to the Footprint Database and type _WD after their name . When you select to Use Wiring Diagram Tables , Electrical will look for a table in the Footprint Database named for the manufacturer but ending in . You already have an AB table for standard footprints . You can Create a New Table named AB_WD and store the path to wiring - diagram - style footprints in this table . We do a complete exercise for setting this up as part of my Advanced Training Course . It ' s a nice but often overlooked feature of Electrical . The image below illustrates me adding AB_WD to the Footprint Database How to add more DIN rails and wireways to the AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical DIN rail menu The parameters for inserting dynamically built DIN rails and wireways are stored in a spreadsheet file located in the Catalogs subfolder . The file is named wddinrl . xls . Autodesk , Inc . ships the software with a few preloaded DIN rails and wireways , but you can add your favorites to the list . To add a new wireway , copy an existing one and change the value of the MFG , CAT , ASSYCODE , DESC , and RAILWID cells . The screen image below shows where I added two Thomas and Betts wireways . HINT : Add additional DIN rails using the same method but be sure to edit the extra cells for rail length , rail center , slot locations , etc . Sharing AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical over a network To share AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical design files with other users over a network simply copy the AeData folder , and all its subfolders , from My Documents \ Acade 2011 ( or whatever version you have ) to your network drive . Next , right - click at the command line prompt and select Options . Add this new network path to the Support File Search path and move it to the top . Exit AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . It will be necessary to rename the local AeData folder on all of the computers in your group to prevent AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical from using the original . Even though you add the new path to the AeData folder on the network to the top of the Support File Search Path , AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical will still use the original AeData folder located in My Documents path if found . I usually rename the local one to AeData_Local . In the case of a laptop that you travel with , you can rename the AeData_Local folder to AeData again when you travel and no longer have access to the network . Be sure to keep your local libraries and databases up to date with the ones on the network , so you have the latest data . You can simply copy the files from the network folders to their matching local folders and overwrite . When AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical finds the AeData folder on the network it will then be able to locate Catalogs , PLCs , Proj ( projects ) , and the WD . ENV file , so everyone will be sharing the same design environment . Starting with release 2014 , there is an extra folder in the AeData path for the language . The folder for the United States of America is en - us . In order for the databases and PLC content to be available , you will need to add the path for the Catalogs folder and the PLC folder . These are located below the AeData folder you moved to your network . Position them as shown below : List of Family Codes used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical These Family Codes correspond to the table names found in the default_cat . mdb database file . When you click Lookup to assign a part number to a component , AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical looks at the 2nd and 3rd character in the edited symbol ' s file name ( a.k.a. block name ) and opens the corresponding table inside the catalog database . This is the first level of filtering used during a part number assignment Lookup . Naming Convention for Parametric PLC Blocks used by AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical allows you to insert a PLC parametrically , as one complete symbol , or you can choose to break the PLC up into smaller sections , even as small as one I / O or terminal point per insertion . The PLC modules are defined in the PLC database . There are 40 symbol blocks available for each PLC style . These blocks are inserted in order , top to bottom , as defined in the PLC database . There are blocks for the module information , inputs , outputs , terminal points , unused connections , etc . Usually , no more than 3 to 5 blocks are needed to compile a parametrically built PLC . The inputs will most likely be the same block used multiple times . For example , you will usually start with a Module Information Block , which can also be an Input , Output , or Unused wire connection . Next you define the rest of the I / O points , usually the same block for each , and finally terminal Converting from promis - e to AutoCAD Electrical Click Here View / Print a PDF which outlines the seps involved to convert a promis - e project so it is compatible with AutoCAD Electrical Note that this utility only converts legacy promis - e projects , prior to version V8 i AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical IEC tag mode ( Combined Installation / Location tag mode ) explained IEC tag mode ( Combined Installation / Location tag mode ) causes AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical to view the Installation code and Location code as part of the overall component tag . There is no need for IEC tag mode with ladder diagrams and JIC symbols if you are not going to utilize the Installation and Location code fields . However , I happen to prefer IEC tag mode even for ladder diagrams and JIC symbols , for two main reasons : The Insert / Edit Components dialog makes more sense with the project set for IEC tag mode . The layout of the Insert / Edit Component dialog normally has the Installation Location codes at the bottom middle of the dialog , away from the Tag field . However , the installation and location concept originated in Europe and is common in DIN / IEC drawings in order to differentiate between components that might have the same tag but are located in a different panel . Thus the hierarchy is Installation - Location - Component Tag . The Insert / Edit Component dialog for IEC tag mode is laid out as shown in the illustration below : To set up IEC tag mode simply right - click over the project name in the Project Manager and select Properties . Click on the Components tab and set the check boxes as shown below : The second reason I prefer IEC tag mode is to differentiate between components in field panels that are tagged the same . For example , let ' s say you have a common junction box that you use for each of your motors . The junction box is mass produced for you and contains a terminal strip tagged as TB1 and a disconnect switch tagged as DS1 . See the illustration below : Without the IEC tag mode ( Combined Installation / Location tag mode ) engaged the Electrical Audit routine in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical would detect two terminal strips tagged as TB1 and two disconnect switches tagged as DS1 and report an error . But with IEC tag mode engaged Electrical Audit correctly interprets these as two separate terminal strips and two separate disconnect switches because it considers the Installation and Location values as part of the component tag . Check the box next to the option labeled " Format Installation / Location into tag " if you wish to have the Installation and Location codes appear in line with the tag . If so I suggest using brief abbreviations for the INST LOC codes . For example = LINE1 + MAIN - 1K1 indicates an Installation of LINE1 , a location of MAIN , and relay K1 on sheet 1 . This is typical IEC tagging . The equal sign ( = ) denotes Installation code , the plus sign ( + ) denotes Location code , and the dash ( - ) denotes component tag . Typical IEC drawings are assigned a default Installation Location code that appears in the title block of each drawing / page . It is understood that all components on the drawing are in this Installation / Location unless otherwise noted . The exceptions are usually surrounded by a dashed box called a Location Box in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . If you prefer to suppress the Installation / Location portion of the component tags that match the drawing / page defaults , check the box labeled " Suppress Installation / Location in tag when match drawing default " . The origin of the JIC symbols that ship with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical I travel across America and other parts of the world teaching AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . I can tell you that , in general , the standard is no standard . I wish that were not the case . In Europe they follow an established standard called IEC almost to the letter , no matter where you go . However in America , it is as if no standards exist . I have seen control relays tagged as CR , MCR , R , RC , and a unique tag for each relay , according to its function in that particular AutoCAD Electrical release 2013 includes an NFPA symbol library . First let us understand that there was never an intention to supply an exhaustive symbol library with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical or its predecessors . The JIC symbol set that shipped with the program was intended to serve as a sample of simple symbols in common use at the time . The developers never expected the sample symbols to be perfect for everyone . In fact it was expected that customers would add to and / or modify them according to their own preferences . The " Black Box Builder " , later renamed to " Symbol Builder " was intended to be used for this purpose . The JIC symbol set is mostly limited to 2 - wire devices , similar to the list of common symbols referenced in the standards . The user was expected to create their own application specific symbols , especially symbols with numerous wire connections , since the preferred orientation and location of the wire connections could vary from user to user . What you see with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical , and its predecessors , is an attempt to supply the common building blocks of any control system , such as pilot lights , push - buttons , selector switches , fuses , circuits breakers , control transformers , terminal blocks , etc . With such common symbols the most commonly accepted tagging formats in use at the time were incorporated into the predecessor of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical . While most of these class designations ( a.k.a Tags or Device IDs ) match the JIC standards there are some variations . I have " DS " while others would use " DISC " , in accordance with the JIC standard . Some designers used " TD " to designate a time - delay relay while others would use the JIC designation of " TR " . The class designation " D " was often used to designate a rectifier diode while the JIC standard called for a designation of " REC " . Another example of a technical colloquialism is the term " wire number " . It is actually an electrical " node " number or " potential " number . We have a colloquialism associated with ladders as well . Is it really a 1 - phase ladder when you use L1 and L2 ? The term single - phase technically refers to a power source derived from a single " hot " phase and neutral . The developers were tasked with creating an electrical design tool that allows us to design highly sophisticated machinery , yet the tool itself must be as intuitive as possible so the designer does n ' t lose himself / herself in learning the tool . Thus it appears that the developers chose to incorporate common terminology and common practices into the software , not an absolute adherence to a certain standard . Again , back in the days when AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical was created the standard practice in the U.S. was more of an " every man for himself " Consider this : Where did we get the standard for using blue wire for D.C. control voltage ? It is a โ defacto โ standard derived from the common practices at automobile manufacturers . Since automobile manufacturers were among the first to incorporate sophisticated control systems , their common practices became a โ defacto โ standard . Once in a while I run across someone who uses red for DC ( + ) and black for DC ( - ) . Do n ' t assume that the major corporations are following standards to a proverbial โ T โ . One of the oldest and most recognizable electrical companies , known throughout the world , uses component tags on a " circuit - function " basis . This practice is actually allowed according to Annex E . 1 of the NFPA - 79 standard . Each time this customer inserts a symbol they manually enter its tag , according to the component โ s use within the machine . Thus no two relays will necessarily have the same tagging format . One may be RM12 while another is TM42 , and another is KC14 . This approach makes use of NFPA - 79 Annex E . 1 , where the class designation of the relay indicates its specific function within the circuit , and not the generic classification of control relay . I recommend including a legend page to define the component class designations In summation , I do not fault the developers of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical with regard to symbol libraries . They could have chosen to release a common design tool and let us create our own symbols . They gave us the symbol builder tool just for that purpose . But they were also kind enough to give us over 1500 symbols in various orientations as a sort of โ starter set โ that we could use and tweak as desired . With this starter set of symbols they had to choose some default tagging scheme from the various ones that wd_fam . dat ASCII file method . If you prefer , you can use the Symbol Builder to create your own symbol ( s ) , just the way you want them to look , but be aware that deviating from established standards may create confusion for technicians who may one day need to troubleshoot your control system , and may also put you at odds with machine safety directives . The world is becoming more interested in not only national but international standards . For example the IEC library that ships with AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical was developed a few years ago in accordance with IEC - 60617 , which governs the appearance of the symbols , and IEC / ISO - 81346 ( replaced IEC - 61346 ) , which governs the tagging format . But two owners ago , when AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical was developed , there were various published standards and even more common practice " defacto " standards in use in the U.S. I think If AutoCAD that ' s the way we ' ve always done it " syndrome getting in the way . A General Overview of Global Electrical Standards This is a general overview of various electrical design standards currently in use in the United States of America and other parts of the world . In the U.S.A . ANSI - Y32 . 2 IEEE - 315 address the schematic symbols used for electronic circuits and general electrical design , while NFPA - 79 UL - 508A deal with the safety requirements for industrial machinery , which involves a different set of component class designations for the symbols , more closely resembling the JIC standard from the 1960s and 1970s . UL - 508A deals directly with Industrial Control Panels while addresses the entire machine . The Joint Industrial Council ( JIC ) dissolved in the 1980s so the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) was invited to take over . The NFPA released which incorporated the JIC standards with some updates . Your design must meet the safety requirements of UL - 508A in order to obtain UL approval , just the same as CE approval will require adherence to IEC - 60617 IEC - 81346 IEC - 60757 IEC - 60445 IEC - 60204 , etc . IEC - 60617 , IEC - 81346 , IEC - 60757 , IEC - 60445 , and IEC - 60204 cover industrial machinery design in Europe and other regions that now adhere to IEC ( International Electrotechnical Commission ) standards . IEC - 60204 deals specifically with machinery safety directives , IEC - 60617 governs the graphical appearance of the schematic symbols IEC - 81346 governs component class designations ( i.e . K for relay , P for indicator lamp , etc . ) . IEC - 60757 governs wire color abbreviations ( i.e . RD for red , BN for brown , BU for blue , etc . ) . IEC - 60445 specifies the wire colors used to denote L1 , L2 , L3 , N , PE , AC control , and DC control are similar to with respect to machine safety and control panel design . Additionally , along with its subsequent updates , includes a list of component class designations , which happen to be very similar to those used in the JIC standard that preceded it , but with some minor updates . ANSI - Y32 . 2 IEEE - 315 are similar to , dealing with the graphical look of schematic symbols , however they also cover the class designations for component tagging , a.k.a. device identification . ANSY Y32 . 2 have been slowly migrating toward a closer synchronization with IEC - 61346 ( now replaced by IEC / ISO - 81346 ) for component class designations and for symbol appearance , but significant differences still exist . The traditional ladder diagrams used to document industrial control systems in North America continue to favor the JIC / NFPA - 79 symbols and component class designations . In my opinion , a complete adoption of ANSI / IEEE component class designations for industrial control panels in North America would lead to confusion for designers and technician who have a long history with ladder diagrams . As of today , the JIC / NFPA - 79 standard is still very dominant in ladder diagrams and ladder diagrams are still very much the the " norm " for control schematics in North America . The latest IEC standard for component class identification , IEC81346 - 2 , has introduced an optional 2 - letter device class identification . The first letter comes from the main category ( broad in scope ) , while the optional second letter serves as a type of " sub - classification " further defining the device . IEC81346 - 2 supersedes IEC61346 - 2 , which superseded IEC61346 - 1 . IEC61346 - 1 was based on the DIN standard from Germany . IEC61346 - 2 introduced changes such that devices , whether mechanical , electrical , pneumatic , or otherwise are classified , based more so on their physical properties rather than their function . IEC81346 - 2 includes a group of optional tables in case you wish to use the 2 - letter classification . For example , instead of plain " Q " for a disconnect switch or main circuit breaker , it is " QB " for the disconnect switch ( fused or non - fused ) and " QA " for the circuit breaker . A motor starter or contactor is also " QA " , as is a power transistor or thyristor . There are other sub - classes for " Q " but that is a sample of the more common ones I personally prefer IEC61346 - 1 , based upon the DIN standard . It is a well established standard with widespread use and it clearly defines the function of a device with only one letter . I think the International Electrotechnical Commission has outlived its usefulness and continues to make changes for the sake of change - just to appear busy . That is my humble opinion . I still see many , many drawings from Europe using the old DIN standard or IEC61346 - 1 component class identifiers . But even with , I happen prefer the one letter identifiers . If you use AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical and wish to follow without the second letter , just reference IEC2 ( 2mm text height ) or IEC4 ( 4mm text height ) for your project library , instead of IEC60617 , and employ a file in your project folder to alter the few symbols that still match IEC61346 - 1 . We cover this in my IEC training course . Keep in mind that the electrical CAD software is n ' t the designer . We are responsible for designing to meet the required safety standards where the machinery will be installed . Compare AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical to a carpenter ' s hammer . The carpenter must know where and how to nail , but without the hammer the job would be more difficult and would take longer . Programs like AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical will support our design by offering appropriate symbols for either the U.S. or International markets . The JIC library in AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical is an appropriate symbol set to use for ladder diagrams , the dominant control schematic method in North Sample IEC Project created with AutoCAD Electrical Click Here View / Print a PDF of a sample project designed to IEC standards , using AutoCAD Electrical The cross - references and tags are hyperlinked . If you hover your mouse over a cross - reference or tag and a hand symbol appears , click the left button of your mouse to surf the hyperlink to related drawing entities . It might be a relay contact , a footprint , a source or destination wire network , etc . If you use Google Chrome you must download the file and view with Adobe Acrobat . The Google Chrome PDF plug - in can not process the hyperlinks properly In this sample , the wires are identified based upon Sheet . Zone . 1st 2nd etc . Wire numbers were not typically assigned to projects in the past but as European designers desired to market their products in North America they found that North American customers like to use wire numbers ( electrical node ID ) as a troubleshooting aid . As European companies have adjusted their designs to meet the North American requirements , wire numbers have seen an increase in popularity in Europe . The makers of Electrical CAD software in Europe added the option for wire numbers many years ago , as they began marketing their software to the North American market and found that North American companies were not interested in an intelligent Electrical CAD program that could not assign and manage wire numbers . I have watched this trend since the 1980s and virtually every Electrical CAD platform on the With a ladder diagram the component identification ( tags ) and wire numbers are usually based upon the line reference number ( a.k.a. rung number ) . With IEC drawings the identification is usually based upon the sheet number and the zone or column where the device or wire is located . The drawing border in this sample contains both an X Y grid , with a combination of letters ( vertical ) and numbers ( horizontal ) . Though I only used the numerical zones for component / wire identification and cross - referencing , both the X Y designations could just as easily have been employed . The cross - reference format follows IEC - 61082 . Get on the fast - track to productivity with training by a 25 + year veteran of electrical controls design using intelligent CAD Services Provided On - site Training , Implementation , and Customization Support for AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical ( U.S . International design standards ) Site Audit ( discovery process to evaluate current design tools and work - flow , followed up by an action plan for implementing AutoCAD Electrical or AutoCAD ecscad ) Update Training ( 2 - day " hands - on " workshop to help you master each new feature of each new release - an optional take - home tutorial for class attendees is available Hands - on Demo ( 2 - day " hands - on " demonstration of AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical or AutoCAD ยฎ ecscad to familiarize you with some of the productivity tools that software of this type empowers you with ) User - level Training * ( 3 - day course covering the fundamental editing tools ) Intermediate - level Training ( 4 - day work - flow - based design simulation that starts from scratch ) Administrator - level Training ( 5 - day work - flow - based design simulation that covers program infrastructure , configuration , customization , network setup , and template creation ) View / Print PDF of Admin - level course syllabus for JIC / NFPA standard ( Press Browser ' s BACK button to return to this page ) View / Print PDF of Admin - level course syllabus for IEC standard ( Press Browser ' s BACK button to return to this page ) Advanced Training ( This course can vary from 1 to 5 days ; you choose from a list of advanced - level topics and we tailor to fit your needs ) AutoCAD ยฎ ecscad Training ( 5 - day work - flow - based design simulation covering infrastructure , schematic development , panel layout , reports , and more ) Web - based Training available by request via GoToMeeting , WebEx , NetMeeting , etc . ) Mentoring ( phone and / or e - mail support to answer a question or guide you with step - by - step instructions via screen - shots or web - based videos ) * User - level training assumes that your company already has personnel trained at administrative - level to support the user - level personnel . Let us convert your existing drawings to AutoCAD ยฎ Electrical format Off - load your extra work to us so you can meet demanding deadlines Full ECAD support , including smart border template creation , symbol creation , and maintenance of your symbol library , so your designers can stay focused on sales orders Pre - paid phone / e - mail / video support contracts available ( contact us with a question and receive a phone call , e - mail , or video with detailed step - by - step instructions ) If you would like assistance learning and implementing AutoCAD Electrical , including training , implementation support , drawing conversion , or design support , please feel free to call Doug at ( 770 ) 841 - 8009 , or send an e - mail to ECADConsultant @ gmail . com This site created and maintained by Doug McAlexander , Inc . Questions or Comments ? | [
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http://ecclesia.org/truth/501-church.html | The Truth About Church Incorporation Note : In this article , the word " Church " does not refer to any physical building , but refers to the whole body of believers in Christ . The word " church " is translated from the Greek word ekklesia , which literally means " assembly " or " congregation " of people ; it does not refer to any physical building . Keep that in mind when reading this article ] Joshua challenged the people : " choose you this day whom ye will serve . " ( Joshua 24 : 15 ) . Today , government is demanding a similar choice . Today the world assumes that the church is the church because it is registered with , and defined by , the State . The following is intended merely to provide an overview , an introduction to the whole issue of the Church and incorporation . In addition , its purpose is not meant to be a criticism of the many well meaning Christian men and women who have laboured for the Lord in these matters , but simply as a supplemental guide for the avoidance of " rendering unto Caesar " that which is not and should not be his . We shall endeavor to explore the relationship between , churches and corporations . So what exactly is incorporation ? What really happens to a church that becomes incorporated ? Are there biblical principles against incorporation ? First of all , let us define the word " corporation . " In the strict everyday definition of the word , a corporation is " a group of people combined into or acting as one body . " This word is derived from the Latin word " corpus , " which means " body . " In this sense , the Christian Church is indeed a corporation . It is the " corpus Christi , " the " Body of Christ . " It derives its existence and authority from its Head , the risen and victorious Son of God . It is comprised of individual members who have covenanted together to further Christ ' s Kingdom by the preaching of the Gospel and the discipling of the nations ( Matthew 28 : 19 - 20 ) . Christ is Sovereign over his Church The Church ' s " corporate status " is well - established in Scripture : Matthew 16 : 18 , 1 Corinthians 12 : 12 - 14 , 27 , Ephesians 1 : 22 ; 5 : 23b , 30 , Colossians 1 : 18 ; 2 : 19 teach that Christ is clearly the head of the church , and we are all members of his body . The Church is the visible manifestation of Christ ' s Kingdom on earth . However , as Jesus Himself stated , " My Kingdom is not of this world " ( John 18 : 36 ) . Many Christians have misunderstood this verse to mean that neither the Church nor individual Christians should involve themselves with the affairs of the world . In what is known as " pietism , " a false dichotomy is erected between the " spiritual " Kingdom and the " carnal " world . Of course , this is not what Jesus had in mind at all . He very explicitly stated elsewhere that Christians are to act as the " salt " of the earth and as a " light " in the world by permeating society and working to change it from within ( Mat . 5 : 13 - 16 ) . This task of dominion is accomplished through the work of evangelism and discipleship , as Jesus commanded in the Great Commission . The Christian ' s purpose is indeed " worldly , " insofar as it is involved in bringing the world into subjection to the Word of God ( 2 Cor . 10 : 5 ) . Thus , the true meaning of Jesus ' declaration that His Kingdom is " not of this world , " is that it does not derive its authority and power from the world or its institutions . The Church is indeed a spiritual organization , but this simply means that it is " of the Spirit " - - it relies upon the Holy Spirit and the inspired Word for its existence , not upon the efforts or laws of men . This important detail should be kept in mind as we further study the subject of church incorporation . The State is Sovereign over its Corporations Having briefly examined the biblical definition of a corporation , let us now look at the legal definition of a corporation . According to the U.S. Supreme Court : 1 . " A corporation is a creature of the state . It is presumed to be incorporated for the benefit of the public . It receives certain special privileges and franchises and holds them subject to the laws of the state and the limitation of its charter . Its powers are limited by law . It can make no contract not authorized by its charter . Its rights to act as a corporation are only preserved to it so long as it obeys the laws of its creation . There is a reserved right in the legislature to investigate its contracts and ascertain if it has exceeded its powers " ( Hale v . Henkel , 201 U.S. 43 ) . 2 . " [ A corporation is ] an artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the laws of a state . An association of persons created by statute as a legal entity . . . . The corporation is distinct from the individuals who comprise it ( shareholders ) . . . . Such an entity subsists as a body politic under a special denomination , which is regarded in law as having a personality and existence distinct from that of its several members . " Black ' s Law Dictionary West Publishing Company , 1991 ; 6th Edition , page 340 . 3 . " A corporation derives its existence and all of its powers from the State and , therefore , has only such powers as the State has conferred upon it . Power is used here to mean the legal capacity to execute and fulfill the objects and purposes for which the corporation was created , and the source of this power is the charter and the statute under which the corporation was organized . " Len Young Smith and G . Gale Roberson , Smith and Roberson ' s Business Law , West Publishing Company , 1966 , page 796 . Note : A corporation is created by , and derives its existence from , the State . In contrast , the church is created by , a creature of , derives its existence from , subject to , and obeys the Law of , Jesus Christ . 4 . " Corporate existence is a privilege granted by the sovereign upon compliance with specified conditions " Len Young Smith and G . Gale Roberson , Smith and Roberson ' s Business Law , West Publishing Company , 1966 , page 931 . . 5 . " Corporations are not citizens . . . . The term citizen . . . applies only to natural persons . . . not to artificial persons created by the legislature " Paul v . Virginia , 8 Wall . 168 , 177 ; see also the Opinion of Field , J . , in the Slaughterhouse Cases , 16 Wall . 36 , 99 Note : God teaches that Christians , his church , are citizens of the household of God ( Eph . 2 : 19 , Phil . 3 : 10 ) . 6 . Every corporation has obtained a charter from the State of Incorporation . This charter is simply permission to exist given to the corporation , without which , its operations would be considered illegal . In addition to the charter are the articles of incorporation : " The objects or purposes for which a corporation is formed are expressly stated in its articles of incorporation , which delineate in general language the type of business activities in which the corporation proposes to engage " , West Publishing Company , 1966 , page 798 . Note : Is the church of God involved in any type of business activities ? ( Matthew 21 : 12 , John 2 : 16 ) . 7 . " Instances of non - profit corporations are educational institutions , athletic clubs , library clubs , fraternities , sororities , hospitals , and organizations which have exclusively a charitable purpose " , West Publishing Company , 1966 , page 789 . The reader will notice that " churches " are conspicuously absent from this list of non - profit corporations . That is because our law - makers are fully aware that incorporation involves creation , and the Church simply can not be created by the State . Furthermore , the Church ' s ordained purpose of preaching the Gospel can never be illegal , so no special license is required from the State to do so . Though not all of our founding fathers were genuine Christians , they nevertheless understood that the Church of Christ is under the sole jurisdiction of its Lord , and that the civil magistrate therefore should not dare to encroach upon that authority . Because of this healthy respect for the Church , the very first sentence of the Bill of Rights reads as follows : " Congress shall make no law regarding an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof " ( U.S. Constitution , First Amendment ) . According to Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black : " The establishment clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the federal government can set up a church Everson v . Board of Education , 1947 ) . It was one of the principles of the sixteenth - century Reformation that the Church and the State are separate governments , and that , although they are to work together for the furtherance of God ' s Kingdom , they are not to either merge with one another or usurp the sphere of authority of one another ( Westminster Confession of Faith , Chapter XXIII : 3 ) The Church is forbidden by Scripture to take up the State ' s " sword " ( Romans 13 : 4 ) , and the State is likewise forbidden to assume the Church ' s " keys " ( Matthew 16 : 19 ) . However , as we will see , the latter is precisely what occurs whenever a church seeks incorporation at the hands of the State . Is a Church required to Incorporate under the Government ? According to the Internal Revenue Code , " a church , its integrated auxiliaries , and conventions and associations of the church are excluded from taxation . " United States Code , Title 26 , ยง 508 ( c ) ( 1 ) ( A ) . Section 508 ( c ) of the Internal Revenue Code provides that churches are not required to apply for recognition of Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) status in order to be exempt from federal taxation or to receive tax deductible contributions . Churches are automatically exempt from Federal income tax , and contributions to churches are deductible by donors under section 170 . Elsewhere , the IRS states : " Although a church , its integrated auxiliaries , or a convention of churches is not required to file Form 1023 to be exempt from federal income tax or to receive tax deductible contributions , such an organization may find it advantageous to obtain recognition of exemption ( Tax Exempt Status for Your Organization , IRS Publication 557 ) . Just what " advantage " is there for a church in obtaining 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) recognition and thereby exchanging its sovereignty for a subordinate status in relation to the federal government ? Most people would answer that such grants the church exemption from taxation . However , we have already seen that the federal government has never been able to tax the Church of Christ ; the Church is not exempt from taxation , it is immune . The " advantage " is something else entirely : " By establishing its exemption , potential contributors are assured by the [ Internal Revenue ] Service that contributions will be deductible Tax Exempt Status for Your Organization , IRS Publication 557 The tragic irony of all this is that , according to the Internal Revenue Code , financial donations to an unregistered , unincorporated church are automatically tax - deductible ( 26 USC 170 - B ) ! But is this biblical ? " God loveth a cheerful giver . " ( 2 Corinthians 9 : 7 ) . But the government promises , " Incorporate , and I will return to you up to thirty - five percent of your tithes and offerings ! " And the Bridegroom wept . Now Jesus knows that His bride " purposeth in [ her ] heart . . . grudgingly , or of necessity . " ( 2 Corinthians 9 : 7 ) . God had no respect towards Cain ' s offering because he did not give from the heart ( Gen . 4 : 3 - 6 ) . The IRS , of course , knows very well that it has no constitutional authority over the Church , and that it may not violate the First Amendment protection against government interference with the Church . In fact , the IRS may not violate the constitutionally secured rights of any American Citizen or group of Citizens , and is able to gain jurisdiction only when such is given to it voluntarily . Thus , the IRS holds out the unbiblical " advantage " of 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporate status as bait to clergy ignorant of the law in hopes that these men will " bite , " thereby placing themselves and their congregations firmly on its jurisdictional hook . Once the bait has been taken , and the catch is reeled in , another church has been transformed into a " legal fiction " subject to the tyrannical control of the federal government . The truth is that " incorporated churches " are not , by definition , churches at all ! They are merely " non - profit organizations " ( or should I say " non - prophet organizations " ) . The truth is , any " church " that is incorporated has deposed Jesus Christ from His rightful position as Head over His own Body and has surrendered that Body to the dominion of the State . The truth is , " incorporated churches " are subject to total governmental control - - whom they may hire , what they may and may not teach and preach , they can not conflict with " public policy " nor assault the hearer ' s sense of mental well - being , self esteem , sexual orientation , etc . The IRS prohibits such organizations from " carrying on propaganda , or otherwise attempting to influence legislation " ( 26 USC 501 - C - 3 ) . This prohibition extends , not only to the endorsement of a political candidate , but also any other attempts to " influence legislation , " including taking a public stand against such government - protected abominations as abortion or homosexuality . Now , the church is discovering that favors from Washington , DC have strings attached . In this case , the string is a rope that is being used to throttle her once - powerful voice , to squeeze out her very life and , eventually , to hang her by the neck until dead ! Should the Bible itself one day be ruled by the government to be " politically incorrect , " incorporated churches will find themselves on the horns of a very serious dilemma . After all , in a civil suit , a corporation ' s defense is limited to the terms specifically enumerated in its charter and articles of incorporation . All other " extrinsic evidence , " including the Bible or any historical Christian creeds or standards , will be disallowed in a State court case , because they are " not contained in the body of [ the ] Black ' s Law Dictionary , p . 588 ) . Outside of its own walls , the incorporated church may not stand on the authority of the Scriptures regarding any political or civil issue , because it is bound by the " higher laws " of the State . Consequently , the Christian Church in America , little by little , ceases to be the " salt " and " light " to society that it was commanded to be ( Mat . 5 : 13 - 16 ) . And all this for a simple tax deduction ! Because of money ! This directly contradicts Jesus ' " make not my Father ' s house an house of merchandise " ( John 2 : 16 ) . Operating as a Government Business There are profit - making businesses and there are non - profit businesses , but a business is a business in the eyes of government . An incorporated church simply can not deny the fact that it has requested permission of the State to operate as a business . Not only does it have its charter and articles of incorporation on file with the Secretary of State , but it is also required to list a President , Vice - President , Secretary , and Treasurer . None of these offices were instituted by Christ in His Church ( Eph . 4 : 11 - 12 ) , because they exist to control the business dealings of a corporation , not the sacramental duties of the Body of Christ . Many churches , since 1984 , have begun to list the minister and other ecclesiastical leaders as " employees " for Social Security purposes . The IRS exists to regulate revenue which is internal to the federal government . Consequently , in the Internal Revenue Code , an " employee " is specifically defined as follows : " an officer , employee , or elected official of the United States , a State , or any political subdivision thereof " ( 26 USC 3401 - C ) . By listing the minister as an " employee " who earns " Subject to Taxation Via Social Security Yet another indication that an incorporated church is a government agency is its participation in Social Security . Seen in this light , payment into Social Security by incorporated churches brings us to an astonishing conclusion : Incorporated 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) churches are not exempt from taxation after all ! It is an established legal principle that " the power to tax is the power to destroy . " The government only has the power to destroy that which it has created . Another related issue here is that of the " corporate franchise . " According to law , " a corporation must have a franchise " ( , p . 786 . ) In the case of an incorporated church , who are its franchises ? If you guessed the members of the congregation , you are correct . In fact , they are legally " shareholders " in the business . This is proven by the fact that the so - called " congregational meetings " of the incorporated church must follow the legal guidelines of any other corporate meeting . For example , motions must be made and minutes must be kept of the proceedings . By - laws must be maintained and any additions ( amendments ) must be Furthermore , at the end of the year , members and contributors will receive an itemized report of their financial contributions to the church for tax purposes , and distributes contribution records that shows a beginning and ending " balance " for each member . This practice directly contradicts the Bible ' s command about giving alms before men ( Matthew 6 : 1 - 4 ) . The pastor of an incorporated church may therefore inform the congregation of the tax - deductibility of their gifts only if he warns them that a tax write - off may be the only reward they will receive ( Matthew 6 : 4 ) . The Incorporated Church Surrenders its God Given Laws Man , created by God in the image of God , was granted by God certain " unalienable rights " which are constitutionally protected . Corporations , created by the State , are not " real " or " natural " persons and , therefore , have no constitutionally secured rights ! It is a common belief that an incorporated church may refuse to disclose its financial records , particularly its tithing records , to the State should such be demanded . However , such a naive belief will not protect the church or its members from harassment from the Internal Revenue Service or any other federal agency : " [ A ] corporation is not considered as a person within that clause of the fifth amendment to the constitution which protects a " person " against self - incrimination " , p . 787 . According to the ruling of the Supreme Court : " There is a clear distinction in this particular between an individual and a corporation and that the latter has no right to refuse to submit its books and papers for an examination at the suit of the State . While an individual may lawfully refuse to answer incriminating questions unless protected by an immunity statute , it does not follow that a corporation vested with certain privileges and franchises , may refuse to show its hand when charged with an abuse of such privileges . Hale v . Henkel , 201 U.S. 74 - 75 " Whenever a corporation makes a contract it is the contract of the legal entity . . .The only rights it can claim are the rights which are given to it in that charter , and not the rights which belong to its members as citizens of a state " Bank of Augusta v . Earle , 13 Pet . 586 ) . In other words , a corporation has no rights , only privileges which may be revoked any time its creator sees fit . Individual members ( " share - holders " or " corporate franchises " ) also surrender their rights on account of their legal union with the corporation . Thus , the IRS may audit the corporation ' s financial records at any time , because , as one former IRS commissioner stated , " The churches . . . hold in trust that which belongs to the government . " This is the law , and it can not be changed by amendments to church by - laws , or even by the good intentions of church leaders . Can an incorporated church refuse to disclose its financial records to the IRS on the grounds that it did not know that such consequences would arise from incorporation ? Unfortunately , the answer is no . Incorporation is a form of " non - positive , " or " contract law . " According to Black ' s Law Dictionary , p . 322 , a contract is " an agreement between two or more persons which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing . " The laws comprising the contract do not apply to either party until the contract is agreed upon , at which time it is legally binding upon both . Claiming ignorance of the specifics of the contract will not excuse either party from their obligation once the contract is signed : " As a general proposition , a party is held to what he signs . . . . One can not obtain a release from contract liability upon the ground that he did not understand the legal effect of the contract " , p . 70 By incorporating , the pastor and elders of a church need to realize that they have , in effect , signed a contract with the federal government which they have become legally and morally liable to obey ( Romans 13 : 1 ) . They cease to exist as a " real " First Amendment association with " unalienable " rights , and are transformed into a federal institution under the complete jurisdiction & control of " Acts of Congress . " A church can no more change the nature of a contract after the fact than a private individual The Unbiblical Status of Limited Liability Finally , let us take a brief look at the biblical problems of church incorporation . As we have seen , the Bible teaches that the Christian Church is a spiritual corporation that derives its existence from its Head , who is Christ . Each individual member is in covenant with the others and exercises their gifts for the benefit of the collective group . This is the concept of unity in diversity . The whole derives its substance from its individual parts . Therefore , the actions of the individual indirectly affect the whole . We see this concept of covenantalism numerous times throughout Scripture . For example , in the Old Testament economy , the sin of Achan brought judgment upon the entire nation of Israel ( Joshua 7 ) , and the righteous act of Phineas brought God ' s blessings ( Numbers 25 ) . This principle did not pass away with the Old Testament economy , however . In 1 Corinthians 5 , Paul exhorted the Corinthian church to " put away " from them the unrepentant adulterer with the following illustration ( verse 6b - 7a ) . The corrupting influence of sin should never be underestimated , and God ' s judgment on an entire congregation is risked if one of its members is allowed to continue in open rebellion against His Word . This is why it is so important for the elders to protect the Church from moral and spiritual disintegration by removing the ungodly member via excommunication . Likewise , it is equally the responsibility of individual members of a church to disassociate themselves from an apostate church , so that they might not " partake of her sins " ( Revelation 18 : 4 ) . Church incorporation flies in the very face of biblical covenantalism . This is seen primarily in the privilege of " limited liability , " which means that the corporation can not be held legally responsible for the actions of the individual members : " A corporation . . . should be distinguished from the individuals who compose it and those who control it as well as from the property which it owns " , p . 785 . God certainly did not deal with the nation of Israel on the basis of limited liability , so why should modern churches seek this unbiblical status for themselves ? In giving the church her orders , Jesus promised : " All power is given unto me . . . I am with you alway . " ( Matthew 28 : 18 , 20 ) . Apparently , this was not enough for the church . The State promised to protect the church from lawsuits and other attacks from without if only she would incorporate . Turning her back on the promised care of her Bridegroom , Jesus Christ , the church accepted her lover ' s " protection . " Supposedly , limited liability protects the individual members from personal lawsuit . However , this is simply not the case . Franchises of a corporation are just as susceptible , if not more so , to a lawsuit than any other organization . Furthermore , the incorporated church itself greatly increases its own susceptibility to a lawsuit due to the fact that a business is far more likely to be sued than is a strictly religious organization . Unincorporated churches are immune , they can not sue , nor be sued by , anyone . Corporations have no Soul " Man has been created by , in , and for , the Word of God , and this makes him the being who is responsible . Masses , collectives , and species have no responsibility ; they are not capable of assuming responsibility . They [ corporations ] can not commit trespass nor be outlawed nor excommunicated , for they have no souls . " 10 Rep . 32 b . " Human beings are called ' natural persons ' to distinguish them from ' artificial ' personas or corporations . To acquire the status of artificial or legal personality , the group seeking it must be incorporated , i.e. , must obtain a formal state license . In modern civil law , while incorporation is necessary for some purposes , chiefly in commercial law , and group of persons , acting as a unit , may be treated as an artificial or legal person . " Warren Co . v . Heister , 219 La . 763 , 54 S . 2d 12 . " Radin Law Dictionary ( 1955 ) , page 249 . Can you imagine the early church of the Apostles passing the hat to help Caesar out ? To ask the Lord ' s church to collect a tax to finance every wicked thing on this earth , including the murder of millions of babies each year , is tyranny at its worst . Because a ' person ' has no access to any law outside the law creating it , then no constitutional arguments can ever be raised by the person , or corporation , successfully . Government is the person created by constitutions and no officer can make any arguments against the power establishing his office by using law which is not given him by the superior power . In the same vein , a ' person ' created by legislation can use no law outside the law creating it for any arguments against the superior power creating ' it ' . Organism or Organization ? Is the body of Christ an Organism or an Organization ? An organism is a living thing . I am living , and I am part of the body of Christ . The body of Christ is the church . An incorporated Church is not an organism , but an organization . An organization is a creature of the State , and as such must hold allegiance to the creator of their organization . All those who join with an organization that is under corporation status accept the debt of that organization , and become subject to that debt of another . I do not need to tell you what scripture tells us about this debt . Borrowing money , for expansion , from the ungodly bankers , is not a biblical principle and , as such , can not be blessed by God . Black ' s Law Dictionary , 5th Edition , defines ' organization ' as a " corporation or government subdivision or agency , business trust , partnership or association โฆ or any other legal or commercial entity " . This definition shows that an organization ( even if it functions as a church ) is recognized as commercial and public ; an incorporated Church is legally interpreted as a commercial entity . But did n ' t Christ say " make not my Father ' s house an house of merchandise " ( John 2 : 16 ) ? The real benefit the 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Church looks for with incorporation is the ability to borrow large amounts of debt capital . This enslaves every man , woman , and child whose name appears on the membership roles of the Church . How can this be ? Because every officer and member of the Church pledges themselves as surety for the commercial debts of the Church , whether they know it or not . Why is this ? Because the member ' s name that appears on the Church rolls is a beneficiary of the A maxim of law states : " He who accepts the benefit must also bear the burden , " meaning if one accepts any benefit of the incorporated Church one is liable for the debts and acts of the church leadership . If the Church is sued and a cash settlement is ordered by the court , there is virtually no limit as to how far the court can extend its power to collect from the members , even if they are not the officers responsible for committing the civil crime . " For my yoke is easy , and my burden is light " ( Mat . 11 : 30 ) . " Although it was once said that ' a corporation is not indictable , but the particular members are ' [ Anon . , 12 Mod . 559 ] , it is now well settled that a corporation may be indicted for omission to perform a public duty imposed upon it by law . " Reg . V . Birmingham & G . Ry . Co . , 3 Q.B. 233 ; New York & G.L.R. Co . v . State , 50 N . J . Law 303 , 13 Atl . 1 , affirmed in 53 N . J . Law , 244 , 23 Atl . 168 . In Jesus ' day , the chief priests bound themselves to Caesar ( John 19 : 14 - 15 ) . Who were they a priest of ? Caesar . Who did they minister for ? Caesar . Who does the 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Church now minister for ? " We have no king but Caesar . " They have a United States flag in every one of their Churches . " We do n ' t make political statements from the pulpit anymore , we do n ' t ever preach against the one for Conclusion It is time for the churches in America to wake up to the fact that they have seriously compromised the headship of Christ by incorporating . The very first sentence of the Bill of Rights states , " Congress shall make no law regarding an establishment of religion . " No law means . Christian churches do not need to obtain a special " operating license " to avoid taxation ; the government simply can not tax them to begin with ! The church is already immune to all taxation . The Church of Jesus Christ is forbidden by Scripture to merge with the State because the two exist as separate entities . The State is not to claim jurisdiction over the Church , and the Church is not to place herself in such a position . The Church does not need to request of the State permission to exist as a legal entity . Its charter is the Bible , and its article of incorporation are the commandments of God . As Jesus said , " No man can serve two masters " ( Matthew 6 : 24 ) . If this principle applies to an individual , how much more so to his church ? Church members should confront their pastors and elders on these issues . Do not let them simply brush you off with the claim that the subject has " been studied already , " or that " we have always done it this way . " Challenge them to produce a copy of the IRS statutes which state that a Christian church must incorporate as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization in order to carry out its God - ordained functions . They will not be able to do this , because such a law simply does not exist . You may find yourself unwelcome in your church , but at least you will have the satisfaction of having stood for the truth and for the sole prerogative of Christ to govern His own Church . | [
"Church",
"corpus Christi",
"Body of Christ"
] |
http://ecclesia.org/truth/ekklesia.html | Christ ' s Ekklesia and The Church Compared Matthew 16 : 18 , " โฆ And I say also unto thee , That thou art Peter , and upon this rock I will build my church ( Greek - ekklesia ) โฆ " The Greek word " ekklesia , " is used 115 times in the New Testament , and in most bibles , it is always translated as " church " ( except in Acts 19 : 32 , 39 , 41 , where it is properly translated as " assembly " ) . The first complete English bible was the Tyndale bible in about 1524 , and that bible did not use the word " church " anywhere in its pages , it used the word " congregation . " Sometime after this bible , they started replacing the word " congregation " with the word " church . " Now , some people might say we ' re just mincing words ; they say , " Church , assembly , what ' s the difference ? " " You know what I mean when I say Church . " But words are very , very important according to the Word of God . The following verses tell us that one of the duties of all followers of Christ is to diligently look at the words to describe His Body . Matthew 4 : 4 , " It is written , Man shall not live by bread alone , but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God . " Matthew 12 : 36 - 37 , " But I say unto you , That every idle word that men shall speak , they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment . For by thy words thou shalt be justified , and by thy words thou shalt be condemned . " Proverbs 6 : 2 , " Thou art snared with the of thy mouth , thou art taken with the of thy mouth . " Proverbs 30 : 5 - 6 , " Every word of God is pure : he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him . Add thou not unto his , lest he reprove thee , and thou be found a liar . " One of the jurisdictions of the natural man is the Church . There are many Churches out there , even the Church of Satan . The Church of Wicka . The Church of Humanity . You name it , there ' s a Church for it . Even bars are like Churches , they go to worship the bottle , and fellowship around ungodly things , and play music that praises Satan and the things of the flesh because they love the creation more than the Creator ( Romans 1 : 25 ) , so everything they worship and all Christ ' s is not the Church . If you look in a dictionary , under the word Church , it ' s defined as " a place of worship of any religion as a Jewish or heathen temple . " When the world says " Church , " they are thinking of a building or a structure , and this is actually the original meaning of Church , but somehow it transferred over as being the body of Christ . But as we ' re told in scripture , God " dwelleth not in temples made with hands " ( Acts 17 : 24 , 48 , 2 Corinthians 5 : 1 , Hebrews 9 : 24 ) . There ' s many different definitions for the Church , and it ' s really an arbitrary and capricious word . And we ' re going to take a look at how the natural man got jurisdiction over that . They got jurisdiction over the Church because he ' s the one that created it , he ' s the one that took the word to a word that has no substance . The Meaning of Ekklesia First , we ' ll look at the meaning of what Christ ' s is , we ' ll look at the real thing first , then we ' ll compare the legal fiction that ' s being created as the substitute for Christ ' s . The word is the original Greek Word , it was used in the Septuagint . So , the seventy - two translators that translated the Septuagint around 280 B.C. were very much aware of that word . They used it in the Septuagint as a replacement of the Hebrew for the " congregation of Israel . " Now , if we go to the modern word studies on , they ' ll always point to the secular meaning of the Greek , that it was a group of citizens called together . They rarely go to the original meaning . The first time it ' s spoken in the New Testament , by Christ , is at Matthew 16 : 18 , " โฆ And I say also unto thee , That thou art Peter , and upon this rock I will build my โฆ " When you go to Tyndale ' s bible , which was the first English Bible , he translated as " assembly . " In the George Ricker Berry Interlinear Greek / English New Testament ( it ' s a literal translation of the Greek into English ) , which was written in the late 1800 ' s , he translated as " assembly , " and you wo n ' t find the word " church " anywhere in there . Christ only used the word three times . It ' s not recorded in the book of Mark , John , or Luke . Matthew is the only one who recorded it . In Strong ' s Greek Concordance , the word ( word # 1577 ) is defined as " an assembly , " and it ' s from the word " ek , " ( word # 1537 ) which means " out of " ; and the word " klesis " ( word # 2821 ) which means " a calling . " So means to be called out , and obviously Christ is the one that ' s calling us out . But is that the first time we were ever called out ? The apostle Paul wrote , " Wherefore come out from among them , and be ye separate , saith the Lord , and touch not the unclean thing ; and I will receive you " ( 2 Corinthians 6 : 17 ) . Now he ' s quoting the Old Testament from Isaiah 52 : 11 , so we were called out in the Old Testament . In the Septuagint , Isaiah 52 : 11 reads , " Depart ye , depart , go out from thence , and touch not the unclean thing ; go ye out from the midst of her ; separate yourselves , ye that bear the vessels of the Lord . " So , when you go to the original Greek in the Septuagint and find out what those verses mean , you find out what you ' re being called out of . And that ' s what His is , it is those who are called out . When Isaiah says , " go ye out from the midst of her , " what does that mean ? Well , when you go to the original Greek , " out from the midst " means " out from the center . " And the word " her " is from the Greek autos which means " self . " So basically , what this verse is saying is to depart and separate yourself from your self will ( those wants of the world ) and touch not the impure . So what we ' re called out of is our self ! We ' re called out of the self - will and all of those things that have to do with the flesh . And that is His This goes along with : Matthew 10 : 38 - 39 , " And he that taketh not his cross , and followeth after me , is not worthy of me . He that findeth his life shall lose it : and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it . " The apostle Paul said , " I die daily " ( 1 Corinthians 15 : 31 ) . What this means is to do His Will , and crucify the deeds of the flesh , kill our old man . So , there ' s only one definition for , and that ' s " assembly " ( or " congregation " ) . Now , how is it possible to take the word " church " ( which means a physical structure ) and insert it in there ? Because the word " Church " does not mean " assembly " at all ! It does n ' t even closely correlate . The Origin of the word Church It ' s very difficult to get an exact handle on where the word " church " popped up , but there is some writings on it . In Vincent ' s Word Studies , he comments on 1 Corinthians 11 : 18 , " For first of all , when ye come together in the church , I hear that there be divisions among you ; and I partly believe it . " Concerning the phrase " in the church , " he says , " not the Church edifice , a meaning which the word never has in the New Testament and which appears first in patristic writings . " The " patristic writings " would be the Church fathers after the apostles and Christ . So that ' s where the word " church " popped up , and it ' s not in the Word of God , so obviously it ' s a creation of man . In 325 AD , " The Church " joined the State under Constantine , and it was carried through the Reformation . The Reformers , were all involved in civil government , such as John Calvin who set up the civil government in Geneva . The pope was the head of the Catholic Church and he was kicked out of England , and King Henry VIII took jurisdiction over the Church . And then when the King James version was done , it was very important for them to retain the word " church " because they had jurisdiction over King James made fifteen specific edicts , as far as the translation goes , and one of those edicts ( edict number three ) stated that this bible was to retain the word " church " in the translation and it was not to be replaced with the word " congregation . " That was his specific edict . He has no jurisdiction over the congregation ( people ) , but he does over the church ( physical buildings ) . So you can see he never wanted the word " assembly " associated with the original meaning of the Old Testament which meant " congregation For example , the New Testament , at Hebrews 2 : 12 , quotes the Old Testament , at Psalms 22 : 22 , word for word . The word " congregation " in the Greek is " ekklesia . " But since King James forbade replacing this Greek word with " congregation " ( the true interpretation ) , it was replaced with a word which has a totally different meaning : Psalms 22 : 22 , " I will declare thy name unto my brethren : in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee . " Hebrews 2 : 12 , " Saying , I will declare thy name unto my brethren , in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee . " And when we see what Vincent said about Patristic writings , we can see that " from the beginning it was not so , " and it is a tradition of the elders that the word " church " has been retained . When you look in all of the word studies on the word " church " , they put in there " the assembly , " as if they were one and the same . But when you go to their own definitions , such as Elwells Evangelical Dictionary , it says the English word church " derives from the late Greek word kurioton , which means " the lord ' s house , " a Church building . In the King James New Testament , the word translates from the Greek word Notice this says " Church " is from a " late Greek word , " so it ' s not a word that ' s used in the original Koine Greek , it ' s a modern word . So you see the problem . Also , kurioton , means " the lord ' s house . " In the Old Testament , the phrase " the lord ' s house " is used three times , and it has to do with a secular lord every time ( Genesis 40 : 7 ; 44 : 8 , Isaiah 22 : 18 ) . So , who is the lord we ' re talking about ? The secular lord always had jurisdiction of the Church because it was their realm to begin with ! In Smith ' s Bible Dictionary from 1884 , at page 452 , , it says " the derivation of the word ' church ' is uncertain . It is found in the Teutonic and Slavonic languages and answers to the derivatives of , which are naturally found in the romance languages and by foreign importation elsewhere . The word is generally said to be derived from the Greek kyriakos , meaning the lord ' s house . But the derivation has been too hastily assumed . It is probably associated with the Scottish kirk , the Latin circus / circulous , the Greek klukos , because the congregations were gathered in circles . " And if you go into congregations that were gathered in circles , that ' s what the pagans did , they gathered in prayer circles , that ' s all pagan religions . After reading that comment , you might see why that word " Church " was adopted , because so many of the people that were being brought into the Church were of pagan origins , and they accommodated those pagans . Smith ' s Bible Dictionary goes on to say , " Although kyriakos is found signifying a church , it is no more the common term used by Greeks than dominicum ( the Latin word for ' church ' ) is the common term used by Latins ( in other words , it ' s not a common term ) . It is therefore very unlikely that it should have been adopted by the Greek missionaries and teachers and adopted by them so decidedly so as to be thrust into a foreign language . " What he ' s talking about is how all these other languages have picked up the word " church " and they all have different derivations of it . In the Anglo Saxon it ' s circay , in Scottish it ' s kirk , etc . He ' s saying all these different languages picked it up by the similarity of sound . Smith ' s Bible Dictionary goes on to say , " further , there is no reason why the word should have passed into these two languages rather than into the Latin . The Roman Church was , in its origin , a Greek community and it introduced the Greek word for Church into the Latin tongue . But this word was not ' Church ' ( or dominicum ) , it was ' . " In other words , the Latin has the word , it passed from the Greek into the Latin and it stayed the same . But this other word , ( church ) , was brought in , which is something completely different from Lidellan ' s Scott ' s Greek English Lexicon confirms that the origins of the word " church " is shrouded in mystery . On defining the word " Klukos " which is one of the words church comes from , it says , " Of or for a lord or master ( speaking of a secular lord ) . Assumed to be original of the Teutonic kirche , or church , but how this Greek name came to be adopted by the northern nations rather than the Roman name or Greek name has not been satisfactorily explained . " We see from this Greek Lexicon that no one really knows how church got into the languages of the world to be used as a replacement for the Christ ' s Church : " Derived from the Middle English word chirch / kirke , which is derived from the Old English word cirice ( and the Old Norse kirkja ) , which is derived from the Germanic kirika , which is derived from the Classical Greek kyriake oikia ) which means " lord ' s house , " and which means " belonging to the lord , " and kyrios which means " ruler , " and kyros which means " supreme power , " and all these words are derived from the Indo European base keu which means " a swelling , to be strong , hero , " whence is derived " cave . " 1 . A building set apart or consecrated for public worship . " Webster ' s New World Dictionary , Third College Edition , 1988 , page 251 Church : " The etymology of this word is generally assumed to be from the Greek , Kuriou oikos ( house of God ) ; but this is most improbable , as the word existed in all the Celtic dialects long before the introduction of Greek . No doubt the word means " a circle . " The places of worship among the German and Celtic nations were always circular . ( Welsh , cyrch , French , cirque ; Scotch , ; Greek , kirk - os , etc . ) Compare Anglo - Saxon circe , a church , with circol , a circle . " The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , E . Cobham Brewer , 1894 . " Derived probably from the Greek kuriakon ( i.e. , " the Lord ' s house " ) , which was used by ancient authors for the place of worship . In the New Testament it is the translation of the Greek word ecclesia , which is synonymous with the Hebrew kahal of the Old Testament , both words meaning simply an assembly , the character of which can only be known from the connection in which the word is found . There is no clear instance of its being used for a place of meeting or of worship , although in post - apostolic times it early received this meaning . " Easton ' s Bible Dictionary The courts have ruled that " The word ' church ' is used interchangeably to designate a society of persons who profess the Christian religion and the place where such persons regularly assemble for worship . " The word in Latin for is also , so even the Latin retained this word . When we know what the word means , how can we take something unclean , such as " The Church , " and make it clean ( Job 14 : 4 ) ? We ca n ' t . So , most bible translators have interpreted the Greek word as Church , but has nothing to do with the word Church ! Every word study and reference available all agree that the word Church does not come from the original Koine Greek word , but comes from a late Greek word , which has a totally different meaning ! So we must ask ourselves this question : " Why do bibles falsely use the word church in place of the Christ ' s ? " Churches are Businesses All Churches , including the incorporated Church , unincorporated Church , unregistered Church , etc . , are under the jurisdiction of man . These Churches define themselves in particular ways that you do not find in scripture . In other words , Christ did not define his ekklesia to be those things . These designations were created by the natural man , because Christ never defines His to be incorporated or unincorporated . The laws of man have jurisdiction over the Church because they are man - made terms , and man has jurisdiction over man - made things . Whoever creates something is the same who controls something , and he retains the authority and the power to alter or destroy at will . So , if man creates an organization , no matter what he calls it , then man controls it . If God creates an organization , then He is the one who should control it . If a church is incorporated by the State , they are legally defined as a business . And they are doing business on the so - called " Lord ' s day , " which is prohibited by God . One of the evidences to show that they are truly a business , even if they are not incorporated , is that they want the money up front . In other words , they pass the plate before they even preach the Word of God . That ' s limited liability on their part , that ' s business , that ' s commercial activity , that ' s selling the word of God . In other words , " I have the money up front , and if you do n ' t like what I have to say , too bad . Even if I do n ' t preach the Word of God , too bad . It does n ' t matter , I already got my money . Besides , you wo n ' t know any different because I ' m going to throw " Jesus Christ " in there now and then to make it ' sound ' good . It ' ll look just like the Pharisees One of the original reasons for incorporating back in 1810 were things like , " I ' m a pastor and I need a salary . I do n ' t want to be paid by fee anymore . I want my guarantee of making a living at this . " Which is directly against scripture . We ' re not supposed to make a living from the Gospel . Paul made tents ! That calling was used to get him across from place to place to preach the gospel . Paul did not run up to people and say sin if you do not give them money ( tithe ) . What you hear from modern pulpits is nothing more than what ' s called a sophist , which means " one who preaches ethics for payment . " The Gospel is a life ( 1 Corinthians 9 : 14 ) . If you are living the gospel , how do you make money off it ? If you ' re living something you ca n ' t charge for it , because people see the witness that you bear , because you see and do things differently . A State Church is a Church that is recognized by the State , serves the State , provides revenue for the State , and serves a public purpose that is not contrary to established public policy . State Churches are registered with the State , with tax identification numbers . State Churches are producers of revenue for the State by paying taxes to assure the alleged solvency of the tax system . Taxable organizations are answerable to the government , open to the inspection and dictates of the government . State Churches are agents of the State by confiscating and Acts 7 : 44 - 52 is what Stephen preached just before being stoned to death . He said that God " dwelleth not in temples made with hands " ( Acts 7 : 48 ) . In other words , God does not dwell in " Churches " or any other buildings , our body is now the temple of God , and the Spirit of God dwells within us ( Romans 8 : 9 - 11 , 1 Corinthians 3 : 16 , 17 ; 6 : 19 - 20 , 2 Corinthians 6 : 16 , Revelation 21 : 3 ) . Believers are now " God ' s building " ( 1 Corinthians 3 : 9 , 1 Peter 2 : 5 , Ephesians 2 : body in spirit and truth ( John 4 : 23 - 24 , 1 Corinthians 6 : 20 ) , not in buildings made with man ' s hands . Hosea 8 : 6 , " . . .the workman made it ; therefore it is not God . " Isaiah 17 : 7 - 8 , " At that day shall a man look to his Maker , and his eyes shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel . And he shall not look to the altars , the work of his hands , neither shall respect that which his fingers have made . . . " We should not localize God : Acts 7 : 49 , " Heaven is my throne , and earth is my footstool : what house will ye build me ? saith the Lord : or what is the place of my rest ? " 1 Kings 8 : 27 , " โฆ behold , the heaven and heaven of heavens can not contain thee ; how much less this house that I have builded ? " Internal Revenue Service The Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service has available to the public Publication 1828 , entitled " Tax Guide for Churches and Other Religious Organizations . " The following excerpts are from page three of this publication . In this publication , it explains why and how the IRS acquires jurisdiction over Churches , whether they are incorporated or not . The term " church " is not specifically defined in the Internal Revenue Code . However , because special tax rules apply to churches , it is important to distinguish churches from other religious organizations . Christ did not start a " religious organization . " He did not start a religion . There is only one religion that His followers are to engage in . James 1 : 27 , " Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this , To visit orphans and widows in their tribulation , and to keep oneself unspotted from the world . " What Christ taught was from the " beginning , " it did not start 2,000 years ago . Certain characteristics are generally attributed to churches . These attributes have been developed by the IRS and by court decisions . They include : Notice these have been developed by " court decisions . " So we have everyone going to law with one another ( 1 Corinthians 6 : 1 - 8 ) , which scripture condemns . And through courts , the natural man defines exactly what a church is . The following is what the natural man has jurisdiction over ( because he created all of the following characteristics ) . Here are the 14 characteristics . a ) A distinct legal existence In other words , that which has " legal personality . " For example , if it has a name ( i.e. FIRST COMMUNITY BAPTIST CHURCH ) , and if it hangs a sign outside the church , it has a distinct " legal existence " ) . You do not find anywhere in scripture where any follower of Christ " named " some building and put a sign outside advertising themselves or their beliefs . All they did was speak and act according to God ' s Truth . b ) A recognized creed and form of worship This would be putting down on paper , and formally organizing it , and having everyone agree to it . It ' s something you do n ' t find in scripture . Our " creed and form of worship " is already in scripture ; we do n ' t have to re - state it . c ) A definite and distinct ecclesiastical government None of these line up with scripture . You do n ' t find a " distinct ecclesiastical government " in scripture . When you see the government of the Christ ' s assembly in the New Testament , it is not " definite and distinct , " it is " however the Lord moves you ! " There ' s no organization to it . The problem is whenever men try to organize things , they actually go against God because He has already put everything in order . Now , we do have guidelines for conduct in the assembly , but those are His guidelines , not ours . And the problem with the church is that they design their own " definite and distinct ecclesiastical government , " and that ' s why we have the Baptists , the Catholics , etc . They all have different forms . So obviously , all these organizations are doing according to their own will and not according to God , otherwise none of them would be different ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 12 - 13 ) . God is d ) A formal code of doctrine and discipline They ' re re - stating scripture , and each denomination has a different code and doctrine . They ' re divided ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 12 - 13 ) . e ) A distinct religious history All denominations have a distinct religious history . Each one of these distinct religious churches have their own literature to promote their own denomination . f ) A membership not associated with any other church or denomination In other words , they do n ' t consider themselves part of the Christ ' s whole lawful assembly . They have their own little world they live in and they ' re no part of anything else . They adhere to that particular denomination , not to Christ ' s words . And they are not brothers with all others , they ' ve set themselves apart and said , " this is the kind of government we want . " It has to do with self - will . g ) An organization of ordained ministers Notice the word " organization , " and who are the ministers ordained by ? Are they ordained by God or by man ? And when you see a pastor with several letters after his name , he is a minister ordained by man . Now , he may be ordained by God also , but if you look to the ordination of men and put that after your name , you ' re a man of letters , and Christ was not a man of letters ( John 7 : 15 ) . So , Christ was not formally h ) Ordained ministers selected after completing prescribed courses of study Ministers are run through the seminaries and their consciences are seared according to seminary doctrine ( 1 Timothy 4 : 2 ) . This does not mean there can be no repentance , or that the Spirit of God ca n ' t move them . Some pastors say , " Well , that is n ' t what I was taught in seminary , so I ca n ' t hear that , I ca n ' t listen to you . " They look to the seminary for truth . Then there ' s the other pastors who admit that their minds were polluted , but they try to keep it clean by washing it with the water of the Word ( Ephesians 5 : 26 ) . We all get polluted in the world . We have to hold up His truth as our standard to weigh everything and judge everything . If you do n ' t , you fall into error . i ) A literature of its own Churches have literature to express their particular doctrine to bring you into their particular denomination so they can number you . Many churches put the numbers of how many they have in their congregation up on the wall . This was a sin of David ( 2 Samuel 18 : 1 ; 24 : 10 , 1 Chronicles 21 : 17 ) . If you put the numbers up for your own prideful reasons , or your own esteem of your church , then you ' re doing it for the wrong reasons . You should do it because God Numbering in itself is not a sin , but disobedience to God is , or not acknowledging Him in all our ways and letting Him direct our paths ( Proverbs 3 : 5 - 7 ) . That ' s the sin . Even in the New Testament books it says how three thousand people were added to the Christ ' s assembly that day ( Acts 2 : 41 ) , but they were n ' t bragging about it , they were simply showing how powerfully the Spirit moved . They did n ' t say , " j ) Established place of worship You ' ll notice in scripture that Christ and the apostles never went to an " established place " to preach to the people . They did not have any one particular place of worshipping over and over . They preached in general everywhere ! An " established place of worship " is not of God ( Acts 7 : 48 ; 17 : 24 , Romans 8 : 9 - 11 , 1 Corinthians 3 : 16 - 17 ; 6 : 19 - 20 , 2 Corinthians 6 : 16 , Revelation 21 : 3 ) . A k ) Regular congregations Already covered in the comments to letter " i " above . l ) Regular religious service Such as that religious service every Sunday morning ( the so - called " Christian Sabbath " ) . During the " Lord ' s Sabbath , " there are no " religious services " involved . There ' s no " vain repetitions " ( Matthew 6 : 7 ) . We are brought together for His purpose , by Him . Otherwise , if you systematize everything , you ' re into habits , and you ' re no better than the animals . m ) " Sunday schools " for the religious instruction of the young We ' re back to the schools of Tyrannus ( Acts 19 : 9 ) . Families are commanded to bring up their young ones " in the nurture and admonition of the Lord " ( Ephesians 6 : 4 ) . We are not supposed to have someone else bring them up ! n ) Schools for the preparation of its ministers Schools are in competition with other schools , and with other congregations . When you are in competition with others , you ' re at war with them . Although the foregoing list is not all - inclusive , and not all the attributes must be present in every case , these characteristics , together with other facts and circumstances , are generally used to determine whether an organization constitutes a church for federal tax purposes . So , when you engage in one or more of these , you ' re going to be coming under the tax codes because you ' re engaging in another law . This other law is a private law run by the natural man . It is not the Law of God . Your Questions Answered I disagree with your proposition that the Bible does n ' t teach that people should meet together at " church " . Church is simply a group " called out " or gathered apart . The evidence does not bear this out . A people " called out " , or " gathered apart " , is called a " convocation , assembly , or congregation " in scripture ; these terms refer to people . However , the word " Church " is defined as a place ( physical building ) , and not as a people . That is the difference . Now , a group of people may go to a Church building to worship God , but the Church building itself is not the people ; the Church building itself is not the called out ones . The people in the Church may be the called our ones , but not the physical building itself . The early Bible Christians could n ' t worship in buildings because they did n ' t have any and they could n ' t afford it . But if they could have they would have . Actually , the scripture does tell us that believers in Christ worshipped in buildings . But it is not called " Church , " it is called a synagogue . The word " assembly " in James 2 : 2 , and the word " congregation " in Acts 13 : 43 , is translated from the Greek word sunagoge , which is translated as " synagogue " in all 56 other places that it appears in the New Testament books . Christ ' s followers were still using synagogues . The phrase " assembling together " in Hebrews 10 : 25 , and the phrase " gathering together " in 2 Thessalonians 2 : 1 , is translated from the Greek word episunagoge , which is very interesting : . The prefix epi means " upon " , and the rest of this word is sunagoge , the exact same word used for synagogue everywhere else in the Bible . You see , the apostles were all still worshipping in synagogues ! That is what scripture calls it ; not Churches . I am not saying we should go to synagogues today , but the proper name for a building of worship is synagogue , because that is the term scripture uses to describe a place of to worship God Almighty . The word " Church " is really from pagan origin . Besides , wherever two or three are gathered , that is where Christ will be in the midst of them . | [
"Ekklesia",
"Meaning",
"bibles"
] |
http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/bravais.htm | Bravais lattices The Bravais lattices Cubic lattices The simple cubic lattice body centered cubic lattice face centered diamond lattice zincblende lattice The Bravais lattices r = k + l + m Name Number of Bravais lattices Conditions Triclinic 1 a ยน a ยน a a ยน b ยน g Monoclinic 2 a = b = 90 ยฐ Orthorhombic 4 = = 90 ยฐ Tetragonal 2 = a = 90 ยฐ Cubic 3 = a Trigonal 1 < 120 ยฐ 90 ยฐ Hexagonal = 90 ยฐ = 120 ยฐ Cubic lattices Lattice type Number of lattice points / atoms per unit cell Nearest distance between lattice points Maximum packing density Example Simple cubic 1 / 1 p / 6 = 52 % Phosphor Body centered cubic 2 / 2 ร 3 / 2 pร 3 / 8 = 68 % Tungsten Face centered cubic 4 / 4 ร 2 / 2 pร 2 / 3 = 74 % Aluminum Diamond 4 / 8 Nearest distance between atoms : 3 / 4 3 / 16 = 34 % Silicon Cubic lattices have the highest degree of symmetry of any Bravais lattice . They belong to the ( m3m ) symmetry group which contains the following symmetry groups and operations : Identity 1 Three equivalent axis of two - fold rotation 3 [ 2 [ 100 ] , [ 010 ] , [ 001 ] Six equivalent axis of four - fold rotation 6 [ 4 [ 100 ] , [ 010 , [ 001 ] , [ - 100 ] , [ 0 - 10 ] , [ 00 - 1 ] Six equivalent axis of two - fold rotation 6 [ 2 ] [ 110 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 011 ] , [ 1 - 10 ] , [ 10 - 1 ] , [ 01 - 1 ] Eight equivalent axis of three - fold rotation 8 [ 3 ] [ 111 ] , [ 11 - 1 ] , [ 1 - 11 ] , [ - 111 ] , [ - 1 - 1 - 1 ] , [ - 1 - 11 ] , [ - 11 - 1 ] , [ 1 - 1 - 1 ] Inversion - 1 Three equivalent mirror planes 3 [ m [ 100 ] , [ 010 ] , [ 001 ] of four - fold rotation with inversion 6 [ - 4 ] [ 100 ] , [ 010 , [ 001 ] , [ - 100 ] , [ 0 - 10 ] , [ 00 - 1 ] Six equivalent mirror planes 6 [ m ] [ 110 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 011 ] , [ 1 - 10 ] , [ 10 - 1 ] , [ 01 - 1 ] Eight equivalent axis of three - fold rotation with inversion 8 [ - 3 ] [ 111 ] , [ 11 - 1 ] , [ 1 - 11 ] , [ - 111 ] , [ - 1 - 1 - 1 ] , [ - 1 - 11 ] , [ - 11 - 1 ] , [ 1 - 1 - 1 ] Note that the ( m3m ) symmetry group is the highest possible symmetry group associated with a cubic crystal . A limited symmetry of the basis ( the arrangment of atoms associated with each lattice point ) can yield a lower overall symmetry group of the crystal . Simple cubic lattice Body centered cubic lattice Face centered cubic lattice Diamond lattice Zincblende lattice | [
"Bravais lattices",
"Cubic lattices",
"Simple cubic lattice"
] |
http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2013/07/what-and-how-do-sea-urchins-eat-sea.html | Tuesday , July 9 , 2013 What ( and How ) do Sea Urchins Eat ? Sea Urchin Feeding Roundup ! from Wikipedia ! SEA URCHINS ! Who does n ' t love em ? The spiny balls of the sea ! We eat em ! They ' re important to marine ecosystems all around the world ! They ' re often visually stunning and they do all sorts of neat and wacky things ! But sometimes I get ahead of myself and forget the basics ! Basic questions that everyone has are n ' t often obvious and so this week a quick summary overview : What and How do sea urchins eat ? ? ? ( for info on starfish feeding see this Urchins feed primarily with a unique jaw - like structure known as Aristotle ' s lantern . It looks like this in most urchins but is modified in so - called " Irregular " urchins such as sand dollars , sea biscuits and etc . A bit about this here . Here is the jaw in action , with the tips being extended from the mouth as the animal rasps away on the bottom it lives on . . . For the FULL effect go here to LISTEN as the urchins graze : teeth to reef . . HERE is the accompanying summary account & background . Believe it or not . Sea urchins have among the most diverse feeding modes within the Echinodermata . Here is a roundup . . . COUNTING DOWN ! 5 . Herbivores and Grazing This is the one everybody knows about and the feeding mode with which most people are most familiar . Many sea urchins prefer kelp and various other seaweeds and marine " plants . " There are several species found in cold - temperate water habitats . . California , New Zealand , Chile . . to name a few , and all these places have sea urchin species in abundance . Here is the famous purple sea urchin , Strongylocentrotus purpuratus engaged in some kelp feeding ! Image by Todd Jackowski Urchins are ecologically important in kelp forests . Removal of predators ( and control of the population ) can lead to a circumstance known as " urchin barrens " where sea urchin abundance goes out of control . In those circumstances , even sea urchin poop can become a serious consideration ( here Here is a nice Shape of Life video that shows feeding by the Purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Echinoderms : Urchin Time - lapse : Eating Kelp from Shape of Life on Vimeo Note that while many sea urchins feed primarily on kelp , they are not obligated to do so . Their diet permits them some nutritional flexibility . . . . . 4 . Omnivory and Scavenging Most people ( even several biologists ) do n ' t realize that sea urchins can be pretty flexible in their diet . If kelp is n ' t available , they will obtain whatever nutrition happens to be available . Some large examples of food here , but feeding also includes microalgae ( such as diatoms ) , encrusting algae , moss animals ( i.e. bryozoans ) and etc . Here we have what Strongylocentrotus spp . in the Arctic or sub Arctic feeding on what looks like a wayward or moribund jellyfish . . Image by Alexander Semenov And in the tropical Indo - Pacific ( Lembeh , Indonesia ) , Astropyga radiata is feeding on some nice dead fish ( and who does n ' t like a nice dead fish every so often ? ) Image by Christian Loader Up until recently though , feeding in sea urchins has been thought to be relatively passive and opportunistic . Whatever comes along is good to go ! Most people do n ' t think of sea urchins as aggressively chasing down and pursuing ACTIVE prey . . . This notion was recently shown to be incorrect . . . 3 . Predation Probably one of the most dramatic deep - sea / paleontology events in the last few years was the discovery that , not only could stalked crinoids ( echinoderms with a ring of feeding tentacles and a stalk ) crawl BUT they did so with some urgency ! It turns out that they were running from Cidaroid SEA URCHINS . I ' ve written up these papers here Calocidaris - a cidaroid urchin . Image by D . Pawson This predatory act was observed on video between shallow water species . Here is a shallow water cidaroid urchin attacking a feather star . . . WARNING ! Those who do not wish to watch crinoids being brutalized and devoured should avert their eyes ! Further evidence on deep - sea crinoid skeletal pieces is here . That notch is a scar left over from where an Aristotle ' s Lantern has gotten to this animal . . . Urchin bite on a crinoid stem by T . Baumiller There have a lso been recent accounts that leaving sea urchins in large numbers under artificial circumstances ( sea urchin farms ) leads to cannibalis m ! ( here Sea Urchins eating OTHER Sea Urchins ! ! 2 . Deposit Feeding / Sediment Feeding Whew ! That was quite a violent section for sea urchins , was n ' t it ? ? ? Let ' s go to something a bit more majestic ! One of the NEATEST stories in sea urchin evolution is how a major sub group , the " irregularia " aka the sand dollars , sea biscuits , and spatangoid ( ' heart urchins ' ) sea urchins all evolved from a more open lifestyle with the feeding modes shown above ( herbivory , predation , omnivory ) to a specialized series of body forms that involve plowing through sediment / mud / sand in order to obtain food . Deposit or sediment feeding . A more involved post of this story can be found in this post . Feeding in these animals is intrinsically connected with their life mode and body shape . Here are some videos that show some of these animals plowing through sand . . .sometimes just to get around but maybe also to feed ? Japanese sand dollar plowing through sand . . . but check out the food going to the mouth at 1 : 05 Note all the spines moving through the sediment . . . Again . . check out the spines ! 1 . Filter / Suspension Feeding So , now that I just got done telling you that sand dollars and their relatives are deposit feeders . . I will immediately point out the exception ! Perhaps the most UNUSUAL feeding mode in sea urchins is filter feeding , i.e. , obtaining food from water currents using some kind of sieve or screen . Urchin morphology tends to be . . .counterproductive where this sort of feeding is concerned . . Except in TWO unusual examples . . . . . Dendraster excentricus is the so - called " Eccentric Sand Dollar " which lives along the west coast of North America . So named for the very erratic pattern of its feeding grooves on the oral surface . Image by fiveinchpixie Image by Peter_r Note an oddity in its feeding posture . . these animals are tilted at an angle into the water current standing on its " side " in the sand . Other sand dollars such as the ones listed under # 3 lie flat on the sandy bottom . Dendraster uses its tube feet , pedicellariae and spines to pass along food caught from the water currents to the mouth . . More info on this species to be found . . This is a pretty commonly encountered animal , but really when you look at them in this fashion , they are freaky deaky ! Dermechinus horridus So yes . Saved the BEST for last ! Dermechinus horridus is a strange deep - sea sea urchin which has a body , literally shaped like a cactus , with sharp , needle - like spines to boot ! It is among the oddest of the sea urchins known . Image by NIWA But what ' s even more strange ? Its been postulated that this species captures food from the water ! ! In other words . . .a suspension feeder ! ( I wrote this up here ) Here is some of the FIRST available video of this species in its natural habitat occurring next to brisingids , which are suspension feeding asteroids . . . And although I do n ' t wish to steal his thunder , let ' s just say that info from a recent International Echinoderm Conference presents some intriguing possibilities ! Image by NIWA Spiny balls ! Predators ! Diggers ! Eaters of Kelp and Purveyors of fine watery nutriton ! Huzzah ! Posted by ChrisM at 9 : 31 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Aristotle ' s lantern Dendraster deposit feeding feeding modes predation sand dollars sea urchin 9 comments : Anonymous said . . . what eats the sea urchin ? BE SPECIFIC ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! April 27 , 2015 at 2 : 26 PM ChrisM said . . . which species ? If you ' re gonna be specific you ' ll have to be specific ! April 27 , 2015 at 2 : 38 PM Katrin C said . . . This was a really helpful article . I ' ve only just started keeping a marine aquarium in my home , and I have only two ( so far ) urchins in it - - I was concerned about their apparent habitual predation on some of my snails , but after reading your article , I ' m not as concerned . I guess the urchins are feeding off the shells , not the snails themselves . Thank you for posting this information - - I quite enjoyed reading all of it . July 30 , 2015 at 10 : 50 AM Debra Mitchell My shorts pined sea urchin went inside my HOB filter . Do you think he was searching for food ? I moved him back into the tank and he seems to be fine . October 17 , 2015 at 1 : 31 PM Debra Mitchell That ' s short spine sea urchin Autocorrect changed my entry October 17 , 2015 at 1 : 32 PM Its hard to say . Could have been food or maybe some other factor like water current . October 17 , 2015 at 1 : 40 PM Thank you . I think I ' ll clip some seaweed on the other side of the tank to encourage it to hang out over there . October 17 , 2015 at 1 : 47 PM Sally Sivewright Hi Chris Thanks for the interesting post , I have always been fascinated by echinoderms and urchins in particular . On a recent snorkel , I photographed a small collection of Cape urchins ( Parechinus angulosus ) off one of the beaches in Cape Town , South Africa . These urchins were surrounded and covered by the egg cases from a puffadder shyshark ( Haploblepharus edwardsii ) and I just assumed that they were placed there by their mother . I did though wonder at the number of egg cases ( approximately 9 ) in such close proximity to each other as Many thanks Sally January 3 , 2017 at 1 : 02 AM The natural history / ecology of this region is poorly understood and much remains to be learned . Based on what you ' ve told me there are several interpretations of your observations . Urchins sometimes " decorate " themselves with adjacent debris and other items to protect themselves from UV or yes . .it could be possible the sharks put them there . And as you ' ve suggested its also possible the urchins are simply feeding . Its difficult to say . .especially without having seen the image . Much of this would depend on the posture of Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) About Me ChrisM Washington , D.C. , United States I pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . Support has been courtesy of the National Science Foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . Need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? Please contact me ! View my complete profile Echinoblog Social Media The Echinoblog Twitter Feed ! 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"The Echinoblog",
"Herbivores and Grazing",
"Omnivory and Scavenging"
] |
http://ecigarette-research.com/web/index.php/research/2014/178-da-ap | Details Created on Tuesday , 02 September 2014 11 : 34 A new study verifies the lower risk - potential of e - cigarettes but identifies an avoidable risk A new study was published today in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research , evaluating the presence of two inhalation toxins ( diacetyl and acetyl propionyl ) in e - cigarette liquids . Researchers , led by Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos from the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center in Athens - Greece , obtained 159 e - liquid samples ( all sweet - flavoured ) from 36 manufactures and 7 countries ( 6 European and the US ) . They tested them for the presence of diacetyl and acetyl propionyl . These two chemicals are ingredients of flavourings and , although safe for use in food , have been associated with the development of respiratory The study found that 74.2 % of the samples contained either diacetyl or acetyl propionyl , with more samples containing diacetyl . The levels were on average slightly lower than currently - established safety limits ( set by NIOSH ) , but more than 40 % of the samples had higher than safety levels . Of note , the highest amount of diacetyl found was 495 times higher than safety limits , while for acetyl propionyl it was 22 times higher . Tobacco cigarettes smoke contains both compounds , at levels 100 times higher for diacetyl and 10 times higher In the full text of the manuscript , the authors explain that the main problem caused by diacetyl exposure is a decline in respiratory function characterized by a decline in a spirometry parameter ( FEV 1 ) . Bronchiolitis obliterans ( โ popcorn lung disease โ ) is a rare condition , even in cases of exposure to high levels of diacetyl . The cut - off level of risk calculated by NIOSH for the safety limit is for 1 in 1000 chance of suffering reduced lung function associated with lifelong diacetyl exposure , which is a very conservative estimation . However , many samples contained levels much higher than safety limits . Moreover , unlike tobacco cigarettes where these chemicals are produced during the combustion process , in e - cigarettes they are used as โ The study is important because it confirms the lower risk potential of e - cigarettes compared to smoking but also identifies an avoidable risk โ said leading author Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos . He added : โ We expect to see appropriate action taken by the e - cigarette industry to remove this small but unnecessary risk , making the products even safer than they currently are โ . It is important to emphasise that only sweet flavours were selected in this study because these are most probable to contain these chemicals . Thus , it is expected that the overall prevalence of diacetyl and acetyl propionyl in all flavour - types is lower . The authors did not suggest that any flavours should be removed from the market but recommended analytical testing of the flavourings and reformulation of those containing diacetyl and acetyl propionyl . In conclusion , this study has contributed significantly in establishing e - cigarettes as less harmful to smoking alternatives , while the identification of a small but avoidable risk will alert the industry to resolve this issue permanently and effectively . | [
"lower risk-potential",
"e-cigarettes",
"inhalation toxins"
] |
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