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http://educationcareerarticles.com/career-information/job-descriptions/how-to-become-an-emergency-room-technician/ | How to Become an Emergency Room Technician Job Descriptions November 12 , 2012 Physicians and nurses working in the emergency room depend on specialized assistance provided by emergency room technicians . They are involved in the administration of tests and provide assistance with therapeutic procedures and diagnostic examinations . Emergency room technicians can get trained by completing certificate programs that are offered at many schools . Education Requirements Prospective emergency room technicians may seek enrollment for training at community colleges and other post - secondary institutions . Enrolled candidates at these schools have to be at least 18 years of age and must possess a high school diploma or equivalent academic qualification . Before they enroll and participate in externship programs , the aspiring emergency room technicians may have to complete other pre - requisite conditions , as for instance , having to show proof on any immunizations ; they need to agree to a background check for any criminal convictions . Education requirements to work as emergency room technicians may vary in different states . Before you work in some hospitals , aspiring technicians need to successfully taken a certification exam . Emergency room technician certificate programs are offered by many schools , some have associate degree programs . The coursework includes training in trauma treatment , emergency childbirth , physiology , anatomy , cardiac and respiratory care . The completion of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) and emergency medical technician ( EMT ) training programs may be required of emergency room technicians . Externship Programs Apart from lab studies and coursework , potential emergency room technicians may be required to obtain hands - on experience via externship programs . Such externships are usually supervised programs conducted at local medical facilities and devised to let students experience in hospital settings in regards to what they have learned during the course . Procedures practiced are likely to include interpretation of EKG outputs and insertion of catheters . Job Profile of Emergency Room Technicians The work of emergency room technicians that are supervised by doctors and nurses includes the provision of support services to staff and patients . In order to achieve this they ’ ll do clerical work and conduct medical procedures . Their duties typically involve taking blood samples , suturing of lacerations , hooking patients up to medical devices , preparing patients for procedures and generally assisting doctors with examinations of patients . They are accountable for the maintenance and care of specific medical equipment . Wage Potential of Emergency Room Technicians In 2010 , certified emergency room technicians earned an average hourly wage ranging between $ 9.52 and $ 17.65 . Their annual salary can exceed $ 41,000 depending on their training and experience ( Statistics source : Payscale . com ) . Thank you for sharing your preferences . You can find other options through our sponsored listings below ! Show My Options Search Sponsored Listings Quick Fact In 2017 , workers with a bachelor ' s degree or higher had almost twice as much median earnings per week than workers with only a high school diploma * . * Bureau of Labor Statistics | [
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http://educationcareerarticles.com/education-articles/higher-education-articles/five-good-personality-traits-for-nurses/ | Five Good Personality Traits for Nurses Higher Education Articles July 23 , 2013 So you are thinking of becoming a nurse ? Take it from us – medical jobs are on the rise , so you are wise to give the profession a gander . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the nursing profession is growing by twenty - six percent that is faster than the average job , so you will likely have no shortage of opportunity . To be a nurse , however , you will first need to complete several years worth of schooling , a residency program to gain real - world experience as well as gain certification . While the aforementioned are required of any nurse , there are also intangibles that make a good nurse , such as personality traits . So if you are truly serious about going into the nursing profession , know that while there are academic requirements to meet , there is also a number of good personality characteristics that help make a great nurse . Here is a Calmness : A big part of being a nurse is being cool , calm and collected . As a nurse , you are likely to see some disturbing things and potentially deal with life - threatening situations and even death . Things are bound to get tense and hectic at times , and when a patient is freaking out , the last thing he or she wants to see is a nurse freaking out too . What ’ s more is that as long as you are acting in a calm and confident manner , chances are those around you will follow Confidence : No doctor is going to like working with a nurse that is not sure about certain things . Just imagine how a patient might perceive you if you are not confident in what you are doing . You went to school and gained all this valuable experience for a reason – so make sure it shows . Communicate with your patients and tell them exactly why what you are doing is necessary and be there to authoritatively answer any questions the patient may have . Remember , you are a professional , so it is important to act like it Patience : This personality trait goes hand - in - hand with compassion . Not only is patience important in terms of dealing with co - workers and family members , but in dealing with the patients as well . For instance , most times patients can be frustrated as to why they are not immediately getting better or why doctors are unable to diagnose symptoms . They may also grow upset when a doctor orders more tests to diagnose a medical condition . This is where patience truly comes in handy , especially for registered nurses who work twelve - hour Leadership : Nurses are , essentially , there to care for a patient until a doctor is necessary or to assist a doctor . Nurses also are responsible for a large amount of administrative work and paper work when it comes to patients . By being organized and prepared , a nurse can set an example for the rest of the staff on the best way to complete tasks and jobs . Nurses with strong leadership skills may also volunteer to serve on boards or groups to develop new policies and plans for hospitals and other working conditions . Compassion : This is arguably the most important personality characteristic that a nurse can portray . As a registered nurse , you are likely to see a lot of different injuries and scenarios play out among patients that have been admitted to the hospital . And , it should come as no surprise that you will have to be accustomed to working with people in pain , who may become frustrated or agitated with their symptoms . You should be able to empathize with your patients . This reassures them that you care about treating them back to full health 2 Program ( s ) Found Liberty University , Online Visit www . libertyuniversity . edu Visit School Site » Liberty University provides a worldclass education from a christ - centered worldview 100 % online programs at associate , bachelor ’ s , master ’ s , and doctoral levels No standardized testing if student meets admission requirements Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges 95 % of Liberty University students receive some form of financial aid Accredited Online Courses Financial Aid Transferable Credits Education Connection – Online / Campus Nursing Degree Programs , Online Visit www . EducationConnection . com / Nursing Visit School Site » Education Connection is a 100 % Free College Matching Service used by 50,000 People Daily . Affordable and Flexible Nursing Degree Programs from Top Colleges Across the Nation . Both Online And Campus ! You Can Find Nursing , RN to BSN , LVN / LPN Degree Programs and More . Just Fill Out a Few Questions and Get Matched to Your Perfect Nursing Degree Program Within Minutes . Start Using our Fast , Free , and Easy Matching Service Right HERE and Right NOW ! Online Courses OnlineColleges Visit https : / / find . onlinecolleges . com Find Online Schools . 100 % Online Accredited Courses Get Matched to Programs In A Few Clicks ! Earn an Affordable Degree from Home at your own pace Get College info today . Its Free and Easy ! 2 Program ( s ) Found Liberty University Visit www . libertyuniversity . edu Liberty University provides a worldclass education from a christ - centered worldview 100 % online programs at associate , bachelor ’ s , master ’ s , and doctoral levels No standardized testing if student meets admission requirements Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges 95 % of Liberty University students receive some form of financial aid Accredited Financial Aid Transferable Credits Education Connection – Online / Campus Nursing Degree Programs Visit www . EducationConnection . com / Nursing Education Connection is a 100 % Free College Matching Service used by 50,000 People Daily . Affordable and Flexible Nursing Degree Programs from Top Colleges Across the Nation . Both Online And Campus ! You Can Find Nursing , RN to BSN , LVN / LPN Degree Programs and More . Just Fill Out a Few Questions and Get Matched to Your Perfect Nursing Degree Program Within Minutes . Start Using our Fast , Free , and Easy Matching Service Right HERE and Right NOW ! OnlineColleges Visit https : / / find . onlinecolleges . com Find Online Schools . 100 % Online Accredited Courses Get Matched to Programs In A Few Clicks ! Earn an Affordable Degree from Home at your own pace Get College info today . Its Free and Easy ! | [
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http://educationedgeca.blogspot.com/2016/11/education-edge-pmp-pmbok-week-5-office_11.html | Education Edge PMP PMBOK Week 8 Office Read - Procurement Knowledge Area Procurement Knowledge Area Project Procurement Management includes the processes necessary to purchase or acquire products , services , or results needed from outside the project team . Project Procurement Management includes the contract management and change control processes . Contracts are legal documents between a buyer and a seller . A contract represents a mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide something of value and obligates the buyer to provide monetary or other valuable compensation . An agreement can be simple or complex , and may reflect the simplicity or complexity of the deliverables or required effort . Contracts are a method of transferring risk for a fee ( a strategy used in Risk Response Planning ) . A complex project may involve managing multiple contracts or subcontracts simultaneously or in sequence . Fixed - price contracts involve setting a fixed total price for a defined product , service , or result to be provided . In a Firm Fixed Price Contracts ( FFP ) the price for goods is set at the outset and not subject to change unless the scope of work changes . The most commonly used contract type is the FFP Fixed Price Incentive Fee Contracts ( FPIF ) gives the buyer and seller some flexibility in that it allows for deviation from performance , with financial incentives tied to achieving agreed upon metrics . Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts ( FP - EPA ) is used whenever the seller ’ s performance period spans a considerable period of years , as is desired with many long - term relationships Project . Cost - reimbursable contracts involve payments ( cost reimbursements ) to the seller for all legitimate actual costs incurred for completed work , plus a fee representing seller profit . In a Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contracts ( CPFF ) the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work , and receives a fixed - fee payment calculated as a percentage of the initial estimated project costs . Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contracts ( CPIF ) the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work and receives a predetermined incentive fee based upon achieving certain performance objectives as set forth in the contract . Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts ( CPAF ) the seller is reimbursed for all legitimate costs , but the majority of the fee is earned only based on the satisfaction of certain broad subjective performance criteria defined and incorporated into the contract . Time and material contracts are a hybrid type of contractual arrangement . Time and material contracts are often used for staff augmentation , acquisition of experts , and any outside support when a precise statement of work can not be quickly prescribed . Seller has the cost risk in a Fixed - Price Contract . Buyer has the cost risk in a Cost - reimbursable Contract . RFP ( Request for Proposal or Request for Tender ) - requests a price and details . IFB ( Invitation for Bid or Request for Bid ) - requests one price for all the work . RFQ ( Request for Quote ) - requests a price quote per item , on hourly or per unit basis . The knowledge area of Project Procurement Management consists of the following four processes : Process Name Project Management Process Group Key Deliverables Plan Procurement Management Planning Procurement Management Plan Procurement Statement of Work Source Selection Criteria Make - or - Buy Decision Conduct Procurements Executing Selected Sellers Agreements Control Procurements Monitoring and Controlling Work Performance Information Change Requests Close Procurements Closing Closed Procurements Plan Procurement Management is the process of documenting project procurement decisions , specifying the approach , and identifying potential sellers . The key benefit of this process is that it determines whether to acquire outside support , and if so : what to acquire how to acquire it how much is needed when to acquire it The company or person who purchases the services or goods is called “ buyer ” . The seller may be identified as a contractor , subcontractor , vendor , service provider , or supplier . Many companies are a buyer in one procurement and a seller in another . Formal procurement policies , procedures , and guidelines are part or Organizational Process Assets . A make - or - buy analysis is a general management technique used to determine whether particular work can best be accomplished by the project team or should be purchased from outside sources . The Plan Procurement Management process includes evaluating the risks involved with each make - or - buy analysis . Expert purchasing judgment can also be used to develop or modify the criteria that will be used to evaluate seller proposals . Market research includes examination of industry and specific vendor capabilities . The procurement management plan is a component of the project management plan that describes how a project team will acquire goods and services from outside the performing organization . statement of work ( SOW ) for each procurement is developed from the project scope baseline and defines only that portion of the project scope that is to be included within the related contract . Source selection criteria are developed and used to rate or score seller proposals , and can be objective or subjective . The Inputs , Tools and Techniques and Output of Plan Procurement Management process are given below : Project Management Plan Make - or - Buy Analysis Procurement Management Plan Requirements Documentation Expert Judgment Procurement Statement of Work Risk Register Market Research Procurement Documents Activity Resource Requirements Meetings Source Selection Criteria Project Schedule Make - or - Buy Decisions Activity Cost Estimates Change Requests Stakeholder Register Project Documents updates Enterprise Environmental Factors Organizational Process Assets Conduct Procurements is the process of obtaining seller responses , selecting a seller , and awarding a contract . During the Conduct Procurements process : 1 . The team will receive bids or proposals 2 . The team will apply previously defined selection criteria 3 . The team will select one or more sellers who are qualified to perform the work and acceptable as a seller Seller proposals , prepared in response to a procurement document package , form the basic information that will be used by an evaluation body to select one or more successful bidders ( sellers ) . procurement statement of work provides suppliers with a clearly stated set of goals , requirements , and outcomes from which they can provide a quantifiable response . The statement of work is a critical component of the procurement process and can be modified as needed through this process until a final agreement is in place . Bidder conferences are used to ensure that all prospective sellers have a clear and common understanding of the procurement requirements ) , and that no bidders receive preferential treatment . Proposal Evaluation Techniques are use in complex procurements . The evaluation committee will make their selection for approval by management prior to the award . Independent Estimates can be prepared to check and evaluate the proposals received from sellers . The quantity and availability of contracted resources and those dates on which each specific resource or resource group can be active or idle are documented in resource calendars The Inputs , Tools and Techniques and Output of Conduct Procurements process are given below : Bidder Conference Selected Sellers Procurement Documents Proposal Evaluation Techniques Agreements Independent Estimates Resource Calendars Seller Proposals Expert Judgment Project Documents Advertising Project Management Plan Updates Make - or - Buy Decisions Analytical Techniques Project Documents updates Procurement Negotiations Organizational Process Assets Control Procurements is the process of managing procurement relationships , monitoring contract performance , and making changes and corrections to contracts as appropriate . The key benefit of this process is that it ensures that both the seller ’ s and buyer ’ s performance meets procurement requirements according to the terms of the legal agreement . Both the buyer and the seller will administer the procurement contract for similar purposes . Many organizations treat contract administration as an administrative function separate from the project organization . While a procurement administrator may be on the project team , this individual typically reports to a supervisor from a different department . Control Procurements also has a financial management component that involves monitoring payments to the seller . The Control Procurements process reviews and documents how well a seller is performing or has performed based on the contract and establishes corrective actions when needed . Approved change requests can include modifications to the terms and conditions of the contract . Changes where the buyer and seller can not reach an agreement on compensation for the change or can not agree that a change has occurred are called claims , disputes , or appeals . A records management system is used by the project manager to manage contract and procurement documentation and records . Control Procurements Project Management Plan Contract Change Control System Work Performance Information Procurement Performance Reviews Inspections and Audits Project Management Plan Updates Approved Change Requests Performance Reporting Work Performance Reports Payment Systems Organizational Process Assets updates Work Performance Data Claims Administration Records Management System Close Procurements is the process of completing each procurement . The Close Procurements process also involves administrative activities such as finalizing open claims , updating records to reflect final results , and archiving such information for future use . The Close Procurements process supports the Close Project or Phase process by ensuring contractual agreements are completed or terminated . Early termination of a contract is a special case of procurement closure that can result from a mutual agreement by both parties , from the default of one party , or for convenience of the buyer if provided for in the contract . A procurement audit is a structured review of the procurement process originating from the Plan Procurement Management process through Control Procurements . Final equitable settlement of all outstanding issues , claims , and disputes by negotiation is a primary goal . Some form of alternative dispute resolution ADR ) including mediation or arbitration may be explored . Litigation in the courts is the least desirable option . Close Procurements Procurement Audits Closed Procurements Procurement Negotiations Organizational Process Assets updates Records Management System | [
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http://educhoices.org/articles/20_Easy_Ways_to_Raise_Your_Student_GPA_in_College.html | Counselor ' s Corner > July 2008 > 20 Easy Ways to Raise Your Student GPA in College 20 Easy Ways to Raise Your Student GPA in College Published Jul 10 , 2008 RSS Feed A high GPA can be important to landing a good job out of college or if you want to pursue higher education opportunities . Here are 20 easy ways you can raise your student GPA before it ' s too late . 1 . Calculate Your GPA GPA Calculator Knowing how different grades and credit hours affect your GPA is essential if you want to have more control over the numbers . Try pumping a few numbers and grades into a GPA calculator to get your current and cumulative GPA . Then , change a few grades or credit hours to see the difference they can make in your overall average . 2 . Go to Class Six Great Reasons to Go to Class It sounds like a no - brainer , but it ' s too important to not mention . Skipping class can make you look bad in the eyes of your professor . Since grades are somewhat subjective , it ' s a good idea to avoid irritating the person who will be handing out the marks . If attendance is an issue , you could be stuck with a B versus the A - you deserve . 3 . Do n ' t Get Lost 10 Ways to Improve Your Understanding of Boring Lectures College lectures tend to build on previous material . If you encounter a lecture or concept that you do not understand , you should address the issue immediately to avoid getting completely lost . Confusing points can be clarified with help from your professors , classmates or library resources . 4 . Join or Form a Study Group How to Form a Study Group Taking part in a study group is one of the best ways to stay on track and raise your GPA . Study groups not only make you accountable , they also force you to become more organized and talk about what you have learned . If you ca n ' t find a study group to join , try forming one yourself . 5 . Study at the Library Directory of University and College Libraries Dorm rooms are n ' t the best place to study . It ' s way too easy to get distracted by roommates and visitors . Your study time canl be more productive if you use your school ' s library or a similar facility . Every time you enter that building , your mind will shift into work mode and stay there until you decide to leave . 6 . Keep a List of Resources 50 of the Most Dependable Web Resources for University Students 20 Websites ( Also ) Specifically Designed for College Students The sooner you can get started on your assignments , the better . Try keeping a list of proven information sources , web apps and other dependable resources so that you can find something the second you need it . The saved time can be used to study , have fun or just sleep . 7 . Sit in Front Horsing around in the back of the classroom is something you do in high school . Sitting towards the front and doing your best to be attentive is something you do in college . When you sit towards the front you are more likely to maintain focus and develop a relationship with the person who will be giving out your grade . 8 . Develop a Note - Taking System That Works Pros and Cons of the Five Most Commonly Used Note - Taking Systems Different professors have different teaching styles . Some lecture , some use power point slides and some depend on handouts and textbooks . The inconsistency can make note - taking problematic from class to class . The best way to handle this is to develop a note - taking system that works with each professor ' s teaching style . 9 . Participate in Class How to Participate in College Class Discussions If you ' re shy or new to the college experience , it can be difficult to muster enough courage to participate in class . Nevertheless , that is exactly what you need to do . Class participation shows the professor you are eager to learn . It also increases the likelihood that you will remember material from class to class . 10 . Sleep What You Need to Know About Sleeping Well Although it ' s good to spend a fair amount of time studying before a test , it ' s just as important to get enough rest . Sleep improves concentration , solidifies what you have learned and improves your ability to organize and recall information . Poor performance in school can often be directly linked to sleep deprivation . 11 . Take Your Classes Online 10 Reasons Why You Should Take Online Classes Attending class can be a waste of time if you have a long commute or a professor who likes to ramble . For this reason and many more , you may want to consider taking some of your classes online . You ' ll get to study the same material and save time in the process . 12 . Get Organized 5 Apps That Can Help Students Manage College Life Getting organized is one of the easiest ways to raise your GPA in college . When you ' re organized , you automatically reduce the amount of time and effort that it takes to do well in college . Things you should organize ( besides your thoughts ) include : your class schedule , notes , study time , reading assignments and handouts . 13 . Improve Your Study Strategy Dartmouth Guide to Studying If you do n ' t have a study strategy , you can study all day and night and still not get anywhere . The only sure way to make the most of your study time is to employ a study strategy that complements your schedule and learning style . 14 . Befriend Someone with a High GPA How to Make Friends in College You ' re bound to make lots of friends in college . If you can , try to spend some time with a study buddy who has a high GPA . Your smart friend will be able to help you out when you struggle and may prove to be a good influence should you feel the urge to slack . 15 . Take Time to Prepare for Your Exams How to Prepare for a College Exam College exams can have a huge impact on your GPA . To make sure you ' re ready on test day , begin studying as soon as you can . Take a little time to review the subject matter each day so you ' ll be better prepared than you would be if you waited until the last minute to cram . 16 . Read Often 30,000 Free Books on the Web You should read everything that is assigned to you and then some . Reading a lot makes you a better thinker , better writer and , most importantly , better student . 17 . Take Every Class Seriously Why You Should Take Your College Education Seriously Although certain classes are more interesting ( and more important ) than others , it ' s essential that you take every class seriously . If you can maintain a good grade in each class , it will make a huge difference on your overall grade point average . 18 . Talk to Your Professor about Your Grade How to Talk to a College Professor If you are n ' t happy with the grades you ' re currently getting , you may want to consider talking to your professors . Just remember to be polite . Throwing out wild accusations or demanding that a grade be changed is almost never a good idea . You will be better off asking about possible steps you could take to improve your grade in each class . 19 . Set a Goal and Reward Yourself How to Set Goals Effectively Good grades are their own reward , but it does n ' t hurt to have a little extra incentive . Try setting a GPA goal and rewarding yourself with something that you really want after you achieve it . 20 . Take Advantage of Extra Credit Opportunities Some professors and schools offer opportunities for extra credit . These opportunities are GPA gold mines ; try to take advantage of them . Extra credit can boost your average and enhance your college experience . | [
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http://educhoices.org/articles/Computer_Programmer_Education_and_Job_Training_Requirements_for_Becoming_a_Computer_Programmer.html | Degree and Career Details . . . > Computer Science Degree and . . . > Computer Programming Degree . . . Computer Programmer : Education and Job Training . . . Computer Programmer : Education and Job Training Requirements for Becoming a Computer Programmer Published Sep 03 , 2009 RSS Feed Every computer requires specialized programs in order to perform the duties and functions desired by the computer user . Computer programmers create , test and troubleshoot these programs through the use of complex coding languages . Become a computer programmer and develop helpful programs by obtaining the necessary education and job training . Computer Programmer Career Summary Computer programmers use a complex coding language to develop and create programs that store , find and acquire data . Programmers develop specific project goals and then plan out how the programming team will create the finished product . These programs are thoroughly tested by the programmers to make sure that everything works correctly . Career InfoNet , ( www . acinet . org ) , notes that computer programmers need to keep up on the most relevant information concerning new developments in computer technology . Computer Programmers analyze new information and evaluate the usefulness of it in their work . Education Required to Become a Computer Programmer A Bachelor of Science in Computer Science is the degree most employers look for , although some companies will accept 2 - year associate degrees depending on the position level . More than 68 % of computer programmers hold a bachelor ' s degree or better due to high employer expectations , reports the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( www . bls . gov ) . Many people who obtain a bachelor ' s degree go on to further their education at a college or university or return to a technical school to obtain training in a specialized computer area . Job Training and Certifications Required to Become a Computer Programmer Entry - level programmers work under close supervision of experienced programmers to ensure that work is performed correctly . Job training varies from company to company due to different business policies , but most training consists of new workers becoming familiarized with the company ' s operating systems . Certifications are highly valued among Computer Programmers , especially those that demonstrate skill in programming and coding languages like C++ and Java . Computer programmers can obtain certification by fulfilling the necessary educational requirements and through completion of a certification exam from an accredited organization , such as the Institute for www . iccp . org . Featured School Choices : Full Sail University Full Sail University responds quickly to information requests through this site . Suggested programs : Bachelor of Science - Software Development BS - Mobile Development ( Campus ) Master of Science - Mobile Gaming Bachelor of Science - Mobile Development Bachelor of Science - Game Development More information about Full Sail University Purdue University Global Purdue University Global responds quickly to information requests through this site . Suggested programs : AAS in Information Technology - Multiplatform Software Development BS in Information Technology / Multiplatform Software Development BS in Cloud Computing and Solutions MSM in Information Technology M.S. in Information Technology More information about Purdue University Global Saint Leo University Saint Leo University responds quickly to information requests through this site . BS : Computer Science BS : Computer Science - Information Assurance BS : Computer Information Systems AA : Information Technology BS : Cybersecurity Grand Canyon University Grand Canyon University responds quickly to information requests through this site . B.S. in Computer Programming B.S. in Information Technology Bridge to the M.S. in Information Technology Management M.S. in Information Technology Management M.S. in Instructional Technology More information about Grand Canyon University Independence University Independence University responds quickly to information requests through this site . Software and Mobile Applications Development ( BS ) Information Systems ( MS ) Web Design and Development ( BS ) Cybersecurity and Networking ( BS ) Laurus College Laurus College responds quickly to information requests through this site . Information Technologies and Network Systems ( Bachelor ' s ) Web Design & Development ( Bachelor ' s ) Information Technologies and Network Systems ( Occupational Associate ) Web Design ( Occupational Associate ) | [
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http://edwardscareers.com/why-edwards-air-force-base/ | Why Edwards This is Where the Action Is . At Edwards , the Flight Test Center of Excellence for the Air Force Material Command , your mission is to conduct and support engineering research , development , testing and evaluation of aerospace systems — performing all the steps and challenges from initial concept to final combat readiness . On base you will find the Edwards Flight Test Range : 20,000 square miles of airspace , including three corridors for supersonic flight testing and four areas for aircraft spin testing . There are also highly advanced ground test facilities such as the Avionics and Test and Integration Complex . Edwards is home to the massive Benefield Anechoic Facility — the largest facility of its kind for controlled and complete testing of fully integrated avionics suites in a simulated flight environment . The Air Force Flight Center also operates the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School , supports a variety of non - military government agencies and serves as the proving ground for the bulk of the emerging combat , combat support and training capabilities for the U.S. Air Force . History An Extraordinary Past , Present — and Future . From the development of America ’ s first jet plane to our nation ’ s most sophisticated new aircraft , Edwards AFB has been home to virtually every advance in aviation integrated into the Air Force since World War II . Read More Base Amenities Life on Base A world - recognized center for Air Force flight testing , Edwards Air Force Base boasts a high quality of life , incredible professional opportunities , a family - friendly community and close access to some of the nation ’ s best culture and recreation . Read More Benefits You ’ re not just any Engineer . Our benefits encompass more than just competitive salaries , generous time off , healthcare and retirement options . Take advantage of personal and professional development , flexible work schedules , family support and continuous education — just some of the great benefits you ’ ll find at Edwards . Airmanship Program Learn how to Fly You work on the aircraft and push them to their limits — now it ’ s your chance to learn how to fly . Take the first step toward your private pilot ’ s license with the Airmanship Program . Training is free and flights are conducted right on base at the Aero Club . | [
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http://edwardvictor.com/Ghettos/Bielsko.htm | Ghetto Home Page Contents General Postcards References Top of Page Send Mail Bielsko ( Bielitz ) , Poland General Bielsko is a town in southern Poland on the river Biala . Jews setlled in the town in the second half of the 17th century . By the start of the war , the Jewish population was about 6,000 . Most of the Jews fled the town prior to the entry of the German army on September 3 , 1939 . However , many returned when cut off by the quickly advancing Germans , A Judenrat was created at the end of 1939 , and a ghetto was established in the summer of 1941 and liquidated in June , 1942 Postcards Below are the thumbnails of the front and back of two postcards . The first is from Hermine Blumenfeld of Bielitz ( Bielsko ) postmarked February 14 , 1942 , addressed to B . Perlberger , for Miss Else Glasel , in Amsterdam . The second postcard is a Dutch postcard from Else Glasel to Hermine Blumenfeld postmarked July 5 , 1942 . Since the entire Jewish population of Bielitz had been deported in June to Auschwitz , the postcard was returned to sender . This card bears a " Zuruk " ( return ) handstamp dated July 16 , References Encyclopedia Judaica , CD - Rom Edition , Keter Publishing Spector , The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust ( 2001 ) , P . 146 - 47 Copyright © 2003 Edward Victor | [
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http://edynamiclearning.com/courses/high-school-peer-counseling-course/ | View All Courses View All Courses Peer Counseling I Are you the person that people come to for advice ? Does it seem that your friends always talk to you about their problems ? If so , Peer Counseling may be the perfect course for you . It offers ways for you to explore this valuable skill and better understand how it can make a difference in the lives of others . Helping people achieve their personal goals READ MORE Course Overview Units at a glance Unit 1 : Peer Counseling Basics Peer counselors are compassionate guides . They apply knowledge , use specific tools , and follow certain rules to help people get past obstacles and reach their goals . One of the tools counselors use is treating others with deep respect . The rules counselors follow include setting therapeutic boundaries and keeping confidentiality with those they help . A counselor ’ s knowledge base must include the five universal human needs of physical well - being : security , belonging , appreciation , and personal development . Unit 2 : Communicating Needs & Feelings Unit 3 : Needs , Feelings & Human Behavior Unit 4 : Listening , Questioning , Paraphrasing & Reflecting Unit 5 - Feedback , Body Language , Summarizing , and Assessing Unit 6 - Conflict Resolution Unit 7 - Leadership and Teamwork Unit 8 - Group Leadership Course Highlights Explore how to handle conflicts and resolve problems . Explore how to handle conflicts and resolve problems . Learn what a peer counselor is and how they can help others . Master effective communication skills , including active listening . Examine what makes someone a leader and how to increase leadership skills . Learn what a peer counselor is and how they can help others . Master effective communication skills , including active listening . Examine what makes someone a leader and how to increase leadership skills . Why Choose eDynamic Learning ? Hassle - Free LMS Integration Increase Student Enrollment Flexible Teacher Implementation Engage Students We Recommend These Companion Courses + | [
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http://ee.co.uk/help/contact-us | Contact us Need help ? Find an answer by following the steps below . If your question is more tricky , you will find many ways to get in touch 1 First , what ' s your question about ? Account , billing and top up Billing and payment Forgotten login details Manage My EE Join & new to EE Phones , tablets & devices Setting up my phone Unlocking my phone Troubleshooting Lost or stolen device Internet , TV & connectivity Home broadband EE TV 4GEE Wifi & Home 4GEE Network & signal Add - ons , benefits & plans Going or calling abroad Upgrading to EE Price plans & costs Benefits & services Is your question not listed ? Try our Help section 2 Next tell us more - Please choose a topic above 3 Then , get it sorted - You ' ll find the answers you need below | [
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http://ee.co.uk/help/phones-and-device/apple/apple-iphone-6/apple-iphone-6-calls-messaging-and-email/iphone-6---enable-or-disable-predictive-text | Help Phones and devices Apple iPhone 6 Apple iPhone 6 iOS 10.0 Search for a guide or problem below or select a topic . Select help topic Device home Getting started Basic functions Calls , contacts , messaging Connectivity Specifications Back to Calls , contacts , messaging Setting up your phone for text messaging Step 1 of 1 When you insert your SIM into your phone , it ' s automatically set up for text messaging . | [
"Apple iPhone 6"
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http://effectivedemand.typepad.com/ed/2013/03/what-is-effective-labor-share.html | « Another Simulation for Determining the Lower Limit of Unemployment | Main | FRED Graph of Effective Demand » 03 / 24 / 2013 What is Effective Labor Share ? At the heart of every equation for Effective Demand and even the equations I have n ' t posted yet on this blog is the equation for effective labor share . So , what is effective labor share It is a % value determined from actual data by plotting capacity utilization rates with the labor share of income published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics . The equation for effective labor share is . . . effective labor share = 0.78 * labor share : Business sector ( 2005 = 100 ) . One takes the number published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and multiplies it by 0.78 . The equation for effective labor share shows the central tendency of the relationship between labor share of income and capacity utilization with a y - intercept of zero . The implication is that as labor share goes to zero , there would be no income for consumption of production . Thus , effective labor share influences the rate of capital utilization . Effective labor share thus establishes the limits / constraints upon the utilization of capital and ultimately labor . The implication is that as labor share goes down , so too must utilization of capital go down at a corresponding rate due to diminishing demand from lower labor income . Effective labor share is a % value that effectively establishes the aggregate demand capable of limiting production . Production could go above the limit established by effective labor share , but there are economic dynamics that work contrary to this situation . The resulting over - supply is not profitable , nor efficient , and thus not common . Effective labor share is the hypothetical upper limit of the rate of capital utilization as if there were 0 % unemployment . The implication is that if everyone in the Labor Force is employed , labor share of income directly establishes the upper limit of the utilization rate of capital . Once there is unemployment , the utilization of capital can be increased beyond the limit set by the effective labor share to achieve the production allowed by effective aggregate demand . The implication is that the decreased utilization of labor ( existence of unemployment ) is compensated for by the increased utilization of capital , but still within the limits of Effective Demand , the point at which aggregate supply / production will not go above effective aggregate demand . Thus , effective labor share establishes the upper limit upon the combined utilization of BOTH labor and capital . The combined rate I call the Total Factor utilization rate TFUR The TFUR of both labor and capital is determined by multiplying their rates together . For example , 80 % capacity utilization and 95 % utilization of labor ( 5 % unemployment ) result in a Total Factor utilization rate of 76 % ( 0.80 * 0.95 ) . The TFUR is then measured against the rate of effective labor share ( effective in limiting production ) . The total factor utilization rate ( TFUR ) of production can go below the effective labor share , but not above it . Thus , as effective labor share falls , it effectively pushes down the TFUR . The UT index ( see data at right of this blog ) measures the difference between effective labor share and the TFUR . The UT index has a zero lower bound that corresponds to Effective labor share implies a value for consumption of production , whereas its opposite , effective capital share implies a value for maintaining the means of production . The implication is that there might be a ratio between effective labor share and effective capital share that optimizes efficiency and equity in the economy . I will post at a later date the model that establishes a range for that optimum ratio . Some notes : Effective labor share can be used effectively as the exponent in the Cobb - Douglas production function . At a later date , I will post my growth model of effective labor share . Basically , as an economy matures , the efficiency level of effective labor share slowly rises . The effective labor share establishes the center point of the business cycle . Capital utilization will rise and fall around its value . Thus it can be used to determine potential real GDP and a natural rate of unemployment for the center of the business cycle . I will post about these at a later date . Since effective labor share can be used to determine potential real GDP , it can be used in the Taylor Rule . I will post about this at a later date . Posted by Edward Lambert on 03 / 24 / 2013 in equation basics | Permalink Reblog ( 0 ) | [
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http://egchiro.com/meet-our-doctors/dr.-richard-shade.html | Dr Richard Shade Dr Richard Shade joined the office of East Greenbush Chiropractic in 2009 Dr Shade is here to provide quality chiropractic care for you your friends family and those in need of specialized care Dr Shade attended college at Greenville Technical College and received an Associate of Science degree His chiropractic education was completed at Sherman College of Chiropractic in Spartanburg SC After graduating from Sherman he completed extensive postgraduate studies at the world renowned Pierce Chiropractic Clinic in Spartanburg SC with Dr Walter Vern Pierce Sr author lecturer and inventor His externship was completed in Hendersonville NC with Dr WV As a result of his postgraduate studies Dr Shade has experience in the Pierce Results System of Chiropractic which brings a unique chiropractic approach to deal with problem cases and structural rehabilitation while offering renewed health and relief of discomfort for the entire family Dr Shade is also certified in the Graston Technique along with the Impulse Adjusting System In addition to being board certified by the National Board of Chiropractic examiners he is also certified in South Carolina Alabama and New York Dr Shade is married to Bonnie and they have one child Daniel David Dr Shade enjoys competitive cycling triathlons and spending time with family Dr Shades goals are honesty integrity and results Please feel free to call our office if you have any questions about chiropractic your health or how Dr Shade can help with your health care needs Office Hours Our Regular Schedule Monday 700 am 600 pm Tuesday 900 am 600 pm Wednesday 700 am 600 pm Thursday 700 am 600 pm Friday Closed Saturday Closed Sunday Closed Location Find us on the map 569 Columbia Turnpike East Greenbush NY 12061 US Leaflet Map data provided by Internet Brands Testimonials Reviews By Our Satisfied Patients Dr Kelly is very thorough and knowledgeable I have been going here 25 years The entire office is clean comfortable and staff are friendly He is up to date on technology and techniques Betty McClurg An amazing experience with people who actually get it Dean S East Greenbush NY Dr Kelly is very thorough and knowledgeable I have been going here 25 years The entire office is clean comfortable and staff are friendly He is up to date on technology and techniques Betty McClurg An amazing experience with people who actually get it Dean S East Greenbush NY | [
"East Greenbush Chiropractic",
"Associate of Science degree"
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http://eggheadforum.com/discussion/1151698/baby-back-versus-st-louis-style-ribs | Welcome to the EGGhead Forum - a great place to visit and packed with tips and EGGspert advice ! You can also join the conversation and get more information and amazing kamado recipes by following Big Green Egg at : In Atlanta ? Come visit Big Green Egg headquarters , including our retail showroom , the History of the EGG Museum and Culinary Center ! 3786 DeKalb Technology Parkway , Atlanta , GA 30340 . Baby back versus St . Louis style ribs pasoegg Posts : 440 May 2013 in Pork What is the biggest difference between these 2 style of ribs ? ? Would you cook both styles the same way ? ? ? ? Are the baby back ' s a little more tender than the St . Louis with all things the same ? ? ? " it is never too early to drink , but it may be too early to be seen drinking " Winston - Salem , NC Comments Eggcelsior Posts : 14,244 May 2013 Baby back just come from further back on the ribcage ( by the spine ) than spareribs . They are next to the loin whereas spare ribs are next to the pork belly ( bacon ) . They are smaller so typically have a little less meat , depending on how they are trimmed . They are just as tender , to me . Eggcelsior 14,244 Oh , St Louis refers to the spare ribs being cut in a uniform shape with the " rib tips " trimmed off . I do cook them the same way . They are both ready when a toothpick slides between the bones without resistance or the bend 90 degrees when one half is held . Skiddymarker 8,449 edited May 2013 @ pasoegg this page helped me a number of times . Just like @ Eggcelsior says . . . . . http : / / www . amazingribs . com / recipes / porknography / pork_cuts . html Delta B.C. - Whiskey and steak , because no good story ever started with someone having a salad ! pasoegg 440 @ eggcelsior - thanks for your info @ skiddymarker - what a great place for info and descriptions of all the pork cuts . . .I definetly learned a bunch and marked the site for later use ! ! ! ! maybe bumped my IQ a couple of strokes . . . .on second thought i will just drink a beer and kill off those brain cells . . . . " it is never too early to drink , but it may be too early to be seen drinking " Winston - Salem , NC Skiddymarker 8,449 said : @ eggcelsior - thanks for your info @ skiddymarker - what a great place for info and descriptions of all the pork cuts . . .I definetly learned a bunch and marked the site for later use ! ! ! ! maybe bumped my IQ a couple of strokes . . . .on second thought i will just drink a beer and kill off those brain cells . . . . Perfect , why remember when you can just look it up . Some very good info on Meathead ' s web site . He is not big on the BGE , likes the two zone Primo . Read the section on reverse sear , very good . Delta B.C. - Whiskey and steak , because no good story ever started with someone having a salad ! lousubcap 19,038 Given the learning curve you are riding - I have cooked both with the same cook several times - not a planned event but when the guest list expands . . .should you ever be in that space plan on the St Louis ribs to run about 45 - 60 mins longer . Finish indicators the same - and I prefer St . Louis trimmed spares but SWMBO rules > - Louisville ; L & S BGEs , PBC , Lang 36 ; Burnin ' wood in the neighbourhood . # 38 for the win . Life is too short for light / lite beer . cookinfun 129 I do agree with lousubcap . . . . baby backs vs spare ribs . the spares willtake longer ( more mass , more meat ) . If I am entertaining I will trim the spares to the " st louis cut , which basically removes 35 - 40 % of the spare . Cookin for myself I will not dissect , just remove the silver skin and trim down the ? ? flap of meat that doubles over tie ribs . BTW , if I do trim to spares , I always cook the trimmings at the same time Just sayin . . . .its all good . ( 2 ) LBGEs , WSM , Vidalia Grill ( gasser ) , Tailgater Grill ( gasser ) Terrebandit 1,750 I ' ve found the St . Louis ribs to be less lean than baby backs . Consequently , they cook up different . Personally , I like te St . Louis ribs better because of the higher fat content . They just taste better after a slow cook . Also more tender . Dave - Austin , TX Beaumonty 185 I am doing some baby backs today . After reviewing some recipes , it appears that the 3 - 2 - 1 method was developed for St . Louis style because of their size . In fact , I think I will be doing 3 - 1 - 1 because I want to stop just short of fall off the bone . I am also cooking at 240 - 250 dome . Anyone disagree on that temp ? Beaumonty 185 I ask because the details on the 3 - 1 - 1 method are actually kind of hard to dig up . The search function on this site is for the birds . cazzy 9,062 edited May 2013 said : I am doing some baby backs today . After reviewing some recipes , it appears that the 3 - 2 - 1 method was developed for St . Louis style because of their size . In fact , I think I will be doing 3 - 1 - 1 because I want to stop just short of fall off the bone . I am also cooking at 240 - 250 dome . Anyone disagree on that temp ? Temp should be fine ! I tried 3 - 1 - 1 for baby back ribs when I first got my egg and they fell off the bone too much . Ever since then , I just let em go the entire time and have enjoyed my results . I ' m actually doing St . Louis Ribs this weekend . Going to let em go for 5 hours before my 1st tenderness check . Then when I ' m close , I will sauce up one of the 2 slabs . Just a hack that makes some $ hitty BBQ . . . . dweebs0r 527 You may want to try 2 - 1 - 1 for babybacks at 250 and dont put too much liquid in the foil when you foil them or they will definitely fall off the bone from the steaming . My SWMBO prefers them fall off the bone tender but if you arent careful they can get " mushy " from the liquid . - Jody Newell ( LBGE & a 36 " Blackstone griddle ) . Location : 🍺 🍺 The back porch , Munford , TN . 🍺 🍺 dweebs0r 527 Back to the original topic , Babybacks arent as fatty or meaty as St Louis style ribs but I prefer the babybacks texture and flavor over the fattier St Louis style . - Jody Newell ( LBGE & a 36 " Blackstone griddle ) . Location : 🍺 🍺 The back porch , Munford , TN . 🍺 🍺 Back to the original topic , Babybacks arent as fatty or meaty as St Louis style ribs but I prefer the babybacks texture and flavor over the fattier St Louis style . Maybe it ' s just me , but the loin backs I get always have more meat on them . lousubcap 19,038 WRT ribs - all good info above and you will read different approaches to the cook . All rib cooks are some variation around X - 0 - 0 which translates into the following : B asically ribs are cooked as usual ( bone side down for me ) for the first X hours . Then they are removed from the cooker and wrapped with liquid ( Q sauce , some other liquid for flavoring etc ) in a foil pouch with the meat side down . This becomes step - 0 - mentioned above . The sealed ribs are then returned to the cooker . At the end of the " 0 " time - frame , the ribs are removed from the foil and then put back on the BGE for the final " And to determine when they are finished - the bend test if you have full racks - pick them up on one end and if they bend around 90 * they are finished . Another method - use a toothpick and insert in the thickest meat - in and out with no resistance and finished . Also look for a good meat pull - back on the bones . Louisville ; L & S BGEs , PBC , Lang 36 ; Burnin ' wood in the neighbourhood . # 38 for the win . Life is too short for light / lite beer . @ lousubcap great info you provided . . .as always your expertise shines through . . . .appreciate your insight . . .I would expect nothing less from the " old man " on the boat . . . . @ pasoegg - you did n ' t forget . . .Ah , was fun while it lasted . And I earned that description , too many times . . . > - Kosko 535 I use to do the 3 - 2 - 1 method too . Then like @ cazzy said I just let my ribs ride for 5 or so hours and do the bend test then sauce them let them stay on for about 15 minutes and pull . . . Best ribs I ' ve ever eatin ! Plus this method makes the best bark ! Peachtree City , Ga Large BGE gdenby 6,173 Baby back just come from further back on the ribcage ( by the spine ) than spareribs . They are next to the loin whereas spare ribs are next to the pork belly ( bacon ) . They are smaller so typically have a little less meat , depending on how they are trimmed . They are just as tender , to me . When I bite into a well cooked slab of BBs , I do think of chops from the loin . And spares , being basted in more of their own fat , have a little bit of crisp bacon - like texture . " Are the baby back ' s a little more tender than the St . Louis with all things the same ? ? ? " Done identically , either the spares will be likely undercooked , or the BBs somewhat burned . Treated according to their different qualities , both will be tender . I think the spares taste a little better , but BBs usually feel more succulent . @ pasoegg - you did n ' t forget . . .Ah , was fun while it lasted . And I earned that description , too many times . . . Well , I ' ve been cooking for about two hours at 240 dome . I am tempted to just let them ride but wonder if I should have lowered the temp . I did three racks so I think I will foil two of them and let the other ones ride . I do n ' t do a water pan as a rule but it is indirect . When you " let it ride " what dome temp are you smoking at ? @ Beaumonty - with ribs you can run at about any temp your BGE settles in with - and you can crank it above that if time is a consideration ( @ Mickey and turbo ribs ) . Car Wash Mike ' s ( RIP ) cook is a great way to cook them but you can experiment and go with what works for you . BTW - for " fall off the bones " ribs you wil have to foil - and the rib finish - line is well defined ; bend test to at least 90 * , tooth - pick insertion with no resistance " in or out " and good meat pull - back on the bones . henapple 15,997 @ Beaumonty . . . Obviously you ' re not sure what to do do I ' ll head over and sample a few to determine how they are . Put some beer on ice . Green egg , dead animal and alcohol . The " Boro " . . TN fishlessman 24,483 i like st louis unless i find huge back ribs fukahwee maine http : / / www . yourdailymedia . com / post / butt - flip - cup - twerk - gif - part - ii / henapple @ Beaumonty . . . Obviously you ' re not sure what to do do I ' ll head over and sample a few to determine how they are . Put some beer on ice . I have three young boys so you would had to have fought them for the ribs ! I went two racks foil and one straight up . I will have a full post with pics later but I ' ll give a hint on the experiment results : save the foil , trust the Egg ! cookinfun 129 Yeah , for spares tried 3 - 2 - 1 , with the 3 bone down , rub added to start , misting every hour with app juice and app cider vin , for the 2 just remove , foil w / heavy spray of app j / app vin , and back on grill , then the last 1 on grill to done . I found most of the time that the ribs were good , but " mushy " texture . I figures its due to too much acid during the 2 stage . Modified to 3 - 1 - 1 , and even cutting short the middle 1 , and much better texture , with a slight " pull " off bone . Much better , I think . Also do no foil , just 5 + hours , with occasional mist with juice / vin . , and have had good , almost preferable results . ( 2 ) LBGEs , WSM , Vidalia Grill ( gasser ) , Tailgater Grill ( gasser ) lisanevada 17 I have great success with 90 minutes x 90 minutes x 60 minutes in foil . I season the ribs with equal parts Dizzy Dust and turbinado sugar and cook at 250 or so . I add a couple tablespoons of orange juice to the foil . I do not sauce them - we prefer our ribs naked . Sign In or Register to comment . | [
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http://eggshellpaints.com/ | All About Eggshell Paint Interested in eggshell paint ? The finish of an interior paint is based on the amount of sheen it displays . All paint reflects light to some degree . Sheen is the means that painters use to distinguish among different levels of light reflection . Common paint finishes are gloss , semi - gloss , eggshell , satin , matte and flat . A gloss finish has the highest amount of sheen and a flat finish has the lowest amount of sheen . In some instances , eggshell is the name of the color of the paint . As it relates to the finish , eggshell paint refers to the relative amount of sheen the paint displays . Characteristics of Eggshell Paint Finishes Eggshell paint has a mid - level sheen . Eggshell finishes are often identified as having a somewhat dull surface with a light shine . Beyond those general characteristics , there is not one singular standard for eggshell paint . Individual manufacturers determine how eggshell paint will look and perform for their various product lines . In general , the paint industry has not established precise standards for any paint names . The Master Painter Institute ( MPI ) has issued a set of gloss and sheen standards . The standards measure sheen level on a scale from zero to 100 . A zero is flat . A finish with a sheen level of 100 is glossy and has a look similar to the smoothness of a glass mirror . Whether a paint manufacturer chooses to follow the MPI ’ s standards is up to that paint manufacturer . Although very influential within the industry , as a trade association and not a governmental regulatory agency , the MPI does not have the power to compel manufacturers to adhere to its standards and recommendations . Comparison of Eggshell Paint to Other Finishes Eggshell finishes are closest in appearance to satin finishes . Both eggshell and satin represent a compromise between matte and gloss finishes . Manufacturers include fewer minerals in glossy paints than they do in matte paints . When they add more minerals to the mix , the paint takes on a duller appearance . In some instances , using a primer before painting a wall with an eggshell paint helps to create a more consistent sheen across the entire wall . An eggshell finish will hide more imperfections in the surface of the wall than will a glossier finishes . Popular Ways to Use Eggshell Paint The dominant factor for choosing whether to use an eggshell finish in a particular room is just a matter of preference . The user ’ s preferences include the look and wear of the paint . In a glossy room , the person in the room can expect a lot of light to reflect off the walls . Too much light reflection may not work well in the sleeping areas of the house . In living areas , too much gloss may cause distracting shadows near table lamps . Eggshell is a neutral finish that is appropriate for a wide variety of spaces . When choosing a finish , you should take into account how easy or difficult it will be to clean the surface under normal wear and tear . A major factor in that decision is to know what type of dirt is likely to build up on the wall . In kitchens , grease and grime are of concern . In bathrooms , mold and mildew are the dominant problems . In living and dining rooms , furniture marks against the walls create problems over the years . Residue from fireplaces and heavy use of candles can create a film in any room . Fingerprints and hand prints , in particular near room entrances and light switches , can create problems . Along baseboards , the main problem is scuff marks from shoes and furniture . High gloss paint has a smooth finish that is easier to wipe or wash than lower gloss finishes . Matte or flat finishes are not as easy to clean because they lack the protective barrier that characterizes glossy paint Matte paints are more likely to absorb the moisture from the water or cleaning solvent applied to the walls . Eggshell finishes are favored where the user can expect some dirt , as in living rooms , hallways , bedrooms and dining rooms . Eggshell paint is not the ideal choice where the user will need to wipe the wall daily . Where to Buy Eggshell Paint Eggshell paint is widely available . It is a staple among household consumers and found in many homes . Popular brands of eggshell paint include Benjamin Moore Sherwin - Williams Glidden Valspar These paints are available in large home improvement centers , hardware stores and specialty paint shops . Given the variations across brands , you probably want to purchase samples and test them on your walls to see how the paint will perform before painting an entire room or house with any specific type of eggshell paint Images by … | [
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http://egov.basgov.com/washingtonvilleCSD/ | Washingtonville Central School District Site last updated : 12 / 18 / 2018 Choose Collection : Use any of the following : Bill # Tax Map # Property Address Owner Name Welcome to the Washingtonville Central School Online Tax Payment and Search System . This system allows you to search property tax information from any computer that has access to the Internet . You can : 1 . View a tax bill ; 2 . Find an assessed valuation ; 3 . See any exemptions on the property , and print a receipt . 4 . Pay your 2018 - 19 Tax Bill online . You can pay your taxes by mail : WCSD Tax Collector , c / o TD Bank - Tax Collection Unit , P.O. Box 95000 - 5765 , Philadelphia , PA 19195 - 5765 . Make check payable to WCSD Tax Collector You can pay your taxes online by using your American Express , VISA , MasterCard or Discover credit card ( 2.45 % convenience fee ) , by Visa Debit Card ( $ 3.95 flat fee ) or by electronic check ( $ 1.75 flat fee ) . Note : convenience fees are collected by the online payment provider , not the Washingtonville Central School District . Taxes are received without penalty through October 1 , 2018 . Taxes postmarked October 2 , 2018 , through November 1 , 2018 , a 2 % penalty is added . Taxes postmarked November 2 , 2018 , a 3 % penalty is added . No payments are accepted by the school district after November 2 , 2018 . From November 2 , 2018 , through November 15 , 2018 payment , including a 3 % penalty , will be accepted by the Commissioner of Finance in Goshen by cash , money order or certified check only . After November Correspondence only : Joan G . McCue , School Tax Collector 52 West Main Street , Washingtonville , NY 10992 Telephone 845 - 497 - 4049 ( 10 A.M. – 3 P.M. ) Email : JMccue @ ws . k12 . ny . us | [
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http://eguides.sprint.com/support/eguides/lgg2/content/lg_g2_ug/using_clip_tray.html | Contents Index Welcome Get Started Phone Basics Your Phone Overview Status Bar Turn Your Phone On and Off Unlock Your Screen Using the Knock Code Feature Hardware Key Control Mode Battery and Charger Phone Function Keys Touchscreen Navigation Your Home Screen Enter Text With the On - screen Keyboard Search Your Phone and the Web Using Clip Tray Text Link Phone Calls Contacts Accounts and Messaging Apps and Entertainment Web and Data Camera and Video Tools and Calendar Settings Copyright Information | [
"Clip Tray"
] |
http://eguides.sprint.com/support/eguides/samsunggalaxys5/content/samsung_galaxy_s_5_ug/3_way_calling.html | Contents Index Welcome Get Started Phone Basics Phone Calls Wi - Fi Calling Make Phone Calls Receive Phone Calls Phone Call Options Dialing Options Caller ID Call Waiting 3 - Way Calling Call Forwarding In - Call Options Voicemail Visual Voicemail Logs Access Call Settings Contacts Accounts and Messaging Apps and Entertainment Web and Data Camera and Video Tools and Calendar Global Services Settings For Assistance | [
"3-Way Calling"
] |
http://egyptian-gods.org/egyptian-symbols-sistrum/ | Egyptian Symbols : Sistrum The sistrum is one of the most sacred instruments in ancient Egyptian cosmogony . It is used in several ceremonies including dances , worship and celebrations especially for the goddess Hathor . The handle of the sistrum is in the shape of a U resembling that of the goddess ’ face and horns in her cow form . It usually made of metal ( brass or bronze ) or wood with small metal discs that are rattled or shaken by hand . The sound it produces resembles that of the jangling sound when the breeze hits and blows through the papyrus reeds . Its basic shape resembled the ankh , the Egyptian symbol of life . The ancient Egyptians call the sistrum as the shesheset or iba used in numerous celebrations especially for the cult of Hathor especially in the Old Kingdom . It derived its name from the sound the instrument makes when shaken . It was believed that this sound appease and attract the attention of the gods and goddesses . This practice may have been derived from the shaking of another symbol of Hathor – the papyrus flower . The shesheset variety is in the shape similar to the Naos temple above Hathor ’ s head embellished by ornamental loops on the side . It is usually slid in side a box of naos and is normally carried by women of higher rank . The iba version is a Aside from soothing the gods , the sistrum is also used to reduce the devastating effects of the flooding of the Nile . Isis , in her role as mother and creator , may be seen holding a pail that symbolizes the inundation of the Nile and the sistrum on the other hand . Sometimes , it may be shaken to frighten away Set . It is also carried by Hathor in her role as goddess and mythological character of joy , festivity , fertility , eroticism and dance . Because of its association with Hathor , it became a symbol of her son Ihy as well . Eventually , it has been absorbed in the cult of Amun , Isis and Bastet The popularity of the sistrum extends even to mortuary settings from small tombs to large temple . One of the most popular representations of the sistrum is in the temple of Hathor in Dendera . In the Greco - Roman Period , the use of sistrum spread together with the cult of Isis and followed wherever the kingdom stretched . To date , the sistrum is still visible and important in worship rites in Coptic and Ethiopian churches . The Egyptian Sistrum is a rattle . | [
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http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-depression-of-1893/ | The Depression of 1893 David O . Whitten , Auburn University The Depression of 1893 was one of the worst in American history with the unemployment rate exceeding ten percent for half a decade . This article describes economic developments in the decades leading up to the depression ; the performance of the economy during the 1890s ; domestic and international causes of the depression ; and political and social responses to the depression . The Depression of 1893 can be seen as a watershed event in American history . It was accompanied by violent strikes , the climax of the Populist and free silver political crusades , the creation of a new political balance , the continuing transformation of the country ’ s economy , major changes in national policy , and far - reaching social and intellectual developments . Business contraction shaped the decade that ushered out the nineteenth century . Unemployment Estimates One way to measure the severity of the depression is to examine the unemployment rate . Table 1 provides estimates of unemployment , which are derived from data on output — annual unemployment was not directly measured until 1929 , so there is no consensus on the precise magnitude of the unemployment rate of the 1890s . Despite the differences in the two series , however , it is obvious that the Depression of 1893 was an important event . The unemployment rate exceeded ten percent for five or six consecutive years . The only other time this occurred in Timing and Depth of the Depression The National Bureau of Economic Research estimates that the economic contraction began in January 1893 and continued until June 1894 . The economy then grew until December 1895 , but it was then hit by a second recession that lasted until June 1897 . Estimates of annual real gross national product ( which adjust for this period ’ s deflation ) are fairly crude , but they generally suggest that real GNP fell about 4 % from 1892 to 1893 and another 6 % from 1893 to 1894 . By 1895 the economy had grown past its earlier peak , Table 1 Estimates of Unemployment during the 1890s Year Lebergott Romer 1890 4.0 % 4.0 % 1891 5.4 4.8 1892 3.0 3.7 1893 11.7 8.1 1894 18.4 12.3 1895 13.7 11.1 1896 14.5 12.0 1897 14.5 12.4 1898 12.4 11.6 1899 6.5 8 , 7 1900 5.0 5.0 Source : Romer , 1984 The depression struck an economy that was more like the economy of 1993 than that of 1793 . By 1890 , the US economy generated one of the highest levels of output per person in the world — below that in Britain , but higher than the rest of Europe . Agriculture no longer dominated the economy , producing only about 19 percent of GNP , well below the 30 percent produced in manufacturing and mining . Agriculture ’ s share of the labor force , which had been about 74 % in 1800 , and 60 % in 1860 Table 2 Agriculture ’ s Share of the Labor Force by Region , 1890 Northeast 15 % Middle Atlantic 17 % Midwest 43 % South Atlantic 63 % South Central 67 % West 29 % Economic Trends Preceding the 1890s Between 1870 and 1890 the number of farms in the United States rose by nearly 80 percent , to 4.5 million , and increased by another 25 percent by the end of the century . Farm property value grew by 75 percent , to $ 16.5 billion , and by 1900 had increased by another 25 percent . The advancing checkerboard of tilled fields in the nation ’ s heartland represented a vast indebtedness . Nationwide about 29 % of farmers were encumbered by mortgages . One contemporary observer estimated 2.3 million farm mortgages nationwide in 1890 worth over $ Railroads opened new areas to agriculture , linking these to rapidly changing national and international markets . Mechanization , the development of improved crops , and the introduction of new techniques increased productivity and fueled a rapid expansion of farming operations . The output of staples skyrocketed . Yields of wheat , corn , and cotton doubled between 1870 and 1890 though the nation ’ s population rose by only two - thirds . Grain and fiber flooded the domestic market . Moreover , competition in world markets was fierce : Egypt and India emerged as rival sources of cotton Railroad construction was an important spur to economic growth . Expansion peaked between 1879 and 1883 , when eight thousand miles a year , on average , were built including the Southern Pacific , Northern Pacific and Santa Fe . An even higher peak was reached in the late 1880s , and the roads provided important markets for lumber , coal , iron , steel , and rolling stock . The post - Civil War generation saw an enormous growth of manufacturing . Industrial output rose by some 296 percent , reaching in 1890 a value of almost $ 9.4 billion . In that year the nation ’ s 350,000 industrial firms employed nearly 4,750,000 workers . Iron and steel paced the progress of manufacturing . Farm and forest continued to provide raw materials for such established enterprises as cotton textiles , food , and lumber production . Heralding the machine age , however , was the growing importance of extractives — raw materials for a lengthening list of consumer Onset and Causes of the Depression The depression , which was signaled by a financial panic in 1893 , has been blamed on the deflation dating back to the Civil War , the gold standard and monetary policy , underconsumption ( the economy was producing goods and services at a higher rate than society was consuming and the resulting inventory accumulation led firms to reduce employment and cut back production ) , a general economic unsoundness ( a reference less to tangible economic difficulties and more to a feeling that the economy was not running properly ) , and government extravagance . Economic indicators signaling an 1893 business recession in the United States were largely obscured . The economy had improved during the previous year . Business failures had declined , and the average liabilities of failed firms had fallen by 40 percent . The country ’ s position in international commerce was improved . During the late nineteenth century , the United States had a negative net balance of payments . Passenger and cargo fares paid to foreign ships that carried most American overseas commerce , insurance charges , tourists ’ expenditures abroad , and returns to foreign investors ordinarily more Yet several monthly series of indicators showed that business was falling off . Building construction had peaked in April 1892 , later moving irregularly downward , probably in reaction to over building . The decline continued until the turn of the century , when construction volume finally turned up again . Weakness in building was transmitted to the rest of the economy , dampening general activity through restricted investment opportunities and curtailed demand for construction materials . Meanwhile , a similar uneven downward drift in business activity after spring 1892 was evident from a composite index of cotton takings ( The economy exhibited other weaknesses as the March 1893 date for Grover Cleveland ’ s inauguration to the presidency drew near . One of the most serious was in agriculture . Storm , drought , and overproduction during the preceding half - dozen years had reversed the remarkable agricultural prosperity and expansion of the early 1880s in the wheat , corn , and cotton belts . Wheat prices tumbled twenty cents per bushel in 1892 . Corn held steady , but at a low figure and on a fall of one - eighth in output . Twice as great a Slowing investment in railroads was an additional deflationary influence . Railroad expansion had long been a potent engine of economic growth , ranging from 15 to 20 percent of total national investment in the 1870s and 1880s . Construction was a rough index of railroad investment . The amount of new track laid yearly peaked at 12,984 miles in 1887 , after which it fell off steeply . Capital outlays rose through 1891 to provide needed additions to plant and equipment , but the rate of growth could not be sustained . Unsatisfactory earnings and a low return for investors European Influences European depression was a further source of weakness as 1893 began . Recession struck France in 1889 , and business slackened in Germany and England the following year . Contemporaries dated the English downturn from a financial panic in November . Monetary stringency was a base cause of economic hard times . Because specie — gold and silver — was regarded as the only real money , and paper money was available in multiples of the specie supply , when people viewed the future with doubt they stockpiled specie and rejected paper . The availability of specie was limited , Panic in the United Kingdom and falling trade in Europe brought serious repercussions in the United States . The immediate result was near panic in New York City , the nation ’ s financial center , as British investors sold their American stocks to obtain funds . Uneasiness spread through the country , fostered by falling stock prices , monetary stringency , and an increase in business failures . Liabilities of failed firms during the last quarter of 1890 were $ 90 million — twice those in the preceding quarter . Only the normal year ’ s end grain exports Circumstances moderated during the early months of 1891 , although gold flowed to Europe , and business failures remained high . Credit eased , if slowly : in response to pleas for relief , the federal treasury began the premature redemption of government bonds to put additional money into circulation , and the end of the harvest trade reduced demand for credit . Commerce quickened in the spring . Perhaps anticipation of brisk trade during the harvest season stimulated the revival of investment and business ; in any event , the harvest of 1891 buoyed the economy . A bumper The business revival of 1891 - 92 only delayed an inevitable reckoning . While domestic factors led in precipitating a major downturn in the United States , the European contraction operated as a powerful depressant . Commercial stagnation in Europe decisively affected the flow of foreign investment funds to the United States . Although foreign investment in this country and American investment abroad rose overall during the 1890s , changing business conditions forced American funds going abroad and foreign funds flowing into the United States to reverse as Americans sold off foreign holdings and foreigners sold off their holdings of As foreign investors sold their holdings of American stocks for hard money , specie left the United States . Funds secured through foreign investment in domestic enterprise were important in helping the country meet its usual balance of payments deficit . Fewer funds invested during the 1890s was one of the factors that , with a continued negative balance of payments , forced the United States to export gold almost continuously from 1892 to 1896 . The impact of depression abroad on the flow of capital to this country can be inferred from the history of new capital issues in Table 3 British New Capital Issues , 1890 - 1898 ( millions of pounds , sterling ) 1890 142.6 1891 104.6 1892 81.1 1893 49.1 1894 91.8 1895 104.7 1896 152.8 1897 157.3 1898 150.2 Source : Hoffmann , p . 193 Simultaneously , the share of new British investment sent abroad fell from one - fourth in 1891 to one - fifth two years later . Over that same period , British net capital flows abroad declined by about 60 percent ; not until 1896 and 1897 did they resume earlier levels . Thus , the recession that began in 1893 had deep roots . The slowdown in railroad expansion , decline in building construction , and foreign depression had reduced investment opportunities , and , following the brief upturn effected by the bumper wheat crop of 1891 , agricultural prices fell as did exports and commerce in general . By the end of 1893 , business failures numbering 15,242 averaging $ 22,751 in liabilities , had been reported . Plagued by successive contractions of credit , many essentially sound firms failed which would have survived under ordinary circumstances . Liabilities totaled a Response to the Depression The financial crises of 1893 accelerated the recession that was evident early in the year into a major contraction that spread throughout the economy . Investment , commerce , prices , employment , and wages remained depressed for several years . Changing circumstances and expectations , and a persistent federal deficit , subjected the treasury gold reserve to intense pressure and generated sharp counterflows of gold . The treasury was driven four times between 1894 and 1896 to resort to bond issues totaling $ 260 million to obtain specie to augment the reserve . Meanwhile , restricted investment , income The economy that emerged from the depression differed profoundly from that of 1893 . Consolidation and the influence of investment bankers were more advanced . The nation ’ s international trade position was more advantageous : huge merchandise exports assured a positive net balance of payments despite large tourist expenditures abroad , foreign investments in the United States , and a continued reliance on foreign shipping to carry most of America ’ s overseas commerce . Moreover , new industries were rapidly moving to ascendancy , and manufactures were coming to replace farm produce as the staple products and exports Hard times intensified social sensitivity to a wide range of problems accompanying industrialization , by making them more severe . Those whom depression struck hardest as well as much of the general public and major Protestant churches , shored up their civic consciousness about currency and banking reform , regulation of business in the public interest , and labor relations . Although nineteenth century liberalism and the tradition of administrative nihilism that it favored remained viable , public opinion began to slowly swing toward governmental activism and interventionism associated with modern , industrial societies , erecting in the process the Government responses to depression during the 1890s exhibited elements of complexity , confusion , and contradiction . Yet they also showed a pattern that confirmed the transitional character of the era and clarified the role of the business crisis in the emergence of modern America . Hard times , intimately related to developments issuing in an industrial economy characterized by increasingly vast business units and concentrations of financial and productive power , were a major influence on society , thought , politics , and thus , unavoidably , government . Awareness of , and proposals of means for adapting to Selected Bibliography * I would like to thank Douglas Steeples , retired dean of the College of Liberal Arts and professor of history , emeritus , Mercer University . Much of this article has been taken from Democracy in Desperation : The Depression of 1893 by Douglas Steeples and David O . Whitten , which was declared an Exceptional Academic Title by Choice . Democracy in Desperation includes the most recent and extensive bibliography for the depression of 1893 . Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 . Boston : Twayne , 1991 . Friedman , Milton , and Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 - 1960 . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1963 . Goodwyn , Lawrence . Democratic Promise : The Populist Movement in America . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 . Grant , H . Roger . Self Help in the 1890s Depression . Ames : Iowa State University Press , 1983 . Higgs , Robert . The Transformation of the American Economy , 1865 - 1914 . New York : Wiley , 1971 . Himmelberg , Robert F . The Rise of Big Business and the Beginnings of Antitrust and Railroad Regulation , 1870 - 1900 . New York : Garland , 1994 . Hoffmann , Charles . The Depression of the Nineties : An Economic History . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing , 1970 . Jones , Stanley L . The Presidential Election of 1896 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1964 . Kindleberger , Charles Poor . Manias , Panics , and Crashes : A History of Financial Crises . Revised Edition . New York : Basic Books , 1989 . Kolko , Gabriel . Railroads and Regulation , 1877 - 1916 . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1965 . Lamoreaux , Naomi R . The Great Merger Movement in American Business , 1895 - 1904 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1985 . Rees , Albert . Real Wages in Manufacturing , 1890 - 1914 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1961 . Ritter , Gretchen . Goldbugs and Greenbacks : The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1997 . Romer , Christina . “ Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data . ” Journal of Political Economy 94 , no . 1 . ( 1986 ) : 1 - 37 . Schwantes , Carlos A . Coxey ’ s Army : An American Odyssey . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 . Steeples , Douglas , and David Whitten . Democracy in Desperation : The Depression of 1893 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1998 . Timberlake , Richard . “ Panic of 1893 . ” In Business Cycles and Depressions : An Encyclopedia , edited by David Glasner . New York : Garland , 1997 . White , Gerald Taylor . Years of Transition : The United States and the Problems of Recovery after 1893 . University , AL : University of Alabama Press , 1982 . Citation : Whitten , David . “ Depression of 1893 ″ . EH . Net Encyclopedia , edited by Robert Whaples . August 14 , 2001 . URL http : / / eh . net / encyclopedia / the - depression - of - 1893 / | [
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http://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/states-which-seceded | Home Articles States Which Seceded Michael Kirk On November 6 , 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected the sixteenth President of the United States . His election to the presidency was the final blow to the South and led directly to the break up of the Union . Five months after his election , the North and South were engrossed in a bloody civil war . This was the culmination over thirty years of debate about the slavery and extension of slavery into new territories . The first state to secede from the Union was South Carolina . Significantly , this was not the first time that the people of South Carolina had discussed secession . During the debate over tariffs in the 1830s , South Carolina seriously considered secession . Fortunately , John C . Calhoun helped to solve the problem and South Carolina remained in the Union . But on December 20th , 1860 , South Carolina held a secession convention in Charleston . The debate was quick and short . Representatives voted unanimously , 169 to 0 for secession . The rupture of In early January 1861 , Mississippi held a convention in Jackson to consider secession . Delegates voted 84 to 15 to secede from the Union . On January 9th , 1861 , Mississippi joined South Carolina . Florida joined the secession ranks the next day on January 10th . Her convention had met in Tallahassee and had voted 62 to 7 for secession . On January 11th , Alabama passed her secession resolution . The Alabama delegation had met in Montgomery and had voted 61 to 39 for secession . On January 19th , Georgia called delegates to Milledgeville and Texas was the seventh state to leave the Union . On , February 1st , Texans met in Austin and voted 166 to 7 for secession . Interestingly , the Union commander of the Department of Texas was Brigadier General David Twiggs , a Georgian . Upon secession , he ordered all military forces and stores under his command turned over to Texas authorities . On March 1st , the United States dismissed Twiggs from the Regular Army . Two months later in May 1861 , the Confederate States appointed him Major General in the Provisional Army of the Confederacy By early February , three months after Lincoln ’ s election , and a month before his inauguration , seven states had left the Union . These states agreed to send representatives to Montgomery , Alabama , to form a new government . These delegates elected Howell Cobb of Georgia President of the convention . On February 8th , the delegates adopted a Provisional Constitution and the Confederate States of America were born . On February 9th , the delegates elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as Provisional President . Alexander Stephens of Georgia was chosen as the Confederate Vice President On March 4th , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States . Two days later , the Confederacy called for 100,000 volunteers for its provisional army . On March 11th , delegates adopted the Confederate Constitution . Meanwhile , in Charleston , South Carolina , officials demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter . Major Robert Anderson commanded the small garrison and refused to surrender . With supplies running out , Lincoln informed South Carolina authorities that he planned to send supplies and reinforcements to the fort . On April 12th , 1861 , at about 4 : 30 AM , South Carolina militia forces in Charleston opened fire on Fort Sumter . Thirty - four hours later , Anderson surrendered his command . Two days after the surrender of Fort Sumter , President Lincoln declared a state of insurrection and called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion . The Northern states quickly answered the call , but the remaining Southern states that had not seceded refused to comply with Lincoln ’ s request . Instead , four more Southern states left the Union . The first was Virginia . On April 17th , Virginia , the traditional leader of the South , passed a succession bill 88 to 55 . Significantly , Virginians had voted down a similar bill on April Lincoln followed Virginia ’ s succession with an order to blockade all Southern ports . On May 3rd , Lincoln called for 42,000 three - year volunteers . Arkansas then joined the Confederacy on May 6th . The state convention had met at Little Rock and had voted 69 to 1 for secession . Tennessee seceded the same day . Earlier , on February 9th , Tennessee had held a statewide election and had rejected secession by a vote of 68,282 to 59,449 . But with Lincoln ’ s call for more volunteers , the Tennessee State Convention met at A week later , on May 13th , Great Britain declared its neutrality . On May 16th , the Confederate Congress authorized the recruiting of 400,000 volunteers . Four days later , on May 20th , 1861 , North Carolina became the last state to join the new Confederacy . State delegates met in Raleigh and voted unanimously for secession . All of the states of the Deep South had now left the Union . That same day , the Confederate Congress voted to move the capital to Richmond , Virginia . On May 23rd , citizens from eastern Virginia Four slave states - - Delaware , Maryland , Missouri , and Kentucky - - did not secede from the Union . On April 29th , Maryland held a secession convention and delegates voted secession down 53 to 13 . On May 20th , Governor Beriah Magoffin of Kentucky had declared that state ’ s neutrality . Missouri held a secession convention in February at Jefferson City , but did not vote for secession . Delaware had all but abolished slavery by 1861 . Kentucky , Maryland , and Missouri became buffer zones between the North and the South . Harry McCarthy wrote a song that chronicled the birth of the Confederate States of America . This was " The Bonnie Blue Flag " and follows : We are a band of brothers and native to the soil , Fighting for the property we gained through honest toil . And when our rights were threatened the cry rose near and far , Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . Chorus : Hurrah , Hurrah , Hurrah for Southern Rights Hurrah . Three cheers for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . As long as the Union was faithful to her trust , Like friends and brethren , kind were we and just , But now when Northern treachery attempts our rights to mar , We hoist on high the Bonnie Blue flag that bears a single star . Chorus First gallant South Carolina nobly made the stand , Then came Alabama and took her by the hand . Next , quickly Mississippi , Georgia and Florida , All raised the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . Chorus Ye men of valor gather round the banner of the right , Texas and Louisiana join us in the fight . Davis , our beloved President , and Stephens statesmen are , Now rally round the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . And here ’ s to brave Virginia , the Old Dominion State , With the young Confederacy at length has joined her fate . Impelled by her example , now other states prepare , To hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . Then here ’ s to our Confederacy , strong we are and brave , Like patriots of old we ’ ll fight , our heritage to save . And rater than submit to shame , to die we would prefer , So cheer for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star . Then cheer boys , cheer , raise a joyous shout , For Arkansas and North Carolina now both have gone out . And let another rousing cheer for Tennessee be given , The single star of the Bonnie Blue Flag has grown to be eleven . Themes Civil War This item was created by a contributor to eHistory prior to its affiliation with The Ohio State University . As such , it has not been reviewed for accuracy by the University and does not necessarily adhere to the University ' s scholarly standards . | [
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http://ehoneybees.com/Honey-fattening/How-much-honey-should-we-consume-every-day.php | How much honey should we consume every day ? In spite of being one of the most amazing natural food products , honey can not be eaten in huge quantities on a daily basis . Specialists recommend eating at most 50 ml of honey per day , in other words no more than 10 teaspoons of honey . It is true that the daily honey quantity to be consumed varies from person to person , according to their lifestyle and diet . For example , a person who eats a lot of sweets should consume less than 10 teaspoons of honey , if he / she does not want to cut off the processed sugars from the daily menu . On the other hand , people who have a diet poor in carbohydrates can consume more than 50 ml of honey per day . Nonetheless , it is not advisable to eat honey in excess , since any kind of excess leads to health problems . In order to have a healthy and balanced diet , you should replace sugar with honey . Thus , you can have your coffee , tea or natural juice with a teaspoon of honey in it . Is honey fattening ? > Lose weight while sleeping > Lose weight with honey and lemon > Lose weight with honey and apple cider vinegar > Lose weight diet based on honey and lukewarm water > Honey calories > How much honey should we consume every day > Is honey fattening ? Lose weight while sleeping Lose weight with honey and apple cider vinegar Lose weight with honey and lemon Honey with hot water Honey calories Honey consumption | [
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http://ehs.berkeley.edu/lessons-learned/lesson-learned-accidental-mixing-bleach-and-acid | Lesson Learned - Accidental Mixing of Bleach and Acid What happened ? A researcher working in a laboratory glassware washing area thought she should refresh the bleach solution for soaking lab glassware . In an " inattentive moment " she added fresh bleach to what she thought was the bleach soaking tub ; unfortunately the tub did not contain bleach but contained 5 % hydrochloric acid . The acid solution ( with bleach ) immediately turned from clear to yellow . She quickly realized that bleach and acid should never be mixed because toxic chlorine gas can be created . She immediately had everyone leave the room ; she considered calling 911 In this case , it seems that very little if any chlorine gas was created . There was no observation of a dense green or brown cloud of chlorine gas as might be expected . This may have been a result of a well ventilated laboratory . EH&S considers this accident to be a near miss ; if more bleach had been added , the outcome could have been worse . It is also a reminder that the mixing of bleach with some household cleansers ( e.g. toilet bowl cleansers that contain acid ) can generate chlorine gas , and Before : Bleach or acid soak ? Answer : Acid ; however , container needs to be clearly labeled . After : Clearly labeled container that contains bleach ; even containers of water must be clearly labeled . Also include the chemical ' s hazard on the label — " corrosive " for the 10 % bleach solution . What was the cause ? The cause of the accident was a momentary period of inattention and a poorly labeled tub , with the experienced researcher expecting a white tub to contain a bleach solution and not to contain HCl . Glassware soaking tubs can contain solutions with detergent , bleach , caustic bath , or ( less frequently ) an acid bath . The acid bath in this case was not clearly labeled ; there was only a small piece of tape with " 5 % HCl " on the lid . There was no label on the actual container . What corrective action was taken ? This incident impressed upon the lab how important it is to have all containers of chemicals clearly labeled with the contents . It is also important to label the primary hazard of any chemical mixture . In this case the acid bath should have been labeled as containing " 5 % hydrochloric acid , corrosive " . After this incident , the lab properly labeled all their chemical containers , even containers of water . In the future they plan to use physically different containers or tubs so the bleach and acid baths are not confused again . Normally , the acid bath is used in an orange bucket and the bleach bath in the white square tub . If your lab has acid and bleach baths , EH&S suggests that you use very different looking containers , but always clearly label the container ( not just the lid ) with the contents and hazard . There were previously written standard operating procedures ( SOP ) on how to work with the bleach and acid baths . The procedures described what types of protective equipment must be worn and what to do if there is an accidental spill ; however , the procedures were hidden and dusty , so they were re - posted and discussed in a group meeting . How can incidents like this be prevented ? Clearly label all chemical containers with the chemical ' s name and hazards . Use physically different containers for bleach and acid baths . Emphasize the hazard of accidentally mixing acid and bleach . If your lab has acid or bleach baths discuss this incident in your lab group meeting . Document the training . For work with acids , bases , or bleach , have a written SOP that includes protective clothing and emergency procedures for an accident . There should be an eyewash and safety shower if acid or bleach is being handled . Consider placing the acid baths inside fume hoods to contain any acid vapors or hazardous gases that might be produced . The fume hood sash can also be used as a splash shield . Resources For more information on writing laboratory specific standard operating procedures : Fact Sheet : Laboratory Specific SOPs ( PDF ) For information on chemical storage and compatibility see : Proper Chemical Storage Booklet Safety Data Sheets ( formerly MSDS ) and chemical hazard information on bleach and hydrochloric acid and other chemicals found at : Safety Data Sheets ( formerly MSDS ) What would happen when you mix bleach and HCl ? https : / / answers . yahoo . com / question / index ? qid = 20080529061638AAfENrM | [
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http://ehso.com/RespProtectionTypes.htm | Table of Contents Search Search Govt sites How to get help Feedback Site home Services States Databases Related Sites What ' s new Other Topics : Air Asbestos Assessments Auditing Brownfields CERCLA DOT Enforcement EPA contacts EPCRA FedRegister FireSafety Groundwater HazMats HazWaste Health&Safety Hotlines International ISO14000 LabPacks MSDS NewsPlus OSHA PCBs Phase I ' s Pollution - Prevention PSM Radiation Recycling RiskMgmt Soil States Spills TSCA USTs Used Oil Water OSHA Respiratory Protection - Types of Respirators and How to Select the Right One ! OSHA RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM Types of Respirators and How to Select a Respirator Back to the Table of Contents page for information on many other subjects ! Back to the main Safety / OSHA page Back to the main Respiratory Protection Page Air - purifying vs . Atmosphere - supplying Respirators Air - purifying Respirators Atmosphere - supplying Respirators have filters , cartridges , or canisters that remove contaminants from the air by passing the ambient air through the air - purifying element before it reaches the user . supply clean air directly to the user from a source other than the air surrounding the user Learn about the 3 different kinds of Air - purifying Respirators Learn about the 3 different kinds of Atmosphere - supplying Respirators This page was updated on 30 - Mar - 2016 | [
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http://ehso.com/cssepa/TCLP.htm | Table of Contents Search Search Govt sites How to get help Feedback Site home Services States Databases Related Sites What ' s new Other Topics : Air Asbestos Assessments Auditing Brownfields CERCLA DOT Enforcement EPA contacts EPCRA FedRegister FireSafety Groundwater HazMats HazWaste Health&Safety Hotlines International ISO14000 LabPacks MSDS NewsPlus OSHA PCBs Phase I ' s Pollution - Prevention PSM Radiation Recycling RiskMgmt Soil States Spills TSCA USTs Used Oil Water The EPA TCLP : Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure and Characteristic Wastes ( D - codes ) Click here to print or right click and save to download a copy of this page as a pdf file TCLP FAQS - frequently asked questions and answers Test Methods - EPA test methods sorted by chemical / name , and for General , Air , Pesticides and Toxic Substances , Solid Waste , Water SW - 846 - Test methods for hazardous waste and " Solid " waste , guidance and download Download other EPA Test Methods HERE . The TCLP , or Toxicity Characteristic Leaching ( not Leachate ) Procedure is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic analytes present in liquid , solid , and multiphasic wastes . This is usually used to determine if a waste may meet the definition of EP Toxicity , that is , carrying a hazardous waste code under RCRA ( 40 CFR Part 261 ) of D004 through D052 . As it is the generator ' s responsibility to make this determination , but generators often contract outside labs to perform the TCLP test , these questions and 40 CFR � 261.24 , outlines the 40 contaminants the TCLP analysis tests for ( See Table 1 � Maximum Concentration of Contaminants for Toxicity Characteristic ) . If a � Solid Waste � fails the test for one or more of these compounds , the waste is considered to be a characteristic hazardous waste � unless there is an exemption that applies . Bear in mind , too , that a characteristic waste may still also be a � listed � hazardous waste . What does the TCLP Analysis Show ? The TCLP analysis simulates landfill conditions . Over time , water and other liquids percolate through landfills . The percolating liquid often reacts with the solid waste in the landfill , and may pose public and environmental health risks because of the contaminants it absorbs . The TCLP analysis determines which of the contaminants identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) are present in the leachate and their concentrations . Who Performs the TCLP ? There are many businesses , in almost every state , who can perform these analysis . Look in the yellow pages under � Laboratories � Analytical � . Many laboratories will offer courier services for a nominal fee , and provide sampling containers and a chain of custody form . Businesses in remote areas should contact the nearest lab to discuss sampling protocol and sample preparation for transportation . Improper sample handling can result in unreliable test results and wasted money ! What does it cost ? The cost of the TCLP depends on the laboratory and location ; but typically , a full TCLP analysis may cost as much as $ 3,000 . When is a Waste Hazardous ? A waste is considered hazardous when it exhibits one or more of the following characteristics : � Ignitable ( Flashpoint < 140 � F ) - D001 � Corrosive ( aqueous pH < 2 or > 12.5 ) - D002 � Reactive ( normally unstable , undergoes violent changes without detonating , water reactive ) - D003 Toxic ( exceeding the regulatory limits for contaminants under the TCLP or � 7 - 11 test � analysis ) - D004 through D043 OR it is � Listed � in the CFR ( wastes which are pre - defined and categorized ) - the F , K , P and U hazardous waste codes . For the purposes of this fact sheet , a waste is considered hazardous due to toxicity if it exhibits results exceeding the regulatory limits outlined in Table 1 below . There are many exclusions and exemptions within the CFR . For this reason , call the your state EPA ( DEP , DER , etc . ) or talk to your hazardous waste inspector if you have ANY questions ! More Information Download the TCLP procedure here ( if you are really that interested - it is very technical ) For more general information and guidance , see our hazardous waste pages Table 1 � Maximum Concentration of Contaminants for Toxicity Characteristic ( the D List ) EPA Hazardous Waste code Contaminant Regulated Level ( mg / l ) ( or ppm ) D004 Arsenic ( As ) 5.0 D005 Barium ( Ba ) 100.0 D018 Benzene 0.5 D006 Cadmium ( Cd ) 1.0 D019 Carbon Tetrachloride 0.5 D020 Chlordane 0.03 D021 Chlorobenzene 100.0 D022 Chloroform 6.0 D007 Chromium ( Cr ) 5.0 D023 o - Cresol 200.0 D024 m - Cresol 200.0 D025 p - Cresol D026 Cresol D016 2 , 4 - D 10.0 D027 1 , 4 - Dichlorobenzene 7.5 D028 1 , 2 - Dichloroethane D029 1 , 1 - Dichloroethylene 0.7 D030 2 , 4 - Dinitrotoluene 0.13 D012 Endrin 0.02 D031 Heptachlor 0.008 D032 Hexachlorobenzene 0.13 D033 Hexachlorobutadiene D034 Hexachloroethane 3.0 D008 Lead ( Pb ) D013 Lindane 0.4 D009 Mercury ( Hg ) 0.2 D014 Methoxychlor 10.0 D035 Methyl ethyl ketone D036 Nitrobenzene 2.0 D037 Pentachlorophenol D038 Pyridine D010 Selenium ( Se ) 1.0 D011 Silver ( Ag ) D039 Tetrachloroethylene 0.7 D015 Toxaphene D040 Trichloroethylene D041 2 , 4 , 5 - Trichlorophenol 400.0 D042 2 , 4 , 6 - Trichlorophenol 2.0 D017 2 , 4 , 5 - TP ( Silvex ) D043 Vinyl Chloride 0.2 | [
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http://ehso.com/ehshome/OzoneDepletionFAQs.htm | Ozone Depletion What is good ozone What is Bad ozone ( ground - level ozone The science of ozone depletion The effects of ozone depletion Ozone depletion graphics and images Ozone Depletion Publications , References and Resources Questions and Answers on Ozone Depletion - FAQs and Publications What is the ozone layer and why is it important ? The ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere . About 90 % of the planet ' s ozone is in the ozone layer . The layer of the Earth ' s atmosphere that surrounds us is called the troposphere . The stratosphere , the next higher layer , extends about 10 - 50 kilometers above the Earth ' s surface . Stratospheric ozone is a naturally - occurring gas that filters the sun ' s ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation . A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth ' s surface . For people , overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer , cataracts , and weakened immune systems . Increased UV can also lead to reduced crop yield and disruptions in the marine food chain . UV also has other harmful effects How does ozone depletion occur ? It is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and other ozone - depleting substances ( ODS ) , which were used widely as refrigerants , insulating foams , and solvents . The discussion below focuses on CFCs , but is relevant to all ODS . Although CFCs are heavier than air , they are eventually carried into the stratosphere in a process that can take as long as 2 to 5 years . Measurements of CFCs in the stratosphere are made from balloons , aircraft , and satellites . When CFCs reach the stratosphere , the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone , starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer . One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000 ozone molecules . Other chemicals that damage the ozone layer include methyl bromide ( used as a pesticide ) , halons ( used in fire extinguishers ) , and methyl chloroform ( used as a solvent in industrial processes for essential applications ) . As methyl bromide and halons are broken apart , they release bromine atoms , which are 40 times more destructive to ozone molecules than chlorine atoms . How do we know that natural sources are not responsible for ozone depletion ? While it is true that volcanoes and oceans release large amounts of chlorine , the chlorine from these sources is easily dissolved in water and washes out of the atmosphere in rain . In contrast , CFCs are not broken down in the lower atmosphere and do not dissolve in water . The chlorine in these human - made molecules does reach the stratosphere . Measurements show that the increase in stratospheric chlorine since 1985 matches the amount released from CFCs and other ozone - depleting substances produced and released by human activities . What is being done about ozone depletion ? In 1978 , the use of CFC propellants in spray cans was banned in the U.S. In the 1980s , the Antarctic " ozone hole appeared and an international science assessment more strongly linked the release of CFCs and ozone depletion . It became evident that a stronger worldwide response was needed . In 1987 , the Montreal Protocol was signed and the signatory nations committed themselves to a reduction in the use of CFCs and other ozone - depleting substances . Since that time , the treaty has been amended to ban CFC production after 1995 in the developed countries , and later in developing countries . Today , over 180 countries have ratified the treaty . Beginning January 1 , 1996 , only recycled and stockpiled CFCs will be available for use in developed countries like the US . This production phaseout is possible because of efforts to ensure that there will be substitute chemicals and technologies for all CFC uses . EPA coordinates numerous regulatory programs designed to help the ozone layer and continues to be active in developing international ozone protection policies . Individuals can also help , primarily by ensuring that technicians working on air conditioning and refrigeration equipment are certified by EPA , that refrigerants are recaptured and not released , and by educating themselves about the issue of ozone depletion . A longer article explains EPA ' s ozone protection efforts in more detail . Is there general agreement among scientists on the science of ozone depletion ? Yes . Under the sponsorship of the UN Environment Programme ( UNEP ) and the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , the scientific community issues periodic reports . Almost 300 scientists worldwide drafted and reviewed the WMO / UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion : 2002 . An international consensus about the causes and effects of ozone depletion has emerged . To obtain a copy of the executive summary of the assessment , please visit NOAA ' s web site Will the ozone layer recover ? Can we make more ozone to fill in the hole ? The answers , in order , are : yes and no . We ca n ' t make enough ozone to replace what ' s been destroyed , but provided that we stop producing ozone - depleting substances , natural ozone production reactions should return the ozone layer to normal levels by about 2050 . It is very important that the world comply with the Montreal Protocol ; delays in ending production could result in additional damage and prolong the ozone layer ' s recovery . More detail on these questions is provided elsewhere on this web site Health What is ozone ? Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen . Ozone occurs both in the Earth ' s upper atmosphere and at ground level . Ozone can be good or bad , depending on where it is found ; Good Ozone Good ozone occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere , 6 to 30 miles above the Earth ' s surface , where it forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun ' s harmful ultraviolet rays . This beneficial ozone is gradually being destroyed by manmade chemicals . When the protective ozone " layer " has been significantly depleted ; for example , over the North or South pole ; it is sometimes called a " hole in the ozone . " Bad Ozone In the Earth ' s lower atmosphere , near ground level , ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars , power plants , industrial boilers , refineries , chemical plants , and other sources chemically react in the presence of sunlight . Ozone at ground level is a harmful air pollutant . Top of page Where does ground - level ozone come from ? Ground - level ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) and volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , such as xylene , react in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight . NOx and VOCs are called ozone precursors . Motor vehicle exhaust , industrial emissions , and chemical solvents are the major sources of these chemicals . Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months when the weather conditions needed to form it - lots of sun , hot temperatures - normally occur . Although these precursors often originate in urban areas , winds can carry http : / / www . epa . gov / air / actions / Top of page Are ozone and smog the same thing ? While the two terms are often used interchangeably for general use , smog is more complex . Smog is primarily made up of ground - level ozone combined with other gases and particulate matter . What are the health effects of ozone ? Ozone can irritate the respiratory system , causing coughing , throat irritation , and / or an uncomfortable sensation in the chest . Ozone can reduce lung function and make it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously . Breathing may become more rapid and shallow than normal . This may limit a person ' s ability to engage in vigorous activities . Ozone can aggravate asthma . When ozone levels are high , more people with asthma have attacks that require a doctor ' s attention or use of medication . One reason this happens is that ozone makes people more sensitive to allergens , the most common triggers of asthma attacks . Ozone can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections . Ozone can inflame and damage the lining of the lungs . Within a few days , the damaged cells are shed and replaced much like the skin peels after a sunburn . Animal studies suggest that if this type of inflammation happens repeatedly over a long time period ( months , years , a lifetime ) , lung tissue may become permanently scarred , resulting in permanent loss of lung function , and a lower quality of life . Who is most at risk ? Children , people with lung disease , and people who work or play outdoors are at risk from ozone . Roughly one out of every three people in the United States is at a higher risk of experiencing ozone - related health effects . One group at high risk is active children because they often spend a large part of the summer playing outdoors . People of all ages who are active outdoors are at increased risk because , during physical activity , ozone penetrates deeper into the parts of the lungs that are more vulnerable to injury . People with respiratory diseases that make their lungs more vulnerable to ozone may experience health effects earlier and at lower ozone levels than others . Though scientists do n ' t yet know why , some healthy people are unusually sensitive to ozone . They may experience health effects at more moderate levels of outdoor exertion or at lower ozone levels than the average person . How can I find out about ozone levels in my community ? Air quality forecasts are often given with weather forecasts on local television and radio stations , and may be found on the weather page of your newspaper . Another way to learn about unhealthy exposures is to check daily Air Quality Index forecasts . You can also check ozone levels and other daily air quality information , and find air pollution health effects information at AIRNOW on the EPA web site . Designations Process What does nonattainment mean ? The Clean Air Act identifies six common air pollutants that are found all over the United States . These pollutants can injure health , harm the environment and cause property damage . EPA calls these pollutants criteria air pollutants because the agency has developed health - based criteria ( science - based guidelines ) as the basis for setting permissible levels . Ozone is a criteria pollutant . There are national ambient air quality standards ( NAAQS ) for each of the criteria pollutants . These standards apply to the concentration of a pollutant in outdoor air . If the In order to improve air quality , states must draft a plan known as a state implementation plan ( SIP ) to improve the air quality in nonattainment areas . The plan outlines the measures that the state will take in order to improve air quality . Once a nonattainment area meets the standards and additional redesignation requirements in the CAA [ Section 107 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( E ) ] , EPA will designate the area to attainment as a " maintenance area . " What does designation mean ? States and tribes submit recommendations to the EPA as to whether or not an area is attaining the national ambient air quality standards for a criteria pollutant . The states and tribes base these recommendations on air quality data collected from monitors at location in urban and rural settings . After working with the states and tribes and considering the information from air quality monitors , EPA " designates " an area as attainment or nonattainment with the ozone standard . If an area is designated as nonattainment it informs the public that the air in the area is unhealthy What is the designation process for the 8 - hour ozone standard ? ? By July 15 , 2003 , State governors and tribal leaders examined the latest ozone air quality data , and submitted a recommendation to EPA on what areas are not meeting the 8 - hour ozone standards . On April 15 , 2004 , EPA designated areas as " Unclassifiable / Attainment " or " Nonattainment " for the national ambient air quality standard for ozone . EPA will classify the nonattainment areas according to the severity of their ozone problems . There are five classes of nonattainment areas for ozone , ranging from marginal to severe . What is my area going to be required to do to meet the air pollution regulations if it is designated nonattainment for ozone ? In order to meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act , most 8 - hour ozone nonattainment areas will be required to submit to EPA a state implementation plan by April 2007 . Through this plan , states will design their approach to reducing the ozone level in the air and emissions of ozone precursors . The comprehensive approach to reducing criteria air pollutants taken by the Clean Air Act covers many different sources and a variety of clean - up methods . These air pollution control programs could include nonattainment New Source Review permit program and Federal General Conformity and Transportation Conformity programs . State plans will make sure power plants , factories and other pollution sources meet clean - up goals by working through the air pollution permitting process that applies to industrial facilities . Working with the EPA , states , tribes , areas will also implement programs to further reduce emissions of ozone precursors from sources such as cars , fuels , and consumer / commercial products and activities . EPA is taking a wide range of national clean air actions that will help all areas across the country significantly improve ozone air quality . Many of these clean air actions will bring local areas into attainment without any additional local controls . These national clean air control programs include : EPA ' s regional ozone transport rule , known as the NOx SIP Call , will significantly reduce NOx emissions in 19 eastern states and the District of Columbia by approximately 600,000 tons starting in the summer of 2004 . EPA ' s proposed Clean Air Interstate Rule would bring many areas into attainment with the fine particle and ozone standards . EPA expects to issue this as a final rule in late 2004 . Clean Air Diesel Rules targeting diesel emissions from on road and off road diesel engines will help to significantly cut NOx emissions nationwide . EPA is phasing in very stringent tailpipe standards for cars , trucks , and SUVs that also reduce NOx emissions . After the area is designated as nonattainment , the area must meet the federally mandated deadlines established by the 1990 Amendment to the Clean Air Act for compliance with the national ambient air quality standards . In the interim , the nonattainment area must demonstrate to EPA that they are making reasonable further progress toward improving their air quality . Dates for 8 - hour Ozone Implementation Classification Attainment Date ( years after designation ) Basic ( Subpart 1 ) 5 to 10 yrs . after designation ( 2009 / 2014 ) Marginal 3 years Moderate 6 years Serious 9 years Severe15 15 years Severe17 17 years Extreme 20 years What information does EPA use to calculate nonattainment ? The Clean Air Act defines a nonattainment area as an area that is violating the national ambient air quality standard or contributing to a violation of the standard in a nearby area . The 8 - hour ozone standard is based on averaging air quality measurements over 8 - hour blocks of time . EPA uses the average of the annual 4th highest 8 - hour daily maximum concentrations from each of the last three years of air quality monitoring data to determine a violation of the ozone standard . In addition to air quality data , EPA also considers How long has this been a problem in my area ? Ozone levels can vary from one area to the next and they can also vary over time or from one season to the next . Ozone is primarily a summertime problem . Some areas have experienced problems with ozone for years , while other areas have not . To learn how long ozone has been a problem where you live , you can visit the Green Book where you will find technical resources and a map of your area to learn more about the problems associated with ozone . And , you can find out how many days your area exceeded the ozone standard How do Early Action Compacts work in relation to nonattainment areas for the 8 - hour ozone standard ? Although we are working to deliver air quality improvements to local areas , some areas want to move even faster than required by the Clean Air Act . EPA is working with communities to get clean air as soon as possible by entering into Early Action Compacts to reduce ground - level ozone pollution . Communities with Early Action Compacts will have plans in place to reduce air pollution at least two years earlier than required by the Clean Air Act . In December 2002 , a number of states submitted compact agreements pledging to reduce emissions earlier than required http : / / www . epa . gov / air / eac / | [
"Ozone Depletion"
] |
http://eicd.com/Guidelines/HIV.htm | HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ( HIV ) INFECTIONS Code only confirmed cases of HIV infection / illness . This is an exception to guideline 1.8 which states " If the diagnosis documented at the time of discharge is qualified as ' probable , ' ' suspected , ' ' likely , ' ' questionable , ' ' possible , ' or ' still to be ruled out , ' code the condition as if it existed or was established . . . " In this context , " confirmation " does not require documentation of positive serology or culture for HIV ; the physician ' s diagnostic statement that the patient is HIV positive , or has an HIV - related illness is sufficient . Selection of HIV code 042 Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Disease Patients with an HIV - related illness should be coded to 042 , Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Disease . V08 Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Infection Patients with physician - documented asymptomatic HIV infections who have never had an HIV - related illness should be coded to V08 , Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Infection . 795.71 Nonspecific Serologic Evidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Code 795.71 , Nonspecific serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus [ HIV ] , should be used for patients ( including infants ) with inconclusive HIV test results . Previously diagnosed HIV - related illness Patients with any known prior diagnosis of an HIV - related illness should be coded to 042 . Once a patient had developed an HIV - related illness , the patient should always be assigned code 042 on every subsequent admission . Patients previously diagnosed with any HIV illness ( 042 ) should never be assigned to 795.71 or V08 . Sequencing The sequencing of diagnoses for patients with HIV - related illnesses follows guideline 2 for selection of principal diagnosis . That is , the circumstances of admission govern the selection of principal diagnosis , " that condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for occasioning the admission of the patient to the hospital for care . " Patients who are admitted for an HIV - related illness should be assigned a minimum of two codes : first assign code 042 to identify the HIV disease and then sequence additional codes to identify the other diagnoses . If a patient is admitted for an HIV - related condition , the principal diagnosis should be 042 , followed by additional diagnosis codes for all reported HIV - related conditions . If a patient with HIV disease is admitted for an unrelated condition ( such as a traumatic injury ) , the code for the unrelated condition ( e.g. , the nature of injury code ) should be the principal diagnosis . Other diagnoses would be 042 followed by additional diagnosis codes for all reported HIV - related conditions . Whether the patient is newly diagnosed or has had previous admissions for HIV conditions ( or has expired ) is irrelevant to the sequencing decision . HIV Infection in Pregnancy , Childbirth and the Puerperium During pregnancy , childbirth or the puerperium , a patient admitted because of an HIV - related illness should receive a principal diagnosis of 647.6X , Other specified infectious and parasitic diseases in the mother classifiable elsewhere , but complicating the pregnancy , childbirth or the puerperium , followed by 042 and the code ( s ) for the HIV - related illness ( es ) . This is an exception to the sequencing rule found in 10.4 above . Patients with asymptomatic HIV infection status admitted during pregnancy , childbirth , or the puerperium should receive codes of 647.6X Asymptomatic HIV Infection V08 Asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus [ HIV ] infection , is to be applied when the patient without any documentation of symptoms is listed as being " HIV positive , " " known HIV , " " HIV test positive , " or similar terminology . Do not use this code if the term " AIDS " is used or if the patient is treated for any HIV - related illness or is described as having any condition ( s ) resulting from his / her HIV positive status ; use 042 in these cases . Inconclusive Laboratory Test for HIV Patients with inconclusive HIV serology , but no definitive diagnosis or manifestations of the illness may be assigned code 795 . 71 . Inconclusive serologic test for Human Immunodeficiency Virus [ HIV ] Testing for HIV | [
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http://eidfest.org/ | 00 days 00 hours minutes seconds Assalamu Alykum Wa Rahmatu Allah wa Barakatuh Mark your Calendar Sunday June 24 , 2018 PlayLand 10 00 AM - 6 00 PM Evening Program 6 00PM - 9 00 PM Welcome to EidFest Vancouver official page . We promise you the biggest , most exhilarating Eid celebration ever held in BC ! ! We are extending this invitation to the entire Muslim community and friends to join us and celebrate Eid ul - Fitr as one big community . EidFest / Muslim Day @ playland is an Annual event organized by Ajyal for Youth Development since 2007 . It is the largest display of Muslim unity celebrating Eid together in Vancouver . Muslims come from all over BC with their families and loved ones every year and enjoy the spirit of Eid and unity … Insha ’ Allah , we would like to take this opportunity to extend our warmest invitation to you to be part of this year ’ s mega Eid ul - Fitr celebration at Playland Insha Allah , we hope to see you all there ! Jazakum Allah Khairan , EidFest . 2018 Committee PlayLand Rides Excitement and wonder await you on Playland ! 778.288.5735 604.304.0000 info @ eidfest . org Join our sponsors Interested in becoming a sponsor for EidFest ? Please email us at info @ eidfest . org , put in subject line “ EidFest Sponsorship Request ” and provides your contact info and best time to reach you . Do n ' t Wait | Get Your Ticket Here ! Buy Tickets | [
"EidFest",
"Muslim community",
"Vancouver"
] |
http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/Go/Conceptual-Framework | Home Projects Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Final Stage About Published documents Supporting material Consultation Feedback Project history Project news Meetings Final Stage In March 2018 the International Accounting Standards Board ( Board ) issued a comprehensive set of concepts for financial reporting , the revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Conceptual Framework ) , replacing the previous version of the issued in 2010 . The revised is effective immediately for the Board and the IFRS Interpretations Committee . The revised Conceptual Framework has an effective date of 1 January 2020 — with earlier application permitted — for companies that use the Conceptual Framework to develop accounting policies when no IFRS Standard applies to a particular transaction . To assist companies with the transition , the Board issued a separate accompanying document Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards . This document updates some references to previous versions of the in IFRS Standards , their accompanying documents and IFRS Practice Statements . To receive any further updates on the , please follow the page Please visit the implementation page for the for information relating to the Board ' s activities to support its implementation . | [
"Conceptual Framework",
"Financial Reporting",
"IFRS Standards"
] |
http://eifstucco.com/product/eifs-stucco-sausage-caulk-gun-applicator/ | Contact Us Your Name ( required ) Your Email ( required ) Subject Your Message I ' m not a robot reCAPTCHA Privacy Terms © Facades Stucco & EIFS Products . All Rights Reserved . | [
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http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id229.htm | The Eighties Club The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s Table of Contents The Music Scene Featured Song / Artist " The Look " Roxette Music & Lyrics by Per Gessle Look Sharp ! ( EMI , 1988 ) Walking like a man Hitting like a hammer She ' s a juvenile scam Never was a quitter Tasty like a raindrop She ' s got the look Heavenly bound Cause heaven ' s got a number When she ' s spinning me around Kissing is a colour Her loving is a wild dog She ' s got the look She ' s got the look ( She ' s got the look ) She ' s got the look ( She ' s got the look ) What in the world can make a brown - eyed girl turn blue When everything I ' ll ever do I ' ll do for you And I go la - la - la - la - la - la she ' s got the look Fire in the ice Naked to the t - bone Is a lover ' s disguise Banging on the head drum Shaking like a mad bull Swaying to the band Moving like a hammer She ' s a miracle man Loving is the ocean Kissing is the wet sand What in the world can turn a brown - eyed girl turn blue When everything I ' ll do I ' ll do for you And I go la - la - la - la - la - la she ' s got the look Walking like a man Hitting like a hammer She ' s a juvenile scam Never was a quitter Tasty like a raindrop And she goes na - na - na - na - na , na - na - na - na - na - na . . .she ' s got the look What in the world can make a brown - eyed girl turn blue When everything I ' ll do I ' ll do for you What in the world can turn you so blue And she goes na - na - na - na - na , na - na - na - na - na - na . . .she ' s got the look In the early 1980s Per Gessle ( b . 2.12.59 , Halmstad , Sweden ) fronted the rock band Gyllene Tider ( Golden Times ) until its breakup in 1984 . Gessele then joined successful solo artist Marie Fredriksson ( b . 5.29.59 , Ostra Ljungby , Sweden ) to form the pop duo Roxette . Friends since 1979 , both Gessel and Fredricksson both had strong vocal and songwriting skills , immediately evident on their debut album Pearls of Passion ( 1986 ) . Their follow - up album , Look Sharp ! ( 1988 ) was # 1 in Sweden for three months ( becoming the second - best - selling album in Swedish history . ) An American exchange student from Minneapolis carried a copy of the Look Sharp ! CD home with him during a Christmas break and asked a local radio station , KDWB , to play it . Program director Brian Phillips was convinced that " The Look " was a # 1 song , and sent tapes of the song to sister stations in Dallas , Houston and New York . He was right - - " The Look " went to # 1 on Billboard ' s Top 100 in April 1989 . Roxette embarked on a worldwide promotional tour , and were rewarded with a second # 1 from the album , the power ballad " Listen To Your Heart " ( which was the first # 1 available only in cassette form . ) " Dressed For Success " went to US # 14 in July 1989 , while " Dangerous " climbed to US # 2 in February 1990 . By 1993 , Roxette would be declared the world ' s Number One Duo , with 21 million albums and 12 million singles sold . They continued their hit - making ways into the 1990s with songs like " Joyride " UK # 4 , 1991 ) , " The Look " was a # 1 song in 33 countries . Roxette ' s third album , Joyride ( 1991 ) , sold 10 million copies , aided by a worldwide tour that incorporated 108 concerts in Australia , South America , Europe and the U.S . In 1993 , Roxette became the first non - English - speaking act invited to play on " MTV Unplugged . " In 1987 , Gessle wrote " It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas For The Broken Hearted ) , " a song that ( after a few changes ) found its way onto the soundtrack for the film Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) . The soundtrack sold 9 million copies worldwide and " It Must Have Been Love " was a # 1 hit in several countries . " Never Gonna Give You Up " Rick Astley Written by Mike Stock , Matt Aitken & Pete Waterman Whenever You Need Somebody ( RCA , 1987 ) We ' re no strangers to love You know the rules and so do I A full commitment ' s what I ' m thinking of You would n ' t get this from any other guy I just wanna tell you how I ' m feeling Gotta make you understand Never gonna give you up Never gonna let you down Never gonna run around and desert you Never make you cry Never gonna say goodbye Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you We ' ve known each other for so long Your heart ' s been aching but you ' re too shy to say it Inside we both know what ' s been going on We know the game and we ' re gonna play it And if you ask me how I ' m feeling Do n ' t tell me you ' re too blind to see Never gonna give you up Never gonna let you down Never gonna run around and desert you Never gonna make you cry Never gonna say goodbye Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you ( repeat ) We ' ve known each other for so long Your heart ' s been aching but you ' re too shy to say it Inside we both know what ' s been going on We know the game and we ' re gonna play it I just wanna tell you how I ' m feeling Gotta make you understand Never gonna make you cry ( repeat ) Rick Astley , born 6 February 1966 in Warrington , Cheshire , exhibited musical talent early on - - not only did he play the drums and the piano , but he also sang in choir . In 1982 , while still in school , he became the drummer for a band called Give Way . When he became lead singer for the band FBI in 1984 it was clear his vocal styling was heavily influenced by the soul music he listened to at the Pier Casino club . Discovered by Pete Waterman of the Stock , Aitken and Waterman Whenever You Need Somebody , also went to # 1 in the UK , selling over a million units in six months . " Never Gonna Give You Up " was named Best British Single at the 7th Annual BRIT Awards in February 1988 . Astley followed up this success with " Together Forever " ( US # 1 , UK # 2 ) and " She Wants To Dance With Me " ( US # 6 , UK # 6 ) . At the end of 1988 , Astley was named Billboard ' s Top Sales Artist . Insisting on more creative freedom , Astley broke with PWL in early 1990 . In 1991 the RIAA certified that two million copies of Whenever You Need Somebody had been sold . Astley ' s song " Hopelessly , " which peaked at UK # 33 in November , 1993 , was named one of the Most Performed Songs of the year at the 1994 BMI Awards Ceremony in London . Stock , Aitken and Waterman produced the hits " Venus " for Bananarama and " You Spin Me Round Like A Record " for Dead or Alive . " Video Killed The Radio Star " The Buggles Written by Geoff Downes , Trevor Horne , Bruce Wolley ( Woolley ) ; The Age of Plastic ( Island , 1980 ) I heard you on the wireless back in ' 52 Lying awake intent at tuning in on you If I was young it did n ' t stop you coming through Oh - ah - oh They took the credit for your second symphony Rewritten by machine and new technology And now I understand the problems you can see Oh - ah - oh I ' ve met your children What did you tell them Video killed the radio star Video killed the radio star Pictures came and broke your heart oh - ah - ah - ah - oh And now we meet in an abandoned studio We hear the playback and it seems so long ago And you remember the jingles used to go . . . You were the first one You were the last one In my mind and in my car We ca n ' t rewind we ' ve gone to far Oh - ah - ah - ah - oh Oh - ah - ah - ah - oh In my mind and in my car We ca n ' t rewind we ' ve gone too far Pictures came and broke your heart Put the blame on VTR You are a radio star You are a radio star Video killed the radio star . . . Trevor Horn ( b . 15 July 1949 , Durham , England ) and Geoff Downes ( b . August 1952 , Stockport , Cheshire , England ) met in 1977 while working as session musicians . After a stint backing singer Tina Charles , they formed The Buggles , with Horn providing the vocals , fretless base and guitar and Downes playing keyboards and synthesizers . They produced two albums - - The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) and Adventures in Modern Recording ( 1981 ) . While it was a Top Ten hit in countries overseas , the song " Video Killed The Radio Star , " from their debut album , never really caught on in the U.S. ( It was , nonetheless , Island Record ' s first # 1 . ) The Buggles never toured , and the band was short - lived ; both Horn and Downes were recruited into the progressive rock band Yes , replacing the departing Rick Wakeman and Jon Anderson . ( Rumor has it that they approached Yes with a song they wanted Trivial Pursuit ) because the video for " Video Killed The Radio Star " was the first to be aired by MTV , when the music channel was launched 1 August 1981 . The song was oddly prophetic - - the music video fundamentally changed the industry . | [
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http://ejusa.org/learn/cost/ | Wasteful and Inefficient The alarming cost of the death penalty Many people believe that the death penalty is more cost - effective than housing and feeding someone in prison for life . In reality , the death penalty ’ s complexity , length , and finality drive costs through the roof , making it much more expensive . It is a bloated government program that has bogged down law enforcement , delayed justice for victims ’ families , and devoured millions of crime - fighting dollars that could save lives and protect the public . I think I could prove to you that I could put someone in the Waldorf Hotel for 60 to 70 years and feed them three meals a day cheaper than we can litigate a single death penalty case . — Sterling Goodspeed , former District Attorney , Warren County , New York How much does the death penalty cost ? More than a dozen states have found that death penalty cases are up to 10 times more expensive than comparable non - death penalty cases . 1 The most rigorous cost study in the country found that a single death sentence in Maryland costs almost $ 2 million more than a comparable non - death penalty case . Before ending the death penalty , Maryland spent $ 186 million extra to carry out just five executions . 2 A similar study showed that California has spent over $ 4 billion extra for the death penalty since 1978 . 3 A study in North Carolina looked at cases in 2005 and 2006 and concluded that repealing the death penalty could have saved the state nearly $ 22 million in just those two years . 4 Most costs associated with the death penalty never appear as line items in any budget . Instead they are buried in a thicket of legal proceedings and hours spent by judges , clerks , prosecutors , and other agencies . In the time it takes to pursue just one capital case , law enforcement could investigate , prosecute , solve , and prevent scores of other crimes . We ' ve had the death penalty since 1994 , and we continue to pay for the process with little results . . .But we continue to cut the programs that could prevent these types of crimes — Kansas State Senator Carolyn McGinn , a Republican , who sponsored legislation to repeal the death penalty in order to save funds Why does it cost so much ? T he death penalty process is more complicated because a life is on the line . Capital cases involve more lawyers , more witnesses , more experts , a longer jury selection process , more pre - trial motions , an entirely separate trial for sentencing , and countless other expenses – racking up exorbitant costs before a single appeal is even filed . Most death penalty trials are found to be significantly flawed , which leads to 68 % of cases to be overturned , according to a Columbia Law School study . 5 When prosecutors continue to seek the death penalty after a death sentence has been overturned , taxpayers have to pay for not just one but multiple capital trials . In most cases where the death penalty is sought , it is never imposed . And even when it is imposed , it is rarely carried out . Yet taxpayers are saddled with the death penalty ’ s extra costs even in cases where the defendant is not sentenced to death or executed . As a police chief , I find this use of state resources offensive . . . Give a law enforcement professional like me that $ 250 million , and I ' ll show you how to reduce crime . The death penalty is n ' t anywhere on my list . — James Abbott , Police Chief and former death penalty supporter , West Orange , New Jersey Who pays for the death penalty ? A key study found that the costs of the death penalty are borne primarily by increasing taxes and cutting services like police and highway funding , with county budgets bearing the brunt of the burden . 6 The burden is even higher on smaller counties . Jasper County , Texas , raised property taxes by nearly 7 % just to pay for a single death penalty case . 7 Two capital cases forced Jefferson County , Florida , to freeze employee raises and slash the library budget . 8 The death penalty diverts resources that could be used to help homicide survivors heal , including grief and trauma counseling , scholarships for orphaned children , professional leave to attend court proceedings , and financial support . Police chiefs nationwide rate the death penalty as one of the most inefficient uses of taxpayer dollars . Surveys show that law enforcement would prefer adding police or reducing drug abuse . 9 Can we make the system cheaper ? Many of the extra costs are legally mandated to reduce the risk of executing an innocent person , but even these safeguards are not enough . At least 165 people have been exonerated from death row after waiting years for the truth to come out . Streamlining the process would only heighten the already real risk of executing an innocent person . Even states with the fewest protections and a faster process face exorbitant death penalty costs . In Texas , for example , the death penalty still costs an average of three times more than 40 years in prison at maximum security . 10 We ’ ve learned a lot about the death penalty in the last 40 years . It is a bloated and expensive system that has bogged down law enforcement , delayed justice for victims ’ families , and squandered millions of crime - fighting dollars . Can we afford the price ? Download the PDF The 10x number comes from Indiana : “ The Cost of Seeking the Death Penalty in Indiana , ” Legislative Services Agency , 2010 Indiana General Assembly . John Roman et al , “ The Cost of the Death Penalty in Maryland ” , Urban Institute , 2008 . Death Penalty Information Center ’ s summary of Judge Arthur L . Alarcon & Paula M . Mitchell , “ Executing the Will of the Voters ? : A roadmap to mend or end the California legislature ’ s multi - billion dollar death penalty debacle . ” “ Potential Savings from Abolition of the Death Penalty in North Carolina , ” American Law and Economics Review , 2009 . “ A Broken System : Error Rates in Capital Cases , 1973 - 1995 , ” Columbia Law School , 2000 . Katherine Baicker , “ The Budgetary Repercussions Of Capital Convictions , ” Dartmouth College and the National Bureau of Economic Research , October 2002 . “ Prosecuting Death - Penalty Cases Puts Huge Strain On Local Government Finances , ” Wall Street Journal , January 9 , 2002 . Jeff Scullin , “ Death Penalty : Is Price Of Justice Too High ? States wonder if the extreme punishment is worth the cost , ” The Ledger ( Florida ) , December 14 , 2003 . Smart on Crime : Reconsidering the Death Penalty in a Time of Economic Crisis , 2009 . Death Penalty Information Center . and “ On the Front Line : Law Enforcement Views on the Death Penalty , ” Death Penalty Information Center , 1995 . “ Executions Cost Texas Millions , ” Dallas Morning News , March 8 , 1992 | [
"alarming cost",
"death penalty"
] |
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http://elawreview.org/articles/volume-44/issue-44-1/presidential-authority-epa-rulemaking-clean-air-act/ | Presidential Authority over EPA Rulemaking under the Clean Air Act Home Articles Case Summaries Court Opinions Environmental Law Review Syndicate About ELRS Submissions Editorial Staff ELR Board Current Associate Editors Current Members Faculty Supervisors Law School By Christopher D . Ahlers in Articles Volume 44 Issue 1 Topics : Clean Air Act ( CAA ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) PDF Abstract Recent efforts to revise the national ambient air quality standards for ozone have revived the longstanding tension between the EPA Administrator and the President with respect to rulemaking under the Clean Air Act . [ 1 ] This Article explores the differing views regarding the autonomy of the EPA from the perspectives of the legislative , executive , and judicial branches of government . The Article concludes with an analysis of how presidential interference with EPA rulemaking may make agency decisions more vulnerable to judicial review . I . Introduction During the past forty years of federal administrative law , there has been an increase in presidential authority due to the expansion of the regulatory state . In the case of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , this has played itself out in an evolving tension between the EPA Administrator and the President , over the promulgation of the national ambient air quality standards ( NAAQS ) . Two recent conflicts illustrate this tension . In 2008 , Administrator Stephen Johnson was criticized for changing EPA policy under pressure from the Bush White House , with respect to three items on the agency ’ s regulatory agenda . Those items included the agency ’ s review and revision of the ozone NAAQS , its review of California ’ s petition for a waiver from federal preemption for its greenhouse gas regulations for new motor vehicles , and its abandonment of a proposed rule that would regulate tailpipe emissions following the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Massachusetts v . Environmental Protection Agency [ 2 ] A similar conflict arose in September 2011 , when President Obama requested that Administrator Lisa Jackson withdraw a final rule revising the ozone NAAQS , when she was about to promulgate the final rule . [ 3 ] In both cases , allegations were made that the President had unlawfully interfered with the EPA Administrator ’ s statutory obligations under the Clean Air Act . [ 4 ] Part I of this article reviews the structure of the Clean Air Act , with a focus on the different roles of the President and the EPA Administrator . [ 5 ] Part II considers the importance of ozone as a criteria pollutant subject to regulation under the Clean Air Act , and how it has become a driving force in the tension between Congress and the President over the promulgation of the NAAQS . It reviews the facts surrounding the decisions of Administrator Stephen Johnson and Administrator Lisa Jackson regarding the revision of the ozone NAAQS , in the face of pressure from the White House . Part III reviews how Congress , the President , and the Supreme Court have differing views regarding the relationship between the President and federal A . The Clean Air Act , the Administrator , and the President While the Clean Air Act is considered the nation ’ s first command - and - control environmental statute , it was not the first modern federal environmental statute . [ 6 ] That credit goes to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ( NEPA ) , effective the first day of the year 1970 . [ 7 ] But the Clean Air Act was the first substantive environmental statute . Effective the last day of the year 1970 , it created a comprehensive regulatory scheme for protecting public health and welfare from air emissions from industrial facilities ( stationary sources ) and cars and trucks ( mobile sources ) . [ 8 ] Both types of sources cause air emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) and nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , which react with each other in the presence of the sun ’ s ultraviolet light to form ozone , a lung - searing chemical that is dangerous to human health and the environment . [ 9 ] “ Cooperative federalism ” forms the engine of the Clean Air Act , and is embodied in sections 108 , 109 , and 110 of the statute . [ 10 ] Section 108 requires the Administrator to publish a list of air pollutants that may endanger public health or welfare . [ 11 ] Exercising this authority , EPA Administrators have identified six “ criteria pollutants , ” including ozone . [ 12 ] Section 109 requires the Administrator to promulgate National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) for these “ criteria pollutants , ” and “ review and revise standards , as may be appropriate . ” [ 13 ] These standards are national , uniform levels of pollution that are binding and enforceable against all states , rather than directly against facilities . [ 14 ] The Clean Air Act makes air pollution prevention and control the primary responsibility of state and local governments . [ 15 ] Once the Administrator has identified criteria pollutants and promulgated NAAQSs , section 110 requires states to prepare and submit state implementation plans ( SIPs ) to EPA for its review and approval . [ 16 ] In reviewing their SIPs , EPA can not dictate to the states the specific policy choices for achieving the NAAQSs . Rather , such decisions are left to the discretion of the states . [ 17 ] Consequently , EPA ’ s role in the regulation of criteria pollutants largely involves determining appropriate ambient air quality standards . Congress has directed the Administrator to promulgate primary standards that are “ requisite to protect the public health , ” while “ allowing an adequate margin of safety . ” [ 18 ] In addition , the Administrator is required to promulgate secondary standards that are “ requisite to protect the public welfare , ” which contemplates effects on the environment . [ 19 ] The setting of the NAAQS has been driven principally by concerns for public health , as opposed to public welfare . As in the case of ozone , EPA often promulgates a primary standard for public health , and then sets a secondary standard for public welfare at the same level . [ 20 ] The statute requires the Administrator to appoint an independent scientific review committee ( the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee , or CASAC ) to complete a review of criteria that might inform the Administrator ’ s judgment in setting the NAAQSs . [ 21 ] The Administrator must review any promulgated NAAQS every five years , and revise it , if appropriate . [ 22 ] Nowhere in sections 108 , 109 , or 110 has Congress identified a role for the President . [ 23 ] Congress specifically mentions the President in other contexts throughout the Clean Air Act . But those references typically relate to duties and powers of a presidential nature , such as the determination of national security waivers of statutory requirements . [ 24 ] The Clean Air Act spends much more time delineating the authorities and duties of the Administrator , rather than the President . While the Administrator is mentioned 2,474 times in the Clean Air Act , the President is mentioned only seventy times . [ 25 ] This uneven division of attention is also characteristic of the other two principal command - and - control statutes , the Clean Water Act and the Solid Waste Disposal Act , as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act . [ 26 ] Federal laws relating to air pollution before 1970 either did not refer to the President at all , or when referring to the President , did not contemplate a degree of authority similar to EPA ’ s post - 1970 authority to set the NAAQS . These amendments were enacted in 1955 , [ 27 ] 1963 , [ 28 ] 1965 , [ 29 ] 1967 , [ 30 ] and 1970 . [ 31 ] In contrast , Congress chose a contrary approach in enacting the nation ’ s remediation statute , the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA ) . [ 32 ] In that statute , there are far more references to the President ( 441 references ) than to the Administrator ( 269 references ) . [ 33 ] Therefore , when Congress intended for the President to have a greater role over the environment , it specifically chose to grant him that role . The difference in relative treatment can be explained by the different purposes of the statutes . The Clean Air Act , the Clean Water Act , and the Solid Waste Disposal Act were primarily intended to regulate pollution of three types of environmental media ( air , water , and land ) occurring in the future . [ 34 ] In contrast , CERCLA was intended as a cleanup statute to remediate pollution that has occurred in the past . [ 35 ] CERCLA presented a compelling case for presidential involvement because the purpose was to require the cleanup of contaminated sites that were often abandoned , with no visible responsible party . [ 36 ] It was not a forward - looking regulatory statute , but a backward - looking remediation statute . Three events occurring in 1970 created the conditions for modern power disputes over the ozone NAAQS — the organization of the Office of Management and Budget , the formation of the EPA , and the enactment of the Clean Air Act . In 1970 , President Nixon created the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) by reorganizing the existing Bureau of the Budget , pursuant to a Reorganization Act . [ 37 ] The Bureau of the Budget had previously been a part of the Executive Office of the President , and the OMB continued to be a part of that same office . [ 38 ] But the organization of OMB in the same year that EPA was created set the stage for a long term struggle over environmental law and policy . The enactment of the Clean Air Act in the same year created the substantive law over which that struggle has been waged . An early struggle between OMB and the EPA during the Nixon administration foreshadowed future conflicts . [ 39 ] On April 7 , 1971 , EPA published a proposed rule for the preparation of SIPs that would have required the states to establish and operate a permit system . [ 40 ] In its proposed rule , EPA did not include language allowing the states to consider economic impacts , costs , or benefits in preparing their SIPs . [ 41 ] But in the final rule , EPA removed the provisions for a permit system . [ 42 ] In addition , EPA included language that softened the substantive requirements for the states , by allowing for a consideration of economic impacts , costs , and benefits , in preparing their SIPs . [ 43 ] EPA ’ s retrenchment on these points spurred speculation that it had given up key substantive requirements under pressure from OMB . [ 44 ] On February 16 , 1972 , the Senate Public Works Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution commenced oversight hearings to investigate whether EPA was properly implementing the Clean Air Act . [ 45 ] A primary issue was the relaxation of new requirements for SIPs , as evidenced by changes from the proposed rule to the final rule . [ 46 ] Democratic Senator Thomas Eagleton led the charge . [ 47 ] Along with fellow Senator Muskie , he had been involved in the passage of the 1970 Clean Air Amendments . [ 48 ] He questioned Administrator Ruckelshaus regarding charges that EPA improperly identified OMB approval as the final step in the promulgation of the regulations . [ 49 ] Ruckelshaus responded that while OMB had the authority to review the cumulative effect of state implementation plans , OMB did not have the authority to approve the plans themselves . [ 50 ] Ruckelshaus stated that while he received comments from a number of sources regarding the proposed rules , the final decision on the rule was his own . [ 51 ] But John Quarles , EPA ’ s chief legal advisor at the time , perceptively noted that the final decision is not necessarily the most important one . [ 52 ] Rather , the role of OMB is more nuanced , allowing it to exert substantial influence despite the nominal authority of EPA to make final decisions . [ 53 ] B . A History of the Regulation of Ozone Because of its adverse effects on human health and the environment , ozone has been a major focus of EPA ’ s regulatory efforts to address air pollution . [ 54 ] Chemically , ozone is a molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen ( O 3 ) . [ 55 ] Because of its tendency to readily oxidize , it is known as a lung - searing chemical , affecting both healthy humans and asthmatics . [ 56 ] In a similar chemical reaction , ozone also interferes with the growth of plants , resulting in adverse effects on the environment and the economy . [ 57 ] For these reasons , ozone is one of the six criteria pollutants subject to a NAAQS . [ 58 ] Ozone is unique among the six criteria pollutants because it is not a primary pollutant ( i.e. , one that is directly emitted from human activities such as the operation of an industrial facility or an automobile ) . [ 59 ] Rather , it is a secondary pollutant formed when nitrogen oxides combine with VOCs . [ 60 ] Nitrogen oxides are the product of combustion of fuel in industrial plants and automobiles . [ 61 ] VOCs are the product of various human activities , industrial activities , and natural emissions from trees . [ 62 ] In the presence of sunlight , these chemicals react together in the nearby air , or the troposphere . [ 63 ] High up in the stratosphere , ozone is beneficial to humans because it provides a shield from the ultraviolet rays of the sun . [ 64 ] But in the troposphere , ozone is harmful to humans and plant life . [ 65 ] Presidential power has influenced the history of ozone regulation , both directly and indirectly . [ 66 ] Ozone regulation predates the 1970 Clean Air Amendments . In 1970 , the National Air Pollution Control Administration , a predecessor agency to the EPA , published criteria relating to photochemical oxidants , which are precursors to ozone formation . [ 67 ] Shortly after the enactment of the 1970 amendments , the EPA set a NAAQS for photochemical oxidants at 160 micrograms per cubic meter ( 0.08 ppm ) . [ 68 ] In the late 1970s , EPA moved away from this approach . [ 69 ] In 1979 , it changed the chemical designation of the pollutant from photochemical oxidants to ozone , and set both the primary and the secondary standard at 0.12 ppm . [ 70 ] This revision actually made the numerical standards higher than the standards promulgated in 1971 , and this revision occurred during the Democratic administration of President Carter . The 1977 amendments of the Clean Air Act required the completion of a review of the NAAQS by an independent scientific review committee every five years , starting no later than December 31 , 1980 . [ 71 ] However , EPA did not propose any revisions to the ozone NAAQS for the next twelve years , during the Republican administrations of Presidents Reagan and Bush . [ 72 ] Following the inauguration of President Clinton in 1993 , the EPA still had not revised the ozone NAAQS . [ 73 ] But following President Clinton ’ s reelection in November 1996 , the EPA undertook a major action with respect to ozone . In December 1996 , it proposed that the averaging time for the ozone NAAQS be changed from an hourly average to an eight - hour average , based on findings of health effects from exposure to ozone for up to eight hours . [ 74 ] On the same day , EPA also proposed revised standards for particulate matter . [ 75 ] EPA ’ s decision to address particulate matter and ozone at the same time had great short - term and long - term significance . Because industrial plants , cars , and trucks all generate ozone precursors and particulate matter , these pollutants have become a major motivating factor in EPA ’ s development of air pollution regulations and policy . [ 76 ] Based on the assumption that an ozone standard of 0.09 ppm over an eight - hour period would represent the same protection as the existing 0.12 ppm one - hour standard , EPA proposed a new standard of 0.08 ppm , which would be more stringent than the existing standard . [ 77 ] EPA ’ s more stringent regulation of ozone was prompted by a strong President who sought an influential role in the promulgation of the ozone NAAQS . [ 78 ] In July 1997 , EPA promulgated a final rule setting the primary and secondary standard for ozone at 0.08 ppm , daily maximum eight - hour average , to be met when the average of the annual fourth highest daily concentration is less than or equal to 0.08 ppm . [ 79 ] Following the 2000 presidential election , there was a change in political control of the White House . Because the final rule was promulgated in 1997 , the five - year deadline for a review of the ozone NAAQS extended into the Bush presidency . In March 2003 , environmental groups commenced litigation against EPA for failing to undertake a review of the NAAQS as required by the Clean Air Act . [ 80 ] Pursuant to a settlement agreement , EPA proposed a revision of the NAAQS in 2007 , recommending a primary standard between 0.070 ppm and 0.075 ppm . [ 81 ] In doing so , it rejected the recommendation of CASAC that the standard be set between 0.60 ppm and 0.070 ppm . [ 82 ] In the final rule , the EPA Administrator set the primary standard at 0.075 ppm , rejecting the recommendations of CASAC . [ 83 ] In addition , the EPA Administrator set a secondary standard for the protection of public welfare at the same level as the primary standard , even though he had proposed a distinct secondary standard with a different level and a different form , based on cumulative impacts on welfare . [ 84 ] Public controversy ensued . [ 85 ] The controversy over the promulgation of the ozone NAAQS in 2008 is instructive regarding the tension between Congress and the President under the Clean Air Act . The apparent involvement of OMB and its Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ( OIRA ) in the rulemaking , combined with a shifting position by EPA regarding the standards to be promulgated , in the face of EPA ’ s imminent court deadline for review and revision of the standard , led to allegations of presidential interference with EPA decision making . [ 86 ] The result was a congressional investigation of EPA , and an interrogation of the EPA Administrator at a House Committee hearing . [ 87 ] Because EPA had not missed a deadline for the publication of a proposed rule or final rule , there was no clear violation of the Clean Air Act caused by the OMB review . As a result , the legitimacy of White House influence turned on the merits of the two decisions reached by the EPA Administrator . With respect to the first decision , the setting of the NAAQS at 0.075 ppm , there is nothing in the Clean Air Act that requires the EPA Administrator to accept the recommendations of CASAC . In fact , the committee acts [ 88 ] The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform conducted a hearing regarding alleged interference by the White House in EPA ’ s review and revision of the ozone NAAQS . [ 89 ] The EPA Administrator defended his decision to abandon the proposed cumulative index value for the secondary standard on three grounds : 1 ) historically , the primary and secondary standards were set at the same level and form , 2 ) the primary and secondary standards in the final rule were more stringent than the previous standards set in 1997 , and 3 ) it was unlikely that a secondary standard based on a cumulative index value would be more protective of the environment than one that was identical to the primary standard . [ 90 ] On closer review , the first rationale — that the primary and secondary standards have been the same , historically — simply describes how the ozone standards have evolved . It does not provide a justification for revising or not revising an ozone standard after performing a five - year review . [ 91 ] The second rationale — the final standards were more stringent than existing standards — does not provide a justification for abandoning the proposed cumulative ozone standard , in favor of another proposed standard . Rather , it merely established that a “ revision ” to existing standards was “ appropriate , ” based on the review of air quality criteria and existing standards . [ 92 ] The third rationale is an attempt to justify the Administrator ’ s choice of a revised standard to comply with the Supreme Court ’ s test for evaluating a NAAQS in Whitman v . American Trucking Associations , Inc . ( American Trucking ) . [ 93 ] In that landmark decision , the Court held that the primary standard must be “ sufficient , but not more than necessary ” to protect public health . [ 94 ] Although the Court did not say so directly , it would likely rule that the secondary standard must also be “ sufficient , but not more than necessary ” to protect public welfare , especially considering that the primary and secondary ozone standards were identical at the time of the case . [ 95 ] Because the Court did not elaborate on what is “ sufficient ” to protect public welfare , presumably this is a technical determination for which EPA is granted some degree of deference . [ 96 ] In abandoning the seasonal standard , the EPA Administrator took the position that it was unlikely for the seasonal form to provide more protection than the primary standard . [ 97 ] This was based on two different measurements of protectiveness . First , the Administrator stated that the implementation of the proposed seasonal standard would not have led to the creation of any additional nonattainment areas . [ 98 ] But this defined protectiveness in terms of whether a region will be in attainment or nonattainment , rather than in terms of the relative risk presented by the level and form of the standard . Second , with respect to the relative risks created by the two different standards , the uncertainties caused by the general lack of rural monitoring data created the possibility that the seasonal standard would either be insufficiently protective or overly protective of public welfare , either of which would violate the holding of American Trucking [ 99 ] Essentially , EPA ’ s rationale was that there was too much scientific uncertainty to justify a seasonal standard . Given the controversy surrounding this rule , EPA ’ s action was challenged in litigation by a number of groups in March 2008 , including environmental petitioners , industry petitioners , and state petitioners . [ 100 ] But another presidential election in November 2008 led to a change in political control of the White House , and the new EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson sought a stay of the litigation pending further review of the standards , in March 2009 . [ 101 ] In January 2010 , the EPA Administrator sought reconsideration of the ozone NAAQS . [ 102 ] She published a proposed rule that would set a standard within a range of 0.060 – 0.070 ppm , the range that had been recommended by CASAC prior to the 2008 final rule . [ 103 ] Following notice of the proposed rule and receipt of comments from the public , she prepared a draft final rule for review by OMB that would have reduced the primary standard to 0.070 ppm , the upper bound of CASAC ’ s recommendation . [ 104 ] On September 2 , 2011 , Cass Sunstein , the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs submitted a letter to the Administrator . [ 105 ] He stated that the President had instructed him to return the draft final rule to her for reconsideration , and that the President did not support finalizing the rule at that time . [ 106 ] The letter did not require Administrator Jackson to withdraw the ozone rule , but it was highly persuasive . The letter stated that “ [ t ] he President has instructed me to return this rule to you for reconsideration . ” [ 107 ] The legal authority for requesting the reconsideration was an executive order from the President stating that each “ agency shall avoid regulations that are inconsistent , incompatible , or duplicative with its other regulations . ” [ 108 ] The letter noted the need to “ minimize regulatory costs and burdens , particularly in this economically challenging time . ” [ 109 ] Substantively , the letter set forth three reasons for returning the rule to EPA : 1 ) the revision was not mandatory , and the five - year cycle for review of the standards that began in 2008 would require visiting the standards again in 2013 , requiring a new assessment , 2 ) a final rule at that time would not be “ based on the best available science , ” required by Executive Order 13563 , given that the 2008 rule was based on a review of scientific literature in 2006 , and a new scientific assessment was [ 110 ] These other initiatives included a joint rule from EPA and the Department of Transportation for greenhouse gas emissions from heavy - duty trucks , [ 111 ] EPA ’ s Cross - State Air Pollution Rule ( CSAPR ) for interstate pollution , [ 112 ] and EPA ’ s proposed section 112 standards for mercury and other toxic pollutants ( the MATS Rule , also known as the Utility MACT ) . [ 113 ] Ultimately , EPA did not pursue this rule any further . Mindful of the President ’ s direction that EPA should reduce uncertainty and minimize the regulatory burden on state and local governments , it issued a memorandum stating an intention to implement the 2008 NAAQS . [ 114 ] To comply with the five - year review requirement , EPA contemplated a review by May 2013 , a proposed rule by October 2013 , and a final rule by July 2014 . [ 115 ] In June 2013 , environmental organizations commenced a legal action challenging EPA ’ s alleged failure to timely conduct a five - year review by March 2013 . [ 116 ] In July 2013 , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia remanded to EPA the secondary ozone NAAQS promulgated in March 2008 because EPA had failed to establish that the level of protection ( set equivalent to the primary standard ) was “ requisite to protect the public welfare . ” [ 117 ] The Court did this because EPA had merely reasoned that the addition of a seasonal secondary standard would not increase the number of nonattainment areas , [ 118 ] and because EPA failed to explain why it looked only at one potential seasonal standard . [ 119 ] The Court did not vacate the rule , but left it in place in the meantime . [ 120 ] C . Different Views of What is an Independent Agency The Constitution of the United States reflects a delicate balance among Congress , the President , and the Supreme Court . This balance is embodied in the doctrine of separation of powers . [ 121 ] Congress has the power to enact laws , the President has the power to execute the laws , and the Supreme Court has the power to interpret the laws . [ 122 ] The history of the Clean Air Act exemplifies this separation of powers , with its extensive congressional amendments , numerous EPA rulemakings , and many Supreme Court decisions . [ 123 ] In practice , the lines of power are not always clear , especially in the case of an administrative agency like EPA . Its actions implicate all three kinds of governmental power — legislative , executive , and judicial . When EPA engages in a rulemaking under the Clean Air Act , it exercises a legislative power . When it commences an enforcement action against an industrial facility , it exercises an executive power . When it adjudicates a dispute in an enforcement proceeding , it exercises a judicial power . As a result , it is not surprising for A review of those institutions ’ interpretations of relative authorities is critical to understanding the power dynamics among the Congress , the President , and the EPA Administrator , with respect to disputes over ozone rulemaking during the Bush and Obama Administrations . 1 . The Legislative View EPA was created by Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 . [ 124 ] Therefore , to determine how Congress has viewed the structural role of the EPA Administrator , it is necessary to review the evolution of Reorganization Acts that apply to executive reorganization plans . Congress passed the first Reorganization Act in 1939 , as a means to reduce government expenditures in response to national deficits during the Great Depression . [ 125 ] That act applied to an “ agency , ” defined to include an “ executive department ” — historically , a cabinet - level organization such as the Department of Defense — and an “ independent establishment ” in the executive branch , although it did not define the term “ independent establishment . ” [ 126 ] Upon a finding by the President that the transfer , consolidation , or abolition of all or part of an “ agency ” was necessary , the President was required to prepare a reorganization plan and submit it to Congress . [ 127 ] The plan would take effect within sixty days , unless Congress passed a concurrent resolution opposing it . [ 128 ] The law prohibited a reorganization plan from providing for “ the establishment of any new executive department . ” [ 129 ] Following the passage of the act , President Roosevelt transmitted Reorganization Plan No . 1 to the Congress . He identified two legislative purposes in the Reorganization Act of 1939 : the reduction in the number of agencies reporting directly to the President , and the assistance to the President in dealing with a modern administrative state . [ 130 ] Although these might appear to be contradictory purposes , the President did not see a contradiction . While he stated that “ the only way in which the President can be relieved of the physically impossible task of dealing with 30 or 40 major agencies is by reorganization , ” he made it clear that the agency heads would still report to the President , who is the “ chief administrator of the Government . ” [ 131 ] A strong , activist president , he clearly believed that the work of the Executive Branch is carried out through executive departments and agencies , and that “ the responsibility to the people is through the President . ” [ 132 ] In 1966 , Congress undertook a comprehensive codification of laws relating to the organization of the federal government . [ 133 ] It codified a revised procedure for submitting and approving reorganization plans . [ 134 ] By statute , it only authorized reorganization plans by the President until December 31 , 1968 . [ 135 ] In contrast to the more detailed definition of “ agency ” in the 1939 law , the new law included a simpler definition of “ Executive agency ” that included only “ an Executive department , a Government corporation , and an “ independent establishment . ” [ 136 ] The law also added a definition of “ independent establishment , ” to mean an agency other than an Executive department , a government corporation , or military department . [ 137 ] Executive departments included those departments which historically have been characterized as cabinet - level agencies . [ 138 ] The 1939 law prohibited a reorganization plan from providing for “ the establishment of any new executive department . ” [ 139 ] The 1966 law actually strengthened this prohibition by providing that such a plan “ may not have the effect of ” creating a new executive department . [ 140 ] In a special message to Congress on January 30 , 1969 , President Nixon requested an extension of the authority to submit reorganization plans , past the deadline of December 31 , 1968 . [ 141 ] In response , Congress extended the deadline for another three years . [ 142 ] The House Committee on Government Operations supported the passage of the bill extending the deadline , commenting favorably on the history of the Reorganization Act . [ 143 ] The committee noted that this act “ reverse [ s ] the usual legislative process by allowing the President to submit plans for reorganization which go into effect unless disapproved by the Congress within 60 days . ” [ 144 ] However , it recognized that “ this once unique method of legislating ” has been increasingly used by Congress because it is not feasible to enact far - reaching changes in organization through direct legislation . [ 145 ] In addition , the authority being extended was merely the authority “ to allow the President to submit reorganization plans . ” [ 146 ] In the report , there was no suggestion that Congress was somehow giving up its legislative powers or its ultimate authority over enactment of such plans , which would presumably conflict with the U.S. Constitution . In rejecting a proposal to exempt certain regulatory agencies from the scope of reorganization plans , the Committee noted that Congress had included “ independent regulatory agencies ” within the purview of the Reorganization Act since 1949 . [ 147 ] The Committee stated it was fully aware of this practice , and that Congress was able to exert its will in connection with such agencies . [ 148 ] However , it did not define what it meant by “ independent regulatory agencies . ” [ 149 ] In contrast , the minority views of Congressmen John Moss and Torbert MacDonald expressed concern about conferring on the President jurisdiction over regulatory agencies created by Congress . [ 150 ] They viewed the extension as the latest example of Congress giving up its legislative power to the executive branch . [ 151 ] Although they referred to these agencies as “ independent regulatory agencies , ” it is not clear how they defined this term . [ 152 ] Viewing such agencies as trustees of powers residing in Congress , they were concerned about converting regulatory agencies into executive agencies . [ 153 ] As a result , they recommended that the House adopt amending language to remove regulatory agencies from the Reorganization Act . [ 154 ] The amending language did not exclude all independent establishments , but only certain independent establishments structured as commissions , and one board . [ 155 ] There is no reason why the concerns of Congressmen Moss and MacDonald would be any less valid for subsequent regulatory agencies such as EPA , categorized as independent establishments , that were not organized in the form of commissions or boards . The fact that this proposed amendment was limited to these forms of regulatory agencies may have simply reflected the historical preference for creating agencies in the form of commissions and boards during the earlier years of the modern regulatory state . The recommendation of the minority congressmen was rejected by the House and never enacted . [ 156 ] Therefore , the congressional intent was that regulatory agencies would be subject to reorganization plans . Still , this did not necessarily mean the President had primacy over such agencies , because Congress retained legislative power under the Reorganization Acts . Congress had ultimate power to decide whether a reorganization plan would be enacted , as a matter of law . Congress could exercise that power by either approving or disapproving a reorganization plan submitted by the President . One year later , Congress expressed its intent regarding the significance of creating “ independent establishments , ” when it established the United States Postal Service as an independent establishment within the executive branch . [ 157 ] This was the result of a direct legislative act of Congress , and not from a reorganization plan filed by the President and approved by Congress under a Reorganization Act . But Congress ’ views regarding the autonomy of the United States Postal Service are instructive regarding its intent regarding the autonomy of EPA , another independent establishment created during the same year . According to the House Committee report , the purpose was to “ [ c ] onvert the Post Office Department into an independent establishment in the Executive Branch of the Government freed from direct political pressures and endowed with the means of building a truly superior mail service . ” [ 158 ] Taking the Post Office Department out of the President ’ s cabinet , and converting it into an independent establishment , was central to this objective . [ 159 ] Recognizing the problems afflicting the Post Office Department due to the dispersion of responsibilities among different executive agencies , Congress intended to concentrate responsibilities in a single agency . [ 160 ] Indeed , the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has held that the United States Postal Service ’ s independence derives from its status as an “ independent establishment . ” [ 161 ] Although it is often asserted that EPA was created by an executive order , it is more accurate to say that it was created by joint action of President Nixon and inaction of Congress , pursuant to the 1966 Reorganization Act . On July 9 , 1970 , President Nixon transmitted to Congress a reorganization plan creating the EPA , which became law within sixty days when Congress did not oppose the plan through a concurrent resolution . [ 162 ] But until the end of his life , President Nixon claimed credit for creating EPA . [ 163 ] The reorganization plan transferred to EPA powers from several executive departments , including the Departments of Interior , Agriculture , and Health , Education , and Welfare . [ 164 ] According to President Nixon , the purpose of the reorganization plan was to strengthen enforcement of federal environmental laws and free environmental functions from the constraints of existing executive departments . [ 165 ] There was a concern that prejudices of executive departments would interfere with environmental protection , and that no department could objectively spearhead the cause of environmental protection . [ 166 ] The President was persuaded by these concerns . [ 167 ] Defining the office of the EPA Administrator , the plan provided that the “ Administrator shall be appointed by the President , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . ” [ 168 ] As a result , the EPA Administrator is subject to the President ’ s power of appointment . Although the statute is silent on the power of removal , the power to remove is implicit in the power to appoint . [ 169 ] The President ’ s power of appointment does not depend on whether the position is occupied or not . [ 170 ] In the case where the position is occupied , it is reasonable to infer that the President has the power to remove an existing Administrator by appointing a new Administrator . Consequently , given the circumstances of the 1966 Reorganization Act , the Postal Reorganization Act , and the Reorganization Plan No . 3 , it was the intention of Congress that EPA be an independent establishment that would not be managed as an executive department . In the language of the Reorganization Acts , and in the historical context of the creation of EPA and the Postal Service , there are two kinds of federal agencies — executive departments and independent establishments . The former were intended to be subject to the influence of the President . The latter were 2 . The Presidential View In contrast to Congress ’ s distinction between executive departments and independent establishments , the executive branch has adopted a different conception of what constitutes independence . In the view of the executive branch , the presence or absence of independence turns on whether the President has the authority to remove the head of the administrative agency . Only if Congress has immunized the head of the agency from the power of removal by the President is the agency truly considered an “ independent regulatory agency . ” Through its Office of Legal Counsel , the Department of Justice set forth this view in a seminal opinion on the lawfulness of President Reagan ’ s Executive Order 12291 . [ 171 ] The opinion asserted that Congress is “ aware of the comparative insulation given to the independent regulatory agencies , ” and that it has delegated rulemaking authority to them “ when it has sought to minimize presidential interference . ” [ 172 ] In contrast , “ heads of non - independent agencies hold their positions at the pleasure of the President , ” who “ may remove them from office for any reason . ” [ 173 ] In other words , by delegating power to inferior officers subject to removal by the President under Article II , Congress did not intend to immunize the agency from presidential supervision . [ 174 ] While acknowledging statutory limitations on presidential authority , it liberally construed the President ’ s authority to encourage an agency head to consider statutorily permissible considerations , “ as long as the President does not divest the officer of ultimate statutory authority . ” [ 175 ] In addition , the President may inform an appointee that the appointee will be removed for failing to make decisions consistent with Presidential policies . [ 176 ] Before assuming her position as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , Elena Kagan also presented this view in a law review article in 2001 . [ 177 ] According to these views , independence depends upon the absence of a power to remove , rather than on classification as an “ independent establishment ” by Congress . Executive Order 12291 significantly affects federal agency rulemaking in general , and EPA rulemaking under the Clean Air Act , in particular . Substantively , it requires that a federal agency prepare a cost - benefit analysis for every federal regulatory action , and finalize an action only if the benefits exceed the costs . [ 178 ] To this end , it required the preparation of a Regulatory Impact Analysis in connection with every major rule , but only “ to the extent permitted by law . ” [ 179 ] Although the order requires an agency to consult with OMB , “ [ n ] othing in this subsection shall be construed as displacing the agencies ’ responsibilities delegated by law . ” [ 180 ] This qualification is a recognition that the executive branch is subject to the laws of Congress , and may not conflict with a statutory mandate . If there is a conflict , the congressional law will preempt the executive order . [ 181 ] Subsequent presidents have continued to apply Executive Order 12291 , either expanding upon it or limiting it through their own executive orders . President Clinton ’ s Executive Order 12866 reaffirmed the principle that agencies must assess costs and benefits of proposed regulations , and that they may finalize regulations only if benefits exceed costs . [ 182 ] That order added a dispute resolution procedure for conflicts between an agency and OMB , under which the President has the ultimate decision . [ 183 ] Still , this procedure is only allowed “ to the extent permitted by law . ” [ 184 ] Because the language “ to the extent permitted by law ” begs the question whether the President may influence EPA decision making , it does not answer the question who has primacy over the promulgation of the NAAQS under the Clean Air Act . President George W . Bush issued two executive orders that amended certain provisions of President Clinton ’ s Executive Order 12866 . [ 185 ] Following his inauguration , President Obama revoked those executive orders , leaving Executive Order 12866 unaffected . [ 186 ] On the same day , he directed the OMB Director to produce recommendations for a new executive order on federal regulatory review , including “ suggestions on the role of cost - benefit analysis . ” [ 187 ] Two years later , President Obama ’ s Executive Order 13563 reaffirmed the principles underlying prior orders , with some changes . [ 188 ] Executive Order 13563 established the context for the request by OIRA for Administrator Lisa Jackson to withdraw the ozone rule seven months later , on September 2 , 2011 . It reiterates the fundamental principle that regulatory actions may be justified only upon a weighing of costs and benefits . [ 189 ] But like prior orders , it is qualified by the condition that it “ shall be implemented consistent with applicable law . ” [ 190 ] These executive orders acknowledge the applicability of statutes enacted by Congress . But they assert considerable presidential authority over federal agencies like EPA , by requiring a cost - benefit analysis as a part of a regulatory action . Quite naturally , this creates a tension which has led to litigation in the federal courts . 3 . The Judicial View Because disputes over presidential authority over EPA rulemaking naturally implicate the separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government , it is not surprising that there is not extensive case law on the subject . Under a doctrine of constitutional law , courts will not hear cases involving solely political questions . [ 191 ] Practical considerations also encourage agencies to work out their differences with the executive branch , without recourse to litigation . Nevertheless , there are a number of judicial decisions that provide guidance as to how the courts might resolve such disputes , should they result in litigation . a . Humphrey ’ s Executor and the Unitary Theory of the Presidency A 1935 Supreme Court decision forms the basis for the judicial view . [ 192 ] In a dispute over a claim for salary due to a Federal Trade Commissioner , the Court held that the President ’ s power to remove a commissioner under the applicable statute was limited to certain statutory grounds — essentially , “ for cause ” — and that this was not unconstitutional . [ 193 ] The Court held that Congress has the power to impose restrictions on the President ’ s power of removal . [ 194 ] But the decision has long been cited for the proposition that the presence or absence of the President ’ s power of removal determines whether the agency is independent from the President . [ 195 ] Even though Congress may impose restrictions on the President ’ s authority to remove an officer , it has not actually done so for the head of every agency . [ 196 ] In the case of the EPA Administrator , it has not done this . [ 197 ] Because the Administrator is subject to removal by the President , Humphrey ’ s Executor supports the conclusion that the President may overrule the Administrator with respect to substantive decisions , including revisions of an ozone standard . The unitary theory of the presidency holds that federal executive power resides exclusively with the President and is not shared among multiple administrative agency heads . [ 198 ] In Sierra Club v . Costle , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia applied a unitary theory of the presidency to a dispute over the docketing of intraexecutive branch meetings and communications between the EPA and the White House . The Environmental Defense Fund alleged that EPA had violated section 307 of the Clean Air Act by failing to record such meetings and communications on the docket of a rulemaking proceeding for proposed new source performance standards for coal - fired power plants under section 111 of the Clean Air Act . [ 199 ] The Court held that EPA ’ s failure to docket a rulemaking meeting attended by the President , White House staff , and EPA officials during the postcomment period did not violate the law . [ 200 ] The reasoning was that EPA did not make an effort to base the rule on information or data from that meeting , which would have triggered a requirement to record the information on the docket . [ 201 ] The Court indicated that when dealing with oral communications between the President and agency officials , the courts should exercise “ extraordinary caution ” in requiring disclosure above that required by law . [ 202 ] Central to this decision was the Court ’ s recognition of the unitary theory of the presidency . [ 203 ] The implication is that if the President is accused of personally exerting influence on EPA Administrators , the Court would be very reluctant to require disclosure of such influence . Following its discussion of the unitary theory , the Court made the statement that “ [ i ] n the particular case of EPA , Presidential authority is clear since it has never been considered an ‘ independent agency , ’ but always part of the Executive Branch . ” [ 204 ] The implication is that only those agencies outside the executive branch may be considered independent agencies . But this is not necessarily the case , as the overwhelming majority of federal agencies , whether they are considered independent or not , are considered part of the executive branch . [ 205 ] The Nuclear Regulatory Agency is considered an independent agency , even though it is a part of the executive branch . [ 206 ] In addition , this reasoning contradicts the congressional distinction drawn in 1970 . In converting the Post Office from an executive department into an independent establishment , Congress associated the concept of an “ independent establishment ” with the characteristic of independence from the President . If the location of an agency within the executive branch were sufficient to deprive an agency of independence , no agency in the executive branch could ever be independent . But according to Congress , the United States Postal Service is independent , even though it was placed in the executive branch . A recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia indicates how it might address conflicts over presidential and EPA decision making under the Clean Air Act . Along with individual citizens , state and local governments challenged the Department of Energy ’ s decision to withdraw its application submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) for a license to construct a permanent nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain . [ 207 ] The Court held that the Department of Energy ’ s decision to withdraw its application was not final agency action , because the NRC had jurisdiction over the matter . As a result , it dismissed the petition for lack of ripeness and justiciability , without reaching the merits of whether or not the Yucca Mountain project should proceed . [ 208 ] In his concurring opinion , Judge Kavanaugh expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that it is the NRC , and not the President ( through the Department of Energy ) , that has final authority over whether to terminate the Yucca Mountain project . [ 209 ] This fact arises out of the holding of the Supreme Court in Humphrey ’ s Executor and from the fact that the law does not grant the President the power to remove the NRC commissioner . [ 210 ] Judge Kavanaugh ’ s opinion is premised on the distinction between executive agencies and independent agencies , with independence determined by whether the President may remove the head of the agency . [ 211 ] Because of , the President lacks daily control over large regulatory bureaucracies such as the NRC , despite the fact that the President is politically accountable for their decisions ( Obama actually campaigned against the Yucca Mountain project in 2008 ) . [ 212 ] While Judge Kavanaugh ’ s intent was “ not to suggest that the case should be overturned , ” he discusses proposals for enhancing the accountability and effectiveness of independent agencies . [ 213 ] In a footnote , Judge Kavanaugh rejects the theory that agencies that make expert scientific decisions , like the NRC , should be made independent . [ 214 ] He concludes that the NRC should be treated like EPA and FDA , which are not considered independent even though they have to make expert scientific decisions . [ 215 ] He stated that the President “ has the legal authority to make the final decisions ” of the Attorney General , the Solicitor General , FDA , and EPA . [ 216 ] Therefore , he would likely hold that the President has the authority to overrule the EPA Administrator with respect to substantive decisions , including revisions of an ozone standard . But Judge Kavanaugh ’ s opinion actually identifies a way of challenging interference by the President in EPA decision making . In rejecting the theory that agencies that make expert scientific decisions should be independent , he notes that such agencies must make a number of nonscientific legal and policy judgments , in addition to expert scientific decisions . [ 217 ] But these different kinds of decisions trigger different standards of review . The final section of this article addresses why the different standards of review may be used by parties challenging EPA decision making resulting from interference of the President . Judge Kavanaugh analyzes a series of Supreme Court decisions construing and reaffirming the holding of Humphrey ’ s Executor . The most recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court regarding was the decision in Free Enterprise Fund v . Public Company Accountability Oversight Board [ 218 ] The case involved an action for a declaratory judgment by an accounting firm regarding the constitutionality of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act ’ s creation of the Public Company Accountability Oversight Board . [ 219 ] The Court held that the restriction on the ability of the President to remove a commissioner from the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , combined with a restriction on the ability of the SEC to remove a member of the Public Company Accountability Oversight Board , was contrary to Article II ’ s vesting of executive power in the President . [ 220 ] The case does not overrule , nor does it say that all attempts to limit the President ’ s removal power are unconstitutional . Rather , the decision is limited to the facts of the case . In his dissenting opinion , Justice Breyer argued for a functional and contextual approach to construing restrictions on Presidential authority . [ 221 ] The fact that the Board members are technical professional experts was significant in reaching his conclusion that the statute does not significantly interfere with the President ’ s executive power . He reasoned that “ this Court has recognized the constitutional legitimacy of a justification that rests agency independence upon the need for technical expertise . ” [ 222 ] As a result , the “ justification for insulating the technical experts on the Board from fear of losing their jobs due to political influence is particularly strong . ” [ 223 ] Justice Breyer ’ s reasoning could form a theoretical basis for construing the Clean Air Act to limit the President ’ s authority over EPA rulemaking . Just as the Public Company Accountability Oversight Board was created to respond to “ a series of celebrated accounting debacles , ” the EPA was created to respond to an environmental crisis — the pollution of the air , water , and the land . [ 224 ] Just as the Public Company Accountability Oversight Board “ has been thought to exhibit a particular need for independence , ” [ 225 ] so too was it thought that the EPA should be independent , when it was formed in 1970 . [ 226 ] However , Justice Breyer ’ s reasoning was rejected by the majority opinion . [ 227 ] In a nonenvironmental case , the Supreme Court has made statements that EPA is not an independent agency . In Federal Communications Commission v . Fox Television Stations , Inc . [ 228 ] the Supreme Court addressed a dispute over Notices of Apparent Liability based on statements by Cher and Nicole Richie at the 2002 and 2003 Billboard Music Awards , when they each uttered words that the FCC found objectionable . [ 229 ] On the merits of the case , the majority applied the principle of deference to an FCC policy that considered isolated “ fleeting expletives ” in a television broadcast to be indecent , holding that it was not arbitrary and capricious . [ 230 ] The Court cited the example of EPA to rebut dissenting Justice Breyer ’ s suggestion that it is “ all the more important ” that courts review the decision making of independent administrative agencies . [ 231 ] Stating that the dissent expressed a “ heightened scrutiny ” for independent agencies , the majority reasoned that “ it is hard to imagine any closer scrutiny than we have given to the Environmental Protection Agency , which is not an independent agency . ” [ 232 ] In a dissenting opinion in Freytag v . Commissioner of Internal Revenue [ 233 ] Justice Scalia expressed the view that the EPA Administrator is not independent from Presidential control . In that case , the Court rejected a challenge to the authority of the Chief Judge of the Tax Court to appoint special trial judges to hear certain cases . [ 234 ] Under the Appointments Clause , for special trial judges to maintain the authority to perform their work , the Commissioner of Internal Revenue had to show that Congress had given the power of appointment to either the President , the courts of law , or the head of a department . [ 235 ] The Court rejected the Commissioner ’ s argument that the Chief Judge of the Tax Court was a department , but held that it was a court of law , thereby validating the appointment . [ 236 ] In ruling that it was not a department , the majority noted that the Court had long held that the term “ Department ” refers to the division of the executive government that is expressly created and given the name of a department , by Congress . [ 237 ] The policy underlying this rule is to avoid an “ excessively diffuse appointment power . ” [ 238 ] In his dissenting opinion , Justice Scalia referred to EPA two times to make the point that “ all inferior officers can be made appointable by their ultimate ( sub - Presidential ) superiors . ” [ 239 ] First , he reasoned that it makes no sense to require an inferior officer of EPA to be appointed by someone other than the EPA Administrator , although that is what the Appointments Clause would strictly require , by vesting the power in the President . [ 240 ] Second , he rejected the distinction between Cabinet agencies and non - Cabinet agencies as being relevant to the degree of Presidential control , asserting that EPA is not an “ independent ” agency in the sense of independence from presidential control . [ 241 ] Therefore , Justice Scalia would tend to find that the President may influence the EPA Administrator in making substantive rulemaking decisions . b . OMB Interference with EPA The decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Blanchette v . Environmental Protection Agency [ 242 ] starts a line of cases illustrating the growing tension between the OMB and the EPA , under federal environmental statutes . That case involved a dispute over an executive order requiring federal agencies to consider costs when promulgating regulations and rules . [ 243 ] During the inflationary period of the early 1970s , President Ford had issued an executive order requiring that major proposals for the promulgation of regulations or rules by any executive branch agency be accompanied by a statement certifying that the inflationary impact had been evaluated . [ 244 ] In developing criteria for identifying regulations and rules subject to the order , the OMB was required to consider the cost impact , as well as the effect on productivity , competition , and supplies of products and services . [ 245 ] Recognizing the supremacy of congressional acts , the executive order required that federal agencies cooperate with OMB “ to the extent permitted by law . ” [ 246 ] When the EPA promulgated a federal implementation plan ( FIP ) in place of a deficient Connecticut state implementation plan ( SIP ) , EPA ’ s action was challenged by the Penn Central Transportation Company , which was the owner of an electric power plant that was a source of substantial air pollution . [ 247 ] The company alleged that the FIP should be invalidated because EPA had failed to prepare an Inflation Impact Statement as required by the executive order . [ 248 ] The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied the petition for review , holding that the petitioner had not shown that the regulations were “ major , ” a requirement for the rule to apply . [ 249 ] By doing so , the Court did not have to address a number of related questions , such as whether the company had a private right of action to enforce the executive order . [ 250 ] The Blanchette decision is important because it foreshadowed the tension between OMB review and EPA ’ s statutory obligations under the Clean Air Act , which accelerated following the issuance of President Reagan ’ s Executive Order 12291 in 1981 . In 1984 , the United States District Court for the District of Columbia addressed the tension between OMB review and EPA rulemaking in a dispute over the failure of EPA to meet statutory deadlines under the Clean Air Act . In Natural Resources Defense Council v . Ruckelshaus [ 251 ] an environmental organization challenged EPA ’ s failure to promulgate regulations relating to nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from heavy duty vehicles and engines . [ 252 ] The 1977 Clean Air Act amendments had required EPA to prescribe standards for the reduction of nitrogen oxides from heavy duty vehicles for the 1985 model year , of at least 75 % over the baseline model year of 1979 . [ 253 ] Despite this clear requirement , the Court noted that “ EPA has done virtually nothing to establish those prescribed standards . ” [ 254 ] Although the Court recognized the authority of EPA to avoid its statutory obligations based on “ reasons of limited staff or budget , ” this defense was not raised by EPA , and the Court rejected it as applied to the facts of the case . [ 255 ] Therefore , the Court entered an Order requiring EPA to publish a proposed rule and final rule for nitrogen oxides and particulate emissions from heavy duty vehicles , within specified deadlines . [ 256 ] In setting the specified deadlines in its order , the Court stated that OMB review should be eliminated entirely from the future time frame . [ 257 ] Further OMB review would be “ not only unnecessary , but in contravention to applicable law , ” because it would conflict with a congressionally imposed deadline . [ 258 ] Still , the decision is limited to the facts of the case , which involved deadlines that had come and passed and which were clearly violated . Two years later , the same court addressed another delay in EPA regulations prompted by OMB review . In Environmental Defense Fund v . Thomas [ 259 ] an environmental organization challenged a delay by EPA in promulgating hazardous waste regulations for underground storage tanks ( USTs ) pursuant to section 3004 ( w ) of the Solid Waste Disposal Act . [ 260 ] OMB ’ s substantive changes to the regulations had contributed to EPA ’ s three - month delay in promulgating regulations past the deadline of March 31 , 1985 . [ 261 ] Substantively , there was a conflict between EPA ’ s desire to regulate all leaks from waste disposal , and OMB ’ s desire to regulate only leaks of waste that could be demonstrated to threaten harm to human health , based on a risk analysis . [ 262 ] Because of the delay past the statutory deadline , the court granted summary judgment against EPA , but accepted EPA ’ s proposed date for publishing the final regulations in fashioning a remedy . [ 263 ] That decision also contemplated the possibility of a legal remedy against OMB for regulatory delay by EPA . Although the Court held that injunctive relief against OMB was not appropriate on the facts of the case , it generally stated that OMB could be enjoined for failing to execute laws enacted by Congress . [ 264 ] The withholding of approval by OMB so as to encroach upon EPA ’ s independence violates a statutory delegation of authority to the EPA Administrator and is not a valid exercise of presidential power . [ 265 ] Accordingly , OMB had no authority to use its regulatory review under Executive Order 12291 to delay promulgation of EPA regulations beyond a statutory deadline . [ 266 ] To the extent a deadline has passed , OMB has no authority to delay regulations subject to the deadline . To the extent a deadline has not passed , OMB may only review regulations until further OMB review will result in the missing of a deadline . [ 267 ] As in the case of Administrator Jackson ’ s withdrawal of the final rule for the ozone NAAQS , OMB caused a delay at a time when EPA was on the verge of an action . In Environmental Defense Fund , EPA was ready to announce a proposed rule in the Federal Register , but this was delayed for three months because of OMB . [ 268 ] But that case involved a failure to meet a statutory deadline , which clearly violated congressional intent . In contrast , Administrator Jackson ’ s withdrawal of the final rule for the ozone NAAQS did not cause EPA to violate a statutory deadline . That presented a subtler question : whether the budgetary and economic pressure exerted by OMB over an EPA Administrator may legitimately influence EPA rulemaking . Where there is no violation of a statutory deadline , it is more difficult to determine the extent of OMB influence and whether it has improperly infringed upon agency rulemaking , in violation of The controversy over Administrator Jackson ’ s withdrawal of the ozone final rule culminated in a judicial decision . The American Lung Association and other organizations filed a petition challenging the withdrawal of the rule in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . [ 269 ] The Court dismissed the petition because it lacked jurisdiction over EPA ’ s “ non - final decision to defer action . ” [ 270 ] In the case of the ozone rule , there was inaction ( a decision not to promulgate a rule ) , rather than action ( a decision to promulgate a rule ) . This is not a bar to a legal challenge under the Administrative Procedure Act , because an action may be brought to compel agency action “ unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed . ” [ 271 ] But according to the Supreme Court , a claim under section 706 ( 1 ) may proceed only if “ an agency failed to take a discrete agency action ” which it is “ required to take . ” [ 272 ] With respect to the withdrawal of the ozone rule , there was no ‘ discrete agency action ’ because there was no violation of a statutory deadline . [ 273 ] In addition , this was not action that EPA was “ required to take ” because it was not required to take any action at all until March 2013 , one year and six months after the withdrawal of the rule . [ 274 ] The five - year period in which EPA was required to conduct a review commenced in March 2008 and ended in March 2013 . [ 275 ] By contrast , the Eastern District of New York addressed a challenge by an environmental organization to EPA ’ s failure to meet a statutory deadline for the promulgation of regulations under the Clean Air Act in Natural Resources Defense Council v . Environmental Protection Agency [ 276 ] There was no question that EPA had failed to meet a statutory requirement to publish guidance on motor vehicle inspection and maintenance programs for SIPs by November 15 , 1991 , one year after the effective date of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments . [ 277 ] The Court considered but rejected the claim for excuse based on impossibility , finding that EPA failed to meet the “ heavy burden of demonstrating impossibility or infeasibility . ” [ 278 ] On the facts of the case , the court held that OMB review of the draft proposed regulations had not justified EPA ’ s delay . [ 279 ] Therefore , the court granted summary judgment against EPA , and ordered EPA to publish regulations according to a scheduling order . [ 280 ] Consistent with that deadline case , the District Court for the District of Arizona in American Lung Association v . Browner [ 281 ] granted summary judgment against EPA where EPA failed to meet Clean Air Act deadlines for review of the particulate matter standard , and held that the prospective schedule for promulgation should not include time for OMB review . [ 282 ] The 1977 Clean Air Act amendments had required EPA to review , and if appropriate , revise the NAAQS for criteria pollutants every five years , starting no later than December 31 , 1980 . [ 283 ] EPA reviewed the particulate matter standard in 1982 and revised the standard in 1987 , but did not conduct any further review or revision during the next five years . [ 284 ] Therefore , the court granted summary judgment to the American Lung Association and ordered EPA to complete a review and any revision of the particulate matter criteria and NAAQS by January 31 , 1997 . [ 285 ] In contrast , Administrator Jackson ’ s review and revision of the ozone NAAQS between 2009 and September 2011 was done within a five - year statutory review period which started on March 12 , 2008 or December 31 , 2010 , depending on how one calculates the five - year period . [ 286 ] But the controversy over her withdrawal of the ozone final rule centered on the substantive decision , rather than on whether it would cause EPA to violate a statutory deadline . Therefore , the ozone rule withdrawal presents a different situation than those deadline cases . D . The Special Case of the EPA In the constellation of federal agencies , EPA is special . The environment includes the air , the water , and the land , which affect everyone . Because it has authority over public health and welfare , EPA ’ s regulatory powers are pervasive . [ 287 ] While there are other federal agencies that also have authority over the environment , EPA is not an Executive Department and does not reside within an Executive Department . [ 288 ] Still , within the executive branch , the EPA Administrator reports directly to the President . Because the agency was synthesized in 1970 by joining together functions of different Executive Departments , there has been a strong presidential temptation to manage the EPA as if it were an Executive Department . EPA ’ s importance among federal agencies is illustrated by its role in the landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Chevron v . Natural Resources Defense Council [ 289 ] The Court upheld EPA ’ s interpretation of the definition of a “ source ” to allow for netting of emissions ( the “ bubble rule ” ) in determining whether a permit is required under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration provisions of the 1977 Clean Air Amendments . [ 290 ] Under the “ bubble rule , ” a facility undergoing a modification that increases air emissions may offset resulting decreases in other source - wide emissions , in determining whether the emissions increase requires a pre - construction permit . [ 291 ] Chevron provides the familiar two - step process for review of agency action that has been applied to all federal agencies : 1 ) the court must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress , and 2 ) if the statute is silent or ambiguous , the court must determine whether the agency ’ s action is based on a permissible ( reasonable ) construction of the statute . [ 292 ] Chevron involved a dispute between an industrial company and EPA , rather than a dispute between EPA and the President . In addition , the Court ’ s holding addressed the interaction between Congress ( the legislative delegating authority ) and EPA ( the agency entrusted with delegated powers ) , rather than between Congress and the President , or between the President and EPA . Nevertheless , in one paragraph the Court had something to say about the influence of the President on EPA rulemakings . In language reminiscent of President Roosevelt ’ s Message to Congress on the Reorganization [ 293 ] Scholars have identified the decision as an important factor in the subsequent growth of presidential power over federal agencies . [ 294 ] But , this is not necessarily a logical result of the decision and subsequent case law . Whether a court will apply deference depends on the nature of the agency decision . Recognizing the various levels of judicial deference to agency decision making that have evolved since the decision , courts have noted that deference to EPA is at its highest when it is acting in matters that are highly scientific or technical . [ 295 ] Because presidential influence typically is motivated by political or economic considerations , rather than scientific or technical considerations , presidential influence tends to make EPA rulemaking weaker in the face of a legal challenge . In the case of Presidents Nixon , Bush , and Obama , the alleged interference was motivated by a desire to weaken air quality standards , rather than to strengthen them . In similar cases , the EPA Administrator would be on weaker ground in deferring to presidential influence , as compared with decisions based on science . E . Conclusions Based on the circumstances surrounding the creation of EPA as an “ independent establishment ” in 1970 , there is a legislative view that Congress intended for EPA to be free from presidential politics . In contrast , there is an executive view that the President may influence the decisions of the EPA Administrator through the power of removal , which is implicit in the power of appointment . There is a judicial view that is generally consistent with this executive view . Congress could reconcile the opposing views by limiting the President ’ s power to remove the EPA About Author Christopher D . Ahlers , Assistant Professor of Law and Staff Attorney at the Environmental and Natural Resources Law Clinic at Vermont Law School . J.D. , Boston College Law School , 1993 , L.L.M in Environmental Law , summa cum laude , Vermont Law School , 2013 . The author teaches Air Pollution Law & Policy at Vermont Law School . The author is grateful for the assistance of Professor Craig Pease and Assistant Professor Laura Murphy in providing feedback on the preparation of this Article . Footnotes ( ↵ returns to text ) 42 U.S.C. § § 7401 – 7671q ( 2006 ) . ↵ 549 U.S. 497 ( 2007 ) . See EPA ’ s New Ozone Standards : Hearing Before the Comm . on Oversight and Gov ’ t . Reform , House of Representatives , 110th Cong . 73 ( 2008 ) ( opening statement of Rep . Henry A . Waxman ) [ hereinafter New Ozone Standards Hearing ] . See also John Walke , The President Sabotages Clean Air Protections , Part 1 , NRDC Switchboard , Sept . 5 , 2011 , http : / / switchboard . nrdc . org / blogs / jwalke / the_president_sabotages_clean . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( calling Administrator Johnson ’ s justifications for setting the NAAQS ozone level below that recommended by science advisors a “ joke ” ) . Bryan Walsh , California ’ s Clean - Air Slapdown , Time , Dec . 20 , 2007 , http : / / content . time . com / time / nation / article / 0 , 8599 , 1697442 , 00 . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( characterizing EPA ’ s denial of California ’ s requested waiver from federal preemption to regulate carbon dioxide emissions , announced by Administrator Johnson , as “ torpedo [ ing ] ” state efforts to regulate motor vehicle emissions ) . John Shiffman & John Sullivan , An Eroding Mission at EPA , Philadelphia Inquirer , Dec . 7 , 2008 , http : / / articles . philly . com / 2008 - 12 - 07 / news / 24992895_1_climate - change - climate - change - deputy - administrator - jason - burnett ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( calling Administrator Johnson ’ s redraft of his climate change memorandum a “ pale imitation of the original [ memorandum ] ” ) . generally Robert B . Moreno & Peter Zalzal , Greenhouse Gas Dissonance : The History of EPA ’ s Regulations and the Incongruity Recent Legal Challenges , 30 UCLA J . Envtl . L & Pol ’ y 121 , 133 – 35 ( 2012 ) ( discussing EPA ’ s response to the Massachusetts v . EPA holding that provided newly “ confirmed authority ” to the EPA to regulate GHG emissions , and EPA ’ s unwillingness to regulate them under the Clean Air Act during the Bush Administration ) . ↵ Press Release , White House , Statement by the President on the Ozone Ambient Air Quality Standards ( Sept . 2 , 2011 ) , http : / / www . whitehouse . gov / the - press - office / 2011 / 09 / 02 / statement - president - ozone - national - ambient - air - quality - standards ( White House Office of the Press Secretary ’ s statement regarding President Obama ’ s request to EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to withdraw the EPA ’ s NAAQS revision ) . also John M . Broder , Obama Administration Abandons Stricter Air - Quality Rules , N.Y. Times , Sep . 2 , 2011 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2011 / 09 / 03 / science / earth / 03air . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( discussing President Obama ’ s rejection of ozone NAAQS proposed by Lisa Jackson ) . John M . Broder , Groups Sue After E.P.A . Refuses to Shift Rules , N.Y. Times , Oct . 11 , 2011 , http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2011 / 10 / 12 / science / earth / 12epa . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( discussing allegations that President Obama ’ s refusal to adopt Lisa Jackson ’ s recommended NAAQS was unlawful ) . For other views on the directive authority of the President , see Robert V . Percival , Who ’ s In Charge ? Does President Have Directive Authority Over Agency Regulatory Decisions ? , 79 Fordham Law Review 2487 , 2538 ( 2011 ) ( “ Although it is unlikely that the debate over whether the President has the legal authority to dictate the substance of regulatory decisions entrusted by statute to agency heads ever will be definitively resolved , the view most widely accepted by scholars is that the President does not . ” ) ; Cary Coglianese , Presidential Control Administrative Agencies : A Debate Over Law or Politics ? , 12 U . Pa . J . Const . L . 637 , 649 ( 2010 ) ( “ If the constitutional debate over presidential power is defined as one between permissible influence and impermissible control of administrative agencies , the nation appears to have nothing but politics to police this debate . ” ) . Theodore L . Garrett & Sonya D . Winner , A Clean Air Act Primer in Clean Air Deskbook The Environmental Law Reporter 3 , 7 ( 1992 ) . National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 , Pub . L . No . 91 - 190 , 83 Stat . 852 ( 1970 ) ( codified at 42 U.S.C. § § 4321 – 4370h ) . Kyle Carlson , SEED : Sustainable Economic Development Call to Incorporate Verifiable Sustainability Ratings into NEPA Reviews , 43 Envtl . L . 145 , 150 – 51 , 158 – 60 ( 2013 ) . NEPA was significant in imposing a procedural requirement that a federal agency prepare an environmental impact statement for an agency action having an impact on the environment . Over time , this procedural requirement was interpreted by the courts to develop a substantive body of law regarding environmental impacts . Clean Air Act , 42 U.S.C. § 7401 ( 2006 ) . generally Garrett & Winner , supra note 6 , at 7 – 13 ( providing the history and structure of the Clean Air Act and an overview of NAAQS ) . EPA , Ground Level Ozone ; Basic Information http : / / www . epa . gov / glo / basic . html ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) ; California Needs Tougher on , SFGate , Aug . 29 , 2007 , http : / / www . sfgate . com / opinion / article / California - needs - tougherrules - on - ozone - 2543861 .php ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) . Robert L . Fischman , Cooperative Federalism Natural Resources Law , 14 N.Y.U. Envtl . L.J. 179 , 180 ( 2006 ) ( providing a definition of “ cooperative federalism ” ) . 42 U.S.C. § 7408 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) . EPA , National Ambient Quality Standards http : / / www . epa . gov / air / criteria . html ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) . 40 C.F.R. pt . 50 ( 2012 ) ( detailing the criteria pollutants and their air quality standards ) . “ Criteria pollutants ” is not a statutory term , but a regulatory term that is used to refer to pollutants identified by the EPA Administrator under section 108 of the Clean Air Act . See , e.g. , 40 C.F.R. § 52.31 ( 2013 ) . 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 2006 ) . Id . § 7410 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Id . § § 7401 ( a ) ( 3 ) , 7407 ( a ) . Under section 116 , states and their political subdivisions may generally adopt and enforce more stringent standards than federal standards § 7416 . However , states are preempted from regulating mobile sources § 7543 ( a ) . Under section 209 , there is an exception for California if a waiver has been granted by EPA , and for other states adopting California regulations under a California waiver . § 7543 ( e ) ( 2 ) . § 7410 ( a ) . Train v . Nat . Res . Defense Council , Inc . , 421 U.S. 60 , 79 ( 1975 ) ( “ The Act gives the Agency no authority to question the wisdom of a State ’ s choices of emission limitations if they are part of a plan which satisfies the standards of § 110 ( a ) ( 2 ) . ” ) . 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) . § 7409 ( b ) ( 2 ) . National Ambient Quality supra note 12 ( showing the similarity between primary and secondary standards ) . 40 C.F.R. § 50.9 ( 2013 ) ( one - hour primary and secondary standard set at 0.12 parts per million , in 1997 ) . 40 C.F.R. § 50.10 ( 2013 ) ( eight - hour primary and secondary standard set at 0.08 parts per million , in 1997 ) ; 40 C.F.R. § 50.15 ( 2013 ) ( eight - hour primary and secondary standard set at 0.075 parts per million , in 2008 ) . 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( 2006 ) . § 7409 ( d ) ( 1 ) . § § 7408 , 7409 , 7410 . id . § 7412 ( i ) ( 4 ) ( granting authority to the President to exempt a stationary source from any standard or limitation under section 112 ( relating to hazardous air pollutants ) , based on national security interests ) . id . § § 7401 – 7671q ( 2006 ) . While Congress refers to the Administrator 1,178 times in the Clean Water Act , it refers to the President only 81 times . Federal Water Pollution Control Act , 33 U.S.C. § § 1251 – 1387 ( 2006 ) . While Congress refers to the Administrator 826 times in the Solid Waste Disposal Act , it refers to the President only 19 times . 42 U.S.C. § 6901 – 6992 ( 2006 ) . Air Pollution Control Act , Pub . L . No . 84 - 159 , 69 Stat . 322 ( 1955 ) . Clean Air Act , Pub . L . No . 88 - 206 , 77 Stat . 392 ( 1963 ) . Technically , the Clean Air Act was enacted in 1963 , rather than in 1970 . The amendments in 1970 represented the most dramatic in a series of amendments over the course of a number of years . Clean Air Act Amendment and Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act , Pub . L . No . 89 - 272 , 79 Stat . 992 ( 1965 ) . Air Quality Act of 1967 , Pub . L . No . 90 - 148 , 81 Stat . 485 ( creating the President ’ s Air Quality Advisory Board , responsible for making recommendations to the President ( section 110 ) , requiring the Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare to make reports to the President and Congress regarding the need for training programs ( section 305 ) , and requiring the Secretary to report to Congress regarding the reports and recommendations of the President ’ s Air Quality Advisory Board ( section 306 ) ) . Clean Air Amendments of 1970 , Pub . L . No . 91 - 604 , 84 Stat . 1676 ( current version codified at 42 U.S.C. § § 7401 – 7671q ( 2006 ) ) . While the 1970 amendments contained more references to the President , those references did not contemplate a degree of authority similar to the Administrator ’ s authority in the setting of the NAAQS . Pub . L . No . 91 - 604 § 4 ( a ) , 84 Stat . 1685 – 1686 ( codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7412 ( Pub . L . No . 96 - 510 , 94 Stat . 2767 ( current version codified at 42 U.S.C. § § 9601 − 9675 ( 2006 ) ) . Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act , 42 U.S.C. § § 9601 − 9675 ( 2006 ) . 33 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) ( 2006 ) ( describing forward - looking Congressional goals of the Clean Water Act , including eliminating “ the discharge of pollutants into the [ Nation ’ s ] navigable waters . . . by 1985 ” ) ; 42 U.S.C. § 7401 ( b ) – ( c ) ( 2006 ) ( describing forward - looking Congressional goals of the Clean Air Act relating to pollution prevention ) ; 42 U.S.C. § 6902 ( a ) – ( b ) ( 2006 ) ( describing forward - looking congressional goals 42 U.S.C. § 9607 ( a ) ( 1 ) – ( 4 ) ( 2006 ) ( holding four types of potentially responsible parties liable for response , removal , and remedial costs : current owners and operators , past owners and operators of property where hazardous substances were disposed , persons who arrange for disposal of hazardous substances , and transporters of hazardous substances for disposal ) ; see Craig N . Johnston , William F . Funk & Victor B . Flatt , Legal Protection of the Environment 555 ( 3d ed . 2010 ) . David M . Bearden , Congressional Research Service , Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act : A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act 1 ( 2010 ) , available at http : / / nepinstitute . org / get / CRS_Reports / CRS_Climate_and_Environment / Other_Environmental_Issues / Summary_of_Superfund_Cleanup_Authorities . pdf Reorganization Plan No . 2 of 1970 , 3 C.F.R. § 7959 ( 1970 ) ( designating the Bureau of the Budget as the Office of Management and Budget ) ; Exec . Order No . 11,541 , 3 C.F.R. § 10737 ( 1970 ) ( delegating duties to the Office of Management and Budget ) . Congress created the Bureau of the Budget in 1921 . Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , Pub . L . No . 67 - 13 , 42 Stat . 20 . Exec . Order No . 11,541 , note 37 . John Quarles , Cleaning Up America 79 ( 1976 ) ( acknowledging “ charges that the Office of Management and Budget was directing EPA to make many compromises , overriding recommendations of the agency ’ s technical staff ” ) . Preparation , Adoption , and Submittal of Implementation Plans , 36 Fed . Reg . 6,680 , 6,682 ( proposed Apr . 7 , 1971 ) ( to be codified at 42 C.F.R. pt . 420 ) ( proposing section 4201.11 ( a ) ( 4 ) , “ Legal Authority ” ) ; at 6,687 ( presenting Appendix B , which contains “ general provisions regarding permits for new construction ” ) . 36 Fed . Reg . 6,680 ( omitting the permit system that was contained in the proposed rule ) . Requirements for Preparation , Adoption , and Submittal of Implementation Plans , 36 Fed . Reg . 15,486 , 15,486 ( Aug . 14 , 1971 ) ( codified at 42 C.F.R. pt . 420 ) ( “ The requirement that States establish and operate a permit system has been eliminated ; States still will be required to have authority to prevent construction , modification , or operation of sources . ” ) . ( “ Provisions have been added to encourage States to consider the socio - economic impact and the relative costs and benefits of the various emission control strategies which can be employed to attain and maintain the national standards . ” ) ; at 15,487 ( reserving to states the authority to take into consideration the cost - effectiveness and the social and economic impact of control strategies ) ; at 15,489 ( encouraging the states to identify the costs and benefits of alternative control strategies ) ; at 15,495 ( setting forth emissions limitations that are attainable , but allowing the state agencies to consider the social and economic impact of them ) . Quarles , note 39 , at 82 – 83 . at 77 . at 83 . at 84 – 87 ( discussing Senator Eagleton ’ s efforts ) . at 83 . at 86 – 87 . at 87 . at 88 . ( “ Before a major regulation assumes its final form , dozens of preliminary decisions are made , which mold and change the end product . The establishment by OMB of procedures to review proposed EPA regulations , therefore , gave it an important influence over EPA ’ s policies , even though Ruckelshaus retained control of the final decisions . ” ) . EPA , Ozone : Good Up High , Bad Nearby ( 2003 ) , available http : / / www . epa . gov / air / ozonepollution / pdfs / ozonegb . pdf Ground - Level Ozone : Basic Information http : / / www . epa . gov / air / ozonepollution / basic . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) [ hereinafter Ground - Level ] . Ozone : Good Up High , Bad Nearby , note 54 . 40 C.F.R. § § 50.9 – 10 , 50.15 ( 2013 ) . Health Effects Pollution : ( O 3 http : / / www . epa . gov / region07 / air / quality / health . htm ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) . Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions http : / / cfpub . epa . gov / eroe / index . cfm ? fuseaction = detail . viewPDF&ch = 46&lShowInd = 0&subtop = 341&lv = list . listByChapter&r = 219697 ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) . An Introduction Indoor ( IAQ ) : Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOCs ) http : / / www . epa . gov / iaq / voc . html ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) ; EPA , Trees Pollution http : / / www . epa . gov / ord / sciencenews / scinews_trees - and - air - pollution . htm ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) . http : / / www . epa . gov / glo note 55 . Title VI of the Clean Air Act , titled “ Stratospheric Ozone Protection , ” is dedicated to protecting the stratospheric ozone layer by eliminating or phasing out ozone - depleting substances . 42 U.S.C. § § 7671 – 7671q ( 2006 ) . note 55 . Broder , note 4 . Issuance of Air Quality Criteria and Information on Recommended Control Techniques , 35 Fed . Reg . 4,768 , 4,768 ( Mar . 19 , 1970 ) . National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards , 36 Fed . Reg . 8,186 , 8,186 ( Apr . 30 , 1971 ) . The averaging time for the standard was a maximum one - hour concentration , not to be exceeded more than one time per year . This standard was actually less stringent than EPA ’ s proposed standard of 125 micrograms per cubic meter , published several months previously . Notice of Proposed Standards for Sulfur Oxides , Particulate Matter , Carbon Monoxide , Photochemical Oxidants , Hydrocarbons , and Nitrogen Oxides , 36 Fed . Reg . 1502 , 1,503 ( Jan . 30 , 1971 ) . At that time , EPA regulated photochemical oxidants similarly to hydrocarbons . id . at 1,503 ( setting the standard for both at 125 micrograms per cubic meter ) ; 36 Fed . Reg . at 8,187 ( setting the standard for both at 160 micrograms per cubic meter ) . Review of the Photochemical Oxidant and Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards , 42 Fed . Reg . 20,493 ( Apr . 20 , 1977 ) ( Call for Information and Data ) ( requesting information relating to EPA ’ s revision of integrated criteria for photochemical oxidants and hydrocarbons ) . Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Photochemical Oxidants , 44 Fed . Reg . 8,202 , 8,202 ( Feb . 8 , 1979 ) . The proposed standard for public health was actually higher ( less stringent ) than the proposed standard for welfare . Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard , 43 Fed . Reg . 26,962 , 26,962 ( June 22 , 1978 ) ( proposing a primary standard of 0.10 ppm and a secondary standard of 0.08 ppm ) . Pub . L . No . 95 - 95 , § 106 , 91 Stat . 685 , 691 ( 1977 ) ( codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) ) . Arnold W . Reitze Jr . , Air Pollution Control Law : Compliance and Enforcement 23 – 43 ( 2001 ) ( describing EPA ’ s failure to review the ozone standard between 1977 and 1994 ) . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone ; Proposed Decision , 57 Fed . Reg . 35,542 , 35,543 ( Aug . 10 , 1992 ) ; Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants , 57 Fed . Reg . 38,832 ( Aug . 27 , 1992 ) ( calling for scientific information for further updating of air quality criteria ) ; National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone — Final Decision , 58 Fed . Reg . 13,008 ( Mar . 9 , 1993 ) ( announcing decision that revisions are not appropriate at this time ) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone : Proposed Decision , 61 Fed . Reg . 65,716 , 65,719 ( Dec . 13 , 1996 ) ( Proposed Rule ) . The Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee unanimously recommended the revision . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter : Proposed Decision , 61 Fed . Reg . 65,638 ( proposed Dec . 13 , 1996 ) ( to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt . 50 ) . EPA proposed dramatic revisions of the NAAQSs for particulate matter . EPA proposed to subdivide particulate matter into PM 10 ( coarse particulates , with a diameter less than ten micrometers ) , and PM 2.5 ( fine particulates , with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers ) , and set standards for these newly defined criteria pollutants Particulate matter is considered a primary pollutant because it is emitted directly by stationary sources and mobile sources . EPA , Particulate Matter ( PM ) : http : / / www . epa . gov / pm / basic . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) . In addition , it is considered a secondary pollutant because it is also formed from the reaction of other criteria pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in the air , to form nitrates and sulfates . The increasingly detailed scientific evidence demonstrating the link between particulate matter and adverse effects on human health has driven EPA ’ s regulation of particulate matter . In 1993 , the Harvard Six Cities Study found an association between air pollution and mortality . Douglas W . Dockery et al . , Association between Pollution Mortality in Six U.S . Cities , 329 New Eng . J . Med . 1,753 , 1,756 ( 1993 ) . On January 15 , 2013 , EPA lowered the NAAQS for PM 2.5 from 15 micrograms per cubic meter to 12 micrograms per cubic meter , citing recent trends in the scientific and medical literature . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter , 78 Fed . Reg . 3,086 , 3,088 – 89 ( Jan . 15 , 2013 ) . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone : Proposed Decision , 61 Fed . Reg . 65,716 , 65,748 ( proposed Dec . 13 , 1996 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pt . 50 ) . Implementation of Revised Air Quality Standards for Ozone and Particulate Matter , Memorandum for the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency , 62 Fed . Reg . 38,421 , 38,421 ( July 18 , 1997 ) ( “ I have approved the issuance of new air quality standards to provide important new health protection for all Americans by further controlling pollution from ozone and particulate matter . These new standards promise to improve the lives of millions of Americans in coming years . ” ) . In a clear demonstration of his directive authority , the President stated , “ National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 62 Fed . Reg . 38,856 , 38,856 ( July 18 , 1997 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pt . 50 ) . Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief , Am . Lung Ass ’ n v . Whitman , No . 1 : 03 - cv - 00778 - ESH ( D.D.C. Mar . 31 , 2003 ) . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 72 Fed . Reg . 37,818 , 37,822 ( proposed July 11 , 2007 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pt . 50 ) ( citing Am . Lung Ass ’ n v . Whitman , No . 1 : 03 - CV - 00778 ( D.D.C. Mar . 31 , 2003 ) ) . 72 Fed . Reg . at 37,878 . A Consent Decree at 1 – 2 , Am . Lung Ass ’ n v . Whitman , C.A. No . 02 - 2239 ( D.D.C. Mar . 14 , 2003 ) , http : / / www . epa . gov / ttn / oarpg / t1 / reports / 8od_cd31403 . pdf 72 Fed . Reg . at 37,877 . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 73 Fed . Reg . 16,436 , 16,482 ( Mar . 27 , 2008 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pts . 50 , 58 ) . In the proposed rule , the level of the national eight - hour primary ambient air quality standard for ozone was 0.070 − 0.075 parts per million , daily maximum eight - hour average . 72 Fed . Reg . at 37,916 . The level of the national secondary ambient air quality standard for ozone was a cumulative index value of 7 − 21 ppm - hours . This secondary standard was to be a seasonal standard that would be expressed as a weighted hourly concentration , cumulated over a twelve - hour daylight period between 8 am and 8 pm , during the consecutive three - month period of the ozone monitoring season . But in the final rule , the primary standard was set at 0.075 parts per million , the secondary standard was set identical to the primary standard , and the proposed cumulative standard was eliminated . 73 Fed . Reg . 16,436 , 16,511 ( Mar . 27 , 2008 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pts . 50 , 58 ) . Katherine Boyle , White House Intervened Decision — Democratic Memo , Greenwire , May 20 , 2008 , http : / / www . eenews . net / stories / 64762 ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) . note 2 . at 1 – 3 , 68 . Clean Air Act , 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( B ) ( 2006 ) ( during the five - year review , the committee “ shall recommend to the Administrator any new national ambient air quality standards and revisions of existing criteria and standards as may be appropriate . . . ” ) ; § 7409 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( C ) ( requiring the committee to advise the Administrator regarding factors and considerations relating to the review of the national ambient air quality standards ) . note 2 , at 1 – 3 , 68 . at 71 – 73 . 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( 2006 ) . 531 U.S. 457 ( 2001 ) . at 473 . The Administrator must set primary standards that are “ based on such criteria and allowing an adequate margin of safety , are requisite to protect the public health . ” 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) . The Administrator must set a secondary standard that “ based on such criteria , is requisite to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects . ” § 7409 ( b ) ( 2 ) . The Supreme Court held that the term “ requisite ” in the context of the primary standard for ozone means “ sufficient , but not more than necessary . ” Am . Trucking , 531 U.S. at 473 . Am . Trucking , 531 U.S. at 463 . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 62 Fed . Reg . 38,856 , 38,877 , 38,894 – 95 ( Jul . 18 , 1997 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. § 50.10 ) . In addition , the Court stated that its holding that costs could not be considered in promulgating the primary standard also applied to the promulgation of the secondary standard . , 531 U.S. at 471 n . 3 ( “ For many of the same reasons described in the body of the opinion , as well as the text of § 109 ( b ) ( 2 ) . . . we conclude that the EPA may not consider implementation costs in setting the secondary NAAQS . ” ) . Therefore , the Court ’ s interpretation of the statutory term “ requisite ” should apply to both the primary and the secondary standards . , 531 U.S. 457 note 2 ( prepared testimony of Stephen Johnson ) ( stating that “ [ o ] n the basis of an analysis looking at recent air quality data from currently monitored communities , the seasonal form of the standard would be unlikely to provide additional protection in any areas beyond that likely to be provided by the revised primary standard ” ) . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 73 Fed . Reg . 16,436 , 16,500 ( proposed Mar . 27 , 2008 ) ( codified at 40 C.F.R. pts . 50 , 58 ) . National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone , 75 Fed . Reg . 2,938 , 2,944 ( proposed Jan . 19 , 2010 ) . at 2,991 , 3,017 – 18 . EPA , EPA - HQ - OAR - 2005 - 0172 , Draft Final Rule , Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 1 , 34 ( 2011 ) , http : / / www . epa . gov / glo / pdfs / 201107 _OMBdraft - OzoneNAAQSpreamble . pdf . Letter from Cass R . Sunstein , Adm ’ r of the Office of Info . and Regulatory Affairs , Office of Mgmt . and Budget , to Lisa Jackson , EPA Adm ’ r ( Sept . 2 , 2011 ) , http : / / www . whitehouse . gov / sites / default / files / ozone_national_ambient_air_quality_standards_letter . pdf ( quoting Exec . Order No . 12,866 , incorporated into Exec . Order No . 13,563 ) . Less than two weeks later , EPA and NHTSA finalized a rule for heavy - duty vehicles . Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium - and Heavy - Duty Engines and Vehicles , 76 Fed . Reg . 57,106 ( Sept . 15 , 2011 ) . CSAPR involved an emissions trading program for nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide that was intended as an improvement on the Clean Air Interstate Rule ( CAIR ) . North Carolina v . EPA , 531 F . 3d 896 , 930 ( D.C. Cir . 2008 ) ( invalidating CAIR ) , modified reh ’ g 550 F . 3d 1176 , 1178 ( D.C. Cir . 2008 ) ( remanding CAIR without vacatur until the substantive flaws were corrected by a new rule ) . CSAPR ( also called the “ Transport Rule ” ) was invalidated by the D.C. Circuit on the grounds that it did not comply with the “ good neighbor ” provision contained in section 110 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( D ) of the Clean Air Act , and violated the principle of cooperative federalism that underlies the regulation of criteria pollutants in sections 108 , 109 , reh ’ g en banc denied , 2013 WL 656247 , at * 1 ( D.C. Cir . Jan . 24 , 2013 ) , cert . granted part , 133 S . Ct . 2857 ( 2013 ) , and cert . granted part , Am . Lung Ass ’ n v . EME Homer City Generation , L.P. , 133 S . Ct . 2857 ( 2013 ) ( pending before the Supreme Court ) . EPA finalized the MATS Rule in February 2012 . National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal - and Oil - Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil - Fuel - Fired Electric Utility , Industrial - Commercial - Institutional , and Small Industrial - Commercial - Institutional Steam Generating Units , 77 Fed . Reg . 9,304 ( Feb . 16 , 2012 ) . Business and industry groups have commenced litigation challenging the rule . White Stallion Energy Ctr . v . EPA , No . 12 - 1100 , ( D.D.C . Memorandum from Gina McCarthy , Ass ’ t Adm ’ r , Office of Air & Radiation , EPA , to Air Div . Dirs . , Regions 1 – 10 ( Sept . 22 , 2011 ) , http : / / www . epa . gov / glo / pdfs / OzoneMemo9 - 22 - 11 . pdf Complaint ¶ 37 , Sierra Club v . EPA , No . 13 - 2809 ( N.D. Cal . June 19 , 2013 ) . Mississippi v . EPA , 723 F . 3d 246 , 273 ( D.C. Cir . 2013 ) . See at 271 – 72 ( holding that EPA ’ s conclusion that a seasonal standard “ would be unlikely to provide additional protection ” fails because it was “ insufficient for EPA merely to compare the level of protection afforded by the primary standard to possible secondary standards ” ) . at 273 . U.S. Const . art . I ( referring to “ legislative Powers ” ) , art . II ( referring to “ executive Power ” ) , and art . III ( referring to “ judicial Power ” ) . infra Part III . A – C ( discussing legislative , executive , and judicial contributions to Clean Air Act jurisprudence ) . Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 84 Stat . 2086 ( 1970 ) ( codified as amended at 5 U.S.C. App . ) . Reorganization Act of 1939 , Pub . L . No . 76 - 19 , § 1 ( a ) , 53 Stat . 561 ( 1939 ) ( codified at 5 U.S.C. § 133 ) . § 2 ( “ When used in this title , the term ‘ agency ’ means any executive department , commission , independent establishment , corporation owned or controlled by the United States , board , bureau , division , service , office , authority , or administration , in the executive branch of the Government ” ) . § 4 . § 5 ( a ) . § 3 ( a ) . Apparently , Congress did not intend for the Reorganization Act to be used to strengthen presidential power , at least to the extent this power was embodied in executive departments . Franklin D . Roosevelt , Message Congress Reorganization Act , April 25 , 1939 , http : / / www . presidency . ucsb . edu / ws / ? pid = 15748 ( last visited Feb . 15 , 2014 ) ( “ This Plan is concerned with the practical necessity of reducing the number of agencies which report directly to the President and also of giving the President assistance in dealing with the entire Executive Branch by modern means of administrative management . ” ) . Act of Sept . 6 , 1966 , Pub . L . No . 89 - 554 , 80 Stat . 378 . § 901 – 913 , 80 Stat . at 393 – 98 . § 905 ( b ) , 80 Stat . at 396 ( “ A provision contained in a reorganization plan may take effect only if the plan is transmitted to Congress before December 31 , 1968 . ” ) . § 105 , 80 Stat . at 379 . § 104 , 80 Stat . at 379 ( “ For the purpose of this title , ‘ independent establishment ’ means — ( 1 ) an establishment in the executive branch which is not an Executive department , military department , Government corporation , or part thereof , or part of an independent establishment ; and ( 2 ) the General Accounting Office . ” ) . The law has been revised to reflect the change in the name of the General Accounting Office to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . 5 U.S.C. § 104 ( 2 ) ( 2006 ) . The GAO views itself as serving the interests of Congress , rather than the President . U.S. Gov ’ t Accountability Office , About GAO http : / / www . gao . gov / about / index . html ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( “ Our Mission is to support the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people . We provide Congress with timely information that is objective , fact - based , nonpartisan , nonideological , fair , and balanced . ” ) . Pub . L . No . 89 - 554 , § 101 , 80 Stat . 378 , 378 ( identifying that in 1966 , the 10 Executive departments were the Departments of State ; Treasury ; Defense ; Justice ; Interior ; Agriculture ; Commerce ; Labor ; Health , Education , and Welfare ; and the Post Office Department ) . Today , there are 15 Executive departments : the Departments of State , Treasury , Defense , Justice , Interior , Agriculture , Commerce , Labor , Health and Human Services , Housing and Urban Development , Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 3 C.F.R. § 199 ( 1970 ) ( establishing EPA as an independent establishment ) . Reorganization Act of 1939 , Pub . L . No . 76 - 19 , § 3 ( a ) , 53 Stat . 561 , 561 . Congress reserved to itself the power to create new cabinet - level agencies . § 3 ( c ) . Pub . L . No . 89 - 554 , § 905 , 80 Stat . at 396 . President ’ s Message to the Congress Urging Extension of the President ’ s Authority To Transmit Reorganization Plans , 5 Weekly Comp . Pres . Doc . 190 , 191 ( Jan . 30 , 1969 ) . Commenting on the reorganization plan procedure , President Nixon recognized the concurrent authorities of Congress and the President . ( “ [ T ] he President may initiate improvements , and the Congress retains the power of review . ” ) . But like President Roosevelt , he asserted the authority to shape the administrative bureaucracy , stating that “ [ r ] eorganization authority is the tool a President needs to shape his Administration to meet the new needs of the times . . . . ” ) . Act of Mar . 27 , 1969 , Pub . L . No . 91 - 5 , 83 Stat . 6 ( extending deadline from December 31 , 1968 , to April 1 , 1971 ) . H.R. Rep . No . 91 - 80 ( 1969 ) , reprinted 1969 U.S.C.C.A.N. 967 , 971 . at 968 . at 971 . at 971 – 72 ( “ The committee notes that Congress , in its judgment , has included all of the independent regulatory agencies within the purview of the Reorganization Act since the basic legislation was enacted in 1949 . At that time , former President Herbert Hoover asked that there be no exemptions from the provisions of the act . ” ) . In 1947 , Congress created the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government , the Act of July 7 , 1947 , ch . 207 , 61 Stat . 246 ( 1947 ) Lester B . Orfield , Hoover Commission Federal Executive Reorganization , 24 Temp . L.Q. 162 , 163 n . 7 and accompanying text ( 1950 – 1951 ) . The work of this commission contributed to the enactment of the 1949 Reorganization Act . at 208 . H.R. Rep . No . 91 - 80 , at 972 . ( “ In the 20 years since enactment various Presidents have sent up a number of reorganization plans involving independent regulatory agencies , some of which were accepted by the Congress and some rejected . The committee feels that the Congress is entirely capable of working its will with respect to these agencies as it has been in the past . ” ) . at 974 ( minority views of Hon . John E . Moss and Hon . Torbert H . MacDonald ) . Id ( “ I urgently request my colleagues in the House to adopt amending language which will remove from the Reorganization Act the regulatory agencies and retain within this body the mandate for action which the Constitution has so clearly presented to us . ” ) . ( proposing an exclusion from the definition of “ agency ” for “ any of the following independent establishments or any office or officer in such establishments : The Federal Communications Commission , the Federal Maritime Commission , the Federal Power Commission , the Federal Trade Commission , the Interstate Commerce Commission , the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Civil Aeronautics Board , and the General Accounting Office ” ) . Act of Mar . 27 , 1969 , Pub . L . No . 91 - 5 , 83 Stat . 6 . Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 , Pub . L . No . 91 - 375 , § 201 , 84 Stat . 719 , 720 ( “ There is established , as an independent establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States , the United States Postal Service . ” ) . H.R. Rep . No . 91 - 1104 , at 1 ( 1970 ) ( House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service ) , reprinted 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3649 , 3650 ( “ Purpose ” ) . The report is replete with statements about the purpose of depoliticizing the Post Office Department . See , e.g . at 6 ( “ [ T ] he Post Office must be taken out of politics and politics out of the Post Office ” ) . at 6 ( “ Title I of this bill provides for the total reform and complete modernization of the Post Office Department . It takes the Post Office Department completely out of the President ’ s Cabinet and out of politics and recasts it in the form of an independent establishment within the executive branch of the government , to be known as the United States Postal Service ” ) . at 5 ( “ [ A ] ll the shortcomings of the Post Office Department are bound up in the fact that responsibility for managing the system is shared by a number of executive agencies and by several congressional committees . Therefore , the only solution to these problems is fundamental reform that puts complete responsibility in a single place , with appropriate safeguards against abuse of that responsibility and appropriate assurances of continued congressional surveillance ” ) . Beneficial Fin . Co . of N . Y . v . Dallas , 571 F . 2d 125 , 128 ( 2d Cir . 1978 ) ( holding that the United States Postal Service no longer enjoyed sovereign immunity and was subject to state wage garnishment laws , as a result of the fact that “ Congress removed the USPS from the political sphere and authorized it to act as an ‘ independent establishment ’ with powers equivalent to a private business enterprise , such as the power to make contracts , keep accounts , and to acquire and Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 84 Stat . 2086 ( codified at 5 U.S.C. app . ( 2006 ) ) . By its terms , the effective date of the plan was December 2 , 1970 , the date recognized as the birth of the EPA . The reorganization plan was subsequently published in the Federal Register . Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 35 Fed . Reg . 15,623 ( Oct . 6 , 1970 ) . This was demonstrated by an exchange between the former president and a subsequent EPA Administrator in 1991 , three years before Nixon ’ s death . J . Brooks Flippen , Nixon and the Environment 231 ( 2000 ) ( “ In 1991 Nixon gave a speech at the Plaza Hotel in New York City . Afterwards , he ran into William Reilly , a Nixon veteran but then Bush ’ s EPA administrator . ‘ I know you , ’ Nixon volunteered . ‘ You ’ re at EPA , and I founded EPA . I ’ m an 84 Stat . 2086 , § 2 . Message of the President Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 5 U.S.C. app . at 700 ( 2006 ) ( “ Despite its complexity , for pollution control purposes the environment must be perceived as a single , interrelated system . Present assignments of departmental responsibilities do not reflect this interrelatedness . . . . In organizational terms , this requires pulling together into one agency a variety of research , monitoring , standing - setting and enforcement activities now scattered through several departments and agencies ” ) . Jack Lewis , Birth http : / / www . epa . gov / aboutepa / history / topics / epa / 15c . html 84 Stat . 2086 , § 1 ( b ) . Proposed Executive Order Entitled “ Federal Regulation , ” 5 U.S. Op . O . L . C . 59 , 61 ( 1981 ) ( equating nonindependence with the ability to remove the head of the agency , and independence with the inability to remove the head of the agency ) . at 62 . Elena Kagan , Presidential Administration , 114 Harv . L . Rev . 2245 , 2247 ( 2001 ) . Exec . Order No . 12,291 , § 2 ( b ) , 46 Fed . Reg . 13,193 ( Feb . 19 , 1981 ) . Four years later , President Reagan expanded upon this executive order by issuing a second executive order that required the submission of a Regulatory Program from each agency subject to the first order . Exec . Order No . 12,498 , § 1 ( a ) , 50 Fed . Reg . 1,036 ( Jan . 8 , 1985 ) . Exec . Order No . 12,291 , § 3 ( a ) , 46 Fed . Reg . 13,193 ( Feb . 17 , 1981 ) . § 3 ( f ) ( 3 ) . While the doctrine of preemption usually contemplates a federal law superseding a state law , it may also contemplate a congressional law superseding a federal executive order ( which also has the force of law ) . Chamber of Commerce v . Reich , 74 F . 3d 1322 , 1324 , 1339 ( D.C. Cir . 1996 ) ( holding that executive order that barred the federal government from hiring contractors who hire permanent replacements during a lawful strike was preempted by the National Labor Relations Act , which guarantees management ’ s right to hire permanent replacements ) . Preemption of an executive order by a congressional law became an issue in public discourse over health care law and policy in advance of the November 2012 presidential election . In response to Republican Senator Tom http : / / www . healthreformgps . org / wp - content / uploads / CRS - Report - regarding - presidential - power - over - ACA . pdf ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) . Exec . Order No . 12,866 , § 1 ( b ) ( 6 ) , 58 Fed . Reg . 51,735 ( Sept . 30 , 1993 ) . § 7 . Exec . Order No . 13,258 , 67 Fed . Reg . 9,385 ( Feb . 28 , 2002 ) ( amending previous executive order to delete references to the Vice President ) ; Exec . Order No . 13,422 , 72 Fed . Reg . 2,763 ( Jan . 18 , 2007 ) ( amending previous executive order to make “ significant guidance documents ” subject to review by OIRA ) . Exec . Order No . 13,497 , 74 Fed . Reg . 6,113 ( Jan . 30 , 2009 ) ( revoking executive orders and directing the rescission of actions implementing them ) . Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies , 74 Fed . Reg . 5,977 ( Jan . 30 , 2009 ) . Exec . Order No . 13,563 , 76 Fed . Reg . 3,821 ( Jan . 18 , 2011 ) . § 1 ( a ) ( asserting that the regulatory system “ must take into account benefits and costs , both quantitative and qualitative ” ) ; § 1 ( b ) ( an agency must “ propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination that its benefits justify its costs ( recognizing that some benefits and costs are difficult to quantify ) , ” and “ tailor its regulations to impose the least burden on society , consistent with obtaining regulatory objectives , taking into account , among other things , and to the extent practicable , the costs of cumulative regulations , ” and “ select , in choosing among alternative regulatory approaches , those approaches that maximize net benefits ” ) . § 1 ( c ) . § 7 ( c ) . Baker v . Carr , 369 U.S. 186 , 210 – 211 ( 1962 ) . Humphrey ’ s Executor v . United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 631 ( 1935 ) . at 619 , 632 . at 629 ( “ The authority of Congress , in creating quasi - legislative or quasi - judicial agencies , to require them to act in discharge of their duties independently of executive control can not well be doubted ; and that authority includes , as an appropriate incident , power to fix the period during which they shall continue in office , and to forbid their removal except for cause in the meantime . For it is quite evident that one who holds his office only during the pleasure of another , can not be depended upon to maintain at 625 – 26 ( “ Thus , the language of the act , the legislative reports , and the general purposes of the legislation as reflected by the debates , all combine to demonstrate the Congressional intent to create a body of experts who shall gain experience by length of service — a body which shall be independent of executive authority , except its selection , and free to exercise its judgment without the leave or hindrance of any other official or any department of the government . To the accomplishment of these purposes , it is clear that Congress was of opinion that length and certainty of tenure would vitally contribute . And to hold that , nevertheless , the members of the commission continue in office at the mere will of the President , might be to thwart , in large measure , the very ends which Congress sought to realize by definitely fixing the term of office . ” ) . Reorganization Plan No . 3 of 1970 , 35 Fed . Reg . 15,623 ( Oct . 6 , 1970 ) , 5 U.S.C. app . at 698 ( 2006 ) ( implying that Congress gave the President unlimited discretion to remove the EPA Administrator by not limiting the President ’ s removal power ) . e.g . ( implying that Congress did not limit the President ’ s power to remove the EPA Administrator ) . , Sierra Club v . Costle , 657 F . 2d 298 , 405 ( D.C. Cir . 1981 ) ( “ The executive power under our Constitution , after all , is not shared — it rests exclusively with the President . The idea of a ‘ plural executive , ’ or a President with a council of state , was considered and rejected by the Constitutional Convention . ” ) . at 405 – 408 . at 407 . at 405 . at 405 – 06 . Since it is the function of administrative agencies to execute the law , most agencies are part of the executive branch . While there are a limited number of agencies that serve the needs of the legislative branch , their functions are largely ancillary to the functions of Congress . Federal Legislative Branch http : / / www . usa . gov / Agencies / Federal / Legislative . shtml ( last visited Feb . 22 , 2014 ) ( listing 13 agencies that support Congress , including the Library of Congress , the Architect of the Capitol , and the Capitol Police ) . The Copyright Office is an example of a legislative agency that has authority to regulate a broad area of law , over which Congress has authority under Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution . Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 , 42 U.S.C. § 5841 ( a ) ( 1 ) , ( b ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) ( “ Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . ” ) . In re Aiken County , 645 F . 3d 428 , 430 ( D.C. Cir . 2011 ) . at 433 . at 438 ( Kavanaugh , J . , concurring ) . at 439 . at 442 ( explaining that “ [ b ] ecause the power to remove is the power to control , the President lacks control over an independent agency — that is , the President lacks the power to direct or supervise an agency such as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ” ) . at 446 – 48 . at 442 n . 2 . ( “ One theory behind making agencies such as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission independent instead of executive was that independent agencies would make only “ expert ” scientific decisions and that such expert decisions should be made in an apolitical way . But those independent agencies also have to make a slew of non - scientific legal and policy judgments — such as how to interpret governing statutes , how to exercise policy discretion under those statutes , and whom to charge for violations of the law . Those legal and policy decisions generally can not be resolved simply by at 443 . at 442 n . 2 . Free Enter . Fund v . Pub . Co . Accounting Oversight Bd . , 130 S . Ct . 3138 ( 2010 ) . at 3147 – 48 . at 3148 . Initially , the district court granted summary judgment to the Public Company Accountability Oversight Board , finding its creation constitutional . Free Enter . Fund v . Pub . Co . Accounting Oversight Bd . , No . 06 - 0217 , 2007 WL 891675 ( D.D.C. Mar . 21 , 2007 ) . Over Judge Kavanaugh ’ s dissenting opinion , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed . 537 F . 3d 667 ( D.C. Cir . 2008 ) . The Supreme Court reversed the D.C. Circuit ’ s decision at 3151 . Free Enter . Fund , 130 S . Ct . 3148 – 52 ( Breyer , J . , dissenting ) . at 3173 ( Breyer , J . , dissenting ) . at 3174 ( Breyer , J . , dissenting ) . ( citing H.R. Rep . No . 107 - 414 , pp . 18 - 19 ( 2002 ) and analogizing the rationale for increasing securities regulation following the Enron scandal to the rationale for increasing environmental regulation following high - profile environmental disasters in the 1970 ) . ( noting Senator Morgan ’ s remarks about “ taking these business matters out of politics ” on the creation of the Federal Trade Commission ( citing 51 Cong . Rec . 8857 ( 1914 ) ) . discussion infra Part IV . Free Enter . Fund , 130 S . Ct . 3138 at 3174 . 556 U.S. 502 ( 2009 ) . at 510 . at 520 . at 525 , 547 . at 525 . 501 U.S. 868 ( 1991 ) . at 870 . In relevant part , the Appointments Clause provides that “ the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers , as they think proper , in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . ” U.S. Const . art . II , § 2 . Freytag , 501 U.S. at 884 – 92 . at 886 . at 885 ( “ Given the inexorable presence of the administrative state , a holding that every organ in the Executive Branch is a department would multiply indefinitely the number of actors eligible to appoint . ” ) . at 919 . at 919 – 20 ( Scalia , J . , dissenting ) . at 921 ( Scalia , J . , dissenting ) ( “ [ T ] he distinction between those agencies that are subject to full Presidential control and those that are not is entirely unrelated to the distinction between Cabinet agencies and non - Cabinet agencies , and to all the other distinctions that the Court successively embraces . ” ) . 551 F . 2d 906 ( 2d Cir . 1977 ) . Exec . Order No . 11,821 , 39 Fed . Reg . 41,501 ( Nov . 29 , 1974 ) . at 41,501 – 02 . Blanchette v . EPA , 551 F . 2d 906 , 908 ( 2d Cir . 1977 ) . Section 110 of the Clean Air Act contains provisions allowing EPA to impose a FIP after making a finding that a SIP does not comply with federal requirements . 42 U.S.C. § 7410 ( c ) ( 2006 ) . Blanchette , 551 F . 2d at 908 . at 909 . Civ . A . No . 84 – 758 , 1984 WL 6092 ( D.C. Cir . 1984 ) . at * 1 . at * 2 . at * 3 . This impossibility defense was rooted in the landmark decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Alabama Power Co . v . Costle , 636 F . 2d 323 , 359 ( D.C. Cir . 1980 ) ( “ We acknowledge the principle that an agency official required ‘ to do an impossibility , ’ should be relieved from sanction . But we emphasized that the agency bore a heavy burden to demonstrate the existence of an impossibility ” ) ( quoting Natural Res . Def . Council v . Train , 510 F . 2d 692 , 713 ( D.C. Cir . 1974 ) ( internal quotations omitted ) ) . Ruckelshaus , 1984 WL 6092 , at * 4 . ( citing Exec . Order No . 12,291 , 46 Fed . Reg . 13,193 ( Feb . 17 , 1981 ) ( exempting from the executive order “ [ a ] ny regulation for which consideration or reconsideration under the terms of this Order would conflict with deadlines imposed by statute or by judicial order . . . ” ) ) . 627 F . Supp . 566 ( D.C. Cir . 1986 ) . at 566 – 67 . The Solid Waste Disposal Act was substantially revised by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 , which created an environmental program commonly associated with “ cradle to grave ” regulation , which applies to waste from the time it is generated to the time it is disposed in the environment . Pub . L . No . 94 - 580 , 90 Stat . 2795 ( 1976 ) ( codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 6901 – 6992k ( 2006 ) ) ; 40 C.F.R. pts . 261 – 264 ( 2013 ) . However , it does not regulate all industrial waste . Rather , it only regulates solid waste ( as defined by regulations ) that is determined to constitute hazardous waste ( as defined by regulations ) . 40 C.F.R. § 261 . Envtl . Def . , 627 F . Supp at 570 . at 569 . at 569 – 70 . at 568 . at 570 ( “ [ T ] he use of EO 12291 to create delays and to impose substantive changes raises some constitutional concerns . Congress enacts environmental legislation after years of study and deliberation , and then delegates to the expert judgment of the EPA Administrator the authority to issue regulations carrying out the aims of the law . Under EO 12291 , if used improperly , OMB could withhold approval until the acceptance of certain content in the promulgation of any new EPA regulation , thereby encroaching upon the independence and expertise of EPA . Further , unsuccessful executive lobbying on Capitol Hill can still be pursued administratively by delaying the enactment of regulations beyond the date of a statutory deadline . This is incompatible with the will of Congress and can not be sustained as a valid exercise of the President ’ s Article II powers . ” ) . at 571 . at 570 . Petition for Review at 1 – 2 , Am . Lung Ass ’ n . v . EPA , No . 11 - 1396 ( D.C. Cir . Feb . 17 , 2012 ) . Am . Lung Ass ’ n . v . EPA , No . 11 - 1396 , slip - op at 2 ( D.C. Cir . Feb . 17 , 2012 ) ( citing Portland Cement Ass ’ n v . EPA , 665 F . 3d 177 ( D.C. Cir . 2011 ) ( per curiam ) and Natural Res . Def . Council v . EPA , 643 F . 3d 311 , 318 – 20 ( D.C. Cir . 2011 ) ) . 5 U.S.C. § 704 ( 2006 ) . 5 U.S.C. § 706 ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) . Norton v . S . Utah Wilderness Alliance , 542 U.S. 55 , 64 ( 2004 ) ( holding that Bureau of Land Management did not violate a statutory requirement to manage public lands in accordance with land use plans , because the plans themselves were not legally binding commitments under Section 706 ( 1 ) of the APA ) . The Court did not reach the issue of whether the action was sufficiently discrete to form a basis for compelling agency action under the APA . at 62 – 63 . The Court noted that a “ failure to act ” must be construed to be limited to a discrete action , like the other terms in the definition of “ agency action . ” 5 U.S.C. § 551 ( 13 ) ( 2006 ) ( defining “ agency action ” as “ the whole or a part of an agency rule , order , license , sanction , relief , or the equivalent or denial thereof , or failure to act ” ) . As an example of a “ failure to act , ” the Court referred to “ the failure to promulgate a rule or take some decision by a statutory deadline . ” S . Utah Wilderness Alliance , 542 U.S. at 63 . at 63 - 64 . This requirement necessarily follows from the statutory language “ unlawfully withheld . ” at 63 . This means that “ when an agency is compelled by law to act within a certain time period , but the manner of its action is left to the agency ’ s discretion , a court can compel the agency to act , but has no power to specify what the action must be . ” at 65 . 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) ( requiring a review within each five - year interval after December 31 , 1980 ) . 797 F . Supp . 194 ( E.D.N.Y. 1992 ) . at 195 – 96 . at 198 . 884 F . Supp . 345 ( D . Ariz . 1994 ) . at 349 ( “ Review by the Office of Budget Management ( OMB ) serves no congressional purpose and is wholly discretionary . Therefore , it is not required , and the schedule shall exclude such review . ” ) . The case arose at a time before particulate matter was subdivided into PM 10 and PM for purposes of regulation . at 346 ( citing 42 U.S.C. § 7409 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) ) . at 349 . The District Court for the District of Arizona concluded that it was not necessary to decide whether the five - year review period , which ran every five years from the statutory date of Dec . 31 , 1980 , is a general deadline for all criteria pollutants ( which would become due on December 31 of 1985 , 1990 , 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , and 2010 ) , or whether the deadline for review for each criteria pollutant ran from the date of the last review or revision for that particular pollutant . at 347 n . 3 . In that case , EPA had breached the five - year deadline , regardless of how the period is determined . e.g. , Clean Air Act , 42 U.S.C. § § 7408 – 7409 ( 2006 ) ( authorizing the setting of NAAQS for public health and welfare ) . By contrast , the Fish and Wildlife Service , which has authority to enforce the Endangered Species Act , is located in the Department of Interior . Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 , 16 U.S.C. § 742b ( a ) ( 2006 ) . The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , which has concurrent authority to regulate mobile sources under the Clean Air Act , is located in the Department of Transportation . Highway Safety Act , 49 U.S.C. § 105 ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Federal energy law and regulation also come under the authority of 467 U.S. 837 ( 1984 ) . at 866 . at 855 – 56 . at 842 – 43 ( “ If the intent of Congress is clear , that is the end of the matter ; for the court , as well as the agency , must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress . . . if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue , the question for the court is whether the agency ’ s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute . ” ( footnotes omitted ) ) . at 865 – 66 ( “ In contrast , an agency to which Congress has delegated policymaking responsibilities may , within the limits of that delegation , properly rely upon the incumbent administration ’ s views of wise policy to inform its judgments . While agencies are not directly accountable to the people , the Chief Executive is , and it is entirely appropriate for this political branch of the Government to make such policy choices — resolving the competing interests which Congress itself either inadvertently did not resolve , or intentionally left to be resolved by the agency charged Steven G . Calabresi & Christopher S . Yoo , The Unitary Executive : Presidential Power from Washington to Bush 382 ( 2008 ) ( “ The Reagan administration won a key victory for presidential power in the 1984 Supreme Court decision . . . [ t ] his led to a major increase in the power of the president to control the executive branch . ” ) . Venue for judicial review of final action by EPA in promulgating an NAAQS under the Clean Air Act lies in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . 42 U.S.C. § 7607 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( Supp . 2006 ) . That court has routinely stated that the review of technical and scientific determinations merits the highest level of deference . Citizens Coal Council v . EPA , 447 F . 3d 879 , 890 ( 6th Cir . 2006 ) ( “ Where the rulemaking involves review of the agency ’ s technical or scientific evaluations and determinations , the highest level of deference to the agency is to be applied , ” citing Baltimore Gas & Elec . v . Natural Res . Def . Council , Inc . , 462 U.S. 87 , 103 ( 1983 ) ) ; Am . Farm Bureau Fed ’ n v . EPA , 559 F . 3d 512 , 519 ( D.C. Cir . 2009 ) ( “ We give an ‘ extreme degree of deference to the agency when it is evaluating scientific data within its technical expertise , ’ reviewing the agency ’ s action to ‘ ensure that the EPA has examined the relevant data and has articulated an adequate explanation for its action , ’ ” citing EPA 320 F . 3d 228 , 248 ( D.C. Cir . 2003 ) ) ; Coal . for Responsible Regulation v . EPA , 684 F . 3d 102 , 120 – 22 ( D.C. Cir . 2012 ) ( holding that EPA ’ s Endangerment Finding for greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles met the standard of deference set forth in American Farm Bureau Federation ) ; Coal . for Responsible Regulation , Inc . v . EPA , 2012 WL 6621785 , at * 1 ( D.C. Cir . 2012 ) ( denying rehearing en banc , in part because “ EPA ’ s scientific judgment about the causal relationship between Farm Bureau Fed ’ n , 559 F . 3d at 51 . Comments are closed Sorry , but you can not leave a comment for this post . | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Aetherium | in Lore Items Dwemer Culture Aetherium English The Aetherium Crest Aetherium is a rare blue luminescent crystal found in Dwemer city ruins It was originally discovered by the Dwemer miners in Blackreach It possesses magical qualities though it is almost impossible to make anything out of without the proper tools The only known way of working with the material is by using the Aetherium Forge an ancient Dwemer forge located deep below Bthalft The items produced from Aetherium are said to be powerful artifacts imbued with very powerful enchantments Contents show Properties Very little is known about the properties of Aetherium other than its luminescent blue hue and its natural strong magical aura Alchemically it is inert and research suggests it was required to be stored outdoors as it was harmonically volatile Dwemer study The Aetherium Forge Sometime after 1E 221 the Dwemer of Skyrim discovered a considerable source of raw Aetherium in Blackreach An alliance between four Dwemer cities of Arkngthamz Raldbthar Mzulft and Btharzel now known as Deep Folk Crossing was created to oversee the extraction processing and study of the rare crystal The city of Arkngthamz led the project and served as the primary command and research center while the city of Raldbthar which happened to be located directly above Blackreach dealt with the mining operations Mzulft was used as a storage site but it is unknown what role Btharzel took The Aetherium Forge was constructed under the city of Bthalft in order to smelt it under precisely controlled conditions The research into the crystal and the items it produced by the forge was a major success The items produced by the Forge were artifacts of immense power imbued from the moment of their creation with powerful enchantments The dwarven alliance shattered almost immediately as the four citystates and their rivals attempted to claim the Forge The conflict later became known as the Aetherium Wars and it lasted for several decades Years of internal disputes and infighting decimated the Dwemer states and was the primary reason for their sudden collapse which in turn paved the way for High King Gellir s subsequent conquests Artifacts Aetherium can be used to create extremely powerful items that are imbued with enchantments Known examples are the Aetherial Crown Aetherial Staff and Aetherial Shield Interactions Lost to the Ages The only known location of Aetherium in the Fourth Era are the shards found in Arkngthamz Raldbthar Mzulft and Deep Folk Crossing Gallery The Aetherial Crown The Aetherial Staff The Aetherial Shield Add a photo to this gallery Appearances The Elder Scrolls V Dawnguard References 10 11 Katrias Journal 20 21 22 23 The Aetherium Wars Start a Discussion Discussions about Aetherium Whered aetherium come from 3 messages A FANDOM user Well Magnus is the reason Magika flows into Nirn from Aetherius It being linked to the former two Magnus and Magicka means it is alm 6 months ago A FANDOM user If I remember correctly raw Aetherium was being extracted from Blackreach Blackreach is mentioned in both wiki with its exact name and 6 months ago Are we just going to not notice 18 messages A FANDOM user 200156AF4FD5E00141348E68035A9E1 wrote1845719657 wroteI want a atherium sword lockpick armor and poniesor keep the skeleton k a year ago A FANDOM user and so idoubt they mined aetherium it was more likely extracted carefully because im sure hitting something like that with a pickaxe wo a year ago See more discussions Categories Lore Items Dwemer Culture Languages Español Русский Українська | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Argonian_(Skyrim) | in : Skyrim : Races Skyrim : Argonians Argonian ( Skyrim ) English View source Share For other uses , see Argonian " This reptilian race , well - suited for the treacherous swamps of their Black Marsh homeland , has developed a natural resistance to diseases and the ability to breathe underwater . They can call upon the Histskin to regenerate health very quickly . " ― Racial description [ src ] Enigmatic and intelligent , the Argonians are experts at guerrilla warfare , and their natural abilities suit their swampy homeland , Black Marsh . They have developed immunities to the diseases that have doomed many would - be explorers in the region , and they are capable of easily exploring underwater locations due to their ability to breathe underwater . Argonians make proficient thieves , due to their increased lockpicking and sneaking skills Contents show Culture Politics After conquest of the Dunmer province of Morrowind , little is known about the politics of the Argonians in the Fourth Era . There is an Argonian political faction called the An - Xileel , but there is little information about them , except they are composed of mostly , if not all , Argonians , and that they pushed back Mehrunes Dagon ' s forces during the Oblivion Crisis in Black Marsh , and were also the faction responsible for orchestrating the conquest of Morrowind . Race Relations In Windhelm , Argonians are sequestered from the predominantly Nordic population , and are forced to live at the Argonian Assemblage , located at the city docks . After the mass exodus of Dunmer and Argonian peoples to Windhelm , the citizens became suspicious , worrying that the immigrants would influence or otherwise dilute their culture , and so forced them into segregation . Largely , this extreme behavior was inspired by the political confrontation between the Empire of Tamriel and the rulers of Skyrim . However , this eventually just turned into blatant racism . Despite the estrangement between the Nords and the Argonians , they are more respected and tolerated in Skyrim than other foreign immigrants due to their beneficial contributions to Nord industries . This beneficial assimilation to Skyrim ' s economy has helped some Argonians — such as those found in Riften — ingratiate themselves to Skyrim ' s aloof society . Marriage Unlike the citizens of Skyrim , who prefer to marry using an Amulet of Mara , some Argonians adhere to their native marriage traditions . In Black Marsh , it is customary to present a lover with an Argonian Wedding Band , which is crafted by the courting member . Each ring is unique and has personal meaning to the creator and the recipient . " In Black Marsh , tradition dictates we present a potential mate a unique wedding ring to represent our future bond . " " Every Argonian wedding proposal band is supposed to have three flawless amethysts as part of their design . Two of the gems , the ones on the outside , represent the couple to be married . . . one for the husband , one for the wife . The amethyst in the center represents The Hist , the entity that all Argonians consider a sacred part of our lives . " Talen - Jei Character creation Skill bonuses Skill Modifier Lockpicking + 10 Light Armor + 5 Alteration + 5 Pickpocket Restoration Sneak Starting spells Flames Destruction Healing Restoration Special abilities Histskin : Invoke the power of the Hist to recover health ten times faster for 60 seconds . Can only be used once per day . Resist Disease : Your Argonian blood is 50 % resistant to disease . Waterbreathing : Your Argonian Lungs can breathe underwater . Popular usage and unique gameplay The Argonians ' stealth and lockpicking make them brilliant assassins , thieves , scouts , and ambushers . Their lack of combat bonuses in archery and one - handed weapons can be overcome by natural skill leveling and play . Argonians can be used fairly well as spellswords , but conjuration training may be necessary . They can also be useful mage - thieves due to their skills in both magic and stealth , though one may want some illusion training . Their Resist Disease ability allows them to become somewhat immune to biological agents without requiring any enchanted apparel with the effect . Argonians have unique advantages due to their natural waterbreathing ability . This gives them an all - terrain versatility in an area that other races need magic , potions , or enchanted gear ( such as Volsung ' s mask ) to fill . Argonians are able to make ample use of Skyrim ' s waterways as a means of quick travel , free from ambush and interference ( for example , traveling from Riverwood to Whiterun by river can be quite expedient and avoids roadside hazards including wolves bandits , and assassins ) and also a quick means of escape should they find themselves in a dangerous situation that they can not handle . River travel has its own share of hazards , however , such as waterfalls , rapids , and hostile animals such as Slaughterfish and Mudcrabs . Nonetheless , the Argonians can also be quite a " tank " in battle because of their Histskin ability that multiplies their health regeneration ten times . Notable Argonians The following is a list of some of the more notable Argonians that can be found in Skyrim : Beem - Ja – A mage bodyguard encountered in Ironbind Barrow Deekus – A lone resident in a campsite near Hela ' s Folly and a target of the Dark Brotherhood . Derkeethus – The only Argonian follower , found in Darkwater Pass Scouts - Many - Marshes – A dock worker in Windhelm , and one of the two only marriageable male Argonians . From - Deepest - Fathoms – A survivor of Avanchnzel who lives in Riften ' s Docks and gives the quest " Unfathomable Depths . " Shahvee – A dock worker in , and the only marriageable female Argonian . Takes - In - Light – A sorceress and former member of the College of Winterhold whose spectral form is seen numerous times during " The Staff of Magnus . " Talen - Jei – The proprietor of the Bee and Barb Teeba - Ei – A miner who resides at Stonehills and works at Rockwallow Mine housecarl to Jarl Sorli the Builder of Morthal Veezara – The last Shadowscale of the Dark Brotherhood Watches - The - Roots – An adventurer who perished during the expedition at Avanchnzel . Quests A Few Words with You Argonian Ale Extraction Extracting an Argonian Unfathomable Depths Sealing the Deal Ringmaker Coming of Age Shahvee ' s Amulet Trivia Khajiit and Argonians are the only races that when in unarmed combat open the clenched fist and swipe the claws at the attacker . Men Mer attack with closed fists . Related items Argonian Ale Argonian Assemblage Key Argonian Bloodwine HF Related reading Argonian Account , Book 1 Argonian Account , Book 2 Argonian Account , Book 3 Argonian Account , Book 4 Argonian Ceremony Death of a Wanderer The Lusty Argonian Maid : Folio Edition The Lusty Argonian Maid , v1 The Lusty Argonian Maid , v2 Mara Smiles Upon You ! The Seed The Sultry Argonian Bard , v1 Bugs This section contains bugs related to Argonian ( Skyrim ) . Before adding a bug to this list , consider the following : Please reload an old save to confirm if the bug is still happening . If the bug is still occurring , please post the bug report with the appropriate system template 360 XB1 PS3 PS4 PC MAC NX , depending on which platform ( s ) the bug has been encountered on . Be descriptive when listing the bug and fixes , but avoid having conversations in the description and / or using first - person anecdotes : such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board 360 There seems to be a graphical glitch tied to the Argonians . The backs of most helmets will not appear when worn by the Dragonborn , a few exceptions being the iron Daedric scaled hide , and the Imperial helmets . Other helmets such as the steel dragon bone , and elven helmets are missing the back section of them , making most helmets look rather ridiculous on the Argonian race . The ancient Nord helmet also does not properly change over from its male version to the female version when worn by a female Argonian . It instead stays as the male version with no back to the helmet . Becoming a vampire will cause female Argonians to use male walking / running animations and standing posture . PC Shrouded Cowl tends to clip through the Argonian forehead area . This is only a visual bug . Gallery A photo of an Argonian hand . An Argonian with fire magic . Two variations of Argonian faces . An Argonian sneaking . A brown Argonian . Argonian vampire How Argonians are depicted in loading screens Argonian male concept art Argonian female concept art Argonian face concept art See also Skills ( Skyrim ) Spells ( Skyrim ) Races ( Skyrim ) Perks Appearances The Elder Scrolls : Arena The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim The Elder Scrolls Online The Elder Scrolls : Legends References ↑ Dialogue with Ulfric Stormcloak The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ↑ Scourge of the Gray Quarter Dialogue with Races in Humans Breton Imperial Nord Redguard Mer Altmer Bosmer Orsimer Beast Argonian Khajiit Start a Discussion Discussions about Argonian ( Skyrim ) Argonians do not have bonus unarmed . 4 messages TheRealMictlantecuhtli Yeah because I edited out the claim they do higher unarmed damage than other non - khajiit . You can do play testing to see otherwise and the thr . . . 8 months ago Ottoman Hold It appears you did . I ' m pretty sure that you are correct , for I ' ve never heard of Argonians doing improved unarmed melee damage . 8 months ago Argonian marriage 17 messages A FANDOM user Where is darkwater pass I think an argonian I can marry is there JdBoi2187 [ https : / / elderscrolls . wikia . com / wiki / Derkeethus Derkeethus ] = [ https : / / elderscrolls . wikia . com / wiki / Darkwater_Pass darkwater pas . . . See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Races Skyrim : Argonians Languages : Česky Deutsch Español Français Polski Русский Recent Wiki Activity Fine Iron Warhammer Excore axv • 1 hour ago Todd Howard RionH • 2 hours ago Shuravi 1857a • 3 hours ago Willpower ( Legends ) Poisoned apples • 3 hours ago Help us grow Elder Scrolls Get Started | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Battleaxes_(Skyrim) | in Skyrim Weapons Skyrim Battleaxes Battleaxes Skyrim English For other uses see Battleaxes Battleaxes are massive TwoHanded axes found in The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim They deal more damage than OneHanded War Axes but are far larger and leave the Dragonborn unable to hold a shield in conjunction Battleaxes swing slower than greatswords but quicker than warhammers A Bound Battleaxe can be conjured with the corresponding spell Battleaxes Name Upgrade Perk Item ID Ancient Nord Battle Axe 18 22 28 Steel Ingot Steel 0001CB64 Daedric Battleaxe 25 27 2750 Ebony Ingot Daedric 000139B4 Dragonbone Battleaxe DG 26 30 3000 Dragon Bone Dragon 02014FC3 Drainblood Battleaxe 21 5 266 NA 000F82FA Dwarven Battleaxe 20 23 300 Dwarven Metal Ingot Dwarven 00013994 Ebony Battleaxe 23 26 1585 Ebony Ingot Ebony 000139AC Elven Battleaxe 21 24 520 Refined Moonstone Elven 0001399C Glass Battleaxe 22 25 900 Refined Malachite Glass 000139A4 Headsmans Axe 17 11 15 NA 000BE25E Honed Ancient Nord Battle Axe 21 25 50 Steel Ingot Dwarven 0005BF12 Iron Battleaxe 16 20 55 Iron Ingot None 00013980 Nord Hero Battle Axe 21 20 300 Steel Ingot Steel 00068C79 Nordic Battleaxe DR 21 23 650 Quicksilver Ingot Advanced xx 01cdad Orcish Battleaxe 19 25 165 Orichalcum Ingot Orcish 0001398C Skyforge Steel Battleaxe 21 21 150 Steel Ingot Steel 0009F25F Stalhrim Battleaxe DR 24 25 2150 Stalhrim Ebony xx 01cdb8 Steel Battleaxe of Fiery Souls 18 21 320 Steel Ingot Steel 00040002 Steel Battleaxe 18 21 100 Steel Ingot Steel 00013984 Rueful Axe 22 10 1183 Ebony Ingot None 0001C4E6 The Woodsmans Friend 17 20 28 NA 00022265 Tsuns Battle Axe 27 36 1000 NA 0005BF18 Wuuthrad 25 25 2000 NA 000956B5 Appearances The Elder Scrolls Arena The Elder Scrolls II Daggerfall The Elder Scrolls III Morrowind The Elder Scrolls III Tribunal The Elder Scrolls III Bloodmoon The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion The Elder Scrolls IV Knights of the Nine The Elder Scrolls IV Shivering Isles The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim The Elder Scrolls V Dawnguard The Elder Scrolls V Hearthfire The Elder Scrolls V Dragonborn The Elder Scrolls Online Weapon classes in The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Arrows Bolts DG Bows Crossbows DG Battleaxes Daggers Greatswords Maces Swords War Axes Warhammers Weapon Sets Ancient Nord Weapons Daedric Weapons Dragonbone Weapons DG Dwarven Weapons Ebony Weapons Elven Weapons Falmer Weapons Forsworn Weapons Glass Weapons Imperial Weapons Iron Weapons Lunar Weapons Nord Hero Weapons Nordic Weapons DB Orcish Weapons Silver Weapons Skyforge Steel Weapons Stalhrim Weapons DB Steel Weapons Related Topics Staves Enchanted Weapons Unique Weapons Console Commands Combat Skills Archery OneHanded TwoHanded Categories Skyrim Weapons Skyrim Battleaxes Languages Deutsch | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Bugs_(Skyrim) | in : Skyrim : Gameplay Bugs ( Skyrim ) English View source Share This section contains bugs related to Bugs ( Skyrim ) . Before adding a bug to this list , consider the following : Please reload an old save to confirm if the bug is still happening . If the bug is still occurring , please post the bug report with the appropriate system template 360 XB1 PS3 PS4 PC MAC NX , depending on which platform ( s ) the bug has been encountered on . Be descriptive when listing the bug and fixes , but avoid having conversations in the description and / or using first - person anecdotes : such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board Contents show Bugs and glitches This article is for bugs that are general in nature . They affect the entire game , not just individual items / places , and thus have no other place to go . By default , bug reports go to the articles on items on which or for places for which they occur . Only reports that are confirmed to affect the entire game go here . Just to reiterate from the bugs template above : Only confirmed bug reports ( meaning that at least two separate people have seen the same bug ) . Confirmation must occur on the talk page . PC players must remove all game modifications before confirming a bug . Minor bugs This section is for bugs which have little effect on gameplay or have a small effect on side quest progression . PC 360 PS3 If an NPC is talking to the Dragonborn , even in passing , entering of exiting through a door will cause the NPC to follow through the door and appear at the Dragonborn ' s side . Random Inventory Jumping When depositing items from inventory into a container , or selling to a merchant , the menu is inconsistent in what happens once afterwards . Sometimes the above item is selected , other times the item below is selected . This can even occur when attempting to deposit small numbers of stacked items , i.e. selling 5 apples individually may result in the menu jumping to the item above once the first two have been sold which makes the wrong item being sold or deposited . Sometimes a new Stormcloak camp in between Pelagia Farm and Honningbrew Meadery can be found . If the questline of the Imperial side is completed , the camp will be empty , except for one Stormcloak soldier , who is friendly regardless of the chosen side . The soldier just stands there , bent over a map saying generic dialogue lines . It may be a leftover of the Battle for Whiterun . Draugr spawning in the house : Sometimes , a bug can occur in which the two dead draugr spawn along with the player when they fast travel to any location . The corpse are usually found underneath the player ' s horse . Fast traveling ( usually from dungeon to town ) will spawn huge numbers of enemies such as high leveled Draugrs or Bandits ( or Reavers in Solstheim ) . Reloading from previous autosave is recommended in case the enemies murdered some townspeople . Dropping Items : Sometimes , certain items dropped will return to where they were dropped from the inventory after saving and loading a game , even if they have been moved them elsewhere . PS4 If the player escapes from prison while their health is low and the guards are following them , they will die repeatedly . Occasionally , a dead horse will spawn in front of the player . If the horse is looted , instead of horse meat , it will carry a ring . XB1 Filled soul gems may not stack , even if the player does not have any stolen soul gems , though some small stacks may occur . Items may permanently disappear from the player ' s inventory . Sometimes the player may spawn several feet from their original position when loading saves , both manual and auto saves . Cosmetic This section is for bugs which only affect the game visually and are not severe enough to be disruptive . Occasionally , the textures for certain armor pieces wo n ' t load properly , making the armor look dull and plastic - like . This can be resolved by going to another location or unequipping the item , closing inventory , opening it , then equipping it again . When looking at a dungeon entrance in the game and the white writing is on screen ( for example , " To White River Watch " ) , instead of entering , if a previous save is loaded while the white writing is on screen , the writing will be there when the game resumes from the previous save , and will not go away even when entering a cave , house or any other load screen . This can only be fixed by completely restarting the game ( quitting the game via the PS button and then restarting it ) . Rarely , all items ( inventory , shops , containers , loading screen , etc . ) will turn black . Exiting the game and restarting it will fix the bug . When smithing , the piece of metal is held with the red hot end pointing in the wrong direction and the metal becomes stuck to the Dragonborn ' s arm until blacksmithing is done . Shadow flickers may occur from the movement of the day / night cycle creating a flashing strobe effect . Nirnroot light not fading away : Since one of the patches , every time a Nirnroot is picked up , the light around it does n ' t fade away . Environment : In the Riften Prison the wall disappears incredibly often . Notes Bethesda announced that certain " entertaining " bugs will be kept in Skyrim instead of being fixed , these bugs may include , but are not limited to : giants sending NPCs flying and the " no crime can be seen " bug in which NPCs can not see a player committing crimes if they have a bucket or kettle on their head . 1 See also Patches ( Skyrim ) Sources Entertaining glitches source Start a Discussion Discussions about Bugs ( Skyrim ) Destruction Ritual Spell Wo n ' t Work ! 19 messages Jtenorj Start in Dawnstar . Take the road south of there just a little bit ( past where the caravan sets up shop when they are there outside the town ) t . . . 2018 - 12 - 24T12 : 00 : 54Z A FANDOM user all I did was save the game and kill her load the save and I got it to work 2019 - 03 - 24T05 : 16 : 41Z Help with Serana glitch please ! ! 14 messages A FANDOM user Guys , I told serana to wait here , then entered dragonsreach when I came back outside I could n ’ t tell serana to come with me 2018 - 01 - 10T00 : 34 : 57Z That has happen to me . I try looking for help , nothing helped , but I did same as you and discovered it early . I found no way to fix the glit . . . 2019 - 03 - 02T22 : 05 : 55Z See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Gameplay Languages : Русский | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Hircine | in : Articles Needing Citation Daedric Princes Daedra and 8 more Hircine English Edit Share This article contains contentious statements that require additional sources for verification , or it contains a list of sources without any in - line citations . Please appropriately reference any information in the article , as well as any new additions . Consult in - game books and reliable online databases for fact - gathering . Statements requiring sources may have a source ? or a [ citation needed ] message after them . Hircine Hircine as he appears during the events of Bloodmoon Religious information Pantheon Daedra Artifacts Savior ' s Hide Hircine ' s Ring Spear of the Hunter " The daedric prince Hircine is also known as the Huntsman of the Princes , and the Father of Manbeasts . He can call upon the Wild Hunt to punish those who defy him . " Skyrim loading screen [ src ] ( in Daedric script ) is the main antagonist in The Elder Scrolls III : Bloodmoon and the Daedric Prince whose spirit is the hunt ; the sports of ; the greatest game and the chase and sacrifice of mortals . He is known by the titles ' The Huntsman of The Princes ' , ' The Father of Manbeasts ' and ' The Hungry Cat ' to Khajiits . The summoning date of Hircine is the 5th of Mid Year . He is also the creator of Lycanthropy Contents show Background Edit Hircine the Spirit of the Hunt ' s past leads many to argue . He himself was never mentioned or heard of in the early histories of Nirn . Some scholars believe because of this that Hircine was not one of the original Daedric Princes and is therefore a spawn or offshoot , similar to Malacath . However this is often shunned on account of Hircine creating Lycanthropes , and the disease existing well into the Merethic Era . Hircine also appears within the mortal realm once every thousand years ; but not to destroy , like most princes , but to enjoy a great hunt known as the Bloodmoon Prophecy Bloodmoon Prophecy The Bloodmoon Prophecy is a legend of the Skaal , a native group of Nords from Solstheim . It foretells the Hunt of Hircine , an event which happens every era when the Prince enters Mundus and releases his Hounds upon the land . The Hunt is proceeded by four signs . The first is the coming of the " Hounds , " when werewolves appear on the island . The second is the " Fire from the Eye of Glass , " a pillar of fire which appears on the surface of the frozen Lake Fjalding . The third is the " Tide of Woe , " a horker massacre , the bodies of which then wash up all along the island ' s northern coast . The final sign is the namesake of the prophecy : the " Bloodmoon , " when Secunda turns crimson from the blood of the Hunter ' s Prey . After the four signs is something called the " Hunter ' s Game , " which varies from era to era . The game might involve the hunting of an entire tribe , or just one man . After the hunt , Hircine returns to his realm for another era . The most recent Bloodmoon Prophecy was in 3E 427 . It took place within the Mortrag Glacier . Popular opinion and worship Hircine is one of the more worshipped or , to a certain degree , accepted daedric princes . Although all daedra are completely shunned by mainstream Imperial society , he is often worshipped in greater numbers compared to other daedra , even though he does not necessarily care for it . He is father to man beasts , and is thusly worshipped by all kinds of lycanthropy - infected creatures such as Werewolves Wereboars Werebears Werelions , and Werecrocodiles . He respects and even praises these creatures if they accomplish something in the hunt , a rare quality for a Daedra . He is often seen as the most honored huntsman to walk any plane of existence , and as such is often looked up to by other hunters , fishers , and trappers . Personality Daedric Princes are almost always looked on as evil due to their destructive nature . While there is some truth in this , this does not apply to all princes . Some princes respect honor and fairness among their subjects , and are against dishonorable murder . Hircine is typically considered to be in this category . While he can not exactly be seen as benevolent , he is very honorable and always gives his prey a sporting chance ; he ' s even willing to be congratulatory to those who were deemed as prey if they manage to turn the hunt Lycanthropy Hircine is the patron and creator of the lycanthropic condition . Evidence of this is given when , during the Bloodmoon , Werewolves ( also known as Hircine ' s Hounds ) acted as the hunters while the inhabitants of the Solstheim were their prey . The individual that can defeat the hounds is honored and would receive favors by the Prince himself , and face Hircine ' s aspect in one - on - one combat . He is believed by devotees and Hircine himself to be honored to be the prey of the Prince , though very few have survived this battle . One artifact can suppress the bloodlust suffered under the lycanthropic condition ; Hircine ' s Ring . Sometime before the Warp in the West , this ring was reported resurfaced in the Iliac Bay . The ring makes the Lycanthrope wielder able to turn to beast form or back at will , and suppress the hunger . During the in Solstheim , the enchantment somehow was changed . The ring can allow any person to turn to beast form at will but for lycanthropes the bloodlust is still there . On a side note , the witches of the Glenmoril Wyrd Coven of High Rock are known to be worshippers of Hircine , and they will often perform a summoning for anyone that can pay their price . The witches are also able to cure anyone of , an ability that is alluded to in the book . The infected person , with the assistance of the witches , must perform a ritual called The Rite of the Wolf Giver . It is a complex ritual of dark magicka , requiring the sacrifice of both flesh and innocence . And certain ingredients , which are petals of a wolfsbane flower and one bunch of ripened belladonna berries , are needed by the witches to concoct a potion for the rite . Artifacts One particularly famous artifact of Hircine , and the one he is most commonly associated with , is the Cuirass of the Savior ' s Hide The book Tamrielic Lore has this to say about the Cuirass : " The Cuirass has the special ability to resist magicka . Legend has it that Hircine rewarded his peeled hide to the first and only mortal to have ever escaped his hunting grounds . This unknown mortal had the hide tailored into this magical Cuirass for his future adventures . The Savior ' s Hide has a tendency to travel from hero to hero as though it has a mind of its own . " This artifact has surfaced multiple times , such as in Battlespire Crisis , where it is required to wield the Spear of Bitter Mercy Another occasion when it was shown was in Tel Fyr , the house of Divayth Fyr . Divayth , an ancient House Telvanni Wizard and also an artifact collector , was once able to procure the artifact . He then invites Thieves to steal them from the Corprusarium It then later appears in the Oblivion Crisis , as a reward for completing the Hircine ' s Shrine Quest . Another artifact gifted by Hircine is the Ring of Hircine , available in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . The ring allows the wearer additional werewolf transformations each day . At the end of the quest , the player must select to side with the werewolf or the hunters . If the player sides with the werewolf then they get the Ring of Hircine whereas siding with the hunters gives the player the Savior ' s Hide . An alternative is to side with the werewolf and to get the ring and then kill and skin him before leaving the grotto . The Rueful Axe was created by Clavicus Vile so the father of a Hircine worshipper could cure his daughter ' s curse by killing her . History Umbriel Crisis Prince Attrebus and Sul needed a fast way to travel to Vivec City . Sul had made a trail which ended in Morrowind to escape from Oblivion when he was trapped in Umbriel . They decided to use an inactive Oblivion Gate from the Oblivion Crisis to access such trail , but they ended up in Hircine ' s Hunting Grounds . Hircine and his beasts gave chase to the intruders . Sul knew where the door that would take them out of Hircine ' s realm was , so they mounted the Khajiits from Faashe clan Hircine would n ' t show up until after dark , when he would attack with a pack of werewolves . They eventually heard the voice of a horn sound incredibly deep , Hircine was approaching . They were still fifty yards away from the portal , so Lesspa and the remaining Khajiits sacrificed to buy time for Attrebus and Sul . They fought against Hircine , presumably dying . Quests Shrine of Hircine . In The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall , the Hero of Daggerfall contacted Hircine through the Glenmoril Witches and won Hircine ' s Ring in exchange for hunting a rogue Wereboar . In The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind , the Nerevarine received one of his artifacts , the Spear of Bitter Mercy , as a reward for killing a Giant Bull Netch with the Fork of Horripilation . Although in this case the spear was a reward from Sheogorath , it is more usually associated with Hircine . The Nerevarine fought and defeated Hircine when he attempted to enter the mortal plane in Solstheim . Hircine ' s typical lackeys on the mortal realm Nirn are werewolves , which he directly talks to , gives tasks , and rewards with additional powers . Hircine hosts a great hunt every era , pitting various prey of his choosing against one another . The exact nature of each hunt varies from era to era . Several years later , in The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , he requested that the Champion of Cyrodiil hunt for a unicorn ' s horn , offering the Savior ' s Hide as a reward . The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , it is revealed that the Circle of the Companions are werewolves as a result of Terrfyg , a Harbinger of the Companions , having made a deal with the Glenmoril Witches for power in exchange for Hircine bringing them to his Hunting Grounds instead of Sovngarde upon death . The Witches are slain by the Last Dragonborn , who uses the head of one of them to posthumously cure Kodlak Whitemane , the latest Harbinger , of his lycanthropy so that he can go to Sovngarde instead of the Hunting Grounds . Later on , a Nord werewolf named Sinding stole the Ring of Hircine in an attempt to control his transformations . However , this plan backfired when Hircine cursed the ring , causing Sinding to transform at random , killing a child and ending up in jail . Soon after , the Dragonborn met Sinding , who tasked the Dragonborn to take the Ring and free it from its curse by hunting the White Stag , before escaping from jail . Hircine then requested that the Dragonborn hunt Sinding down and tear the skin from his body . After confronting Sinding a second time , the Dragonborn was left with the choice to kill him in order to receive Hircine ' s favor and the Savior ' s Hide , or to kill the other hunters trying to get Hircine ' s favor and the uncursed ring . Whichever option the Dragonborn chose , Hircine will be pleased with the Trivia Hircine means " of , pertaining to , or resembling a goat . " Hircine in is voiced by Jonathan Bryce . Hircine in Skyrim is voiced by Craig Sechler , who voiced the male Altmer , Bosmer and Dunmer for Oblivion . Craig Sechler also voiced Gallus , and Peryite for Hircine ' s stag - horned appearance is likely inspired by an Ancient Celtic deity commonly known as Cernunnos and / or the figure of Herne the Hunter from English folklore . Appearances The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall An Elder Scrolls Legend : Battlespire The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind ( Mentioned only ) The Elder Scrolls III : Bloodmoon The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion An Elder Scrolls Novel : The Infernal City The Elder Scrolls Online References ↑ 1.0 1.1 An Elder Scrolls Novel : The Infernal City , part three chapter seven ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tamrielic Lore 3.0 3.1 Modern Heretics ↑ An Elder Scrolls Legend : Battlespire ↑ Princes Azura Boethiah Clavicus Vile Hermaeus Mora Jyggalag Malacath Mehrunes Dagon Mephala Meridia Molag Bal Namira Nocturnal Peryite Sanguine Sheogorath Vaermina Related topics Deities Demiprince Daedric Artifact Daedric Shrines Daedric Quests Start a Discussion Discussions about Hircine Where would a Werewolf Nightingale go in the afterlife ? 83 messages A FANDOM user Only akatosh can decide where dragonvorn will go and tha last dragonborn is not that easy to manypulate with it . miraak was herma mora . . . 2017 - 05 - 20T18 : 20 : 05Z CatholicPrincess15 Well , seeing as how you can use a Glenmoril Witch head to cure lycanthropy and there is no way to stop the oath to be a Nightingale , Noctur . . . 2019 - 03 - 06T16 : 35 : 50Z Kill or help ? 4 messages A FANDOM user I ' ve helped him , went out , get ring , came back to Sinding and killed him for the armor . You can take both items by that . 2017 - 12 - 29T14 : 52 : 45Z I helped him then killed him . After I killed him Hircine appeared in human for and I got the Saviors Hide and took the ring . Then I went outs . . . 2019 - 01 - 11T06 : 15 : 51Z See more discussions > Categories Articles Needing Citation Battlespire : Characters Bloodmoon : Characters Oblivion : Characters Skyrim : Characters Lore : Characters Bloodmoon : Quest Givers Bloodmoon : Creatures Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский | [
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"Elder Scrolls"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Lockpick_(Skyrim) | in : Skyrim : Miscellaneous Items Lockpick ( Skyrim ) English Edit Share Lockpick Weight Base Value 0 2 Type Miscellaneous Item FormID 0000000A For other uses , see Lockpick and Lockpicking ( Skyrim ) Lockpicks are tools used to open locks in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . These are crucial in the progression and execution of the Lockpicking skill set and a staple in the arsenal of any thief . One of the key roles in the game itself , some quests may require the use of lockpicks ; however , alternatives are often available . When a person is sent to jail , it is usually possible to smuggle in one lockpick to facilitate escape . Need Edit Because keeping the Skeleton Key directly interferes with completion of the quest " Darkness Returns , " the use of ordinary lockpicks is not ruled out unless it was decided to keep it ; however , keeping it will inflict a penalty on the Lockpicking and Pickpocket skills by 25 % . Since lockpicks do not weigh anything and break easily with lower Lockpicking skills and higher difficulty locks , carrying multiples is not uncommon . By leveling the Lockpicking skill up to 100 and spending a minimum of six perks in the skill tree , all lockpicks become unbreakable . If the perk is needed elsewhere , it is possible to just stockpile lockpicks , as they are abundant and cheap . Locations Can be looted from Bandits Forsworn , and Thieves Looted from chests at any level Looted from other containers such as dressers Pickpocketed from people ( most people carry them ) Sold by blacksmiths fences general goods vendors Khajiit Caravans Skooma dealers , hunting supply shops , and innkeepers Lying around in homes , dungeons caves , and in the Thieves Guild hideout Appearances The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim The Elder Scrolls Online The Elder Scrolls : Legends Heroes of Skyrim Start a Discussion Discussions about Lockpick ( Skyrim ) How many lockpicks do you have 10 messages Bilitis Maybe it bugs when you have too many ? 2016 - 10 - 02T08 : 07 : 53Z A regular Skyrim player No it also appears in the inventory menu and lockpicking menu 2016 - 10 - 03T06 : 28 : 06Z lockpicks 3 messages TombRaiser No , lockpicks can not be made . 2013 - 01 - 17T21 : 34 : 59Z A FANDOM user I know this topic is old but You can only in a mod . 2016 - 01 - 03T20 : 46 : 55Z See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Miscellaneous Items Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Polski Русский | [
"Lockpick",
"Lockpicking",
"Skeleton Key"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Nahagliiv_(Skyrim) | in Articles with audio samplings Skyrim Creatures Skyrim Dragons Nahagliiv Skyrim English Nahagliiv Basic Info Spells Abilities Fire Breath Frost Breath Loot Dragon Bones Dragon Scales Soul Size Dragon Soul Base ID 000FE431 Ref ID 000FDBB0 Sound For other uses see Nahagliiv Nahagliiv Dovahzul NahAgLiiv was a dragon who served Alduin the WorldEater He can appear as any variation of dragon as he is levelbased After he was slain he was buried in a mound on a hill overlooking Rorikstead Contents show Interactions After being resurrected by Alduin he can be encountered circling the village he generally does not stray very far from his mound but can sometimes be encountered in combat with the Forsworn at Serpents Bluff Redoubt Although he is one of the few dragons identified by name he does not play a pertinent part in the story and is able to be mounted as part of the The Elder Scrolls V Dragonborn addon Resurrection As with several other dragons it is possible to witness Nahagliivs resurrection if the Dragonborn visits his burial mound before Elder Knowledge begins Like all resurrections Alduin circles the mound and then speaks in Dragon Language to awaken Nahagliiv Interruption and unique dialogue If the Dragonborn is fast enough it is possible to interrupt Alduin and chase him away from the mound before he has a chance to complete the ritual By doing this the mound temporarily remains closed but Nahagliiv will be awake If one uses any shout near the mound or attacks the ground under which Nahagliiv is buried Nahagliiv speaks the following line of dialogue Speak if you have aught to say worth the listening Followers hearing this dialogue drop into a battle stance although Nahagliiv is still buried Bugs This section contains bugs related to Nahagliiv Skyrim Before adding a bug to this list consider the following Please reload an old save to confirm if the bug is still happening If the bug is still occurring please post the bug report with the appropriate system template 360 XB1 PS3 PS4 PC MAC NX depending on which platforms the bug has been encountered on Be descriptive when listing the bug and fixes but avoid having conversations in the description andor using firstperson anecdotes such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board After being defeated his skeleton may sink into the ground leaving only his head visible This can be fixed by using the Staff of Zombies on him PC 360 PS3 If one finds Alduin resurrecting him he may be outside of his mound yet the mound will still be closed and he will be a skeleton If Alduin is attacked he will leave and Nahagliiv will remain a skeleton After he dies his skin grows but is burned off shortly after when his soul is released to be absorbed If attacked during resurrection he may become stuck in the ground He will be unable to attack or fly He can be attacked and his health will go down but he will not die His head will still follow the Dragonborn at zero health Fix Travel to somewhere then come back or wait twelve hours or more On rare occasions Nahagliivs body will follow the Dragonborn spawning in random locations This can be utilized as a random loot carrierchest Nahagliivs skeletal remains may never disappear from where he was killed on occasions falling from the sky when one fast travels to Rorikstead If the Dragonborn has Serana as a follower she and any other follower if applicable may turn hostile and attack nearby guards instead of the dragon This appears to be linked to the guards registering her as a hostile vampire at night To avoid this wait until daytime and circle around from the north so as to avoid proximity to Rorikstead during the battle During resurrection there may be two of him and one may not die he will continue attacking at zero health Appearances The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim The Elder Scrolls Legends Categories Articles with audio samplings Skyrim Creatures Skyrim Dragons Skyrim Named Dragons Dragons Languages Deutsch Español Italiano Русский | [
"Nahagliiv",
"dragon",
"Alduin"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Nirnhoned | in : Online : Traits Nirnhoned Edit Share Main article : Traits Nirnhoned equipment is equipment mined from Nirncrux . This trait was added in Update 4 , as part of addition of Craglorn Appearances Edit The Elder Scrolls Online References ↑ Update 4 Patch Notes Categories Online : Traits Add category Recent Wiki Activity Nerevarine A FANDOM user • 1 hour ago 36 Lessons of Vivec , Sermon 22 Emanuele Bignardi • 2 hours ago 36 Lessons of Vivec , Sermon 21 Emanuele Bignardi • 2 hours ago Console Commands ( Skyrim ) / Enchantments A FANDOM user • 3 hours ago Help us grow Elder Scrolls Get Started Popular pages Dragon Shouts Marriage ( Skyrim ) Enchanting ( Skyrim ) Dark Brotherhood ( Skyrim ) Races ( Skyrim ) Fan Feed More Elder Scrolls 1 Marriage ( Skyrim ) 2 Console Commands ( Skyrim ) 3 Races ( Skyrim ) Latest Discussions View All Mika Van den Broeck • 4 days ago More house Carls ? in Skyrim 0 6 Franz Alburo • 4 days ago Anise Cabin in Skyrim 0 6 BaxChrist • So . . . how many quests are there in Skyrim ? 11 Rouge Outlaw • Magic in General 1 18 Madrich Rosh • Why so many locations in ruins in General 9 Residual83 • EU server issue in Online 1 Ja ' Kloeer • 5 days ago Finally I can play Blades in Mobile games 2 4 Nathaniel Holt • 5 days ago Favorite elf race 11 SteptimusHeap • Labrynthian Maze does n ' t work ? 1 7 RoskFrey • Housing in TES VI 5 Music Tracks From ‘ Game of Thrones ’ That Will Make You Feel the Feels Fandom Dragon Shouts Elder Scrolls 5 Things You Should See and Do at Star Wars Celebration Chicago Fandom Thieves Guild ( Skyrim ) Elder Scrolls The Ultimate WrestleMania 35 Preview : Matches , Predictions + Your Chance to Vote 5 Questions ‘ Captain Marvel ’ Raises About Nick Fury ’ s Past Who Is the Most Important Marvel Character ? Marriage ( Skyrim ) How Arya Stark Found Herself by Becoming No One With the Faceless Men Enchanting ( Skyrim ) Explore Wikis Universal Conquest Wiki American Horror Story Wiki Glitchtale Wiki Dark Brotherhood ( Skyrim ) Races ( Skyrim ) Vampirism ( Skyrim ) Fight Breakdown : Who Won Between Thor Vs The Hulk in ‘ Ragnarok ’ ? Console Commands ( Skyrim ) Top 10 Stephen King Movies of the Millennium 10 Freaky Horror Games You Can Play Spring 2019 | [
"Nirnhoned"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Nordic_Carved_Armor | in : Dragonborn : Armor Dragonborn : Heavy Armor Sets Nordic Carved Armor English Edit Share Nordic Carved Armor Base Armor Weight Base Value 119.5 66 2925 Class Heavy Armor Upgrade Material Quicksilver Ingot Perk Advanced Armors ID See table Main article : Armor ( Dragonborn ) is a set of heavy armor in The Elder Scrolls V : Dragonborn with a base armor rating slightly lower than that of Orcish armor , but it is lighter . Without the shield it also has an armor rating slightly lower than Falmer heavy armor . However , if a shield is used , the armor rating is slightly higher . Contents show Locations Edit Unenchanted pieces of armor will begin to appear at level 25 and enchanted variants can be found at level 26 . These locations include : Found as random loot in chests or as a world item Worn by bandit chiefs hired thugs reaver lords bounty collectors , and reaver marauders Smithing Nordic Carved Armor requires a Smithing level of 50 and the Advanced Armors perk to create . Pieces can be forged at a blacksmith ' s forge with the following components : 21 x Steel Ingot 5 x Quicksilver Ingot 4 x Ebony Ingot 10 x Leather Strips Pieces can be upgraded with a quicksilver ingot at a workbench and also benefit from the Advanced Armors perk , which doubles the improvement . Attributes by piece Piece Quicksilver Ingot Ebony Ingot Steel Ingot Leather Strips ID Nordic Carved Armor 43 37 1,600 1 1 6 3 xx 01cd97 Nordic Carved Boots 15 6 220 4 2 xx 01cd96 Nordic Carved Gauntlets 15 220 3 2 01cd98 Nordic Carved Helmet 20 7 550 4 01cd99 Nordic Shield 26.5 10 335 026236 Total ( with shield ) 119.5 66 2,925 5 21 10 Total ( without shield ) 93 56 2,590 17 9 Trivia This armor set bears slight resemblance in design styles and overall lines to that of the armor style depicted on statues of the legendary Ysgramor ( sans the helmet and cape ) . It is the second strongest of the new heavy armor sets of The Elder Scrolls V : Dragonborn , though not as strong as the Orcish , Ebony Daedric or Dragonbone heavy armors . Unlike other armor styles introduced in Dragonborn , Nordic Carved Armor can be found outside of Solstheim See also Nordic Weapons ( Dragonborn ) Armor ( Dragonborn ) Appearances Armor in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Headgear Cuirass Boots Gauntlets Shields Crafted Armor Sets Light Hide Imperial Light Leather Elven Chitin DB Scaled Glass Stalhrim Light DB Dragonscale Heavy Iron Ancient Nord Imperial Steel Bonemold Dwarven Steel Plate Chitin Heavy Nordic Carved Orcish Ebony Dragonplate Stalhrim Daedric Non Crafted Armor Sets Light Fur Armor Dawnguard Armor DG Morag Tong Armor Penitus Oculatus Armor Shrouded Armor Skaal Armor Stormcloak Armor Stormcloak Officer Armor Vampire Armor DG Heavy Blades Armor Dawnguard Heavy Armor Falmer Armor Falmer Heavy Armor Falmer Hardened Armor Wolf Armor Unique Armor Sets Ancient Falmer Armor Ancient Shrouded Armor Armor of the Old Gods Ahzidal ' s Armor Blackguard ' s Armor Deathbrand Armor Guild Master ' s Armor Linwe ' s Armor Nightingale Armor Thieves Guild Armor Worn Shrouded Armor Related Topics Light Armor Heavy Armor Armor in Dawnguard Armor in Dragonborn Start a Discussion Discussions about Nordic Carved Armor Bugs . 9 messages A FANDOM user I ' ve run into another glitch for this armor that I have n ' t encountered with any other kind of equipment . When I run into an enemy . . . 4 years ago Iamanirishmanllooll Bhsup wrote : " When using The Steed it is possible to carry multiple copies of the same armor with no effect on total carry weight , e . . . a year ago Bandit Leaders Wear Nordic Carved Armor 10 messages SleepingIII Actually I ' d like to see some high level Orc bandit leaders wear Orsimer Armor , and Altmers wear Elven Armor ( though Altmer bandits . . . 6 years ago ArcWraith Only at higher levels or for the bandit chiefs will they wear nordic carved . Same goes with steel plate which is sometimes used instead . 2 years ago See more discussions > Categories Dragonborn : Armor Dragonborn : Heavy Armor Sets Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Français Русский Recent Wiki Activity Andrethi Ancestral Tomb DaBarkspawn • 6 minutes ago Spriggan ( Blades ) The Cat Master • 34 minutes ago Mundus Webspidrman • 49 minutes ago Spriggan CarloV3r • 1 hour ago Help us grow Elder Scrolls Get Started | [
"Nordic Carved Armor",
"The Elder Scrolls V : Dragonborn",
"Falmer heavy armor"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Orsimer | in : Articles Needing Citation Races Mer and 2 more Orsimer English Edit Share This article contains contentious statements that require additional sources for verification , or it contains a list of sources without any in - line citations . Please appropriately reference any information in the article , as well as any new additions . Consult in - game books and reliable online databases for fact - gathering . Statements requiring sources may have a source ? or a [ citation needed ] message after them . A female and male Orsimer in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim " Orcs , also known as Orsimer , are natives of Orsinium , a small mountain kingdom between Hammerfell and Skyrim . It has been sacked and rebuilt many times . " ― Loading Screen [ src ] The Orsimer , ( Aldmeris for Orc ) commonly known as Orcs , are considered to be barbarian people by most of the other races on Nirn and are from the mountainous regions of western Tamriel . They are centrally located in Orsinium , the City of Orcs , but are common in other locations in Tamriel . Orsimer are of Elven blood , but this heritage is either not recognised or is forgotten by many in Tamriel . Despite the meaning of their name being " Orc , " other sources state that the closest to the translation of their name is " Pariah Folk . " Contents show By game Edit Orc ( Arena ) Orc ( Daggerfall ) Orsimer ( Morrowind ) Orsimer ( Oblivion ) Orsimer ( Skyrim ) Orsimer ( Online ) Orsimer ( Legends ) Orsinium Orsimer card art from The Elder Scrolls : Legends Main article : Orsinium , also called Nova Orsinium , is an Orcish city province located within Tamriel . While technically being under the sovereignty of the Empire , Orsinium has in the past not been readily accepted by the other provinces of Tamriel . This changed when , in 3E 399 , Emperor Uriel Septim VII sought to improve relationships between the Empire and Orsinium through diplomacy , increased trade , and confederacy . Orsinium was located inside the Breton province of High Rock in the west of Tamriel , and , as such , Orcs co - inhabited the region alongside Bretons . However , the relationship between the Orcs and the Bretons would prove troublesome . Early in the 4th Era Orsinium was sacked for the second time ( the exact date or by whom it was sacked is unknown ) . Unlike before , Orsinium was not rebuilt in the Wrothgarian mountains like the two previous incarnations of the Orc Kingdom , but re - established in the Western Reach mountains in between Skyrim and Hammerfell Physiology With skin tones ranging from light green to dark brown , a heavily muscular frame , and considerable stature the Orsimer stand apart amongst Mer and Men . They also are the only race to display tusks . Born without the magical affinity of their Mer cousins , and following in the footsteps of their revered Trinimac , the Orcs have developed a strong warrior culture that makes them highly valuable in hand - to - hand combat . They often excel as adventurers and legionnaires in the Imperial Legion . This is not to say that they can not wield magic , however . Certain Orsimer , such as Urag gro - Shub , have gone on to be successful mages , finding employment at such places as the College of Winterhold History In the middle of the Merethic Era , a group of Aldmer and their leader Trinimac attempted to halt the movement of the prophet Veloth and the Chimer . The Daedric Prince Boethiah devoured Trinimac , corrupting his body and spirit , and he emerged from the remains of Trinimac as the Daedric Prince Malacath . As a result , his followers , later known as the Orsimer , or " Pariah Folk , " were also changed , becoming Orcs . The early Orcish people followed a tribal and independent lifestyle . Instead of claiming one area , they would instead settle in multiple provinces that suited their lives and needs , forming small , tightly knit villages . Many of these provinces were located in modern Skyrim and High Rock . Eventually , the Orc chieftain Torug gro - Igron founded . At first , it was merely a small collection of huts , but as word spread to the other Orcs of Tamriel about this rising civilization high in the Wrothgarian Mountains , it soon grew to house more permanent structures . In its early stages , the other races of Tamriel deemed it a place ruled by savage law which raided its neighbors along the Bjoulsae River . It was thought by the Bretons to be little more than a desolate mountain region where the Orcs scratched out a meager living off of the rocks and secretly coveted the lands and the settled livelihood of their valley - bound neighbors . Orcish historians , however , claim that this is simply Breton superstition and exaggeration . They claim Orsinium was always a peaceful land whose inhabitants made their way by simple agriculture and commerce . After the Siege of Orsinium in 1E 980 , the Orsimer became little more than pests and monsters in the view of the average Tamrielic citizen , as they had no province to call their own . Many Orcs attempted to set - up new city provinces , but with no luck . These dwellings were always destroyed before they could be properly established . However , in 3E 399 , an Orc visionary named Gortwog gro - Nagorm acquired the site of the former civilization of Orsinium and began reconstructing a new city for the Orsimer of Tamriel . As it grew , many believed it would succumb to the same fate as its predecessors . Gortwog , though , proved to be a superb politician and diplomat and managed to make negotiations with Orsinium ' s neighbors , which saw Orsinium prosper . He negotiated with Uriel Septim VII in trade and social negotiations and , for the first time , the Orcs were serious political players among the other races . The Orsimer have relatively strong historical ties with the Bretons of High Rock . The reasons for this are unclear , yet the relationship most likely originated because the races are cohabiting the same region . Religion and culture Most orcs hold Malacath as their chief deity , as he is believed to be involved in the creation of the race . As such , most orcs uphold the " Code of Malacath , " which is a religious doctrine as well as a code of law used in the orc strongholds . However , there is , or was , a religious conflict brewing which showed signs of becoming a major problem . The Orsimer have always worshipped the Daedra lord as their main deity . Orsinium ' s leader , Gortwog , however , has controversially claimed that Malacath is , in fact , a fake and has set up a priesthood dedicated to the worship of the ancient Aedric hero , Trinimac . This has caused controversy , as Trinimac was said to have been devoured by Boethiah , afterwards becoming Malacath . Gortwog ' s belief that Trinimac still lives and that Malacath is a mere demon is currently the official view taken by the majority of the leading priests in Orsinium . A handful of Orcs within and the vast majority of Orcs outside of Orsinium view Gortwog ' s beliefs as heresy . Strongholds Main article : Orc Strongholds Orc Strongholds are scattered throughout Skyrim . The Orcs have lived in Skyrim for centuries in tribal communities based around Strongholds . Main building , or Longhouse , of the Orc Stronghold Dushnikh Yal Strongholds are governed by a rigid class system . Every Orc has a specific job and is obligated to perform it . Every man , woman , and child in the fort is also trained from birth to defend it . The Strongholds are led by a chief , who killed the previous chief to prove his strength . Only the chiefs are allowed to have wives , and due to this , they often have several . This method is to ensure that the strongest Orc becomes chief , contributing his genes to the next generation of Orcs who , in theory , should be stronger than the last . Orcs in strongholds follow their own law called the Code of Malacath . The will of Malacath is clarified by the stronghold ' s resident wise woman . The rules of the Code are simple : do n ' t kill , do n ' t steal , and do n ' t attack people without reason . They do not have jails ; instead , offenders are forced to pay a " blood price , " in which the criminal bleeds until the victim is satisfied . In cases where the victim was murdered , the chief is consulted to convey an appropriate sentence . Individuals that are n ' t Orcs are normally viewed as untrustworthy and are turned away from the strongholds . However , it is possible for an outsider to gain entrance by becoming " blood kin . " This is done by performing a specific task to gain the trust of the Stronghold . This task is normally very dangerous . Committing a crime in a stronghold will not put a bounty in the hold ; rather , it will go to tribal orcs . Language The name Vosh Rakh translates from the Orcish tongue as " Blade of Courage " and refers to Trinimac ' s legendary weapon , Penitent . The name Agra Crun translates from Orcish tongue as " Blood Shield . " Ancient Orsimer language The following books are found in The Elder Scrolls Online : Orsinium The titular Torug appears to be one Torug gro - Igron , the founder of the first Orsinium . He rode a special polar bear and built a big shrine on top of the highest mountain the in Wrothgars . Translations by Kharsthun , a character affiliated with the House of Orsimer Glories . Ancient Orsimer Language English Torug ag Krazak , Uhz Torug at the summit , One Goltragga Torug ne murimush lochan sim Chief Torug will not allow the looters to find his remains Goltragga Torug ne rohi Ornim lochan norgim krazak Chief Torug will allow no lesser Orcs to find interment above him Torug ag Krazak , Uhg Torug at the Summit , Two Goltragga Torug dek vorkhim lorak eb norgimin sim Chief Torug gathered up his armored bracer and his dying body Torug dulg krazak eb Jur ugo sim ren tum beshkar He climbed to the summit and placed himself in a cairn of his own making Torug ag Krazak , Aht Torug at the Summit , Three Jur ugo sim ren tum Torug beshkar Then he laid Sorrow ' s Kiss upon his enchanted armlet Urgalick voshu Ornim tarask Torug golzarga ubeshka Forever waiting for a worthy Orc to claim his most cherished possession Numbering Numbers in Ancient Orsimer language : source ? Uhz Uhg Aht Grat Rate Sate Mot Sot Cot Mote Personality A male Orc . " People think we ' re all evil ? Do I look evil to you ? " ― Orcish worshipers at Daedric shrines around Cyrodiil [ src ] Orcs are widely considered a race of mer , hence the name Orsi mer . They are known to be exceptional warriors similar to Nords , although their culture is sometimes thought of as overly bestial . Despite their barbaric , tribal nature , there is much to admire in their fierce tribal loyalties and generous equality of rank and respect among the sexes . Their impressive warrior qualities stem from their sets of heavy Orcish armors and racial ability to go into a berserk rage , inflicting major damage while caring little for defense . Traditionally , all Orsimer mothers would teach their child how to smith from a young age . If an Orc chieftain has a second wife , she is called the " Forge - wife , " in honor of this . If an Orc leaves the province of Orsinium or Stronghold they ' re from , their surname will be the Stronghold / province they ' re from , prefixed with gra - ( female ) or gro - ( male ) , for example , Moth gro - Bagol Ghorza gra - Bagol ( both from the same province ) . Relations with other races " They call us barbarians because we are brave in war and we laugh at hardship . But we have earned our citizenship by service in the legions , and we are as civilized as any race . We make the finest weapons and armor in the world , and our warriors are the bravest and toughest in Tamriel . " Optio Bologra The translation of Orsimer is " Pariah Folk , " as they are considered the social outcasts of the Tamrielic races . Due to this many other Tamrielic cultures have scorned the Orcs , and treated them as no more than callous brutes . Their only redeeming quality in the eyes of the public over the past few eras has been their venerable combat skills when serving in the Imperial Legion . The other races of mer do not consider Orcs to be their kin . [ citation needed ] Notable Orsimer Abzug gro - Morkul Agrakh gro - Drublog Agronak gro - Malog Bazrag gro - Fharun Garnag Godrun gro - Murtag Gortwog gro - Nagorm Khamagash Khartag Kurog gro - Bagrakh Mauloch Otholug gro - Goldfolly Ramash gro - Tumnosh Thulgeg Torug gro - Igron Umbra Urmuk One Hand Trivia Despite the Orcs being known for their loyalty to the Empire , and the Empire aiding Orsinium , Tiber Septim was said to have a deep hatred for the Orcs . Appearances The Elder Scrolls : Arena The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion An Elder Scrolls Novel : The Infernal City An Elder Scrolls Novel : Lord of Souls The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim The Elder Scrolls Online The Elder Scrolls : Legends References ↑ Father of the Niben ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The True Nature of Orcs ↑ Events of " Discerning the Transmundane Dialogue with Gulugash gra - Orguk Pact Pamphlet : Congratulations ! Loading Screens ( Skyrim ) ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The Code of Malacath Vosh Rakh Agra Crun Dialogue with Dushnamub Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Wild Regions External links Imperial Library ' s Entry on Orsimer Wikipedia article on Orsimer Races Humans Akaviri Atmoran Breton Imperial Keptu Kothringi Nede Nord Orma Redguard Mer Aldmer Altmer Ayleid Bosmer Chimer Dunmer Dwemer Falmer Maormer Sinistral Elf Snow Elf Beast Argonian Imga Khajiit Lilmothiit Sload Giant Akaviri Ka Po ' Tun Kamal Tang Mo Tsaesci Dragon Et ' Ada Aedra Daedra Start a Discussion Discussions about Orsimer Nord Vs Orc Physical strength 84 messages A FANDOM user Nords have had higher strength in all tes games , they are also taller in eso . They are stronger on average than orcs . I ’ d compare an orc t . . . 2019 - 04 - 06T01 : 50 : 39Z A FANDOM user Berserker has downsides lol . In Oblivion , the game where choices like Race actually matter , Nords get 30 % damage resistance for 1 minute , wh . . . 2019 - 04 - 14T04 : 29 : 06Z Good name for an Orc ? 7 messages Elite Megatron You can go to a website called fantasynamegenerators . com that ' s where I got it . 2018 - 08 - 03T23 : 40 : 42Z The UESP has a complete list of every named character of a certain race found here : https : / / en . uesp . net / wiki / Lore : Orc_Names Use those . . . 2018 - 11 - 11T16 : 55 : 22Z See more discussions > Categories Articles Needing Citation Daedra Worshippers Add category Languages : Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Polski Русский Українська | [
"Orsimer",
"Orsinium"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Pelagius_Septim_III | in : Lore : Characters Lore : Males Lore : Altmer and 8 more Pelagius Septim III English Edit Share Pelagius Septim III Race Imperial Altmer Gender Male Eyes Blue Hair Blonde Birth 3E 119 Wayrest High Rock Death 3E 153 Temple of Kynareth Betony Affiliation Empire of Tamriel Family Magnus Septim ( father ) Utheilla Direnni ( mother ) Jolethe Septim ( sister ) Katariah ( wife ) Cassynder Septim ( son ) Potema Septim ( aunt ) Cephorus Septim ( uncle ) Antiochus Septim ( half - uncle ) Pelagius Septim II ( grandfather ) Quintilla ( grandmother ) Kintyra Septim II ( cousin ) Uriel Septim III ( cousin ) Title ( s ) Prince ( formerly ) Jarl of Solitude ( formerly ) High King of Skyrim Emperor For other uses , see Septim " It is hard to say when Pelagius ' madness first manifested itself , for , in truth , the first ten years of his life were marked by much insanity in the land itself . . . " Tsathenes [ src ] Emperor Thoriz Pelagius Septim III ( 3E 119 – 153 ) , also known as Pelagius the Mad and the Mad Emperor , was the Jarl of Solitude , and the twelfth Emperor of Tamriel after the death of his father Magnus Septim . Because his mother was an Altmer woman named Utheilla , he and his sister , Jolethe , are Imperial and Altmer half breeds . Later , he married a Dunmer woman named Katariah I , who succeeded him to the throne as a regent - dowager , until their son Cassynder was old enough to rule . When Pelagius was just over a year old , Antiochus died and his daughter , Kintyra , assumed the throne to the acclaim of all . Kintyra II was Pelagius ' cousin and an accomplished mystic and sorceress . Kintyra II ' s reign was usurped by her and Pelagius ' cousin Uriel , by the power of his mother , Potema , the so - called " Wolf Queen of Solitude . " Contents show Biography Edit Early Life during the War of the Red Diamond The man who would be Emperor of all Tamriel was born Thoriz Pelagius Septim , a prince of the royal family of Wayrest in 3E 119 at the end of the glorious reign of his uncle , Antiochus I . Wayrest had been showered with much preference during the years before Pelagius ' birth , for King Magnus was Antiochus ' favorite brother . When Pelagius was just over a year old , Antiochus died and his daughter , Kintyra , assumed the throne to the acclaim of all . Kintrya II was Pelagius ' cousin and an accomplished mystic and sorceress . Kintyra II ' s reign was usurped by her and Pelagius ' cousin Uriel , by the power of his mother , Potema , the " Wolf Queen of Solitude . " The year after her coronation , Kintyra was trapped in Glenpoint , and imprisoned in the dungeons there . All of Tamriel exploded into warfare as Prince Uriel took the throne as Uriel III , and High Rock , because of the imprisoned Empress ' presence there , was the location of some of the bloodiest battles . Pelagius ' father , King Magnus , allied himself with his brother Cephorus against the usurper Emperor , and brought the wrath of Uriel III and Queen Potema down on Wayrest . Pelagius , his brothers and sisters , and his mother Utheilla fled to the Isle of Balfiera All who met Pelagius on the Isle described him as a handsome , personable boy , interested in sport , magic , and music . Even assuming diplomats ' lack of candor , Pelagius seemed , if anything , a blessing to the future of the Septim Dynasty . When Pelagius was eight , Cephorus defeated Uriel III at the Battle of Ichidag and proclaimed himself Emperor Cephorus I . For the next ten years his and Potema ' s armies clashed with one another . At the conclusion of the Siege of Solitude , which ended with Potema ' s death and the end of the war , Cephorus placed his nephew on the throne of Solitude . King of Solitude As King of Solitude , Pelagius ' eccentricities of behavior began to be noticeable . As a favorite nephew of the , few diplomats to Solitude made critical commentary on Pelagius . For the first two years of his reign , Pelagius was at the very least noted for his alarming shifts in weight . Four months after taking the throne , a diplomat from Ebonheart called Pelagius " a hale and hearty soul with a heart so big , it widens his waist . " Five months later , the visiting Princess of Firsthold wrote to her brother that " the king gripped my hand and it felt like I was being clutched by a skeleton . Pelagius is greatly emaciated , indeed . " Cephorus died childless ( as his children perished during the War of the Red Diamond ) , three years after the Siege of Solitude . As the only surviving sibling , Pelagius ' father Magnus left the throne of and took up residence in the Imperial City as the Emperor Magnus I . Magnus was elderly and Pelagius was his oldest living child , so the attention of Tamriel focused on Solitude . By this time , Pelagius ' eccentricities were becoming infamous . There are many legends about his acts as King of Solitude , but few well - documented cases exist . It is known that Pelagius locked the young princes and princesses of Silvenar in his room with him , only releasing them when an unsigned declaration of war was slipped under the door . When he tore off his clothes during a speech he was giving at a local festival , his advisors apparently decided to watch him more carefully . On the orders of Magnus , Pelagius was married to the beautiful heiress of an ancient Dunmer noble family , Katariah Ra ' athim Nordic Kings who marry Dunmer seldom improve their popularity . There were two reasons for their union ; Magnus was trying to cement relations with Ebonheart , where the Ra ' athim clan hailed from . Ebonheart ' s neighbor , Mournhold , had been a historical ally of the Empire since the beginning , and the royal consort of Queen Barenziah had won many battles in the War of the Red Diamond . Ebonheart had a poorly kept secret of aiding Uriel III and Potema . The other reason for the marriage was more personal . Katariah was as shrewd a diplomat as she was beautiful . If any person was capable of hiding Pelagius ' madness , it was she . Ascent and Death On the 8th of Second Seed , 3E 145 , Magnus died quietly in his sleep . Jolethe , Pelagius ' sister , took over the throne of , and Pelagius rode with Katariah to the Imperial City to be crowned of . It is said that Pelagius fainted when the crown was placed on his head , but Katariah held him up so only those closest to the thrones could see what had happened . Pelagius Septim III never truly ruled Tamriel . Katariah and the Elder Council made all of the decisions and only tried to keep Pelagius from embarrassing them all . It was said that when the Argonian ambassador from Blackrose came to court , Pelagius insisted on speaking in all grunts and squeaks , as if that were the Argonian ' s natural language . It is known that Pelagius was obsessed with cleanliness , and many guests reported waking to the noise of an early morning scrub - down of White - Gold Tower . Pelagius , while inspecting the servants ' work , suddenly defecated on the floor to give them something to do . When Pelagius began to bite and attack visitors to the White - Gold Tower , he was sent to a private asylum on the Isle of Betony . Pelagius was transferred to several other asylums , including asylums in Valenwood , Torval , and Black Marsh . During his stay in the asylum in Torval , Pelagius planned a ball . On a warm night in Sun ' s Dawn in his 34th year , Pelagius Septim III died after a brief fever in his cell at the Temple of Kynareth on Betony . Katariah reigned for another 46 years before passing the scepter onto the only child she had with Pelagius , Cassynder Legacy After Pelagius ' death , the asylum he was contained in was destroyed . However , a group known as the Apostles of Light transported each original stone to the Shivering Isles , where it was reconstructed and renamed The Howling Halls . Pelagius ' ghost still haunts the Isles to this day . During the first days of the Fourth Era , Sheogorath ' s champion raided the Halls and wiped out the Apostles . He also discovered Pelagius ' pelvis , the only surviving remains of the mad emperor . Later in the Fourth Era , the Last Dragonborn was given Pelagius ' Hip Bone during Sheogorath ' s quest , where he had to cure Pelagius of his madness by entering his mind and to send him back to the Shivering Isles . Pelagius ' wild behavior has made him perversely dear to the province of his birth and death . The 2nd of Sun ' s Dawn , which may or may not be the anniversary of his death , is celebrated as the Mad Pelagius Festival , a time when foolishness of all sorts is encouraged . And so , one of the least desirable Emperors in the history of the Septim dynasty has become one of the most famous . Conversations Duties of an Emperor Sheogorath : " More tea , Pelly my dear ? " Pelagius : " Oh , I could n ' t . It goes right through me . So many detractors and undesirables , naysayers , buffoons . My . . .My headsman has n ' t slept in three days . " Sheogorath : " You are far too hard on yourself , my dear , sweet , homicidally insane Pelagius . What would the people do without you ? Dance ? Sing ? Smile ? [ laughter ] Grow old ? You are the best Septim that has ever ruled . Well , except for that Martin fellow , but he turned into a Dragon god , and that ' s hardly sporting . You know , I was there for that whole sordid affair . Marvelous time ! Butterflies , blood , a Fox , a severed head . . . Oh Pelagius : " Yes , yes , as you ' ve said countless times before . " " Harumph ! Well , if you ' re going to be like that , I think its best I take my leave . I said a good day to you , sir , I said good day ! " " Yes . Leave me to my ceaseless responsibilities and burdens . " Trivia The Wolf Queen , v7 determines the date of Pelagius ' birth to have been in 3E 125 . If so , he would have been twelve during the Siege of Solitude , which The Madness of Pelagius asserts was his first battle . The Wolf Queen claims that Pelagius ' mother was named Hellena , while The Madness of Pelagius says it was Utheilla of the Direnni Clan . In Potema ' s biography , The Wolf Queen , it is suggested that she was the cause of Pelagius ' madness , having disguised herself as an old woman during the siege of , and giving young Pelagius an enchanted necklace that would destroy his mind over time . Sheogorath claims that Pelagius ' last act as Emperor , on his deathbed , was to " outlaw death . " Because in - game a character can only be one race or another , Pelagius is considered a Breton , which makes him more human than elf , despite the child usually being the same race as the mother . Sources Appearances The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall ( Mentioned only ) The Elder Scrolls IV : Shivering Isles ( Mentioned only ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim References ↑ The Wolf Queen , Book IV ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Asylum Ball ↑ Holidays of the Iliac Bay Emperor of Tamriel 3E 145 3E 147 Katariah ( as Regent ) ← → High King Skyrim Potema Septim 3E 137 3E 145 Jolethe Septim ← → Jarl 3E 137 Start a Discussion Discussions about Pelagius Septim III The Life of Magnus Septim and the contraries in historical books . 2 messages RedMalvo So , the in - game book series A Brief History of the Empire and the book Madness of Pelagius claim that Magnus Septim , father of Pelagius III , a . . . 2018 - 01 - 28T12 : 59 : 01Z Vincentius1 Seems like the Madness of Pelagius got that part wrong , the Wolf Queen books are the correct source . I ' m honestly glad because that gi . . . 2018 - 08 - 13T20 : 51 : 59Z See more discussions > Categories Lore : Characters Lore : Males Lore : Altmer Lore : Imperials Emperors of the Septim Empire Skyrim : Characters Skyrim : Males Skyrim : Bretons Septim Bloodline Emperors Half - Breeds Add category Languages : Česky Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Русский | [
"Pelagius Septim III"
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Pets_(Online) | in : Online : Pages Missing Data Online : Lists Online : Pets Pets ( Online ) English Edit Share A pet house cat For other uses , see Pets Pets are special creatures that appear in The Elder Scrolls Online as a type of vanity companion for the Vestige Contents show Acquisition Edit The primary way to obtain pets is through the Crown Store , with prices ranging from 400 to 1,200 , or through special promotions , events and packs . Players can still use pets acquired from the discontinued subscriber loyalty program , promotional giveaways and limited time offers on the Crown Store . List of pets Crown Store pets The following is a list of all pets released on the Crown Store : Daedric Image Pet Species Default name Description Notes Banekin Banekin Ornery 400 Though unwilling to fight , this Daedric minion will follow you loyally - - for now . Daedrat Daedric Rat Twitchy 500 This scurrying vermin from Oblivion would be lost in the vastness of Nirn without a loyal companion and guide . Even a Daedric rodent needs a friend . Released alongside the launch of the Imperial City DLC . Daedric Scamp Scamp Stinker 700 A foul - smelling Daedric minion , who will follow you loyally , though it wo n ' t fight for you . Fiendroth Daedric Bug Evil Weevil 700 Who does n ' t want to be followed around by a hulking , armored Daedric bug with steel mandibles and a venomous stinger ? It eats nothing but the cries and lamentations of your enemies , so it ' s an easy keeper . And it ' s friendly , too — in its way . Jackdaw Daedrat Daedric Rat Pestiferous The planes of Oblivion are infinite in their variation — and so are their vermin . The Jackdaw Daedrat is a bony Daedric rodent that likes to collect shiny things like your jewelry , and nip and nibble at things it should n ' t . But at least it ' s cute , right ? Domestic Image Pet Species Default name Description Notes Abecean Ratter Cat Cat Caramel 400 The Abecean Ratter is famed from Hegathe to Woodhearth as a prime rodent - catcher . Alliance War Dog Dog Bruiser 1,000 War dogs can be found in the armies of all three Alliances , mainly in the capacity of aides to the military police . They are as loyal to their masters as they are savage to their enemies . Alik ' r Dune - Hound Dog Sandy The Dune - Hound is the loyal dog of the Redguard hunters of the Alik ' r . Black Cat Cat Salem This black cat knows things you can not know , and sees things you can not see . But that is the nature of all black cats , is it not ? Available on the Crown Store for a limited time in February 2017 . Originally available only to Japanese players as part of a promotion for the Japanese edition of The Elder Scrolls Online through amazon . co . jp . Bravil Retriever Dog Dogdroth The Bravil Retriever loves the water , and is a favorite hunter ' s companion from Anvil to Gideon . Dragontail Goat Goat William The brown Goats of the Dragontail Mountains are stronger than they look . There ' s a saying in Hammerfell : " Hits as hard as a Dragontail ram ! " Housecat Cat Deathstare This green - eyed feline is a distant relative of the Alfiq Khajiit . Markarth Bear - Dog Furball Bear - Dogs are such fierce and courageous fighters , the hunters of Western Skyrim use small packs of them to pursue wild bears . The Bear - Dogs track , corner , and harry the bears until the hunters can arrive with their spears . Afterward the dogs trot home alongside their masters to share in the subsequent feast . Psijic Domino Pig Pig Darlin Originally bred on the Isle of Artaeum , the black - and - white Domino Pig is so smart it can count to five and learn to recognize its name . Sanguine ' s Black Goat Goat Whisper A goat bred to take part in Daedric rituals ? Nonsense . It ' s just a goat . Is n ' t it ? But why does it look at you like that ? And did it just … whisper ? No . That ca n ' t be . It ' s just a goat ! Shornhelm Shepherd Hackles This hardy dog was bred for herding sheep in the rugged terrain of Rivenspire . No longer available . Windhelm Wolfhound Wurfles Descended from royal hunting dogs , Windhelm Wolfhounds are known as steadfast companions . This pet is also included with the Starter Pack available on the Crown Store . Exotic Amber Ash Hopper Ash Hopper Ald ' Skippy The perky Amber Ash Hopper is a favorite pet of Dunmer expatriates , as it ' s relatively low maintenance ( it digs its own hole in the ground ) , and it reminds the Dark Elves of home on the slopes of Red Mountain . Baby Netch Netch Bulgy What could be more appealing than a hovering football - sized odorous gas bag trailing a half - dozen squirming tentacles ? Once this young Netch calf imprints on a master , it will follow him or her anywhere , floating along and tootling happily . Bal Foyen Nix - Hound Nix - Hound Skeeter Who says a giant , aggressive , blood - sucking insect ca n ' t make a loveable pet ? Not the Dark Elves of Bal Foyen , who breed them as trackers , watch - hounds , and netch - deflators . Befriend one of these twitchy little arthropods , and it ' ll follow you everywhere ! Bantam Guar Bantam Guar Squeee According to the calculations of the sages of the Cult of the Ancestor Moth , the bantam guar is the cutest creature in all Tamriel . No longer available as a stand - alone purchase . Still available as part of the Adventurer Pack bundle on the Crown Store . Bitter Coast Cliff Strider Cliff Strider Shrieky Thetys Ramarys of Balmora says , “ Is n ' t it adorable ? I love our Bitter Coast Cliff Striders , but feel bad that they ca n ' t fly well . So I ' m breeding them into a strain that , one day , will dominate the Vvardenfell skies , pursuing its prey for great distances ! Black Bear Cub Bear Roly - Poly 1,000 The Black Bear Cub is both playful and affectionate , and is so adorable it ' s quickly forgiven for whatever trouble it gets into . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from February 18 – 22 , 2016 . Blue Oasis Dragon Frog Frog Topaz The comical Blue Oasis Dragon Frog is native to Hew ' s Bane , and before they were bred as pets and widely exported , they could be found only on that Hammerfell peninsula . These little bug - eaters are popular mascots at open - air taverns , and can be trained to puff out small flames to light Bosmeri bug - smoke pipes . Cave Bear Cub OR Bear Honeymuzzle The Cave Bear Cub may miss its mountain home , but that just makes it twice as loyal to its mortal companion . Clockwork Skeevaton CC Skeever Fabricant Skweex Originally designed for probing tiny , inaccessible areas of the Clockwork City , the mechanical Skeevaton can be set to recognize and follow an individual mortal , replicating pet behavior on the surface of Nirn . Colovian Badger Badger Grumps Though Badgers mainly eat burrowing rodents , farmers hate them because they ' ll take chickens , kwama scribs , and bantam guar if they get the chance . Cranky and irritable , they make terrible pets — which is why they ' re favorites among the Undaunted . Craglorn Welwa Welwa [ ? ] Cute ' ? What use have I for ' cute ' ? I am Undaunted — give me a monster ! " Credit for the irresponsible and foolhardy project of domesticating the Craglorn Welwa is usually claimed by the Iron Orcs , who were looking for ways to prove they ' re “ more bad - tusk " than the Orcs of Wrothgar or Skyrim . Desert Lynx Lynx Tufts The Desert Lynx , or caracal lynx , is native to south central Tamriel , roaming the savannahs from Corinthe in Elsweyr as far north as the West Weald in Cyrodiil . It ' s the totem animal of the pastoral Khajiiti tribes , and assists with managing the herds . Dire Pony Horse [ ? ] 1,200 When you always wanted a pony as a child and your parents would n ' t let you have one , so you grew up bitter and tormented and became a dark cultist , but now you can finally afford a pony ! Fennec Fox Fox Li ' l Vixen A native of Hammerfell , the Fennec Fox has been domesticated by many of its desert peoples , and makes an alert and loyal pet . Freckled Guar Guar S ' wit Known in Deshaan as loyal pals , the Freckled is the most intelligent breed of guar . Haj Mota Hatchling Haj Mota Shelbert Though it may someday grow into a horrific face - eating behemoth , when it ' s young the Haj Mota Hatchling is undeniably cute . For a while , they are trainable , come when called , and happily waddle after their masters wherever they may go . Do not hand feed . Hearthfire Hatchling Kagouti 1,200 Hearthfire Hatchlings , which are found only in an orphaned state , appear to be the offspring of a normal kagouti and one of the Hearthfire variety . Driven away by ordinary kagouti , these hatchlings are in urgent need of adoption ! Helstrom Ancestor Lizard Lizard Princess Some scholars believe Argonians are descended — or were uplifted — from these tree - dwelling swamp lizards . True or not , they make great pets , affectionate and low - maintenance . Infernal Sep Adder Sep Adder Atrocity Though it may look like it just crawled from the depths of the Deadlands , the Infernal Sep Adder is actually native to the higher altitudes of Hammerfell . As pets , they are … not exactly affectionate . Great conversation starters , though . Wear heavy gauntlets when handling . Karthwolf Shepherd Wolf Icepack The Reachmen use their domesticated ice wolves to protect their clans ' livestock . They also keep the herds healthy , as the Karthwolves themselves will cull out the weaklings . Kindlespit Dragon Frog Frog Heartburn This green - eyed feline is a distant relative of the Alfiq Khajiit . Moonlight Senche - Tiger Senche Secunda The Moonlight Senche - Tigers have been the sleek and silvery guardians of the Khajiiti temples of the moons ever since the revelation of the Riddle ' Thar . The Moon Bishops say that the Moonlight Senche just … knows things of which no other tiger is aware . Northern Lynx Lynx Jarlcat Native to Tamriel ' s northern forests , in the wild the Lynx lives on a diet of rabbits , hares , and skeevers . Domesticated , the brown Northern Lynx makes a dignified and stylish animal companion , popular with the Nord aristocracy . Pocket Mammoth Mammoth Nosy The Orcs of Wrothgar originally bred Pocket Mammoths small in order to make them more manageable as livestock , but Orcs will be Orcs : a few ranches got raided , some of the little trunkers escaped , and they began breeding in the wild . Fortunately , they ' re easily domesticated , especially if you get one when it ' s young . Sabre Cat Cub Sabre Cat Sabre Cats are the monarchs of the north , mighty and majestic hunters that rule the wintry plains and tundra by sheer strength and savagery – but , Daedra take it , they sure are cute when they ' re cubs ! Senche - Lion Cub Senche Kitty Claws If you domesticate a Senche - Lion Cub when it ' s young enough , it will follow you everywhere , no matter how dangerous . And it will remain safe from all harm , while your enemies will burn from the cuteness . Sep Adder Sep Adder Scaly Death These flying vipers may have short tempers and nasty dispositions , but wait till you see their cute crimson eyes ! With time , some of them can even be trained not to inject poison when they bite . Need that nest of skeevers cleared out of your cellar ? Here ' s the perfect pet ! Seht ' s Dovah - Fly Giant Insect These are clearly fabricants , clockwork simulations of living creatures , with the distinctive appearance of the handiwork of Sotha Sil . But if so , how did they escape Clockwork City ? And why do they make such loyal pets ? No one knows . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from August 31 to September 4 , 2017 . Shadowghost Pony Horse Are they real pets , or the stuff of dreams ? It ' s said that to catch a Shadowghost Pony , one should seek out a cemetery on a dark night during Witches Festival and wait quietly near the grave of a child . Bring a carrot or sweet apple . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from October 5 – 9 , 2017 . Skeletal Pack Wolf Undead Wolf When the Two Moons are full , the undead wolf pack rises from the grave , they point their canine craniums at the sky , and try to howl — but the only sound is a dismal rattling in their bony throats . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from November 13 – 16 , 2017 . Skeletal Pony Guar Undead Guar Should n ' t an animated skeleton always be a thing of fear and revulsion ? This necromantic Pony Guar might change your mind about that ! Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from November 6 – 9 , 2017 . Skeletal Senche - Leopard Undead Senche Is Necromancy always wrong ? Not even death can stop this loyal Senche - Leopard from stalking to adventure at your side ! Those Worm Cult folks may have a point , after all . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from November 20 – 23 , 2017 . Snow Bear Cub Bear Sugarfur The Snow Bear is known for its fierceness , but its cub is as cute as a bug — maybe two bugs ! Even in the direst of circumstances , you ' re certain to keep your spirits up with a roly - poly Snow Bear Cub tagging at your heels . Available for a limited time on the Crown Store from December 10 – 14 , 2015 . Spotted Snow Senche - Leopard Senche Even for the elusive Senche - Leopard , the Spotted Snow is a rare variety . Despite its frosty - looking fur , this adorable companion makes for a great cuddle buddy during long winter nights . Mind the claws ! Steam - Driven Brassilisk Brassilisk Pressure Valve Free With soul gems in short supply , the Clockwork Apostles invented this experimental Brassilisk powered by steam stored under high pressure . Available exclusively to PC and Mac players and can be purchased for free until December 31st , 2017 . Striated Pony Guar Guar Wobble A favorite household pet in Morrowind , the Striated Pony Guar is a glutton for affection . No longer available . Striped Senche - Panther Indigo The elegant senche - panther is a distant relative of the Khajiit , though it can not speak like the cat - folk . Sylvan Nixad Nixad Crimson Dancer Once a common sight in Cyrodiil ' s Great Forest , the Sylvan Nixad is now most often encountered in the glades and meadows of the Gold Coast . Once tamed , they make charming companions , loyal and easy to care for . Turquoise Nixad Nixad Beryl Scholars think the iridescent blue Turquoise Nixad must have inherent magical properties , because those wings certainly are n ' t big enough to enable it to fly . Yet fly it does , flitting about like a beautiful human - shaped hummingbird moth . They live on a diet of treacle and poetry . White River Ice Wolf Pup Wolf Wurf The Ice Wolves that lope along the White River of northeast Skyrim are associated with both the goddess Mara and the Wolf Totem of Atmora — but it ' s mighty hard to think about their mythic stature when you ' re rolling around in the snow with an Ice Wolf Puppy . Wurf ! Vvardvark Vvardvark Many an unwary traveler has met an untimely end at the claws of a Senche - Panther under the thick canopies of Valenwood . This solitary distant relative of the Khajiit has an uncanny intelligence and rarely befriends Men or Elves , but it remains a lifelong companion to any it deems worthy . Crown Crate pets The following is a list of all pets rewarded through Crown Crates Season one : Storm Atronach Price Black Mask Bear - Dog Dog Nightbiter 100 Crown Gems This variant of the Bear - Dog is a favorite of the Markarth Watch - and of the thieves who attempt to evade them . The Watch uses them to sniff out trouble , while the outlaws employ them to keep an eye out for the Watch ! Legendary reward Chub Loon Chub Loon Waddles 40 Crown Gems A denizen of Tamriel ' s northern shores , the Chub Loon survives on the bounty of the sea , dining on small fish of all types . Though clumsy and awkward on shore , it flies gracefully and is a nimble swimmer . Best of all , they make affectionate pets . Epic reward Clouded Senche - Leopard Cub Li ' l Thundercloud 100 Crown Gems Of all the varieties of wild Senche - Cats , the Clouded Leopard may be the most beautiful . Their Cubs love to play - fight and stalk tiny bugs with the most hilariously serious expressions Legendary reward Orchid Nixad Nixad Periwinkle The rarest of these fay creatures is the Orchid Nixad , said to be sacred to the goddess Dibella , and found only in wild places hallowed to her worship . It ' s known that the Empress Tavia had an Orchid Nixad as a friend and companion . Purple Daggerback Daggerback Pricklypear 40 Crown Gems The glowing Purple Daggerback boar is found only in Craglorn in the vicinity of the Spellscar , from which it seems to have absorbed some sort of magical aura . Epic reward Red Pit Wolf Pup Wolf Scrapper The Red Pit Wolves of Skyrim are known for their aggression and ferocity , and you can see that even in their puppies , adorable as they are . They love to play , but that means play - fighting , so expect to get chewed on as you tussle ! Rosy Netch Calf Netch The reddish , or " Rosy " Netches are native to the foyadas of the Molag Amur region of Vvardenfell , where they live in a semi - wild state subject to the occasional round - ups of the Netchimen . The calves , sulfurous odor aside , are quite adorable . Tangerine Dragon Frog Dragon Frog Flamekisser The slug - like Sloads of Thras bred the flame - hued Tangerine Dragon Frog so they could be spotted more easily in their archipelago ' s murky lagoons . Some say they were bred to be pets , but the Sload word for them translates as " snacks . " Season two : Wild Hunt Price Ancestor Moth Swarm Ancestor Moth Fjyron The Ancestor Moths that accompany some mystically - attuned mortals are more than mere insects - they are animated by the loving spirits of the dearly departed , and may grant wisdom and awareness to those they visit . " - - Sister Terran Arminus Black Senche - Panther Kitten Senche Keirgo Rajhin the Purring Liar had so many shadows that some of them took on lives of their own , becoming Black Senche - Panthers who stalk freely through Elsweyr - - just like this kitten that plays with my tail . - - Clan - Mother Ahnissi Cobalt Sep Adder The blue - scaled Cobalt Sep Adder is the rarest of the wild varieties , and almost never seen in captivity . They are particularly prized by the royalty of Hammerfell ' s contentious city - states , as they ' re said to be able to detect poison in drinks and food . Dark Moons Lynx The Khajiit of Corinthe believe the all - black Dark Moons Lynx is the worldly incarnation of Southpaw , the feline companion to Rahjin the Footpad , god of thieves . It ' s said Southpaw keeps watch while Rajhin is breaking and entering Doom Wolf Pup Wolf Vandal When a Doom Wolf Pup looks at you with its big red eyes , you may just melt inside - but as soon as you turn your back , that little rascal will be shredding your embroidered Arenthian pillows and digging up your herbal garden . Season three : Dwarven Blue - Cap Shroom Shalk Shalk For the Dark Elves , the Shroom Shalk is a companion animal that brings calm and serentiy to the Dunmeri home . There ' s just something so soothing about the way the blue fungal sprouts on its back gently wave and puff out spores as the beast putters about . Clockwork Shalk Shalk The Clockwork Shalk is a fabricant from the hidden laboratories of Sotha Sil . It seems programmed to obey the master it imprints upon , but who knows what secret orders it will follow if events occur to trigger them ? Copperback Bear - Dog The Copperback variant of the Markarth Bear - Dog is renowned for its responsiveness to training , but keep an eye on it , or it will get into all sorts of mischief . Especially keep an eye on its eyes , which are two different colors ! Deep - Moss Ash Hopper Ash Hopper The Deep - Moss Ash Hopper is native to southern Vvardenfell , where it ' s most commonly found in the fungal - forested uplands and the coastal marshes . They ' ve been adopted as mascot bugs by the Buoyant Armigers , who admire their green carapaces . Dro - m ' Athra Senche Cub Woe Kitty Combine Adorable with Abominable , and what do you get ? The dro - m ' Athra Senche Cub , the cutest thing ever to come out of the Dark Behind the World . Dance , kitten , dance ! Molag Amur Cliff Strider Cliff Strider The Molag Amur Cliff Strider is prized by reptilian connoisseurs because its coloration , though somber , is lightened by its subtle golden tones . And if startled , its squawk will cause passersby to jump and horses to bolt . Mossy Netch Calf Netch Emerald The greenish , or " Mossy " Netches , are most commonly found in the West Gash region of northwest Vvardenfell . The calves are docile , even for Netches , and will happily follow along behind anyone who smells of their favorite fungi . Ninendava Sacred Goat Goat Hircine The goats that come from the ruin of Ninendava in Cyrodiil are no mere domestic livestock . They have long been used in certain forbidden Daedric rituals — and have even been known to lead mortals through those arcane rites . Tuxedo Vvardvark Stibbons The most popular conjecture about the origin of the Vvardvark is that it ' s a magical hybrid created by a rogue Telvanni wizard . The coloration of the Tuxedo Vvardvark , according to this theory , was intended to enable it to hide in a flock of chub loons . Season four : Reaper ' s Harvest Shadowghost Guar Guar Shyscales Rarely seen outside the ash clouds of Vvardenfell ' s great volcano , the little Shadowghost pony guar is scary cute . Shadowghost Pack Wolf Mist Howler Unlike their lone cousins , the great Shadowghost Wolf Mounts , the smaller Shadowghost Pack Wolves hunt on the darkest nights in howling groups . Separated from their packs , they make loyal companions . Shadowghost Senche - Panther Nightpouncer In Elsweyr , being seen in the company of an uncanny Shadowghost Senche - Panther will put one under suspicion of being a Namiira cultist - or even a disguised dro - m ' Athra . Swarm of Crows Crow Season five : Flame Atronach Arctic Fennec Fox Fox Powder The Arctic Fennec is native to the snowy shores of Skyrim ' s Sea of Ghosts , and the local Nords , when they spot one romping in the drifts , respond with the traditional oath of " Shor ' s Ears ! " Ebony Brassilisk Brassilisk This experimental variation on the standard Brassilisk has certain key components fabricated from an Ebony alloy for enhanced durability out in the storms of the Radius . Mages Guild Sentry Cat Cat N / A These short - haired , large - eared cats are a common sight in Mages Guildhalls , where it ' s said their keen senses enable them to detect all manner of intruders , even those that are magically concealed or from realms of Oblivion Prodigious Brass Mudcrab Mudcrab Regal Dovah - Fly Dovah - Fly Buzz F ' lah Many a Vvardenfell youngster growing up in the swamps of West Gash or the Bitter Coast remembers spending happy hours playing " dodge - dovah " with these hovering bug - buddies ! If hand - raised from larval form , they can become devoted companion animals . Scorpion Fabricant Scorpion Fabricant Stinger " Since our Incarnatoriums can be modified on almost any creature of Tamriel Above , why are Scorpion Fabricants of differing sizes so popular ? They ' re our most - requested fabs ! " says Clockwork Apostle Dringest . Senche - Leopard Cub Motley The Senche - Leopard is one of the most feared predators of the Tenmar Forest in central Elsweyr , but if one of its adorable cubs can be adopted when young , it makes a fiercely - loyal companion . Other pets The following is a list of pets released through other means , including , but not limited to in - game rewards , loyalty rewards , and exclusive content : Click to Show Bristlegut Piglet Pig Muddles N / A This cross between a domestic pig and a Skyrim boar is as loyal as it is adorable . Given with competitions and giveaways . Crony Scrib Scrib Grubchum The caramel scrib crony is a quiet companion , devoted and easily housebroken . Code available with purchase of official Fighters Guild Journeyman figure from Symbiote Studios . Dusky Fennec Fox Fennec Fox ( Canines ) Black - Ears N / A ( Free ) The Dusky or Midnight Fennec Fox is native to the high savannah of northern Elsweyr , and is often domesticated by nomadic tribes of Khajiit . It can only be obtained from the Day 14 of the June Daily Rewards . Dwarven Spider O : M Dwarven Spider Arachnimunculus A loyal Dwarven Spider liberated from a Dwemer ruin , converted , using the " Neramo Method , " to an unlocked and autonomous state that enables it to leave its original locale . Only available with the The Elder Scrolls Online : Morrowind collector ' s edition . Dwarven Theodolite O : M Dwemer Animunculi Busybody This construct was a sort of automated measuring device designed to explore and survey subterranean areas , according to scholars of the lost Deep Elves - except for Narsis Dren , who insists it was an object of pursuit in Dwemeri team sports . Reward for reassembling its seven parts in Nchuleftingth in Vvardenfell Dwarven War Dog Bthunch This loyal beast has been trained for warfare , and will stick with you through every kind of conflict . As a bonus , it comes outfitted in ancient Dwarven dog armor , canine barding as durable today as it was when it was first made many centuries in the past Only available with the Discovery Edition of The Elder Scrolls Online : Morrowind Echalette OR Echatere Skitters Full - grown echateres may be stubborn and ornery , but the baby Echalettes are playful and , frankly , just plain adorable . Once a young Echaletter bonds with its master , it becomes a devoted compation . Loyalty reward to players who own the Orsinium DLC . Foxbat Brassilisk Brassbones Free These mysterious green - glowing Brassilisks have been showing up in the environment outside the Brass Fortress . Some Clockwork Apostles suspect there ’ s a rogue Incarnatorium assembling them somewhere out in the Radius . Available exclusively to Xbox One players and can be purchased for free until December 31st , 2017 . Frisky Scrib Scrib Larvie This lambent little larva loves crawling alongside valorous adventurers ! Exclusive to players who pre - ordered for PlayStation 4 . High Hrothgar Wraith Ice Wraith Tinsel An ice wraith from the slopes of the highest mountain in Tamriel . Loyalty reward for three month paid subscribtion . Imgakin Monkey Raisins The imgakin monkey pet is lively and cheerful , even in the grimmest of dungeons . Given to players who took part in the weekend PC Beta events . Jackal TG Jackal Mischief The Jackal of Tamriel is called by some the " thieves ' dog " because it ' s quick to sniff out sources of food , and clever enough to figure out how to get at them . Once tamed , they serve as loyal companions . Loyalty reward to players who own the Thieves Guild Loyal Dwemer Sphere Dwarven Sphere Gyro A Dwarven Sphere of the long - lost Dwemer . Loyalty reward for six month paid subscribtion . Necrotic Hoarvor Hoarvor Pustule Your new best friend is a giant blood - sucking insect bloated with pustulant , lethal contagion ! It ' s bursting with both infection and affection — for you ! Reward for completing the Imperial City Challenger Veteran Dungeon achievement with The Imperial City Nibenay Mudcrab Mudcrab Scissors A frisky little crustacean pal , at home in the water or out of it . Available with the Imperial Edition Pony Guar Coconut A favorite household pet in Morrowind , the Pony Guar is a glutton for affection . Code available with purchase of official Guar Plush from the Bethesda Store . Psijic Brassilisk Pressure Valve These rare Brassilisks are powered by blue soul gems brought back from the Psijic hideaway of Artaeum at the end of the First Era by Sotha Sil himself . Available exclusively to PlayStation 4 players and can be purchased for free until December 31st , 2017 . Razak ' s Opus Dwarven Spider Cogbucket A loyal steam - powered Dwarven Spider , fueled by magicka from a soul gem that will last for eras . Reward for completing the quest " The Mystery of Razak . " Rufous Mudcrab Mudcrab Crabcakes A perky crab buddy whose rust - colored shell covers a cheerful , inquisitive demeanor . Code available with purchase of official Mudcrab Plush from the Bethesda Store . Stonefire Scamp Scamp Brimstone This gibbering , foul - smelling Daedric minion will follow you loyally , though it wo n ' t fight for you . Reward for defeating the elite Daedric forces in the Darkest Depths in Imperial City Vermilion Scuttler Scuttler Warty A reptilian pal from Morrowind , where they ' re known for quickness , devotion , and a mildly offensive odor . Available with the Explorer ' s Pack pre - order bonus . Whiterun Wolfhound Horker The hunting dog of the Nords of Skyrim , known to face down sabre cats for their masters . Given with orders of the Imperial Edition placed through Steam before July 21st , 2014 . Can still be acquired with purchase of official Nord figure from Symbiote Studios . Trivia Razak ' s Opus is the only pet included in the base game . Pets can not accompany the Vestige in Cyrodiil Players can own multiple pets , although they can only have one with them at a time , but can be changed at any time in the Collections menu . All pets come with a default given name , however after Update 6 they can be renamed at any time by going into the Collections menu . The frisky scrib was the first promotional item for made exclusively for a console ; that being PlayStation 4 . Pets can not accompany the Vestige inside player homes , however they can placed in them as decoration through the Housing Editor Appearances The Elder Scrolls V : Hearthfire References ↑ The Elder Scrolls Online : Fighters Guild Journeyman in Akaviri Armor ↑ Bethesda Store - Guar Plush Bethesda Store - Mudcrab Plush The Elder Scrolls Online : Nord Start a Discussion Discussions about Pets ( Online ) Desired Vanity Pets 12 messages A FANDOM user Good news ! There ' s a cliff - racer - like pet available now . Btw , it ' s description states that someone is selctively bred cliff - striders . . . 2017 - 11 - 25T05 : 41 : 53Z A FANDOM user I wish that it would be possible to get re - skins of old pets or pets nor available anymore , either through delving , levelling , rare drops , . . . 2018 - 05 - 22T22 : 17 : 13Z Equip Jon Flay How can I equip my pet ? Skitters an example . The one from Orsinium DLC . I do n ' t see him in " collections " . 2016 - 12 - 31T05 : 51 : 11Z See more discussions > Categories Online : Pages Missing Data Online : Lists Online : Pets Add category Languages : 日本語 Русский | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Power_Bash_(Skyrim) | in : Skyrim : Perks Power Bash ( Skyrim ) Edit Share Power Bash Effect Able to do a power bash . Requirement 30 Block Prerequisite Shield Wall Allows Deadly Bash For other uses , see Power Bash is one of the nine perks of Block in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . It can be used with any shield or blocking weapon , but consumes more stamina than a normal bash . It can be improved by a following perk to increase its damage by 5 times . To execute a Power Bash , simply hold the action button instead of clicking it once , just like performing a Power Attack with any melee weapon . The Power Bash staggers enemies for a noticeably longer period of time than the regular bash does , in addition to doing more damage . It has the side effect of draining the Dragonborn ' s stamina whether they hold the action button or tap it . Appearances Edit The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim The Elder Scrolls Online Start a Discussion Discussions about Power Bash ( Skyrim ) Disarming Bash 9 messages A FANDOM user Tonyjones24 wrote : I ' m level 88 and I ' ve never disarmed somebody with a bash before . Just a waste of a perk . Shield Charge was fun . . . 2016 - 09 - 24T04 : 57 : 15Z A FANDOM user I edited the Block page to include the actual programmed chance that Disarm will happen . Also , in the trivia I wrote down how to actually prope . . . 2019 - 02 - 23T05 : 07 : 40Z See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Perks Add category | [
"Power Bash",
"Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim",
"weapon"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Sawn_Log | in : Skyrim : Housebuilding Items Sawn Log English Edit Share Sawn Log Sawn Logs outside Lakeview Manor Weight Base Value 0 10 Type Housebuilding Item FormID xx 00300e Sawn Logs are building materials introduced in The Elder Scrolls V : Hearthfire Sawn Logs can be purchased from the owner of most lumber mills throughout Skyrim or indirectly through a steward . The fixed rate is 20 sawn logs for 200 . The Dragonborn may also ask permission to cut logs for free from mill owners . Each log cut will yield ten sawn logs . Mill owners will only allow the Dragonborn to use their mill and take the freshly sawn logs if they view him or her as a friend . The easiest way to do this is to sell them some firewood , which can often be cut nearby . They are more likely to agree if they are at home , instead of working at the mill . This is not always necessary ; however , as Hod will agree even at the mill , saying " Sure thing , friend . I can use a break anyway . " Unlike other building materials , sawn logs are not added to the inventory . Rather , they are delivered to the building site of the homestead . If the Dragonborn owns more than one homestead , the sawn logs are shared ; they can be accessed from any of the homesteads . At the building site , they exist as a physical object called a " Log Pile . " It is possible to see how many are available by looking at the logs . Log piles may be activated , however , doing so has no use . Contents show Lumber Mills Edit The following is a full list of mills around Skyrim : Anga ' s Mill , west of Windhelm Deadwood Lumber Mill Falkreath Dragon Bridge Lumber Camp Haafingar Half - Moon Mill Falkreath Hold at Lake Ilinalta Heartwood Mill The Rift , at Lake Honrich Ivarstead ' s lumber mill , The Rift Mixwater Mill Eastmarch Morthal ' s lumber mill , Hjaalmarch Riverwood ' s lumber mill , Whiterun Hold Solitude Sawmill , Haafingar Trivia If the sawn logs the Dragonborn cuts do not show up and they do not have the gold to buy them , it takes roughly four minutes real time to chop enough firewood ( 40 pieces ) at a mill to pay for 20 logs . A woodcutter ' s axe is needed , which may not be easily found at the chosen mill . In Morthal , logs are not purchased from the mill owner , Jorgen . Instead , Thonnir sells them . He can be found in his house if not at the mill . Similarly , in Riverwood , even though Gerdur appears to own the mill , the logs are purchased from her husband Hod , who can be found at or in their home if not at the mill . Bugs This section contains bugs related to Sawn Log . Before adding a bug to this list , consider the following : Please reload an old save to confirm if the bug is still happening . If the bug is still occurring , please post the bug report with the appropriate system template 360 XB1 PS3 PS4 PC MAC NX , depending on which platform ( s ) the bug has been encountered on . Be descriptive when listing the bug and fixes , but avoid having conversations in the description and / or using first - person anecdotes : such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board PC 360 PS3 When instructed to buy lumber for Lakeview Manor , the objective marker may point to Half - Moon Mill , however upon arrival there will be no owner to buy lumber from . This only occurs if Hert and Hern were killed in the Dark Brotherhood quest " Contract : Kill Hern . " Buying lumber from another mill will remove the marker . Sometimes this will occur regardless of progress into the Dark Brotherhood quest line . Reverting to an earlier save may fix this . When logs are cut they may not appear until another log is cut . Logs may appear in the inventory under misc with the appearance of Elven Boots Upon cutting logs at a mill , no logs are awarded . Asking to buy lumber and choosing , " Ca n ' t I just cut the lumber myself ? " will grant permission again , but still no logs may appear in inventory . This can also occur if the Dragonborn cuts logs at a mill without talking to the owner ( e.g. Half Moon Mill after Hert and Hern are dead ) . It is possible to work around this by asking permission while a log is running through the sawmill . The normal set of ten logs should be awarded when the next log is loaded after the sawmill resets . Obtaining further logs will require fresh permission each time while a log is running through . Appearances The Elder Scrolls V : Hearthfire Sections Small House Main Hall Cellar Alchemy Laboratory Armory Bedrooms Enchanter ' s Tower Greenhouse Kitchen Library Storage Room Trophy Room Homestead Construction Totals Housebuilding Items Clay Glass Goat Horns Hinge Iron Fittings Lock Nails Quarried Stone Straw Homesteads Heljarchen Hall Lakeview Manor Windstad Manor Start a Discussion Discussions about Sawn Log I NEED HELP 6 messages Aokidosh i couldnt say anything though because the internet wasnt working very well 2016 - 10 - 09T06 : 45 : 02Z Argonian E Lol 2016 - 12 - 22T20 : 50 : 21Z Hearthfire Problem 7 messages A FANDOM user Thanks , i had to close and reload but it works now . 2016 - 01 - 22T15 : 24 : 09Z Dom TSD Yeah thanks I just bought them in the end : ) 2016 - 04 - 23T19 : 52 : 01Z See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Housebuilding Items Add category Languages : Deutsch Español | [
"Sawn Log",
"building materials",
"lumber mills"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Smelter_Overseer%27s_House | in Skyrim Locations Skyrim Markarth Locations Skyrim Homes Smelter Overseers House English Smelter Overseers House Map Location ID MarkarthSmelterOverseersHouse Smelter Overseers House is the dwelling of Mulush groShugurz located in Markarth near the smelter It is marked with the loot shadowmark outside the door There are four silver ingots and a Sluice Gate Key on the table inside Appearances The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Start a Discussion Discussions about Smelter Overseers House Sluice Key Oo 3 messages A FANDOM user Supposedly somewhere in Markarth probably in the mine area there are some sluice gates that can change how fast the water is flowing but n 2 years ago AzuraKnight This is a very old thread unfortunately adding a topic covered the original date that key dosent actual have use at all apparently it 2 years ago See more discussions Categories Skyrim Locations Skyrim Markarth Locations Skyrim Homes Languages Deutsch Español Polski Русский | [
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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Tamriel | in : Continents Lore : Locations Tamriel English Edit Share A map of Tamriel from The Elder Scrolls Anthology " Why do you think your world has always been contested ground , the arena of powers and immortals ? It is Tamriel , the Realm of Change , brother to Madness , sister to Deceit . " Mankar Camoran [ src ] Tamriel , also known as Dawn ' s Beauty in Aldmeris Starry Heart in Ehlnofex Starry Heart of Dawn ' s Beauty Taazokaan Dovahzul ) , and the Arena is one of several continents located on Nirn , and has for much of its history been divided into the nine provinces of Black Marsh Cyrodiil Elsweyr Hammerfell High Rock Morrowind Skyrim , the Summerset Isles , and Valenwood All of The Elder Scrolls games to date have focused on the continent of Tamriel . Contents show History Edit Recorded Tamrielic history is divided into six distinct eras : the Dawn Era , the Merethic Era First Era Second Era Third Era , and the Fourth Era The Eras are typically marked with by the founding or ending of a dynasty . Dawn Era The Dawn Era began with the creation of Mundus ; it is an era that is known mostly through myth and legend , which are different in different cultures , however most scholars agree on what events led up to the start of recorded history . Time did not exist and when it was created it was not linear , like during a Dragon Break The Convention took place at the " end " of this era , at the imposition of linear time . Merethic Era The Merethic Era , otherwise known as the Mythic Era , was the era between the start of linear time and recorded history . The Atmorans came to Tamriel from Atmora ; after they arrived , they began to spread throughout mainland Skyrim When the Aldmer first arrived in Tamriel it is believed by most that they initially settled in the Summerset Isles , and then spread eastward into the mainland of Tamriel . As the Aldmer settled Tamriel , they changed culturally in relation to their new environment . The ones who stayed in Summerset Isles became the Altmer ; those in Valenwood , the Bosmer ; those in Skyrim , the Snow Elves ; in Morrowind , the Chimer and the Dwemer ; in Cyrodiil , the Ayleid ; and in High Rock , a mix between the Aldmer and the Nedes birthed the Bretons It was a time when all manner of mythological occurrences are said to have taken place . The era was commonly considered to be outside of verifiable history , as humanity did not possess a written language to speak of until the end of the Mythic Era . A vareity of merish records , on the other hand , date back to the Merethic Era . First Era The First Era began with an expansion of both man and mer peoples , with varying degrees of conflict and accommodation . Nords were particularly warlike , conquering not only Skyrim but areas of High Rock and Morrowind as well . The First Empire of the Nords ultimately fell to a combined force of Chimer and Dwemer to found Resdayn , but in time they would turn against each other , resulting in the disappearance of the Dwemer and the ascendancy of the Tribunal in the governance of the province . The apparently cordial relations between Ayleid and men in Cyrodiil ultimately broke down , and Alessia led a slave revolt to liberate men in the province , having received a blessing and the Amulet of Kings from Akatosh , the latter of which was to serve as a symbol of Imperial power for most of Tamriel ' s history . After a period of relative stability , this empire eradicated the remaining Ayleids under the direction of the Alessian Order The order itself fell during the War of Righteousness , which wiped out both the Order and the Empire . The Second Empire was founded in 1E 2703 , when Reman Cyrodiil unified the province to fight off an Akaviri invasion . Victory in this battle brought both the Dragonguard Akaviri Potentate to Tamriel . Reman and his descendents then went on to conquer all of Tamriel except Morrowind , founding the Second Empire , which some call a golden age . Reman II began the Four - Score War with Morrowind , which ended the same year Reman III was assassinated by the Morag Tong 1E 2920 . As Reman left no heirs , the Potentate Versidue - Shaie ruled in his place , and declared the end of the First Era . Second Era The Second Era started after the Akaviri Potentate Versidue Shaie ordered the assassination of the last of the Reman line in 1E 2920 . Facing rebellious nobles building up their own sizeable forces , he used his remaining legions to crush all independent armies and instituted what would become the Fighters Guild as a place to hire mercenaries . He also affirmed the charter to found the Mages Guild , begun by Vanus Galerion Firsthold on the Summerset Isles in 2E 230 . Both Shaei and his son were in turn assassinated by the Morag Tong , ending the Second Empire centuries after the death of the last Reman . This began the Interregnum , which lasted for centuries and saw many petty kings attempt to take the throne of Cyrodiil , and other provinces become their own network of independent kingdoms and alliances , if they were not already . The kingdom of Elsweyr was created in 2E 309 , when the Khajiit kingdoms of Pellitine and Anequina reconciled their historical differences and the ruling families married . There was a second invasion from Akavir in 2E 572 , landing in Skyrim . It was repelled either by a joint force of Argonians Dunmer and Nords , or by Vivec flooding the land . In 2E 578 Molag Bal launched an invasion on Tamriel known as the Planemeld , in an attempt to drag Nirn out of Mundus and into his realm of Coldharbour Molag Bal was doing this by using devices known as Dark Anchors , but a hero known as the Vestige led an army into Coldharbour and put an end to his scheme . Also in this era was the Three Banners War between the Ebonheart Pact Daggerfall Covenant , and the First Aldmeri Dominion , during which the three factions struggled to gain control over Cyrodiil and the rest of Tamriel . The Interregnum ended after Tiber Septim conquered Tamriel , declaring a new era in 2E 896 to mark the completion of his conquest . Third Era The Third Era was the time of the Septim Dynasty . The early years were mostly peaceful , barring the assassination of Pelagius I The first major upheaval of the era was the War of the Red Diamond , where Potema Septim tried to claim the Ruby Throne for herself and her son Uriel This involved parts of Skyrim and Morrowind turning against the Empire , and only ended in 3E 137 , after the Empress Kintyra , Uriel Septim III and Potema were all dead . The later years of the Third Era show in increasing level of political instability across Tamriel . The Camoran Usurper arose in Valenwood around 3E 253 , and conquered Valenwood and Hammerfell with an army of daedra , before being stopped at High Rock in 3E 267 . The imprisonment of Uriel Septim VII and the time of the Imperial Simulacrum brought many more small wars across the Empire as Tharn ' s governance faltered . Ultimately Tharn was defeated by the Eternal Champion , and Uriel Septim returned to the throne of the Empire . Iliac Bay area of High Rock witnessed the reactivation of the Numidium and reorganization of the High Rock political landscape in 3E 417 , known as the Warp in the West A few years later Morrowind was changed by the apparent reincarnation of Indoril Nerevar , and the downfall of the Tribunal . Oblivion Crisis arose six years later when Mehrunes Dagon , attempted to invade Nirn . This caused widespread devastation , including the destruction of the Crystal Tower At the beginning of this the current emperor , Uriel Septim VII was assassinated along with all his heirs , save one illegitimate son , Martin Septim . Ultimately Martin destroyed the Amulet of Kings and sacrificed himself to defeat Dagon , bringing the Septim line of emperors to an end . Fourth Era In 4E 5 Lie Rock fell upon Vivec City in Morrowind , causing Red Mountain to erupt . The dual cataclysm caused widespread destruction across the province , reducing many cities to rubble . In the wake of the eruption , the province was invaded by the Argonians , taking revenge for years of systematic enslavement by the Dunmer . The Fourth Era saw the general decline of the Mages Guild , due to magic ' s reputation of having started the Oblivion Crisis . Many splinter groups were subsequently formed in many provinces , such as the Synod and College of Whispers 4E 22 Thalmor resurrected the Third Aldmeri Dominion in the Summerset Isles . In 4E 29 , the Third Aldmeri Dominion invaded Valenwood , overthrew the government and allied themselves with the Bosmer there . In 4E 98 , the two moons , Masser Secunda , mysteriously disappeared , an incident known as the Void Nights . After two years , the two moons finally returned . The Thalmor immediately announced that they had restored the moons using previously unknown Dawn magicks , so the Khajiit credited the Thalmor as their saviors . The Third Aldmeri Dominion was now composed of the Summerset Isles , Valenwood and Elsweyr . In 4E 171 , the Aldmeri Dominion sent their ambassadors to the Imperial City with an ultimatum . The list of demands included tributes , disbandment of the Blades , outlawing the worship of Talos and the ceding of large sections of Hammerfell to the Dominion . The Emperor rejected the ultimatum , and the Great War began . After a bloody war fought across Hammerfell and Cyrodiil , the Dominion were defeated at Battle of the Red Ring Following this battle , the current Emperor , Titus Mede II , signed the White - Gold Concordat with the Dominion in 4E 175 , which was largely similar to the terms initially rejected . Hammerfell , however , continued to fight , and was ultimately renounced by the Empire , and forced the Dominion to withdraw from the province in 4E 180 . Civil war broke out in Skyrim during the Third Century of the Fourth Era , with conflict worsening following the killing of High King of Skyrim Torygg by Ulfric Stormcloak Alduin , Nordic God of Destruction and Firstborn of Akatosh , also returned , bringing with him the reappearance of the dragons to Skyrim . However , the Dragonborn ultimately defeated Alduin , averting Tamriel ' s destruction . Geography Tamriel is typically divided into nine provinces , outlined below . These have fluctuated throughout Tamriel ' s history , but these are the most usual form of reference . Black Marsh – Also called Argonia , this huge and mostly uncharted region of densely vegetated wetlands is at the southeastern tip of Tamriel . The Argonians Hist trees are native to this province . – This province lies in the center of Tamriel and is the home of the human Imperials . Cyrodiil is mostly an expanse of forest and mountains . At its heart is the Nibenay Valley , a vast plain enclosed by equatorial rain forests . Many rivers flow through this area , and as one ventures further south , the land slowly becomes increasingly sub - tropical . For much of Tamriel ' s history , it is the seat of the Empire Cyrodiil is the setting for The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Elsweyr – Divided across arid badlands to the North and a more populous sub - tropical zone in the South , this region marks the southern coast of Tamriel . Elsweyr is home to the Khajiit Hammerfell – Lying in west Tamriel , this province is dominated by the Alik ' r Desert . Hammerfell is home to the Redguard human race , who settled there in a series of mass migrations from Yokuda some time after 1E 792 . Part of Hammerfell is part of the setting for the game The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall High Rock – Home to the Bretons , this province has been divided into multiple city - states and minor kingdoms for much of its history . Following the Warp in the West , several these kingdoms consolidated into a handful of larger states . It is a temperate coastal region in northwestern Tamriel . The province contains the Adamantine Tower , where the gods are said to have decided the fate of Lorkhan and Mundus . At various points in its history , High Rock has contained Orsinium , a province belonging to the Orcs . The southern region of High Rock is part of the setting for the game The Elder Scrolls II : Daggerfall Morrowind – The province in the northeast corner of Tamriel and home to the Dunmer ( Dark Elves ) . It consists of a continental mainland and a large island in the center called Vvardenfell , separated by an inlet from the Sea of Ghosts The Inner Sea Vvardenfell is also the location of Red Mountain , a volcano that has erupted at least twice in the recorded history of Tamriel . The province is the setting for the game , The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind . There is also an island to the north - west of Morrowind called Solstheim , which is the setting for both ' s second add - on , The Elder Scrolls III : Bloodmoon ' s third add - on , The Elder Scrolls V : Dragonborn – This northern , snow - covered , and mountainous region is home to the Nords Falmer Skyrim contains some of the tallest mountains in all of Tamriel , most notably the Throat of the World . Skyrim is less urbanized than Cyrodiil , but the five largest cities do have a sizable population , with the other four cities being more like towns . Skyrim is the setting for The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim – This province is located in the Eltheric Ocean , with the Abecean Sea separating the islands from the mainland Tamriel continent . It is composed of two major islands and an archipelago of smaller ones . These islands are home to the Altmer ( High Elves ) , and as the place where the Aldmer first arrived on Tamriel , is considered by some to be the birthplace of Tamrielic civilization . – The province in the southwestern region of Tamriel . This province is mostly forest wilderness . The coasts are dominated by mangrove swamps and tropical rain forests , while heavy rainfalls nurture the temperate inland rain forests . Valenwood is home to the ( Wood Elves ) . Provinces of the Fourth Era In the 200 years before , the Empire had lost much of its territory . By 4E 22 , The Summerset Isles belonged to the Thalmor faction . By 4E 115 , the Third Aldmeri Dominion had been formed , comprising the Summerset Isles ( now renamed " Alinor " ) and Valenwood , which had been seized by Thalmor sympathizers during a coup . Around 4E 5 – 6 , Red Mountain erupted in Vvardenfell , destroying the island and much of northern Morrowind . With Morrowind severely weakened , the Argonians ( who had seceded from the Empire ) invaded , conquering the Dunmer . Also , due to the Great War and the White - Gold Concordat that followed , Hammerfell fought a war of independence and now belongs to neither the Empire or the Dominion . As of 4E 201 , Skyrim is in a state of civil war and , while nominally still part of the Empire , its future status is uncertain . Below are a list of all provinces and their affiliation : Tamrielic Empire Capital : Imperial City Capital : Daggerfall * ( Capital : Solitude Aldmeri Dominion Alinor Falinesti Independent nations : * * ( Torval Sentinel Lilmoth * * * ( Blacklight * – state of civil war * * – divided into two client states of the Aldmeri Dominion , Anequina Pelletine * * * – An - Xileel occupies southern Morrowind . Governments Tamrielic Empire Main article : Third Empire Since the , Tamriel has been governed by the Tamrielic Empire that , until the Oblivion Crisis , was led by an Emperor of the Septim Dynasty The center of the Empire was Cyrodiil , which was the home of both the Emperor and the Elder Council , which serves administrative functions and as an interim government during times of instability . Upon the death of the Emperor , the new Emperor is usually the oldest legitimate child ( preferably a son ) of the dead Emperor . However , spouses , younger children , siblings and on at least one occasion , an illegitimate child have taken the throne . After the death of the last of the Septim Emperor , the head of the Elder Council and de facto head of state was Imperial High Chancellor , Grand Battle - Mage Ocato Following the Stormcrown Interregnum at the beginning of the Fourth Era , the Colovian Imperial Mede Dynasty is the ruling family of the Tamrielic Empire and retained the Elder Council which is now a council of solely Imperial , Nord Breton nobles Each province has its own form of government which sees to the affairs of that province . This can vary between being kingdoms , councils or provincial governors , depending on the province in question . There may also be a degree of direct Imperial administration in some places , with an Imperial bureaucracy in place , but the degree to which this is commonplace is unclear . Aldmeri Dominion Main article : The Aldmeri Dominion is a powerful empire that has repeatedly occurred between the Altmer of Summerset Isles , the Bosmer of Valenwood , and the Khajiit of the Elsweyr Confederacy ( or the kingdoms of Pelletine ) . The Dominion of the was the most stable power in Tamriel until the coming of Tiber Septim , and at the end of the Interregnum , Tamriel was divided between the Empire and the Dominion . The Dominion ' s ruling body , the , is a congress of Bosmeri chieftains and Altmeri diplomats , and its armies were responsible for repelling the Colovian invasions of Valenwood , and Thalmor Justiciars also helped to remove every Blades spy in Summerset and Valenwood . At the end of the Second Era , the King of Alinor Imperial Battlemage Zurin Arctus , were to strike a peace treaty between the Empire and the Dominion . However , Tiber Septim instead decided to use the Brass God , Numidium , to conquer the Summerset Isles , an event that is still remembered by many living Altmer with horror . In the early Aldmeri Dominion was re - established after over four hundred years . An - Xileel The An - Xileel is a political faction that rules over the which rose during the And were largely responsible for it departing the Empire of Tamriel and for the Argonian Invasion , and subsequent occupation , of southern . They stopped their advance in Morrowind decades ago after being driven back by House Redoran , and have n ’ t showed the slightest interest in doing anything since then . They have , however , prevented the Empire from reclaiming their territory . Culture Religion See also : Pantheons of Tamriel Many different gods are worshipped across Tamriel , with each culture having its own pantheon of gods . A complete list of these can be found in the book Varieties of Faith in the Empire . However , many of these pantheons represent the same deities , which can broadly be split into two groups : Aedra – The term Aedra comes from the Aldmer and means ' ancestors . ' This corresponds with the original Aldmeri belief system that the Altmer are the direct descendants of the gods . The Aedra are the et ' ada who Lorkhan persuaded or tricked to create Mundus . These gods form the core of the Imperial pantheon : together with Tiber Septim they form the Nine Divines Daedra – The term Daedra means ' not our ancestors , ' the first being used by the Chimer to emphasize their separation from other Other races adapted the term to a broader use which includes all gods aligned to Padomay ( change ) , although they are also referred to as demons . The Daedra consist of seventeen princes and a large number of lesser Daedra . Contrary to popular belief , not all Daedra are inherently evil . Note that even where the pantheons appear to venerate the same deities , there is some variance in how they are worshipped and which other deities are worshipped . Each culture has a different interpretation of the gods and their actions , which impacts their beliefs . Demographics The main races of Tamriel are the Redguards Imperials ( High Elves ) , ( Dark Elves ) , ( Wood Elves ) , Orcs Other races in Tamriel include the following : The Falmer or Snow Elves , the original Elven inhabitants of Skyrim , thought by many to be a myth . They were defeated by the Nords , with the last notable battle being the Battle of the Moesring The remaining Snow Elves sought out shelter with the Dwemer , in return for eating a toxic fungi rendering them blind and making them their slaves . At some point after this , the Snow Elves rebelled against the Dwemer which started the War of the Crag The Dwemer , meaning " Deep Elves , Deep Folk , " " People of the Deep , " " Smart Elves ( based on the Dlyxexic Theory ) , " or as they were commonly referred to by Men , " Dwarves , " were an ancient , lost race of Mer that inhabited most of Tamriel , including Morrowind , Skyrim , Their history is somewhat sketchy and unknown , the entire race disappeared instantly during the Battle of Red Mountain , when Lord Nerevar led the Chimer * in an attack against the Dwarves to keep them from using Kagrenac ' s Tools The Dwemer were trying to use the tools to create a god for themselves . The Chimer saw this as an affront to their gods , which ultimately led to war . It is believed that Kagrenac attempted to use the tools in a desperate gamble , causing the Dwemer to be removed from all of existence . The Ayleids were a race of Mer who were the original rulers of Cyrodiil but many were killed and others were driven into hiding during Alessia ' s rebellion and rule . Their ruins can be found scattered across Cyrodiil , and are a lucrative venture for anyone skilled and brave enough to venture into one and return with treasures . , meaning " changed folk " in Aldmeris , were a small cult of High Elves who were led by the prophet Veloth to the promised land of Resdayn , now called Morrowind , in the Merethic Era . During the First Era , their skin changed to grey and their eyes changed to red , which is generally thought to be a curse from Azura for the Tribunal ' s actions , either murdering Nerevar or using Kagrenac ' s Tools on the Heart of Lorkhan . The Giants , a race of gargantuan humanoids , are found in the wilderness of Skyrim . Infamous for their colossal height and immense strength , Giants share little civil interaction with humans . Giants are often found with Mammoths , processing their milk into cheese and occasionally eating them . Other continents Although Tamriel is the most well - known and important place in the world , it is not the only one . Far to the north of Tamriel lies Atmora , from which the Atmorans came to conquer Tamriel . Atmora , in the Elvish language , means " Elder Wood . " To the west of Tamriel lies the sunken continent of Yokuda , from which the people that are now called the Redguards came to take over Hammerfell , in the year 808 of the First Era . The people who became the modern - day Redguards came to Tamriel because the region was largely rendered uninhabitable , but the cause of its sinking is debated . To the east of Tamriel lies the continent of Akavir , which means " Dragon Land . " Akavir is home to four major groups : Kamal Tsaesci Tang Mo , and Ka Po ' Tun . It was once home to the , a race of Man and , most notably , the dragons , but the Tsaesci may have driven the dragons and men to extinction , and it is unknown what happened to the Akaviri . Before the Akaviri allegedly became extinct , they had launched multiple invasions on Tamriel in the past . Below Summerset Isles , just to the south of Tamriel , lies Pyandonea , the tropical home of the Maormer or Tropical Elves . The Coral Kingdoms of Thras , an archipelago southwest of Tamriel , is the homeland of the Sload , a conservative amphibious sluglike race . The Thrassian Plague devastated Tamriel around 1E 2200 , after which a united Tamrielic navy ravaged and sank Thras into the sea . It has since recovered . Trivia The Elder Scrolls : Arena is the only game in which players can fully explore Tamriel . The Elder Scrolls Online is planning to have all of Tamriel explorable , and currently has parts of every province and has all of Valenwood . " Mundus " can be translated as " world " in Latin . The celebratory article for Arena ' s tenth anniversary reveals that Tamriel was nothing more than the fantasy world used for the Dungeons & Dragons campaigns that the Bethesda Staff would hold weekly . Gallery A composite map of Tamriel . Empire of Tamriel map , as seen in Daggerfall A composite map of mid - northern Tamriel as depicted in A globe depicting Tamriel in promotional material for The Elder Scrolls Online : Dark Brotherhood The pre - release art for the Summerset Orrery The Elder Scrolls : Legends ; the continents were later removed . Add a photo to this gallery Notes ↑ The division of Taazokaan is unknown , but " Kaan " is the Dovah name for the goddess Kyne References ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Elder Scrolls : Arena ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mysterious Akavir ↑ Paarthurnax dialogue in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Arena Supermundus Imperial Geographic Society The Elder Scrolls : Arena Manual Provinces of Tamriel 7.0 7.1 7.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Eras 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Before the Ages of Man Aicantar of Shimerene Where were you when the Dragon Broke ? 10.0 10.1 The Annotated Anuad Songs of the Return , Vol 2 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Summerset Isles Imperial Geographic Society 13.0 13.1 13.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Morrowind 14.0 14.1 14.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Elsweyr Frontier , Conquest & Accommodation : A Social History of Cyrodiil – University of Gwylim Press , 3E 344 16.0 16.1 16.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Skyrim 17.0 17.1 Nerevar at Red Mountain 18.0 18.1 18.2 War of the First Council The Amulet of Kings Wenengrus Monhona 20.0 20.1 The Last King of the Ayleids Herminia Cinna 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Cyrodiil Legacy of the Dragonguard Reman II : The Limits of Ambition 2920 , The Last Year of the First Era : Evening Star Carlovac Townway History of the Fighters Guild Origin of the Mages Guild – Archmage Salarth Mages Guild Charter The Brothers of Darkness Jorunn the Skald - King The Second Akaviri Invasion – Yngmaer Raven - Quill 31.0 31.1 Varieties of Faith in the Empire – Brother Mikhael Karkuxor The Source of Power Introduction to the Lore of Elder Scrolls Online 34.0 34.1 Events of The Elder Scrolls Online 35.0 35.1 35.2 Brief History of the Empire , Book I Stronach k ' Thojj III Biography of the Wolf Queen The Wolf Queen , Book VII The Wolf Queen , Book VIII The Fall of the Usurper Palaux Illthre Brief History of the Empire , Book III Stronach k ' Thojj III A Short Life of Uriel Septim VII Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Foreword Events of 44.0 44.1 The Warp in the West Rising Threat , Vol . I Lathenil of Sunhold The Oblivion Crisis 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 An Elder Scrolls Novel : The Infernal City – Greg Keyes The Red Year , Vol . II 50.0 50.1 Lymdrenn Telvanni ' s Journal 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.7 51.8 The Great War Legate Justianus Quintius 52.0 52.1 52.2 An Elder Scrolls Novel : Lord of Souls – Greg Keyes The Elder Scrolls : Legends 54.0 54.1 54.2 55.0 55.1 55.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Wild Regions Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Black Marsh Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Other Lands Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : High Rock Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : High Rock Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Orsinium Guide to Vvardenfell 62.0 62.1 The Red Year , Vol . I Melis Ravel The Nirnroot Missive Sinderion The Holds of Skyrim 65.0 65.1 65.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Valenwood The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind – in - game dialogue 67.0 67.1 Rising Threat , Vol . III Lathenil of Sunhold Assassination ! Black Horse Courier Skyrim ' s Rule : An Outsider ' s View Abdul - Mujib Ababneh Brief History of the Empire , Book II 71.0 71.1 The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition A Short History of Morrowind Jeanette Sitte 74.0 74.1 74.2 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Aldmeri Dominion Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Elsweyr Confederacy The Arcturian Heresy An Elder Scrolls Novel : The Infernal City 78.0 78.1 The Monomyth 79.0 79.1 Aedra and Daedra On Oblivion Morian Zenas Fall of the Snow Prince The Falmer : A Study – Ursa Uthrax 36 Lessons of Vivec , Sermon 5 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Morrowind Dwarves , v1 86.0 86.1 Pocket Guide to the Empire , First Edition : Hammerfell The Aetherium Wars Dwemer Inquiries Vol I 89.0 89.1 89.2 The Battle of Red Mountain End of the Journey Giants : A Discourse Kord the Curious Pocket Guide to the Empire , Third Edition : Skyrim The Ubiquitous Sinking Isle – Lailfin Interactive Map of Tamriel The Elder Scrolls Website – Tenth Anniversary Article Notice : The following are unlicensed references . They are not copyrighted by a ZeniMax Media company , but can still be considered part of The Elder Scrolls lore and are included for completeness . Nu - Mantia Intercept , Letter 5 Continents Nirn Akavir Pyandonea Atmora Thras Lyg Aldmeris Start a Discussion Discussions about Tamriel Tamriel is technologically stagnant 287 messages NokiaTouchscreen Bethesda ' s main reason for keeping the game world similar across its history is to allow different games to take place far enough apart . . . 16 days ago Webspidrman @ Draevan13 Nah , your passion is admirable ! : ) The Elder Scrolls universe and on - line community really are amazing . Anyway , I totally agree w . . . 16 days ago Middle - Earth vs Tamriel 134 messages A FANDOM user Most of you retard kids know absolutely nothing about Tolkien ' s Universe . Bunch of kids talking out of their butts . 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http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Thread:566020 | How do you justify going against Jarl Balgruuf in the Stormcloak questline Skyrim board How do you justify going against Jarl Balgruuf in the Stormcloak questline How do you justify going against Jarl Balgruuf in the Stormcloak questline Zippertrain85 Some users who support the Stormcloaks are unhappy with the fact that they must attack Whiterun and overthrow Jarl Balgruuf who helped you during the main questline This Forum is for discussing ways to justify going against Jarl Balgruuf with the Stormcloaks despite all hes done One way I like to look at it is that you joined the Stormcloaks before Balgruuf joined the Empire he willingly choose to go against you so in a sense he was the one who betrayed you not vice versa So what does the community think about this Edited by Ottoman Hold 0349 September 28 2018 Kadawon01 One reason that I hate to fight him is the theory about Lyda being related to Balgruuf Also Its hard to attack your starter home The memories keep me from really going through with it When looked at from a roleplay view I went with Ralof so it makes sense to join the Stormcloaks 0517 February 24 2014 Zippertrain85 I guess you could try to think about it as liberating your home and brining it a better government 0521 February 24 2014 A FANDOM user 50188138207 Personally I dont think that fighting Jarl Balgruuf requires justification He never helped the Dragonborn in the main quest line just cos hes a really cool guy who likes to help random adventurers out He helped the Dragonborn because a Farangaar needed help b there was an evil dragon threatening to devour everyones souls Jarl Balgruuf helped the Dragonborn because that was what would probably work out best for him He joined the Empire for the same reason he felt that it would be best for himself and Whiterun 0522 February 24 2014 Kadawon01 I think one way of justifying it is that you were given free home in Riverwood which its leader is a stormcloak While Whiterun wasnt as completely kind to you And the companions mostly support the stormcloaks 0530 February 24 2014 ThievingSneakingHunter Reallywell i felt sad after over throwing him50188138207 why would you say thatAre you blind you milkdrinkerWho would let a dragon be captured in their castle Jarl balgruuf helped you in thatDid he not Or were you drinking milk while doing that The stormcloaks may call it war but it is really a rebellionNo i dont Justify going against the legion 0543 February 24 2014 Zippertrain85 Thieveing can you be a little more respectful to other users youre allowed to express your opinion but please refrain from any personal attacks or name calling Thanks 0553 February 24 2014 1 Kudos Zephrim This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic This time Im playing through as a villain And as a member of both the Thieves guild and the Dark brotherhood I feel that Ulfric would probably be more likely to look the other way on some of my dealings if I were to help him achieve his crown And in case such a thing might be an afront to his honor well then hell also rememeber just how powerful I am Much less likely to try and throw me in jail knowing I summon dragons Besides now that Im helping the vampires his rule is only temporary muhahaha ok 0556 February 24 2014 Spartan Jack 17 The first time I played I did the Stormcloak questline but desposing Balgruuf left a bad taste in my mouth so i usually choose the Imperials and leave the Stormcloak playthroughs for my evil characters I dont think all stormcloaks are villains but I do think they have the wrong leader and if another Jarl such as Balgruuf headed them Id happilly join 0654 February 24 2014 Is that so Well Balgruuf couldve kept Ulfrics axe 0832 February 24 2014 ScholarOfTheScrolls I think it teaches Dovahkiin a good lesson on how war really splits friends apart Dovahkiin and Balgruuf captured a dragon together and then not long after they end up clashing blades Pretty tragic but damn epic stuff if you ask me 0832 February 24 2014 Kadawon01 Its kinda like Ulfric and Toryyg I respected him yet I had to duel him for my cause Im still neutral but I feel like stormcloaks are more canon Ulfric just wants to worship Talos but fighting the empire is not the way to do that But an ending where Talos worship is free is an ending where I can sit down and realise how much freedom costs 1316 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane The way I see it Balgruff didnt help you in the main quest because he like you He helped because his peoplelands were in danger Also I think Balgruff is a giant hypocrite He secretly worships Talos but took the Empires bribe money when they told him to enforce the Talos Ban Also where did you hear that Lydia was related to him There is nothing in the game that points to that 1445 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 6 ThievingSneakingHunter wrote Reallywell i felt sad after over throwing him50188138207 why would you say thatAre you blind you milkdrinkerWho would let a dragon be captured in their castle Jarl balgruuf helped you in thatDid he not Or were you drinking milk while doing that The stormcloaks may call it war but it is really a rebellionNo i dont Justify going against the legion Jarl Vignar does the same If you captured Whiterun before doing the Odaviing quest then Vignar lets you use his castle just like Balgruff does 1449 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 8 Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent 1456 February 24 2014 Kadawon01 I think him being suprised is more because Vignar betrayed his trust Edited by Kadawon01 1500 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane Maybe But it is pretty common knowledge in Whiterun that the GrayManes are supporters of the Stormcloaks All any of the BattleBorns talks about are those damned GrayManes and how they are supporters of the Stormcloaks 1508 February 24 2014 Kadawon01 Id still expect them to be angry but to not try to overthrow Whiterun with Ulfric 1515 February 24 2014 A FANDOM user 8021622071 Well I justified to myself by thinking of whats best for Skyrim 1639 February 24 2014 Laslo451 In my lastfirst playthrough I delayed the quest taking no side thinking I could make the war go away when I did join up the quest was so quick had the battle for Whiterun done Years later Skyrim Time travelling to Whiterun to nothing has been repaired and that is dissapointing Jarls have been changed out everywhere I agree that Balgruuf is an opportunist he is a politician and would just accept that and keep him as Thane he does give the DB hisher first big break so to speak going to stay away from the war questline again as Laslo451 talk 1648 February 24 2014 UTC 1648 February 24 2014 Laslo451 JarlLOL Laslo451 talk 1649 February 24 2014 UTC 1649 February 24 2014 Zippertrain85 reply to 15 Harold BurnedMane wrote Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent Dont forget he left his kids in Whiterun after the invasion What kind of father does that 1654 February 24 2014 A FANDOM user 46230189211 Thieving Yes its a rebellion but whats wrong with that The peace between the empire and the aldominion was bought and the empire hung out its own people to dry The aldominon are the real bad guys Going against Balgruuf felt bad but he had a choice and even his own men where against him on that point pointing out the fact that he was given gold by the empire to keep his mouth shut If you do the battle of Whiterun before catching the dragon jarl Whitemane agrees to catching the dragon without hesitation 1659 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 22 Zippertrain85 wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent Dont forget he left his kids in Whiterun after the invasion What kind of father does that To be fair if I was Balgruff Id leave those brats there too Then Id make sexy time with Irileth 1705 February 24 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 18 Kadawon01 wrote Id still expect them to be angry but to not try to overthrow Whiterun with Ulfric Vignar like all Stormcloak supporters see the Empire as unworthy and dishonorable He helped the Stormcloaks because he wanted to free Whiterun Had Balgruff sided with Ulfric then Vignar wouldnt have to became the new Jarl Its pretty simple 1707 February 24 2014 Zephrim reply to 22 Zippertrain85 wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent Dont forget he left his kids in Whiterun after the invasion What kind of father does that Different times and cultures In the dark ages children were sometimes sacrificed simply because the parents had too many children and couldnt afford to feed them all this practice continues on to this day in some parts of the world In india in some villages more than you care to think about young female babies are left in the desert because they have no value In some cultures it is believed that making your food suffer increases the flavor so they torture the animals before they kill them Now before I continue let me point out that I personally find Secondly I have yet to progress the civil war quest line for the stormcloaks so I cant really comment on anything that happens when you take over whiterun please no spoilers XD kidding Ive read too much on this wiki and have the game guide so no biggie And I see some of your points about him taking the Empires money to enforce a law he has no real intention of enforcing however I would say hes a politican And its not like he is the Skyrim version of Francis Underwood He just did what any other politican would do 1850 February 24 2014 1 Kudos Frozenhero1 Balgruuf doesnt help you he uses you bribes you and when hes done with you he offers you a house so full of holes they actually call it Breezehome if you give him 5000 gold I mean I wouldnt pay 10 gold again for that rickety shack Balgruufs brother seems like a pretty stout guy couldnt he have retrieved the Dragonstone But no Balgruuf waits around until you come along and the dragon problem is at his doorstep After you do that he wants you to go to fight a dragon for him because running for your life in Helgen gave you more experience with dragons than anyone else In return for all this hassle he gave me a set of crappy Imperial light armor and a hide helmet of Alchemy Thanks Balgruuf you dick since Im a warrior who doesnt give a crap about potions and His gift of Lydia seems nice at first because shes kind of a looker until you realize shes a vapid airhead who just sits your room in Breezhome chowing on bread 247 What do you need my thane What do you need my Thane What do you need my Thane I am your sword and shield What do you need my Thane Ill tell you what I need shut the hell up for five minutes And if you have her actually follow you she has problems with simple things like 1foot ledges and cant keep up Its like Balgruuf was waiting for the first sucker to come along so he could dump his halfwit daughter onto someone else So do I feel guilty about kicking Balgruufs ass and installing one of my Companion brothers as Jarl No no I dont 2340 February 24 2014 Kadawon01 Uses you Are you seriously saying that you shouldnt have had the first quest in the game Are you saying that you should have never retrieved the stone and never become dragonborn Are you seriously saying that your starter companion isnt useful What an observation 2354 February 24 2014 Zippertrain85 reply to 26 Zephrim wrote Zippertrain85 wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent Dont forget he left his kids in Whiterun after the invasion What kind of father does that Different times and cultures In the dark ages children were sometimes sacrificed simply because the parents had too many children and couldnt afford to feed them all this practice continues on to this day in some parts of the world In india in some villages more than you care to think about young female babies are left in the desert because they have no value In some cultures it is believed that making your food suffer increases the flavor so they torture the animals before they kill them Now before I continue let me point out that I personally find Secondly I have yet to progress the civil war quest line for the stormcloaks so I cant really comment on anything that happens when you take over whiterun please no spoilers XD kidding Ive read too much on this wiki and have the game guide so no biggie And I see some of your points about him taking the Empires money to enforce a law he has no real intention of enforcing however I would say hes a politican And its not like he is the Skyrim version of Francis Underwood He just did what any other politican would do The torture animal thing has no scientific or historical evidence to back it up Just Sayin But the thing is Tamriel seems to be pretty much like modern day society they have Freedom of Expression democracy to an extent atleast culturally speaking 0120 February 25 2014 Dyrcaend two things first off democracy has NOTHING to do with freedom Thats not democracy thats a reasonable government or in other words a republic Not a democracy Hate it when people mess the two up Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me 0132 February 25 2014 Zippertrain85 I never claimed they were synonomous But lets get on topic 0136 February 25 2014 Krow Dawnstar Not quite sure how anybody can say Jarl Ballin gives any backing to the Talos ban He may have taken bribes to back it but im pretty he ignores the ban completely Trust me I have my own bench in the wind district You should too I tried saving my seat by leaving a kettle there but people keep giving it back to me 0151 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 28 Kadawon01 wrote Uses you Are you seriously saying that you shouldnt have had the first quest in the game Are you saying that you should have never retrieved the stone and never become dragonborn Are you seriously saying that your starter companion isnt useful What an observation I killed Lydia accidentally like 100 times in my first playthrough Had I not been playing in a PC I would have reloaded a lot In my second playthrough I never bothered with Lydia I just got an essential companion and left her in Breezehome with her sweetrolls 0218 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 32 Krow Dawnstar wrote Not quite sure how anybody can say Jarl Ballin gives any backing to the Talos ban He may have taken bribes to back it but im pretty he ignores the ban completely Trust me I have my own bench in the wind district You should too I tried saving my seat by leaving a kettle there but people keep giving it back to me He uses political BS by claiming neutrality so he can take the Empires money and still worship Talos 0220 February 25 2014 Kadawon01 And thats bad 0221 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 30 Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out 0223 February 25 2014 Dyrcaend ok Just my opinion 0230 February 25 2014 A FANDOM user 50188138207 reply to 6 ThievingSneakingHunter wrote Reallywell i felt sad after over throwing him50188138207 why would you say thatAre you blind you milkdrinkerWho would let a dragon be captured in their castle Jarl balgruuf helped you in thatDid he not Or were you drinking milk while doing that The stormcloaks may call it war but it is really a rebellionNo i dont Justify going against the legion The way I wrote that wasnt exactly clear but when I said the bit about an evil dragon threatening to devour everyones souls I was referring to Balgruuf helping catch a dragon He understood that doing would enable the Dragonborn to reach Skuldafn to battle Alduin I would undertake the decidedly dangerous task of aiding in the capture of a dragon as well if I knew it could help save the world 0621 February 25 2014 Coppermantis reply to 36 Harold BurnedMane wrote Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out Surely hes not worse than Maven BlackBriar unless you only count default Jarls 0654 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 39 Coppermantis wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out Surely hes not worse than Maven BlackBriar unless you only count default Jarls I think he is worst because he does nothing He is just a lazy bastard that was put on the throne because of the coup the Empire pulled on his uncle He does absolutely nothing just enjoys the Empires money 1505 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 35 Kadawon01 wrote And thats bad Its not really a bad thing but its dishonorable When I learned that Balgruff did that I was kind of surprised it didnt really fit his character Which is why I just figured he was always opportunistic and just used the LD Which is also the reason why I dont think Balgruff would a good High King He is too much of a politician However that is a smart political strategy to get what you want The President of Brasil did that to the US and the Nazi in WW2 he claimed neutrality and negotiated until one side gave him the best deal 1510 February 25 2014 Krow Dawnstar reply to 39 Coppermantis wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out Surely hes not worse than Maven BlackBriar unless you only count default Jarls Whoa whoa Maven is the best thing thats ever happened to the Guild 1555 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 42 Krow Dawnstar wrote Coppermantis wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out Surely hes not worse than Maven BlackBriar unless you only count default Jarls Whoa whoa Maven is the best thing thats ever happened to the Guild Doesnt change the fact she is the most corrupt Jarl in Skyrim Also the evilest thanks to her contacts with the Thieves GuildDark BrotherhoodThalmor 1803 February 25 2014 Zephrim Maven is corrupt so is just about anyone in power power corrupts However it is also subjective For a thief DB Maven is great she pays well pays on time and doesnt try to screw you over as far as I remember For an assassin DB well Maven is Maven no different than any of the other psychopaths your working with on a regular day except that Maven is more concerned with gold than with a God sounds reasonable to me Fact is Maven is Skyrims crime boss maybe people would have liked her better if she had been designed Oh and Im changing my view Balgruuf wasnt my favorite Jarl I had forgotten about the Witchy Jarl of Morthal I like her the best Nice but not too nice cares about her people but doesnt give in to panic and legends And she treated me well wasnt overly dismissive I dont expect any of the Jarls to go singing my praise and all but I do expect some level of respect I am the Dragonborn a living Nord legend Pricks Her husband the housecarl has an attitude problem and more than once I thought about ripping him a new 1912 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane Yup Morthal is the worst city in the game even worst than Winterhold At least that town was involved in a questline They should have made Morthal part of the Dawnguard Questline since the swamps are a place where vampires like to hide 2120 February 25 2014 Dyrcaend To be dead honest I dont like siddgeir either I just dont like any of the jarls so I base it purely off of personality And siddgeir sure he might not do much but at least he hasnt run the settlement into the ground Really if I had to think about it harder I would say that the jarl of markarth is my favorite Two reasons one thats my favorite large city and two I dont actually remember the other but I had another reason I like siddgeir simply because his personality amuses me 2323 February 25 2014 Harold BurnedMane The only reason that Falkreath is still standing is because of Siddgeirs Steward She is the one ruling the Hold she takes care of it Siddgeir just sits on his ass all day Hence why I want to kill the bastard 0214 February 26 2014 Coppermantis reply to 42 Krow Dawnstar wrote Coppermantis wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Talik wrote Second off I dont like the stormcloaks or the legion and so I make my decision based on which jarls I like more I chose the legion simply to get rid of the jarl of dawnstar which is my favorite city and because I liked the jarl of falkreath I know alot of people dont but he is actually one of my favorite Please dont kill me Jarl Siddgeir is my least favorite Jarl in Skyrim If I could kill one NPC I would kill him by stabbing him repeatedly until he bleeds out Surely hes not worse than Maven BlackBriar unless you only count default Jarls Whoa whoa Maven is the best thing thats ever happened to the Guild First of all the Guild is a bunch of thieves They are one of the worst things to happen to Skyrim in general Secondly after Nocturnal gets the Skeleton key back Maven is no longer needed Thirdly her arrogance rudeness and inflated sense of selfsuperiority are annoying as Hell 0239 February 26 2014 Kadawon01 Wait Harold you dont like Balgruuf because hes a politition You do realize that every king is a politition Not declaring sides and getting the better offer is a smart decision 0247 February 26 2014 Dyrcaend yeah that does seem to be a rather flawed argument On a side note I noticed that my profile pic came from the same place as Kadawons Edited by Dyrcaend 0458 February 26 2014 Kadawon01 1239 February 26 2014 Harold BurnedMane reply to 49 Kadawon01 wrote Wait Harold you dont like Balgruuf because hes a politition You do realize that every king is a politition Not declaring sides and getting the better offer is a smart decision I never said I dont like Balgruff I said he isnt my favorite Jarl and that he wouldnt make a good High King Also I said he is TOO MUCH of a politician Being a politician isnt a bad thing being too much is bad Politicians sometimes get caught up in all the political BS that they forget what is important 1444 February 26 2014 Zippertrain85 Guys this is starting to get off topic this is about How you handle going against Jarl Balgruuf in the Stormcloak questline not about which is your favorite Jarl I might be able to make another Forum about it 1625 February 26 2014 Harold BurnedMane There is no need for another thread This thread really has no reason to exist either This whole thing could have been in the Civil War Thread as How you handle going against Jarl Balgruuf in the Stormcloak questline is related to the Civil War Making other threads for small topics is not needed I mean the Civil War thread has become inactive and this thread has already done the most it can about the Balgruff topic and it only reached about 50 posts 1641 February 26 2014 Zippertrain85 Its still needs to stay on topic none the less 1821 February 26 2014 Harold BurnedMane There isnt much else to talk about on this topic Its a very specific topic 1912 February 26 2014 Zephrim I disagree Harold where is bob XD I think there are still plenty of views and opinions to be had on this subject Balgruuf is kind of set up by Bethesda he is the first Jarl you meet and he is one of the few Jarls who doesnt treat you like total crap or is overly dismissive He is a helpful part of the main questline and seems to give you his trust fairly quickly once he realizes your the Dragonborn oh and after doing some research I discovered why Balgruuf leaves his kids behind The one son is part Now dont get the wrong idea I actually like that Life is filled with grey areas and compromises and settling for things Why do games especially RPGs not represent that more often I dont know I think it disillusions young people to make games so black and white 2154 February 26 2014 Harold BurnedMane First off the words Empire and Honorable havent been related since the Oblivion Crisis Secondly Yeah it makes sense why the kids would be there well the oldest at least The other two coul have gone with Balgruff as they arent part of any quests Thirdly Yeah characters associated with the DB generally join the Stormcloaks because of the Emperor killing So Evil characters are more inclined to join them for that reason Fourthly you didnt betray Balgruff Vignar betrayed Balgruff The LD was the one that brought Ulfrics Axe to Balgruff he knew then of your allegiance Despite that he still joins the Empire even though the most powerful person in Skyrim is on the opposite side Not a smart thing to do 0217 February 27 2014 Zephrim Oh tip of the hat to you on the fourth point It seems he does decide to go against you considering all that the two of you have been through together I make that statement only in the consideration that having completed the DB storyline you worked more with Balgruuf than any other Jarl Very interesting Adds a dynamic I hadnt noticed 0228 February 27 2014 Harold BurnedMane Yup If anything Balgruff was the one who betrayed the LD I mean he was neutral so he could have just joined the Stormcloaks and saved his city from being attacked and the death of his people But NOOOOO he deliberately went against the dragonborn and joined the Empire Serves him right losing his throne Douchebag 1446 February 27 2014 Kadawon01 So youre pretty much getting threatened with the axe and you honestly think youd say Oh I guess I better join the guys who threatened my people and their lives No you wouldnt If the tables were turned and the axe was delivered by the empire youd expect Balgruuf to join the Stormclaoks and fight them 1459 February 27 2014 Harold BurnedMane He isnt being threatened Both sides have been asking for Balgruff to join their side and he just keeps stalling Ulfric and the Stormcloaks were tired of waiting and by ancient nord tradition handed Balgruff Ulfrics Axe He wasnt being threatened with the axe They forced Balgruff to make a decision Handing the axe back means Im against youkeeping the axe means Im with you 1529 February 27 2014 Krow Dawnstar For those that never played the other side Helping Jarl Ballin and the Empire Balgruff when alerted that the Stormcloaks are planning an attack asks you to bring his axe to Ulfric He does make a choice 1824 February 28 2014 Harold BurnedMane He is forced to make a choice either way Everyone knows that But only when the Stormcloaks are fed up with him stalling and plan to attack the city Had the Stormcloaks not done that Balgruff would still have remained neutral indefinitely Also its starting to get on my nerves that people keep calling him Jarl Ballin just because of the Gamer Poop music video You do remember that Manslayer also made him a woman a French woman that the boys cried over because they wanted to see her private parts 0042 March 1 2014 Krow Dawnstar reply to 64 Harold BurnedMane wrote He is forced to make a choice either way Everyone knows that But only when the Stormcloaks are fed up with him stalling and plan to attack the city Had the Stormcloaks not done that Balgruff would still have remained neutral indefinitely Also its starting to get on my nerves that people keep calling him Jarl Ballin just because of the Gamer Poop music video You do remember that Manslayer also made him a woman a French woman that the boys cried over because they wanted to see her private parts Jarl French Girl boys cried for Does not have the same ring to it as Jarl Ballin 1500 March 1 2014 Harold BurnedMane But it is funnier 1939 March 1 2014 Zephrim Lets face it there are much worse things one could call Balgruuf other than Jarl Ballin 2036 March 1 2014 Harold BurnedMane Its not a bad thing to call him Jarl Ballin It just gets rather annoying since everyone keeps calling him that 2044 March 1 2014 A FANDOM user 173174172248 I justify it by his naivety You bring him Ulfrics axe give him a choice and he returns the axe preparing for Ulfric in the old ways When you take over Whiterun and force him to submit he goes on about being shocked that you are a Stormcloak I thought the fact that I was delivering you Ulfrics axe made it pretty clear Even more so he seems surprised to learn that Vignar also supported the Stormcloaks I thought this man knew the people throughout his hold Surely he knew the allegiances of the GrayManes and BattleBorns right That is not even to mention how he seems to force his wants on you Combine this with how Balgruff just seems clueless and I had no problems dethroning him 0251 May 2 2014 A FANDOM user 194299738 Theres actually no sane reason to join the Stormcloaks When you join the Legion prepare for the defense of Whiterun and ask Jarl Balgruuf why he eventually sided with the Empire his reasons are full of sense We benefit from the peace and prosperous trade with the South and the people of Cyrodiil know their northern border is protected by the fiercest fighters of Tamriel He is also one of the Jarls who has ethics integrity and honor 0720 May 2 2014 A FANDOM user 642299476 What happens if you join the storm cloaks and attack whiterun before you hand over the dragonstone or even go to whiterun 1935 June 4 2014 Coppermantis I dont think you can It kind of sucks but you can not join either side before becoming Dragonborn 2226 June 4 2014 Argentum Rook I like to think that my Dragonborn fought alongside the Stormcloaks because he wanted to protect the Jarl Headcanon is that the Stormcloaks would have executed him Whiterun is pretty underguarded despite the transfer of soldiers from Tullius so defeat for the defenders was inevitable so siding with the attackers seemed like a more intelligent choice for my DB 1634 June 7 2014 A FANDOM user 85899081 reply to 26 Zephrim wrote Zippertrain85 wrote Harold BurnedMane wrote Zephrim wrote This is my one and only hang up about joing the Stormcloaks Of all the Jarls I like Balgruuf the most he seems most level headed intelligent and generally cares about his peoples well being Honestly I would have made him king rather than the regular choices Im presented with well Id make him king if I couldnt be but yeah thats a different topic I beg to differ Dont get me wrong Balgruff is one of my favorite Jarls mostly because we see him more in quests but he isnt as intelligent as you might think Firstly Id like to point out he is one of the Jarls that know about you being the Dragonborn and being pretty powerful He underestimates you and the Stormcloaks when you present him with Ulfrics Axe and he was pretty blind to how much Vignar GrayMane is affiliated with the StormcloaksHe is surprised when he sees Vignar and says that now he knows why the GrayManes were absent Dont forget he left his kids in Whiterun after the invasion What kind of father does that Different times and cultures In the dark ages children were sometimes sacrificed simply because the parents had too many children and couldnt afford to feed them all this practice continues on to this day in some parts of the world In india in some villages more than you care to think about young female babies are left in the desert because they have no value In some cultures it is believed that making your food suffer increases the flavor so they torture the animals before they kill them Now before I continue let me point out that I personally find these practices abhorrent But my point is in the modern day American values we consider children to be nearly sacred and thus seek to always protect them Secondly I have yet to progress the civil war quest line for the stormcloaks so I cant really comment on anything that happens when you take over whiterun please no spoilers XD kidding Ive read too much on this wiki and have the game guide so no biggie And I see some of your points about him taking the Empires money to enforce a law he has no real intention of enforcing however I would say hes a politican And its not like he is the Skyrim version of Francis Underwood He just did what any other politican would do Biggest load of uncited horsesht I ever read Tell me more of how widespread the abandoning of children was in ancient Norse culture 0924 May 21 2018 Busiao No Laughs I dont need justifcation Im the dragonborn If you stand in my way you fall because I am protected by the most powerful armor in the game Plot Armor wield the most powerful weapon in the game Plot Weapon and possess the most powerful skill in the game Plot Skills Anyone I help wins and if you dont stand with me by definition you are against me and I sentence you to be deprived of all rights as an individual and volunter to give your soul to me I can do this in the game because I can in the game If I decide for the whole of Skyrim that Stormcloaks is the right way to go Then the Imperials should lie down and await their deaths in joy If I decide Imperials is the right way to go then the Stormcloaks should lie down and await their deaths in It is blasphemy towards the One True Supreme God Emperor to even try to resist 1630 May 23 2018 A FANDOM user 701841273 i didnt like taking him out of his city but he didnt care about you he didnt care how his kids treated you and he would just let them do it and he was worried of a dragon and didnt even help 1812 June 12 2018 Goredovah It just shows how the Stormcloaks as a group are hypocrites and how Ulfric only prioritizes Talos worship when it gives him power Balgruuf completely supported Talos worship what is supposed to be the base of the Stormcloak rebellion but it appears that Ulfric can make exceptions when the Talos worshipper does not support him directly It appears that on Ulfrics eyes the people of Skyrim should be completely free but only to directly support him what is oppression by itself I understand what you mean about Balgruuf choosing the Empire after you join the Stormcloaks but thanks to everything This just shows how the Stormcloak players should have betrayed Ulfric and gave the crown to Tullius right after Ulfric yelled Damn the jarls and Damn the moot right before the quest The Jagged Crown 0440 July 9 2018 JediMasterSam I sided with the Empire because I know that they had no choice in regards to the treaty with the Thalmor In the early years Talos worship continued in secret and they turned a blind eye to it It was only when Ulfric and his lot started agitating about it that they had to crack down on it to keep up appearances But also because I consider Whiterun my home city It is where I bought my first Skyrim home it is where many of my friends and comrades live and it is home to my family Balgruuf made it If the Stormcloaks take over it goes badly for the Imperials who live there Carlotta gets hit on even more Adrienne would have been kicked out if she wasnt married to a Nord and Arcadia loses business because they think shell sell them poisoned tonics 2332 August 3 2018 A FANDOM user 2A02C7D8AD4B200C87837E08491A92E reply to 6 ThievingSneakingHunter wrote Reallywell i felt sad after over throwing him50188138207 why would you say thatAre you blind you milkdrinkerWho would let a dragon be captured in their castle Jarl balgruuf helped you in thatDid he not Or were you drinking milk while doing that The stormcloaks may call it war but it is really a rebellionNo i dont Justify going against the legion i dont believe you know what milk drinker means moron it means cry baby 1226 August 8 2018 A FANDOM user 26012404B803686E0D3AA406D4D37A5 How does someone who sides with the Empire justify putting Maven BlackBrier as the jarl Or keeping Siddgeir on the jarls throne Furthermore if you kick out Jarl Balgruuf prior to capturing a dragon he doesnt help you by allowing you to use his keep you help him by saving his city from a drgon And to be fair he had a choice 0306 August 14 2018 VapeCat reply to 3 Zippertrain85 wrote I guess you could try to think about it as liberating your home and brining it a better government theres a BETTER waydont be a racist cult member and ve a imperial and justkill all thalmor 1527 September 18 2018 GeoKal159 The REAL reason i side against balgruuf is because its not that i hate him I actually hated mavenblack briar She is a corrupt official and makes Riften look bad Although the Thieves guild got some cool questline So does the stormcloaks Because the battle of solitude is Lit Yeah thats right i said it 2350 September 27 2018 Spirit Slasher u can always hand riften to the opposing faction so the jarl changes from maven to somebody else provided the civil war is not yet complete Edited by Spirit Slasher 0015 September 28 2018 GeoKal159 Bruh im using Open Civil War a mod that restores cutcontent and makes the civil war the civil war My eyes can not stand the rushed vanilla 2237 September 28 2018 A FANDOM user 7683629 Personally I despise some of the corrupt replacement jarls who get to be jarl just because they like they are the only ones who like the imperials or the stormcloaks but with Whiterun the replacement guy is okay I think Balgruuf is better but I think it is better that you chose the stormcloaks so that riften doesnt become run by an evil lady who runs the thieves guild I know someone is thinking about markarth right now but with markarth the silverblood thats in charge isnt the one who got you arrested and I prefer jarl Laila the only 2310 November 9 2018 Topics for this thread Balgruuf the Greater Skyrim Civil War Stormcloaks Battle for Whiterun Stormcloaks Edit Topics | [
"Stormcloak questline",
"Jarl Balgruuf"
] |
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Volsung_(Mask) | in : Skyrim : Armor Skyrim : Dragon Masks Skyrim : Light Armor and 2 more Volsung ( Mask ) English View source Share Volsung Individual Hooded Base Armor Weight Base Value 21 5 4611 Additional Effects Prices are 20 % better , Carry 20 points more , and can breathe underwater . Class Light Armor Mask Upgrade Material Corundum Ingot Perk Daedric Smithing ID 00061CAB For the dragon priest , see Volsung Dovahzul , " Horror " ) is a dragon priest mask found in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Contents show Acquisition This mask can be acquired by defeating Volsung , one of the eight dragon priests in Skyrim . Volsung can be found in the Nordic Ruin of Volskygge Enchantment Wearing this mask grants the following skill bonuses : Fortify Barter : 20 points Fortify Carry Weight : 20 points Waterbreathing Usefulness It can act as a substitute for the Argonian ' s racial ability , but is also generally useful for trading items , and can provide an extra benefit for players who wish to hunt for loot . It should be noted that while Volsung is more versatile , the Masque of Clavicus Vile provides a greater benefit for trading alone , as it raises the Speech skill in addition to providing better prices . Smithing It can be upgraded with a corundum ingot at a workbench , and also benefits from the Daedric Smithing perk , which doubles the improvement . Trivia It is extremely useful during " The Path of Knowledge " allowing one to dive underwater to search for hidden items and submerge indefinitely . Bugs This section contains bugs related to Volsung ( Mask ) . Before adding a bug to this list , consider the following : Please reload an old save to confirm if the bug is still happening . If the bug is still occurring , please post the bug report with the appropriate system template 360 XB1 PS3 PS4 PC MAC NX , depending on which platform ( s ) the bug has been encountered on . Be descriptive when listing the bug and fixes , but avoid having conversations in the description and / or using first - person anecdotes : such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board PC 360 PS3 When equipping a mask and the Archmage ' s Robes together ; both the mask and your entire head may disappear , showing only an empty hood . A short term fix is to drop the Archmage ' s Robes then pick them up again . Another fix is to store the mask in a container and then equip it directly from the container . PC ( Fix ) This can be temporarily fixed by pressing F5 , quicksave , and then F9 , quick load . 360 ( Fix ) Clearing the Xbox 360 cache will also correct this issue . PS3 ( Fix ) PS3 users can also temporarily fix this by saving and loading . It is possible to equip this item while wearing a Falmer Helmet Ancient Shrouded Cowl the Jagged Crown and circlets If any mask is given to any follower , over time it may disappear from their inventory . PC ( Fix ) To resolve this , use the console command player . additem < itemID > 1 , and it will add the mask to the inventory again . See also Bromjunaar Sanctuary Appearances The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Dragon Priest Masks Skyrim Hevnoraak Konahrik Krosis Morokei Nahkriin Otar Rahgot Vokun Dragonborn Ahzidal Dukaan Miraak Zahkriisos Start a Discussion Discussions about Volsung ( Mask ) volsung bug 3 messages A FANDOM user AI just went WTF its a random bug that can happen to any AI it effects unique AI ( ei named enemys ) more often then basic AI it is avoidable . . . 11 months ago A FANDOM user also that was a blessing Volsung ' s mask is usuful but to weak for the strength of the Priest hes more similar to Nahrakiin power wise 11 months ago Volsung bug 2 messages I think Volsung is too lazy to get out of his sarcophagus . . . e3e I ' ve been running all around it , jumping on it , teabagging it , . . . 4 years ago Deltahost Reload a previous save outside of the dungeon and try again ? Or if you have n ' t already , absorb the shout from the dungeon ' s word w . . . 4 years ago See more discussions > Categories Skyrim : Armor Skyrim : Dragon Masks Skyrim : Light Armor Skyrim : Unique Armor Skyrim : Headgear Languages : Deutsch Español Polski Русский Українська Recent Wiki Activity Fine Iron Warhammer Excore axv • 7 minutes ago Todd Howard RionH • 1 hour ago Shuravi 1857a • 2 hours ago Willpower ( Legends ) Poisoned apples • 2 hours ago Help us grow Elder Scrolls Get Started | [
"Volsung",
"dragon priest mask",
"The Elder Scrolls V"
] |
http://eldnces.ncdpi.wikispaces.net/Title+III+Application+and+Monitoring+Process | The use of this free translation tool is for interested users and should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government or the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction Updated 102018 Non Title III Subgrantee LIEP Submission Due November 24 2018 Note Title III Subgrantees complete the chart as part of the Title III Application process in the CCIP Planning Tool every year These school districts do NOT need to resubmit the LIEP Service chart ALL LEACharter schools nonTitle III subgrantees that have at least one 1 identified English learner EL student based on the October 1 headcount must complete the LIEP chart and submit to NCDPI for review and approval by November 24 2018 Directions 1 Read the guidance document 2 Review the sample chart 3 Complete the LEACharter school LIEP service chart using this template 4 Fill out the information requested in the form LIEP Service Chart 20182019 and submit the pdf file in the section provided at the bottom of the form Do NOT forget to upload the LIEP service chart at the bottom of the form You will receive a confirmation email after submitting the form Check your spam folder The template can be modified to meet the needs of the LEACharter school Consortium fiscal agents should upload an individual LIEP for each member Please fill in the complete chart even if you do not currently have students who fit each category Charter schools not submitting and receiving approval on the LIEP Service chart will receive a rating of Not Compliant on the annual Charter Performance Framework The LIEP Service chart must be submitted as a pdf file in the section provided at the bottom of the form by Friday November 24 2018 Use LEACharter School Number LEACharter School Name LIEP 1819 in the name of the document Sample 9197G TheWholeChildSucceedsAcademy LIEP 1819pdf Title III PRC 104 andor PRC 111 Application Part of the CCIP Title III at NCDPI joined in the 20162017 school year the Comprehensive Continuous Improvement Plan CCIP which is a webbased grants management system This move allowed for a more streamlined application process For the English Learner Component found in the Plan Overview section we want to reinforce that only 1 of the 10 must be checked to be compliant for the English Learner Component Title III sections of the NCCCIP FAQs Document Uploaded Aug 15 2017 For nonEL specific CCIP Questions not PRC 104 or PRC 111 contact Anita Harris AnitaHarrisdpincgov or 9198073234 The Comprehensive Continuous Improvement Plan CCIP is scheduled to open the week of June 25 2018 Due to the delay in Title I planning allotments the due date for submitting the Consolidated Application is extended to Friday August 17 2018 Related Documents May 2 2018 Webinar Recorded Webinar May 2nd 2018 PowerPoint from Webinar Updated 082017 Application Planning Worksheet Assurances LIEP Template LIEP Guidance Budget Staff Chart Appendices Consortium Guidance ESLTitle III Timeline 20172018 May 17 2017 Webinar Recorded Webinar May 17 2017 PowerPoint This webinar and PowerPoint go through a crosswalk of the previous CCIP application to the updated ESSA version New CrossProgram Consolidated Monitoring Process 20172018 A new fouryear cycle of CrossProgram Consolidated Monitoring will begin this fall Beginning with the 201718 school year Title III Part A will be included in the revised monitoring process In an effort to continually improve our mutual work the CrossProgram team will utilize a combination of desk reviews and onsite visits for each monitoring review All LEAs and charter schools listed on the schedule provided on the next page will be notified and contacted by program staff at least 30 days prior to the monitoring date 201718 Monitoring Schedule See page 3 Federal Program Monitoring Updatepdf Download 151 KB DPI website for CROSSPROGRAM MONITORING httpwwwncpublicschoolsorgprogrammonitoringmonitoring District Document Request List 201718 httpwwwncpublicschoolsorgdocsprogrammonitoringmonitoringdistrictrequestlistpdf District Monitoring Element HEADINGS 201718 httpwwwncpublicschoolsorgdocsprogrammonitoringmonitoringdistrictheadingspdf Monitoring Documents 20172018 CrossProgram Monitoring Resources Title III Monitoring 20162017 The LEAsCharters have been selected for the 201617 Title III Monitoring Cycle Individual LEAsCharters will be contacted privately before the list is announced publically via the ListServ and posted on the Wiki Tier 1 Onsite Title III Tier 1 monitoring has concluded for 1617 Bladen March 1314 Orange April 1213 Wake April 2425 Columbus April 2728 Rutherford May 45 Davidson May 1011 Tier 2 Targeted Technical Assistance Robeson County NE Consortium Maureen Joy Charter Tier 3 Modified Desk Monitoring Title III funded job descriptions were not required as additional documents in the NCCCIP as part of Title III application process for 20162017 As an adjusted form of previous Title III Tier IIIDesk Monitoring the NCDPI will use the following process to offer technical assistance to LEAsCharters in regards to Title III funded staff positions for 20162017 1 Job descriptions for Title III funded staff will be submitted to NCDPI by Wednesday January 25 2017 a WORD format b Email to ESLTitleIIIdpincgov c Subject line Job Descriptions for X LEACharter d Include contact name email and phone in the body of the email e Indicate if positions are fully or partially funded by Title III For partially funded include percentage and job descriptions for other parts of job 2 NCDPI will review the job descriptions and craft guidance based on trends found among the job descriptions 3 NCDPI will release the technical assistance by posting the information on the ESL Wiki The turnaround time is short but time involved in submission should be minimal since no changes are needed to the documents for submission Monitoring Documents 20162017 201617 Title III Monitoring Form Monitoring Schedule Considerations Monitoring FAQ Fiscal Document Requirements Classroom Observation Form Observation Guidelines Monitoring Sample Questions Subscribe to BAAS January 23 2017 Webinar Recorded Monitoring Webinar | [
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http://eldoradocountyfair.org/july.html | Closures Date Place Reason July 4 Henningsen Family Blast July 8 Fairgrounds & Henningsen In lieu of Independence Day Holiday July 26 & 27 @ Noon Henningsen Ongoing for the month of July Open Horse Ride by contract in Henningsen Pavilion . Barrel Racing and Props are not allowed EXCEPT on Wednesdays . 9 : 00am - 9 : 00pm most Monday and Tuesdays | 9 : 00am - 9 : 00pm most Wednesdays | More information including closures . Closed Saturdays at 1 pm for safety during races . Please see Race Schedule for more information , including closures . Placerville Speedway | RMI Inc . Championship Race Season is here ! More Information Hangtown Kennel Club Obedience Program More information , including class dates and times . July 1 Dose of Dance - Free Event 6 : 00 am - 8 : 00 am in the Organ Room Increase Happiness & Well - being ! More Information July 4 4th of July Family Blast Gates open 4 : 00 pm More information July 5 Independence Day Observed Fairgrounds are Closed July 17 El Dorado Rose Meeting 11 : 00 am in the Board Room | [
"Closures",
"July"
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http://elearningbrothers.com/crucial-articulate-storyline-tip-lock-the-seek-bar/ | Crucial Articulate Storyline Tip : Lock the Seek Bar by Brother Frazee | Sep 6 , 2013 | Articulate Storyline Resources eLearning Resources 15 comments Did you know there is no player setting to lock down the seek bar in Articulate Storyline ? This creates somewhat of a problem for those of us who must create eLearning in which “ training time ” requirements are mandatory to offer certain certificates . Unfortunately , Storyline leaves us with one option for restricting the users ability to quickly skip though sections — just hide it ! Although , this sounds like a perfectly acceptable solution at first . Here ’ s the catch , additional and important features are grouped within the seek bar : ( 1 ) the pause / play button ( 2 ) the replay button . Here ’ s how to implement this crucial Articulate Storyline tip : Step One – Download the ReplaceAfterPublish . zip Step Two – After publishing the course you must put two files from the ‘ ReplaceAfterPublish . zip ’ ( above ) into your published folder ’ s story_content folder ( shown below ) . Step Three – You will get a message asking you what you would like to do with ‘ story . js ’ . Choose “ Replace ” . — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – Update : For now in the player settings under the other category you must select “ Lock player at optimal size ” in order for this to work . Here is a screen shot ! This solution only works correctly for the flash output in storyline . This solution is also tailored for a storyline design size of 720 wide x 540 height . Instructions on how to customize this below . If you really want to impress your eLearning friends read Disabling Navigation in Articulate Storyline . Combining together the ideas in this post and the disabling navigation tip are extremely valuable . When both these tip are used they are all you need to meet the majority of training time requirements in Storyline . How to Modify the Seekbar to Fit a Custom Articulate Storyline Design Size In order for me to explain how to fix this it will be helpful to explain how it actually works . Basically we are tapping into the javascript ( story . js ) which creates the html container for the flash output . We are adding a line of code which adds an HTML object on top of the area where the player is located . We have to modify the size of the container to match the size of the seekbar . The first step is to make the container visible so when we make modifications we can see what we are doing . First , change ‘ transparent . png ’ from being a transparent png to a colored one . For the example I have changed it to red . The next step is doing some trial and error inside the story . js . On line 92 there are 3 numbers ( seen in the picture below ) which need to be modified . The goal is to get the shape to look similar to the picture above . Limitations The HTML container remains the same size even when certain player settings change therefore we must ensure that the player settings do n ’ t change ( I.E. If the HTML container is optimized for a next and back button then the next and back button should always be on screen otherwise a portion of the seekbar will be uncovered . Image below shows an example of this limitation . ) 15 Comments Amy on November 26 , 2013 at 2 : 55 pm not working for me either but would be AMAZING if it did , any advice ? Melissa on November 26 , 2013 at 4 : 07 pm I replaced the files as directed , but I ’ m still able to seek within the seek / scrub bar . I ’ ve tried publishing to both web and LMS , and get the same result . ( Unfortunately , a critical feature for my clients is to have the the play / pause , but they do n ’ t want their users to be able to fast forward . ) Please say that you have a solution ! Brother Shawn on December 2 , 2013 at 3 : 57 pm For now in the player settings under the other category you must select “ Lock player at optimal size ” in order for this to work . Another work around is coming soon . Best of luck ! Chad on March 24 , 2014 at 4 : 09 pm This also does not work for me … even with the player configured to play at optimal size . Perhaps something changed with a Storyline update ? I tried changing the color of the transparent . png image to a transparent red , and it paints it beneath the player in a thin strip . I ’ m guessing it ’ s supposed to overlap the player for it to function correctly ? I ’ d love for this to work ! Bo on May 8 , 2014 at 7 : 16 am Yes , this does work . Thank all that is holy . Like Chad said change the color of your transparent . png file to a color you can see . Go to Line 92 in the story . js file you downloaded . Here are my settings for a storyline project Story Size at 720 × 540 : style = ’ width : 600px ; height : 25px ; position : absolute ; left : 50 % ; margin - left : - 285px ; margin - top : 540px ; These settings are all you have to change in order to move the png file around inside the published swf . Hope that makes sense . It ’ s a must to Lock Player at Optimal Size . Simply click Home — > Player — - > Other — - > Player Size ( lock play at opt size ) . Not sure why everyone else was having trouble but this is what I did and I ’ ve had no trouble since . Hope this helps . Norm Cousineau on August 8 , 2014 at 8 : 49 am I was able to disable the seek bar in the HTML5 output with this : $ ( “ # progressbar ” ) .off ( ) ; That works because the jQuery library is included in the mobile output . It may be necessary to add a check for jQuery so that no errors occur with that line when called from the Flash version , such as : if ( typeof ( jQuery ) ! = = ” undefined ” ) $ ( “ # progressbar ” ) .off ( ) ; Norm Cousineau on August 8 , 2014 at 8 : 54 am My experience is that it works only if the PNG has no transparency . As soon as there ’ s transparency , it goes behind the Flash content . My workaround was to use a custom PNG that covers the seek bar entirely . So it looks like the Storyline seek bar , but there ’ s no progression . I ’ ve also come up with a trick to remove it if the slide has been previously viewed in current session or previous session ( so seek bar is click - able ) . Brother Shawn on August 8 , 2014 at 10 : 13 am Thanks Norm ! These are great work a rounds and very helpful information . Glad that you could share your vast eLearning knowledge with us . Hope you have a great day . Marcus on September 9 , 2014 at 6 : 45 am Seem not working with my project . I opend it with IE 11 and I can clearly see the .png With Chrome is ok . How to embed the .png into the swf file that storyline is creating ? Thanks in advance Marcus on September 9 , 2014 at 6 : 47 am Sorry , with IE11 I can not see the png item . So navigation is still available . on September 15 , 2014 at 9 : 33 am Hi Marcus thanks for you comment . I ’ m not sure I know what you are asking . Can you please clarify ? Thanks ! on September 15 , 2014 at 9 : 35 am Marcus , this is possibly a limitation with IE11 . I will talk to my developers to see if they have any issues .PNG images . Cheers ! Amy on September 26 , 2014 at 10 : 51 am Glad to see a solution on this in Storyline , though I have not tested to see if it works . It is important to know too that locking the seekbar is an important new feature in Storyline2 . on September 26 , 2014 at 11 : 09 am Hi Amy , so glad you pointed that out . Yes , Storyline 2 does have a locking seekbar feature . Thank you for sending us a message . Have a great weekend ! Julie on July 11 , 2016 at 1 : 01 pm Any work around for allowing rewind but preventing fast forwarding ? State law requires students watch the video in full but they are really long and require review and resume when restarted . I have yet found a solution . Do you have any advice ? | [
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http://elections.chathamcounty.org/ | Chatham County Board of Elections Election Results Election Results - Scrolling Official Election Summary Report Official SOVC Report The Board of Elections of Chatham County functions as the superintendent of elections and conducts primaries and elections in accordance with State law . The Board performs all services and functions necessary to support the election process . The Board establishes boundaries for voting precincts , secures facilities to serve as polling locations for these precincts , recruits , selects , hires , trains and assigns personnel to serve as poll officials . The board also conducts qualification for candidates , develops ballots for elections , acquires , maintains , prepares and delivers equipment used to conduct elections , publicizes How was your voting experience ? Click here to tell us how we did ! The members of the board are : Thomas Mahoney III ( Chairman ) Marianne Heimes ( R ) Malinda Hodge ( D ) Antwan Lang ( D ) Debbie Rauers ( R ) Supervisor : Russell Bridges Assistant Supervisor : Lynn Trabue Click here for the Poll Locations & Perimeters interactive map Click here for the list of Poll Locations & Perimeters maps NOTICE The Board of Elections of Chatham County holds its regular monthly meeting on the second Monday of every month at 3 : 30pm . These meetings are open to the public . 2019 Elections Calendar Election Date Election Voter Registration Deadline Runoff Date March 19 , 2019 Special Election ( if necessary ) February 19 , 2019 April 16 , 2019 June 18 , 2019 Special Election ( for vacancies only ) May 20 , 2019 July 16 , 2019 September 17 , 2019 Special Election ( for vacancies only ) August 19 , 2019 October 15 , 2019 Municipal Qualifying ( 21 - 2 - 132 c3A ) August 19 , 2019 - August 23 , 2019 November 5 , 2019 General Election October 7 , 2019 December 3 , 2019 You may sign up to vote at any time , but you must register by the established registration deadline prior to an election if you wish to vote on election day . If you are not already signed up to vote , please register today Georgia law ( O.C.G.A § 21 - 2 - 417 ) requires Georgia residents to show photo identification when voting in person . Click here for Georgia Photo ID Requirements | [
"Board of Elections",
"Chatham County"
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http://elections.chicagotribune.com/candidates/responses/sean-casten.html | EDITORIAL BOARD QUESTIONNAIRES Sean Casten Education BA Molecular Biology Biochemistry Middlebury College 1993 MS Biochemical Engineering Dartmouth College Thayer School of Engineering 1998 MEM Engineering Management Dartmouth College Thayer School of Engineering 1998 Occupation 2000 2016 President CEO Turbosteam Recycled Energy Development Home Downers Grove Past PoliticalCivic Experience None The Affordable Care Act remains the law of the land but is struggling financially What steps do you advocate for fixing or repealing Obamacare What role if any should the government play in making health insurance available Please be specific about concepts or programs you advocate including the scope and how you would pay for them The economy continues to expand and the jobless rate is low Did you support or oppose the federal tax plan Congress passed in December What role are those changes playing in the growth Whats your take on the state of economy and what steps do you advocate to keep the recovery going Identify at least one jobsrelated program or bill you would support and how you would pay for it President Trump is skeptical of trade agreements and has imposed sanctions on other countries in an attempt to force concessions or renegotiation of trade deals Is he pursuing the right or wrong path and why Tell us your views on trade and investment focusing on whats at stake for Illinois North Koreas nuclear and missile programs represent a threat to the United States and its allies President Obama chose to freeze out North Korea while President Trump has pursued talks after using the threat of military action against Kim Jong Uns regime Is Trump on the right or wrong path What level of danger does North Korea represent and what course of action do you advocate Do you support or oppose federal action to strengthen gun laws such as a unified federal background check system for gun sales Name specific steps you would advocate or tell us why current laws are sufficient What steps should the country take to fix the broken immigration system How would you resolve the matter of 11 million people living in the country without legal documentation If supporting President Trumps wall sealed a comprehensive immigration deal would you agree to fund it Help support our election coverage Medicare and Social Security face eventual insolvency What if any restructuring do you propose Be specific about your willingness to change or reduce benefits Give us an example of your political independence by citing a time in which you voted against party leadership or otherwise defied party convention on a controversial issue If you are an incumbent tell us the most significant accomplishment of your current term If you are a challenger what is your proudest career accomplishment Tell us something about yourself that might surprise us Help support our election coverage | [
"Sean Casten"
] |
http://elections.wi.gov/elections-voting/elections | About This Page This page contains information about upcoming and past Wisconsin state elections , including special elections and recall elections . Click here for election results , including vote totals . Statistics about voter turnout , voter registration and election costs are located on the Statistics page 2019 Assembly District 64 Special Election Election Day : Tuesday , April 30 , 2019 Primary Election : Tuesday , April 2 , 2019 On February 14 , 2019 , the Governor issued an executive order calling a special election for State Assembly District 64 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Representative Peter Barca . The district includes parts of Kenosha and Racine counties The deadline for candidates to file nomination papers was Tuesday , March 5 , 2019 . See list of candidates below . Attachment Size Candidates on Ballot - Assembly 64 Special Primary . pdf 17.49 KB Candidates Tracking By Office FINAL . pdf 3.45 KB Nomination Paper Tracking 5pm 3 . 5 . 2019 . pdf 9.3 KB Supplemental Nomination Papers 5pm 3 . 5 . 2019 . pdf 9.07 KB E.O. 9 Relating to a special election - 2019 AD64 . pdf 647.78 KB Type A Notice . pdf 66.95 KB ELIS - 9 Ballot Access Checklist - 2019 Special Election - Assembly 64 ( 2019 - 02 ) .pdf 115.79 KB Spring 2019 Election Spring Election : April 2 , 2019 Unofficial Election Night results are available from County Clerk websites Offices to be Elected Nonpartisan state offices elected in 2019 are Supreme Court Justice , Court of Appeals Judge , Districts II , III and IV , and Circuit Court Judge . See attachments below for lists of candidates and offices . Spring Primary : February 19 , 2019 Spring Primary Results Attachment Size Candidates on Ballot - Spring Election and Assembly 64 Primary . pdf 39.36 KB 2019 Spring Election Contests and Candidates with Contact Information . xlsx 656.96 KB 2019 Spring Election Referenda List . xlsx 24.76 KB 2019 Spring Election Polling Place List . xlsx 311.32 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2019 ( FINAL as of 5pm 12.21.18 ) .pdf 16.49 KB Candidates Tracking By Office - Ethics Statements due 1.7.19 ( FINAL ) .pdf 18.58 KB Nomination Paper Tracking ( as of 5 pm deadline on 1.2.2019 ) .pdf 17.92 KB Supplemental Nomination Papers ( as of 5 pm deadline on 1.2.2019 ) .pdf 12.75 KB Offices to be Elected @ 2019 Spring ( 10.30.18 ) .pdf 22.42 KB Candidates on Ballot for 2.19.19 Primary . pdf 2.62 KB Fall 2018 General Election General Election : Tuesday , November 6 , 2018 - - See Results Here Partisan Primary : Tuesday , August 14 , 2018 - - See Results Here Offices to be Elected This election was for Governor , Lt . Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Treasurer , U.S. Senator , Representative in Congress , State Senator ( odd - numbered districts ) Representatives to the Assembly ( all districts ) . County offices up for election are Sheriff , Clerk of Circuit Court and Coroner ( where applicable ) . See the attached list of Offices to be Elected for all the offices to be elected and the names of the incumbents . Offices to be Elected_Fall 2018 - ( as of 11.3.17 ) .pdf 46.3 KB Candidates Tracking By Office ( 8.17.18 ) Ind Statements of Principle . pdf 201.63 KB Candidates on Ballot 2018 Gen Election - includes Trempealeau County DA Recall . pdf 138.29 KB 2018 General Elections - Reporting Units - Districts . xlsx 124.72 KB 2018 General Elections - Candidates and Referenda List . xlsx 68.56 KB List of Referenda for November 2018 General Election - Updated 10 - 4 - 18 . xlsx 45.94 KB Reporting Units - Districts 2018 Partisan Primary . xlsx 126.58 KB August 14 , 2018 Partisan Primary Referenda . xlsx 12.79 KB Candidates on Ballot Partisan Primary 8 - 14 - 2018 . pdf 257.17 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Fall 2018 ( as of 5.18.18 5 pm FINAL ) .pdf 16.56 KB Spring 2018 Election Spring Primary : February 20 , 2018 - View Results Here Spring Election : April 3 , 2018 - View Results Here State offices to be elected are Supreme Court Justice , Court of Appeals Judge , Districts I and IV , and Circuit Court Judge . See Offices to be Elected attachment below for a list of offices and current officeholders . Constitutional Amendment At the April 3 Spring Election , voters were asked to vote on the question : “ Elimination of state treasurer . Shall sections 1 and 3 of article VI and sections 7 and 8 of article X of the constitution be amended , and section 17 of article XIV of the constitution be created , to eliminate the office of state treasurer from the constitution and to replace the state treasurer with the lieutenant governor as a member of the Board of Commissioners of Public Lands ? ” For more information about this question , see the attachments below : Constitutional Amendment 2017 Joint Resolution 7 . pdf and Explanatory statement of referendum question 03 . 01 . 2018 . pdf . Candidates The Elections Commission certified lists of candidates for the Spring Primary and the Spring Election . See the Candidates on Primary Ballot and the Candidates on Ballot for Election - PrePrimary attachments below . Constitutional Amendment 2017 Joint Resolution 7 . pdf 67.51 KB Explanatory statement of referendum question 03 01 2018 . pdf 104.94 KB ElectionCandidates on Ballot - Post Primary . pdf 28.06 KB Candidates Tracking By Office ( 1.5.18 Final - post SEI deadline and Winnebago 1 extension ) .pdf 38.7 KB Candidates on Primary Ballot . pdf 8.47 KB Nomination Paper Tracking ( as of 5pm deadline 1.2.18 ) .pdf 32.9 KB OFFICES TO BE ELECTED AT 2018 SPRING ELECTION - ( as of 12.8.17 ) .pdf 18.14 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2018 ( as of 12.22.17 5pm FINAL ) .pdf 16.25 KB 2018 Spring Election PPL . xlsx 322.18 KB 2018 Spring Election - contests - Candidates . xlsx 421.08 KB Reporting Units - PPL - 2018 Spring Primary . xlsx 304.13 KB Type A Notice_spring 2018 amended Winnebago . pdf 34.16 KB 2018 Senate District 10 Special Election On November 10 , 2017 , the Governor issued an executive order calling a special election for State Senate District 10 to fill the seat held by the Senator Sheila Harsdorf , who has resigned . Election Day : Tuesday , January 16 , 2018 Primary Election : Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 ( if necessary ) November 10 is the first day to circulate nomination papers , which are due no later than 5 : 00 p.m. on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 in the offices of the Wisconsin Elections Commission . Candidates must submit a minimum of 400 signatures , but not more than 800 signatures . In the Candidate Tracking By Office attachment below , candidates who filed by the deadline have a date in the column under " Nomination Papers Date . " If no signature total is posted for a candidate , staff is still counting signatures . An updated report will be posted later in the evening on November 21 once staff has reviewed all ballot access documents . Candidates Tracking By Office ( as of 830pm 11.21.17 ) .pdf 0 bytes Amended Type A Notice - Sen 10 . pdf 477.81 KB EO # 265 - Special Election 10th Senate District . pdf 292.71 KB 2018 Assembly District 66 Special Election On November 7 , 2017 , the Governor issued an executive order calling a special election for State Assembly District 66 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Representative Cory Mason , effective January 15 , 2018 . Election Day : Tuesday , January 16 , 2018 Primary Election : Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 ( if necessary ) November 7 is the first day to circulate nomination papers , which are due no later than 5 : 00 p.m. on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 in the offices of the Wisconsin Elections Commission . Candidates must submit a minimum of 200 signatures , but not more than 400 signatures . In the Candidate Tracking By Office attachment below , candidates who filed by the deadline have a date in the column under " Nomination Papers Date . " If no signature total is posted for a candidate , staff is still counting signatures . An updated report will be posted later in the evening on November 21 once staff has reviewed all ballot access documents . Candidates Tracking By Office ( as of 830pm on 11.21.17 ) .pdf 0 bytes Type A Notice - Assm 66 . pdf 477.6 KB EO # 264 - Special Election 66th Assembly District . pdf 347.44 KB 2018 Assembly District 58 Special Election On November 1 , 2017 , the Governor issued an executive order calling a special election for State Assembly District 58 to fill the seat held by the late Representative Robert Gannon . November 1 is the first day to circulate nomination papers , which are due no later than 5 : 00 p.m. on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 in the offices of the Wisconsin Elections Commission . Candidates must submit a minimum of 200 signatures , but not more than 400 signatures . In the Candidate Tracking By Office attachment below , candidates who filed by the deadline have a date in the column under " Nomination Papers Date . " If no signature total is posted for a candidate , staff is still counting signatures . An updated report will be posted later in the evening on November 21 once staff has reviewed all ballot access documents . Candidates Tracking By Office ( as of 830pm 11.21.17 ) .pdf Type A Notice - Assm 58 . pdf 477.53 KB Executive_Order_262 . pdf 331.12 KB Spring 2017 Election Spring Election : April 4 , 2017 Click here for official election results State offices elected were State Superintendent of Public Instruction , Supreme Court Justice , Court of Appeals Judge ( Districts 1 , 2 and 4 ) , and Circuit Court Judge . See Candidates on the Ballot attachment for the names of the state candidates . Spring Primary : February 21 , 2017 - - Results T he Wisconsin Elections Commission does not collect unofficial Election Night results . Local results will be available on Wisconsin county clerks ' websites . You may also visit the websites of Wisconsin newspapers and television and radio stations for unofficial results . See Offices to be Elected attachment below for complete list of offices and officeholders . Candidates on Ballot for Spring Election . pdf 24.92 KB 2017_April_Election_Polling_Places . xlsx 338.44 KB Candidates Tracking By Office ( 1.6.2017 6pm ) ) .pdf 39.19 KB Nomination Paper Tracking ( 1.3.17 Final ) .pdf 29.83 KB Supplemental Nomination Papers ( 1.3.2017 Final ) .pdf 16.78 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2017 ( FINAL ) .pdf 15.85 KB Offices to be Elected Spring 2017 ( as of 1.5.17 ) .pdf 18.15 KB Amended Type A Notice_spring 2017 - ( rev . 1.5.17 ) .pdf 42.27 KB Candidates on Ballot for Primary . pdf 10.24 KB 2016 Spring Primary The Spring Primary was held Tuesday , February 16 , 2016 . There was a statewide primary for Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court . Candidates on Ballot ( 2.16.16 ) .PDF 40.43 KB 2016 Spring Election and Presidential Preference Primary The Spring Election and Presidential Preference Primary was held April 5 , 2016 . For a list of candidates , click on the " Candidates on Ballot " attachment below . The deadline for filing nomination papers and other paperwork to get on the ballot was January 5 , 2016 . For a spreadsheet of all the election contests and candidates that will be on the ballot in Wisconsin , click on All Contests and Candidates April 2016 . xlsx , below . All Contests and Candidates April 2016 . xlsx 403.34 KB Candidates Registered - 4.5.16 Spring Election - All SEIs received - 1.8.16 515pm . pdf 61.94 KB Candidates on Ballot_4 . 5 . 2016 Spring Election . pdf 60.27 KB Nomination Paper Tracking - 4.5.16 Spring Election ( as of 1.5.16 5pm deadline ) .PDF 87.26 KB Supplemental Nomination Papers - 4.5.16 Spring Election ( as of 1.5.16 5pm deadline ) .PDF 70.46 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2016 ( as of 12.28.15 5pm ) FINAL . pdf 15.87 KB Amended Type A Notice Spring 2016 - Appointment in Milwaukee Circuit Court Br 31 . pdf 44.42 KB OFFICES TO BE ELECTED AT 2016 SPRING ELECTION ( as of 12.21.15 ) .pdf 18.51 KB Muni & Multi Judges SEI Filing Status 2016 ( FINAL as of 1 - 8 - 2016 ) .xlsx 26.82 KB Fall 2016 Partisan Primary The Partisan Primary was Tuesday , August 9 , 2016 Offices on the ballot were U.S. Senator , U.S. Representative , even - numbered Wisconsin State Senate seats , all Wisconsin Assembly seats , and all District Attorneys . Independent candidates names do not appear on the Partisan Primary ballot , but will be on the ballot in November . Certified results of the Partisan Primary are available here For information about all candidates on the ballot in August , please see attachments below . Candidates on Ballot Aug 9 Partisan Primary ( after Assembly 11 challenge ) .pdf 116.27 KB 2016 Partisan Primary Candidate Contact Information . xlsx 74.14 KB 2016 Partisan Primary Reporting Units . xlsx 127.63 KB 2016 Partisan Primary Polling Place Locations . xlsx 248.93 KB Fall 2016 General Election This General Election was held Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 for President , U.S. Senator , U.S. Representative , even - numbered Wisconsin State Senate seats , all Wisconsin Assembly seats , and all District Attorneys . Official results are posted here Presidential Electors met at noon on Monday , December 19 , at the State Capitol Watch on Wisconsin Eye View attachments below for lists of candidates and referenda on the ballot , registered write - in candidates , and polling places . Candidates on Ballot ( Includes Presidential Tickets ) Fall 2016 ( 8.30.2016 ) .pdf 100.61 KB 2016 General Election_Reporting Units . xlsx 130.89 KB 2016 General Election Combined Candidate Contact Information . xlsx 128.8 KB Polling Place Locations 2016 Nov General . xlsx 337.33 KB 2016 General Election Referenda_10282016 . xlsx 35.39 KB List of Republican Electors - 2016 corrected . pdf 11.69 KB 2016 Presidential Electors Slates . pdf 421.16 KB Certificate of Nomination Presidential Candidate . pdf 21.77 KB Notifications of Noncandidacy List - Fall 2016 ( as of 5.20.16 ) FINAL . pdf 39.38 KB Offices to be Elected - Fall 2016 ( 4.14.16 ) .pdf 29.41 KB Amd Certification of Independent Candidates for General Election ( amended 2016 - 08 ) .pdf 30.37 KB Registered Write - in Candidates for 11 . 8 . 16_Final . pdf 63.75 KB Spring 2015 Election Official results of the Spring Election have now been certified . State offices elected April 7 , 2015 include Justice of the Supreme Court , Court of Appeals Judge ( District I and III ) , and Circuit Court Judge . There was also a Constitutional Amendment on Election of the Chief Justice Spring Primary : Tuesday , February 17 , 2015 Click here for official primary results Candidate Contact Information To assist groups and individuals who wish to contact candidates for office , the G.A.B. has prepared an easy - to - use spreadsheet containing addresses , telephone numbers and email addresses of candidates for the February 17 Spring Primary . The spreadsheet is attached below ( 2015 Spring Candidates Contact Information . xlsx ) . This information is found on the candidates ' GAB - 1 registration forms , which are available on the Campaign Finance Information System website Deadlines for Getting on the Ballot The first day to circulate nomination papers is December 1 , 2014 . The deadline to file nomination papers and other ballot access documents is 5 : 00 p.m. on Tuesday , January 6 , 2015 . Click here for more information about getting on the ballot . Notification of Non - Candidacy ( GAB - 163 ) A list of incumbent officials who have filed a Notification of Non - Candidacy indicating that they will not seek reelection at the 2015 Spring Election will be attached below . The list will be updated as notices are filed . The deadline for filing is Friday , December 26 , 2014 . 2015_SpringElectionCandidates . xlsx 992.79 KB 2015_SpringElectionReferenda . xlsx 29.25 KB Amended Candidates on Ballot_4 . 7 . 2015 Spring Election and Special Election . pdf 67.42 KB Candidates on Ballot_2 . 17 . 2015 Spring & Special Primary . pdf 41.75 KB Nomination Papers by receipt number 1 . 12 . 2015 . PDF 99.53 KB Supplemental Nomination Papers 1 . 12 . 2015 . PDF 71.23 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2015 ( 12.29.14 ) .pdf 17.86 KB Offices to be Elected_Spring 2015 ( 11.28.14 ) .pdf 10.18 KB Type A Notice - Spring 2015 Amended ( 11.28.14 ) .pdf 68.03 KB 2015 Spring Candidates Contact Information . xlsx 21.86 KB Muni & Multi Judges SEI Status 2015 as of 1 - 9 FINAL . xlsx 23.84 KB Spring 2014 Election Spring Election : Tuesday , April 1 , 2014 State offices elected included Court of Appeals Districts 1 , 2 and 4 ; and Circuit Court . Click here for official results . Spring Primary : Tuesday , February 18 , 2014 Click here for official results Notification of Non - Candidacy ( GAB - 163 ) A list of incumbent officials who have filed a Notification of Non - Candidacy indicating that they will not seek reelection at the 2014 Spring Election is attached below . The list will be updated as notices are filed . The deadline for filing is December 27 , 2013 . As of December 27 , one incumbent has filed a GAB - 163 . All other incumbents have registered to run for the seats they currently hold . Deadlines for Getting on the Ballot The first day to circulate nomination papers was December 1 , 2013 . The deadline to file nomination papers and other ballot access documents was 5 : 00 p.m. on Tuesday , January 7 , 2014 . The Government Accountability Board certified candidates for the Spring Primary and Spring Election at the Board meeting on January 14 , 2014 . Amended Candidates on Ballot_04 . 01 . 2014 Spring Election ( rev . 2.28.14 ) . .PDF 56.75 KB Candidates on Ballot_04 . 01 . 2014 Spring Election ( rev . 1.23.14 ) . .PDF 55.34 KB Candidates on Ballot_02 . 18 . 2014 Spring Primary . PDF 37.49 KB Candidates Registered - 04.01.2014 Spring Election ( 01.10.14 4pm ) .PDF 59.61 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2014 - FINAL . pdf 6.97 KB Supplemental Nomination Paper Tracking 04.01.2014 Spring Election ( as of 1.7.14 5pm ) .PDF 69.55 KB Nomination Paper Tracking 04.01.2014 Spring Election ( as of 1.10.14 4pm ) .PDF 84.17 KB 2014 Spring Election - Offices to be Elected ( 02.10.14 ) .pdf 10.65 KB Muni & Multi Juris Judges who have filed SEI 2014 ( as of 1.10.2014 ) .xlsx 25.14 KB PollingPlaces_2014SpringPrimary . xlsx 92.95 KB 2014_SpringElection_PollingPlaces . xlsx 427.15 KB Fall 2014 General Election Disclaimer : The Voter Photo ID Law is in effect as of April 2015 . The documents in this communication may contain outdated information on the Voter Photo ID Law . The Government Accountability Board has certified official results of the November 4 , 2014 General Election . Official results are available here Statewide Transporation Fund Referendum Approved Voters approved a statewide referendum about creation of a Transportation Fund on the ballot . . Click here for an explanation of the referendum . Lists of Candidates and Referendum Questions The most current lists of Candidates on the Ballot Registered Write - in Candidates and referendum questions ( 2014 General Referendums ) are attached below . The Excel spreadsheet below contains a list of all candidates for the 2014 General Election , with contact information based on their campaign committees and declaration of candidacy forms . Approved write - in candidates will not appear on the ballot but their votes will be tallied and listed separately on the canvass . This election is for Governor , Lt . Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Treasurer , Representative in Congress , State Senator ( odd - numbered districts ) Representatives to the Assembly ( all districts ) . County offices up for election are Sheriff , Clerk of Circuit Court and Coroner ( where applicable ) . Reporting Units and Polling Places Attached below are three spreadsheets containing information about reporting units and polling places that may be helpful to news media covering the election and other interested groups who may be tracking election results . 2014 GENERAL ELECTION Candidates on Ballot as of 09 - 05 - 2014 . PDF 101.13 KB Certification of Independent Candidates for 11 - 4 - 2014 . pdf 18.13 KB Offices to be Elected Fall 2014 . pdf 75.66 KB 2014 General Election Candidate Contact Information_SVRS and CFIS combined . xlsx 81.53 KB 2014GeneralReferendums . xlsx 35.68 KB 2013 Enrolled Joint Resolution 1 . pdf 29.17 KB 2014GeneralElection_ReportingUnits . xlsx 151.09 KB ReportingUnitsWithDistricts_2014General . xlsx 200.02 KB 2014GeneralElectionPollingPlacesByWard_20141014 . xlsx 418.7 KB Photo ID Not Required . pdf 84.93 KB Registered write - in candidates list ( as of 11.03.14 1145 am ) docx . pdf 44.2 KB Registered write - in candidates list ( as of 11.03.14 0500pm ) .pdf 44.13 KB Fall 2014 Primary Election Partisan Primary : Tuesday , Aug . 12 , 2014 . NEW : PRIMARY RESULTS Candidate Lists The most current lists are attached below . These lists reflect the ballot access decisions of the Government Accountability Board at its June 10 , 2014 meeting . The Excel spreadsheet ( first docement in the list below ) contains a list of all candidates for the 2014 Partisan Primary and General Election , with contact information based on their campaign committees and declaration of candidacy forms . This document combines information from the Campaign Finance Information System ( CFIS ) and the Statewide Voter Registration System ( SVRS ) . Federal candidates are not required to file campaign finance reports with the G.A.B. , but their campaign information should be available through the Federal Elections Commission website : http : / / fec . gov . Candidates with a filing status listed of " Approved " will appear on the 2014 Partisan Primary ballots . Candidates with a filing status listed as " Deferred - Independent " will appear on the General Election ballots . Approved write - in candidates will not appear on the ballot but their votes will be tallied and listed separately on the canvass . Statewide Referendum There will be a statewide referendum on the ballot at the General Election on November 4 , 2014 . The referendum is the result of 2013 Enrolled Joint Resolution 1 , which is attached below . State offices to be elected include Governor , Lt . Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Treasurer , Representative in Congress , State Senator ( odd - numbered districts ) Representatives to the Assembly ( all districts ) . County offices up for election are Sheriff , Clerk of Circuit Court and Coroner ( where applicable ) . County candidates file with their County Clerk or the Milwaukee County Election Commission . The first day to circulate nomination papers was April 15 , 2014 . The deadline to file nomination papers and other ballot access documents was June 2 , 2014 . Learn more here about getting on the ballot . Nomination Paper Challenges Click here for important information for challengers and challenged candidates regarding nomination papers . Notification of Noncandidacy A list of officials who have filed a Notification of Non - Candidacy indicating they will not seek reelection is attached below . The deadline for filing this notification is May 23 , 2014 . 2014_PartisanPrimary_CombinedCandidateList . xlsx 78.6 KB Candidates on Ballot_08 . 12 . 2014 Partisan Primary ( posted 06.11.14 ) .PDF 114.55 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Fall 2014 ( FINAL as of 5.23.14 5pm . ) .pdf 83.79 KB Offices to be Elected_Fall 2014 ( posted 12.30.13 ) .pdf 75.66 KB Candidates Registered - 08.12.2014 Partisan Primary ( 06.11.2014 0936am ) .PDF 150.24 KB Nomination Paper Tracking - 08.12.2014 Partisan Primary ( 06.11.2014 0938am ) .PDF 182.73 KB Supplemental Nomination Paper Tracking 08.12.2014 Partisan Primary ( as of 6.11.14 0939am ) .PDF 110.31 KB PollingPlaces_2014PartisanPrimary . xlsx 431.58 KB Certification of Independent Candidates for 11 . 4 . pdf 18.13 KB 2013 Enrolled joint resolution 1 . pdf 29.17 KB Registered Write - in List ( as of 08.11.14 ) .pdf 69.84 KB Fall 2014 General Election Disclaimer : The Voter Photo ID Law is in effect as of April 2015 . The documents in this communication may contain outdated information on the Voter Photo ID Law . The Government Accountability Board has certified official results of the November 4 , 2014 General Election . Official results are available here Statewide Transporation Fund Referendum Approved Voters approved a statewide referendum about creation of a Transportation Fund on the ballot . . Click here for an explanation of the referendum . Lists of Candidates and Referendum Questions The most current lists of Candidates on the Ballot Registered Write - in Candidates and referendum questions ( 2014 General Referendums ) are attached below . The Excel spreadsheet below contains a list of all candidates for the 2014 General Election , with contact information based on their campaign committees and declaration of candidacy forms . Approved write - in candidates will not appear on the ballot but their votes will be tallied and listed separately on the canvass . This election is for Governor , Lt . Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Treasurer , Representative in Congress , State Senator ( odd - numbered districts ) Representatives to the Assembly ( all districts ) . County offices up for election are Sheriff , Clerk of Circuit Court and Coroner ( where applicable ) . Reporting Units and Polling Places Attached below are three spreadsheets containing information about reporting units and polling places that may be helpful to news media covering the election and other interested groups who may be tracking election results . 2014 GENERAL ELECTION Candidates on Ballot as of 09 - 05 - 2014 . PDF 101.13 KB Certification of Independent Candidates for 11 - 4 - 2014 . pdf Offices to be Elected Fall 2014 . pdf 2014 General Election Candidate Contact Information_SVRS and CFIS combined . xlsx 81.53 KB 2014GeneralReferendums . xlsx 35.68 KB 2013 Enrolled Joint Resolution 1 . pdf 2014GeneralElection_ReportingUnits . xlsx 151.09 KB ReportingUnitsWithDistricts_2014General . xlsx 200.02 KB 2014GeneralElectionPollingPlacesByWard_20141014 . xlsx 418.7 KB Photo ID Not Required . pdf 84.93 KB Registered write - in candidates list ( as of 11.03.14 1145 am ) docx . pdf 44.2 KB Registered write - in candidates list ( as of 11.03.14 0500pm ) .pdf 44.13 KB Spring 2013 Election Election Day is Tuesday , April 2 , 2013 In - person absentee ( early ) voting in your clerk ' s office is from March 18 to 29 , 2013 . What ' s on the Ballot ? State offices to be elected : Everyone votes for Superintendent of Public Instruction and Supreme Court Justice . Many parts of the state will vote for Court of Appeals and Circuit Court judges . Click Candidates on Ballot attachement below for the full list . Local offices to be elected : Many cities , villages and towns have elections for mayors , council members and board members . Many school districts have elections for school board members . Visit MyVote . WI . gov for local races . State Assembly District 98 : There is a Special Election to fill a vacant State Assembly seat in Waukesha County , which is being held at the same time as the 2013 Spring Election . Spring Primary : Tuesday , February 19 , 2013 . The G.A.B. certified primary results March 6 , 2013 . View Primary Results Here Please see the Notificiation of Noncandidacy list attached below for officeholders who are not seeking re - election . Candidates on Ballot_4 . 2 . 2013 spring election & Assembly 98 Special Election . PDF 52.67 KB Offices to be Elected @ 2013 Spring_FINAL . pdf 7.73 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List - Spring 2013 FINAL . pdf 7.45 KB Supplemental Nomination Paper Tracking 4.2.13 election ( 1.2.2013 - 710pm FINAL ) .PDF 62.22 KB Statement of Economic Interests - Muni Multi Juris Judges filed 2013 . pdf ( FINAL ) 63.4 KB Candidates Registered - 4.2.2013 Spring Election FINAL . PDF 57.66 KB Candidates on Ballot_2 . 19 . 2013 Primary . PDF 42.23 KB Fall 2012 General Election This General Election held Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 was for President , U.S. Senator , U.S. Representative , even - numbered Wisconsin State Senate seats , all Wisconsin Assembly seats , and all District Attorneys . Click Here for Official Election Results Offices Up For Election in Fall 2012 See the " Candidates on Ballot " attachment below for a list of all candidates . Candidates on Ballot_11 . 6 . 12 Election . PDF 135.53 KB 2012 Presidential Electors - - Republican and Democratic . pdf 117.46 KB 2012_PresidentialGeneralElection_PollingPlacesByWard . xlsx 390.44 KB 2012 Spring Election and Presidential Preference Primary The Spring Election and Presidential Preference Primary was be held April 3 , 2012 . Click here for results The Spring Primary was held Tuesday , February 21 , 2012 . Click here for results . April 3 2012 Presidential Preference Primary Candidates . pdf 20.44 KB Candidates on Ballot Spring 2012 Primary . pdf 42.63 KB OFFICES TO BE ELECTED AT 2012 SPRING ELECTION . pdf 8.96 KB Nomination Paper Tracking Spring 2012 ( as of deadline ) .pdf 89.12 KB Supplemental Nomination Paper Tracking Spring 2012 ( as of deadline ) .PDF 63.93 KB Notification of Noncandidacy List Spring 2012 Final . doc 32 KB Municipal Courts All Candidates Filed SEI Spring 12 . pdf ( as of deadline - updated 1.24.12 ) 65.48 KB All Candidates Registered Spring 2012 ( FINAL ) .PDF 69.22 KB Candidates on Ballot 4.3.12 post primary_final . PDF 63.54 KB Fall 2012 Partisan Primary The Partisan Primary was held Tuesday , August 14 , 2012 . Results were certified August 28 , 2012 . See the " Candidates on the Ballot " attachment below to see a list of all the candidates . Partisan Primary Results Incumbents who have Filed Notification of Noncandidacy for Fall 2012 Candidates on Ballot 08.14.12 Partisan Primary_Assm 22 correction . PDF 151.36 KB Candidates Registered for 8.14.2012 primary_update 6.08.12 . post challenge . PDF 188.42 KB Nomination Paper Tracking 8.14.2012 Primary_update 06.08.12_post challenge . pdf 218.14 KB Supplemental Nomination Paper Tracking 8.14.12 ( updated 06 . 04 . 12_730pm ) .PDF 98.1 KB Certification of Independent Candidates for November 6 , 2012 General Election . pdf 18.98 KB Presidential Candidates Registered_11 . 6 . 2012 ( 8.29.12 ) .PDF 38.13 KB Spring 2011 Election Cycle Spring Election Results Certified results from the April 5 , 2011 , non - partisan election for county Circuit Court Judge . Official recount results from the election for Supreme Court Justice and Sheboygan County Circuit Court Judge . Spring Primary Election Results Certified results from the February 15 , 2011 , non - partisan primary for Supreme Court Justice and for county Circuit Court Judge . All Candidates Registered This PDF report will be updated regularly . For up - to - the - minute information about who has registered , please use the Campaign Finance Information System . Click on " View Registrants " to search . All Offices up for Election Lists the offices are up for election in 2011 , along with the names of the incumbents . Notification of Non - Candidacy List of incumbents who have filed form GAB - 163 stating that they are not running for re - election . Fall 2010 Election Cycle Election Results : November 2 , 2010 General Election - - Official Results NEW ! September 14 , 2010 Partisan Primary Election - - Official Results Recounts : September 14 , 2010 Partisan Primary November 2 , 2010 General Election Offices up for Election Lists the offices are up for election in 2010 , along with the names of the incumbents . Type A Notice of 2010 Fall General Election Notification of Non - Candidacy List of incumbents who have filed form GAB - 163 stating that they are not running for re - election . List of State Candidates The official lists of which candidates have registered with the Government Accountability Board . | [
"Wisconsin state elections",
"Constitutional Amendment"
] |
http://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1914-andrew-fisher | Joseph Cook 1914 Andrew Fisher Andrew Fisher Australian Labor Party Delivered at Bundaberg , Qld , July 6th , 1914 The election was held on 5 September , 1914 . This was the first election resulting from a double dissolution of Parliament . The election was overshadowed by the outbreak of the First World War . Prime Minister Joseph Cook proposed bringing in a new voting system of preferential voting for the House of Representatives and proportional representation in the Senate . During the election campaign Fisher uttered his famous line supporting the British war effort ‘ … to the last man and last shilling . ’ Fisher won the election comfortably , with Labor winning 42 seats and the Liberal Party 32 seats in the House of Representatives . The conduct of the war now became the primary focus for the Fisher government . Andrew Fisher , National Library of Australia Andrew Fisher was born 29 August 1862 and died 22 October , 1928 . Fisher was the Prime Minister of Australia on three separate occasions : 13 November , 1908 to 2 June , 1909 ; 29 April , 1910 to 24 June , 1913 ; and 17 September , 1914 to 27 October , 1915 . He was the Leader of the Australian Labor Party . Fisher represented the electorate of Wide Bay , Queensland 1901 to 1915 . Elections contested 1910 1913 , and 1914 Open discussion in Parliament has revealed to the public the shameless character of the Government in financial matters . When the Treasurer made a financial statement on June 11 he stated that he estimated to close the financial year 19 days later with a surplus of £ 824,305 . When he made that statement he knew that he had spent £ 1,819,000 more than the revenue he received . In the discussion that followed the naked truth was revealed that he had no surplus ; but that did not deter the Prime Minister from going to Tamworth afterwards and stating The demand for a frank statement of the financial position joined in by a portion of the press became so persistent that the facts could not longer be safely withheld . In a statement made a fortnight later , Sir John Forrest made a clean breast of it , and admitted he had not only spent all his income for the year , but had also spent in addition £ 1,819,000 of the 2,643,205 surplus ( audited ) left by the Fisher Government . Since then the Treasurer has issued a final statement in which he shows that his expenditure When the Government could no longer hide their financial nakedness behind bluff and shuffling assertions , the Treasurer admitted his financial difficulties for the future , and cheerfully met them with the bold declaration , “ the coast is clear for borrowing , and we can afford to pay the interest . ” In the words of a young and indiscreet supporter , this is the keynote of the Cook Government ’ s future financial policy – ‘ the coast is now clear for borrowing . ’ Now the surplus is out of the way , all is plain sailing The announcement by the Treasurer shortly before the Parliament closed that it was the intention of the Cook Government to borrow money to pay for the defence of Australia demands the attention of all patriotic citizens . It is a policy which leads to disaster and ruin . It offends against the sound principle that in peaceful times the cost of defending a country shall be provided out of that country ’ s revenue . For , if our credit is pledged in time of peace and prosperity , we shall have no reserve nor resources in time of danger The great vital problems that confront us in Australia today are principally these : - industrial unrest ; increase cost of living ; operations of trusts and combines . They are interactionary both in their relationship and their effect . They are not peculiar to Australia . Their effect is felt around all civilized nations . They can not be ignored . They must be faced , and dealt with . The Labour party is anxious to deal with them . I believe it is the only political party that can deal with them . To that end we have repeatedly advised the people of Australia in their own interests and for their own protection to give to the Federal Parliament the increased powers mentioned in the Referendum Bills . It may not have been a popular action , considered The Fusion Government does not believe in dealing with these great questions . They will not submit proposals to the people for the necessary amendments in the Constitution . Mr . Good said in Parliament that he did not believe in such amendments . He has refused to permit the Governor General to exercise the power vested in him by section 128 of the Constitution , and grant the request of the Senate that the six Referendum Bills be again submitted for your decision . Mr . Cook said on July 17 that infinite injury would be done to the Industrial unrest is worldwide . It is dominated by high prices and low wages . What we desire is industrial peace – the removal of the causes of unrest and the provision of the means for the settlement of disputes when they arise . It is a tribute to the working man of Australia that since the establishment of the Arbitration Court there is no record of a case in which its award has been disobeyed by them . The cost of living has increased all over the world . Our opponents tried at least election to persuade you that the Labour party is to blame with its policy of fair wages for all ; that the rise of wages has occasioned the rise in cost of living . We shall see how utterly false this is . In no country but Australia has there been a Labour Government . In no other country , except New Zealand , are there Arbitration Courts and wages boards . In Canada there are no Arbitration Courts , no wages boards , wages boards and Arbitration Courts have done very little to raise wages . They merely act ( he says ) to register the gradual improvement that arises from other conditions . Although the cost of living has not risen here as it has done in certain other parts of the world , everyone knows that in the past few years , it has exhibited a decided upward tendency , which has affected the pockets of most of the electors . The latest bulletin issued by the Commonwealth Statistician , in June of this year , shows that in the proceeding quarter the cost of living ( groceries , food and rent ) had appreciably increased in all States but Western Australia . In that State strenuous efforts are being made by This increase has not arisen from the operations of wages boards and Arbitration Courts . It has not arisen from a shortage of production , for we have never been blessed with more prosperity in this country than during the past five years . It can only have arisen from an interference with the supply , both at its source ad during its passage to the consumer . Trusts , combines , and monopolies are the objects at which you must direct your efforts to bring down the increasing burden . The Labour party will aid you . It asks Few thinking people now deny the existence of trusts and combines in our modern life . In America the trusts control not only the greater part of the industries and trade , but exercise an insidious control over the institutions of government . They influence legislators , judges , and the press . They have been described as : greater than the Government ; greater than courts or judges ; greater than legislatures ; superior to and independent of all authority of State or nation . In a country of law they exist , and proceed in defiance of law . Of one trust alone it is said : Its operations have impoverished or ruined farmers and stockmen , destroyed millions of investments , precipitated strikes , and annihilated industries . Such is the Beef Trust of America which in five years doubled the price of meat to the consumer , and in the same period reduced the price of cattle to the producer by 18 per cent . This trust consists or did recently – of Swift , Morris , Armour , and the National Packing Company . Day after day these four firms fixed the price at which cattle should be purchased from the farmer . There was but one market , and but one bidder . They fixed the price at which the dressed beef should be sold That trust is now here . Mr . Cook admits it is here . You have felt the result already . We want to deal with that and all other combinations acting , or likely to act , detrimentally to the people ’ s interests . Your State Parliament can not do anything effective . Yet the Commonwealth Parliament is so shackled by the Constitution that any action must prove abortive . It must have occurred to the primary producers that something is wrong with the commercial condition of this country , when , amidst the accumulation of great wealth , their share is at least not increasing , while their struggle for subsistence is becoming keener . Statisticians try to show us what a progressive people we are , and how we accumulate wealth . But the question most often discussed in the homes is one of a different kind . It is not how much we can put aside for sickness and old age ; it is relatively how people We propose to establish a line of steamers between the mainland and Tasmania and also overseas . The latter should be of increased speed , with resultant advantage to the passengers , shippers , and the general public alike . Fierce and unfair criticisms of State enterprises has too long deferred a progressive people from taking steps to protect their own interests against overcharges and monopolistic influences . There is abundant evidence of the value of State enterprises , especially in the direction of production of agricultural implements in Western Australia , and the more considerate treatment accorded to the The policy of the Labour party has been and is along the lines of the new protection . Since our appeals to the electors for power to give effect to that policy have been twice refused , and recognising that many industries can not exist , much less prosper , without effective protection , we pledge ourselves , if returned to power , to amend the tariff during the first session of the new Parliament to give effective protection to Australian industries . It is rather an interesting fact that in my first Federal electoral address in 1901 I advocated an amendment of the Constitution providing for – ( a ) the initiative ; and ( b ) substitution of a national referendum for the double dissolution and settlement of deadlocks between the two Houses in relation to matters affecting the Constitution . In my policy speech at Maryborough last year I indicated the proposals of the Labour party with regard to the initiative and referendum . We still stand by that policy . We propose , if returned to power , to introduce without delay a measure to provide the machinery whereby a prescribed number of electors may request the Parliament to legislate in a certain direction . Such proposed law , or others originating in the usual way in the Parliament , shall , upon the number of electors so requesting in the prescribed way , be submitted to the people People ’ s ideas of what the Constitution meant , and what the Government declared and said have been diametrically opposite ; and now on top of it all we have a strained and strange interpretation , which results in the demand that power be given to the people directly to so adjust the Constitution as to make it accord with their views as to what it should be . Notwithstanding its drawbacks , we look upon arbitration as a civilised system of obtaining justice between all citizens with the minimum disturbance of industrial relationship and the minimum of distress . The present position is intolerable , approaching robbery of hardly - earned money . Our aim is industrial peace . But to delay justice is to deny it . Uncertain law is no law . The present “ Serbonian bog of legal technicalities ” ruins the unions and is a mockery of justice . To rob the workers of their strenuous earnings in order that they may win through The High Court has recently decided that part of the Arbitration Act providing for industrial agreements and their enforcement does not cover agreements between employers and employed , fixing wages , hours , and conditions of work . Amendments must be made to provide for such agreements which make for industrial peace . Referring to the sugar industry , Mr . Fisher said he had no reason to depart from his views expressed at Bundaberg five years ago , which he stated were on the lines that justice could not be done to any or all of the parties unless the Commonwealth Parliament had powers sufficient to enable it to appoint a tribunal competent to say what was the value of the labour put into the sugar product before it reached the consumer – of the worker , of the grower , the raw miller , the refiner ; and the intermediates who Launched amidst the croakings of financial pessimists , the Commonwealth Bank has amply justified its existence . Against its first half - year ’ s operations were debited the whole expenses of commencing business . The governor did not attempt to outbid the other financial institutions in order to attract business . In my opinion , he acted with discretion in seeking to build up a National bank that ultimately should be the bank of banks within the Commonwealth . It has never been a subject of pleasant consideration for the Fusion party . They opposed its creation . They In the Savings Bank Branch there are deposits to the extent of about £ 4,000,000 . This success only makes Mr . Cook , Sir William Irvine , and Sir John Forrest angry . Sir John Forrest at Brisbane in 1907 said to the Premiers : “ A Commonwealth Savings Bank would be a splendid thing ” . Sir John Forrest in Melbourne in 1914 says to the Premiers : “ I do n ’ t believe in it ” . The attitude of the Cook Ministry at the 1914 conference was that of a woman endeavouring to lose her ( a ) the Commonwealth General Bank ; ( b ) the Commonwealth Savings Bank ; © the State Savings bank ; on terms which would be beneficial to all three and to the people alike . He held that the more facilities there were offered the people to save money the better for the community generally . He further made the States an offer for the amalgamation of the Commonwealth and State Savings Banks on practically the same terms as those which I offered in 1912 . If we are to believe the statements made by the Premiers of New South Wales and Victoria , the competition of the Commonwealth Bank enterprise in the Savings Bank Department has been beneficial to them rather than the reverse . I am totally opposed to the Government ’ s proposal to do away with the Commonwealth Savings Bank . I submit that the proposal I made to the Premiers in 1912 is equitable as between the Commonwealth and the States representing the same people via an amalgamation of the Commonwealth and State Savings Banks on equal terms of participation in capital and profit ; each State to retain all its current investments , and also to have first call on three - fourths of any further deposits in that State available for investments , as regards the remaining one - We have always been in favour of an Advisory Board , consisting of representatives from each State and one from the Commonwealth to sit from time to time , and advise the governor of the Bank on financial matters of the Commonwealth and the States , conditional upon the Governor having a casting vote . I placed this before the Premiers at the 1912 conference , and repeated it again and again in Parliament . The principle of the amalgamation would not in any way interfere with the present arrangements of Credit Fenciers , Agricultural Banks , or agencies for The policy of an Australian - owned , manned and controlled Navy , initiated by the Labour party , will be developed along the lines laid down should we be returned to power . Our party has also initiated the policy of local construction , and will continue to extend that policy . Action will be taken to overcome the results of the policy of procrastination and delay in these matters that has so characterised the administration of our opponents . In 1910 we repealed the Naval Loan Act passed by the Fusion Government , and met all obligations for naval expenditure out of revenue . We are still relentlessly opposed to borrowing for defence . We believe that a sea defence is an essential part of the defence force ; and that whatever the size of the navy , it must be efficient , i.e. , the best of its kind . But it must be limited in time of peace by the amount of money available for the purpose out of our annual revenue . He charged the Liberal Administration with creating trouble in the Navy . He was not quite sure , he said , whether it was not attempting to undermine the principle of an Australian owned and manned Navy . The universal military training scheme set going during our administration is giving good results to the nation . A careful watch will have to be set on expenditure under this head , and every endeavour made to see that money is not frittered away on things that are not essential . In regard to the cadet training between the ages of 14 and 18 years some alteration is necessary . It must be emphatically laid down that harsh treatment is to be avoided , and the greatest consideration given to youths as regards loss of work time , and the The facts are that the Fusion Government of 1909 provided that cadets should go to gaol . The Fisher Government altered the law to provide that instead of gaol places of military detention should be substituted . The only places available were the barracks in the capital cities and the quarters at fortresses . Let me say that no case of solitary confinement ever came under the notice of Senator Pearce when in office , and there were no regulations to provide for that punishment . We shall endeavour to see that no variation of the sentence imposed by the I come now to old - age pensions . They have ever been barely tolerated by the reactionary Fusion party in control of the Government . Sir William Irvine is responsible for a remarkable statement , made publicly on May 16 , 1912 . he is reported to have used these words : - He would regard it as a national calamity if the principle of providing for the aged destitute by gratuitous doles from the public Treasury of Australia were to be made a permanent part of our policy . And the statement was received with approving applause by several hundred ladies and the few gentlemen who were reported to have been present at St . Kilda to support the Conservative idol . The Labour party , which has extended powerful support at all times to this measure , will maintain it intact . But there is another aspect which appeals to us . During recent years invalid and old - age pensioners have suffered , with other citizens , from the increased cost of living . Their appeal from relief and assistance can be made only to Parliament . Among the large number of Acts passed by the Fisher Government was one which made provision for payment of a maternity allowance of £ 5 to any mother who applied for it . Its object is to protect mothers from the fear of misery and want at that period of their lives . The Fusion party are opposed to the maternity allowance . One section led by Sir William Irvine , says that it “ saps the moral fibre of the nation , ” and in keeping with such views , sneer at it as a ‘ baby bonus ’ The saddest things in human life are orphan children . Their fateful misfortunes have in all ages enlisted the sympathy of the benevolent and charitable . They are innocent of their condition . They will always be with us . Yet provision for their care and welfare remains today an unsolved problem . While fully appreciating all the steps that have been taken by State and private benevolence , the question demands permanent and satisfactory solution in a young country like Australia . It is a national undertaking , and provision should be made for it by the Commonwealth . We believe that the question of the adoption of a uniform railway gauge for Australia is an urgent one . A uniform gauge would effect economy in rolling stock , and in expense necessitated at every break . It would tend to the comfort and convenience of passengers . It would encourage traffic through improved facilities being offered . Above all , it is of paramount necessity for the expeditious transport of our military forces in time of war or emergency . A conference of railway engineers of all States except Tasmania in 1912 emphasised the fact that the longer Since I last spoke on this question , however , Mr Cook has been to a conference with the Premiers . As a result we are no further forward . The Cook Government has turned its back on this great national work . It accepted a resolution of the conference that the question be referred to the Interstate Commission for report whether it is desirable to adopt a uniform gauge ; if so , when and what gauge should be adopted ? Also how , the cost is to be apportioned . Mr Cook , speaking of this decision said We are in favour of a uniform gauge from Fremantle to Townsville . It is an urgent necessity for reasons of economy , transport and effective defence . During our term of office we gave careful consideration to the question of reciprocal trade relations with New Zealand , Canada and other Dominions . We are fully in favour of such a course , and of every means being established which will draw closer together – both socially and commercially – the great self - government Dominions within the Empire . The matter was advanced by us with Ministers from New Zealand and Canada . The Cook Government apparently has done nothing in that direction , however , if the Labour party be returned to power , we shall enter into negotiations with a view to bringing the proposals to fruition . The Labour party regards the health of the people as of paramount importance . It announced prior to the 1913 elections that it would set aside a considerable sum for the purpose . The Cook Government has done nothing in this direction , but we shall , if returned to power , provide funds for the prevention and cure of cancer , consumption and the red plague . The State - owned Pacific cable is dependent upon private lines across the Atlantic . These effectually prevent any adequate cheapening of the cost of cable communication with Europe . We are in favour of a State - owned Atlantic line being laid down , and shall vigorously pursue that policy . A general insurance law has been long needed . The Labour party in the Senate this session introduced as a private measure a measure of this character to ensure uniform protection of funds , and prevent abuses . It is an important matter , and will have the close attention of the Labour party . We aim also at establishing a Commonwealth Government Insurance Department . This is a somewhat new departure in Australia , but has rendered good public service in other parts of the world , and will probably benefit the people of Australia . A Bankruptcy Bill providing for uniform law and administration through Australia formed part of our policy at last election . Such a bill has been introduced in the Senate as a private measure by a member of the Labour party this session . If we are returned to power , this matter will be earnestly supported by our party . The establishment of a Commonwealth Public Service superannuation scheme on a sound financial basis is desirable at an early date in the interests of those immediately concerned . In my opinion the management of it should be undertaken by the government which should guarantee its permanence and stability . Any legislation necessary for that purpose will have my support . Topics defence economy industrial relations social security Download PDF ( The Sydney Morning Herald , The Age and The Brisbane Courier ) | [
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] |
http://electric-cloud.com/plugins/continuous-integration/ | Get Started Contact Us Blog Skip to content Products How We Help Customers Resources Company Back to Plugins Overview Continuous Integration Best Practices : Vision and Reality Are you really practicing the principles of Continuous Integration ? Martin Fowler defined the basic principles of continuous integration in his article Continuous Integration from back in 2006 . These principles have become “ THE ” set of Continuous Integration best practices , and provide the framework for a huge CI community out there , which , by and large , believes in these principles . But when it comes to the real - world , are we actually practicing them ? And if not , why ? For over a decade , Electric Cloud has helped some of the largest development organizations in the world ( including SpaceX , GAP , Qualcomm , Cisco and GE ) manage build automation , continuous integration and continuous delivery projects . We ’ ve seen how CI is practiced , and have helped many development teams optimize CI pipelines that have broken down . So we can offer a unique perspective , not on how CI should be done , but how it is actually done , and how far we still are from the vision presented by Fowler in 2006 . Think you ’ re doing Continuous Integration ? Let ’ s see , shall we … The Wikipedia article “ Continuous Integration ” – which is a more recent summary of Martin Fowler ’ s original article – list these principles for Continuous Integration : Maintain a code repository Automate the build Make the build self - testing Everyone commits to the baseline every day Every commit ( to baseline ) should be built Keep the build fast Test in a clone of the production environment Make it easy to get the latest deliverables Everyone can see the results of the latest build Automate deployment How Do We Score ? Based on what we ’ re seeing in the industry , let ’ s review the current state of the art , or how well do we adhere to CI best practices . Best Practice 1 : Maintain a Code Repository The Vision There should be a revision control system for the project ’ s source code . All artifacts required to build the project should be placed in the repository . The system should be buildable from a fresh checkout and not require additional dependencies . Branching should be minimized – the mainline / trunk should be the place for the working version of the software , and all changes should preferably be integrated there . The Reality – Avg . Score : A ( Good ) This is a principle the community has managed to implement consistently . Most developers today commit to a central repository . However , with regard to branching , the theory does not hold up to reality . In giants like Google , Facebook or Amazon , everyone commits to the main branch and there is ongoing development of one main codebase . But in most organizations , it ’ s simply not possible to perform all changes on one branch : It ’ s often necessary to stop work on a release , stabilize and ship it , while another part of the team starts working on the next release . Customers will typically demand that you support , and fix bugs for old versions of the software , or they will not accept new versions of the software “ pushed ” to them . These typical scenarios , and many others , often force software companies to develop on several branches in parallel . What Can We Do to Improve ? Having seen so many CI scenarios in which branching was unavoidable , we ca n ’ t agree that “ branching is evil ” . Branching is often necessary in real - life development , and recognizing this , we need tools and processes that will help us manage it correctly . The classic challenge of branching is “ merge hell ” in which much development work goes into synchronizing the changes of the new release branch with the main branch . This problem can be minimized by making releases shorter , as has become customary in agile . Another issue is that multiple branches require multiple builds , sometimes with different automatic build configurations . Merging the release branch back into the trunk is not just a matter of merging the code – you also need to make sure that new build artifacts , changes to build scripts , etc . are merged . This is a weak spot , which often results in broken builds and unanticipated integration issues . Best Practice 2 : Automate the Build and Deployment The Vision A single command should have the capability of building the system . Automation of the build should include automating the integration , and preferably running a script after the build ends , which deploys the software into a production - like environment . The build script should not only compile binaries , but also generate documentation , website pages , statistics and distribution media ( such as Red Hat RPM or Windows MSI files ) . The Reality – Score B ( Satisfactory ) Today ’ s build systems are capable of building complex software components automatically , generating documentation , distribution media etc . , and also “ deploying ” , but only in the sense of placing the files on a designated network location . Does this pass as an “ automatic build ” according to CI best practices ? Maybe , but only for an application running on one machine . As soon as additional machines are involved , the paradigm starts to break down . Take a simple client - server architecture , with a server and two flavors of a client , one running on Linux and one on Windows . One way to automate this build is to use a tool like Jenkins to build all three components ( server , client A and client B ) , and place them somewhere on the network . Then , someone has to manually take each of the three tiers and install it on the relevant server – but this breaks the requirement for automation . A more sophisticated method is to use three instances of a build server like Jenkins to build each of the components , and save each of them to the correct machine in your testing or production environment . But this introduces more challenges : Now you have three different build configurations to maintain . Given that branching is common , this could quickly multiply to dozens of builds , even in this small setup . There is a cost to managing dozens of build configurations . But beyond that cost , because of the complexity and the typically large number of artifacts ( some of which are shared between the builds and some of which are unique ) , there will inevitably be errors that lead to broken builds – again requiring manual intervention . Deployment is not as trivial as placing files in a directory . For example , if your server component is based on the .NET framework , it will need to be pre - installed on the machine before the server itself is installed . And what if the target machine has a previous version of .NET ? Or if the previous version of the server has not been uninstalled ? And how can you make sure that the target machine for each of the clients actually has the right version of Windows or Linux ? Some of this can be The build script is expected to run all tests automatically . What if you want to test each of the clients ( Windows and Linux ) against the server ? Presumably the same test script will run on each client . If you deploy both clients and run the tests automatically , chances are that each client will make changes on the server , and these changes can create possible conflicts for the other client , which expects a certain initial state . What is needed in this case is to run a test on the first client , restore We ’ ve seen numerous “ points of failure ” in which even a simple 3 - part build will not be fully automated . Now imagine a web application with 3 web servers , a load balancer , an app server and a cluster of 3 database servers – in this slightly larger setup , all these issues are made exponentially worse . With today ’ s build tools it will be almost impossible to automate this 8 - part build , with full integration , deployment and testing , except with a heavy investment in scripting and manual maintenance , that most organizations will not wish to undertake What Can We Do to Improve ? A typical way to deal with this complexity is to “ do less stuff ” : run less automatic testing , install less components on CI and test environments , and handle production deployments manually , to make sure all components play well together . But all of these compromises take us further away from the original vision of CI . To eliminate the manual work that creeps into the build process , automated build systems need to learn a few new tricks : Build systems need to be able to manage both variations of the same build process , and shared components between different build processes . Otherwise you quickly end up with dozens or hundreds of build configurations , many of which are close duplicates or are inter - dependent . Build systems need to be aware of deployment semantics – what are the characteristics of the machines we are deploying to , and what does each component need in order to run properly . Build systems need to orchestrate deployments and testing in a more sophisticated manner – to enable scheduling and a sensible sequence of deployment and testing across multiple software components . Does your build system do all of that ? Best Practice 3 : Make the Build Self - Testing Once the code is built , all tests should run automatically to validate that the software behaves as the developers expect it to . The Reality – Score B ( Satisfactory ) In most CI setups , builds are run at several stages , for different types of builds : development builds are ran by developers while making changes to the code ; CI builds run frequently to synchronize changes between developers ; UAT / staging builds are ran to test an entire system on pre - production ; production builds ; and more . In reality , running “ all tests ” in all these types of builds is impractical : Many automated tests require deployment of the software into a production - like environment , which is labor - intensive to deploy numerous times a day , because deployment is complex and test environments are scarce . Some tests take a long time to run – browser / UI automation tests for example . Therefore , it ’ s very common that teams resort to nightly , or even less frequent builds , for the more complex testing . Some parts of the system are rarely touched and so will not be tested on a regular basis – for example , tests of the database schema are probably not needed if you ’ re not changing the schema in the current version . So while running “ all tests ” in all builds would be ideal , reality dictates that we prioritize testing and run certain types of tests in certain stages of the dev / test cycle . There are a few ways to achieve prioritized testing : Having one automated build process that runs only the basic set of tests , and trigger additional tests manually . Having several build configurations : one for a basic set of tests , one including some more tests , up to the full production build which includes all tests . These sets of tests create numerous builds that are using almost the same artifacts , creating duplication and room for error . Not to mention maintenance - hell . Also , this approach limits flexibility to some extent . For example , what if a developer wants to execute a specific automated UI test to see if a change broke the interface ? That will have to wait for later Given that some tests simply take a long time , or require complex setup , it ’ s inevitable that we prioritize tests and rarely run a build with “ all tests ” . The question is how difficult it is to set up this prioritization , and is it flexible enough to support decision making at different development stages . To improve our ability to prioritize tests , and thus enable us to run close to all the tests required in the current stage of development , the following innovations are needed : Build systems need to recognize that one build might have different testing configurations – so you should be able to run the build for System A with “ development tests ” , “ CI tests ” , “ UAT tests ” , “ Production tests ” etc . - without having to duplicate build configurations numerous times . Build systems need to provide flexibility to run tests as needed – a developer or build engineer should be able to “ make an exception ” and run additional tests , or less tests , balancing the need for information with the acceptable speed for the current build . Best Practice 4 : Fast Builds with Most Recent Changes To reduce the number of conflicting changes , developers should commit to the baseline every day . Checking - in a week ’ s worth of work runs the risk of conflicting with others ’ code and can be very difficult to resolve . By committing at least once a day , conflicts are quickly discovered and typically focus on a limited part of the system , and team members can communicate about their recent changes . As part of this process , every commit should be built , to review the impact of the changes on the system by the entire team . Builds should run at least nightly , preferably more frequently . To facilitate this , builds should run fast . The Reality – Score B ( Satisfactory ) The idea behind this principle is that the development team requires rapid feedback : what is the impact of the changes we have made , and have they broken anything ? The problem is that in order to really know if something is broken , you need to run a full battery of tests on production - like environments . The more tests you run , and the more production - like your environment setup is , the longer it will take the build to run , and the more manual work you ’ ll need in order to run As the graph shows , the length and complexity of the build increase exponentially with the comprehensiveness of tests you want to run . This places severe limitations on your ability to get high quality feedback frequently , as the best practice requires . We all run automated tests in almost all our builds . But those are typically the tests that are the easiest to automate . In our experience , tests that are harder to automate – and therefore are done much less frequently – are the ones that more closely simulate the real production environment , and so are most valuable for team . The earliest in the development stages that the team can receive this feedback - the better . . This one is pretty obvious – automate much more of the testing process and make it run faster . If we could run the complex tests , or even some of them , several times a day during a dev or CI build , the feedback provided to the dev and QA teams would improve dramatically . This can be done by a heavy investment in scripting – but those scripts will require tedious , and complex , maintenance every time your software or deployment environment change . There is a need for automated systems that are easier to set Best Practice 5 : Test in a Clone of the Production Environment Testing environment that differs from the Production one could lead – and often does lead – to software that tested successfully in QA but fails in Production . However , building a replica of a production environment is cost prohibitive . Instead , the pre - production environment should be built to be a scalable version of the actual production environment , to both alleviate costs while maintaining technology stack composition and nuances . The Reality – Score C ( Poor ) The concept of a “ pre - production environment ” is a useful one , but it breaks down in all but the simplest systems . A typical example is the database : in production you run with an Oracle database on a dedicated server , but in early dev and test everyone works with a MySQL database running locally . If you ’ ve heard the phrase “ it worked on my machine ” – that means someone is developing or testing in a different environment from the one used in production , which is almost always the case The problem is further compounded when the software runs on several platforms , or customers use different platforms to access it ( e.g. various mobile devices , operating systems and browsers ) . To discover defects effectively we would need to simulate all the production environments used by end users , requiring multiple build configurations and complex deployments – introducing manual effort . If they can fully test the customer ’ s production environments , most organizations will do so only very close to shipping the product . It will never be possible to fully simulate the production environment in all stages of the dev / test cycle , if it has any degree of complexity . But we can take steps to close the gap from “ my machine ” to that of the end user . CI systems need to be able to automatically deploy on more complex environments . Imagine that any developer could push a button and create three VMs on the fly , that have the exact same configuration as the production environment , with their three - tier web application installed on Best Practice 6 : Make it Easy to Get Latest Deliverables Builds should be readily available to stakeholders and testers , to reduce the amount of rework necessary when rebuilding a feature that does n ’ t meet requirements . Early testing should be done to reduce the chances that defects survive to deployment ; early discovery of errors can reduce the amount of work necessary to resolve them . The Reality – Score A ( Good ) Most development teams that have adopted CI use a central Artifact Repository . Builds are pushed to the repository automatically , and all team members have access to the latest builds . In our experience this works well – as long as the build runs relatively fast and subject to the extensiveness of tests that are run in the build . Artifact repositories make it possible for developers and testers to easily access the builds , discover problems early and react to them quickly . An important consideration is what happens in response to an issue with the build . When a build breaks , does everyone stop what they are doing and focus on solving the problem ? As teams adopt CI , they gradually learn to adapt work processes to the feedback received from the build system . It ’ s important to recognize that CI is not software in a box , but incorporates a way of thinking and eorking that people need to adapt to . It sometimes takes time until an entire team learns to react immediately , and in Best Practice 7 : Everyone Can See the Latest Build It should be easy to find out whether the build breaks and , if so , who made the relevant change . The Reality – Score A ( Good ) Most development teams have measures in place to push build feedback to team members so developers are aware if the build is red or green . Many organizations use email alerts , instant messaging , monitors in central locations that show the results of the latest builds , and so on . One important issue to note is that , as previously discussed , the more complex testing and deployments often tend to be done manually . If something is done manually , it ’ s not part of the build feedback loop . The QA team who ran the test will notify dev about the results , but it likely wo n ’ t be done automatically or be part of the closed - loop process for monitoring , notifications and shared visibility . CI Best Practices Made Easier : Electric Flow ElectricFlow is a suite of applications for build automation , build / test acceleration and automated deployment . ElectricFlow , powered by ElectricCommander automation platform , helps solve many of the gaps between the vision of Continuous Integration and the de - facto practice of CI in most organizations , that stem from the difficulty in managing , automating and orchestrating complex build processes . CI Best Practice : Automate the Build and Deployment Limitations of Current Build Systems : Multiple build configurations Limited deployment tools Unable to orchestrate multi - component tests With ElectricFlow : ElectricFlow allows complete control over software delivery pipeline right from developer check - ins to end - user using the product . It allows automating your build processes , orchestrating test automation , deploying to various environments . It offers unique features like : Pre - flight builds for gated checkins to source code systems . Pre - flight allows developers to do CI locally before checking in code . This significantly improves your chances of getting green builds . Tight integrations with many source code systems Orchestration across tool - chain like defect tracking systems , unit testing systems , code analysis tools , test automation suites , configuration management systems , cloud providers , monitoring systems , service management tools , etc . Workflow automation regardless of development methodology or process Centralized management of software artifacts Visibility and reporting for project predictability and fewer process errors Security and scalability to support geographically distributed teams CI Best Practice : Make the Build Self - Testing Limitations of Current Build Systems : Can not automatically test on production - like environments Tests that take a long time are run infrequently No flexibility to request additional tests , or remove tests , on demand With ElectricFlow : ElectricFlow allows to deploy applications automatically across various environments and then run appropriate test suite to automate testing . In fact the success rate of the builds could be significantly improved by using the pre - flight capability which allows developers to run CI locally even before checking in the code and only on successful build check the code in . In addition with integrations with various unit testing and test automation suite it is possible to get complete control over automated testing . CI Best Practice : Fast Builds with Most Recent Changes Only the simplest tests are automated Complex tests involve manual work and are done less frequently Important feedback from production - like testing occurs close to shipping ElectricFlow allows to checkout only the changed files instead of checking out the entire set of files which can improve the build times significantly . Test in a Clone of Production Difficult to create a “ pre - production environment ” automatically Difficult to test on numerous production environments ElectricFlow allows to model various environments and applications . With the model based deployment philosophy the system allows to define deployment processes such that deployments could be carried out across various environments consistently and repeatedly . This ensures that both the code as well as process to deploy are tested well before they get into production . Everyone Can See the Latest Build Manual deployment and testing is not part of build feedback loop ElectricFlow has heavy emphasis on visibility and governance . ElectricFlow allows to consolidate statistics from various tools , build outputs etc all in a centralized place . This ensures complete visibility of the pipeline and various metric associated . In addition it also has a built - in artifact repository to store all build outputs for easy access . ElectricFlow : Make Continuous Delivery a Reality The only end - to - end Continuous Delivery solution designed to automate software delivery through build , test and deployment . Learn More Request a Trial Back to Plugins Overview | [
"Electric Cloud",
"Continuous Integration"
] |
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-substations/difference-switchgear-switchboard | Difference Between Switchgear and Switchboard | [
"switchgear",
"switchboards"
] |
http://electrical.about.com/od/electricalbasics/f/driploopoutdoor.htm | Electrical Repair Basics Electrical Service Drip Loops By Timothy Thiele Updated 07 / 28 / 18 Most of the older homes have an overhead service connection . The primary power comes from the utility company ' s power lines via a transformer mounted on the power pole . The line is called a service drop and is to be a minimum of 12 feet above a driveway . The point of attachment to a house ' s service connection should be a minimum of 10 feet above the ground . The service drop is connected to the electrical service entrance wires via a service usually attached to the side of your house . The service components consist of an electric meter that is attached to a pipe with a weathered that holds the electrical wires that make the connection to the utility company ' s wires . This is the point where the wires should be connected with a drip loop connection to keep unwanted water from the electrical connections . What is a Drip Loop ? An electrical service drip loop is a loop formed on the incoming feeder wires of your electrical service , before the meter . The overhead wires come to your service pole via the utility company . Out of the weather head on your service , you have three wires to connect to their wires . These wires should be left long enough to make a half - moon shape or a smiley face as it is . Drip loops can also be used for any type of wiring , both power lines , and low voltage lines as well . Pretty much anywhere there is a possibility of water flowing down the line into something it ' s not supposed to be a great place for a drip loop . What Purpose Does It Serve ? The reason for having a drip loop on an electrical service is to allow any rain or moisture , that may make contact with the wires , a place to go away from the weather head and the electrical connection to the utility company ' s wires . Water or moisture running down the service pipe or running into electrical connection points would spell costly repairs for you in the future . Its purpose is to channel the water away from any connections , boxes , or equipment . By diverting the water to a safe location , say halfway between the power poles , it can safely drop to the ground without damaging anything . This drip point is accomplished by hanging the wire lower at some point and it becomes the last place the water travels before falling off of the wire or dripping . What if I Do n ' t Have Drip Loops On My Wires ? In the unfortunate event that you are without drip loops on your service wiring , a simple phone call to the utility company , explaining the situation may rectify the situation , causing the power crews to come to your home to fix the problem . Just because not having the drip loops has n ' t caused problems with the wiring so far , does n ' t mean it wo n ' t become an issue in the future . Be proactive and get the crews out to fix the problem now , not when you are actually How Much Wire Do I Leave For a Drip Loop ? The question of the appropriate amount of electrical wire to be left for the electrical service connection is often brought up . How is one to know the amount of wire to leave , without being too short or being wasteful with expensive wire ? That ' s a great question and I ' ll try to explain a simple rule of thumb on the matter . If you plan on leaving a foot or two of wire for a regular connection , allow double that amount for a drip loop . You see , since you are going down What About Fish Tanks ? Freshwater Aquarium guide , Shirlie Sharpe , explains how to and not to drape your electrical cords to an outlet . This insightful article deals with indoor drip loops when connecting electrical devices to an outlet from an aquarium . | [
"Drip Loops",
"Electrical Service"
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http://electrical.about.com/od/wiringcircuitry/a/eleccolorcoding.htm | Electrical Wiring & Circuitry Home Repair Electrical Repair Electrical Wiring Color Coding System By Timothy Thiele Updated 02 / 01 / 19 Illustration : Catherine Song . © The Spruce , 2018 Opening up an outlet or light switch box , you might be confronted with a bewildering array of wires of different colors . Black , white , bare copper , and other colors closely intermingle , yet each one has its own specific purpose . Knowing the purpose of each wire will keep you safe and your house ' s electrical system in top working order . Electrical Cable and Wire Color Markings Non - metallic ( or NM ) 120 - volt and 240 - volt electrical cable comes in two main parts : the outer plastic sheathing ( or jacket ) and the inner , color - coded wires . The sheathing binds the inner wires together , and its outer markings indicate the number of wires and size of wire ( gauge ) within the sheathing . The color of the sheathing indicates recommended usages . For example , white sheathing means that the inner wires are 14 - gauge and yellow sheathing indicates that they are 12 - gauge . But looking deeper , the color of the wires inside of the sheathing reveals that different colored wires serve different purposes . The National Electrical Code ( NEC ) says that white or gray must be used for neutral conductors and that bare copper or green wires must be used as ground wires . Beyond that are general , industry - accepted rules about wire color that indicate their purpose . Watch Now : Understanding Electrical Wiring Color Coding System Black Wires : Hot Black insulation is always used for hot wires and is common in most standard household circuits . The term " hot " is used for source wires that carry power from the electric service panel to a destination , such as a light or an outlet . Even though you are permitted to use a white wire as a hot wire by marking it with electrical tape , the opposite is not recommended or allowed . In other words , do not use a black wire as a neutral or ground wire , or for any purpose other than for carrying live electrical loads . Red Wires : Hot Red wires are used to designate hot wires . Red wires are sometimes used as the second hot wire in 240 - volt installations . Another useful application for red wires is to interconnect hardwired smoke detectors so that if one alarm is triggered all of the others go off simultaneously . White Wires With Black or Red Tape : Hot When a white wire is augmented with a red or black color marking , this often indicates that it is being used as a hot wire rather than a neutral wire . Typically , this is indicated with a band of black or red electrical tape ( but other colors may be used ) wrapped around the wire ' s insulation . For instance , a white wire in a two - wire cable may be used for the second hot wire on a 240 - volt appliance or outlet circuit . This white wire should be looped several times around with black electrical tape to show that it is being used for something other than a neutral . Bare Copper Wires : Ground Bare copper wires are the most common type of wire used for grounding . All electrical devices must be grounded . In the event of a fault , grounding provides a safe pathway for electricity to travel . The current literally passes back to the ground or earth . Bare copper wires connect to electrical devices , such as switches , outlets , and fixtures , as well as metal appliance frames or housings . Metal electrical boxes also need their own ground connection because they are made of a conductive material . Plastic boxes are nonconductive and do not need to be grounded . Green Wires : Ground Green insulated wires are sometimes used for grounding . Ground screws on electrical devices are often painted green , too . Never use a green wire for any purpose other than for grounding . Claire Cohen White or Gray Wires : Neutral White or gray indicates a neutral wire . When examining a white or gray wire , make certain that it has not been wrapped in electrical tape . This would indicate a hot wire . Older wires sometimes may lose their electrical tape wrapping . So , if the box has a loose loop of tape inside of it , there is the possibility that it may have come off of the neutral wire . The term neutral can be dangerously deceiving as it appears to imply a non - electrified wire . It is important to note that neutral wires may also be carrying power and can shock you . While wires designated as hot ( black or red insulated wires ) carry power from the service panel ( breaker box ) to the device , neutral wires carry power back to the service panel . Thus , both hot and neutral wires have the potential to shock and injure you . Blue and Yellow Wires Blue and yellow wires are sometimes used as hot wires inside electrical conduit . Claire Cohen Rarely are blue and yellow wires found in NM cable . Blue wires are commonly used for travelers in three - way and four - way switch applications | [
"Electrical Cable and Wire",
"Color Coding System"
] |
http://electricalquestionsguide.blogspot.com/2011/07/transposition-of-power-lines.html | 19 July 2011 Transposition of the power lines Transposition : Transposition of the conductors in a transmission system means exchange in the position of the transmission line conductors at regular intervals in a transmission system along the line in a manner that each transmission line conductor occupies the position of every other transmission conductors over an same distance . In a power transmission system if the power lines are not equally spaced ( asymmetrically spaced ) even though the system operates under balanced condition , voltage drops of different magnitudes exist in the three conductors . This difference in voltage drops is because the unequal inductance of the three phases To reduce this effect to minimum the conductors are transposed . Transposition can be made either to the power conductors or telephone ( communication ) lines . In a transposed line each of the three conductors occupies all the three positions relative to the other conductors for one third of the total length of the transmission line . The purpose of transposition is due to balance the capacitance of the line so that electro - statically induced voltages balances out in the transposed lines . Under balanced condition the conductors magnetic field linking an telephone line is shifted by 120 o out of phase . As the power lines are transposed , over the length of one complete transposition cycle ( three different positions of the power conductor ) of power line , the net voltage induced in the telephone line is zero . This is because the sum of three induced voltages which are displaced by 120 o in phase combines zero . Labels : Power Systems No comments : Post a Comment Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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] |
http://electricalquestionsguide.blogspot.com/2012/09/advantages-of-3-phase-system-compared.html | 29 September 2012 Advantages of 3 Phase System Compared to Single Phase System Three phase system is widely used in generation , transmission and distribution . Single phase system is only used to operate small electrical appliances at consumer ends where the power rating is very less . Some of the advantages of three phase system or poly phase systems compared to single phase system is explained below Advantages of three phase system : The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than single phase machine of same size . The output will be approximately 1.5 times than single phase machine . So for given size and voltage 3 phase alternator or electrical machines occupy less space and less cost compared to single phase machine having same rating For transmission of electrical power three phase supply requires less copper or less conducting material than that of single phase system for given volt - amperes and voltage ratings . Hence 3 phase system is more economical compared to single phase system Single phase machines are not self starting machines . On the other hand three phase machines are self starting due to rotating magnetic field . Therefore in order to start a single phase machine an auxiliary device is required which not in the case of 3 phase machine . Power factor of single phase machines is poor compared to three phase machines . In single phase system the instantaneous power is function of time . Hence fluctuates with respect to time . The fluctuating power will cause significant vibrations in the single phase machines . Hence performance of single phase machines is poor . While instantaneous symmetrical three phase system is always constant Three phase system gives steady output Single phase system can be obtained from three phase supply system , vice - versa is not possible For converting systems like rectifiers , the dc voltage waveform becomes more smoother with the increase in the number of phases of the system . Hence three phase system is advantageous compared to single phase system 3 phase motors will have uniform torque whereas single phase motors will have pulsating torque Parallel operation of three phase generators will be simple compared to single phase generators because of pulsating reaction in single phase generator Labels : Electrical Basics Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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"electrical appliances"
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http://electricblanketinstitute.com/memory-foam-mattress-with-an-electric-blanket-or-electric-mattress-pad.html | Memory Foam Mattress with an Electric Blanket ( or Electric Mattress Pad ) Safety - Flammability There is no safety problem such as flammability with a decent memory foam mattress or topper ( as contrasted with one of the cheap egg - crate type foams ) . Memory Foam Durability with Added Heat There seem to be two schools of thought on using heated mattress pads with memory foam . Some people say the memory foam mattress wo n ’ t support the body properly if it is extra warm . Tempur - Pedic ® states on their web site that they do not recommend using electric blankets or mattress pads because the “ exposure to direct heat over extended periods of time can cause damage to the TEMPUR material ” . Tempur - Pedic ® further suggests that if at bedtime your mattress is too cold , try turning up the bedroom thermostat for twenty to thirty minutes before going to bed . Once you are in bed , the mattress will warm up quickly in response to your body heat . If you do choose to use an electric blanket to warm your mattress before bedtime , we recommend that you turn it off after 30 minutes to avoid overexposing the TEMPUR material to high heat . My personal opinion - not supported by rigorous objective testing Several years ago , I myself spoke to the Technical Director at another one of the memory foam mattress manufacturers and he told me there would be no problems . I tend to believe this version because I personally have slept on a memory foam mattress with heated mattress pads for about six years now and I do not notice any problems . In fact , during cold weather , my personal opinion is that the support and comfort actually work better due to the extra warmth and I did n ' t like the " cold brick " feel Conclusion Since some memory foam manufacturers say no and some say yes , you will have to make the final decision whether to go with the heated pad on the memory foam . Sorry we could n ’ t be more scientific or definitive . | [
"Electric Blanket",
"Memory Foam Mattress"
] |
http://electricsmokersgrills.blogspot.com/2012/04/pork-roast-how-to-cook-it-moist-and.html | Electric Smokers Grills Wednesday , April 11 , 2012 Pork Roast - How to Cook it Moist and Tender Would you like to cook a pork roast that will make your mother - in - law turn green with envy ? result these guidelines and you can put dried out and base pork roast behind you forever ! Cooking pork roast is not rocket science . All it takes is heat and time and you ' ll wind up with cooked pork . However if you want to cook a pork roast that is moist , tender and yummy there are some guidelines to follow . Electric Smokers Grills The first step in the exquisite pork roast recipe is selecting the type of roast . Next on the agenda is determining the best cooking recipe for the roast you ' ve selected . Pork Roast - How to Cook it Moist and Tender This decision development process also works in reverse . If you know the cooking recipe you want to use you then resolve on the cut of pork . Probably the most prominent step in cooking today ' s pork is brining ! This takes a microscopic time planning to allow the roast to digest the brine but it is well worth the effort . Selecting the Roast I ' ll have to admit that if I ' m just hungry for pork roast my decision for the type of roast is whatever is on sale . Then I ' ll resolve how to cook it based on what is best for that type . If you do n ' t want to use the " whatever is on sale method " then a microscopic knowledge of pork roast is in order . Most all pork roasts come from the shoulder and loin wholesale cuts . There are fresh ham roasts ( the hind leg ) but you will rarely see them in groceries . Also pork sirloin roasts are from the hind part of the loin and they fit the shoulder roast category . Shoulder Pork Roasts Roasts from the shoulder consist of several distinct muscles along with connective tissue and a good whole of fat . These roasts advantage from long slow roasting times that allow the connective tissue to break down . They are very flavorful due to the whole of fat . Shoulder roast cuts consist of the whole shoulder , which is good for a crowd , Boston butt , the top of the shoulder and Picnic roasts from the bottom . These roasts all might have distinct names in your grocery agreeing to the cut . Roasts from the shoulder are the cut of selection for recipes such as pulled pork . Pork Loin Roasts Roasts from the pork loin are the best roasts from the pig . They are singular muscle roasts without much fat . These muscles are from the center of the back of the pig and get very microscopic usage , which makes them tender . Basically there are two main roasts from the loin . By far the most tender is the pork tenderloin . The mild pork flavor of the tenderloin lends itself to marinades to chronicle flavoring . The pork loin roast has a slightly stronger pork flavor than the tenderloin and is very lean . It compares in leanness to chicken breast . Brining Pork Roasts Most all meat products will advantage from brining . Brine is plainly a explication of non - iodized salt and water . The meat has a less concentration of salt and water than the explication so mum Nature takes over to equalize the two . Basic brine is 1 cup of non - iodized salt to one gallon of water . But it does n ' t stop there . All sorts of flavorings can be added to the brine and will be imparted to the roast . A brined pork roast increases in weight because of the brining . The weight is all water . As the roast is cooked most of the water is cooked out but some remains resulting in a moist and tender roast . The shoulder and sirloin roast will advantage from brining but they are just fine without it due to the fat content . For a pork loin roast , however , I think brining vital because of its low fat content . Cooking Pork Roast Pork roasts are a microscopic more forgiving when selecting a cooking recipe than their beef equivalent . There are two basic methods for cooking meats . These two are the " moist heat " recipe and the " dry heat " method . Moist heat plainly means that there is a liquid included along with the roast in the cooking vessel . The moist heat recipe is for cuts that are from the less tender sections of the animal . The moist heat assists in breaking down the fibers and tissue of the meat to yield a tenderer product . Roasting in the oven , the crock - pot or even an electric skillet are ideal methods of applying heat to the roast during moist heat cooking . Either recipe should consist of a tight fitting heavy lid . Pot roasts and braised roasts are examples of the moist heat cooking method . The dry heat cooking recipe is the opposite of the moist heat method . No liquid is introduced during the cooking process . Dry heat cooking should consist of a searing of some type for a crispy and flavorful exterior . You can sear the roast in a skillet or in an very hot oven for a short period of time . Dry heat can be applied in the oven , on the grill or my beloved the smoker Pork Roast Cooking Times Cooking time is vital for a moist and tender pork roast . There are many variables to pork roast cooking times . Some of those variables consist of the type of roast , the size and thickness of the roast and the cooking temperature . There are some rules of thumb for cooking time for the distinct roasts but at best they are only a guess . A two to five pound pork loin roast cooked at 350 degrees f . Will want almost 20 to 30 minutes per pound . Pork tenderloin in the one to two pound type will want the same 20 to 30 minutes per pound but at 425 degrees F . Instead of 350 degrees . A two to five pound Boston butt roast will want almost 45 minutes per pound at 350 degrees F . The extra time is to allow the connective tissue to break down and the fat to melt and mingle with the roast . The only sure way to know when your roast is done is to use a meat thermometer . If you are roasting in the oven an oven thermometer is also recommended . Oven thermostats are notoriously inaccurate . Like I said cooking pork roast is not rocket science . Following these guidelines , however , will yield a pork roast so moist and tender it will indubitably impress your guests and will absolutely make your mother - in - law turn green with envy . Pork Roast Recipes There are probably as many pork roast recipes as there are cooks . selecting a recipe for your family will depend on their likes and dislikes . By brining your roast with herbs and spices you can create your own recipe to consist of your beloved flavors . Pork Roast - How to Cook it Moist and Tender Posted by Darren at 10 : 22 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Older Post Home Blog Archive ▼ 2012 ( 2 ) ▼ April ( 2 ) Pork Roast - How to Cook it Moist and Tender Char Broil Grill house Meets Your house | [
"Pork Roast",
"Cook",
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http://electronics.costhelper.com/streaming-movies.html | CostHelper > Consumer Electronics > TV , Home Theater & Audio > Streaming Movies Streaming Movies Cost How Much Do Streaming Movies Cost ? Medium : Streaming Internet Players Usually Run $ 99 Post Tweet Comments ( 1 ) Netflix and Blockbuster 1 , the two largest and most popular online DVD rental companies , also offer streaming movies . To stream a movie with either one of these companies requires a broadband connection . The movie is then more commonly watched on a television set , but may also be streamed to a computer or downloaded to a portable media player . Watching the movies on a television requires a digital media box , as well . Currently , only Netflix offers streaming High Definition content . Typical costs : To stream movies from Netflix , a Netflix - ready device 2 is required . Their basic streaming player is the Roku Digital Video Player 3 which costs $ 99 A Netflix unlimited plan of $ 8.99 / month or above is also required for viewing streaming movies . Included in these unlimited plans is the option to watch online on a computer . Blockbuster has a slightly different model . To watch streaming movies on a TV requires the purchase of a MediaPoint Digital Media Player 4 . In order to buy this player , one must rent 25 movies for $ 99 and then the MediaPoint Player is free . A Blockbuster online rental plan is not required for this option . Additional rentals on the MediaPoint start at $ 1.99 To watch downloaded movies from Blockbuster on a computer , the Blockbuster Movielink Manager 5 is a required software download . The Blockbuster downloaded movies may be rented or bought as well . Related articles : High - Definition Service Bundled Services Online Video Rentals TV Show Online Additional costs : For Netflix , besides the Roku streaming player , one can also view movies on an Xbox 360 ( $ 199 base model ) with an Xbox Live Gold Plan membership ( $ 40 a year ) . LG and Samsung also offer networked Blu - ray Players ( $ 300 and up ) , HDTVs ( starting at $ 1,500 ) , and Home Theater Systems ( $ 550 and higher ) that allow one to view Netflix streaming movies . A TiVo HD DVR ( $ 300 + subscription guide service ) also allows one to view Netflix movies . Blockbuster streaming movie rentals start at $ 1.99 for older movies , and $ 3.99 for newer movies that were recently released to DVD . These movies may be stored up to 30 days , but once the viewing has started , it must be watched within 24 hours . Buying Blockbuster movies range from $ 8 for older movies , and $ 21 or more for just released movies onto DVD . Unlike the rentals , once the movies are bought , they can be watched for as long and kept for as long as one wants to . Discounts : Netflix offers a free two week trial . The Roku Media Box or other Netflix ready device still must be bought separately . The two week trial , however , still includes access to watching movies instantly on a computer . Blockbuster does not currently have any promotions for streaming downloads onto a computer . Their promotion for their MediaPoint media player to watch streaming movies on TV is to pre - order 25 movies for $ 99 in advance and then receive the player for free . Shopping for streaming movies : The Roku Digital Player for Netflix is bought directly from Roku 6 Other Netflix - ready devices 7 mentioned such as an Xbox 360 , an Internet - ready Blu - ray DVD players or television sets from Samsung or LG , or a TiVo HD DVR can be found at major retailers . Best Buy 8 , Target 9 , and Wal - Mart 10 offer some of the models mentioned in their electronics section . Online retailers such as Amazon 11 , TigerDirect . com 12 and TiVo . com 13 also sell these devices . TIP : Engadget . com has a comparison 14 of some of the current options available to view streaming HD content . Note : Blockbuster does not currently offer any streaming HD content at this time but has plans to do so in the future . Post Tweet Comments ( 1 ) CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . | | Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . | | Posted November 23 2013 ‣ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments streaming movie cost Amount : $ 80.00 Posted by : Bob J in La Mirada , CA . Posted : November 7th , 2013 01 : 11PM Device : WD / TV Live Service : VERIZON w / l I downloaded " Chinatown " in highest resolution from VUDU ( COST $ 4.98 ) using 7.5 gigabytes on Verizon ( $ 10 / gbt ) = $ 75 . Called verizon and they verified that usage . Using this service is stupid beyond belief . Was this post helpful to you ? yes no Report prohibited or spam Comment On Your Experience With Streaming Movies External Resources : www . blockbuster . com / / signup . netflix . com / Watch ? lnkce = nrd - l&trkid = 425738&lnkctr = nrd - l - n / signup . netflix . com / Watch ? pdid = 2&lnkce = nrd - d&trkid = 849654&lnkctr = nrd - d - n - 2 - rokudigitalv . . . www . blockbusternow . com www . blockbuster . com / player www . roku . com / / signup . netflix . com / Watch www . bestbuy . com / storelocator www . target . com / target_group / storelocator / index . jhtml www . walmart . com / storeLocator / ca_storefinder . do www . amazon . com / s / ref = nb_ss_e ? url = search - alias % 3Daps&field - keywords = netflix&x = 0&y = 0 www . tigerdirect . com / applications / SearchTools / search . asp ? keywords = netflix&searchbtn . x = 0& . . . / www3 . tivo . com / store / home . do www . engadget . com / 2009 / 01 / 19 / do - not - time - netflix - hd - streaming - shootout / More Consumer Electronics Topics Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? | [
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"Movies",
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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/amplifier.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Home Audio & Video Audio How Amplifiers Work by Tom Harris NEXT Audio Tech Image Gallery A home stereo amplifier and receiver in one unit . See more audio tech pictures When people refer to " amplifiers , " they ' re usually talking about stereo components or musical equipment . But this is only a small representation of the spectrum of audio amplifiers . There are actually amplifiers all around us . You ' ll find them in televisions computers , portable CD players and most other devices that use a speaker to produce sound . Sound is a fascinating phenomenon . When something vibrates in the atmosphere , it moves the air particles around it . Those air particles in turn move the air particles around them , carrying the pulse of the vibration through the air . Our ears pick up these fluctuations in air pressure and translate them into electrical signals the brain can process . Electronic sound equipment works the same basic way . It represents sound as a varying electric current . Broadly speaking , there are three steps in this sort of sound reproduction : Sound waves move a microphone diaphragm back and forth , and the microphone translates this movement into an electrical signal . The electrical signal fluctuates to represent the compressions and rarefactions of the sound wave . A recorder encodes this electrical signal as a pattern in some sort of medium - - as magnetic impulses on tape , for example , or as grooves in a record . A player ( such as a tape deck ) re - interprets this pattern as an electrical signal and uses this electricity to move a speaker cone back and forth . This re - creates the air - pressure fluctuations originally recorded by the microphone . As you can see , all the major components in this system are essentially translators : They take the signal in one form and put it into another . In the end , the sound signal is translated back into its original form , a physical sound wave . In order to register all of the minute pressure fluctuations in a sound wave , the microphone diaphragm has to be extremely sensitive . This means it is very thin and moves only a short distance . Consequently , the microphone produces a fairly small electrical current . This is fine for most of the stages in the process - - it ' s strong enough for use in the recorder , for example , and it is easily transmitted through wires . But the final step in the process - - pushing the speaker cone back and forth - - is more difficult . To do this , you need to boost the audio signal so it has a larger current while preserving the same pattern of charge fluctuation . This is the job of the amplifier . It simply produces a more powerful version of the audio signal . In this article , we ' ll see what amplifiers do and how they do it . Amplifiers can be very complex devices , with hundreds of tiny pieces , but you can get a clear picture of how an amplifier works by examining the most basic components . In this next section , we ' ll look at the basic elements of amplifiers . 1 2 4 NEXT | [
"Amplifiers Work"
] |
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Solid State Electronics How Capacitors Work by Marshall Brain Charles W . Bryant NEXT Flash capacitor from a point - and - shoot camera . Take the capacitor quiz to learn more . HowStuffWorks In a way , a capacitor is a little like a battery . Although they work in completely different ways , capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy . If you have read How Batteries Work , then you know that a battery has two terminals . Inside the battery , chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal . A capacitor is much simpler than a battery , as it ca n ' t produce new electrons - - it only stores them . In this article , we ' ll learn exactly what a capacitor is , what it does and how it ' s used in electronics . We ' ll also look at the history of the capacitor and how several people helped shape its progress . Inside the capacitor , the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a non - conducting substance , or dielectric . You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper . It wo n ' t be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity , but it will work . In theory , the dielectric can be any non - conductive substance . However , for practical applications , specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor ' s function . Mica , ceramic , cellulose , porcelain , Mylar , Teflon and even air are some of the non - conductive materials used . The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for what it is best suited . Depending on the size and type of dielectric , some capacitors are better for high frequency uses , while some are better for high voltage applications . Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any purpose , from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator , to an ultra capacitor that can power a commuter bus . NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle ' s circuitry and help deploy space probes . Here are some of the various types of capacitors and how they are used . Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks , alarms and counters Glass - Good for high voltage applications Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas , X - ray and MRI machines Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars In the next section , we ' ll take a closer look at exactly how capacitors work . 1 2 4 NEXT | [
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"Capacitors",
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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/question135.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Everyday Tech What does the CE logo I see on lots of products mean ? Up Next The European Union ( consisting of Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom ) has set up rules for selling certain types of products within the EU . For example , there are rules for medical devices , machines with moving parts , electronic devices , etc . If you want to sell a product in one of these categories anywhere in the European Union , your product must meet the standards set by the rules . If your product meets the standards , it can bear a CE marking and be sold in the EU . CE stands for Conformité Européenne , which is French for " European Conformity . " A product in one of the controlled product categories can not legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking . For a company trying to sell a product , getting a CE marking makes things much easier because it means you can sell the product anywhere in the EU . In the United States , electronic device manufacturers need to meet the same sort of requirements to get FCC approval . How UPC Bar Codes Work How the Euro Works What do the UL marks on so many products mean ? Consumer Electronics Show 2008 Maps of Europe The CE Mark and Exporting to Europe Exporting to Europe and CE marking | [
"CE logo",
"Conformité Européenne"
] |
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/fitness/fitbit1.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Gadgets Fitness Gadgets How FitBit Works by Nathan Chandler Get Your Bits Fit Prev NEXT It ’ s so small that you can wear it just about anywhere , which means you ’ ll have no excuses for not staying active . Unless , of course , you lose it . Courtesy FitBit FitBit is evolving , from both a hardware and software perspective . In October 2011 , the clip itself was upgraded and renamed the FitBit Ultra The Ultra has the same features as the original FitBit , with one major addition : an altimeter . With the altimeter , Ultra knows how much elevation you lose or gain throughout a day . That ' s valuable information because inclines are hard work . For example , if you climb the stairs in an 80 - story building , you ' ll burn more calories than if you ' d gone the same distance on a flat sidewalk outside . In addition , the Ultra lets you check the time and includes a stopwatch so that you can manually time various activities . It displays so - called " chatter " messages , too , that are supposed to encourage you to keep moving ( even though that super - sized milkshake is causing you some serious side cramps . And of course , there are the aesthetics . The original FitBit featured teal accents ; the Ultra comes with your choice of either blue or plum . There ' s enough internal memory that the FitBit can store an entire week ' s worth of continuous data . Battery life is estimated at about three days , and you can check power levels at any time by plugging the unit into its base station . FitBit does n ' t track every kind of activity . It ' s not waterproof , so swimming is out . It ca n ' t tell that you just lifted weights for an hour , or that a rigorous yoga class just wiped you out . To bridge the gap , you can manually log activities through your Web account . Alternately , you can use the FitBit smartphone app ( for iPhone or Android ) to record workouts , as well as your food intake . The app does n ' t let you upload data from Once your data is synced to your online account , you have a plethora of options . You can check your daily , weekly and monthly stats , of course , as well as set goals . And you can create and monitor a food plan that helps you make better eating choices . As you achieve specific goals , you ' ll unlock virtual badges that reward your positive behavior . These tokens recognize your achievements and push you to aim for loftier goals . You can also compare your stats with those of approved friends . Create an online group of friends or co - workers and together , you can share wisdom and inspiration that ' ll keep you on track . By default , older versions of FitBit made your workout information public . Because of the potential for embarrassment , the company changed that setting . Now , your information is private until you configure it otherwise . Curious about the FitBit ' s technology ? Take a peek on the next page . 1 2 3 5 NEXT | [
"FitBit"
] |
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/how-to-tech/clean-computer-registry.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics How - to Tech How to Clean Your Computer ' s Registry by Jacob Silverman NEXT AP Photo / Paul Sakuma The Windows Registry is an enormous batch of files containing information about almost everything that occurs on the computer , from a visit to a Web site to a program installation . The registry also contains information about drivers and other essential programs , like DLLs - - small helper programs that often work with more than one application . This information is stored in the form of " keys " that help programs run . It ' s like a big blueprint for where everything goes on your computer and how it all fits together . Only computers running Windows operating systems have registries , and despite rumors to the contrary , Windows 7 will have a registry . A registry may have hundreds of thousands of entries , and new entries are created all the time . As it fills with information , the registry may cause a computer ' s performance to suffer . One problem is that Windows almost never removes registry entries , even if a program is uninstalled , as most uninstallers are n ' t able to effectively remove their own registry keys . And as files are moved around and programs are uninstalled , some registry keys point to programs or files that no longer exist or are located elsewhere . Fortunately , these errors do n ' t have to be tolerated . The registry can be cleaned up , though not completely . And for your troubles , you may get better performance and decreased boot time . Some satisfied users report fewer instances of lag or Windows hanging ( when the computer is n ' t responding ) . The exact performance boost varies depending on the state of the registry and the effectiveness of the cleaner program employed . You may also free up disk space , although most registry entries are very small . Registry cleaning is not without risks . This is a very sensitive area of your computer , and if you ' re happy with how your computer is running , do n ' t go digging around . Trying to manually edit your registry can create errors in the registry that make it impossible to load Windows . Some registry - cleaning programs have been known to delete important registry keys or essential DLL files . And the performance improvements may be negligible , while running the program and approving each recommended deletion could take hours . In addition , Despite these concerns , it is possible to clean out some of the registry ' s gunk , and your computer may be better off for it . On the next page , we ' ll take a look at how to go about this delicate job . 1 2 NEXT | [
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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/microcontroller1.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Solid State Electronics How Microcontrollers Work by Marshall Brain What is a Microcontroller ? Prev NEXT A microcontroller is a computer . All computers - - whether we are talking about a personal desktop computer or a large mainframe computer or a microcontroller - - have several things in common : All computers have a CPU ( central processing unit ) that executes programs . If you are sitting at a desktop computer right now reading this article , the CPU in that machine is executing a program that implements the Web browser that is displaying this page . The CPU loads the program from somewhere . On your desktop machine , the browser program is loaded from the hard disk The computer has some RAM ( random - access memory ) where it can store " variables . " And the computer has some input and output devices so it can talk to people . On your desktop machine , the keyboard and mouse are input devices and the monitor and printer are output devices . A hard disk is an I / O device - - it handles both input and output . The desktop computer you are using is a " general purpose computer " that can run any of thousands of programs . Microcontrollers are " special purpose computers . " Microcontrollers do one thing well . There are a number of other common characteristics that define microcontrollers . If a computer matches a majority of these characteristics , then you can call it a " microcontroller " : Microcontrollers are " embedded " inside some other device ( often a consumer product ) so that they can control the features or actions of the product . Another name for a microcontroller , therefore , is " embedded controller . " Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program . The program is stored in ROM ( read - only memory ) and generally does not change . Microcontrollers are often low - power devices . A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket and might consume 50 watts of electricity . A battery - operated microcontroller might consume 50 milliwatts . A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often ( but not always ) has a small LED or LCD display for output . A microcontroller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signals to different components in the device . For example , the microcontroller inside a TV takes input from the remote control and displays output on the TV screen . The controller controls the channel selector , the speaker system and certain adjustments on the picture tube electronics such as tint and brightness . The engine controller in a car takes input from sensors such as the oxygen and knock sensors and controls things like fuel mix and spark plug timing . A microwave oven controller takes input from a keypad , displays output on an LCD display and controls a relay that turns the microwave generator on and off . A microcontroller is often small and low cost . The components are chosen to minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible . A microcontroller is often , but not always , ruggedized in some way . The microcontroller controlling a car ' s engine , for example , has to work in temperature extremes that a normal computer generally can not handle . A car ' s microcontroller in Alaska has to work fine in - 30 degree F ( - 34 C ) weather , while the same microcontroller in Nevada might be operating at 120 degrees F ( 49 C ) . When you add the heat naturally generated by the engine , the temperature can go as high as 150 or 180 degrees F ( 65 - 80 C ) in the engine compartment . On the other hand , a microcontroller embedded inside a VCR has n ' t been ruggedized at all . The actual processor used to implement a microcontroller can vary widely . For example , the cell phone shown on Inside a Digital Cell Phone contains a Z - 80 processor . The Z - 80 is an 8 - bit microprocessor developed in the 1970s and originally used in home computers of the time . The Garmin GPS shown in How GPS Receivers Work contains a low - power version of the Intel 80386 , I am told . The 80386 was originally used in desktop computers . In many products , such as microwave ovens , the demand on the CPU is fairly low and price is an important consideration . In these cases , manufacturers turn to dedicated microcontroller chips - - chips that were originally designed to be low - cost , small , low - power , embedded CPUs . The Motorola 6811 and Intel 8051 are both good examples of such chips . There is also a line of popular controllers called " PIC microcontrollers " created by a company called Microchip . By today ' s standards , these CPUs are incredibly minimalistic ; but they are extremely inexpensive when purchased in large quantities and can often meet the needs of a device ' s designer with just one chip . A typical low - end microcontroller chip might have 1,000 bytes of ROM and 20 bytes of RAM on the chip , along with eight I / 0 pins . In large quantities , the cost of these chips can sometimes be just pennies . You certainly are never going to run Microsoft Word on such a chip - - Microsoft Word requires perhaps 30 megabytes of RAM and a processor that can run millions of instructions per second . But then , you do n ' t need Microsoft Word to control a microwave oven , either . With a microcontroller , you have one specific task you are trying 1 2 3 7 NEXT | [
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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question62.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Phones Telephone Technology Why does the phone still work when the electricity goes out ? Up Next One of the relative miracles of modern times is the reliability of the phone system . The power goes out fairly often for most people . Sometimes it is only out for a second , but other times it can be out for minutes , hours or even days . Your telephone , on the other hand , is always working ( as long as you pay the bill ) . Why is that ? The article How Telephones Work talks about the simplicity of phones and the telephone network . The article shows you how , with just a 9 - volt battery and a resistor , you can create your own intercom system using two normal telephones . A phone will work as long as it is getting between 6 and 12 volts at about 30 milliamps . In other words , it takes very little power to operate a telephone . Between your house and the phone company ' s office there is a dedicated pair of copper wires for your phone . Those wires are almost always buried , so ice storms and hurricanes will not cut them . The phone company supplies the power that your phone needs using your dedicated copper pair . So even if the power goes out in your house , the phone still gets the power it needs through the phone line . And at the phone company office there is an extensive battery system , as well as a backup generator , to supply power during a power failure . If the power goes out , the batteries and generators keep the office fully pow ered . Therefore , all of the phones connected to the office are fully powered as well . How Telephones Work How Wiretapping Works How Batteries Work How Emergency Power Systems Work How Power Distribution Grids Work More Great Links Theater of Electricity ElectricityForum . com U.S. DOE : Electricity | [
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http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone2.htm | HowStuffWorks Tech Electronics Phones Telephone Technology How Telephones Work by Marshall Brain Telephones : Wires and Cables Prev NEXT Telephone wires and cables connect your home phone to a huge communications web . Howstuffworks . com The telephone network starts in your house . A pair of copper wires runs from a box at the road to a box ( often called an entrance bridge ) at your house . From there , the pair of wires is connected to each phone jack in your house ( usually using red and green wires ) . If your house has two phone lines , then two separate pairs of copper wires run from the road to your house . The second pair is usually colored yellow and black inside your house . ( See What do the little boxes that the phone company has around our neighborhood do ? for a description of the telephone boxes and wires that you see by the road . ) Along the road runs a thick cable packed with 100 or more copper pairs . Depending on where you are located , this thick cable will run directly to the phone company ' s switch in your area or it will run to a box about the size of a refrigerator that acts as a digital concentrator 1 2 3 4 7 NEXT Related How MagicJack Works What should I do if the home button on my iPhone stops working ? How do I take a screen capture on my smartphone ? What ' s the best e - reader app to use on a smartphone ? Why are ' unlocked ' phones more expensive than locked ones ? Recommended | [
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http://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/3128/teardown-fitbit-flex | Consumer Electronics Teardown : Fitbit Flex IHS Electronics & Media 17 October 2013 The following is an overview of a teardown analysis conducted by IHS Technology Teardown Services Sponsored by The Fitbit Flex ( FB401FLEXSL ) , a wireless activity tracker worn on the wrist , was initially launched by San Francisco - based Fitbit Inc . in May . The device tracks a wearer ' s movement 24 hours a day , including sleep patterns ( during the day it it tracks steps , distance and calories burned ) . It is water resistant , featuring an LED light display . A recent teardown analysis performed by IHS Teardown Services revealed that the Fitbit Flex features chips marketed by ST Microelectronics and Nordic Semiconductor , among others . The Fitbit Flex , which retails for $ 99.95 , costs $ 17.36 to make , including both materials and manufacturing costs , according to the teardown analysis . IHS projects that shipments of Fitbit Flex and similar activity monitors will triple within the next five years . IHS projects the broader category of sports and fitness monitors — which includes activity monitors such as Fitbit Flex as well as less sophisticated devices like heart monitors and pedometers to also enjoy robust growth . Shipments of sports and fitness monitors are projected to total more than 250 million units during the next five years , growing from nearly 44 million units this year to 56 million units in 2017 . This growth is expected to be driven by a Teardown Analysis Major components : Wristband A , 2 - Shot Injection Molded Polycarbonate & Silicone Rubber - ( Qty : 1 ) Enclosure , Main , Injection Molded Plastic , Clear Coat , Printed - ( Qty : 1 ) Wristband B , 2 - Shot Injection Molded Polycarbonate & Silicone Rubber - ( Qty : 1 ) MCU , 32 - Bit , ARM Cortex - M3 , 32 MHz , 128KB Flash , 16KB SRAM , 24 Channel x 12 - Bit ADC - MFG : ST MICROELECTRONICS - MPN : STM32L151C6H6 - ( Qty : 1 ) Bluetooth , Single - Chip , V4 . 0LE - MFG : NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR ASA - MPN : nRF8001 - ( Qty : 1 ) Bluetooth USB Dongle - ( Qty : 1 ) Charging Cable - ( Qty : 1 ) Accelerometer , 3 - Axis , ± 2g / ± 4g / ± 8g / ± 16g , I2C / SPI digital output interface - MFG : ST MICROELECTRONICS - MPN : LIS2DH - ( Qty : 1 ) Battery , Li - Polymer , Single Cell , w / Solder Tabs & 2 Insulated Discrete Wires - ( Qty : 1 ) Vibration Motor , Coin Type , w / 2 Discrete Insulated Wires - ( Qty : 1 ) Powered by CR4 , the Engineering Community Discussion – 0 comments By posting a comment you confirm that you have read and accept our Posting Rules and Terms of Use Add your comment | [
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http://electronicsclub.info/impedance.htm | Menu Electronics Club Components Study 555 Projects Construction Solder Books FAQ Impedance and Reactance Impedance | Reactance | Input Impedance | Output Impedance | Voltage Divider Impedance Next Page : Analogue & Digital Also See : Capacitance | Resistance Impedance Impedance ( symbol Z ) is a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to current , in other words : how much the circuit impedes the flow of charge . It is like resistance , but it also takes into account the effects of capacitance and inductance . Impedance is measured in ohms ( ) . Impedance is more complex than resistance because the effects of capacitance and inductance vary with the frequency of the current passing through the circuit and this means impedance varies with frequency . The effect of resistance is constant regardless of frequency . Impedance , Z = V I Resistance , R = V I V = voltage in volts ( V ) I = current in amps ( A ) Z = impedance in ohms ( R = resistance in ohms ( Impedance in simple circuits The term ' impedance ' is often used ( quite correctly ) for simple circuits which have no capacitance or inductance , for example to refer to their ' input impedance ' or ' output impedance ' . This may seem confusing at first but for these simple circuits you can assume it is just another word for resistance . Impedance can be split into two parts : Resistance R ( the part which is constant regardless of frequency ) Reactance X ( the part which varies with frequency due to capacitance and inductance ) The capacitance and inductance cause a phase shift ( see note ) between the current and voltage which means that the resistance and reactance can not be simply added up to give impedance . Instead they must be added as vectors with reactance at right angles to resistance as shown in the diagram . Four electrical quantities determine the impedance ( Z ) of a circuit : resistance ( R ) , capacitance ( C ) , inductance ( L ) and frequency ( f ) . The following section on reactance explains how capacitance , inductance and frequency affect impedance . What does ' phase shift ' mean ? Phase shift means that the current and voltage are out of step with each other . Think of charging a capacitor . When the voltage across the capacitor is zero , the current is at a maximum ; when the capacitor has charged and the voltage is at a maximum , the current is at a minimum . The charging and discharging occur continually with AC and the current reaches its maximum shortly before the voltage reaches its maximum : so we say the current leads the voltage . Reactance , X Reactance ( symbol X ) is a measure of the opposition of capacitance and inductance to current . Reactance varies with the frequency of the electrical signal . Reactance is measured in ohms ( ) . There are two types of reactance : capacitive reactance ( Xc ) and inductive reactance ( X L ) . The total reactance ( X ) is the difference between the two : Total Reactance , X = X L - Xc Capacitive Reactance Xc Capacitive reactance ( Xc ) is large at low frequencies and small at high frequencies . For steady DC which is zero frequency ( f = 0Hz ) , Xc is infinite ( total opposition ) , which means that capacitors pass AC but block DC Capacitive Reactance , Xc = 1 2 fC Xc = reactance in ohms ( f = frequency in hertz ( Hz ) C = capacitance in farads ( F ) For example : a 1µF capacitor has a reactance of 3.2k for a 50Hz signal , but when the frequency is higher at 10kHz its reactance is only 16 Inductive Reactance , X Inductive reactance , X is small at low frequencies and large at high frequencies . For steady DC ( frequency zero ) , X is zero ( no opposition ) , which means that inductors pass DC but block high frequency AC Inductive Reactance , X = 2 fL X = reactance in ohms ( f = frequency in hertz ( Hz ) L = inductance in henrys ( H ) For example : a 1mH inductor has a reactance of only 0.3 for a 50Hz signal , but when the frequency is higher at 10kHz its reactance is 63 Input Impedance Z IN Input impedance ( Z IN ) is the impedance ' seen ' by anything connected to the input of a circuit or device ( such as an amplifer ) . It is the combined effect of all the resistance , capacitance and inductance connected to the input inside the circuit or device . It is normal to use the term ' input impedance ' even for simple cases where there is only resistance and the term ' input resistance ' could be used instead . In fact it is usually reasonable to assume that an input impedance is just resistance providing the input signal has a low frequency ( less than 1kHz ) . The effects of capacitance and inductance vary with frequency , so if these are present the input impedance will vary with frequency . The effects of capacitance and inductance are generally most significant at high frequencies . Usually input impedances should be high , at least ten times the output impedance of the circuit ( or component ) supplying a signal to the input . This ensures that the input will not ' overload ' the source of the signal and reduce the strength ( voltage ) of the signal by a substantial amount . Output Impedance Z OUT The output of any circuit or device is equivalent to an output impedance ( Z OUT ) in series with a perfect voltage source ( V SOURCE ) . This is called the equivalent circuit and it represents the combined effect of all the voltage sources , resistance , capacitance and inductance connected to the output inside the circuit or device . Note that V SOURCE is usually not the same as the supply voltage Vs . It is normal to use the term ' output impedance ' even for simple cases where there is only resistance and the term ' output resistance ' could be used instead . In fact it is usually reasonable to assume that an output impedance is just resistance providing the output signal has a low frequency ( less than 1kHz ) . The equivalent circuit of any output The effects of capacitance and inductance vary with frequency , so if these are present the output impedance will vary with frequency . The effects of capacitance and inductance are generally most significant at high frequencies . Usually output impedances should be low , less than a tenth of the load impedance connected to the output . If an output impedance is too high it will be unable to supply a sufficiently strong signal to the load because most of the signal ' s voltage will be ' lost ' inside the circuit driving current through the output impedance Z . The load could be a single component or the input impedance of another circuit . Low output impedance , Z < < Z LOAD Most of V appears across the load , very little voltage is ' lost ' driving the output current through the output impedance . Usually this is the best arrangement . Matched impedances , Z = Z LOAD Half of V appears across the load , the other half is ' lost ' driving the output current through the output impedance . This arrangement is useful in some situations ( such as an amplifier driving a loudspeaker ) because it delivers maximum power to the load . Note that an equal amount of power is wasted driving the output current through Z , an efficiency of 50 % . High output impedance > > Z Only a small portion of V appears across the load , most is ' lost ' driving the output current through the output impedance . This arrangement is unsatisfactory . The load can be a single component or the input impedance of another circuit The output impedance of a voltage divider Voltage dividers are widely used in electronics , for example to connect an input transducer such as an LDR to a circuit input . For successful use the output impedance of the voltage divider should be much smaller than the input impedance of the circuit connected to it . Ideally the output impedance should be less than a tenth of the input impedance . In the equivalent circuit of a voltage divider the output impedance is just a resistance and the term ' output resistance ' could be used . R is equal to the two resistances ( R1 and R2 ) connected in parallel Output impedance , R = R1 × R2 R1 + R2 The voltage source V in the equivalent circuit is the value of the output voltage Vo when there is nothing connected to the output ( and therefore no output current ) . It is sometimes called the ' open circuit ' voltage . Voltage source , = Vs × R2 R1 + R2 Equivalent circuit of a voltage divider In most voltage dividers one of the resistors will be an input transducer such as an LDR . The transducer ' s resistance varies and this will make both V and R vary too . To check that R is sufficiently low you should work out its highest value which will occur when the transducer has its maximum resistance ( this applies wherever the transducer is connected in the voltage divider ) . For example : If R1 = 10k and R2 is an LDR with maximum resistance 1M , R = 10k × 1M / ( 10k + 1M ) = 9.9k ( say 10k ) . This means it should be connected to a load or input resistance of at least 100k Voltage divider with an LDR Next Page : Analogue & Digital | Study | [
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http://eleganthometheatersystems.com/how-much-does-a-home-theater-cost | How Much Does a Home Theater Cost ? When we first started this business in 2005 , home theaters were somewhat rare and only the very expense homes had them . Today home theaters are much more common and many people have at least visited one in a store demo , or in the home of a friend . Home theaters are sometimes called “ media rooms ” since they are used for watching media other than movies , like sporting events , video games , music videos , television programs , etc . One of the first questions people asks is how much does a home theater cost ? That is like asking how much a boat costs , or how much an automobile costs . I have built theater rooms from the mid teens to over $ 100,000 . The best approach is to figure out how much you would like to invest and then work with a company that can help you make the most of your budget . Elegant Home Theaters can work with a wide variety of budgets . Back to the question of cost , ( 16 ’ W x 20 ’ L x 9 ’ H room example ) for a dedicated Private Home Theater or Cinema using high end professional equipment , project design and management , acoustical wall panels on all walls , ceiling panels , AV equipment rack , RF remote control system with lighting control , audio and video calibration , all labor and training of your family to us the theater . For a Media Room the cost starts at $ 16,000 ( Front Acoustical Panels Only ) For a Private Home Theater the cost starts around $ 30,000 For a Private Cinema the cost starts around $ 45,000 Elegant Home Theaters specializes in custom home theaters and private Cinemas . That means the theater is customized to fit your desires and your budget . We do n ’ t try to cookie cutter something that does n ’ t really fit . Every customer is different . We have an interview process to find out what matters to you and custom design the system that fits you perfectly . We have the experience , the tools and the training to design and install even the very high - ‐ end state of the art home theaters . No matter what size your job is , give us a call today and setup an appointment , then let us know what your dreams are ! For more information about Room Acoustic ’ s , Sound Proofing , AC System Design and HVAC Systems for home theaters please visit our Home Theater Resource Page . | [
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http://elephantmandisease.blogspot.com/ | Elephant Man Disease Wednesday , February 5 , 2014 Elephant Man Disease Explained The Elephant Man is one of the most curious cases in the history of medicine . Joseph Merrick , more popularly known as the “ Elephant Man ” , has a strange condition that caused his bones to swell , his head to increase in size and weight , and his body to become extremely disfigured . Joseph Merrick ’ s case remains a total mystery to medical experts more than a century after his demise on 1890 , but modern science is starting to find some clues as to what disease exactly afflicted the “ Elephant Man ” . To have better perspective on what this condition is , it would be best to understand first the man behind the disease . Joseph Merrick was born without any symptom of a disorder , and he lived a normal life for the first few years of his life . First symptoms of a disease emerged when Merrick developed thick lumpy skin similar to an elephant ’ s . Also , his face becomes disfigured because of lip swelling and a bony lump on his forehead . When his family got dissolved due to his mother ’ s death and his During Joseph Merrick ’ s life and even long after his death , medical experts sought for answers behind the bizarre Elephant Man disease . While studies have been done while he ’ s alive , no doctor or scientist arrived to a formal conclusion . In 1909 , Dr . Frederick Parkes Weber stated that Merrick was afflicted with neurofibromatosis type I . Caused by a mutation in chromosome 17 , this disease has been accepted as the Elephant Man ’ s disease for almost a century . This disease is inherited by autosomal dominant inheritance , but it In 1986 , Michael Cohen and J . A . R . Tibbles proposed that the Elephant Man disease is actually Proteus syndrome . Their main argument against the proposal that the Elephant Man actually suffered from neurofibromatosis type I is the absence of skin discolorations called “ café au lait spots ” and other histological evidence . According to Cohen and Tibbles , Joseph Merrick showed critical symptoms of Proteus syndrome including macrocephaly , hyperostosis of the skull , hypertrophy of long bones , and thickening of both skin and subcutaneous tissues . A compelling case can be made that either neurofibromatosis type I or Proteus syndrome is indeed the Elephant Man disease . In fact , some medical experts are even suggesting the possibility that Joseph Merrick might even be afflicted by both diseases . Due to a lack of sufficient genetic information , all predictions remain inconclusive up to this day . The hunt for the real Elephant Man disease continues . Posted by sameh shaheen at 4 : 58 AM No comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Monday , December 30 , 2013 Joseph Merrick Myth | The Elephant Man In 1980 , David Lynch ' s work of art The Elephant Man was launched . The film told the tale of John Merrick , a disastrously deformed yet wonderful and brilliant Englishman . The way it hit the displays in 1980 , it grew to become a cult hit with victims of neurofibromatosis , the illness that the Elephant Man was considered to have had . Earlier , it was though actually that he suffered with elephantiasis , an exotic disease causes by organisms in the bloodstream . Nevertheless , it was recommended in 1979 that Merrick got Proteus Joseph Carey Merrick was given birth in Leicester of England in 1862 . He started growing physically disfiguring tumors before age 2 and his problem rapidly worsened , making one of his 2 arms entirely useless . Nonetheless , he was identified as a wonderfully innovative and brilliant boy . When Joseph was ELEVEN , his mom , Mary Jane , who had been also actually handicapped , passed away , and Joseph ' s dad married another one . Joseph ' s stepmother was n ' t nearly even as compassionate as his mom , and the woman even Joseph ' s tried to find standard work were not successful . Ill with bronchitis , and needing surgery because of the intrusion of growths into his tonsils , Joseph would more than likely have died on the roads of Leicester , if it were not for a compassionate showman called Tom Norman . Norman has been the UK ' s answer to P.T. Barnum , actually got his nick name , " The Silver King " , and that was from the famous American impresario due to the fancy silver jewelry he dressed in . Finding himself away from Coming back home from Belgium , Joseph was found out in a train station in Liverpool by Dr . Frederick Treves , and he had formerly seen Merrick on show in a medical university . Merrick was struggling with bronchitis and weakness , and Treves transferred him back to the White chapel Hospital . This hospital had become Merrick ' s permanent residence ; in his living room he wrote poems and prose then he built models through card stock , his most well - known being of the St . Philip ' s tall in Birmingham , which generally Since Merrick became more relaxing with other individuals , he was taken on trips and even visited a cinema . He shook hands together with people and spoke to people , even ladies , with ease . Regrettably , his unprecedented sense of self esteem appeared too late , and he passed away while he was sleep in April 11 , 1890 . Gossips spread that Merrick " the Elephant Man " had been killed , but Dr . Treves actually dispelled these rumors , exposing the true reason of Merrick ' s dying to be asphyxiation . He also Posted by sameh shaheen at 8 : 26 AM No comments : Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Saturday , December 28 , 2013 Sian Mumtaz | The Giant Head Diseas | ELEPHANT MAN DISEASE Do giantmen exist ? Well , a peculiar disease could make your mind GIGANTIC ! Proteus symptoms transforms a guy into a monster and there is nothing anyone or even experts can do to help him . The terrible disease affects the bone structure of patient ’ s head , hands and feet causing to make them grow in uncontrollabe way ! Let ’ s check out the shocking case of the person with the huge head , and some more cases of the Elephant Man Disease . Sian Mumtaz is one of them , the Pakistani Elephant Man who ' s fighting social damnation because of his gruesome exterior look . Because of this ruthless disease referred to as the Proteus symptoms , the bone fragments in his head , feet as well as arms are continuously increasing turning him for a monster lookalike . The TWENTY TWO year old man is considered to have problems with a difference that the well known Elephant Man , Joesph Merrick had . The condition appears to be affecting his bone structure proportionally . Sian Mumtaz comes from the outskirts of Lahore , and in spite of his monstrous appearance , he ’ s a mild giant and he ’ s been recognized and comforted by the city he lives in . In fact , the support he got from his friends helped him overcome the fact that his terrible disease is truly a wicked curse presented upon him by way of a vengeful God . If Sain does really have problems with Proteus Syndrome , nothing else can be carried out to help him , except some operations to eliminate the surplus skin , nonetheless it is only going to grow back in anytime . But what ' s Proteus Syndrome and may It Be Cured ? Proteus syndrome is really a genetic disease which mostly causes a person ’ s skin to grow fast and the bones to build up atypically , often associated with tumors on half your body . How could it be cured ? Unfortunately , there is absolutely no cure till now ! The head disease does not have any known cure since it is incredibly rare . There were tests completed using one person , a team of experts tested Rapamycin on a patient presumably experiencing Proteus Syndrome , plus they discovered it to work really good , however the patient ’ s analysis of the Elephant Man Disease has been extremely contested by others . In a recently available interview , the type , abominable looking giant reported that : Discover more photos and a video clip of The Pakistani Elephant Man Sian Mumtaz below : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 1 : 41 AM Sunday , December 22 , 2013 Sarah Atwell tells her suffering from " Elephant Man Disease " It ' s " Elephant Man disease " . One of the very rare diseases which occur to a person within a million people , when we back to history , we find that a very small number of people diagnosed with this deadly disease . The first person who suffered from this disease was Joseph Merrick , that was at the end of the nineteenth century , now , at this time , the disease came back again and that a girl called " Sarah Atwell " has been injured with the same disease " Elephant Man Disease " Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . " Elephant Man disease " is a swelling of neurofibromatosis , and its symptoms was the same symptoms that appeared on the " Sarah " when she was hit by the disease . But the symptoms of the disease that appeared on Sarah were less severe than the symptoms that hit Joseph in the past . The symptoms appeared clearly on her face and some parts of her body . Sarah yielded to an intense therapeutic examination to diagnose the disease accurately , and a big staff of doctors and specialists studied Sarah ' s case carefully . We note " Elephant Man disease " is a hereditary strike that create a neuromas Levy , and this disturbs the growth of cells in the nervous system and this leads to create tumors in different places in the body . Sarah tells the her story , she says she was in the third grade when she was hit by the disease , her friends called here with a bad names like " the ugly " and " the fat face " and this affected on her psychological state a lot and Sarah was crying so much because of the cynicism she exposed to . Sarah says she thought that the disease will stay for a short period , this is what the doctors told her , but it stayed for a long time . Sarah undergone for eight surgeries , In 2010 , Sarah undergo - ned for three surgeries in her face to remove the tumor , doctors did it , and they really succeeded in removing it , but the problem they said was that they were not sure whether the disease may come back again or not . Sarah ' s health state was much improved , she said that she is ready now to plan for the future , and hopes to succeed in it , she exposed to really big problems , and she was able to pass them successfully . Sarah has already succeeded in overcoming this disaster disease , and doctors and specialists have succeeded in treating Sarah , this is considered as a brilliant medical success . But , the question remains : Is it possible to see diagnosed people with this disease again ? Can we see the " Elephant Man disease " again ? 6 : 35 AM Friday , December 20 , 2013 Elephant Man Disease | Gene May Explain ' Elephant Man ' Disorder Making use of new DNA sequencing methods , experts have tracked along the gene defect underlying an uncommon disease known as Proteus syndrome that triggers bone plus skin tissue to develop to occasionally grotesque amounts . The change may clarify the affliction for the Elephant Man , a distorted Englishman whose terrible life within the late 1800s happens to be depicted on stage and also film . Proteus syndrome , called when it comes to shape - shifting of Greek sea god , is believed to affect just a few hundred people . Skin along with other cells grow abnormally , resulting in enlarged hands , feet , and tumors that may cause pain along with other problems and quite often require amputation . Considering that the disease does not run in families , and just some areas of the body are affected , German skin specialist Rudolf Happle - hypothesized in 1987 that rather than caused by an inherited change that permeates all of the cells However confirming that " mosaic " theory has not been easy as geneticists would never follow their common strategy of following the gene by examining families for which some members come into the condition as well as others do not , says Leslie Biesecker , chief for the National Human Genome Research Institute ' s hereditary Diseases study Branch in Bethesda , Maryland , that has studied Greek deity patients for 16 years . So nowadays , Biesecker ' s staff turned to a technique for which scientists use next generation DNA to sequencing to affordably decode all of the genome ' s protein coding DNA , referred to as " exome . " They sequenced the exomes of irregular and normal cells from 7 Proteus patients ' body parts to compared all of them with healthy individuals exomes to ferret out of the culprit gene . All of the Proteus patients discussed exactly the same single - base mutant in a gene named AKT1 . Exactly the same glitch starred in 26 of 29 patients identified as having Proteus disease as well as in 1 % to about 50 % for the DNA in good cell samples , the scientists report online nowadays within the New England log of Medicine ( NEJM ) . To reinforce the situation that the change was causing illness , the researchers also revealed that the AKT required protein is overactive within the abnormal tissues . The AKT1 G . , Though exome sequencing has been utilized to get the genes for a large number of rare diseases in past times a couple of years , this is actually the first " mosaic " illness to be cracked with all the technique , tells healthcare geneticist Dian Donnai for the University of Manchester , U.K. The job should act as a model for researching different mosaic genetic conditions . The discovery might also want to help medical doctors diagnose thought Proteus cases and maybe result in treatments . Companies already are developing cancer medications that focus on the AKT path , and another that obstructs patients ' mutated as a type of AKT might end or slow down the disease ' s evolution , Biesecker recommend | evolutions . Patients ' family members are " realistic " about how precisely long clinical studies take , but " we can not help being thrilled , " says Tracey Whitewood - Neal , head for the Proteus Syndrome basic foundation UK 6 : 44 AM Sunday , September 29 , 2013 Elephant Man Disease | The Causes Elephant Man Disease Researchers say they have got found a solitary gene mutation accountable for a rare problem thought to impact the dysphemistic “ Elephant Man ” who toured Europe within the actual 19th century the subject of the 80 film . Since the gene is actually also associated with cancer , drugs right now in development may 1 day help comparable patients , the researchers said . The actual condition , the Proteus syndrome , is actually marked by uncontrolled tissue and bone development . It ’ s named for your shape - changing god from Greek mythology , and impacts lower than 500 people globally , dependent on the National Institutes of Wellness . The only mutation , basically one misspelling among 3 billion letters which comprise our genome , occurs during embrionario development and is n ’ t inherited , stated Leslie Biesecker , the senior author through the report published today within the Brand new England Journal of medicines . “ All patients up to right now have exactly the same mutation within the actual same gene , and it ’ s never existing in unaffected people , ” stated Biesecker , chief of genetic diseases investigation in the National Human Genome Research Start , within a conference call along with reporters . “ Once the mutation occurs , the pv cells that descend because a result mutated cell display the out of control growth that characterizes the problem . ” Causes of Elephant Man Disease Researchers said these people intend to confirm the associated with Paul Merrick , who had been played through John Hurt within the 1980 movie , by analyzing his continues to be . Merrick died in 1890 working within london . The scientists found which this cells that were unaffected through the actual mutation still develop , giving the impacted child two separate genomes . It ’ s difficult to for doctors to diagnose the issue because , in some instances , the actual particular normal cells were analyzed , Biesecker said . Gene Particular The mutation only occurs in the actual AKT1 gene , that can be connected to tumors and could cause just because much as 5 percent of breast malignancies . Companies targeting AKT consist of GlaxoSmithKline Plc ( GSK ) , Astra - Zeneca Plc , Zentaris Inc . as well as VioQuest Pharmaceuticals . Roche Holding AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ( ROG ) ’ s Tarceva and Eli Lilly & Company . ( LLY ) ’ s Erbitux seem to function , simply , by hitting GERNING , possess shown . Elephant man disease studies - The experts sequenced fault the genome that codes protein to concentrate on the mutation in 7 patients with Proteus syndrome . Then these people tested 22 more patients , locating the actual mutation in 26 from the 29 examined . Another three might have the changement at lower levels or in various cells , the researchers said . The subsequent analysis of 400 volunteers and the large number of others whose genomes tend to be kept in public areas research databases unsuccessful to arrive the mutation in anyone along with no condition . 15 Many many years of Cells Elephant Man Disease The researchers did their own analysis on tissue ( ) samples removed during surgical treatment to manage excessive bone and tissue development in the past 15 years , stated Eric Green , director from the Nationwide Human Genome Research Institute . The process took so long simply because they required the technology to mature , he stated . “ We are simply starting in order to capitalize on the top rated of the actual genomic revolution , ” he stated . “ Like X - rays that peered into the actual body in the previous century , the actual ability to routinely and robustly peer in to our genomes will prove innovative , ” he said . 3 : 58 AM Saturday , September 28 , 2013 Elephants Facts | All You Need Elephants Facts | Environment loss is probably the key threats dealing with elephants . Many climate change projections reveal that key portions of elephants ’ habitat discover yourself significantly hotter and drier , producing in poorer foraging conditions and threatening leg survival . Increasing conflict with human foule overtaking a growing number of elephant environment and poaching for ivory are additional risks that are placing the elephant ’ s future in risk . Elephants Facts | Diet Favorites : Grasses , leaves , bamboo bedding , bark , roots . Elephants might also be which may eat crops such as banana and sugarcane which are grown through farmers . Adult elephants eat 300 - 400 pounds of food every day . Elephants Facts | Population Inside the coming back the 20th millennium , there were several million Africa elephants regarding 100 , 000 Oriental elephants . Today , you will find out approximately 450 , 000 - seven hundred , 000 African elephants and between thirty - five , 000 - 40 , 000 outrageous Asian elephants . Elephants Facts | Range Africa savannah elephants can be found within savannah zones in 37 countries south via the Sahara Desert . African woodland elephants inhabit the dense rainforests of to the west and central Africa . The Asian hippo are available in India , Sri Kemzryn ? , China and much of Southeast Asian countries . Elephants Facts | Behavior Elephants contact form deep family bonds and live in restricted matriarchal group of related females referred in order to as herd . The herd is brought with the oldest and often largest woman inside the herd , referred to because matriarch . Herds include 8 - 100 individuals based on terrain and family size . Each and every time a calf is born , this truly is raised and protected with the actual whole matriarchal herd . Males leave your own loved ones unit between ages associated with 12 - 15 and may lead solitary lives or even live temporarily Elephants are really smart animals and have memories that span numerous years . It truly is this memory space that serves matriarchs well during dry months after they need to guide their own herds , sometimes for several kilometers , to watering holes that they keep in mind from the past . In addition these people display indications of grief , pleasure , anger and perform . Recent discoveries possess demostrated that elephants can communicate over lengthy distances by causing a sub - sonic rumble which may travel on the floor faster compared to sound through air . Other elephants acquire the messages through the sensitive skin inside the feet and trunks . It really is believed this is the way possible mates and social groups communicate . 4 : 28 AM Neurofibromatosis | The Full Conception Neurofibromatosis | The Full Conception Neurofibromatosis is actually really a genetic disorder of the nerve fibres . It mainly affects how nerve tissues form and grow . It causes growths to develop on nerves . You will certainly get neurofibromatosis from the parents , or even it may happen due to a changement ( change ) within your genes . After a person have it , you are able in order to pass it along for your kids . Usually the tumors are harmless , but sometimes they are able in order to become cancerous . You will certainly find three kinds associated with neurofibromatosis Type one ( NF1 ) causes skin changes and deformed bone fragments . It usually starts in child years . Sometimes the outward symptoms are existing when they are born . Kind 2 ( NF2 ) causes the loss of listening to , ringing ears , and poor stability . Symptoms often begin in the teen years . Schwannomatosis causes intense discomfort . It does not take rarest kind . Doctors diagnose the various kinds in line with the symptoms . Hereditary testing can also be utilized to identify NF1 and NF2 . There is completely no cure . 4 : 18 AM Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures 4 : 17 AM Elephantiasis Definition The actual term elephantiasis is really a vivid as well as accurate term for your syndrome it explains : the gross ( visible ) enlargement from the actual arms , legs , or genitals in order to elephantoid size . Elephantiasis Description Correct elephantiasis may be the result of the parasitic infection brought on by three particular types of round worms . The lengthy , threadlike worms block the human system ' s lymphatic system - a network of stations , lymph nodes , and organs within order to maintain proper fluid levels within your body by draining lymph from cells in to the bloodstream . This congestion causes fluids to gather in the cells , which could result in great inflammation , called " lymphedema . " Limbs may swell so enormously which they resemble a good elephant ' s foreleg There are a few different reasons for elephantiasis , but the actual agents accountable for most of the actual elephantiasis on the planet are filarial viruses : white , slender round worms existing in most tropical and subtropical locations . They may be transmitted by specific kinds ( species ) of mosquitoes , which is actually , bloodsucking insects . Infection using these types of worms is called " lymphatic filariasis " and additionally a long period of time may trigger elephantiasis . Lymphatic filariasis is truly a disease of underdeveloped regions present within South usa , Central Africa , Asian countries , the Pacific Islands , and additionally the Caribbean . This is a illness which has been present for hundreds associated with years , as ancient Persian and Indian native writings clearly described elephant - like swellings from the actual arms , legs , and sex organs . Approximately 120 million people on the actual planet have lymphatic filariasis . The problem appears to be spreading , regardless associated with decades of research in this area . Other terms for elephantiasis tend to be Barbados leg , elephant lower leg , morbus herculeus , mal de Cayenne pepper , and myelolymphangioma . Other circumstances that may result in elephantiasis tend to be : a protozoan disease known as leishmaniasis a repeated streptococcal contaminants the surgery of lymph systems ( usually to avoid the spread associated with cancer ) a hereditary birth problem Causes and symptoms 3 types of round worms trigger elephantiasis filariasis : Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , as well as Brugia timori . Of those 3 , W . bancrofti is the cause for 90 % from the cases . Guy may be the only known host associated with Watts . bancrofti . Culex , Aedes , as well as Anopheles mosquitoes would be the carriers associated with W . bancrofti . Anopheles as well as Mansonia mosquitoes would be the carriers associated with B . malayi . Furthermore , Anopheles mosquitoes would be the service providers of B . timori . Contaminated female mosquitoes have a blood meal through the human , and in doing this particular , introduce larval forms of the particular parasite they carry towards the individual . These larvae migrate toward the lymphatic channel , then visit various locations inside the lymphatic system , usually placing themselves in or near lymph nodes via the entire body . During this time period , they mature into more created larvae and finally into adult viruses . Based upon the types of circular worm , this development may take the few months or more than the normal year . The The adult worms can reside from around three to eight many years . Some happen to be known in order to live to twenty years , and 1 case four decades . The adult viruses begin reproducing numerous live embryos , known as microfilariae . The microfilariae visit the blood stream , where they may be ingested through a mosquito with regards to takes the blood meal through the infected individual . If they happen to be not really ingested with a mosquito , the actual microfilariae die within about a yr . If they are ingested with the mosquito The actual majority of the symptoms an infected individual experiences are because of the blockage through the lymphatic system through the adult viruses and because of the substances ( excretions as well as secretions ) created by the viruses . The human body ' s allergic responses might include repeated episodes of temperature , shaking chills , sweating , head aches , vomiting , and pain . Bigger lymph nodes , swelling from the impacted area , skin ulcers , bone as well as pain , tiredness , and red blotches across the arm or leg can additionally occur . Abscesses can build within lymph nodes or within the lymphatic ships . They may check out the surface area of the skin too . Extensive infection with lymphatic filariasis can result within lymphedema , hydrocele ( a buildup of liquid in a saclike cavity or duct ) inside the scrotum , and elephantiasis from the actual legs , scrotum , arms , male organ , breasts , and vulvae . The actual most typical site of elephantiasis may become the leg . It typically begins inside the ankle and progresses towards the feet and leg . In the beginning the actual swollen leg may feel soft to contact but eventually becomes hard and thicker . Your skin may appear darkened or even warty and This particular disease much more intense in people who else not have used lymphatic filariasis than this really is within the native people associated with tropical locations where the disease happens . The reason being most of the actual native people often are immunologically understanding . Diagnosis The actual only real sure method to identify lymphatic filariasis through detecting the parasite by itself , either the adult worms as nicely as microfilariae . Microscopic study associated with the individual ' s blood may uncover microfilariae . Most times , individuals who else have been infected for a long time period you do n ' t have microfilariae within their blood stream . The lack of them , consequently , is not to mean necessarily which the person is not really contaminated . In these instances , examining the actual urine or hydrocele fluid or performing some other scientific tests is essential . Gathering blood through the individual for microscopic evaluation ought to be done during the evening once the microfilariae are more numerous inside the bloodstream . ( Interestingly , this is actually how mosquitoes bite most frequently . ) Throughout the day microfilariae move to deeper bloodstream in the entire body , particularly in the lung . Whenever it is decided to perform blood examination throughout the day , the infected person might be given a " provocative " dose associated with medication to provoke the microfilariae to the actual bloodstream . Blood then could be gathered one hour later for Detecting the adult worms modify because they are deep inside the actual lymphatic system and difficult to begin . Biopsies are certainly not performed just because they usually do n ' t reveal much info . Treatment G of choice for lymphatic filariasis is actually diethylcarbamazine ( DEC ) . The trade name within the usa is Hetrazan . The actual therapy schedule is typically 2 mg / kg every day , three times each time , for three weeks . P is actually consumed in tablet form . 12 , kills the microfilariae quickly and injures or even kills the adult worms slowly , in case . If all of the adult viruses are n ' t killed , remaining paired men as well as women may still produce much more larvae . For that reason several programs of DEC treatment over the long period period may be essential to rid the actual individual from the parasites . 12 , is simply certain to reduce the sizes of enlarged lymph nodes and , whenever taken long - term , to reduce elephantiasis . In India , DEC offers been produced by means of a cured salt , which aids in preventing distribute from the disease . The part associated with DEC almost all are simply because of the body ' s natural allergic reactions in the direction of the dying parasites rather than towards the actual DEC itself . Because of this particular , DEC should be given carefully in order to reduce the risk to the person . Negative effects might include temperature , chills , headache , fatigue , nausea and vomiting , itchiness , and pain . These negative results usually occur within the early days associated with treatment . These negative effects usually diminish since the individual continues taking medication . It has an alternate therapy plan for the usage of 12 , . This is made to kill the actual parasites slowly ( to reduce allergy symptoms in the direction of the dead microfilariae and dying adult viruses inside the body ) . Lower doses associated with DEC are taken for your first couple of days , accompanied by the higher dosage of two mg / kg per day for your own remaining three weeks . Additionally , steroid drugs may be prescribed to avoid the lawsuit filer ' s body from reacting severely towards the lifeless worms . Another drug used is actually Ivermectin . Early studies of Ivermectin display that it must be excellent in eliminating microfilariae , however the effects of this particular drug within the adult worms continue in order to be being investigated . It really is actually probable that patients will have to carry on using DEC to kill the adult viruses . Mild negative effects of Ivermectin consist of headache , fever , as well as myalgia . Other ways of controlling lymphatic filariasis are pressure bandages to cover the swollen limb and elastic stockings within reducing stress . Exercising and elevating the bandaged limb may also lessen its dimension . Surgery can be carried away to lessen elephantiasis by removing excess greasy and fibrous tissue , draining the actual swelled area , and removing the lifeless worms . Older Posts Home Subscribe to : Posts ( Atom ) Popular Posts Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Pictures Elephant Man Disease Explained The Elephant Man is one of the most curious cases in the history of medicine . Joseph Merrick , more popularly known as the “ Elephant Man ” , . . . Sian Mumtaz | The Giant Head Diseas | ELEPHANT MAN DISEASE Do giantmen exist ? Well , a peculiar disease could make your mind GIGANTIC ! Proteus symptoms transforms a guy into a monster and there is . . . Joseph Merrick Myth | The Elephant Man In 1980 , David Lynch ' s work of art The Elephant Man was launched . The film told the tale of John Merrick , a disastrously deformed ye . . . Sarah Atwell tells her suffering from " Elephant Man Disease " It ' s " Elephant Man disease " . One of the very rare diseases which occur to a person within a million people , when we back to . . . Elephant Man Disease | Gene May Explain ' Elephant Man ' Disorder Making use of new DNA sequencing methods , experts have tracked along the gene defect underlying an uncommon disease known as Proteus syndro . . . Tree Man Disease | INCREDIBLE Tree Man Disease Tree Man Disease Short Story Within last week ’ s episode , an individual arrived at Seattle Grace Mercy West . . . Neurofibromatosis | The Full Conception Neurofibromatosis | The Full Conception Neurofibromatosis is actually really a genetic disorder of the nerve fibres . It mainly affects . . . ( no title ) Elephantiasis Definition The actual term elephantiasis is really a vivid as well as accurate term for your syndrome it explains : the . . . Elephants Facts | All You Need Elephants Facts | Environment loss is probably the key threats dealing with elephants . Many climate change projections reveal that . . . Google+ Followers About Me sameh shaheen View my complete profile Blog Archive ▼ 2014 ( 1 ) ▼ February ( 1 ) ► 2013 ( 10 ) | [
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http://elephantwords.co.uk/ | An Elephant Never Forgets Elephant Words ended on Saturday 30th July , 2016 . Site creator Nick had a few words to say about that . Aug 18 , 2016 in Elephant Words All The Things We Ever Were There are ghosts here . Jul 30 , 2016 in Elephant Words Thank You and Goodbye “ Ten floors . They say that ’ s ten stories , but trust me , there are more stories here than you can count . ” That ’ s what Bob likes to say . Jul 30 , 2016 Leaving ‘ I do n ’ t want it to be over . ’ A Cry in the Wilderness There is a tree growing in my living room and there does n ’ t seem to be anything I can do about it . Jul 29 , 2016 Where is Home ? “ Papa , ” the boy called , “ I ca n ’ t fit everything in this . ” Jul 29 , 2016 Desecration They had the outdoor part of the cafe to themselves . NYC summer heat and humidity had chased everyone else away . Jul 28 , 2016 1 2 448 Next → | [
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http://elevationmap.net/amarillo | Zoom in for info Amarillo on the Elevation Map . Topographic Map of Amarillo . Elevation Map for Amarillo This tool can be used to get Amarillo elevation , Amarillo altitude , Amarillo latitude and Amarillo longitude . You can also find the Amarillo Elevation Map and the exact Amarillo elevation in the most used measurement units used : meters , kilometers and miles . Amarillo interactive elevation with tools that provide altitudes of many locations like Amarillo , Topographic Map of Amarillo , along with detailed location for Amarillo and places around the globe . Amarillo Topographic Map See the Topographic Map of Amarillo Altitude tool provides exact height for Amarillo . Amarillo elevation above the sea level You can also get the Amarillo elevation above the sea level ( Amarillo altitude ) . Get the altitude of Amarillo above sea level by searching with our elevation tool . | [
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http://elgaucho.com/dine/aqua/ | Waterfront AQUA by El Gaucho Seattles quintessential waterfront finedining experience 2069569171 2801 Alaskan Way Pier 70 Seattle WA 98121 Google Directions RESERVATIONS Named Gayots Top Ten Seafood Restaurants in America in 2012 and awarded The Washington State Wine Commissions 2015 Restaurant of the Year AQUA by El Gaucho sparkles at the tip of Pier 70 offering Seattles best waterfront dining experience Walls of glass showcase Seattles finest views of Elliott Bay The expansive outdoor deck is especially attractive on summer evenings and indoors the spacious lounge and lighted serpentine bar is a showstopper in its own right AQUA by El Gaucho showcases the dinnerastheatre philosophy and signature hospitality of El Gaucho On Monday Feb 11 dinner seating will be extremely limited due to a large party booking Please contact restaurant for seating and availability Menus Our menu features fresh seafood selections and 28day dryaged Niman Ranch AllNatural Prime Certified Angus Beef and customaged Certified Angus Beef Tenderloin Filets as personally selected by John Tarpoff Steaks and chops are prepared on our oneofakind charcoal grill in our open exhibition style kitchen Our commitment is to sourcing the finest ingredients and we proudly source the best products in the world Not all menu items are listed on our websitewe also offer daily fresh sheets as well as vegetarian vegan and glutenfree options Please feel free to contact us regarding special requests or food allergy concerns A 20 service charge is included on each check AQUA by El Gaucho retains 100 of the service charge Our professional service team receives industry leading compensation including commissions on sales health insurance 401K and extensive education and training for a successful career path Dinner Vegetarian Wine Dessert Bar General Manager Sivi Mennen Email Bio Executive Chef Kevin Benner Email Bio Live Music Ben Fleck TuesdaySunday 6pm Jerry Frank Monday 6pm Hours Open daily 4pm Dinner 5pm Valet parking available One of my favorite spots in Seattle Its elegance and great atmosphere emanates from almost every angle of this place from the grilled fabulous swordfish to its wine selections to the background piano selection of Georgia On My Mind to the breathtaking Seattle Bay views Service and quality are Old World and unmatched Yelp Tony T 53018 Private Dining We coordinate so you can celebrate Our Private Dining team will create an experience for your most important business and personal moments Our beautiful and incomparable private rooms provide the perfect venue for your every occasion from an intimate dinner to an important meeting a family celebration or a large group gathering Available for brunch lunch and dinner service seven days a week as well as buyouts of our entire restaurant Event Director Carly McGovern Bio 2069568171 Email Resources Information Request Form Event Portfolio Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The North Bay Room boasts floortoceiling windows overlooking Elliott Bay and the Olympic Mountains It accommodates 75 guests for seated dinners and 100 for receptions with direct access to the beautiful outdoor patio Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The South Bay Room offers seating for 25 guests direct patio access and views of the Olympic Mountains and Elliott Bay Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video An AQUA Restaurant buy out can accommodate as many as 500 guests for a reception and 375 guests seated not including the patio AQUA welcomes full facility lunch programs banquets special events weddings and receptions Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The AQUA Bar provides private and semiprivate spaces It accommodates 60 guests for seated events 125 guests for receptions and up to 150 guests for a flow reception Connect With Us Join the conversation share your experiences and photos with us on Facebook Twitter and Instagram | [
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http://elhefe.com/ | Make A Reservation Book Private Event Choose Your Location Scottsdale , Az tempe , az Chicago , IL El Hefe Super Macho Taqueria is not your average taco joint . Yeah , we serve up delicious little tortillas full of flavor , but we also boast the best Happy Hour , Tortas and Beer - Garitas . Hmmm , how can we describe El Hefe ? Think Dia de Los Muertos – but with style ( and great - looking servers ) ! Have you ever tried a beer - garita ? ! Come in , be charmed , and leave full ! At El Hefe , we dish up all kinds of tacos : Pork al Pastor , Braised Beef , Chicken , Carne Asada and more ! And they do n ’ t stop there – add in an entrada ( appetizer ) , Torta , or finish off the meal with a dulce ( dessert ) . Are you more concerned with the beverage ? El Hefe has some of the best Margaritas we ’ ve ever sipped . Grab one – or a beer - garita , frozen marg , beer , or boxed wine ( seriously ! ) Click for more info Click for more info | [
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http://elite-dangerous.wikia.com/wiki/Data_Link_Scanner | in Equipment Guides Data Link Scanner The Data Link Scanner is an integrated scanner module used to scan and interact with active technology It is installed by default on SRVs and Ships and does not occupy an internal module compartment have mass or draw power Contents show On SRVs Controls The data link scanner is a multipurpose scanner that provides cargobounty information on targets along with the ability to interface with automated systems and hack into systems It functions like a Manifest Scanner or Kill Warrant Scanner in that It needs to be bound to a fire groupbutton to be used When using it first toggle into the Turret UI view aim the turret at the data point target and hit the key to which you bound the scanner to initiate the scan Alternatively the scan may be initiated from the cockpit without entering turret mode but you must ensure that its first linked to a Fire Group in your righthand panel Setting both the Dual Repeater and Data Link Scanner on the same fire group with the Repeater on primary and the Scanner on secondary or vice versa is typically the simplest configuration The scan will take several seconds to complete The controls option Firing Deploys Hardpoints does NOT need to be enabled as the SRVs turret is deployed automatically once far enough away from the shipyou can hear it deploy as you drive away and retract as you approach as such when right next to or very near to your ship youre unable to enter the turretUI view at all Simply drive a bit further away and youll hear it deploy on its own at which point the turretUI view is enabled Once again to make use of the Scanner or Turret simply make sure your far enough away from Functions The Data Link Scanner is used to interact with surface data points such as those used in all Surface Scan missions as well as interacting with crashsite data points Whats more while prospecting for materials Outcrops Mesosiderite Bronzite Chondrite and Metallic Meteorites can all be scanned with the Data Link Scanner prior to shooting and collecting the materials released although unlike prospecting limpets scanning the material sources doesnt cause an increase in materials dropped nor does it provide further information about its contents On Ships Data Link Scanners were added to ships as a default module in update 23 The Commanders They occupy a new module slot have no mass and can not be removed similar to the Planetary Approach Suite Once deployed ship Data Link Scanners can be used like other utility scanners to interact with select targets It can download logs from certain Installations and Megaships including Generation ships as well as scan Megaships to highlight points of interest such as Data Points Automated Defence Turrets Cargo Bays Hackable Data Transmitters and Comms Arrays Tips You need to select the object to be scanned first just like how you select a star as a target if you want to scan it Just pointing the scanner and hitting the secondary fire button does nothing if you dont have a target selected v d e Equipment Core Internals Bulkheads Frame Shift Drive Fuel Tank Life Support Power Distributor Guardian Hybrid Power Plant Guardian Hybrid Sensors Thrusters Enhanced Performance Optional Internals Tools and Accessories Auto FieldMaintenance Unit Cargo Rack Corrosion Resistant Detailed Surface Scanner Frame Shift Drive Interdictor Fuel Scoop Fuel Tank Guardian Frame Shift Drive Booster Passenger Cabin Planetary Approach Suite Refinery Standard Docking Computer Limpet Controllers Collector Decontamination Fuel Transferer Hatch Breaker Prospector Recon Repair Research Defensive Modules Guardian Shield Reinforcement Package Hull Reinforcement Package Guardian Meta Alloy Module Reinforcement Package Guardian Shield Cell Bank Shield Generator Prismatic BiWeave Hangars Fighter Hangar Planetary Vehicle Hangar Utilities AX Xeno Scanner Chaff Launcher Electronic Countermeasure Frame Shift Wake Scanner Heatsink Launcher Kill Warrant Scanner Manifest Scanner Point Defence Turret Pulse Wave Analyser Shield Booster Shutdown Field Neutraliser Integrated Scanners Data Link Scanner Discovery Scanner Full Spectrum System Scanner Short Range Composition Scanner Categories Equipment Guides Configure Reference Popups Recent Wiki Activity Species Univero 8 hours ago Bulb Mollusc Univero 8 hours ago Parasol Mollusc Univero 8 hours ago Distant Worlds II Clockpuncher 10 hours ago Help us grow Elite Dangerous Wiki Get Started | [
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http://elite-dangerous.wikia.com/wiki/FSD_Supercharging | in Guides FSD Supercharging Neutron star and an Anaconda FSD supercharging is the process of flying into a highenergy relativistic jet of a neutron star or a white dwarf in supercruise with a Fuel Scoop equipped which increases the FSD range for the next jump at the cost of slight damage to the Frame Shift Drive itself FSD supercharging from a white dwarf gives a 50 range bonus while doing the same with a neutron star provides a 300 bonus effectively quadrupling a ships range for a single jump Note that supercharging is not an instant process and the pilots may have to spend several seconds inside the jet for the effect to apply This is a risky process as the highenergy jet of the star can fling the ship around and make it difficult to control and disengaging supercruise while inside the jet will strain and inflict damage to a ships modules and hull Larger ships with greater mass are somewhat resistant to the jets magnetic forces and can be easier to control during the process than smaller ships Independentlycharted Neutron Highways can be used to traverse vast differences with far fewer jumps than the conventional method of travel These routes usually involve using the supercharge acquired at one neutron star to jump directly to another system with a neutron star or close to it and thereby chain supercharged jumps almost indefinitely until the destination is reached provided the pilot can keep their FSD repaired and refuel with standard fuel scooping when necessary Videos Elite Dangerous 22 Beta Dropping into a neutron star jet Effects of gravitational strain as experienced in the Eagle and the Anaconda Add a photo to this gallery Gallery Neutron star and an Anaconda Basic HowTo graphic on using the slingshot Add a photo to this gallery Categories Guides Configure Reference Popups Recent Wiki Activity Seismic Charge Launcher A FANDOM user 25 minutes ago Abrasion Blaster A FANDOM user 26 minutes ago Miner A FANDOM user 41 minutes ago LTT Hyper Sweet Cytheria01 2 hours ago Help us grow Elite Dangerous Wiki Get Started | [
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http://elite.com/ | 3E Enterprise Business Management BY THOMSON REUTERS ELITE ELITE SOLUTIONS ELITE FEATURES ELITE BENEFITS ELITE WHATS NEW To survive in todays business world you need industryleading solutions that foster growth maximize performance and provide strategic visibility to embrace change with confidence Innovate Nextgeneration technology delivers unlimited agility and profitability Collaborate Unify all of your important tasks and data into one integrated solution Reduce Risk Increase efficiency while minimizing business risks and regulatory challenges Increase Productivity Give lawyers the productivity tools they need to deliver greater efficiency to clients Increase ROI Amp up profits to secure your firms financial future Elite has two business management platforms to help you manage critical areas of your business Select your product of choice 3E for Large Law Enterprise Business Management ProLaw for One Office Integrated Business Management ELITE FEATURES General ledger purchasing accounts payable collections ebilling trust accounting and time tracking Managing the finances of your firm is full of challengesfrom financial reporting to electronic billing and everything in betweenand you need an efficient and streamlined system Our proven financial management platforms can help you profitably manage your business and increase your operational efficiency The Elite financial management platforms encompass all aspects of accounting They can be configured from the ground up to give you the power you need to gain complete visibility and control of your firms financial health and their robust functionality helps you meet billing and cash management objectives with tools designed to shorten billing cycles improve time capturing swiftly create and distribute invoices and much more Whether your organization is small midsized or large our financial management platforms will help you confidently manage your firms finances ELITE BENEFITS At Elite we are committed to helping you meet your business goals both today and in the future while providing the best possible service for your clients Our awardwinning solutions enable you to streamline operations maximize efficiency and increase visibility into all aspects of your business 3E Enterprise Business Management Improve performance and agility across all of your critical areas of operation with the marketleading endtoend enterprise business management solution Boost customer service with builtin flexibility and anytime anywhere access to the information you need ProLaw One Office Solution Automate the practice and manage the business of law with the one office business management solution designed for everyone in your office Simplify streamline and coordinate the work of lawyers with comprehensive and intuitive features TESTIMONIALS Our clients say it best Read about their efficiency improvements increased profitability and overall success with Elite products The time we are saving can now be spent better serving our clients which in turn generates more income for our firm Not having ProLaw would simply be detrimental to our success Download Case Study John Messersmith Managing Partner KPM LAW With 3E we easily provide realtime business intelligence throughout the firm so our people can operate at the highest level to achieve positive outcomes for our clients Download Case Study Edward GordonHall Director of Finance Administration Lewis Silkin READ MORE TESTIMONIALS Request More Information | [
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http://elitedaily.com/entertainment/celebrity/kim-kardashian-surrogate-money/1998299/ | How Much Money Will Kim Kardashian ' s Surrogate Make ? By Jamie LeeLo June 21 2017 New updates are coming out of the Kardashian West camp , and People is reporting that Kim Kardashian will be using a surrogate to carry her third child Due to Kardashian ' s tricky birth condition — placenta accreta , in which the placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall , as outlined by Americanpregnancy . org — it could be life - threatening for Kim to carry a third child to term . Therefore , the family has allegedly decided to move forward with surrogacy . Elite Daily reached out to Kim Kardashian and Kanye West ' s teams for comment , but did not hear back by time of publication . According to TMZ , the famous couple reportedly needed to pay a deposit of $ 68,850 dollars to their agency , just to start . And that ' s not all . Allegedly , the cost breaks down in the following ways . Kim and Kanye will need to pay 10 monthly installments of $ 4,500 each , for a grand total of $ 45,000 . If the surrogate becomes pregnant with more than one child , she is paid an additional $ 5,000 per baby . If through the process she is unable to keep any of her reproductive organs , she will be paid $ 4,000 . Wow . Of course , there are a variety of rules about the lifestyle of the surrogate . According to TMZ , The surrogate is required to refrain from smoking , drinking and drugs during the pregnancy . She also agrees to restrict sexual activities in the weeks leading up to the pregnancy , including foregoing sexual intercourse for 3 weeks following embryo implantation . The surrogate can not go in hot tubs or saunas , can not handle or change cat litter , apply hair dye , drink more than one caffeinated beverage per day or eat raw fish . As much as Kim lives her life in the limelight , a decision like this is extremely personal and the public should take care to respect both her and her surrogate ' s privacy Sending everyone good luck and love , Kim ! | [
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http://elitedaily.com/humor/donald-trump-elected-president-world-change/1148241/ | REUTERS 20 Ways The World Will Change If Donald Trump Is Elected President By Connor Toole and Alec MacDonald July 28 2015 If America was a high school and the 2016 election was being held to pick the class president , Donald Trump would be the popular rich kid who ' s only interested in padding his resumé and will undoubtedly run everything into the ground if he somehow manages to get elected . You tell yourself there ' s no chance he ' ll actually win , and nobody you know is actually voting for him , but because democracy is a broken system , more than a few of your classmates are fine with having prom in the cafeteria when the funds are lost in ill - advised real estate deals . Donald Trump will probably not be the next president of the United States , and if he is , something has gone horribly , horribly wrong . Here are some of the things we ' d probably have to look forward to . A reality show will be created to find the next vice president . The winner of the Miss USA Pageant also gets to be the next Chief Justice of the Supreme Court . Much like North Korean men are required to have the haircut of Kim Jong - un , all American men will be required to rock the comb over . The White House will become the Trump House . He will be the first president to refuse a ride in Air Force One because his fleet of private jets is way better . Not only will the rich not pay any taxes , they will receive luxurious fruit baskets at the start of every month . Donald Trump will be the next person on the $ 10 bill . Disputes with Russia will be settled by sending Sylvester Stallone to box against their greatest fighter ( it will probably be Vladimir Putin ) . Every national park will have a golf course . Facts will be banned from schools . The only required reading will be Trump ' s manifesto , “ Why I Win At Everything And Poor People Suck . ” Canada will no longer be recognized as a country . It will henceforth be referred to as " Hockeystan . " Trump ' s cabinet members will consist of washed - up athletes and celebrities who donate their salary to charity even though they probably could use the money . Hybrid cars will no longer be street legal . Guantanamo Bay will be turned into a luxury resort to take advantage of the new influx of American tourists . All government employees must purchase their clothing from the Donald J . Trump collection at Macy ' s . Ornate chandeliers will be installed in every post office . America ' s GDP will be calculated by multiplying the actual GDP by 100 and telling the rest of the world we ' re richer than we really are . It ' s called " Trumpenomics . " Trump will build a wall along the US - Mexico border that , when viewed from space , is a perfect replica of his manhood . Additionally , the Washington Monument will have two giant stone testicles added to complement the monolith . Anyone But Trump ' 16 . | [
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http://elitedaily.com/life/15-reasons-tequila-actually-really-good/927020/ | Guille Faingold Why Tequila Is Actually Good For You By Ashley Fern Feb 6 2015 There is no doubt that when people like their tequila , they really love it . When it comes to this alcohol of choice , there really are no boundaries or limitations . As the Pringles campaign so eloquently put it , " Once you pop , the fun do n ' t stop . " You know that group of friends who can never decide what type of round to buy at the bar ? These people spend their time arguing between Jameson , vodka and Fireball . But do you know the one suggestion that will shut them the F up ? That ' s right - - tequila . I mean , people went as far as creating deep - Fried tequila that will actually get you drunk . Do you see people doing that with vodka ? I think not . So get ready to open your eyes to the benefits of tequila , some of which you never even thought could be possible . 1 . It helps lower blood sugar How exactly is this possible ? Well agavina , which is a sugar that comes from the agave plant used to produce tequila , triggers insulin production and therefore lowers blood sugar . We can thank our friends at the American Chemical Society for this one . 2 . It aids in weight loss Yes , you heard me correctly ; there are certain components in tequila that can help you lose weight . In further tests done by the ACS , tequila helped overweight mice lose a significant amount of pounds . 3 . You do n ' t really get hungover You may quickly disagree , but we ' re not talking about that sh * tty watered - down tequila most people are accustomed to . Rather , we are discussing real 100 percent pure agave tequila . Shutterstock Try drinking this instead and see if that headache becomes a memory of the past . 4 . You can drink it straight without wanting to throw up afterward Have you ever tried throwing back straight shots of vodka ? Chances are they ' re coming right back up . When it comes to tequila , you can rest assured that it will sail smoothly down your throat . 5 . It helps fight cholesterol OK , let ' s get scientific for a moment . Increasing fiber in your diet helps in the reduction of cholesterol levels . Like fiber , agavins lower triglycerides in the blood and levels of cholesterol as determined by researchers in Plant Foods For Human Nutrition 6 . Tequila may be used to help treat colds Back in the 1930s , doctors in Mexico used to promote this tequila concoction to fight off the common cold : .5 ounce of tequila blanco ; .5 ounce of agave nectar ; .5 ounce of fresh lime juice . 7 . It helps you numb the pain Tequila has been proven to dilate the blood vessels , which results in better blood flow , minimizing pain levels . When it comes to emotional pain , you can bet tequila is the remedy for that too . Michela Ravasio 8 . It can serve as a " drug delivery system " WTF does that even mean ? OK , so basically when drugs are taken , the acid in your stomach typically breaks them down before they can even hit your intestines . Why is this a problem ? Because it decreases the drug ' s effectiveness . Tequila serves as a protective barrier of these drugs as they work their way into your system . 9 . Diabetics can indulge too The high amount of sugar that is present in alcohol is what poses an issue for diabetics . The thing with tequila , however , is that it has significantly less sugar ; therefore , it will have much less of an impact on blood sugar . 10 . You look like a damn badass on a first date How many times do females worry about what to order on the first date ? I only know this because I ' ve had countless conversations with friends on whether or not it ' s appropriate to order anything but wine . Warner Bros . Pictures The answer ? Order tequila and stand out from the crowd . Make a long - lasting impression because you can be certain he will always remember you as the girl who ordered tequila on the rocks on your first date . 11 . It wo n ' t make you feel as fat as vodka and beer Raise your shot glass and cheers to this because tequila helps to regulate the absorption of fat in your intestines ! And when it comes to alcohol , everyone knows how much drinkers detest bloating . 12 . You do n ' t have to waste your calories on a chaser One of the best parts about ripping shots of tequila is that you do n ' t need soda to chase them with . Honestly , you do n ' t really even need a chaser because the taste of tequila is that good , but if you ca n ' t really stomach it , there are always limes ! 13 . Everyone respects a person who rolls up with a bottle of tequila to a pregame There are always those people who insist on bringing a bottle of Fireball to every pregame they go to and the word we use to describe these people is : basic . A unique individual busts out the tequila and really gets the party started . Guille Faingold 14 . It cleans your colon in a different way than you may think Touching upon the points found in eight , Researchers at Mexico ' s University of Guadalajara claim that blue agave found in tequila helps deliver drugs to the colon , which helps to treat illnesses such as Crohn ' s disease , colitis , IBS and even cancer . 15 . It chills you out and helps you sleep Everyone knows tequila and relaxation go hand in hand . You do n ' t need to drink an excessive amount . . . one or two shots will do . Next time you ca n ' t fall asleep , try sipping on some Don Julio . | [
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http://elitedaily.com/life/17-things-learn-let-go-want-get-shit-together/641349/ | Simone Becchetti 17 Things You Have To Let Go Of When You Want To Get Your Sh * t Together By Paul Hudson June 23 2014 With more and more individuals feeling capable of great things , we have created what many are now calling a quarter - life crisis . It used to be that when people would reach the age of 50 , they would stop to reexamine their lives , remind themselves of all the things that they wanted to accomplish , and are faced with the realization of how little they actually managed to pull off . Our generation has much higher aspirations than any other generation before us . More people believe in themselves and because of this fact , more people expect more from themselves – and they expect it much sooner . Generation - Y does n ’ t want to retire at 60 . We want to retire at 30 . It ’ s most definitely possible , but you ’ re going to have to buckle down and get to work . Most importantly , you ’ re going to have to say goodbye to a bunch of things : 1 . Binge drinking . It may be fun , but once you stop , your liver will thank you . The real problem is n ’ t even the drinking itself , but rather the recovery period that follows . 2 . Drugs . Depending on what drugs you ’ re used to taking , you ’ ll have different issues getting your life together . Some drugs dull your senses . Others will make you hate your life the following morning . 3 . One - night stands . Not to say that you ca n ’ t have any , but you ’ ll likely have to cut them down a bit . You ’ ll be much happier building a solid roster of booty calls . 4 . The fear of the unknown . Without mystery , life would feel like a rerun . Do n ’ t run from it ; embrace it . 5 . TV binge - watching . Nobody got time for that . And if you think you do , then you ’ re either not doing enough with your life or giving up entirely on sleep . Either way , it ’ s got to go . 6 . Some of your friends . Many of us have one or two friends who are holding us back . If you believe that that ’ s the case , then you really only have one option : Man up and move on to better things . 7 . EDM Festivals . If it ’ s not in Ibiza , then there is n ’ t a point of going in the first place . If underage , cracked out girls are your thing , then I suggest you seek therapy instead . Maybe lay off the dubstep for a while . 8 . Your comfort zone . A large part of life is experiencing or tasting what the world has to offer . If you ’ re not trying something new at least once a month , then you are n ’ t living right . 9 . All those men and / or women that you keep around because they ’ re convenient . Do n ’ t sleep with someone for convenience – it ’ s boring and unsatisfactory . Live a little and meet someone new . 10 . The notion that you are the most intelligent person in the world . You ’ re not – not by a long shot . 11 . That ridiculous haircut . People judge you by you by the way you look and there ’ s nothing you can do to change that fact . There ’ s no point of fighting the system because the system changes for no man . You may as well play their game and take care of business . 12 . Your highschool wardrobe . Always dress the part – fake it until you make it . If you dress like a teenager , then people will look at you as if you have the intellect of a teenager . 13 . Your ex . It ’ s either over or it ’ s not . Decide which of the two it is , and accept that as the reality . Move on with your life ! 14 . That job you hate oh so very much . Sure , it pays the rent … but if it does n ’ t feed the soul , then you ’ re really only starving yourself . Money can always be made . Worry about making it with a smile on your face . 15 . Most of your beliefs . You have to always remain open to new ideas and new ways of looking at old things . We too often come into things with preconceived notions of what should or should n ’ t be , never really taking the time to examine what ' s in front of us . 16 . That tiny box you call an apartment . You may not realize the effect that having an awful apartment has on you , but once you upgrade to something with more breathing room , you will . 17 . Going out every weekend . There may be no harm in going out for drinks every weekend – or every day even . But going out - out until 6 in the morning , you just ca n ’ t do – not every week . Not if you want to get your sh * t together . Photo Courtesy : Photo Courtesy : Kyra Elizabeth Photography For More Of His Thoughts And Ramblings , Follow Paul Hudson On Twitter And Facebook | [
"BINGE DRINKING",
"DRUGS",
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http://elitedaily.com/life/culture/10-life-lessons-learned-from-being-a-party-promoter/ | Stocksy The 10 Life Lessons Learned From Being A Party Promoter By James Teague Oct 18 2013 One of the most random things to ever occur during my college career was becoming a party promoter . It was just one of those moments that I would have never expected to happen . Prior to that , I had never really cared nor thought about being a party promoter . But sure enough , the day after throwing a successful 21st birthday party at a venue , I was asked to join the promo team . It really caught me off guard at first , but I decided to see what it was all about for the sake of a new experience . It turned out to be one of the most fun experiences of my life . I ' ve seen it all , from the good and the bad to the craziest moments , while working with the team . I ' ve met some really good people whom I ' m still cool with to this day , especially the ladies . I ' ve seen the club at its highest moments and its lowest moments . But overall , I enjoyed the experience . You can really learn a thing or two working as a Party Promoter . I ' ve learned a couple of lessons that you can apply not only to party promoting , but also to your life and how to start up a business . Here are the ten life lessons that I learned from being a Party Promoter . People will never be satisfied No matter what you do , the customer will always have something to complain about . They will always try to give an " expert " opinion on a matter they hardly know anything about , or can even understand . Even when you ' re actually doing things properly , it ’ s likely the customer will try to find the smallest flaw and complain about it . Some people are only good for complaining . Complainers like these would always have something to say about their experiences partying at our club . If it was n ' t one thing , it was another : problems with the DJ , security , or people assuming that they were getting ripped off . In the beginning , the constant criticism would really annoy me . But then a friend of mine , who was the head of the promo team , would always tell me not to worry about it too much ; it ' s just how some people are . At the end of the day , some people just are never satisfied , no matter how much good you ' ve done . Always hear out what the critics have to say Despite the frustration of complaints , it does n ' t hurt to listen to feedback that can help better yourself or the situation that you ' re in . Whenever I was with my friends , I would ask from time to time for their opinions on what could be done to improve the club atmosphere . With the good advice I would receive , I would run the ideas back to my friend and he was always down to implement some change . Also , the group would ask for feedback from followers and peers on Twitter . It ' s always good to listen to criticism in order to make necessary improvements and adjustments . Always have a strong support system Party promoting is a team effort , and in order for it be a successful effort , you have to surround your team with strong , smart individuals , people who bring ideas and insight to the table , and people who you know will always support your cause . This also applies to life and your career path . If you have a strong support system , whether it ' s your inner circle of friends or family , you ' re bound to accomplish anything . Believe in yourself and your product We all have goals and aspirations , but in order to be successful , we must set our minds to accomplishing the necessary tasks leading up to the final prize . Sure , we can put in all the work , but if we ca n ' t speak to our confidence , then how will we succeed ? It ' s a tough road to travel on in order to reach that town called " success . " You ' ll run into speed bumps and blocks in the road that may hold you back , but you ' ve got to believe in your product . My homie who is in charge of running the promo team truly believes in the club . Each and everyday , I watch him putting in hard work to make sure that the turn out is exactly what it ' s supposed to be . He ' s passionate about his vision and I respect that about him . When you have that kind of passion , you ' re destined to accomplish whatever you set your mind to . Always think outside the box The club that the team promotes for would have a different theme every Saturday evening , whether it was for a holiday or for the sake of putting a good idea to use . Honestly , it was tough because when you run through so many party ideas , you either tend to start recycling ideas without realizing it , or you begin to start running out . When the time comes to get creative and brainstorm , it ' s always best to think outside the box . Now what I mean by that is to attempt to come up with an idea that differs from the competition . One of most important skills to have in life is the ability to outthink your opponent . When you have that ability to outthink your opponent , you possess the ability to outwork the competition . Do what ’ s required and you wo n ' t have to worry One of the problems that would always come up within the team was payment distribution . My friend and boss always made it clear to the group that we should keep the people updated about upcoming parties through pushing out flyers , flooding Twitter timelines , or simply letting people know through word of mouth . Those who were working on the most consistent basis were rewarded with payment , while those who were n ' t really doing their jobs would complain about not getting paid . They always tried to make it seem as if our boss was the bad guy and he was n ' t being honest about the payment system . When it boils down to it , you have to ask yourself , " Am I doing what I ' m supposed to be doing ? " If you feel as though you ' re not receiving what you deserve , then maybe you ’ re the problem . Put in the work to get the reward . Never judge a book by its cover Never underestimate your competition , or your own capabilities . The club my team promoted for was literally located in the middle of the hood . Not only that , but also the environment would be infested with a lot of locals every Saturday evening . That was one of the few top criticisms the club received . Despite complaints , the college crowd would always make their way to the parties and outnumber the locals . Not to mention , the club was only 15 minutes away from the college campus , which was convenient to those who might not have felt like driving all the way across town to party . The point I ' m making is that even with the disadvantages , we still managed to draw a crowd every Saturday night . Never say “ never . ” When you weigh the positives and negatives , you will discover that positivity always outweighs the negativity in life . Where there is a downfall , there is a solution . Handle oneself accordingly It is your responsibility to always be prepared for what may come . You ca n ' t let difficult situations get the best of you . Never let the competition see you sweat because that ' s when they will strike hard against you . Even when we were ahead of the competition , we had to deal with the difficulties as they came . Some of the losses we endured we ' re crucial . However , we did n ' t have time to dwell on the negatives . When dealing with unexpected situations in life , the best thing to do is keep moving . It is no use in spending so much time figuring out why or how things went wrong . Sometimes we have to just take our losses and move on in order to progress . Do n ’ t dwell on mistakes ; just learn the lesson and make sure you never make them again . Some things are n ' t meant for everybody One of the most important things I ’ ve learned throughout my life experiences is that some things are n ' t meant for everybody . For example , some people just are n ' t meant to go to college , and some just are n ’ t meant to become professional athletes . The same thing goes for party promoting . Promoting parties is n ’ t meant for everybody . Becoming a party promoter in college is almost equivalent to joining a fraternity or sorority . After my junior year of college , I began to notice that everybody was becoming a party promoter . I noticed there were so many people promoting our club who I had never seen before in my life , and I would question how many people were actually official promoters on the team . Even some people who were n ' t on the promotion team would promote the club , whether to show support or to host a birthday party . It was almost as if everybody was saying that it was so easy to promote a party . People have a huge misconception about promoting parties . They think it ' s so easy that anyone could do it . Truth be told , it ' s not for everybody . It ' s not easy to draw attention to your club , in addition to the hard work and late nights that go into planning a successful party . There ' s always room for improvement Despite the ups and downs , growths and setbacks , there will always be room for improvement in your life . Always remember that even when you ' re on top , there ’ s always more to do in order to stay ahead of the competition . If you ever feel as if you ' re not where you ' re supposed to be at any given moment , at least you ' ll be thankful you ' re not where you started . Photos Courtesy : Kirill Was Here , he is a legend so be sure to check out the rest of his legendary photos ! | [
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http://elitedaily.com/life/the-importance-of-being-independent/ | Guille Faingold The Importance Of Being Independent By Ashley Fern June 6 2013 The ability to be independent is something that not everyone possesses . You need to be independent in order to survive in the world . Learning to support yourself is fundamental for any success you ever hope to achieve . At the end of the day , you only have yourself to fall back on , so it is exceedingly important to be able to handle things on your own . It is all about being secure with who you are and what you believe in . It is extremely empowering knowing that you are in control of your own life and your own choices . It is much more beneficial to listen to the voice inside yourself rather than the berating opinions of others . Good Vibrations Images “ Your time is limited , so do n ' t waste it living someone else ' s life . Do n ' t be trapped by dogma - - which is living with the results of other people ' s thinking . Do n ' t let the noise of others ' opinions drown out your own inner voice . And most important , have the courage to follow your heart and intuition . ” We rely on others far more than it is necessary . People put their happiness in the hands of a significant other , thinking this will bring them fulfillment . This is a fatal error too many people make these days . Do you always want to feel dependent on someone else ? Of course not . Not only are you limiting yourself , you are more than likely becoming a burden to this person . We need to learn how to make decisions on our own . I understand asking your friends their opinion on a fashion decision , but do we really need to consult others on every minimal decision we have to make ? Think of things that are in your best interest and choose that option . “ It is the big choices we make that set our direction . It is the smallest choices we make that get us to the destination . ” For some reason , people think it is weird to go see a movie alone . You ca n ' t talk to the person you go with anyway , so why not go by yourself ? There are so many activities that can become more enjoyable by taking part in them alone . Wandering around the city you live in can clear your mind of all the clutter it has been carrying around . People are unable to be independent for a variety of reasons , with fear at the forefront : the fear of being alone , the fear of rejection and the fear of the future . As we get older , we need to learn how to make the best decisions that allow us to live our lives the way we want to . Developing into an autonomous person can be one of the most worthwhile outcomes we can strive for ourselves . Having the ability to be happy regardless of being in a relationship is an amazing attribute . People continue to wallow in detrimental relationships because they are scared of being on their own . Instead , they should relish in it and spend this time focusing on making themselves better people . “ In any moment of decision , the best thing you can do is the right thing . The worst thing you can do is nothing . " There is no reason to base your life decisions on relationships with people . All relationships end at some point or another , it ' s reality . There is nothing you can do to change or affect that . The only thing you can do is change your perception of relationships . Instead of expecting them to make you happy by being in your life and providing enjoyment , appreciate the time spent and enjoyment since you know it will be gone . Kanjanee Chaisin Make decisions by and for yourself , whatever they may be . Do n ' t ask for advice , do what you want and learn from your own mistakes . Many people are afraid to think for themselves because that involves taking responsibility for their own lives . This is just one way people become dependent . We are born alone and we die alone , so we each have to take responsibility for our lives at every step along the way . | [
"Being Independent"
] |
http://elitedaily.com/life/why-discipline-is-so-important/ | Mauro Grigollo Why Discipline Is Essential To Your Character By Ashley Fern June 14 2013 Discipline is a concept everyone is aware of , but few truly understand . The most successful people in life exert discipline on a daily basis . It is vital to every living being and without it , the world around us would be chaos . To be a great and inspiring leader , you must constantly display restraint . Not giving into something you truly want is a sign of strength . Making the right decisions in life can make or break you , and this type of person tends to make the right decisions . Regardless of where you exert this self - restraint , it will help to promote achievement in your life . " Talent without discipline is like an octopus on roller skates . There ' s plenty of movement , but you never know if it ' s going to be forward , backwards , or sideways . " Discipline brings stability and structure into a person ’ s life . It teaches a person to be responsible and respectful . The observance of well - defined rules is the basis of society . If there were no discipline , people would do whatever they wanted and make mistakes without putting the consideration of others first and foremost . It promotes good human behavior to better society and make it a more enjoyable place for everyone to live . The ability for an individual to have self - restraint allows them to behave in a consistently stringent and controlled manner . A lack of this ability can have disastrous results . Do you think a company is going to tolerate a person who is consistently late to work or who procrastinates in doing their work ? It is evident how these behaviors will weaken the image of a business . " Mental toughness is many things and rather difficult to explain . Its qualities are sacrifice and self - denial . Also , most importantly , it is combined with a perfectly disciplined will that refuses to give in . It ' s a state of mind - - you could call it character in action . " — Vince Lombardi Think of athletics : discipline is the fundamental aspect on which sports have been created . Every player must adhere to the rules of the game . This is why umpires and referees exist . Whoever does not follow these guidelines will be penalized for violating the rules of the sport . Persons in high authority must demonstrate high levels of restraint constantly ; they can not just speak however they see fit . A smart leader knows when to hold his tongue and when to speak . Discipline helps to train a person ’ s mind and character , building a sense of self - control and the practice of obedience . " Self - discipline is a form of freedom . Freedom from laziness and lethargy , freedom from the expectations and demands of others , freedom from weakness and fear — and doubt . Self - discipline allows a pitcher to feel his individuality , his inner strength , his talent . He is master of , rather than a slave to , his thoughts and emotions . " There are two types of discipline : internal and external . Internal discipline is your self - restraint and your ability to differentiate right from wrong . External discipline is according to societal norms , such as following the law . It is not sufficient enough to possess great qualities ; we need the ability to manage them . Too many people are susceptible to instant gratification . People lacking control are unable to look at the long - term effects of their actions . This further demonstrates why this is such a crucial skill to have in life . It is probably the most crucial factor when trying to achieve a goal . It allows you to choose from different options and by following these options you can garner the success you sought out for . It additionally gives you the authority to overcome any obstacles that come your way . “ Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment . ” This ability can be developed or strengthened at any given time if you put your mind to it . Make promises and make sure you deliver . Make the genuine effort to align your actions and behaviors with your thoughts . Exercise ; get your mind and body into shape . Resist the urge to give into negative behaviors , instead focus on all of the positive attributes . | [
"Discipline"
] |
http://elitedaily.com/news/politics/donald-trump-impeached-chances/1686966/ | REUTERS How Donald Trump Could Be Impeached By Oliver McAteer Nov 9 2016 Donald Trump ' s only just won the keys to the White House – fair and square , at that – but you would n ' t be alone in thinking about the ways to snatch them away from him . There is one way . . . and it involves the most powerful political weapon the Senate has : impeachment . It IS possible to remove a president from office with this . Although , it ' s a complex affair . The boys up top would have to pull out the big guns to successfully throw out Trump , but it ' s realistic enough that it might happen . So , how does it work ? REUTERS Basically , it ' s a really , really formal political coup . An impeached Trump would have to see votes cast against him by disgruntled members of the House of Representatives . Treason , bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors are all reasons to impeach a president , according to the US Constitution . Bill Clinton had an affair with Monica Lewinsky , but that alone was n ' t enough to get him impeached . But he did lie under oath , so instead , he was impeached on two charges : perjury and obstruction of justice . ( In the end , the impeachment was passed in the House and struck down in the Senate . It needed to pass in both . ) However , that ' s just the beginning . Once officials have found grounds for impeachment , the president will have to face a trial in the Senate . Senates are the officials who convict . So , it IS possible to be impeached and brought in front of the Senate , but not be removed from office . Has Donald Trump done anything worthy of impeachment ? One law professor is convinced there are already grounds for Trump to face impeachment . In September , Christopher Lewis Peterson of the University of Utah published an essay outlining the reasons why this action should be brought against the new president . He wrote , Unlike his promised crimes yet to come , the illegal acts in Trump ' s high pressure wealth seminars have already occurred . Indeed , a federal judge appointed under Article III of the U.S. Constitution has already determined that Trump ' s alleged actions , if true , constitute fraud and racketeering . Peterson claims these alleged actions could fall under " high crimes and misdemeanors . " But consider this : Republicans now hold the puppet strings for both the House of Representatives and the Senate . So , it would have to take something truly special for Trump ' s own to turn on him . Citations : Romper Law Newz | [
"White House",
"impeachment"
] |
http://elitedaily.com/sports/odds-going-pro-sports-will-make-rethink-day-job/ | The Statistical Breakdown Of Becoming A Professional Athlete Will Make You Keep Your Day Job By Julian Sonny Feb 26 2014 Hate what you do and have a passion for athletics ? Well , do n ' t quit your day job ; you probably suck at sports . Being a professional athlete is much more than just loving to play the game and trying hard . It requires a level of dedication , sacrifice and discipline that , quite frankly , not too many of us are familiar with . To get the better picture , we ' ve compiled some statistical data that solidify our theory that you will probably never be able to break into the pros . Every year , millions of kids have the same dream to make it to the next level . If you have n ' t been discovered by now , you should take it as a sign . Sure , nothing ' s impossible , but men lie , women lie ; numbers do n ' t ! Football for Men : 1,121,744 boys play high school football in the US 1 in 40 high school players will play in college 1 in 1,010 high school players will be drafted to the NFL 325 college players will be drafted in the NFL Basketball For Men : 535,569 boys play high school basketball in the US 17 high school players will play in college 8,926 high school players will be drafted to the NBA 525 college players will be drafted in the NBA Basketball for Women : 436,100 girls play high school basketball in the US 16 high school players will play in college 12,114 high school players will be drafted to the WNBA 766 college players will be drafted in the WNBA Baseball for Men : 474,219 boys play high school baseball in the US 9 390 high school players will be drafted to the MLB 44 college players will be drafted in the MLB Softball for Women : 381,116 girls play high school softball in the US 13 19,506 high school players will be drafted to the NPF 1,484 college players will be drafted in the NPF Soccer for Men : 412,351 boys play high school soccer in the US 11 5,355 high school players will be drafted to the MLS 447 college players will be drafted in the MLS Soccer for Women : 373,391 girls play high school soccer in the US 10 10,316 high school players will be drafted to the NWSL 986 college players will be drafted in the NWSL Hockey for Men : 35,732 boys play high school hockey in the US 9 170 high school players will be drafted to the NHL 20 college players will be drafted in the NHL Hockey for Women : 8,833 girls play high school hockey in the US 4 59 high school players will be drafted to the WPHL ( Proposed League ) 13 college players will be drafted in the WPHL ( Proposed League ) All Data Courtesy : Scholarship Stats Top Photo Credit : Getty Images | [
"Statistical Breakdown",
"Professional Athlete",
"JULIAN SONNY"
] |
http://elitemed.com/entry-into-medical-sales-outdated/ | Home Breaking Into Medical Device Sales Breaking Into Medical Device Sales As the largest recruiter for medical device sales representatives , candidates often have a number of questions about breaking into medical device sales . How hard is it to transition into medical sales from another industry ? Which avenues are most effective ? How can I differentiate myself from the competition ? How do I get the attention of recruiters ? Throughout the remainder of this page , we ’ ll offer our thoughts on how to make an effective transition , but would also like to direct medical device job seekers to another website that provides medical sales representatives answers to their most frequently asked questions . If you ’ re an entry - level medical sales candidate who is interested in transitioning into medical sales , we recommend you visit www . MedSalesCareer . com At Med Sales Career , candidates can learn more about : writing a professional sales resume that will get you noticed interviewing for a medical sales position medical sales specialties and who the hiring companies are how to find medical sales jobs on job boards and company websites how to effectively network and use social media to connect with medical sales recruiters and hiring managers how to prepare for a medical sales position other resources to help you develop industry knowledge Our Specialty At EliteMed Recruiting , we specialize in the placement of orthopedic sales reps who sell surgical implants to surgeon customers in a hospital environment . Orthopedic sales reps sell hip and knee implants , spinal implants , plates and screws used in trauma procedures , implants used by hand and foot surgeons , sports medicine products and biologics . These sales representatives have intimate knowledge of the products they represent and are available in the operating room to assist the surgeon , answer questions about the implant and make recommendations as requested . This is a sales role that might be considered the most prestigious role a sales representative can achieve . It ’ s a very competitive field . Within the medical device industry , there are a number of other products that require similar skills and expertise , such as cardiovascular devices , but there are a number of medical sales specialties that are not nearly as competitive as device sales . Our answers to the following questions are specific to medical device sales and , more specifically , to surgical sales . Why is it so hard to break into medical device sales ? First and foremost , more than 1.5 million people search for medical sales jobs every month . There is a lot of interest and a lot of qualified professionals applying for these sales positions . For this reason , hiring managers for device sales are very particular about their hires . They demand the very best . If your resume does not show a history of specific sales accomplishments in an outside sales environment , you will likely not be invited to interview . Another important consideration is the nature of medical device sales . In order for a medical device sales rep to be successful , they must understand the sales process and how the product is used to benefit the patient . A sales rep has to be able to communicate with a surgeon customer on their level , using medical terminology relevant to their medical sales specialty . It would be rather difficult to sell a cervical plate for an ACDF procedure and distinguish your company ’ s technology over the competition ’ s if you have no idea what an ACDF is . ( By the way , an ACDF is a spinal procedure called an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion . ) What do hiring managers look for ? Hiring managers are looking for sales representatives who can be productive , drive revenue , and make an immediate impact . Most openings in medical device sales are due to lack of performance from the previous sales representative or , on occasion , a transition within a territory . In an underperforming territory , a new hire is critical and performance is mandated . A hiring manager does not have the luxury of waiting for years , or months , or even weeks for a new sales rep to add value and build the territory . As a result , In general , if you do not have 2 - 3 years of relevant experience selling medical devices , many hiring managers and medical sales recruiters will not consider your application . In the rare case that they will accept an applicant without experience , they are often looking for individuals with an exceptionally strong sales or clinical backgrounds . They want someone with a history of documented results . They want someone with a competitive spirit . They want someone who is professional , dependable , who can take direction but who can also operate independently . They want someone who understands medicine , the hospital environment and can communicate effectively with the surgeon Which avenues are most effective ? Traditionally , recruiters and medical device manufacturers will tell you to get a college degree , have at least two years of B2B sales experience , rank in the top 10 % of sales reps for your company , have a solid work history ( with no gaps in employment and with longevity at each company ) , be able to pass a background check ( criminal background check , driving history , credit check , etc . ) … and THEN you might apply for a medical sales job . That kind of narrows the field , does it At EliteMed Recruiting , we know of another avenue that has proven extraordinarily successful over the last several years . Much of our success is related to our association and partnership with the Medical Sales College ( MSC ) . We contract with MSC and work with graduates of the 6 to 10 - week program , where students learn all of the nuances of orthopedic medical device sales . We have a proprietary , customized database of over 4,000 hiring managers in the medical device industry and are able to meet their high expectations by offering candidates that are trained , committed selling professionals who have developed relevant experience and are genuinely prepared to make an immediate contribution . Our MSC candidates know who their customers are , understand the products and the surgical procedures those products are used in , and have an actionable plan for building business and driving revenue in their territory from day one . Ultimately , we are able to offer hiring managers exceptional medical sales representatives using a model that was previously unavailable . How do I distinguish myself from the competition ? We ’ re going to summarize the answer to this question pretty succinctly . You have to want it , you have to be prepared for it , and you have to go and get it . How you present and represent yourself matters from beginning to end . The bottom line is that you really have to be committed to getting a job in medical sales . It ’ s not easy to get in and it ’ s not easy once you are in . As a medical device sales representative , you will have one of the most exciting and lucrative careers you could hope for , but you ’ re going to earn it . If you do n ’ t choose to attend a formal training program like the Medical Sales College , you will need to be resourceful and learn everything you can about medical sales . Here again , Med Sales Career has some great information to help you establish a strong foundation . Finally , you have to be proactive , be creative , and sell yourself to recruiters and hiring managers alike . How you present your resume , how you approach and communicate with recruiters , and what you do to demonstrate that you are more prepared than the competition to produce results will make the difference in whether or not you get hired . How do I get the attention of recruiters ? The answer to this question is also pretty direct . First , develop a great resume . If you ’ re not skilled at writing and formatting , hire a professional resume writer ( preferably one with lots of experience in writing medical sales resumes ) . Be sure that resume calls out your accomplishments and achievements , and be sure that it lets the recruiter know what kind of position you are hoping to get . Do n ’ t send in a vague or generic resume that is not targeted for medical device sales . Finally , have Summary There are positions available for entry - level medical device sales representatives . Each device company and hiring manager has different criteria , and a territory in one area might require different level of experience than another area . One thing about medical device sales is consistent , however . You have to be proactive . You have to be prepared . You have to be persistent . If you believe you have what it takes to succeed in this very demanding field , read this page again . After you read it , take our advice to heart . We are always willing to talk with exceptional candidates who are eager to succeed … Posted | [
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http://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/10976/is-the-name-of-a-disease-considered-a-proper-noun | Is the name of a disease considered a proper noun ? up vote 8 down vote favorite I ' ve never really thought about it before now , but is the name of a disease considered a proper noun , and thus , should the first letters be capitalized ? For example : Would it be " celiac disease " or " Celiac Disease " ? I ' ve seen it capitalized in some places and not in others . capitalization proper - nouns share improve this question asked Oct 3 ' 13 at 15 : 23 animuson ♦ 145 1 1 10 It is also Coeliac disease outside North America en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Coeliac_disease Tristan Oct 3 ' 13 at 15 : 46 A distinct but related question about using articles with diseases : ell . stackexchange . com / questions / 82976 / … Adam May 27 ' 16 at 5 : 42 add a comment 2 Answers active oldest votes up vote 12 down vote accepted No , disease names are not proper nouns , although diseases named after people keep the capitalization of the person ' s name ( Münchausen syndrome ) . The scientific ( Latin ) names of disease - causing organisms follow the standard rule of Genus species If you ' ve seen " Celiac Disease " , it ' s just because of an unfortunate tendency some People have to capitalize Random Nouns as if English were half German . share improve this answer answered Oct 3 ' 13 at 15 : 54 chrylis 2,576 9 18 5 I thought English was half German . BTW hundreds of Years ago it was common to capitalize random Nouns in English . e.g. read William Bradford ' s History of Plymouth Plantation . Jay Oct 3 ' 13 at 17 : 11 @ Jay Oh , a few centuries ago it was common to see most nouns capitalized ; the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution , for example , use that style . But English has evolved over the years , and the capitalize - the - nouns rule went out a long time ago . chrylis Oct 3 ' 13 at 17 : 21 8 @ chrylis Indeed , unless your Ultimate Goal is to make things sound Very Serious on the Internet . WendiKidd Oct 3 ' 13 at 17 : 46 @ chrylis When I see it capitalized , it ' s inevitably Celiac ' s Disease ; note the genitive . choster Oct 3 ' 13 at 22 : 11 3 @ choster sigh Oct 3 ' 13 at 22 : 53 show 2 more comments Diseases are not capitalized unless the name comes from the name of a scientist . For example rinderpest is not capitalized while Marek ' s disease is capitalized since this name comes from the researcher Marek . Similarly pathogenic organisms eg . anthrax bacteria are not capitalized . Of course , when we are writing the binomial name of the organism ( Bacillus anthracis ) the genus name is capitalized . Too many people are writing this casually and young researchers are confused or learning wrong things . improve this answer answered Sep 4 ' 17 at 16 : 26 Y Narasimha Reddy 11 add a comment Your Answer By clicking " Post Your Answer " , you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service privacy policy and cookie policy , and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies . Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged capitalization proper - nouns or ask your own question | [
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http://ellenbytreefarm.com/products/malus-eleyi-crab-apple | News How do I get my tree home Delivery We offer delivery to your front yard Monday to Friday With our experience in transporting trees this is a good option Trees are secured on our truck to prevent movement from d more info Nespresso Recycling Program Ellenby Tree Farm are proud to announce that they are part of the Nespresso Recycling Program Next time you come out to the tree farm do your bit for the environment and bring along your used Nespre more info NGIA Young Leaders Award 2016 Congratulations to our very own Production Manager Leon on receiving the NGIA Heather Rumsey Young Leader Award for 2016 at the Nursery Garden Industry Awards in Adelaide recentlyThe Young Le more info LOADING OF TREES We are happy to help you load trees onto a trailer or ute Please note that due to OHS we are unable to load trees into car boots Trailer hire is available at Classic Hire 31 Buckingham Drive more info LIFE AND DEATH OF A TREE Many trees live to ripe old ages But in the natural forest each large old tree represents only a fraction of the number of trees that began on the site What happened to the rest of them A few tree more info Growing tomorrows tree today Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces I would still plant my apple tree Martin Luther Ellenby Tree Farm is considered to be the forerunners in advanced trees throughout Western Australia We use the most advanced methods and technology to produce premium quality trees TRADE CUSTOMERS If you would like to receive our monthly newsletter which includes our Availability list and access to stock photos please email us at infoellenbytreefarmcomau STOCK AVAILABILITY Please note not all stock is on display at our Gnangara nursery Please contact our office to check stock availability by email infoellenbytreefarmcomau or phone 9405 4558 See Products page for our current availability list HOURS Please note that we are closed on Sundays and Public Holidays GIFT VOUCHERS Please phone or email us Print at home vouchers available Payments by EFT or Credit Card over the phone Ellenbys Hot Pick Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Ruby Lace Graceful small pendulous tree with ruby red zigzagging pendulous branches when young Tolerates a wide range of conditions Protect young branches from wind damage Glossy ruby red leaflets in the spring then bronze green before turning yellow in the autumn Suitable for specimen planting when contrasting to its surroundings | [
"Ellenby Tree Farm",
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