Datasets:

memray
/

openkp

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (3)

train · 135k rows

url stringlengths 15 784	text stringlengths 6 437k	KeyPhrases sequence
http://ecigarettereviewed.com/diy-e-liquid-mixing-safety	DIY E - Liquid Mixing Safety By Lindsay Fox Posted March 24 , 2014 Tweet Whether it ’ s because you ’ re hoping to save even more money through vaping , want to create your own flavor concoctions or are just looking for a cool alchemist - style hobby , mixing your own e - liquids ( Doing It Yourself – DIY ) is appealing to many vapers . We ’ ve already covered the risks associated with handling nicotine , and the process for dealing with any spills that occur , but with the stronger nicotine concentrations involved in DIY e - liquid mixing , there are some unique concerns . Additionally , the juice you create is ultimately going to be consumed by you , so it ’ s important to take steps to ensure you wo n ’ t be trying to vape high - nicotine ( translation : pretty damn poisonous ) juice . Key Points DIY e - juice mixing can be dangerous , and should only be attempted if you ’ ve done your research beforehand . Pure nicotine is never needed . Stick to below 60 mg / ml when you ’ re getting started . Rubbing / isopropyl alcohol is useful for cleaning up any spills . Make sure you buy everything you need ( including safety goggles , containers and latex / nitrile gloves ) before you start mixing e - liquid . Liquid strength is calculated by dividing the total amount of nicotine ( in mg ) by the total volume of the liquid ( in ml ) . Calculators do the work for you , but learning the math helps you spot any mistakes early ! Warning – Learn Before Attempting DIY E - Liquid Mixing ! The best advice on this topic is to only get involved with DIY e - liquids if you know what you ’ re doing . The advice from the ECF is not to attempt DIY mixing if you have three months or less experience with e - cigs , and preferably only after half a year to a year of vaping under your belt . The reason for this is that you ’ re more likely to appreciate the DIY mixing safety issues if you ’ re more familiar with using juice , the terminology and the basics of e - liquid . There are some useful explanatory posts on the ECF and other forums , but do n ’ t limit your research to this . Spend some serious time consuming all of the information you can on the topic so you ’ re painfully aware of what ’ s involved before you get started . If you ’ re just pursuing some idle curiosity , a good tip is to experiment by just mixing pre - made e - liquids . The advantage of this is that the highest nicotine strength you use is effectively a limit for the concentration of the resulting juice . If you dilute 18 mg / ml ( milligrams per milliliter ) liquid in anything weaker , even if it ’ s just 17 mg / ml , you will never produce a dangerous concentration ; it will always be less than 18 mg / ml . It may not be as fun to blend pre - mixed juices , but if making some unique creations is your main goal , you can get some great results with minimal effort and risk . Why You Should n ’ t Buy Pure Nicotine So , you just get some pure nicotine , mix in PG , VG and flavorings and vape away , right ? Hell no Even using the revised toxicity estimates , pure nicotine – even 1ml of it – is potentially fatal . When not bound up in a mix with PG or VG , nicotine will seep into your system through the skin much more easily . Without putting too fine a point on it , if you have pure nicotine and spill any significant amount on your skin , you ’ re pretty much dead . So just do n ’ t use it . 54 mg / ml ( diluted in either PG or VG ) is widely available and – although still dangerous in large quantities – can be used much more safely , with one part base nicotine and two parts PG or VG and flavorings needed to dilute and give 18 mg / ml juice . Generally speaking , stick to below 60 mg / ml when you ’ re first getting started to minimize any risk . Materials Needed for DIY E - Liquid Mixing You ca n ’ t just mix e - liquid with stuff lying around your house , so you need to stock up on gear to ensure you ’ re prepared to deal with chemicals ( and make the process easier all - round ) . There is a handy list on the ECF , but the basic items you need for DIY e - liquid mixing are : Bottles Syringes ( low gauge needles are better for thicker , VG - heavy juices ) Unflavored nicotine and PG / VG base PG and / or VG ( pure , for diluting ) Flavorings Optional extras like menthol crystals and ethyl maltol can be useful depending on what you ’ re looking to create In terms of safety , latex or nitrile gloves , goggles ( it ’ s unlikely , but you could get juice / nicotine in your eye otherwise ! ) , protective trays for spills and funnels are a good idea . As always , you ’ ll need cleaning equipment , and isopropyl alcohol ( rubbing alcohol ) is a good addition because the spills when DIY mixing have more potential for risk . Menthol crystals allow you to make your own menthol flavor extract , but carry their own safety risks that should be taken into account . Generally speaking , wearing goggles and gloves should minimize your risk , but you should treat it in effectively the same way as nicotine . It ’ s a skin irritant , so you should thoroughly wash the area and seek medical advice if you come into contact with it . Like with nicotine , you should take off any clothes exposed to it and wash them before wearing again . As with everything else , read up on using menthol crystals before getting involved . Calculating Nicotine Strength of DIY Liquids The biggest source of potential danger when you ’ re mixing your own e - juice is the nicotine you use , so the topic of how to determine the strength of your mixes is an important one . There are numerous e - liquid calculators you can use to determine the strength of your creation or the quantities you need to include for a given strength , but it ’ s helpful to understand the math behind the programs . This is because there may be errors ; you might put the wrong figure in the wrong field or misread the position of a decimal point . The math is very straightforward if you ’ re just looking to determine if something ’ s gone wrong . If you ’ re comfortable using it , it also allows you to calculate juice concentrations without needing a computer or tablet nearby . E - liquid strength is quoted in mg / ml , which when translated to “ mass divided by unit volume ” tells you pretty much everything you need to know . In 10 ml of 18 mg / ml of juice , you have 18 mg of nicotine in each ml of liquid . So in the whole 10 ml , there is 18 mg / ml × 10 ml = 180 mg of nicotine . To give the amount in mg / ml , the total mass of nicotine ( 180 mg ) is divided by the total volume of liquid ( 10 ml ) , so it ’ s 180 mg ÷ 10 ml = 18 mg / ml . So what if you mix 10 ml of 36 mg / ml with 10 ml of nicotine - free PG ? From the nicotine base , you have a total of 36 mg / ml × 10 ml = 360 mg of nicotine ( there is none in the pure PG so it is n ’ t a concern , and the same goes for flavorings ) and you have 10 ml + 10 ml = 20 ml of liquid in total . To work out the resulting strength in mg / ml , you divide the total amount of S for strength ( in mg / ml ) and V for volume ( in ml ) it could be written like this : So the basic principle is to work out how many mg of nicotine is present in each ingredient ( for most this will just be how much is added via the nicotine base ) and divide it by the total volume of the juice you ’ re producing . You can use a dedicated e - liquid calculator to save you the tedious arithmetic , but for example , you can readily identify that if you mix 5 ml of 12 mg / ml liquid with 5 ml of 54 mg / ml base , you ’ ll produce something that ’ s roughly 30 mg / ml ( actually 33 mg / ml , and therefore too strong for most people to vape ) . You can check the result you get from the calculators by rounding the figures up or down to manageable ones in your head A final point is that syringes ( or any container with a volume [ ml ] gauge on it ) are more reliable than counting 20 drops as 1 ml , because drop sizes differ , so your calculations are likely to be out if they ’ re based on that . Chances are you wo n ’ t be out by too much , but – especially when using stronger bases – it ’ s definitely worth being as accurate as possible . Conclusion – DIY E - Liquid Mixing is Rewarding but Risky As long as you do your research before getting involved with DIY e - liquids , avoid high - strength nicotine bases and make sure you ’ re well equipped , you ’ ll be able to create your own concoctions safely . The math is n ’ t 100 percent necessary with the availability of e - liquid calculators , but it protects you in the event of a mistake and means you are n ’ t tethered to technology at all times . The Complete Guide to E - Cig Safety Part One : Beginner E - Cigs Safety 1 . Safe Use of Beginner E - Cigs 2 . A Guide to Safe Charging 3 . Carrying Your E - Cig Safely 4 . Cartomizer Safety 5 . Vaping and Driving Part Two : E - Liquid Safety 6 . Basic E - Liquid Safety 7 . Allergies , Conditions and E - Liquid 8 . Safe Nicotine Consumption for Vapers 9 . Steeping E - Liquids Safely 10 . Do E - Liquids Expire ? 11 . E - Liquid and Tank Safety 12 . DIY E - Liquid Safety Part Three : E - Cig Mod Safety 13 . Minimizing the Risk of E - Cig Mod Explosions 14 . E - Cig Mod Battery Safety and Ohm ’ s Law 15 . Rebuildable Atomizer Safety 16 . Mechanical Mod Safety 17 . Wick Safety 18 . Drip Tip Safety	[ "DIY E-Liquid", "Mixing SafetyBy", "alchemist-style hobby" ]
http://ecigone.com/e-cigarette-basics/e-cigarette-cartomizer-types/	E - Cigarette Cartomizer Types Posted By eCig One Staff on Jan 13 , 2014 \| 0 comments The three most popular ways for your e - liquid to be delivered to the heating coil that vaporizers it into something you can enjoy are atomizers with hollow drip tips , systems that use a reservoir tank like the eGo - tank and cartomizers We ’ ve enjoyed these three types of e - liquid delivery systems at one time or another , but it ’ s cartomizers that seem to really make the difference in quality for us ever since we started to use higher voltage e - cigarettes made in the USA . In this article , we ’ ll examine the different types of cartomizers available on the market today while helping you to understand how each works . Why Do We Enjoy Cartomizers ? Back in the day , many on our staff thought the epitome of e - smoking enjoyment was provided by using an eGo battery with low - resistance atomizers and a hollow drip tip . This setup provided full flavor with an unparalleled vapor production and made the experience amazing . It was when we switched to a high - voltage mod in an attempt to make that experience even better that we noticed this setup just did n ’ t work out as well . The atomizer continually leaked e - liquid all over the body of the battery , which made getting a consistent and safe production of vapor next to impossible . That ’ s when we decided to switch to a setup that utilized cartomizers . Through our own experiences , we ’ ve found that cartomizers simply shine when it comes to high - voltage batteries and mods . They do n ’ t leak at anywhere near the same rate as atomizers . The best part about it is that they ’ re unbeatable in the department of convenience even if you ’ re using a standard 3.7 - volt e - cigarette . The Types of Cartomizers Polyfill Cartomizers Examples of Polyfill Cartomizers : Boge 510 cartomizers , most pre - filled cartomizers Polyfill cartomizers are the most abundant cartomizers available on the market . They ’ re also one of the oldest designs to employ cartridges and atomizers together . Most e - cigarette companies that offer pre - filled cartomizers use this model . Inside of a polyfill cartomizer , you ’ ll find several layers of gauze wrapped around a cylinder in the middle . The gauze works to help saturate the wick and then to bring the e - liquid to the vertical heating coil , both of which are inside of the cylinder . The vapor escapes through the top of the tube from there . Polyfill cartomizers are recognized as being durable , easy to fill and reliable at any voltage . We like to rely on the Boge 510 cartomizer for our everyday e - smoking needs . Wick - Feeding Top - Coil Cartomizers Examples of Wick Feeding Top Coil Cartomizers : CE2 Clearomizer Wick - feeding top - coil cartomizers have two wicks that lead to a horizontal heating coil at the top of the cartomizer unit . They generally hold about 1 mL of e - liquid , although some units such as the Kanger Protank hold significantly more . There are different versions of this cartomizer available : clear and opaque . Clear cartomizers , also refereed to as “ clearomizers , ” are generally preferred by most e - smokers for the ability to see the e - liquid inside of the cartomizer . This makes knowing when to refill it significantly easier . They do have a number of issues . For example , some e - liquids that contain ingredients like cinnamon and citrus flavors will cause clearomizers to crack . Another issue is the fact that you can only use rubber drip tips with many clearomizers . Metal or hard plastic tips will cause the plastic to crack . The wicks can also give you trouble due to the fact that they have to fight gravity , but there is a workaround . All you need to do is to enlarge the openings that lead to the wicks or to feather the wick endings carefully with a sharp blade . The worst issue that you might have with wick - feeding top - coil cartomizers is that the vapor becomes too hot . This is a result of the heating coil being located so close to the top of the unit . It ’ s our opinion that wick - feeding cartomizers just are n ’ t worth the trouble . There ’ s also always the chance that some makers of wick - feeding cartomizers have chosen to use fiberglass for their wicks , which can be dangerous and harm your lungs . Gravity - Feeding Bottom - Coil Cartomizers Examples of Gravity - Feeding Bottom - Coil Cartomizers : Kanger Protank EVOD Clearomizer In a bottom - coil cartomizer , gravity is used to deliver the e - liquid to the heating coil located at the bottom of the unit . In most cartomizers like this , the heating coil is isolated at the bottom by a chamber with a wick poking out of it that connects to the e - liquid tank . This cartomizer design will work nearly flawlessly so long as there ’ s enough e - liquid to keep the wick saturated . Unfortunately , that does n ’ t mean they ’ re entirely free of problems . The long tubes designed to carry vapor from the heating coil back up can sometimes become clogged with liquid , which harms the vapor production while producing a gurgling sound . You may also find that this type of cartomizer vaporizers liquid too fast when you operate a higher - voltage , which in turn leads to a nasty burned taste . In addition , as with top - coil clearomizers , bottom - coil clearomizers often work only with the included soft drip Dual - Coil Cartomizers Examples of Dual - Coil Cartomizers : Dual Coil Tank Volcano Magma Clear Cartomizer Dual - coil cartomizers operate on the principle that two is better than one . They have two heating coils designed to vaporize liquid when your battery activates . The fact that they have two heating coils mean that you ’ ll see the biggest benefit from using a dual - coil cartomizer if you use a large battery mod that can output enough voltage to fully power both heating coils . That means you ’ ll receive subpar results if you try using a dual - coil cartomizer with something like 3.7 volt eGo battery . If you want to see the best results , go with a high - end device such as the VaporFi VOX II . With its wide power range , you can easily select the wattage of your choice to attain the best possible flavor and vapor production . Tank Cartomizers Examples of Tank Cartomizers : Tube Tank A tank cartomizer acts like a polyfill cartomizer but with the ability to hold more e - liquid . It achieves this by using submerging the cartomizer into an acrylic tube . A hole in the cartomizer then allows liquid from the tube to seep into it and keep the polyfill wet . The biggest tank cartomizer we ’ ve ever seen holds 7 mL of e - liquid . To put that into perspective , that ’ s like having seven polyfill cartomizers available to you without needing to so much as swap them out when one runs dry . Tank cartomizers can be good or bad depending upon their quality . Some people love them , but we ’ ve found a few that leak or fail to properly feed the polyfill cartomizer . If you find that your tank does n ’ t seem to feed properly , you can try enlarging the hole on the side of the cartomizer after removing it from the tank .	[ "E-Cigarette Cartomizer", "USA" ]
http://ecmweb.com/code-basics/surge-suppression-devices	National Electrical Code > Code Basics Surge Suppression Devices Avoid transient voltage problems by understanding how to correctly apply Art . 285 of the National Electrical Code ( NEC ) Mike Holt \| Sep 09 , 2009 In just milliseconds , a voltage surge can destroy valuable equipment or even bring an entire facility down ; thus , protection against transient voltage spikes is important . Hard - wired transient protection devices are covered by either Art . 280 ( above 1kV ) or Art . 285 ( 1kV or less ) . Art . 280 refers to them as surge arresters , while Art . 285 refers to them as surge - protective devices ( SPDs ) . Most Art . 285 surge arresters operate by " clipping off " the highest level of voltage and diverting it away from the load . In this manner , the voltage on the conductor is limited to a predetermined level . The spark gap arrester is a simple device and an example of a surge arrester . Although it ' s an Art . 280 device , describing its operation helps us understand the operation of the surge arresters covered by Art . 285 . One lead of the spark gap arrester is on the protected conductor ; the other is on the conductor of an alternate path . At the arrester , an " air gap " ( actually , it ' s not air but some inert gas ) separates these leads . The gas normally provides such a high impedance that current flow is nearly zero ( per Kirchhoff ' s Law , some current will flow through the gas ) . But when voltage hits a certain level , current jumps through the gas . Subsequently , the gas acts as a short circuit . The gas will continue to shunt current until voltage drops to a level closer to normal . Article 285 surge - protective devices do n ' t use a gas and do n ' t have the short - circuit effect . Instead , a solid state device , such as a metal oxide varistor ( MOV ) or silicon avalanche suppression diode ( SASD ) , " switches on " at a certain voltage . Unlike the spark gap arrester , these devices conduct only the overvoltage portion of the electricity . The effect is called " voltage clamping , " and they have to clamp within a limited range of voltage . That ' s where transient voltage surge suppressors ( TVSSs ) come in . A basic TVSS cascades a series of MOVs to render the spike progressively smaller until it ' s no longer a threat . Thus , you can install one device that will handle the entire voltage range of the spike at a given location . However , a TVSS may do more than that , because the diversion technique is n ' t the only method of dealing with power spikes . Although it ' s true that diversion devices tend to dissipate much of the transient energy as heat , they do not eliminate transient power spikes . They primarily reduce the voltage levels and incidentally reduce the energy levels , which is n ’ t always sufficient protection . It may also be necessary to add filtering to the protection scheme . Filtering devices do not divert the transients , but use inductive and capacitive elements to absorb them . Filtering devices may be incorporated into a TVSS , which is subsequently covered by Art . 285 . Hardware . When planning an SPD installation , look at your hardware options . For example , you must decide which performance specifications you need for each device at a given point of protection . It ' s tough to sort through all this and come up with a well - engineered solution . But it ' s even tougher to go back and do it over if you did n ' t comply with the following SPD requirements at the outset : 1 ) Where used , the SPD must be connected to each ungrounded conductor of the circuit [ 285.4 ] . 2 ) SPDs must be listed [ 285.5 ] for the intended use . UL 1449 , “ Standard for SPDs , ” clearly states that these units " limit the maximum amplitude of transient voltage surges to specified values . " 3 ) Each SPD must be marked with its short - circuit current rating , and a hazardous condition is present if the SPD short - circuit current rating is less than the available fault current . Installation . SPDs are n ' t essential to the prevention of fires , so the NEC does n ' t require anyone to install them . However , incorrect installation poses a hazard . Therefore , if you install SPDs , you must install them per Art . 285 . Do n ' t install SPDs in any of the following applications [ 285.3 ] : • Circuits that exceed 1kV . • Ungrounded systems , impedance grounded systems , or corner - grounded delta systems , unless listed specifically for use on these systems . • Where the voltage rating of the SPD is less than the maximum continuous phase - to - ground voltage available at the point of connection . Avoid unnecessary bends in SPD conductors [ 285.12 ] , and do n ' t make the conductors any longer than necessary . You can connect only one conductor to a terminal , unless the terminal is identified for multiple conductors [ 110.14 ( A ) ] ( Fig . 1 ) . Three ratings . From highest energy level to lowest , SPDs may be rated Type 1 , Type 2 , or Type 3 [ 285.1 , FPNs 1 and 2 ] . The energy level is a device safety rating based on several characteristics . SPD Type is not a performance rating . The NEC is concerned only with the safety aspects ; therefore , it provides limitations on where you can install an SPD based on its Type . Type 1 SPD — You can install Type 1 SPDs [ 285.23 ] on the supply side of service equipment [ 230.82 ( 4 ) ] ( Fig . 2 ) . It ' s also common to install them on the load side of service equipment per 285.24 , based on the energy levels encountered there . You must connect them to one of the following : ( 1 ) Service neutral conductor . ( 2 ) Grounding electrode conductor . ( 3 ) Grounding electrode for the service . ( 4 ) Equipment grounding terminal in the service equipment . Type 2 SPD — You can install Type 2 SPDs [ 285.24 ] on the : • Load side of service equipment per 285.24 ( Fig . 3 ) . • The load side of the building / structure overcurrent device . • The premises wiring of the separately derived system . Type 3 SPD — You can install Type 3 SPDs [ 285.25 ] on the load side of a branch - circuit overcurrent device up to the equipment served . But only if the connection is a minimum 30 ft of conductor distance from the service or separately derived system disconnect . Conductors . Conductors for SPDs must be at least 14 AWG copper or 12 AWG aluminum . You can connect an SPD between any two circuit conductors and all grounding connections must conform to Art . 250 , except as noted in Art . 285 . Permanent transient protection . A good transient protection system that includes a properly specified SPD scheme installed per Art . 285 can easily pay for itself with one power event . The economics for installing such a system are compelling for almost any facility . That does n ' t mean you can just install it and forget about it . By the nature of what they are called upon to do , SPDs tend to lead fairly short lives compared to other electrical equipment . While you can easily tell when a transformer blows or a motor fails , an SPD failure does n ' t announce itself by shutting down production . An SPD does n ' t operate under normal conditions ; it operates under abnormal conditions . For this reason , a failure goes unnoticed when everything is going well ( unless you have SPD instrumentation to make it noticed ) . The NEC does n ' t require you to conduct preventive maintenance , monitoring , or testing on your SPDs . Nor does it require you to test them after a storm or after a known power event . From an operational viewpoint , however , these measures allow you to ensure your SPDs will provide the protection that justified their installation in the first place . " Testing by transient " is not a cost - effective way to maintain SPDs . TAGS : National Electrical Code 0 comments	[ "Surge Suppression Devices", "voltage problems", "National Electrical Code" ]
http://ecmweb.com/content/guidelines-transformer-application-designs	content Guidelines for transformer application designs . You must evaluate various factors when choosing a transformer so that it meets both the needs of the load and the application . Moran , Robert B . \| May 01 , 1999 The time you spend in selecting a transformer seems to be in direct proportion to the size of the unit . All too often , small transformers are selected with just a cursory look at the connected loads , and frequently a decision is made to choose one with the next larger kVA rating than the anticipated load . Conversely , large transformers , such as those used in electric utility applications , are closely evaluated because they represent large investments . Most transformers used in commercial and industrial facilities fall in the middle ground , and they usually have ratings between 250kVA and 1000kVA . On larger projects , they can go up to 10MVA . Because these transformers represent the majority , you should evaluate them carefully before choosing a unit for a specific project and / or application . Selection process There are three main parameters in choosing a transformer : * That it has enough capacity to handle the expected loads ( as well as a certain amount of overload ) ; * That consideration be given to possibly increasing the capacity to handle potential load growth ; and * That the funds allocated for its purchase be based on a certain life expectancy ( with consideration to an optimal decision on initial , operational , and installation costs . ) Both capacity and cost relate to a number of factors that you should evaluate . These include : * Application of the unit ; * Choice of insulation type ( liquid - filled or dry type ) ; * Choice of winding material ( copper or aluminum ) ; * Possible use of low - loss core material ; * Regulation ( voltage stability ) ; * Life expectancy ; * Any overloading requirements ; * Basic insulation level ( BIL ) ; * Temperature considerations ; * Losses ( both no - load and operating losses ) ; * Any non - linear load demand ; * Shielding ; and * Accessories . Application of the unit The type of load and the transformer ' s placement are two key considerations that must be understood . For example , if the unit will be used for heavy welding service , such as in an automotive plant , very rigid construction will be called for because the coils will experience very frequent short - circuit - type loads ; thus , good short - term overload capability may be required . You ' ll find that sizing a transformer for a particular application with regard to the unit ' s life expectancy requires a good understanding of its insulation characteristics and the winding temperature due to loading . This , in turn , requires a careful analysis of the load profile ( covering amplitude , duration , and the extent of linear and non - linear loads ) . The standard parameters for transformers operating under normal conditions include : * Nominal values of input voltage and frequency ; * Approximately sinusoidal input voltage ; * Load current with a harmonic factor not exceeding 0.05 p.u. ; * Installation at an altitude of less than 1000 m ( 3300 ft ) ; * No damaging fumes , dust , vapors , etc . in installed environment ; * An ambient temperature that does not exceed 30 [ degrees ] C as a daily average or 40 [ degrees ] C at any time , and which does not fall below - 20 [ degrees ] C ; and * Overloads within acceptable levels of ANSI / IEEE loading guidelines ( dry or liquid ) . If some of the above conditions ca n ' t be met in a particular application , then you should work closely with the manufacturer so that the selected transformer ' s operating characteristics and / or size will compensate for the particular situation . For example , if the ambient temperature will exceed standard conditions or if the unit will be installed at a high elevation , then an appropriate solution might be to specify a transformer that ' s rated higher than what the load requires , in effect under utilizing the unit to compensate for the local Choice of liquid - filled or dry type Information on the pros and cons of the available types of transformers frequently varies depending upon which manufacturer you ' re talking to and what literature you ' re reading . Nevertheless , there are certain performance and application characteristics that are almost universally accepted . Basically , there are two distinct types of transformers : Liquid insulated and cooled ( liquid - filled type ) and nonliquid insulated , air or air / gas cooled ( dry type ) . Also , there are subcategories of each main type . Liquid - filled . For liquid - filled transformers , the cooling medium can be conventional mineral oil . There are also wet - type transformers using less flammable liquids , such as high fire point hydrocarbons and silicones . Liquid - filled transformers are normally more efficient than dry - types , and they usually have a longer life expectancy . Also , liquid is a more efficient cooling medium in reducing hot spot temperatures in the coils . In addition , liquid - filled units have a better overload capability . There are some drawbacks , however . For example , fire prevention is more important with liquid - type units because of the use of a liquid cooling medium that may catch fire . ( Dry - type transformers can catch fire , too . ) It ' s even possible for an improperly protected wet - type transformer to explode . And , depending on the application , liquid - filled transformers may require a containment trough for protection against possible leaks of the fluid . Because of the above reasons , and because of the ratings , indoor - installed distribution transformers of 600V and below usually are dry - types . Arguably , when choosing transformers , the changeover point between dry - types and wet - types is between 500kVA to about 2.5MVA , with dry - types used for the lower ratings and wet - types for the higher ratings . Important factors when choosing what type to use include where the transformer will be installed , such as inside an office building or outside , servicing an industrial load . Dry - type transformers with ratings exceeding 5MVA are available , but the vast majority of the higher - capacity transformers are liquid - filled . For outdoor Dry - type . Dry - type transformers come in enclosures that have louvers or are sealed . Here , subcategories include different methods of insulation such as conventional varnish , vacuum pressure impregnated ( VPI ) varnish , epoxy resin , or cast resin insulation systems . Liquid - filled insulation systems The insulation system for liquid - filled distribution transformers is typically composed of enameled wire , cellulose paper impregnated with a dielectric liquid , and the liquid itself . The dielectric grade paper most often used is derived from sulfate ( kraft ) wood pulp from softwoods . With the introduction of dicydianamid to the paper making process , the standard temperature winding rise is now 65 [ degrees ] C . The ambient temperature base in the United States is a 30 [ degrees ] C average over a 24 - hr period with a 40 [ degrees ] C maximum . The present allowable hot spot temperature ( the difference between the average winding temperature rise and the hottest spot in the windings ) is 15 [ degrees ] C . Thus , the permitted operating hot spot temperature , based on an average ambient temperature of 30 [ degrees ] C , is 110 [ degrees ] C . New synthetic insulating materials are leading to even higher permitted hot spots . These materials include polyester , fiber glass , and more commonly , aramid paper . " Aramid paper " is a term applied generically for wholly aromatic polymide paper . To keep costs reasonable while still achieving gains in acceptable hot spot temperature limits , both aramid and thermally upgraded kraft paper are used together in a hybrid insulation system . As of this writing , new type liquid - filled transformers , called High Temperature Transformers ( HTTs ) are being built using this technology . The process of proper impregnation of the paper with a liquid is a standard manufacturing operation . The core / coil assembly is mounted in the tank , lead assemblies attached , and the filling process begins . A partial vacuum is produced while the secondary leads circulate current to heat the coils and drive out any excess moisture . Later , while still under vacuum , heated degassified and filtered dielectric liquid is introduced . After filling and additional vacuum time , the tank cover is sealed in place . The head space between the liquid surface and the Environmental concerns For liquid - filled transformers containing more than 660 gal , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) requires some type of containment be used to control possible leaks of the liquid . Environmentally unfriendly fluids , such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) , have been banned or are severely restricted , replaced for the most part by nontoxic , nonbioaccumulating , and nonozone depleting fluids , such as fire - resistant silicones and fire - resistant hydrocarbons . These fluids are not covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) Some transformer liquids ( known as nonflammable - type fluids ) are covered under both the RCRA and the CWA , and certain requirements may be called for regarding special handling , spill reporting , disposal procedures , and record keeping . These fluids also require provisions for special transformer venting . As such , the above factors can have an effect on installation costs , long - term operating costs , and maintenance procedures . Liquid dielectric selection factors The selection of which liquid dielectric coolant to use is driven primarily by economics and codes . Conventional mineral oil is most often specified as it is very economical and , unless it ' s subject to unusual service , maintains acceptable performance for decades . As it ' s possible that a high - energy arc can occur in a transformer , fire safety becomes an important issue . When conventional mineral oil is restricted ( usually due to fire code requirements ) , less - flammable fluids often are used . The most popular are fire - resistant hydrocarbons ( also known as high - molecular weight hydrocarbons ) and 50 cSt ( a viscosity measurement unit ) silicone fluids . Other fluids include high fire point polyol esters and polyalpha olefins . In addition to safety considerations , you should also evaluate performance At one time , askarel fluid , a generic term for a group of certain fire - resistant electrical insulating liquids , including often used PCBs , represented the standard for fire safety in liquid dielectrics . But , PCBs were banned because of toxicity and environmental concerns . Cost coil insulation systems Dry - type transformers can have their windings insulated various ways . A basic method is to preheat the conductor coils and then , when heated , dip them in varnish at an elevated temperature . The coils are then baked to cure the varnish . This process is an open - wound method and helps ensure penetration of the varnish . Cooling ducts in the windings provide an efficient and economical way to remove the heat produced by the electrical losses of the transformer by allowing air to flow through the duct openings . This dry - type insulation When greater mechanical strength of the windings and increased resistance to corona ( electrical discharges caused by the field intensity exceeding the dielectric strength of the insulation ) is called for , VPI of the varnish forces the insulation ( varnish ) into the coils by using both vacuum and pressure . Sometimes , for additional protection against the environment ( when the ambient air can be somewhat harmful ) , the end coils are also sealed with an epoxy resin mixture . A cast coil insulation system , another version of the dry - type transformer , is used when additional coil strength and protection are advisable . This type of insulation is used for transformers located in harsh environments such as cement and chemical plants and outdoor installations where moisture , salt spray , corrosive fumes , dust , and metal particles can destroy other types of dry - type transformers . These cast coil units are better able to withstand heavy power surges , such as frequent but brief overloads experienced by transformers serving transit systems and various industrial machinery Unlike open - wound or VPI transformers , cast coil units have their windings completely cast in solid epoxy . The coils are placed into molds and cast , usually under vacuum . The epoxy is a special type that keeps the coils protected from corrosive atmospheres and moisture as well as keeping the coils secure from the high mechanical forces associated with power surges and short circuits . Mineral fillers and glass fibers are added to the pure epoxy to give it greater strength . Flexibilizers are also added to improve its ability to expand and contract with the Different manufacturers use different epoxy filling material and in different amounts . Important factors that manufacturers must consider when choosing filler material and the proportion to use include : * Temperature rating of the transformer ; * Mechanical strength of the coils ; * Dielectric strength of the insulation ; * Expansion rate of the conductors under various loadings ; and * Resistance to thermal shock of the insulation system . Cast coil transformers consist of separately wound and cast high - and low - voltage coils . During manufacture , the high voltage coil winding wires are placed in a certain pattern using preinsulated wire . The completely wound coil is then placed in a mold designed to form a heavy coating of epoxy around the coil . After vacuum filling of the epoxy , the mold is placed in an oven for a number of hours to allow the epoxy to cure and achieve full hardness and strength . There are two types of low - voltage windings available , both of which provide protection from hostile environments . One type is vacuum cast like the high - voltage winding . The other type uses a " nonvacuum " technique of epoxy application to achieve strength . Sheet insulation , such as Nomex or fiberglass , is impregnated with uncured epoxy , then interleaved on the heavy low - voltage conductors to literally " wind - in " the epoxy . During oven curing of the low - voltage coil , the epoxy flows onto the conductor and cures Because of the additional materials and procedures associated with manufacturing cast coil transformers , they cost more . However , cast coil transformers are designed to operate with lower losses , require less maintenance than regular types , and effectively operate in environments that may cause early failure with conventional dry - types . Also , cast coil transformers , if operated properly , will normally have a longer life expectancy than other dry - type transformers . Choice of winding material A transformer ' s coils can be wound with either copper or aluminum conductors . For equivalent electrical and mechanical performance , aluminum - wound transformers usually cost less than copper - wound units . Because copper is a better conductor , a copper - wound transformer can be at times slightly smaller than its aluminum counterpart , for transformers with equivalent electrical ratings , because the copper conductor windings will be smaller . However , most manufacturers supply aluminum and copper transformers in the same enclosure size . Aluminum - wound transformers are by far the majority choice in the United States . With both materials , the winding process and the application of insulation are the same . Connections to the terminals are welded or brazed . Coils made of copper wires have slightly higher mechanical strength . You should determine the transformer manufacturer ' s experience in building its products and that the firm has a proven record in using both types of conductors . This is especially true of manufacturers of dry - type units . Use of low - loss core material Choice of metal is critical for transformer cores , and it ' s important that good quality magnetic steel be used . There are many grades of steel that can be used for a transformer core . Each grade has an effect on efficiency on a per - pound basis . The choice depends on how you evaluate nonload losses and total owning costs . Almost all transformer manufacturers today use steel in their cores that provides low losses due to the effects of magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents . To achieve these objectives , high permeability , cold - rolled , grain - oriented , silicon steel is almost always used . Construction of the core utilizes step lap mitered joints and the laminations are carefully stacked . Amorphous cores A new type of liquid - filled transformer introduced commercially in 1986 uses ultra low - loss cores made from amorphous metal ; the core losses are between 60 % to 70 % lower than those for transformers using silicon steel . To date , these transformers have been designed for distribution operation primarily by electric utilities and use wound - cut cores of amorphous metal . Their ratings range from 10kVA through 2500kVA . The reason utilities purchase them , even though they are more expensive than silicon steel core transformers , is because of their high efficiency . Amorphous metal is a new class of material having no crystalline formation . Conventional metals possess crystalline structures in which the atoms form an orderly , repeated , three - dimensional array . Amorphous metals are characterized by a random arrangement of their atoms ( because the atomic structure resembles that of glass , the material is sometimes referred to as glassy metal ) . This atomic structure , along with the difference in the composition and thickness of the metal , accounts for the very low hysteresis and eddy current losses in the new material . Cost and manufacturing technique are the major obstacles for bringing to the market a broad assortment of amorphous core transformers . The price of these units typically ranges from 15 % to 40 % higher than that of silicon steel core transformers . To a degree , the price differential is dependent upon which grade of silicon steel the comparison is being made . ( The more energy efficient the grade of steel used in the transformer core , the higher the price of the steel . ) At present , amorphous cores are not being applied in dry - type transformers . However , there is continuous developmental work being done on amorphous core transformers , and the use of this special metal in dry - type transformers may become a practical reality sometime in the future . If you ' re considering the use of an amorphous core transformer , you should determine the economic tradeoff ; in other words , the price of the unit versus the cost of losses . Losses are especially important when transformers are lightly loaded , such as during the hours from about 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. When lightly loaded , the core loss becomes the largest component of a transformer ' s total losses . Thus , the cost of electric power at the location where such a transformer is contemplated is a very important factor in carrying out Different manufacturers have different capabilities for producing amorphous cores , and recently , some have made substantial advances in making these cores for transformers . The technical difficulties of constructing a core using amorphous steel have restricted the size of transformers using this material . The metal is not easily workable , being very hard and difficult to cut , thin and flimsy , and difficult to obtain in large sheets . However , development of these types of transformers continues ; you can expect units larger than 2500kVA being made in the future . Protection from harsh conditions For harsh environments , whether indoor or outdoor , it ' s critical that a transformer ' s core / coil , leads , and accessories be adequately protected . In the United States , almost all liquid - filled transformers are of sealed - type construction , automatically providing protection for the internal components . External connections can be made with " dead front " connectors that shield the leads . For high corrosive conditions , stainless steel tanks can be employed . Dry - type transformers are available for either indoor or outdoor installation . Cooling ducts in the windings allow heat to be dissipated into the air . Dry - types can operate indoors under almost all ambient conditions found in commercial buildings and light manufacturing facilities . For outdoor operations , a dry - type transformer ' s enclosure will usually have louvers for ventilation . But , these transformers can be affected by hostile environments ( dirt , moisture , corrosive fumes , conductive dust , etc . ) because the windings are exposed to the air . However , a dry - type can be built using a sealed tank to provide protection from harmful environments . These units operate in their own atmosphere of nonflammable dielectric gas . Other approaches to building dry - type transformers for harsh environments include cast coil units , cast resin units , and vacuum pressure encapsulated ( VPE ) units , sometimes using a silicone varnish . Unless the dry - type units are completely sealed , the core / coil and lead assemblies should be periodically cleaned , even in nonharsh environments , to prevent dust and other contaminant buildup over time . Insulators Dry - type transformers normally use insulators made from fiber glass reinforced polyester molding compounds . These insulators are available up to a rating of 15kV and are intended to be used indoors or within a moisture - proof enclosure . Liquid - filled transformers employ insulators made of porcelain . These are available in voltage ratings exceeding 500kV . Porcelain insulators are track resistant , suitable for outdoor use , and are easy to clean . High - voltage porcelain insulators contain oil impregnated paper insulation , which acts as capacitive voltage dividers to provide uniform voltage gradients . Power factor tests must be performed at specific intervals to verify the condition of these insulators . Regulation The difference between the secondary ' s no - load voltage and full - load voltage is a measure of the transformer ' s regulation . This can be determined by using the following equation : Regulation ( % ) = ( 100 ) ( [ V . sub . nl ] - [ V . sub . fl ] ) / ( [ V . sub . fl ] ) , where [ V . sub . nl ] is the no - load voltage and [ V . sub . fl ] is the full - load voltage . Poor regulation means that as the load increases , the voltage at the secondary terminals drops substantially . This voltage drop is due to resistance in the windings and leakage reactance between the windings . However , good regulation may offer some other problems . Voltage regulation and efficiency are improved with low impedance but the potential for serious damage also goes up . Sometimes manufacturers , in order to meet demands for good regulation , design transformers with leakage reactance as low as 2 % . A transformer so designed is liable to be severely damaged if a short circuit occurs on the transformer ' s secondary , especially if the total power on the system is large ( a stiff source with low impedance ) . The mechanical stresses in a transformer vary approximately as the square of the current . Stresses in a transformer resulting from a short circuit could be approximately six times as great in a transformer having 2 % impedance as they would be in one having 5 % impedance ( where reactance is the major component of the impedance voltage drop ) . Of course , a good circuit protection scheme can address this problem . Short circuit integrity is readily available if you wish to include in your transformer specifications that it follow the ANSI / IEEE Guide for Short Circuit Testing ; C57 . 12 . 90 - 1993 for wet units and C57 . 12 . 91 - 1995 for dry units . Voltage taps Even with good regulation , the secondary voltage of a transformer can change if the incoming voltage changes . Transformers , when connected to a utility system , are dependent upon utility voltage ; when utility operations change or new loads are connected to their lines , the incoming voltage to your facility may decrease , or even perhaps increase . To compensate for such voltage changes , transformers are often built with load tap changers ( LTCs ) , or sometimes , no - load tap changers ( NLTCs ) . ( LTCs operate with the load connected , whereas NLTCs must have the load disconnected . ) These devices consist of taps or leads connected to either the primary or secondary coils at different locations to supply a constant voltage from the secondary coils to the load under varying conditions . Tap changers connected to the primary coils change the connections from the incoming line to various leads going to the coils . When tap changers are connected to the secondary coils , the changing of connections is made from the coils to the output conductors . Tap changers can be operated by either manual switching or by automatic means . Transformers with tap changers usually have a tap position indicator to allow you to know what taps are being used . Life expectancy There ' s a common presumption that the useful life of a transformer is the useful life of the insulating system , and that the life of the insulation is related to the temperature being experienced . You should recognize that the temperature of the windings vary ; there are so - called hot - spots usually at an accepted maximum 30 [ degrees ] C above average coil winding temperature for dry - type transformers . The hot - spot temperature is the sum of the maximum ambient temperature , the average winding temperature rise ( where the winding The nameplate kVA rating of a transformer represents the amount of kVA loading that will result in the rated temperature rise when the unit is operated under normal service conditions . When operating under these conditions ( including the accepted hot - spot temperature with the correct class of insulation materials ) , you should achieve a " normal " life expectancy for the transformer . Information on dry - type transformer loading from ANSI / IEEE C57 . 96 - 1989 indicates that you can have a 20 - yr life expectancy for the insulation system in a transformer . However , due to degradation of the insulation , a transformer might fail before an elapse of 20 yrs . For dry - type transformers having a 220 [ degrees ] C insulating system and a winding hot - spot temperature of 220 [ degrees ] C , and with no unusual operating conditions present , the 20 - yr life expectancy is a reasonable Most 150 [ degrees ] C rise dry - type transformers are built with 220 [ degrees ] C insulation systems . Operating such a transformer at rated kVA on a continuous basis with a 30 [ degrees ] C average ambient should equate to a " normal " useful life . ( Note : 40 [ degrees ] C maximum ambient in any 24 - hr period with 30 [ degrees ] C as the 24 - hr average is considered a standard ambient . ) When based solely on thermal factors , the life of a transformer increases appreciably if the operating temperature is lower than the maximum temperature rating of the insulation . However , you should recognize that the life expectancy of transformers operating at varying temperatures is not accurately known . Fluctuating load conditions and changes in ambient temperature make it difficult , if not impossible , to arrive at such definitive information . Overloading For effective operation of an electrical system , transformers are sometimes overloaded to meet operating conditions . As such , it ' s important that you have an understanding with the transformer manufacturer as to what overloading the unit can withstand without causing problems . The main problem is heat dissipation . If a transformer is overloaded by a certain factor , say 20 % beyond kVA rating for a certain period of time , depending upon that period of time , it ' s probable that any heat developed in the coils will be transferred easily to the outside of the transformer tank . Therefore , there ' s a reasonable chance that the overloading will not cause a problem . However , when longer time periods are involved , heat will start to build up internally within the transformer , possibly causing serious An effective way of removing this heat is to use built - in fans ; this way , the load capability can be increased without increasing the kVA rating of the transformer . Dry - type transformers typically have a fan - cooled rating that is 1.33 times the self - cooled rating . Some transformer designs can provide ratings of 1.4 to 1.5 times self - cooled units . If you have such requirements , you should prepare a carefully written specification . Liquid - filled transformers , because of their double heat - transfer requirement ( core / coil - to - liquid and liquid - to - air ) , have a lower forced air rating . Usually , the increased rating is 1.15 times the self - cooled rating for small units and 1.25 times self - cooled rating for larger " small power transformers . " When above 10MVA , the ratio may be as high as 1.67 to 1 . You should recognize two distinct factors when forced cooling is used . First , the concept is used to obtain a higher transformer capacity ; but when doing so , losses are increased substantially . A dry - type transformer operating at 133 % of its self - cooled rating will have conductor losses of nearly 1.8 times the losses at the self - cooled rating . And , there will be some losses in the form of power to operate the fan motors . The normal no - load losses remain constant regardless of the load . The other Table 1 , on page 50 , lists the loading capability for liquid - filled , 65 [ degrees ] C rise transformers , based on normal loss of life . This information is from Table 5 in ANSI / IEEE C57 . 91 - 1981 , Guide for Loading Mineral Oil Immersed Power Transformers Rated 500kVA and Less . Table 2 , on page 50 , lists the loading capability for 200 [ degrees ] C dry - type insulation system transformers , based on normal loss of life . This information is from Table 6 in ANSI / IEEE C57 . 96 - 1989 , Guide for Loading Dry - Type Transformers . Insulation level The insulation level of a transformer is based on its basic impulse level ( BIL ) . The BIL can vary for a given system voltage , depending upon the amount of exposure to system overvoltages a transformer might be expected to encounter over its life cycle . ANSI / IEEE Standards C57 . 12 . 00 - 1993 and C57 . 12 . 01 - 1989 indicate the BILs that may be specified for a given system voltage . You should base your selection on prior knowledge with similar systems , or on a system study such as performed If the electrical system in question includes solid - state controls , you should approach the selection of BIL very carefully . These controls , which when operating chop the current , may cause voltage transients . Liquid - filled temperature considerations Liquid - type transformers use insulation based on a cellulose / fluid system . The fluid serves as both an insulating and cooling medium . Forms are used ( which are rectangular or cylindrical shaped ) when constructing the windings and spacers are used between layers of the windings . The spacing is necessary to allow the fluid to flow and cool the windings and the core . For cooling , fluid flows in the transformer through ducts and around the coil ends within a sealed tank that encompasses the core and coils . Removal of the heat in the fluid takes place in external tubes , usually elliptical in design , welded to the outside tank walls . When transformer ratings begin to exceed 5MVA , additional heat - transfer is required . Here , radiators are used ; they consist of headers extending from the transformer tank on the bottom and top , with rows of tubes connected between the two headers . The transformer fluid , acting as a cooling medium , transfers the heat picked up from the core and coils and dissipates it to the air via the tubes . The paper insulation used today in liquid - filled transformers is thermally upgraded , allowing a 65 [ degrees ] C average winding temperature rise as standard . Until the ' 60s , 55 [ degrees ] C rise was the standard . Sometimes , transformer specifications are written for a 55 [ degrees ] / 65 [ degrees ] C rise . This provides an increase in the operating capacity by 12 % since the kVA specified is based on the old 55 [ degrees ] C rise basis but the paper supplied is thermally upgraded kraft type . For both wet - and dry - type units , a key factor in transformer design is the amount of temperature rise that the insulation can withstand . Lower temperature rise ratings of transformers can be achieved in two ways : By increasing the conductor size of the winding ( which reduces the resistance and therefore the heating ) or by derating a larger , higher temperature rise transformer . Be careful when using the latter method ; since the percent impedance of a transformer is based on the higher rating , the let - through fault current and startup The lower temperature rise transformers are physically larger and , therefore , will require more floor space . On the plus side , a lower temperature rise transformer will have a longer life expectancy . The latest energy codes recommend selecting transformers to optimize the combination of no - load , part - load , and full - load losses without compromising the operational and reliability requirements of the electrical system . Dry - type temperature considerations Dry - type transformers are available in three general classes of insulation . The main features of insulation are to provide dielectric strength and to be able to withstand certain thermal limits . Insulation classes are 220 [ degrees ] C ( Class H ) , 185 [ degrees ] C ( Class F ) , and 150 [ degrees ] C ( Class B ) . Temperature rise ratings are based on full - load rise over ambient ( usually 40 [ degrees ] C above ambient ) and are 150 [ degrees ] C ( available only with The lower temperature rise transformers are more efficient , particularly at loadings of 50 % and higher . Full load losses for 115 [ degrees ] C transformers are about 30 % less than those of 150 [ degrees ] C transformers . And 80 [ degrees ] C transformers have losses that are about 15 % less than 115 [ degrees ] C transformers and 40 % less than 150 [ degrees ] C transformers . Full load losses for 150 [ degrees ] C transformers range from about 4 % to 5 % for 30 kVA and smaller When operated continuously at 65 % or more of full load , the 115 [ degrees ] C transformer will pay for itself over the 150 [ degrees ] C transformer in 2 yrs or less ( 1 year if operated at 90 % of full load ) . The 80 [ degrees ] C transformer requires operation at 75 % or more of full load for a 2 - yr payback , and at 100 % load to payback in 1 yr over the 150 [ degrees ] C transformer . If operated continuously at 80 % or more You should note that at loadings below 50 % of full load , there is essentially no payback for either the 115 [ degrees ] C or the 80 [ degrees ] C transformer over the 150 [ degrees ] C transformer . Also , at loadings below 40 % , the lower temperature rise transformers become less efficient than the 150 [ degrees ] C transformers . Thus , not only is there no payback , but also the annual operating cost is higher . Losses Because the cost of owning a transformer involves both fixed and operating costs , and because the cost of electric power is constantly on the rise , the cost of energy lost over a period of time due to a transformer ' s losses can substantially exceed the purchase price of a unit . As such , it ' s important that you evaluate transformer no - load and load losses carefully . No - load losses consist of hysteresis and eddy currents in the core , copper loss due to no - load current in the primary winding , and dielectric loss . The core losses are the most important . Load losses include FR loss in the windings , FR losses due to current supplying the losses , eddy current loss in the conductors due to leakage in the field , and stray losses in the transformer ' s structural steel . Specifying higher efficiency requires larger conductors for the coils to reduce FR losses . This means added cost , but the payback may be significant . k - factor Some transformers ( liquid - and dry - type ) are now being offered with what is called a k - factor rating . This is a measure of the transformer ' s ability to withstand the heating effects of nonsinusoidal harmonic currents produced by much of today ' s electronic equipment and certain electrical equipment . Because of the problems created by harmonics , ANSI / IEEE , in the late 1980s , formulated the C57 . 110 - 1986 standard , Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents . It applies to transformers up In December , 1990 , UL announced listings for dry - type general purpose and power transformers affected by nonsinusoidal currents in accordance to the above ANSI / IEEE C57 . 110 - 1986 . The " listing investigation " is directed to submitting transformers for testing to certain factors relating to rms current at certain harmonic orders in a specified way that correlates with heating losses . The factors involved in the tests are collectively called the k - factor . Transformers meeting k - factor requirements also address the need for providing for high neutral currents . Because the neutral current may be considerably greater than the phase current , the neutral terminal of the transformer is sometimes doubled in size for additional customer neutral cables . It ' s important that you recognize the impact caused by harmonic currents . Oversized primary conductors are used to compensate for circulating harmonic currents . The secondary is also given special consideration . As the frequency increases to 180 Hz ( as in the case with the 3rd harmonic ) , and greater , the skin effect ( where current begins to travel more on the circumference of the conductor ) becomes more pronounced . To compensate for this , the windings are composed of several smaller sizes of conductor , with the circumference of the total conductors being greater . The transformer design also incorporates a reduction in core flux to compensate For help in determining what k - factor to use when you specify a transformer while designing an electrical system for a facility , identify what harmonic producing equipment is going into the system . Then , obtain information on the harmonic spectrum and the associated amplitudes produce by the offending apparatus from the manufacturer of the equipment . Cautionary note : Be careful when using k - rated transformers having abnormally low impedance , particularly those units with ratings of k - 20 and higher . Such low impedance transformers can actually increase harmonics neutral current problems and even cause some loads to malfunction or cause damage to equipment ! Use of abnormally low impedance transformers will act to significantly increase the neutral current and , therefore , negate some of the benefits of doubling the neutral conductors . It ' s important that isolation transformers be used for high harmonic loads having normal ( 3 % to Shielding Depending upon the loads being served , the ability of a transformer to attenuate electrical noise and transients would be a helpful attribute . While what is commonly referred to as " dirty power " possibly ca n ' t be stopped at the source causing the noise , corrective measures can be taken , including the application of a shield between the primary and secondary of a transformer . This type of construction is usually considered when a distribution transformer is serving solid - state devices such as computers and peripheral equipment . There are two types of noise and voltage transients : common mode noise and transients and normal or transverse mode noise and transients . Common mode power aberrations are disturbances between the primary lines and the ground ( phase - to - ground ) ; transverse mode power aberrations are line - to - line disturbances . It is important to recognize this difference because an electrostatic shield will not reduce transverse disturbances . However , transverse disturbances are slightly reduced by a transformer ' s impedance , and this is true whether or not a transformer has a shield To substantially reduce transverse mode power aberrations , surge suppressors are used to handle the transients , and filters are used to handle the noise . Some literature show voltage sine curves with disturbances imposed on the curve as well as clean voltage sine curves , and information is included to the effect that an electrostatic shield is responsible for reducing or eliminating the disturbances . This is incorrect because the voltage sine curve portrays line - to - line characteristics , and shielding has no effect upon such disturbances . An electrostatic shield is a grounded metal barrier between the primary and secondary that filters common mode noise , thus delivering cleaner power and reducing the spikes caused by common mode voltage transients . The shield takes most of the energy from the voltage spike and delivers it to the ground . A number of authorities agree that transformers built to deliver a 60 decibel ( dB ) ( a 1000 - to - 1 ratio ) reduction in common mode disturbances ( noise and voltage transients ) will help solve or prevent such power aberrations from causing problems . An example of the effect of attenuation would be a lightning strike that induces a 1000V spike on a power line connected to the primary of a transformer . A shield would take most of this energy to ground , and if the attenuation is 60 dB ( 1000 - to - 1 ratio ) , an approximate a IV " bump " will be passed to the secondary and onto the feeder or branch circuit . A number of loads can take a " bump " of this magnitude without damage . If there ' s a branch circuit Placing transformers near the load Locating a transformer indoors , on the rooftop , or adjacent to a building in order to minimize the distance between the unit and the principal load results in reducing energy loss and voltage reduction . It also reduces the cost of secondary cable . On the other hand , such placements of high - voltage equipment require closer consideration of electrical and fire safety issues . These conflicting goals can be satisfied by using transformers permitted by Code and insurance companies . When liquid - filled transformers are preferred , less - flammable liquids are widely recognized for indoor and close building proximity installations . Wet - type transformers using less - flammable , or high fire point liquids , have been recognized by the NEC since 1978 for indoor installation without the need for vault protection unless the voltage exceeds 35kV . Based on this type of transformer ' s excellent fire safety record , Code and insurance restrictions have become minimal . Conventional mineral oil units are allowed indoors , but only if they are installed in a special 3 When dry - type units are preferred , they have fewer code restrictions . Obviously , these types of transformers do not need liquid containment . Per the requirements listed in NEC Sec . 450 - 21 , there are minimum clearances that you must observe , and units over 112.5kVA require installation in a transformer room of fire - resistant construction , unless they are covered by one of two listed exceptions . As with liquid units , dry transformers exceeding 35kV must also be located in a 3 - hr - rated vault . A liquid - filled transformer may experience leakage around gaskets and fittings ; however , if the installation was carried out correctly , this should not be a problem . Major maintenance procedures may require inspection of internal components , meaning that the coolant will have to be drained . Coils in liquid - type units are much easier to repair than coils in dry - type transformers . Cast coils are not repairable ; they must be replaced . Accessories Accessories are usually an added cost , and sometimes they are installed while the transformer is being bulk . Therefore , you should have some knowledge of accessories and incorporate in the transformer specification those accessories that , when installed , would be beneficial to the transformer ' s performance . Some of the accessories available include the following : * Stainless steel tank and cabinet for extra corrosion protection ( liquid - filled only ) ; * Special paint / finishes for corrosive atmospheres and ultraviolet light ( liquid - filled only ) ; * Weather shields for outdoor units , protective provisions for humid environments , and rodent guards ( dry - type only ) ; * Temperature monitors . There are a number of options available from simple thermometers to more extensive single - or 3 - phase temperature monitoring as well as options for contacts to initiate alarms and / or trip circuits as well as starting cooling fans ; * Space heaters to prevent condensation during prolonged shutdown ( usually with thermostats ) ; * Optional location of openings for primary and secondary leads ; * Special bushings for connecting primary to right - angle feeders ; * Loadbreak switches installed in transformer cabinet or a closely coupled cabinet ; * Tap changing control apparatus ( usually a nonload device that can change the output voltage by about 5 % ) ; * Internal circuit protection devices to open primary line when there - are short circuits and severe overloads ; * Equipment such as liquid level gauges , drain valves , radiator guards , sampling devices , and pressure relief valves ( for liquid - filled transformers only ) ; * Internal lightning arresters ; * Internal surge arresters for protection against line or switching surges ; * Provisions for current and potential transformers and metering ; * Future fan provision for such installation at a later date ; * Key interlocks or padlocks to coordinate opening of enclosure panels with operation of HV switch ; * Provisions for ground fault detection ; * Installation of small control power transformers in cabinet to operate various 120 / 240V accessories for medium - voltage transformers ; and * Seismic bracing for units installed at locations subject to earthquakes . TAGS : Design 1 comment	[ "transformer", "application designs", "Guidelines" ]
http://ecmweb.com/contractor/ensuring-generator-and-ups-compatibility	Construction Ensuring Generator and UPS Compatibility With the certainty of grid - supplied power diminishing , as powerfully shown by the August 14 blackout , power quality is more critical than ever . You can turn to generators as a source of backup power , but they may introduce new problems , especially in facilities that use sensitive electronic equipment . That& # 8217 ; s why uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) systems are popular options for that seamless transition . John G . Tracy , Powerware \| Feb 13 , 2004 With the certainty of grid - supplied power diminishing , as powerfully shown by the August 14 blackout , power quality is more critical than ever . You can turn to generators as a source of backup power , but they may introduce new problems , especially in facilities that use sensitive electronic equipment . That ’ s why uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) systems are popular options for that seamless transition . Still , you may experience specific problems when you operate UPS systems with generators — problems that do n ’ t occur when you have stand Let ’ s look at some of the most common problems that can arise when a generator and UPS must work together . Interaction problems . UPS systems range in size from less than 300W to more than 3MW , but we ’ ll focus on the range of 50kW to 500kW . In this size range , most UPS manufacturers use a thyristor rectifier for battery charging , with a passive filter to improve power factor and reduce harmonic feedback . While many engineers would prefer a charger section capable of synthesizing a linear load , the increased complexity of such a converter , as well as its decrease in efficiency and reliability , make this solution undesirable . Line notches and harmonic currents . Rectifiers , which most UPS systems use for charger control , cause notching on the power feed at the generator or utility . These notches can wreak havoc on some types of generator controls . In addition , chargers typically do n ’ t draw sine wave current from the line . The extent to which the current differs from a sine wave is referred to as total harmonic distortion ( THD ) . These harmonic currents may cause excessive heating in the generators . The THD of a 12 - pulse rectifier is typically 12 % , with the 11th and 13th harmonics dominant . The THD of a 6 - pulse rectifier is typically 30 % , with the 5th and 7th harmonics dominant . The THD of a 12 - pulse rectifier is usually low enough to avoid generator - heating problems . But 12 - pulse rectifiers are becoming increasingly rare below 500kVA , since they require an input transformer , which increases the unit ’ s size , cost , and weight . Some UPS manufacturers solve the problem of line notches and harmonic currents by using a properly designed passive filter ( Fig . 1 ) . Most generator manufacturers also have derating information to address harmonic heating problems . By using an input filter on the UPS that reduces the harmonics to less than 10 % at full load , you can eliminate the need to derate the generator . This filter should have an input series inductor of about 5 % to detune it for other disturbances on the line . Step loading . When a generator turns on and the switch connecting it to the UPS closes , the immediate application of the load to the generator can cause sudden swings in frequency and voltage . You can usually avoid this situation if the UPS has a walk - in feature . This means the UPS rectifier has some means of controlling power flow , such as thyristors , so the power draw of the UPS can be applied gradually to the generator over a 10 - second to 20 - second period . This prevents the protected load from varying . Voltage rise . This problem occurs when you size a generator too closely to that of the UPS and there is little or no other load on the generator . When a UPS is connected to the generator with a transfer switch , the UPS ’ s charger has turned off so that it may begin the power walk - in routine . If the input filter is the only load on the generator , it may provide excess excitation energy . Most exciter controls have no way to deal with this excess energy , so the voltage wanders up without control to Frequency fluctuation . Generators have inherent limitations as to how closely they can control frequency and their response to changing loads . The function is complex and involves such features as rotational inertia , speed of governor response , and the load ’ s reaction to frequency changes . The UPS charger also has inherent limitations on how closely it can regulate its power needs from a source with fluctuations in voltage and frequency . Since the generator controls and the UPS charger controls are affected by and respond to the frequency , an otherwise small frequency fluctuation may be problematic and troublesome . The most noticeable effect of this fluctuation is a chronic alarm on the UPS that announces that it ca n ’ t synchronize to bypass . Generator and UPS suppliers need good designs that incorporate the following elements to minimize or eliminate frequency fluctuations : The generator should have a responsive governor that is properly sized and adjusted for the system . The generator ’ s voltage regulator should n ’ t be more responsive than the governor ; otherwise , an unstable condition will occur with the UPS battery charger . The UPS should have a control that ’ s responsive to fast frequency fluctuations . The UPS charger should be able to function properly with a slew rate on input frequency fluctuations greater than 5 Hz / sec . It ’ s important to note that not all UPS topologies can compensate for frequency variations without accessing the battery . Both standby and line - interactive UPSs rely on battery power to prevent frequency variations from affecting the protected load . Because it recreates the sine wave , a double - conversion online UPS filters frequency variations as part of its normal operation , preserving battery life ( Fig . 2 ) . Synchronizing to bypass . You may have an application that requires the UPS to synchronize to bypass so the critical load transfers to the generator . This usually places tighter demands on the generator for frequency and voltage stability and may worsen the system integration problem . Good control design generally nullifies this problem . Make sure your UPS supplier is able to increase the acceptance window for bypass frequency deviation and slew rate when it ’ s acceptable to the load . Automatic transfer switching . Most generator / UPS installations include automatic transfer switches that switch the UPS back to utility power once it becomes available again . The speed of operation can be a problem and may result in a failed transfer . If the transfer switch also has motor loads , such as HVAC systems , the UPS input filter will supply excitation energy during the transfer . This excitation turns these motors into generators , using their inertia as an energy source . If the transfer occurs too fast and causes an abrupt phase change in the voltage , the results can Compatibility issues are inherent when interfacing UPSs and generators . To mitigate downtime risks , you must address these issues . By understanding the operational characteristics , load interaction , and control design of these devices , you can ensure your system provides reliable power - supply protection . Tracy is director of 3 - phase technology for Powerware , Raleigh , N.C . TAGS : archive content Design 3 comments	[ "generator", "uninterruptible power supply ( UPS )", "Compatibility" ]
http://ecmweb.com/design/highs-and-lows-motor-voltage	Design The Highs and Lows of Motor Voltage Operating a motor at the outer limits of its voltage requirements reduces its efficiency and causes premature failure . Ed Cowern , P.E. \| May 01 , 2000 The economic loss from premature motor failure is devastating . In most cases , the price of the motor itself is trivial compared to the cost of unscheduled shutdowns of processes . Both high and low voltages can cause premature motor failure , as will voltage imbalance . Here , we ' ll look at the effects of low and high voltage on motors and the related performance changes you can expect when you use voltages other than those noted on the nameplate . Effects of low voltage . When you subject a motor to voltages below the nameplate rating , some of the motor ' s characteristics will change slightly and others will change dramatically . To drive a fixed mechanical load connected to the shaft , a motor must draw a fixed amount of power from the line . The amount of power the motor draws has a rough correlation to the voltage 2current ( amps ) . Thus , when voltage gets low , the current must increase to provide the same amount of power . An increase in current is a danger to the motor the motor ' s nameplate current rating . When amps go above the nameplate rating , heat begins to build up in the motor . Without a timely correction , this heat will damage the motor . The more heat and the longer the exposure to it , the more damage to the motor . Sidebar : Rules of Thumb for High and Low Voltage • Small motors tend to be more sensitive to overvoltage and saturation than do large motors . • Single - phase motors tend to be more sensitive to overvoltage than do 3 - phase motors . • U - frame motors are less sensitive to overvoltage than are T - frames . • Premium efficiency Super - E motors are less sensitive to overvoltage than are standard efficiency motors . • Two - and 4 - pole motors tend to be less sensitive to high voltage than are 6 - and 8 - pole designs . • Overvoltage can drive up amperage and temperature even on lightly loaded motors . Thus , high voltage can shorten motor life even on lightly loaded motors . • Efficiency drops with either high or low voltage . • Power factor improves with lower voltage and drops sharply with higher voltage . • Inrush current goes up with higher voltage . The existing load is a major factor in determining how much of a decrease in supply voltage a motor can handle ( see sidebar , below ) . For example , let ' s look at a motor that carries a light load . If the voltage decreases , the current will increase in roughly the same proportion that the voltage decreases . For example , a 10 % voltage decrease would cause a 10 % amperage increase . This would not damage the motor , if the current stays below the nameplate value . Now , what if that motor has a heavy load ? In this case , you already have a high current draw , so voltage is already lower than it would be without the load . You may even be close to the nameplate ' s lower limit for voltage . When you have a voltage reduction , the current would rise to a new value , which may exceed the full - load rated amps . Low voltage can lead to overheating , shortened life , reduced starting ability , and reduced pull - up and pullout torque . The starting torque , pull - up torque , and pullout torque of induction motors all change , based on the applied voltage squared . Thus , a 10 % reduction from nameplate voltage ( 100 % to 90 % , 230V to 207V ) would reduce the starting torque , pull - up torque , and pullout torque by a factor of .92 .9 . The resulting values would be 81 % of the full voltage On lightly loaded motors with easy - to - start loads , reducing the voltage will not have any appreciable effect , except that it might help reduce the light load losses and improve the efficiency under this condition . This is the principle behind some add - on equipment whose purpose is to improve efficiency . Effects of high voltage . An assumption people often make is that since low voltage increases the amperage draw on motors , then high voltage must reduce the amperage draw and heating of the motor . This is not the case . High voltage on a motor tends to push the magnetic portion of the motor into saturation . This causes the motor to draw excessive current in an effort to magnetize the iron beyond the point where magnetizing is practical . Motors will tolerate a certain change in voltage above the design voltage . However , extremes above the design voltage will cause the amperage to go up with a corresponding increase in heating and a shortening of motor life . For example , manufacturers previously rated motors at 220 / 440V , with a tolerance band of 510 % . Thus , the voltage range they can tolerate on the high - voltage connections is 396V to 484V . Even though this is the so - called tolerance band , the best performance would occur at the rated voltage . The extreme ends ( either high or low ) put unnecessary stress on the motor . Do n ' t fall into the trap of thinking you ' re okay just because your supply voltage falls within these tolerance bands . The purpose of these bands is to accommodate the normal hour - to - hour swings in plant voltage . Operation on a continuous basis at either the high or low extreme will shorten the life of the motor . Such sensitivity to voltage is not unique to motors . In fact , voltage variations affect other magnetic devices in similar ways . The solenoids and coils you find in relays and starters tolerate low voltage better than they do high voltage . This is also true of ballasts in fluorescent , mercury , and high - pressure sodium light fixtures . And it ' s true of transformers of all types . Incandescent lights are especially susceptible to high voltage . A 5 % increase in voltage results in a 50 % reduction in the life of the lamp Sidebar : Drop Versus Sag Be precise when talking about decreases in voltage . Using the wrong terminology can confuse everyone . Voltage drop is a static figure that is a function of wire resistance . Voltage sag is a dynamic figure that is a function of inductance , capacitance , and other factors . When discussing voltage problems , do not interchange these terms . A more complete discussion of these terms appeared in " Coming to Terms with Power Quality , " in the February , 1999 Power Quality Supplement of EC&M Magazine Overall , it ' s definitely better for the equipment if you change the taps on incoming transformers to optimize the voltage on the plant floor to something close to the equipment ratings . In older plants , you may need to make some compromises because of the differences in the standards on old motors ( 220 / 440V ) and the newer " T - frame " standards ( 230 / 460V ) . A voltage in the middle of these two voltages ( something like 225V or 450V ) will generally result in the best overall performance . A standard figure ( found in motor books and in the original print version of this article ) illustrates the general effects of high and low voltage on the performance of " T - frame " motors . This graph is in wide use in a variety of reference materials . But , it ' s only representative and does not give precise information that applies to all motors . Instead , it represents only a single motor type , with much variation from one motor design to the next . For example , the lowest point on the full Do n ' t place stress on your electric motors and other electrical equipment as a result of operating a power system at or near the ends of voltage limits . The best life and most efficient operation usually occur when you operate motors at voltages very close to the nameplate ratings . When supplying voltage to motors , stay away from the " outer limits . " This text is an adaptation of The Cowern Papers , courtesy Baldor Electric Co . , Wallingford , Conn . , edited by Mark Lamendola , EC&M Technical Editor . Cowern is an Application Engineer for Baldor . TAGS : content 5 comments	[ "Electrical Marketing", "motor", "voltage" ]
http://ecommerce-land.com/history_ecommerce.html	H OME E COMMERCE S ERVICES WEB SITE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT WEB HOSTING MARKETING CONSULTING MERCHANT ACCOUNT P ORTFOLIO E COMMERCE P ACKAGES F UTURE OF COMMERCE T ODAY H ISTORY OF COMMERCE C ONTACT U S History of Ecommerce One of the most popular activities on the Web is shopping . It has much allure in it — you can shop at your leisure , anytime , and in your pajamas . Literally anyone can have their pages built to display their specific goods and services . History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of " sell and buy " , electricity , cables , computers , modems , and the Internet . Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet was opened to commercial use . Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web sites . At first , the term ecommerce meant the process of execution of commercial transactions electronically with the help of the leading technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange ( EDI ) and Electronic Funds Transfer ( EFT ) which gave an opportunity for users to exchange business information and do electronic transactions . The ability to use these technologies appeared in the late 1970s and allowed business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically . Although the Internet began to advance in popularity among the general public in 1994 , it took approximately four years to develop the security protocols ( for example , HTTP ) and DSL which allowed rapid access and a persistent connection to the Internet . In 2000 a great number of business companies in the United States and Western Europe represented their services in the World Wide Web . At this time the meaning of the word ecommerce was changed . People began to define the term ecommerce as the process of purchasing of available goods and services over the According to all available data , ecommerce sales continued to grow in the next few years and , by the end of 2007 , ecommerce sales accounted for 3.4 percent of total sales . Ecommerce has a great deal of advantages over " brick and mortar " stores and mail order catalogs . Consumers can easily search through a large database of products and services . They can see actual prices , build an order over several days and email it as a " wish list " hoping that someone will pay for their selected goods . Customers can compare prices with a click of the mouse and buy the selected product at best prices . Online vendors , in their turn , also get distinct advantages . The web and its search engines provide a way to be found by customers without expensive advertising campaign . Even small online shops can reach global markets . Web technology also allows to track customer preferences and to deliver individually - tailored marketing . History of ecommerce is unthinkable without Amazon and Ebay which were among the first Internet companies to allow electronic transactions . Thanks to their founders we now have a handsome ecommerce sector and enjoy the buying and selling advantages of the Internet . Currently there are 5 largest and most famous worldwide Internet retailers : Amazon , Dell , Staples , Office Depot and Hewlett Packard . According to statistics , the most popular categories of products sold in the World Wide Web are music , books , computers , office supplies and other consumer electronics . Amazon . com , Inc . is one of the most famous ecommerce companies and is located in Seattle , Washington ( USA ) . It was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos and was one of the first American ecommerce companies to sell products over the Internet . After the dot - com collapse Amazon lost its position as a successful business model , however , in 2003 the company made its first annual profit which was the first step to the further development . At the outset Amazon . com was considered as an online bookstore , but in time it extended a variety of goods by adding electronics , software , DVDs , video games , music CDs , MP3s , apparel , footwear , health products , etc . The original name of the company was Cadabra . com , but shortly after it become popular in the Internet Bezos decided to rename his business " Amazon " after the world ' s most voluminous river . In 1999 Jeff Bezos was entitled as the Person of the Year by Time Magazine Amazon is one of the first ecommerce businesses to establish an affiliate marketing program , and nowadays the company gets about 40 % of its sales from affiliates and third party sellers who list and sell goods on the web site . In 2008 Amazon penetrated into the cinema and is currently sponsoring the film " The Stolen Child " with 20th Century Fox . According to the research conducted in 2008 , the domain Amazon . com attracted about 615 million customers every year . The most popular feature of the web site is the review system , i.e. the ability for visitors to submit their reviews and rate any product on a rating scale from one to five stars . Amazon . com is also well - known for its clear and user - friendly advanced search facility which enables visitors to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the database . One more company which has contributed much to the process of ecommerce development is Dell Inc . , an American company located in Texas , which stands third in computer sales within the industry behind Hewlett - Packard and Acer . Launched in 1994 as a static page , Dell . com has made rapid strides , and by the end of 1997 was the first company to record a million dollars in online sales . The company ' s unique strategy of selling goods over the World Wide Web with no retail outlets and no middlemen has been admired by a lot of customers and imitated by a great number of ecommerce businesses . The key factor of Dell ' s success is that Dell . com enables customers to choose and to control , i.e. visitors can browse the In 2007 , Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 34th - largest company in the Fortune 500 list and 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most successful and admired companies in the USA in recognition of the company ' s business model . History of ecommerce is a history of a new , virtual world which is evolving according to the customer advantage . It is a world which we are all building together brick by brick , laying a secure foundation for the future generations . References History Of Ecommerce Electronic commerce aka ecommerce history Amazon . com Company History History of Amazon . com About Staples . com History of Office Depot Quarterly Retail Ecommerce Sales 4th QUARTER 2 History of Dell Kenneth C . Laudon , Carol G . Traver ( 2008 ) . E - Commerce : Business , Technology , Society , Second Edition ( Hardcover ) . Jim Collins ( 2001 ) . Good to Great : Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . and Others Do n ' t . User Name : Password : Forgot password ?	[ "Ecommerce", "History" ]
http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-computer	What is Computer ? by Dinesh Thakur Category : Introduction to Computer What is Computer : Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information . The term computer is derived from the Latin term computare ’ , this means to calculate or programmable machine Computer can not do anything without a Program . It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits . The Word ' Computer ' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory . Charles Babbage is called the " Grand Father " of the computer . The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine It uses read - only memory in the form of punch cards . Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions ( called program ) and gives the result ( output ) and saves output for the future use . It can process both numerical and non - numerical ( arithmetic and logical ) calculations . Digital Computer Definition The basic components of a modern digital computer are : Input Device , Output Device , Central Processor Unit ( CPU ) , mass storage device and memory . A Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips . Four Functions about computer are : accepts data Input processes data Processing produces output Output stores results Storage Input ( Data ) : Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices . It is the collection of letters , numbers , images etc . Process : Process is the operation of data as per given instruction . It is totally internal process of the computer system . Output : Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing . Output is also called as Result . We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use . Computer Classification : By Size and Power Computers differ based on their data processing abilities . They are classified according to purpose , data handling and functionality . According to functionality , computers are classified as : Analog Computer : A computer that represents numbers by some continuously variable physical quantity , whose variations mimic the properties of some system being modeled . Personal computer : A personal computer is a computer small and low cost . The term " personal computer " is used to describe desktop computers ( desktops ) . Workstation : A terminal or desktop computer in a network . In this context , workstation is just a generic term for a user ' s machine ( client machine ) in contrast to a " server " or " mainframe . " Minicomputer : A minicomputer is n ' t very mini . At least , not in the way most of us think of mini . You know how big your personal computer is and its related family . Mainframe : It refers to the kind of large computer that runs an entire corporation . Supercomputer : It is the biggest , fastest , and most expensive computers on earth . Microcomputer : Your personal computer is a microcomputer About Dinesh Thakur Dinesh Thakur holds an B . SC ( Computer Science ) , MCSE , MCDBA , CCNA , CCNP , A+ , SCJP certifications . Dinesh authors the hugely popular Computer Notes blog . Where he writes how - to guides around Computer fundamental , computer software , Computer programming , and web apps . For any type of query or something that you think is missing , please feel free to Contact us	[ "Computer", "programmable machine", "Charles Babbage" ]
http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/quotes/slavery.html	What the Founders Said About Slavery " It were doubtless to be wished , that the power of prohibiting the importation of slaves had not been postponed until the year 1808 , or rather that it had been suffered to have immediate operation . But it is not difficult to account , either for this restriction on the general government , or for the manner in which the whole clause is expressed . It ought to be considered as a great point gained in favor of humanity , that a period of twenty years may terminate forever , within these States , a traffic which has - - James Madison , Federalist Paper No . 42 " Bigotry is the disease of ignorance , or morbid minds ; enthusiasm of the free and buoyant . Education and free discussion are the antidotes of both . " - - Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Jefferson Papers , Library of Congress , Manuscript Division , 1816 " I believe a time will come when an opportunity will be offered to abolish this lamentable evil . " - - Patrick Henry , letter to Robert Pleasants , January 18 , 1773 " Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free . " - - Thomas Jefferson , Autobiography , 1821 " [ The Convention ] thought it wrong to admit in the Constitution the idea that there could be property in men . " - - James Madison , Records of the Convention , August 25 , 1787 " There is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do , to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it . " - - George Washington , letter to Robert Morris , April 12 , 1786 " We have seen the mere distinction of color made in the most enlightened period of time , a ground of the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man over man . " - - James Madison , speech at the Constitutional Convention , June 6 , 1787 " Every measure of prudence , therefore , ought to be assumed for the eventual total extirpation of slavery from the United States . . . I have , throughout my whole life , held the practice of slavery in . . . abhorrence . " - - John Adams , letter to Robert Evans , June 8 , 1819 " It is much to be wished that slavery may be abolished . The honour of the States , as well as justice and humanity , in my opinion , loudly call upon them to emancipate these unhappy people . To contend for our own liberty , and to deny that blessing to others , involves an inconsistency not to be excused . " - - John Jay , letter to R . Lushington , March 15 , 1786 Another of my wishes is to depend as little as possible on the labour of slaves . , Letter to R . H . Lee , July 17 , 1785 ( Madison , 1865 , I , page 161 ) [ W ] e must deny the fact , that slaves are considered merely as property , and in no respect whatever as persons . The true state of the case is , that they partake of both these qualities : being considered by our laws , in some respects , as persons , and in other respects as property . In being compelled to labor , not for himself , but for a master ; in being vendible by one master to another master ; and in being subject at all times to be restrained in his liberty and , Federalist , no . 54 American citizens are instrumental in carrying on a traffic in enslaved Africans , equally in violation of the laws of humanity and in defiance of those of their own country . The same just and benevolent motives which produced interdiction in force against this criminal conduct will doubtless be felt by Congress in devising further means of suppressing the evil . , State of the Union , 1810 It is due to justice ; due to humanity ; due to truth ; due to the sympathies of our nature ; in fine , to our character as a people , both abroad and at home , that they should be considered , as much as possible , in the light of human beings , and not as mere property . As such , they are acted on by our laws , and have an interest in our laws . They may be considered as making a part , though a degraded part , of the families to which , Speech in the Virginia State Convention of 1829 - 30 , on the Question of the Ratio of Representation in the two Branches of the Legislature , December 2 , 1829 . Outlets for the freed blacks are alone wanted for the erasure of the blot from our Republican character . , Letter to General La Fayette , February 1 , 1830 . [ I ] f slavery , as a national evil , is to be abolished , and it be just that it be done at the national expense , the amount of the expense is not a paramount consideration . , Letter to Robert J . Evans In contemplating the pecuniary resources needed for the removal of such a number to so great a distance [ freed slaves to Africa ] , my thoughts and hopes have long been turned to the rich fund presented in the western lands of the nation . . . " , Letter to R . R . Gurley , December 28 , 1831 . Back to Quotations Home Last Updated \| July 2 , 2015	[ "Slavery", "Founders" ]
http://economics.about.com/cs/interestrates/a/real_interest.htm	Science , Tech , Math Social Sciences Calculating and Understanding Real Interest Rates Real vs . Nominal Interest Rates – What ' s the Difference ? Roy Scott / Getty Images by Mike Moffatt Updated January 06 , 2019 Finance is riddled with terms that can make the uninitiated scratch their heads . " Real " variables and " nominal " variables are a good example . What ' s the difference ? A nominal variable is one that does n ' t incorporate or consider the effects of inflation . A real variable factors in these effects . Some Examples For illustrative purposes , let ' s say that you ' ve purchased a 1 - year bond for face value that pays 6 percent at the end of the year . You ' d pay $ 100 at the beginning of the year and get $ 106 at the end because of that 6 percent rate , which is nominal because it does n ' t account for inflation . When people speak of interest rates , they ' re typically talking about nominal rates . So what happens if the inflation rate is 3 percent that year ? You can buy a basket of goods today for $ 100 , or you can wait until next year when it will cost $ 103 . If you buy the bond in the above scenario with a 6 - percent nominal interest rate , then sell it after a year for $ 106 and buy a basket of goods for $ 103 , you ' d have $ 3 left over . How to Calculate the Real Interest Rate Start with the following consumer price index ( CPI ) and nominal interest rate data : CPI Data Year 1 : 100 Year 2 : 110 Year 3 : 120 Year 4 : 115 Nominal Interest Rate Data Year 1 : - - Year 2 : 15 % Year 3 : 13 % Year 4 : 8 % How can you figure out what the real interest rate is for years two , three , and four ? Begin by identifying these notations : i : means inflation rate , n : is the nominal interest rate and r : is the real interest rate . You must know the inflation rate – or the expected inflation rate if you ' re making a prediction about the future . You can calculate this from the CPI data using the following formula : i = [ CPI ( this year ) – CPI ( last year ) ] / CPI ( last year ) So the inflation rate in year two is [ 110 – 100 ] / 100 = .1 = 10 % . If you do this for all three years , you ' d get the following : Inflation Rate Data Year 1 : - - Year 2 : 10.0 % Year 3 : 9.1 % Year 4 : - 4.2 % Now you can calculate the real interest rate . The relationship between the inflation rate and the nominal and real interest rates is given by the expression ( 1 + r ) = ( 1 + n ) / ( 1 + i ) , but you can use the much simpler Fisher Equation for lower levels of inflation . FISHER EQUATION : r = n – i Using this simple formula , you can calculate the real interest rate for years two through four . Real Interest Rate ( r = n – i ) Year 2 : 15 % - 10.0 % = 5.0 % Year 3 : 13 % - 9.1 % = 3.9 % Year 4 : 8 % - ( - 4.2 % ) = 12.2 % So the real interest rate is 5 percent in year 2 , 3.9 percent in year 3 , and a whopping 12.2 percent in year four . Is This Deal Good or Bad ? Let ' s say that you ' re offered the following deal : You lend $ 200 to a friend at the beginning of year two and charge him the 15 percent nominal interest rate . He pays you $ 230 at the end of year two . Should you make this loan ? You ' ll earn a real interest rate of 5 percent if you do . Five percent of $ 200 is $ 10 , so you ' ll be financially ahead by making the deal , but this does n ’ t necessarily mean you should do it . It depends on what ' s most important to you : Getting $ 200 worth of goods at year two prices at the beginning of year two or getting $ 210 worth of goods , also at year two prices , at the beginning of There ' s no right answer . It depends on how much you value consumption or happiness today compared to consumption or happiness one year from now . Economists refer to this as a person ’ s discount factor The Bottom Line If you know what the inflation rate is going to be , real interest rates can be a powerful tool in judging the value of an investment . They take into account how inflation erodes purchasing power . Continue Reading	[ "Calculating", "Real Interest Rates", "variable factors" ]
http://economics.about.com/od/howtheuseconomyworks/a/government.htm	Science , Tech , Math Social Sciences The Government ' s Role in the Economy Using Fiscal and Monetary Policies to Regulate Economic Activity by Mike Moffatt Updated September 22 , 2018 In the narrowest sense , the government ' s involvement in the economy is to help correct market failures , or situations in which private markets can not maximize the value that they could create for society . This includes providing public goods , internalizing externalities ( consequences of economic activities on unrelated third parties ) , and enforcing competition . That being said , many societies have accepted a broader involvement of government in a capitalist economy . While consumers and producers make most of the decisions that mold the economy , government activities have a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in several areas . Promoting Stabilization and Growth Perhaps most important , the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity , attempting to maintain steady growth , high levels of employment , and price stability . By adjusting spending and tax rates ( known as fiscal policy ) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit ( known as monetary policy ) , it can slow down or speed up the economy ' s rate of growth and , in the process , affect the level of prices and employment . For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s , recessions — periods of slow economic growth and high unemployment often defined as two consecutive quarters of decline in the gross domestic product , or GDP — were viewed as the greatest of economic threats . When the danger of recession appeared most serious , the government sought to strengthen the economy by spending heavily itself or by cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more , and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply , which also encouraged more spending . In the 1970s , major price increases , particularly for energy , created a strong fear of inflation , which is an increase in the overall level of prices . As a result , government leaders came to concentrate more on controlling inflation than on combating recession by limiting spending , resisting tax cuts , and reining in growth in the money supply . A New Plan for Stabilizing the Economy Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1960s and the 1990s . In the 1960s , government had great faith in fiscal policy , or the manipulation of government revenues to influence the economy . Since spending and taxes are controlled by the president and the Congress , these elected officials played a leading role in directing the economy . A period of high inflation , high unemployment , and huge government deficits weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity . Instead , monetary policy — controlling the nation ' s money supply through such devices as interest rates — assumed a growing involvement . Monetary policy is directed by the nation ' s central bank , known as the Federal Reserve Board , which has considerable independence from the president and the Congress . The " Fed " was created in 1913 in the belief that centralized , regulated control of the nation ’ s monetary system would help alleviate or prevent financial crises such as the Panic of 1907 , which started with a failed attempt to corner the market on the stock of the United Copper Co . and triggered a run on bank withdrawals and the bankruptcy of financial institutions nationwide . Source : " Outline of the U.S. Economy " by Christopher Conte and Albert R . Carr , with permission from the U.S. Department of State Continue Reading	[ "economic activities", "gross domestic product", "U.S. economy" ]
http://economics.about.com/od/smallbigbusiness/a/corp_capital.htm	Science , Tech , Math Social Sciences How Corporations Raise Capital by U.S. Department of State Updated January 21 , 2018 Large corporations could not have grown to their present size without being able to find innovative ways to raise capital to finance expansion . Corporations have five primary methods for obtaining that money . Issuing Bonds A bond is a written promise to pay back a specific amount of money at a certain date or dates in the future . In the interim , bondholders receive interest payments at fixed rates on specified dates . Holders can sell bonds to someone else before they are due . Corporations benefit by issuing bonds because the interest rates they must pay investors are generally lower than rates for most other types of borrowing and because interest paid on bonds is considered to be a tax - deductible business expense . However , corporations must make interest payments even when they are not showing profits . If investors doubt a company ' s ability to meet its interest obligations , they either will refuse to buy its bonds or will demand a higher rate of interest to compensate them for their increased risk . For this reason , smaller corporations can seldom raise much capital by issuing bonds . Issuing Preferred Stock A company may choose to issue new " preferred " stock to raise capital . Buyers of these shares have special status in the event the underlying company encounters financial trouble . If profits are limited , preferred stock owners will be paid their dividends after bondholders receive their guaranteed interest payments but before any common stock dividends are paid . Selling Common Stock If a company is in good financial health , it can raise capital by issuing common stock . Typically , investment banks help companies issue stock , agreeing to buy any new shares issued at a set price if the public refuses to buy the stock at a certain minimum price . Although common shareholders have the exclusive right to elect a corporation ' s board of directors , they rank behind holders of bonds and preferred stock when it comes to sharing profits . Investors are attracted to stocks in two ways . Some companies pay large dividends , offering investors a steady income . But others pay little or no dividends , hoping instead to attract shareholders by improving corporate profitability - - and hence , the value of the shares themselves . In general , the value of shares increases as investors come to expect corporate earnings to rise . Companies whose stock prices rise substantially often " split " the shares , paying each holder , say , one additional share for each share held . This does not raise any capital for the corporation , but it makes it easier for stockholders to sell shares on the open market . In a two - for - one split , for instance , the stock ' s price is initially cut in half , attracting investors . Borrowing Companies can also raise short - term capital - - usually to finance inventories - - by getting loans from banks or other lenders . Using Profits As noted , companies also can finance their operations by retaining their earnings . Strategies concerning retained earnings vary . Some corporations , especially electric , gas , and other utilities , pay out most of their profits as dividends to their stockholders . Others distribute , say , 50 percent of earnings to shareholders in dividends , keeping the rest to pay for operations and expansion . Still , other corporations , often the smaller ones , prefer to reinvest most or all of their net income in research and expansion , hoping to reward investors by rapidly increasing This article is adapted from the book " Outline of the U.S. Economy " by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State Continue Reading	[ "Corporations", "raise capital", "stock prices" ]
http://economics.about.com/od/termsbeginningwithd/g/delta.htm	Science , Tech , Math Social Sciences The Use of Marginal Utility in Economics by Mike Moffatt Updated February 05 , 2018 Before we can delve into marginal utility , we first need to understand the basics of utility . The Glossary of Economics Terms defines utility as follows : Utility is the economist ' s way of measuring pleasure or happiness and how it relates to the decisions that people make . Utility measures the benefits ( or drawbacks ) from consuming a good or service or from working . Although utility is not directly measurable , it can be inferred from the decisions that people make . Utility in economics is typically described by a utility function - for example : U ( x ) = 2x + 7 , where U is utility and X is wealth Marginal Analysis in Economics The article Marginal Analysis describes the use of marginal analysis in economics : From an economist ' s perspective , making choices involves making decisions ' at the margin ' - that is , making decisions based on small changes in resources : How should I spend the next hour ? How should I spend the next dollar ? Marginal Utility Marginal utility , then , asks how much a one - unit change in a variable will impact our utility ( that is , our level of happiness . In other words , marginal utility measures incremental utility received from one additional unit of consumption . Marginal utility analysis answers questions such as : How much happier , in terms of ' utils ' , will an additional dollar make me ( that is , what is the marginal utility of money ? ) How much less happy , in terms of ' utils ' , will working an additional hour make me ( that is , what is the marginal disutility of labor ? ) Now we know what marginal utility is , we can calculate it . There are two different ways to do so . Calculating Marginal Utility Without Calculus Suppose you have the following utility function : U ( b , h ) = 3b * 7h where : b = number of baseball cards h = number of hockey cards And you ' re asked " Suppose you have 3 baseball cards and 2 hockey cards . What is the marginal utility of adding a 3rd hockey card ? " First step is to calculate the marginal utility of each scenario : U ( b , h ) = 3b * 7h U ( 3 , 2 ) = 3 * 3 * 7 * 2 = 126 U ( 3 , 3 ) = 3 * 3 * 7 * 3 = 189 The marginal utility is simply the difference between the two : U ( 3 , 3 ) - U ( 3 , 2 ) = 189 - 126 = 63 . Calculating Marginal Utility With Calculus Using calculus is the fastest and easiest way to calculate marginal utility . Suppose you have the following utility function : U ( d , h ) = 3d / h where : d = dollars paid h = hours worked Suppose you have 100 dollars and you worked 5 hours ; what is the marginal utility of dollars ? To find the answer , take the first ( partial ) derivative of the utility function with respect to the variable in question ( dollars paid ) : dU / dd = 3 / h Substitute in d = 100 , h = 5 . MU ( d ) = dU / dd = 3 / h = 3 / 5 = 0.6 Note , however , that using calculus to calculate marginal utility will generally result in slightly different answers than calculating marginal utility using discrete units .	[ "Economics", "Marginal Utility" ]
http://economics.about.com/od/termsbeginningwithm/g/marginal_revenue.htm	Science , Tech , Math Social Sciences What Is Marginal Revenue in Microeconomics ? Definition of Marginal Revenue in Microeconomics Branch with money leaves resembling a graph . Getty Images / David Malan / Photographer ' s Choice by Mike Moffatt Updated February 16 , 2019 In microeconomics , marginal revenue is the increase in gross revenue a company gains by producing one additional unit of a good or one additional unit of output . Marginal revenue can also be defined as the gross revenue generated from the last unit sold . Marginal Revenue in Perfectly Competitive Markets In a perfectly competitive market , or one in which no firm is large enough to hold the market power to set price of a good , if a business were to sell a mass - produced good and sells all of its goods at market price , then the marginal revenue would simply be equivalent to the market price . But because the conditions required for perfect competition , there are relatively few , if any , perfectly competitive markets in existence . For a highly specialized , low output industry , however , the concept of marginal revenue becomes more complex as a firm ' s output will affect the market price . That is to say in such an industry , the market price will decrease with higher production and increase with lower production . Let ' s take a look at a simple example . How to Calculate Marginal Revenue Marginal revenue is calculated by dividing the change in total revenue by the change in production output quantity or the change in quantity sold . Take , for example , a hockey stick manufacturer . The manufacturer will have no revenue when it does n ' t produce any output or hockey sticks for a total revenue of $ 0 . Assume that the manufacturer sells its first unit for $ 25 . This brings marginal revenue to $ 25 as the total revenue ( $ 25 ) divided by the quantity sold ( 1 ) is $ 25 . But let ' s say the firm must lower its price to increase sales . So the company sells a second unit for $ 15 Marginal revenue follows the law of diminishing returns , which holds that in all production processes , adding one more production factor while holding all other production factors constant will eventually generate lower per - unit returns due to inputs being used less efficiently . Continue Reading	[ "Marginal Revenue", "Microeconomics" ]
http://economics.nd.edu/faculty/illenin-kondo/	Home Faculty Illenin Kondo Faculty Illenin Kondo Assistant Professor PhD University of Minnesota Illenin Kondo is an Assistant Professor in the Economics Department at the University of Notre Dame Prior to joining Notre Dame in 2017 he was a Senior Economist at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington DC He also taught at Johns Hopkins University while at the Board His research focuses on the labor market effects of trade reforms sovereign debt and financial crises in advanced and emerging economies and the firm dynamics underlying macroeconomic growth He received his PhD in Economics from the University of Minnesota He also holds a Masters degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Georgia Tech and a Diplôme dIngénieur from Supélecthe oldest electrical engineering school in France Contact ikondondedu 5746319487 3042 Jenkins Nanovic Hall Areas of Interest International Trade International Finance Macroeconomics	[ "University", "Economics" ]
http://economics.wikia.com/wiki/Price_Elasticity_of_Demand	in : Demand Microeconomics Price Elasticity of Demand Edit Share Contents show Introduction Edit Price Elasticity of Demand ( PED ) is the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price . It is the percentage change of quantity demanded in response to a one percent change in price . Demand is said to be inelastic where PED is less than one , whereas it is said to be elastic where PED is greater than one . PED is almost always negative but often the minus sign is ignored by economists . Only Giffen goods and Veblen goods have a positive PED . Definition PED is calculated by : ( ( ( Original Price - New Price ) / Original Price ) * 100 ) = % Change in Price ( ( ( Original Quantity Demanded - New Quantity Demanded ) / Original Quantity Demanded ) * 100 ) = % Change in Quantity Demanded % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price = PED Factors that affect PED Number of Subsitutes The more ( and closer ) substitutes are available in the market , the more elastic demand will be in response to a change in pric Luxuries and necessities Necessities , such as usually have a more inelastic demand curve because people will always need them , regardless of price , whereas luxury goods and services , such as video games , usually have a more elastic demand curve because people may be dissuaded by the more easily . Percentage of Income Typically the smaller the proportion of income that is used when purchasing a good or service , the more inelastic demand for that good will be . For example a chocolate bar may have a more inelastic demand than a television . Habit - forming goods Goods such as alcohol and cigarettes tend to be more inelastic in demad because they cause addiction and people will pay more just to meet that addiction . Time Demand is usually more elastic in the long term rather than the short term . Categories Demand Microeconomics Add category	[ "Price Elasticity of Demand", "Definition" ]
http://economicsconcepts.com/capital_formation.htm	Home Economic Resources Capital Formation Capital Formation : Meaning and Definition : Capital is one of the important factors which governs the quantity and the composition of output in a country . If there are increasing resources of capital in a country , it results in technological discoveries , raises productivity of labor , increases the rate of economic development and provides higher standard of living for the masses . In case , there is deficiency of capital assets such as machinery equipment tools , dams . roads , railways , bridges , etc . , etc . , the country then remains trapped in the vicious circle of poverty . Capital accumulation / formation , thus , in brief is at the vary core of economic development . It may here be remembered that though capital occupies a central position , to the process of development yet , we can not ignore the other factors like education , effective government , social Justice , attitude of the people to work , etc . , etc . These factors play a significant role in the economic progress of a country . Economic development is thus a multidimensional phenomenon which is the result of a combination of social , cultural , political , and economic factors . To quote Ranger Nurkse : " Economic development has much to do with human endowments , social attitudes , political conditions , and historical accidents . Capital is necessary but not a sufficient condition of economic progress " . C apital Formation : Capital formation is the process of building up the capital stock of a country through investing in productive plants and equipments . Capital formation , in other words , involves the increasing of capital assets by efficient utilization of the available and human resources of the country . Sources of Capital Formation and Importance : The stock of capital goods can be built up and increased through two main sources : ( 1 ) Domestic Resources and ( 2 ) External Resources . ( 1 ) Domestic Resources : Domestic resources play an important part in promoting development activities in the country . These sources in brief are : ( i ) Voluntary Savings . There are two main sources of voluntary savings ( a ) households ( b ) business sector . As regards the volume of personal savings of the households . It depends upon various factors such as the income per capita , distribution of wealth , availability of banking facilities , value system of the society , etc . In the under - developed countries , the saving potential of the people is low as a greater number of them suffer from absolute poverty . So far as the rich section of the , society is concerned , they mostly spend their wealth on the purchase of real estates . luxury goods , or take it abroad to safe keeping . There is , therefore very little saving forthcoming from the high income group . T he business sector is an important source of voluntary savings in the less developed countries . They usually hesitate in assuming the risks associated with investment . The fear of nationalization and political instability further demands their incentive to save and invest in the country . The statistics of many underdeveloped countries indicate that both these sources hardly manage to save 15 % of their GDP . This is not even sufficient to maintain the present standard of living of the masses . ( ii ) I nvoluntary Savings . In the developing countries , the income per capita of the p eople is low . Their propensity to consume mainly due to demonstration effect is very high . As the flow of savings is inadequate to meet the capital needs of the country , the government , therefore adopts measures which restrict consumption and increase the volume of savings . The traditional methods used for increasing the volumes of savings are ( a ) taxation ( b ) compulsory schemes for lending to the government . The two fiscal measures stated above are very sensitive and delicate : They should be devised and handled very carefully . For instanc e , if the people of low and middle income groups are heavily taxed through various forms of taxation , their power , ( whatever little ) to save w ill be burdened with taxes . The tax structure is to be devised in such a manner that it should provide incentive to work , save and invest for various levels of income groups . ( iii ) Government Borrowing . The volume of domestic savings can also be increased through government borrowing . The government issues long and short term bonds of various denominations and mobilizes saving from the genera ! public as well as from the financial institutions . In the developing countries , there are many obstacles which stand in the way of government ' s borrowing . For instance , the money and capital market is unorganized . The rural sector is not provided with adequate financial institution . People being illiterate prefer to invest their savings in gold , jewellery , etc . The government of developing countries should , therefore , evolve a workable programme of mobilizing the savings of the people both in the urban and rural sectors . ( iv ) U se of Idle Resources . In the developing countries of the world there are many resources which remain unutilized and underutilized . If they are properly tapped and diverted to productive purposes , the rate of capital formation can increase rapidly . For instance , in most of the low income countries , there is a disguised unemployment in the rural sector . If the surplus farmers are employed at nominal wages in or near their villages for the construction of roads , tube - wells , canals , school buildings , etc . , or their services are acquired on self - help basis for capital creating projects , they can be a valuable source of capital formation in the country . ( v ) Deficit Financing . Deficit financing is regarded an important source of capita ! formation . In the developed countries this method is used for increasing effective demand and ensuring continued high levels of economic activity . In the less developed countries , it is used to meet the development and non development expenditure of the government . ( 2 ) External Resources : External resources has following types : ( i ) Foreign Economic Assistance . There is a controversy over the impact of inflow of capital for the development of a country . It is argued that capital is one of the variable in the growth process . If the government of a country is ineffective and people are not receptive to social changes , the inflow of capital resources and technical assistance would go waste . In case , the developing nations needing foreign capital and technical assistance have the will to absorb capital and technical knowledge and the social and political barriers are overcome , capital then becomes the touchstone of economic development . The main benefits of the foreign economic assistance , however , in brief are as under : ( a ) Foreign loans bridge saving gap . In Pakistan , like most of the developing countries , the domestic saving average 14 % of GDP . The low rate of saving is not sufficient to achieve the desired rate of growth in the country . Foreign loans supplement domestic savings and help in bridging the resource gap between the desired investment and the domestic savings . ( b ) Close the trade gap . In Pakistan , the export earnings are persistently falling short of import requirements . The foreign , exchange gap caused by excess of import / export is being filled up with inflow of capital . ( c ) Provides greater employment opportunities . The financing of various projects with the help of foreign assistance provides greater employment opportunities in a country . ( d ) Increase in productivity of various economic sectors . The inflow of capital and technical know - how increases the productive capital of various sectors of the economy . ( e ) Increase in real wages . The foreign resources help in increasing marginal productivity of labor in the recipient country . The real wages of the workers are thus increased with the help of foreign assistance . ( f ) Provision of higher products . The foreign capital helps in the establishment of industries in the country . The inflow of technical knowledge improves the quantity and quality of manufactured goods and makes them available at lower prices to the domestic consumers . ( g ) Increase in tax revenue . The profits earned on foreign investment are taxes by the government , The revenue of the state is thus increased . ( h ) External economies . The inflow of foreign capital and advanced technology stimulates domestic enterprises . The firm avails of the benefits of external economies like that of training of labor , introduction of new technology , new machinery , etc . , etc . ( ii ) Donor Country and the Economic Assistance : Here a question can be asked .as to why the developed nations are kind in giving aid to the developing countries ? According to the rich nations , the foreign aid is given for a combination of humanitarian and self - interest reasons : ( a ) Humanitarian ground . If a country is faced with famine , drought , epidemic , diseases , earthquake etc . , it is obligatory for the developed nations to help that country financially purely on humanitarian grounds . The rich countries are extending economic assistance in the form of grants to the poor nations of the world . ( b ) Self - interest reasons . Foreign economic assistance is also provided on the following self interest reasons by the donor countries . ( a ) The foreign aid may be given to protect the developing country from the influence of - other camp countries . ( b ) The donor country may have surplus products . In order to check the fall in the prices of products in the domestic market and to maintain level of production , the surplus goods are exported to the needy countries on loan . ( c ) Economic assistance is also provided by the . donor countries to remove the economic disparities among the nations of the world . ( d ) Some advanced nations particularly the socialist countries provide financial and technical help for the propagation of political ideology in the capitalist developing countries . ( e ) Foreign aid is also given for increasing the camp followers of the donor countries . Relevant Articles : Economic Resources Land as a Factor of Production Labor as a Factor of Production Entrepreneur as a Factor of Production Division of Labor Mobility of Labor Capital as Factor of Production Capital Formation Capital Market	[ "Capital Formation" ]
http://economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Revenue_theory.html	Revenue Updates Economy GDP Inflation Public sector finances Government deficit Productivity Business investment Savings ratio QE Labour market Unemployment Employment Youth unemployment Underemployment Earnings Minimum and living wage Trade Current account Trade with the EU Exchange rates Housing market House prices House prices ( annual ) House affordability Other Inequality Petrol prices Carbon emissions EU EU budget EU debt EU inflation EU unemployment EU trade Exchange rate Global OECD data Food prices Links to organisations WTO OECD IMF WORLD BANK ILO UNCTAD Boards AQA EDEXCEL OCR Resources For students : eBooks Powerpoints Revision notes Multiple choice For schools eBooks Powerpoints Revision notes Multiple choice Calendar March 2019 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31	[ "Economics Online", "Revenue", "Marginal revenue" ]
http://economicstudents.com/2018/05/the-economics-of-diversity/	The economics of diversity By Hasitha Jayatilake May 16th 2018 The effect of ethnic diversity on development has long been a subject of fierce debate Hasitha Jayatilake takes a close look at the key issues in this debate People often refer to the USA as the great melting pot of cultures and often attribute some of the innovation and growth that takes place in the US to the diversity of its society At the same time social diversity is widely blamed for causing the tragedy of Africa 1 This context raises some interesting questions Is America an exception when it comes to benefiting from diversity Do ethnically diverse countries remain poor because of tensions between different groups of people A lot of the early literature on the issue does suggest that ethnic diversity correlates with poor levels of economic performance This implies that many developing countries which are often quite ethnically diverse may require economic policies specifically tailored to address the unique challenges they face as a result of this fractionalisation However as this article lays out more recent studies have not been able to establish a causal relationship between ethnic diversity and economic underdevelopment with some studies in fact finding many practical benefits arising from diversity What is diversity and how is it measured Intuitively diversity is the number of different ethnic or cultural groups that exist in a country However in reality ethnic and cultural identity can be quite complex Researchers have to grapple with questions such as how people define their ethnic identity They then decide on an external trait that can capture this definition Some measures use language differences while others focus on race as this criteria This is why there are many different measures of ethnic diversity in development research While these criteria vary most studies in economics use the same simple mathematical concept to calculate the extent to which a country is fractionalised That is the probability that any two people picked at random from the population will be of two different ethnicitiessociocultural groups Does diversity present a challenge The research in this area is immensely vast but two particular studies stand out as foundational in shaping our understanding of the economics of diversity The first is the 1997 paper titled Africas Growth Tragedy Policies and Ethnic Divisions which concluded that diversity explains many of the economic woes faced by the continent 2 The paper simultaneously claims that the imposition of careless and arbitrary borders by colonial powers was responsible for this situation exacerbating the fractionalisation within countries Using language as the main criteria to distinguish between ethnic groups the study found per capita GDP growth to be inversely related to the level of diversity in the sample of African countries they focused on Looking beyond growth their data showed that higher levels of diversity were correlated with factors like low schooling levels and political instability Since these factors were known to be obstacles to strong economic growth the researchers drew the conclusion that diversity could be an underlying cause of underdevelopment in Africa The second study titled Fractionalization by researchers at Harvard University in 2003 used a much larger and more global sample of 190 countries 3 The other key difference was in the measure of diversity Whereas the previous study only classified people by language group this paper defined ethnic diversity along the lines of both language and race while introducing a third measure religious fractionalisation divisions across religious groups This let them make some very nuanced findings On ethnic diversity they largely came to very similar conclusions as the previous study across the larger sample of countries 4 They also found that ethnic fragmentation is more common in poorer countries that are closer to the equator Religious fractionalisation on the other hand painted a different picture Their results showed a positive relationship between religious diversity and good governance which is associated with growth Their analysis was that good governance needs to exist in order for a society to be tolerant and free enough to be conducive to diverse religious views They considered the US a good example of this as it displayed one of the highest levels of religious fractionalisation By and large as these two major studies exemplify there is a substantial body of work showing a correlation between underdevelopment low schooling levels low income political instability etc and high levels of ethnic diversity Yet the question remains does diversity actually cause underdevelopment All correlation and no causation The focus of most recent studies on diversity has been precisely on the question above Again two particularly interesting studies can be used to highlight the relevant core issues The first is a 2017 study that gets to the heart of the issue Does social diversity impede sound economic management 5 This approach seems quite logical If diversity inhibited the making of good economic policy then it can be quite reasonable to claim diversity caused underdevelopment After analysing data from a sample of 116 countries over a period of 31 years using multiple measures of diversity this study in fact found that social diversity is not a good predictor of economic failure Using the economic freedom index as a proxy for measuring good economic governance the researchers found no strong link between the level of diversity and the quality of economic governance The study even looked at the rate of policy change Using the rate of change of economic freedom as a proxy to measure policy change it found no significant correlation between levels of ethnic diversity and the ability for economic policy to be reformed easily This allowed the researchers to conclude that social diversity does not impede economic policy change in any meaningful way To add to this the researchers also found that good economic policies can arise in diverse populations even without the need for autocratic leadership This refuted the commonly held belief that in order to lead a diverse populous one has to rule with an iron fist The second study Migration Diversity and Economic Growth also published in 2017 looks at the contentious question of whether the diversity brought about by immigration impacts development 6 Its analysis revealed that most countries benefit from this diversity in terms of growth and that developing countries are likely to benefit more strongly The interpretation of these results was embedded in previous research which have found that diverse teams behave more productively and societies with diverse norms and cultures experience faster diffusion of new ideas and the production of a greater variety of goods and services These two studies clearly testify to the fact that while most diverse countries tend to be those that are less developed their diversity may not be the main cause of their underdevelopment Nonetheless the debate on diversity is quite complex and is by no means settled There is room for debate on issues ranging from the most basic like how ethnic identity is defined to more complex problems such as effectively quantifying outcomes like sound economic policies Wherever you stand on this debate the economics of diversity is a vast and thought provoking field with its research having important policy implications for developing countries 1 Easterly W Levine R 1997 Africas Growth Tragedy Policies and Ethnic Divisions The Quarterly Journal of Economics vol 112 no 4 pp 12031250 doi httpsdoiorg101162003355300555466 2 Ibid 3 Alesina A Devleeschauwer A Easterly W et al 2003 Fractionalization Journal of Economic Growth vol 8 no 4 pp 155194 doi httpsdoiorg101023A1024471506938 4 Fisher M A revealing map of the worlds most and least ethnically diverse countries The Washington Post viewed 25 May 2018 httpswwwwashingtonpostcomnewsworldviewswp20130516arevealingmapoftheworldsmostandleastethnicallydiversecountriesutm_termbe3a0e76d66 5 de Soysa I Vadlamannati K 2017 Does social diversity impede sound economic management An empirical analysis 19802012 Social Science Research vol 62 pp 272290 doi httpsdoiorg101016jssresearch201608012 6 Bove V Elia L 2017 Migration Diversity and Economic Growth World Development vol 89 pp 227239 doi httpsdoiorg101016jworlddev201608012 Image geralt The views expressed within this article are those of the author and do not represent the views of the ESSA Committee or the Societys sponsors Use of any content from this article should clearly attribute the work to the author and not to ESSA or its sponsors	[ "economics of diversity" ]
http://economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/fdi.htm	Contents 1 . Significance 2 . Composition 3 . Determinants 4 . Impact on other variables 5 . Long - term trends 6 . Behaviour during the business cycle 7 . Industry life cycle 8 . Data 9 . Related papers 10 . Specialized magazines Significance When a firm controls ( or have a strong say in ) another firm located abroad , e.g. by owing more than 10 % of its equity , the former is said " parent enterprise " ( or " investor " ) and the latter " foreign affiliate " . Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) is the financial investment giving rise and sustaining over time the investor ' s significant degree of influence on the management of the affiliate . The initial investment can be the purchase of an existing firm ( by acquisition or by merger , the so - called " M&A " ) as well as the foundation of a new legal entity who usually - but not necessarily - makes a green - field real investment ( e.g. building a factory ) in the foreign country 1 ] . In a broader definition , FDI consists of the acquisition or creation of assets ( e.g. firm equity , land , houses , oil - drilling rigs , . . . ) undertaken by foreigners . If in these enterprises they are not alone but act together with local firms and / or governments , one talks of " joint ventures " . A country outflows of FDI means that it is " exporting money " to " buy " or " build " foreign productive capacity , whose ownership will remain in the first country ' s hands . For a country , attracting an inflow of FDI strengthen the connection to world trade networks and finance its development path . However , unilateral massive FDI to a country can make it dependent on the external pressure that foreign owners might exert on it . Since it is through FDI that a firm becomes a multinational , one could say that the it ' s the FDI process that generates MNC ( multinational companies ) . The reverse is also true : firms that are already multinational generate the majority of FDI flows . Composition FDI has three components : equity capital reinvested earnings , the investor ' s share of earning not distributed as dividends by affiliates , in proportion to its share in the equity ( say for instance 50 % in a certain joint venture ) ; intra - company loans , when the investor borrows funds to the affiliate , usually without the intention of asking the money back . To better understand their defining characteristics , you should consider that FDI are flows of capital that share the following features : - they are long - term ( in contrast to portfolio investment in bonds and in short - term speculation in shares ) ; - they give rise to a property right on the asset built or bought ( in contrast to foreign aid ) . However , FDI is quite heterogeneous and one should distinguish several kinds , e.g. by looking at the following factors : a . whether the activity in the host country is just an intermediate phase in a longer production chain or it gives rise to a finished good ; b . the production phase performed in the host country ( design , manufacture , distribution ) ; b . where the outcome of the process in the host coutry will be sold ( there or abroad ) . The " classical " FDI is a manufacture plant using foreign technology and management techniques to exploit low - cost local resources and labour , with sales made to the present clients of the investor ( thus , usually involving exports and imports of semi - manufactured goods ) . However , market - oriented FDI as well as FDI in other sectors ( e.g. tourism resorts , banks , transport , . . . ) are important phenomena as well . In micro - economics terms , routines allow firms to judge whether to look for FDI occasions , which country to target , which contracts and clauses to establish with foreign counterparts . Determinants At investor ' s level , a firm can decide to make a foreign investment because of many factors , including : 1 . upstream integration , by purchasing a provider , whose input will now be sold cheaper ( or exclusively ) to it or be differentiated along particular features ; 2 . horizontal integration , by purchasing a firm making the same product , to expand its production , reduce costs , improving logistics ; 3 . downstream integration , by purchasing a firm using or distributing its products , to get higher value added along the chain and to aggressively push distribution ; 4 . diversification , by purchasing a firm doing somewhat different activities than the purchaser , to seize new opportunities . A firm already exporting to a market can decide to make a FDI and build there a productive unit to reduce the transport cost and avoid tariff barriers . In another vein , FDI is the chosen vehicle used by a foreign firm having a monopolistic advantage vis - a - vis other firms in the market . Host country conditions are such that the application of the advantage enables the generation of economic profits , higher than the expected profit to be gained from selling or licensing the advantage to other firms . Access to a privileged network of input - output relationships as well as of knowledge providers is an important objective of many FDI initiatives . Note that strictly financial consideration are important as well , since a current positive cash - flow is conducive to look for investment opportunites . Together with " rational " reasons , the specific country chosen can often be forecast by an external observer in terms of " imitation " , being the same as the target country of other FDI . At country level , outflows of FDI are high when : firms have sound financial conditions but consider that other countries have more favourable investment conditions the exchange rate is " high " in an historical perspective ( e.g. after a re - valuation ) so foreign firms are " cheap " and exports are braked - in this case FDI substitutes exports ; the trade balance is positive , with exports higher then imports , since capital flows usually compensate the commercial flows ; Inflow of Foreign Direct Investments increases with the attractiveness of the country , due to the following factors in different proportions depending on the industry and the country : 1 . large GDP and market potential ; 2.1 . advanced know - how 2.2 . skilled work - force 3.1 . low labour cost wages 3.2 . low taxation 3.3 . lower environmental protection ; 4 . high tariff protection 5.1 . favourable l aws and public incentives 5.2 . intentional and professional territorial marketing In particular , the establishment and the skills of an Investment Promotion Agency , actively looking for investors in industries and activities for which the country has a competitive advantage and a strong need , can make the difference , both in quantity , quality and positive effects of FDI . On a sub - national level , FDI usually concentrates in the richest part of the country , where wages are higher , also because there the investor can find a better infrastructure and easier logistical accessibility from abroad . This empirical evidence weakens the relationships between FDI and low wages . In macroeconomic terms , net inflow of FDI often occurs when the country has a trade deficit . Impact on other variables A . Financial variables The equity capital component of FDI generates an increase in " total equity " of the foreign economy . Note that the latter is not equal to total assets in the aggregated balance sheet . As an inflow of capital it is , FDI changes the balance of payments . Other things equal , if not sterilized , FDI increases the official reserves of foreign currency . B . External trade and industrial variables , including wages A particularly strong FDI concentrated in a short period of time ( e.g. a purchase of a newly privatized big state company ) can lead to a re - valuation of the currency exchange rate If significant flows of FDI are aimed to real investments ( e.g. building a factory ) , then total investment will rise , other things equal . Usually , in this case , the foreigners will import machines as well as raw and intermediate inputs for the production process ( from their country or their providers ' one ) . For both reasons , will rise after a FDI inflow . If the good produced in the host country is sold there , consumption composition will change , possibly with a loss in market shares of local producers and of foreing producers based abroad . in the latter case , FDI is crowding out imports . If the product is new for the host country , it fills a gap and increases the variety of available goods , thus opening the path to higher productivity for industrial users and higher satisfaction for consumers . For instance , a FDI in an electricity generation plant will allow more firms to operate in the region and wider availability of energy for inhabitants . If , instead , the production is exported , FDI boosts exports of the host country , providing it with foreign currency . If FDI is targeted to green - field investment , employment will rise , possibly involving a Keynesian multiplier of income and consumption . If FDI is targeted to an acquisition of a large inefficient firm , the priority of profits will possibly lead , in the short run , to waves of dismissals and a rise of unemployment Wages are usually higher in foreign affiliates than in local firms , sometimes with the crowding out of the latter on the labour market ( i.e. they do not find any more workers at the previous level of wage and they are not profitable at the new level , because of their lagging productivity ) . C . Knowledge and entrepreneurial variables Usually , foreign firms have higher productivity than local ones , since the foreing ownership prompts managers to use non - locally available knowledge , both incorporated and not - incorporated in machines , which often constitute an innovation The local workforce is put into contact with that knowledge and , more in general , with the foreigners ' mentality . All this might generate knowledge spillovers to workers , as well as to local providers ( e.g. forced to adopt ISO certification or specific methods of production ) , to partners ( local firms having a stake in the business ) and to local competitors ( who could imitate the foreign firm ) . Thus , a mid - term effect of FDI can be the mushrooming of new businesses in the same industry by competitors and past key workers . In parallel , the presence of a big foreign investor can re - orient the education & training courses offered in the region , giving rise to a " pool " of specialized skills , which in turn become a competitive advantage for the investor as well as an incentive for other international firm to locate there . D . Political variables Far - sighted politicians can use FDI for their country to catch up with world standards in certain industries , prompting a fast development of the economy , by attracting and selecting the investors . However , large and concentrated FDI can exert external pressure to obtain a preferential treatment against the local firms , giving rise to political attrition between the two groups . The external pressure can take the form of funds for electoral expenses of certain parties or of corruption of bureacrats and politicians , the more so the money at stake is huge in comparision with the typical wage of the officer . Foreign - owned managers risk to exhibit a radical " ignorance of law " , since the law is written in a not - known language and they have no experience with it . In this case , the management behaves as it wants , leaving to lawyers and bribery the task to make the activity " compliant " with regulation . FDI in non - democratic countries can exploit the lack of free trade unions and active citizens to carry out activities banned in democratic countries . However , FDI is a " window to the world " , thus in a longer time perspective , it ' s conducive to openness , sometimes to the same development of democracy . E . Caveat All this can be the effect of FDI provided they are big with respect to the host economy . By contrast , for most countries and for most of their history , FDI stocks and flows are quite small and their ( positive or negative ) effects simply do not influence the aggregate , which is rather determined by other factors . Long - term trends During the relatively stable UK - dominated world system of 19th century , globalization boosted FDI from the core to the semi - periphery and to colonies . The subsequent conflict between " core countries " exploded in two global wars , with international trade collapse , protectionism , nationalization of foreing affiliates and FDI crise . The US - dominated world system of the second half of 20th century showed a strong trend of increasing FDI . However , this overall general tendency is structurally unstable : nervous short - run " flames " of FDI reach a short list of " target " countries , with abrupt crashes ( as with the East Asia boom and crise in the last decade of the century ) . Debt crises are a dramatic end of FDI " flames " ( as in Argentina , Russia , Brazil during the same period ) , in interaction with external aid , currency crises , bank crashes and political turm - oil . Behaviour during the business cycle Being pro - cyclical and lagged , inflows of FDI usually arrive late after robust signs of recovery expansion . The international press helps to tune the sentiment of international investors , providing a kind of " early signal " of FDI inflows in case of " good coverage " . Outflows of FDI can arise especially in two subsequent periods : a . at the end of the business cycle when very liquid firms try to extend their assets abroad ; b . during recession , when the interest rate is low but no investment opportunity are evident in the domestic economy . Industry life cycle FDI comprehends cross - border Mergers & Acquisition , thus they retain some of their hectic movements , with accelerated boost and severe crashes . Looking instead to the industrial side , FDI can be framed in the " product life cycle " as an emerging feature of the moment when , after a " dominant design " has put a temporary end to product innovation , a new phase of cost control is leading to movements in the production preferred location , by transferring active factories from core countries to semi - peripheries where production costs are lower . This movement goes together with semi - periphery firms imitating the core countries ' innovators . In the perspective of a competition among countries to attract foreign investors , a low - wage , low - tax country attracts investments from abroad thanks to a relatively acceptable dotation of infrastructure and technical expertise , until other even - lower - wage & tax country substitute it . This contributes to a geographical earthquake - like movement of FDI from a " centre " to its neighbours and to further " peripheries " . Data FDI Inflows , outflows , inward stock and outward stock in 200 countries - a long time - series ( 1970 - 2003 ) FDI by both country and sector UNIDO survey on the investors ' decision - making process Survey on foreign investors in Russia ATKearney FDI Confidence Index Measures of Foreign Assets and Liabilities in 66 Industrial and Developing Countries ( 1970 - 1998 ) Prospects for FDI Flows , Transnational Corporation Strategies and Promotion Policies : 2004 – 2007 Related papers Assessing the employment effect of FDI inflows to Egypt : Does the mode of entry matter ? ( 2008 ) Human capital as a determinant of Foreign Direct Investment : Egypt ’ s case Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China Technology Transfer through FDI in Top - 10 Transition Countries : How Important are Direct Effects , Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers ? Industrial location and local incentive policies in Brazil FDI in Africa Are FDI attracted by weak environmental regulations ? Human capital skilling , FDI and economic development Human capital and inward FDI A critical view of FDI How performance gaps between domestic firms and foreign affiliates matter for economic policy Foreign direct investment spillovers within and between sectors : Evidence from Hungarian data The Myth of FDI Impact on Growth in the SADC Region : The Case of Zimbabwe Reinvested Earnings Matter China : an emerging FDI outward investor Export - oriented services : FDI in developing countries Technological integration and global marginalisation of Central and East European economies : the role of FDI and alliances Germany FDI determinants : evidence from micro - data The role of FDI in China ' s rapid transformation India ' s position in the attraction of FDI : a survey by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce Specialized magazines FDI Magazine NOTES 1 The word " investment " has two somewhat different meanings . " Real investment " is an investment in macroeconomic terms , giving rise to material and immaterial assets , as registered in the balance sheet . " Financial investment " is the purchase of bonds , shares , and other financial instruments . A financial investment in a newly - founded entreprise can give rise to its equity . In simple words , a person who has large savings can decide to invest them , say , in shares . A business producing a good with bright market perspectives can decide to invest in new machines to produce more units of the good . The former is a " financial investment " , the second a " real investment " . Main page Key concepts Search World trade Copyright	[ "FDI", "parent enterprise", "foreign affiliate" ]
http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/10/transaction-cost-economics.html	Web This Site Recent Posts Links ( 4 / 12 / 19 ) ( 206 ) Links ( 4 / 9 / 19 ) ( 201 ) Links ( 4 / 5 / 19 ) ( 439 ) Links ( 3 / 30 / 19 ) ( 527 ) Links ( 3 / 24 / 19 ) ( 643 ) Links ( 3 / 21 / 19 ) ( 407 ) Links ( 3 / 18 / 19 ) ( 340 ) Links ( 3 / 15 / 19 ) ( 316 ) Links ( 3 / 12 / 19 ) ( 319 ) Links ( 3 / 8 / 19 ) ( 328 ) Links ( 3 / 4 / 19 ) ( 624 ) Links ( 2 / 25 / 19 ) ( 649 ) Links ( 2 / 19 / 19 ) ( 687 ) Links ( 2 / 15 / 19 ) ( 439 ) Links ( 2 / 11 / 19 ) ( 384 ) Links ( 2 / 6 / 19 ) ( 451 ) Links ( 2 / 4 / 19 ) ( 130 ) Links ( 1 / 29 / 19 ) ( 735 ) Links ( 1 / 24 / 19 ) ( 526 ) Links ( 1 / 22 / 19 ) ( 297 ) Links ( 1 / 15 / 19 ) ( 619 ) Links ( 1 / 11 / 19 ) ( 443 ) Links ( 1 / 7 / 19 ) ( 290 ) Links ( 12 / 31 / 18 ) ( 603 ) Links ( 12 / 17 / 18 ) ( 1089 ) Links ( 12 / 7 / 18 ) ( 866 ) Links ( 12 / 4 / 18 ) ( 444 ) Links ( 11 / 28 / 18 ) ( 622 ) Links ( 11 / 25 / 18 ) ( 238 ) Links ( 11 / 21 / 18 ) ( 410 ) Links ( 11 / 19 / 18 ) ( 359 ) Links ( 11 / 15 / 18 ) ( 260 ) Links ( 11 / 13 / 18 ) ( 160 ) Links ( 11 / 9 / 18 ) ( 287 ) Links ( 11 / 7 / 18 ) ( 187 ) Links ( 11 / 5 / 18 ) ( 228 ) New Comments anne on Links ( 4 / 12 / 19 ) Joe on Links ( 4 / 12 / 19 ) mulp point mulp Bernard Trend Productivity Growth Points Downward anne ken melvin Plp Plp ilsm Fred C . Dobbs im1dc im1dc Brad DeLong Paul Krugman Purity vs . Pragmatism , Environment vs . Health Why Does Trump Want to Debase the Fed ? Donald Trump Is Trying to Kill You Republican Health Care Lying Syndrome The Incredible Shrinking Trump Boom G.O.P. Cruelty Is a Pre - existing Condition Republicans Really Hate Health Care Marginal Revolution UK fact of the day Early - career setback and future career impact Automation and Top Income Inequality Calculated Risk Schedule for Week of April 14 , 2019 The Longest Expansions in U.S. History Q1 GDP Forecasts : Around 2 % Housing and Recessions Hotels : Occupancy Rate Increased Year - over - year Housing Inventory Tracking Sacramento Housing in March : Sales Down 5 % YoY , Active Inventory up 4 % YoY Noahpinion Examining an MMT model in detail Where should Americans live if they live abroad ? Guest post : Roy Bahat on Uber , Lyft , and the future of work A proposal for an Alternative Green New Deal Book Review : The Revolt of the Public , by Martin Gurri Book Review : " The Souls of Yellow Folk , " by Wesley Yang Book Review : " Stubborn Attachments " , by Tyler Cowen Mainly Macro Econbrowser WSJ Econ Blog 5 Things to Watch on the Economic Calendar Video : The Married Millennial Parents Are Coming Lower Electronics - Store Spending May Not Be What You Think Renters Spent a Record - High Share of Income on Rent This Spring As Home Prices Rise , the Foreclosure Crisis Continues to Recede WSJ Survey : Oil and Inflation Are Stubborn Disappointments China Fires the First Shot in a Currency War Wonkblog FT Alphaville Thoughts for the weekend Uber ' s conflicting self - driving fleet vision Whoever said fintech was really all about branding ? ( Update * ) The future of central bank frameworks The world ' s worst flatshare ? The most complicated debt restructuring in history Further reading The Upshot Bank Underground macroblog Young Hispanic Women Investing More in Education : Good News for Labor Force Participation A Different Type of Tax Reform X Factor : Hispanic Women Drive the Labor - Force Comeback Tariff Worries and U.S. Business Investment , Take Two Liberty Street Macro Musings The FOMC Decision : A NGDP Perspective Oh , the Horror of a Corridor ! A Risk Sharing View of Monetary Policy How Close is the Fed to a Corridor System ? A New Paper on the Fed ' s Floor System Janet Yellen on NGDPLT " Et tu , John Williams ? " Macro Musings Podcast Worthwhile Canadian Initiative Roger Farmer There are many unemployment rates for any r * Why deficits are sustainable and inflation has a life of its own Social Progress is not an Illusion Do n ' t Trust the Markets Conference at the Bank of England Lend Me Your Ears : Friedman and The Role of Financial Policy Taming the Lion Digitopoly Chris Blattman Carola Binder Central Banking Stories to Watch in 2019 Inflation Expectations and the Price at the Pump " Macroeconomic Research , Present and Past " From Senior Thesis to Publication Snapshot of the Publication and Review Process as an Assistant Professor Mortgage - Backed Securities Ratings and Losses Maybe Not So Bad D is for Devastating : A Statistical Error and the Vitamin D Saga Environmental Economics Tim Taylor The Captain Swing Riots ; Workers and Threshing Machines in the 1830s Building Worker Skills in a Time of Rapid Technological Change Interview with Preston McAfee : Economists and Tech Companies Snapshots of Trade Imbalances : US in Global Context Have the Identification Police Become Overly Intrusive ? Four Snapshots of China ' s Growth and Inequality " Bias Has Been Overestimated at the Expense of Noise : " Daniel Kahneman The Big Picture 10 Sunday Reads Designing to Scale : Urban Hubs Men in Black International MIB : Cameron & Tyler Winklevoss 10 Weekend Reads Succinct Summation of Week ’ s Events 4.12.19 BBRG : Estate Tax Gets a Lot More Attention Than It Deserves Beat the Press Jared Bernstein It takes two to tango : The complementarity of the derigging project and expanded tax credits . Ch - ch - ch - changes ! ( Both personal and fiscal impulse ) An update on my condition A personal update The loss of a great economist and a great man Jobs report , Feb 2019 [ truncated ] : Outliers happen , and faster real wage growth ! There ’ s a new financial transaction tax proposal in town . Here ’ s why that ’ s good news . Robert Reich Dimon in the Rough Socialism for the Rich , Capitalism for the Rest “ We renew our . . . The Myth of Meritocracy How Trump is Killing Capitalism Everything You Need to Know About the New EconomyThe biggest . . . Trump ' s Remorse ( on April 1 ) A TALE OF TWO TICKETSRR : Hi , I ’ m Robert Reich . WKB : And . . . Rortybomb Why Banking Leverage Requirements Are Not Enough The Right Wants Glass - Steagall for the Wrong Reasons New Paper : Demand - Side Business Dynamism Trump ’ s Tax Plan Is n ’ t Tough on Wall Street or Carried Interest After All New Report on Taming Corporate and Financial Power What Jeb Hensarling Gets Wrong About Capital Requirements Metlife , Living Wills , and the Necessity of Technocratic Regulators interfluidity Modeled Behavior Angry Bear What Did the Founding Fathers Fear ? Trump Has Birth Nations Skipping Generations Elizabeth Warren Wants to Collect More in Corporate Profits Taxes Real wages got gassed in March Open thread April 12 , 2019 Downturn in manufacturing new orders adds to evidence of slowdown 2019 Core CPI Dave Giles 2019 Econometric Game Results EViews 11 Now Available SHAZAM ! A Permutation Test Regression Example What is a Permutation Test ? Some April Reading for Econometricians Infographics Parades Chris Dillow The Baseline Scenario Jump - Starting America Hey Democrats , the Problem Is n ’ t Jobs and Growth Tax Rates and Entrepreneurship A New Economic Vision , in 27 Words The Importance of Fairness : A New Economic Vision for the Democratic Party Economism and Arbitration Clauses How Markets Work Greg Mankiw Keep My Love ( of the Fed ) Alive Today in Ec 10 Mayor Pete Elizabeth Warren Smackdown Memo to Senate : Just Say No Reflections of a Textbook Author Passing the Baton Economic Principals Economic Principals is not writing this week Divorce , British Style A Hero of the Revolution Austerity is Defunct A Recipe Book for Creating Structural Change Arnold Kling Peter Zeihan on Venezuela Too little , too late ? Attribution of the other ’ s motives Software development and Austrian economics Housing finance policy Talent matters Lyndon Johnson and Donald Trump Naked Capitalism Plastic Watch : Water Bottle Alert ! Links 4 / 13 / 19 Daniel Ellsberg On Assange Arrest : The Beginning of the End For Press Freedom 2 : 00PM Water Cooler 4 / 12 / 2019 Assange Arrest and Extradition Round - Up Links 4 / 12 / 19 Where Are All the Bugs Going and What Can I Do About It ?	[ "Transaction Cost", "Economics" ]
http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2012/11/the-costs-and-benefits-of-raising-the-retirement-age.html	The New Poverty Measure is Out and Its Grim Main Carbon Taxes and the National Debt Wednesday November 14 2012 The Costs and Benefits of Raising the Retirement Age The proposal to raise the retirement age for Social Security as opposed to say raising the payroll cap is sure to come up during budget negotiations It always does and already has Heres a very old post from 2005 with a few minor changes on that topic A recent article claims that raising the retirement age is the most obvious solution to solvency problems for Social Security While I dont agree with the doomsayers on the solvency issue it is still worthwhile to look at the costs and benefits of such a proposal Is raising the retirement the most obvious solution There are two benefits with respect to solvency Because people work longer raising the retirement age increases revenues coming into the Social Security system Second because people retire later the payout to retirees falls But what are the costs 1 An increase in life expectancy does not necessarily imply that people are healthier at age 65 or 70 than before Suppose for example that medical advances are discovered that extend the end of life by several years but have no effect on health prior to the last few years of life In such a case there would be an increase in life expectancy but no increase in the health of workers at the age of retirement If people arent healthier then increasing the retirement age imposes a hardship over and above that faced by current retirees 2 Its already difficult for elderly workers to find employment and when they do they are often underemployed relative to their skill levels Raising the retirement age will make this worse 3 What about workers employed in physically demanding occupations Is it reasonable to ask them to work until say age 72 If not how equitable is it to have some workers work until 72 and others allowed to retire at a younger age depending on their occupation 4 Will this distort occupational choice decisions Will workers especially those who are seeking work in the years close to retirement choose strenuous jobs in order to be allowed to retire earlier How will we decide when a worker is unable to work due to reasons associated with age 5 The life expectancy of some groups of workers is lower than for others If poorer workers die younger than richer workers on average and they do then raising the retirement age will have a larger impact on low income workers and thus in essence be regressive Do the benefits exceed the costs I dont think so A comparison of the costs and benefits or raising the payroll cap which mostly affects the welloff hence their continued push of other alternatives that shift the costs elsewhere leads to a different conclusion at least for me Update I dont get it either when looking just at the numbers but looking at it through an ideological lens explains the desire to make people believe that Social Security is in serious trouble and hence in need of serious cuts Starve the Beast through tax cuts or deception it doesnt matter the point is to reduce the governments provision of social insurance by whatever means gets the job done Posted by Mark Thoma on Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1149 AM in Economics Social Insurance Social Security Permalink Comments 37 Comments You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post Benoit Essiambre said Suppose for example that medical advances are discovered that extend the end of life by several years but have no effect on health prior to the last few years of life Also I read somewhere that life expectancy has not increased much for older people Life expectancy is usually stated as an at birth value Saving young people from death has a disproportionate weight on life expectancy values because you are usually adding many more years to a their life Apparently most of the gains in life expectancy in the past 30 years are from preventing deaths of younger people through better safety measures on the road and in workplaces as well as through a few earlylife illnesses we figured out how to cure or manage better In other words fifty years ago if you made it to 60yo your chances of living to 80 were almost as good as they are today It was just harder to make it to 60 Id be curious to see historical data for life expectancy at 60 to confirm this Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1209 PM anne said in reply to Benoit Essiambre httpkrugmanblogsnytimescom20121113lifeexpectancyofthelivingdead November 13 2012 Life Expectancy of the Living Dead By Paul Krugman Regular readers know that a lot of this blogs time is spent on intellectual zombies beliefs and concepts that have been killed by evidence but that keep shambling forward nonetheless trying to eat our brains And now that talk has turned once again to Grand Bargains and all that I see that were once again seeing the Social Securitylife expectancy zombie we live longer so shouldnt retirement wait What you need to know 1 The relevant life expectancy is life expectancy at or near retirement age Falling infant mortality doesnt make a case for delaying Social Security and thats important because gains have been much less striking at age 65 than at birth 2 Gains in life expectancy have been very strongly correlated with income and class those with lower incomes and lower status the very people who depend most on Social Security have seen very small gains in life expectancy Chart 3 The retirement age has already been increased the Greenspan Commission of the early 80s set it in motion so that its now 66 and scheduled to rise to 67 essentially consuming all of the life expectancy gains of the bottom 50 percent 4 The alleged wise men of DC dont know any of this When Ryan Grim tried to ask Alan Simpson about it Simpson replied by denying the facts attacking the interviewer and insulting the AARP Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1213 PM Mark A Sadowski said in reply to anne Its probably worth linking the original data source httpwwwssagovpolicydocsworkingpaperswp108html Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1256 PM Benoit Essiambre said Found some data here httpkrugmanblogsnytimescom20121113lifeexpectancyofthelivingdead Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1213 PM Bill Jefferys said Life expectancy is defined as the expected lifespan of a newly born child Its worth noting that almost all of the increase in life expectancy since the enactment of OASI is due to reductions in infant and childhood mortality Since enactment an individual who attains age 65 now isnt going to live that much longer than an individual who attained that age in 1936 its about two years Since the Greenspan Commission the increase in expected lifespan for a person who attains age 65 has only been a few months And the Greenspan Commission added two years to the full Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1217 PM DrDick said in reply to Bill Jefferys As Anne and Benoit point out above Krugman has repeatedly shown that virtually all the the gains over 65 are among the top half of the income distribution who have gained about 6 years while the bottom half has gained about 1 year Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1252 PM Bill Jefferys said in reply to DrDick Excellent points Thanks Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0102 PM tew said in reply to Bill Jefferys Thats a zombie lie In percentage terms which is what matters here expected life years at age 65 is substantially higher now than in 1936 Google to find National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 61 Number 3 United States Life Tables 2008 which includes historical tables See Table 21 A 65 year old in 2008 had life expectancy of 188 years vs 128 years in 1940 That six year increase represents a 47 increase It is indisputable that expected life years at age 65 has increased substantially Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0314 PM DrDick said in reply to tew As Krugman and I point out however all that gain is in the top half of the income distribution Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0436 PM D said I am wondering if good jobs are available working at old age as per your skill should not be a problem its not a ideal situation but its better than being a burden on the system I am thinking more in terms of better unemployment benefits so that if you can not find a job you are still doing ok But the key would be to maintain unemployment below 5 so that people are not forced to compete for jobs which are not their expertise or uncomfortable But again if the job market is good and if we are responsible with our finances we should be able to take care of 60 of our living expenses during retirement from our own savings Anyways its all a moot point in a system driven by greed and idealogy the lucky few get to live a prosperous happy life while the rest toil their life away Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1229 PM anne said in reply to D But again if the job market is good and if we are responsible with our finances we should be able to take care of 60 of our living expenses during retirement from our own savings The median wealth or net worth for a family age 65 and over in 2010 was 206700 with much of that in the form of a home Try taking care of 60 of family living expenses on say 150000 in investments httpwwwfederalreservegoveconresdatascfscf_2010htm Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1234 PM DrDick said in reply to D You are not going to be able to do construction or other heavy labor jobs past 65 for the most part Indeed few make it past 60 Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1254 PM anne said in reply to D httpspersonalvanguardcomusfundsvanguardallsortnamesortorderaschistupperTB3ApyldTBI3A3AlowerTB3AdailyTBI November 14 2012 The 3 month Treasury interest rate is at 010 the 2 year Treasury rate is 025 the 5 year rate is 062 while the 10 year is 159 The Vanguard A rated shortterm investment grade bond fund with a maturity of 29 years and a duration of 23 years has a yield of 111 The Vanguard A rated intermediateterm investment grade bond fund with a maturity of 63 years and a duration of 53 years is yielding 201 The Vanguard A rated longterm investment grade bond fund with a maturity of 249 years and a duration of 142 years is yielding 390 The Vanguard Ba rated high yield corporate bond fund with a maturity of 52 years and a duration of 44 years is yielding 474 The Vanguard convertible bond fund with a maturity of 53 years and a duration of 46 years is yielding 257 The Vanguard A rated high yield tax exempt bond fund with a maturity of 67 years and a duration of 61 years is yielding 249 The Vanguard A rated intermediateterm tax exempt bond fund with a maturity of 54 years and a duration of 49 years is yielding 154 The Vanguard GNMA bond fund with a maturity of 45 years and a duration of 29 years is yielding 225 The Vanguard inflation protected Treasury bond fund with a maturity of 94 years and a duration of 85 years is yielding 102 Remember the Vanguard yields are after cost The Federal Funds rate is no more than 025 Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0209 PM anne said in reply to anne Gaining income from the bond market for men and women over 65 is now harder than at any time since the 1930s and there is no reason to think this will change in the coming year The idea of in any way limiting Social Security or Medicare benefits should be unthinkable Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0212 PM Goldilocksisableacheblonde said The Costs and Benefits of Raising the Retirement Age A more reasonable discussion would also consider the costs and benefits of lowering the retirement age If SS amounts to 5 of GDP now and is expected to require only 6 of GDP in a few decades and then for as far as the eye can see debating the benefits of raising that figure to 65 or 7 of GDP at the expense of say defenserelated and healthcarerelated fraud and waste would seem to be worthy of consideration In a world where globalization and automation will continue to thwart job creation letting some elderly people opt out of the workforce a bit earlier would provide a clear benefit to all the younger wannabe workers The fact Were the richest country in the world but already among the cheapskates in of GDP devoted to social spending yet it seems our goal is to be cheaper still Not a good sign Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1235 PM Goldilocksisableacheblonde said in reply to Goldilocksisableacheblonde Like my handles not long enough already here I am throwing in extra es Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1239 PM ken melvin said All part and parcel supply side economics this believing that you can have people work longer without effecting the already much askew labor market Kinda sorta like the education panacea that saved Egypt Tunisia Iran too a supplyside theory Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1242 PM save_the_rustbelt said The people who want to raise the retirement age have likely never finished concrete delivered packages or worked as a nurse Many of us will work longer because we are having fun but that option is not available to those with occupationally induced osteoarthritis Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1252 PM DrDick said in reply to save_the_rustbelt A lot of people simply can not continue to do blue collar jobs much past their mid50s owing to the physical demands While I have no intention of retiring from my current job in 5 years when I turn 65 I could not do some of the blue collar jobs I did when I was young today Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1257 PM Show us the money said in reply to save_the_rustbelt Most men by the time they are 60 in the building trade are nearing their limits Its not that they dont want to its just that the demands of the job are beyond their failing health limits Eyesight suppleness strength etc People in white collar jobs and those that are just serving etc in retail can carry on but builders carpet layers bricklayers etc are spent Many actually retiring before 60 Or change of job to something easier Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0152 PM Jim Satterfield said in reply to save_the_rustbelt My father worked in construction and emphysema forced his retirement in his late 50s I worked jobs like that when I was younger Learning about computers moved me into a different kind of life but I can tell you that not one of those jobs I had when I was younger are something you could work at until youre in your late 60s without a lot of suffering And youd probably be fired before then Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0710 PM D C Sessions said There is at least one way to extend SS retirement age for the high earners relative to the low most often physically demanding work earners As follows Currently taking retirement early results in a reduction of payments by a percentage relative to full benefits with full benefits varying based on lifetime earnings Alternate proposal raise the cap on benefits each year after for instance 62 In other words the maximum benefit for a worker is the lesser of the amount based on lifetime earnings and an agerelated value For low earners theres no SS benefit to working longer but for high earners there is Worth considering Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0104 PM apinak said We should also look at the cause of the projected longterm shortfall in SS It is not as the media constantly asserts due to rising life expectancy or an aging population Those factors were factored into the 1983 changes The reason the 1983 changes fell short is because they failed to anticipate the staggering change in income inequality that occurred over the next 30 years SS was designed to tax 90 of income but because so much of the national income now goes to the very wealthy it currently only taxes 84 of national income Raise the cap and solve httpwwwhuffingtonpostcomrobertreichbudgetbaloneywhysocial_b_824331html Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0114 PM Mark A Sadowski said in reply to apinak Which adds insult to injury since raising the retirement age has distributive consequences due to the inequitabile distribution of the gains in life expectancy Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0130 PM Show us the money said in reply to apinak Great article effectively If we want to go back to 90 percent the ceiling on income subject to the Social Security tax would need to be raised to 180000 Says it all Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0157 PM Mcwop said There are no benefits to raising the age There is no SS shortfall The bigger concern should be Can workers supply the healthcare and other stuff retirees will need Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0132 PM rjs said so if all us senior citizens work longer where the kids gonna work not exactly like we have a labor shortage Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0232 PM tew said By the logic of point 5 ANY retirement age is regressive If regressive is defined as people who make lower incomes receiving on average a lower number of years of payments then even if you reduce the retirement age to 50 it would still be regressive Also the benefit formula for social security is already highly PROGRESSIVE Lower income people receive monthly benefits that are much higher than those of high income people in proportion to lifetime contributions into social security Quite simply and irrefutably high income contributors transfer some of their contributions to lower income beneficiaries Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0305 PM Mark A Sadowski said in reply to tew By the logic of point 5 ANY retirement age is regressive If regressive is defined as people who make lower incomes receiving on average a lower number of years of payments then even if you reduce the retirement age to 50 it would still be regressive True but nobody has proposed reducing the retirement age and it wasnt always such a huge gulf As recently as 1986 the difference in life expectancies for men aage 65 in the bottom half of the income distribution versus those in the top half was only 15 years As of 2006 it was 54 years The rationale for raising the retirement age is that people are living longer But the fact is that the live expectancy at age 65 of men in the bottom half of the earnings distribution hardly changed at all from 1986 to 2006 Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0323 PM good2go said And to add ageism in the US is rampanthardly anyone is speaking about it but its there nonetheless At least from my viewpoint which is the financial and consulting industries major urban area People over 50 women over 45 have been losing employment in droves over the past 10 years Just in my circle were talking Stanford MBAs Columbia MBAs Yale law summa cum laudenot exactly slackers Some of them have earned enough to live moderately well but not all And most Americans in their shoes would co poorly indeed Raising the retirement age even more will be a killer for many Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0355 PM anne said in reply to good2go Unemployment rates for men and women 45 to 54 and 55 and over since the recession began in December 2007 rose to what were easily the highest recorded since 1948 when such record keeping began and high unemployment rates persist for these men and women This is unlike any other recession we have experienced since 1948 in that employers did not protect relatively experienced workers httpdatablsgovpdqquerytooljspsurveyln Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0526 PM Noni Mausa said Delaying SS eligibility will not result in getting seniors to work longer because getting work as a senior takes a long time and the job is seldom worth the bother Took me three years of job hunting to land a 12 hour a week job in retail No the chief effects will be externalities For instance wave goodbye to leaving an inheritance for your kids Building generational wealth in the lower wage brackets will be a thing of the past In addition many of the tasks that grandparents traditionally do like babysitting the grand kids or waiting around the house for the cable guy to arrive wont get done or will cost the kids in cash or time off When seniors sell off the house their cost of living will rise eating up cash in rent payments and building no equity but also effecting where their disposable goes to More money for utilities and rent means less for furniture art gifts and so on Plus the cost of working a part time job is an appreciable fraction of what you would earn meaning that the labour is essentially being provided at or below cost A bad bad idea Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0507 PM NancyInStL said Extending the retirement age is a very bad idea Its not just about manual labor taking its toll Theres subtle age discrimination in the computer world I was paid to leave by my employer in 2007 at the ripe old age of 61 I was in IT There was absolutely no chance anyone would hire me to do the job I had done Employers can get much younger people with little experience to do the same job at a much lower salary They dont do it as well or as quickly but employers only seem to look at the bottom line Rather than kill myself for many months if not years looking for a job I retired Id saved enough to be able to afford it because my former employer allowed me to purchase heath insurance from them at the employee rate Wednesday November 14 2012 at 0930 PM cm said in reply to NancyInStL I am reluctant to say this but my career has taught me that the significance of excellence so long as it doesnt materially impact the ability to sign up clients book and fulfill sales is generally overstated and exceeding mediocrity is not proportionally recognized In particular there seems to be considerable tolerance for most things taking longer than advertisedexpected reduced scope being delivered and pushing the process forward requiring a lot of followup on the part of the stakeholders But I have yet to hear of a business that failed primarily because of less than stellar excellence in its support Based on your numbers you must have made it into Medicare on your employer insurance which is good Wednesday November 14 2012 at 1146 PM Rune Lagman said U3 unemployment at 8 U6 at 15 More workers would just increase unemployment We need to LOWER the retirement age iespend some of that unused output potential thats just wasting away Thursday November 15 2012 at 1229 AM Rune Lagman said in reply to Rune Lagman There is no SSshortfall the only shortfall that exists is the amount of taxes collected from the 1 Thursday November 15 2012 at 1233 AM Susan Wiltshire homes said And to add ageism in the US is rampanthardly anyone is speaking about it but its there nonetheless At least from my viewpoint which is the financial and consulting industries major urban area Monday November 26 2012 at 0225 AM Comment below or sign in with Typepad and Web This Site Recent Posts Links 123118 536 Links 121718 1089 Links 12718 866 Links 12418 444 Links 112818 622 Links 112518 238 Links 112118 410 Links 111918 359 Links 111518 260 Links 111318 160 Links 11918 287 Links 11718 187 Links 11518 228 Links 103118 401 Links 102418 574 Links 102218 175 Links 101618 391 Links 101118 361 Links 10818 263 Links 10518 336 links 10318 178 links 10218 158 Links 93018 141 Links 92618 317 Links 92018 554 Links 91718 376 Links 91318 302 Links 91118 150 Links 9718 301 Links 9518 179 New Evidence that Unions Raise Wages for LessSkilled Workers 56 Links 9318 223 Links 9118 191 Links 82318 775 Links 82118 353 Credit Supply and Housing Speculation 112 New Comments RC AKA Darryl Ron on Links 123118 anne on Links 123118 RC AKA Darryl Ron on Links 123118 RC AKA Darryl Ron on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 EMichael on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 EMichael on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 EMichael on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 point on Links 123118 point on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 Mr Bill on Links 123118 ilsm on Links 123118 ilsm on Links 123118 anne on Links 123118 mulp on Links 123118 anne on Links 123118 anne on Links 123118 Fred C Dobbs on Links 123118 mulp on Links 123118 Brad DeLong Paul Krugman Whos Afraid of the Budget Deficit The Trump Tax Cut Even Worse Than Youve Heard Hope for a Green New Year Bad Faith Pathos and GOP Economics The Ghost of Trump Chaos Future The Case for a Mixed Economy HardMoney Men Suddenly Going Soft Marginal Revolution Wednesday assorted links My Conversation with Rebecca Kukla Hayek in the Machine China fact of the day What Europeans Talk about when They Talk about Brexit Tuesday assorted links Quito travel notes Calculated Risk Friday Employment Report Goldman December Payrolls Preview December Employment Preview Reis Office Vacancy Rate unchanged in Q4 at 167 ISM Manufacturing index Decreased Sharply to 541 in December Weekly Initial Unemployment Claims increased to 231000 ADP Private Employment increased 271000 in December Noahpinion Yuppie Fishtanks YIMBYism explained without supply and demand Noah Smiths Japan Travel Guide Book Review The Space Between Us DeLong vs Krugman on globalization Sheepskin effects signals without signaling The cackling cartoon villain defense of DSGE Defending Thaler from the guerrilla resistance Mainly Macro What does the Stupid Woman saga tell us about the media What will happen if Labour enable Brexit How Brexit circumvented democracy How Leavers can believe that a Peoples Vote is antidemocratic Will the Brexiters kill Brexit Are the Labour leadership attitudes to Brexit just the austerity story all over again MPs need to get real about Brexit Econbrowser WSJ Econ Blog 5 Things to Watch on the Economic Calendar Video The Married Millennial Parents Are Coming Lower ElectronicsStore Spending May Not Be What You Think Renters Spent a RecordHigh Share of Income on Rent This Spring As Home Prices Rise the Foreclosure Crisis Continues to Recede WSJ Survey Oil and Inflation Are Stubborn Disappointments China Fires the First Shot in a Currency War Wonkblog Searching for images of CEOs or managers The results almost always show men Warrens 2020 agenda Break up monopolies give workers control over corporations fight drug companies Republicans are celebrating the oneyear anniversary of the Trump tax cuts They shouldnt be 10 simple questions about the stock market plunge simply answered Betos towering advantage in the 2020 Democratic primary Trump values unpredictability He also values rising markets He cant have both Welcome to the Feds Groundhog Day FT Alphaville How Russian uncapitalism works Theres no process left at the White House Festive reading Ten Alphaville favourites 2018 edition Mariana Mazzucato on who creates value Further reading Paul Ryan was always just a dream The Upshot Why Bipartisan Ideas Became a Rarity in the House The New Health Care Congratulations on the Promotion But Did Science Get a Demotion Happy New Year May Your City Never Become San Francisco New York or Seattle The Relentlessness of Modern Parenting Set It and Forget It How Better Contraception Could Be a Key to Reducing Poverty The New Health Care Misconceptions About Health Costs When Youre Older Economy Is Strong Leadership Is Shaky Which Will Win Out in 2019 Bank Underground A balancing act the case for macroprudential margin requirements Our top five posts of 2018 The Bank Underground Christmas Quiz Simply is best enhancing trust and understanding of central banks through better communications A Closer Look at the BoCBoE Sovereign Default Database The seven deadly paradoxes of cryptocurrency Reflections on the Banks History macroblog Defining Job Switchers in the Wage Growth Tracker Cryptocurrency and Central Bank EMoney Polarization through the Prism of the Wage Growth Tracker Take Two Polarization through the Prism of the Wage Growth Tracker Liberty Street Macro Musings A Risk Sharing View of Monetary Policy How Close is the Fed to a Corridor System A New Paper on the Feds Floor System Janet Yellen on NGDPLT Et tu John Williams FOMC Preview We Have the Nerve to Invert the Curve More NonStar Metrics for Monetary Policy Macro Musings Podcast Worthwhile Canadian Initiative Roger Farmer Dont Trust the Markets Conference at the Bank of England Lend Me Your Ears Friedman and The Role of Financial Policy Taming the Lion Bulls and Bears Why central banks should stabilize the stock market Animal Spirits ISLMNAC and Keynesian Economics without the Phillips Curve Moving the Overton Window Let the Debate Continue Digitopoly Chris Blattman Carola Binder Central Banking Stories to Watch in 2019 Inflation Expectations and the Price at the Pump Macroeconomic Research Present and Past From Senior Thesis to Publication Snapshot of the Publication and Review Process as an Assistant Professor MortgageBacked Securities Ratings and Losses Maybe Not So Bad D is for Devastating A Statistical Error and the Vitamin D Saga Environmental Economics Tim Taylor Macaulay on Economic Progress 100 Years Before Keynes You Can not Convict Your Opponent of Error You Can Only Convince Him Of It The Vulgar Mistake of Dreaming that I am Persecuted Whenever I am Contradicted Joan Robinson on Poets Mathematicians Economists and Adam Smith Academics Knowledge Articles Journals Practitioners The Man who Despairs When Others Hope is Admired as a Sage Is Loneliness Rising The Big Picture MIB Jason Schwarz Wilshire Funds Management 10 Weekend Reads Succinct Summation of Weeks Events for 1419 BBRG Trump Markets Infrastructure and Other 2018 Mistakes 10 Friday AM Reads 1967 Ferrari 330 GTC Activist Investor Paul Singer Beat the Press Protectionist Measure to Help US Corporations at the Expense of US Workers Tops Trump China Trade Agenda Things that Could Trouble Investors in 2019 Resolutions to Improve Debates on Economic Policy in 2019 EJ Dionne Provides Classic Example of Liberals Missing the Boat Steven Rattners Charts in the NYT Dont Show What He Says They Show Good News on Copyright More Fun with the Stock Market Plunge Jared Bernstein Testify Diving into the weeds on debt the spending vs revenue problem and revealed preferences Blog repairand a request for questions Nick Hanauers Progressive Labor Standards A bold idea to do more than just repair the damage Another solid jobs report even with a slightly slower trend in payrolls Energy prices and real wage trends Does faster wage growth imply passthrough to faster price growth Not necessarily Though see update at the end Another strong jobs report yields critical insights Robert Reich Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors Americas New Years Resolution Remove Trump The Megalomaniac and the Stock Market 10 Steps to Save American DemocracyTrump isnt the only Trumps End Watch Your Wallets Why Trumps Private Transactions are Terrifying Rortybomb Why Banking Leverage Requirements Are Not Enough The Right Wants GlassSteagall for the Wrong Reasons New Paper DemandSide Business Dynamism Trumps Tax Plan Isnt Tough on Wall Street or Carried Interest After All New Report on Taming Corporate and Financial Power What Jeb Hensarling Gets Wrong About Capital Requirements Metlife Living Wills and the Necessity of Technocratic Regulators interfluidity Modeled Behavior Reading Popular Science Books In The Age Of Bad Science Should Socialists Give Away Their Money Energy Is An Environmental And Macroeconomic Problem Labor Market Pessimists Are Setting Trump Up For A Win The Good News And Bad News About The Tech Bubble The Economics Of The Media Arent The Problem Today Helping Companies Locate Outside Of Big Cities Angry Bear Optimal Taxation of Capital Income 2019 let them Bern Economic Growth and Climate Change Mistaking an Output Variable for an Instrument On the government shutdown Pelosi should go maximalist Asking the Wrong Questions Reflections on Amazon the Post Office and the Greater Good Global Networks and Financial Instability Happy New Year to readers and Bears China Is Selling More EVs Than the US Dave Giles New Year Reading Suggestions for 2019 December Reading for Econometricians More LongRun Canadian Economic Data A New Canadian Macroeconomic Database More Sandwiches Anyone Econometrics Reading for November The Refereeing Process in Economics Journals Chris Dillow The Baseline Scenario Hey Democrats the Problem Isnt Jobs and Growth Tax Rates and Entrepreneurship A New Economic Vision in 27 Words The Importance of Fairness A New Economic Vision for the Democratic Party Economism and Arbitration Clauses How Markets Work Fees Add Up Greg Mankiw ASSA 2019 Four Questions for the Year Ahead Merry Christmas How the Govt Shutdown Affects GDP Trumponomics A Recent Interview Macro 10e Economic Principals Why We Have Newspapers Callin Shows Reading Clubs and Sometimes Hang around in Barbershops We the Jury How the Press Covered the Panic of 2008 A Remarkable Double Feature A Worldly Philosopher or Two at 100 Arnold Kling Sebastian Junger on human connection Question from Handle Bleg Klassic Restrospective Tyler Marc and Ben Normative sociology of homelessness Klassic the two systems people work under Question on marriage trends Naked Capitalism 200PM Water Cooler 132019 Pikettys World Inequality Review A Critical Analysis Links 1319 Brexit Circling the Drain Intergenerational Mobility in the US One Size Doesnt Fit All Journey into a Libertarian Future Part V Dark Realities 200PM Water Cooler 122019 Follow on Twitter Friend on Facebook Email Web Pages Mark Thoma Professor of Economics University of Oregon Email Web Page Columns CBS News Articles Subscribe by Email Kindle Subscription New Links NBER Working Papers Blogs A Fine Theorem A Fistful of Euros Adam Smith Adam Smith Institute AltM Andrew Biggs Angry Bear Antonio Fatas Arnold Kling Back of the Envelope Bank Underground Brad DeLong Bud Meyers Business Ethics Cafe Hayek Calculated Risk Capital Ebbs and Flows Captain Capitalism Carola Binder Cecchetti and Schoenholtz Cheap Talk Chris Blattman City Economist Conglomerate Blog Coordination Problem Core Economics Coyote Blog Credit Writedowns Croaking Cassandra Crooked Timber Dan Ariely Dangerous Economist Dani Rodrik Dash of Insight Data Points Data Points Dave Giles Dean Baker Demography Matters Department of Labor Digitopoly Diminishing Returns Econbrowser EconLog Economic Perspectives Economic Principals Econ and Develop Economics Roundtable Economics UK EconoSpeak Econs Do It with Models EconWeekly Env and Urban Economics Environmental Econ Follow the Money Freakonomics Free Exchange Fresh Economic Thinking FT Alphaville Gender Matters Gonzaga Macro Blog Greg Hannsgen Greg Mankiw Growth Economics IMFDirect Interfluidity Jared Bernstein Jayson Lusk Jesses Café Américain John Quiggin John Taylor Juan Cole Kids Prefer Cheese Knowledge Problem Lane Kenworthy Liberty Street Losing Interest Macro Musings macroblog MacroMania Magic maths money mainly macro Marc Bellemare Marginal Revolution Miles Corak Moneyness Multiplier Effect Naked Capitalism NEPDGE Blog Newmarks Door No Hesitations Noahpinion OECD Insights Off the Charts Open Economics Oregon Economics Blog Overcoming Bias Owen Zidar Paul Krugman Peter Gordons Blog Political Economist Prospects for Develop PSD Blog Real Time Economics RealityBased Comm Richard A Posner Richard Green Richard Serlin Robert Reich Robert Waldmann Roger Farmer Rortybomb scatterplot Scottish Economy Watch Seeing the Forest Stat Model and Social Sci Steven Landsburg Stochastic Trend Stumbling and Mumbling Supply and Demand SupplySide Liberal Tax Policy Blog Tea with FT The Baseline Scenario The Berkeley Econ Blog The Big Picture The Economic Populist The Everyday Economist The Glittering Eye The Incidental Economist The Interpreter The Irish Economy The Money Illusion Theory Class Thomas Palley Thoughts On Economics Transfer Pricing Econ Treasury Blog Triple Crisis TwentyCent Paradigms US Economic Snapshot Unsettling Economics Updated Priors Upshot Urbanomics Wine Economist Winterspeak Worthwhile Canad Init Zambian Economist Archives December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 Categories Academic Papers Animation Books Budget Deficit China Conferences Development Discussion Questions Econometrics Economics Education Environment Equity Fed Speeches Fed Watch Financial System Fiscal Policy Fiscal Times Graphs Health Care History of Thought Housing Immigration Income Distribution India Inflation Infrastructure International Finance International Trade Iraq Iraq and Afghanistan Kenya Links Macroeconomics Market Failure Media Methodology Microeconomics Miscellaneous Monetary Policy MoneyWatch Oil Oregon Policy Politics Press Productivity Reading Regulation Religion Saving Science Social Insurance Social Security Sports Taxes Technology Television Terrorism Travel Unemployment Unions Universities University of Oregon Video WebTech Weblogs Disclaimer The views expressed on this site are my own and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Economics or the University of Oregon Mark Thoma Department of Economics University of Oregon Blog Established March 6 2005	[ "retirement age for Social Security", "life expectancy" ]
http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/measuring-the-top-1-by-wealth-not-income/	Measuring the Top 1 % by Wealth , Not Income By robert gebeloff and Shaila Dewan January 17 , 2012 3 : 51 pm Chang W . Lee / The New York Times After our demographic profile of the 1 percent appeared on Sunday , there were a lot of questions from readers about the top 1 percent by wealth , rather than the measure we used , the top 1 percent by income . The 1 Percent Looking at the top of the economic strata . We used income because the Census measures income , not wealth , and the Census contains the most timely data along with a large sample size , making it possible to look at income across many geographic and demographic categories . But we also examined wealth through the Federal Reserve ’ s 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances . This survey is much smaller in scope , and somewhat outdated ( a release based on the 2010 survey is expected later this year ) . But an analysis of the Fed data is still revealing in that it shows the wealth gap , as measured by net worth , is much more extreme than the chasm as measured by income . The Times had estimated the threshold for being in the top 1 percent in household income at about $ 380,000 , 7.5 times median household income , using census data from 2008 through 2010 . But for net worth , the 1 percent threshold for net worth in the Fed data was nearly $ 8.4 million , or 69 times the median household ’ s net holdings of $ 121,000 . Some readers wondered if the 1 percent by wealth were n ’ t an entirely different group of people from the 1 percent by income . But there is substantial overlap : the Fed data suggests that about half of the top 1 percent of earners are also among the top 1 percent in the net worth category . Almost all the rest of the top earners are still in the top 5 percent when it comes to net worth . As for high - net - worth families and how much they earn – more than 80 percent of them are in the top 5 percent when it comes to income . Other nuggets about the wealthy from the 2007 Fed data : — The wealthiest 1 percent took in about 16 percent of overall income — 8 percent of the money earned from salaries and wages , but 36 percent of the income earned from self - employment . — They controlled nearly a third of the nation ’ s financial assets ( investment holdings ) and about 28 percent of nonfinancial assets ( the value of property , cars , jewelry , etc . ) . These measures will be particularly interesting to revisit when the new , post - recession data arrives . — Money may not buy happiness , but the Fed survey suggests it buys good health . About 90 percent of the 1 percenters describe themselves as being in excellent or good health , compared with 75 percent of everybody else . About 85 percent expect to live into their 80s , compared with 68 percent of everybody else . — Nearly half of the 1 percenters own two or more pieces of real estate . That was true for just 5 percent of the rest of the population . — Nearly a third of 1 percenters own a vehicle besides a car , compared with 14 percent of other households . And not just in the driveway . While the rest of us are slightly more likely to own a mobile home , 1 in 5 of the wealthiest Americans say they have a boat , plane or helicopter , compared with 1 in 22 in other households . — About three - quarters of the wealthy said they spent less than they earned in the previous year , compared with about 44 percent of everybody else . This is also a category that will be fascinating to track in the post - recession data . — When asked if they feel “ lucky ” in their financial affairs , nearly 80 percent of the super - rich strongly agreed . The rest of us ? Fewer than one - third feel that financial good fortune is shining upon us . Share Previous Post The Pros and Cons of Obama ’ s Reorganization Plan Next Post Capital Gains : Romney and the 1 % Featured Contributors Floyd Norris , the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times , covers the world of finance and economics . Posts \| Profile \| E - mail Binyamin Appelbaum covers business and economic topics for the Washington bureau of The New York Times . Posts Profile E - Mail Twitter Shaila Dewan is an economics reporter for The New York Times . E - mail Twitter Annie Lowrey covers economic policy for the Washington bureau of The New York Times . Profile Eduardo Porter is the Economic Scene columnist for The New York Times . Posts E - Mail Nelson D . Schwartz is an economics reporter for The New York Times . Posts Daily Economists Each day , Economix offers perspectives from expert contributors . Bruce Bartlett Former Treasury Official Bio Jared Bernstein Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Bio Nancy Folbre University of Massachusetts - Amherst Simon Johnson M.I.T. / Peterson Institute Casey B . Mulligan University of Chicago Uwe E . Reinhardt Princeton University Phillip Swagel University of Maryland Laura D ' Andrea Tyson University of California , Berkeley About Economics does n ' t have to be complicated . It is the study of our lives — our jobs , our homes , our families and the little decisions we face every day . Here at Economix , journalists and economists analyze the news and use economics as a framework for thinking about the world . We welcome feedback , at economix @ nytimes . com Our Policy on Comments Archive @ nyteconomix on twitter Follow	[ "1 % by Wealth", "Not Income", "Chang W . Lee" ]
http://econpage.com/201/handouts/profit/profit.html	Profit maximization and the Perfectly Competitive firm Our first look at firm behavior comes within the context of perfect competition . What comes below is a step by step explanation of how perfectly competitive firms maximize their profits , both algebraically and graphically , and a discussion of our result . Remember that , in perfectly competitive markets , no individual firm has any influence over the market price ( since there are many firms and each is a small player in the overall market ) . Since each firm ' s product is identical to that of other firms ( i.e. products are homogeneous ) , all firms face the same price . While firms can not individually influence the market price through their actions , they can collectively . Therefore , our starting point will be the market demand and supply curves . These are the same demand and supply curves from the earlier material on Consumer Theory ( i.e. they do all the same tricks , like demand shifting when there ' s a change in income , that those other demand and supply curves did ) . ( Market Demand ) P = 100 - .078Q d ( Market Supply ) P = .02Q s + 2 Solving for equilibrium price and quantity , we get : P * = $ 22 and Q * = 1000 units . These values represent the price that each firm will charge and the total number of units that will be produced overall . A typical firm within this market has the following costs : ( Total Costs ) TC = q 2 + 2q + 100 ( Average Costs ) AC = q + 2 + ( 100 / q ) ( Marginal Costs ) MC = 2q + 2 Let ' s note a few things about the first two equations before proceeding . In the TC equation , q 2 + 2q represents the firm ' s variable costs and 100 represents the fixed costs . The AC equation is obtained by dividing the TC equation by q . This means that , in the AC equation , q + 2 are the average variable costs and 100 / q are the average fixed costs . 1 . Given these costs , how much should the firm produce ? The firm will always produce where the MC of a certain level of output equals the market price . That is , the firm will adjust its output level until P = MC . To find this output level , we set the MC equation equal to the equilibrium price : The firm will maximize its profits by producing 10 units . It is possible to characterize this firm and market level information with the following pair of demand and supply graphs . The graph on the right represents the market , while the graph on the left represents the firm . The equilibrium price corresponds with where the market demand ( D M ) intersects the market supply ( S ) . The firm accepts this price and decides how much to produce . This occurs where the firm ' s marginal cost curve ( MC ) crosses the firm ' s demand curve ( D f ) . Note that the firm ' s demand curve is a horizontal line at the equilibrium price of $ 22 . Another way to see whether the firm is maximizing profits is to assume that our P = MC rule is n ' t true . Suppose that the firm decides to test this rule by varying its output . If profits decline as we move away from where q = 10 ( e.g. as we move between 8 and 12 units ) , then profits must be maximized in the row where P = MC . P q MC AC Profits 22 8 18 22.5 - 4.0 22 9 20 22.1 - 0.9 10 0 11 24 22.1 - 1.1 12 26 22.3 - 3.6 As the table makes clear , profits reach their highest level when the firm produces 10 units . Although it is true that the price equals both marginal and average cost in this row , this is only coincidence right now ( in the short run ) . Profit maximization only necessitates that P = MC . 2 . How do we calculate the firm ' s profits ? To find the firm ' s profits , we take one of two approaches ( where TR = total revenue , which is ( P x q ) ) : TR - TC approach P - AC approach Profit = TR - TC Profit = ( P - AC ) q Profit = ( 22 x 10 ) - [ ( 10 ) + 2 ( 10 ) + 100 ] Profit = ( 22 - [ ( 10 ) + 2 + ( 100 / ( 10 ) ] ) x ( 10 ) Profit = 220 - 220 Profit = ( 0 ) x 10 Profit = 0 Profit = 0 The result is that this firm produces 10 units and makes zero economic profit . Graphically , we find this result by comparing P and AC . Recall that P comes from the action of the market ( as a whole ) , and it is represented by the horizontal demand curve D f . AC is found by : ( a ) locating the firm ' s output level , ( b ) tracing a dotted line from this output level to the AC curve , and ( c ) from the point where the dotted line hits AC - go left , over to the vertical axis . In the graph above , both P and AC are the same . We find TR by multiplying P and q , and TC by multiplying AC and q . By this method , the firm ' s TR and TC are represented by the same shaded area on the graph . 3 . Why would the firm produce if it makes zero profit ? One way to answer this question is by seeing what happens if the firm shuts down . Then we ' ll compare the profits ( or losses ) under the two situations : producing vs . shut down . Recall that the firm has fixed costs of $ 100 . Assume that these fixed costs are all sunk ( i.e. non - recoverable ) . If so , shutting down will cost the firm its $ 100 in sunk costs . This is worse than making zero profits , so the firm will produce . Supposing that the fixed costs are all recoverable , then the firm would be indifferent between producing and shutting down since both situations would involve making zero profit . In a lot of introductory economic analysis , however , fixed costs are implicitly assumed to be 100 % sunk . The important thing to remember here is that these profits are economic profits , not accounting profits . To see why this is important , consider how economic profits and accounting profits are calculated : While zero accounting profit would be undesirable , zero economic profit is not . A person could work all day to make $ 1 in accounting profits and be very unhappy since that person could probably do better in some other money - making activity ( i.e. the next best alternative occupation ) . By including opportunity cost , economic profit accounts for things like the value of one ' s time in producing a good or service .	[ "Barry Haworth University of Louisville", "Profit maximization", "the Perfectly Competitive firm" ]
http://econsguide.blogspot.com/2009/05/evaluation-on-obamas-fuel-efficiency_21.html	Your portal to the world Thursday May 21 2009 9 Reasons For Protectionism As a matter of fact no countries in the world that truly practise free trade although the arguments put up are very persuasive All governments to some extent do restrict the movement of goods services in out of borders What are some of the reasons given for trade restrictions 1 Protecting the infant industry This is the most traditional excuse is often used by developing countries They claim that they have many sunrise industries with great potential to be transformed into international business However at the meantime they yet to realise the cost advantages from economies of scale They need time to enlarge their market share trained their labours learn to produce via the most costefficient method As such they need temporary protection from lowcost foreign producers until they are able to compete on equal footing So tariffs are put up making the oncecheap foreign goods to be artificially expensive Local producers can now Evaluation However there problems appear to be bigger than the solution Firstly once protectionist measures are erected it is so politically unpopular to remove it People with special interests will always convince policymakers that further protection is justified Secondly it is very difficult for a government to decide which industries that really have the potential comparative advantage therefore merit protection If the industry turns out to be not having a good chance then this is an enormous waste of financial resources Lastly this argument is not that relevant to developed nations like US Germany Japan where most of its industries have reached 2 Protecting jobs At any given time in an economy there will also be some industries which are declining sunset industries Normally firms in this industry have reached maturity stage but yet inefficient Lets consider US In 2002 President Bush imposed the controversial 830 steel tariffs after mounting pressure from industry leaders increasing number of steel mills that went under administration If there was no further action taken probably structural unemployment would have increased even more Lets not forget that there are many industries that are steel related So bankruptcy of mills have negative spill over onto others Evaluation However we can also argue that jobs protection in steel mills is at the expense of other businesses First think of the US producers of cars bikes other goods which are forced to use more expensive US steel Theyll see an increase in the production costs which will force them to raise prices thus losing customers This will cause reduction of jobs in those industries Or to mitigate sudden increase in costs firms often resort to downsize its workforce So whose job is more important the steelworkers or auto producers 3 Revenue In many developing countries it is quite difficult to earn sufficient revenue from income tax corporation tax This is because the level of unemployment is usually high there are very few large firms around Therefore the governments impose tariffs onto foreign goods in order to raise the desired revenue From the diagram below revenue from tariff is given by the area of KLMN Evaluation However it is worth to take that not all developing nations have the freedom to impose tariffs Consider those Sub Saharan African economies Many of them have considerable comparative advantage in agriculture sector production of minerals like diamonds gold copper etc Their economic political will are somehow tied due to the high level of debts to IMF They are forced to undergo strict Structural Adjustment Policies SAP which among require them to liberalise their economy 4 National security Some governments admit that although they may not have comparative advantage in the production of a good protectionist measures must be maintained to ensure their survival Agriculture steel industries can become strategically important especially in time of crisis or war where they are easily cut off In Japan very high restrictive quotas tariffs are placed on rice The farmers need to be protected so that they can grow enough food to feed the Japanese in crisis The same reason for US which wants protection for its steel industry so that they can produce sufficient tanks munitions during an international conflict Evaluation However this argument is often overstated In many cases it is unlikely that a country which goes on war or in crisis be cut off from all supplies It is merely an excuse to erect protectionism 5 Protect consumers from unsafe products Very often consumers are unaware of the quality safety of the products they consume Therefore we have the government stepping in to act as an agent guaranteeing consumers product safety Cars must pass safety inspection rules are made regarding types of chemicals that can be used onto food etc Having said so different countries have different standards that might not conform to other beliefs about product safety For instance the famous EU ban on US beef dairy products claiming that the cattle have been injected with hormones to increase its size milk production The US government defends itself by saying Evaluation However it is believed that there is no safety issues involved here What EU did was actually to protect its inefficient beef dairy producers like France Spain Also this form of obvious protectionist measure often invite retaliation This was the case as later in 1999 US retaliated by imposing trade sanctions against dairy goods from EU worth more than 117 million In return it harmed those EU farmers as much as it hurt those in US 6 Discourage unethical practices Sometimes a country might wish to impose trade restrictions to force a change in other countries For instance tariffs are placed onto shoes textile from East Asia to exhibit dissatisfaction a form of boycott against the working practices there In China employees have to endure long working hours yet illpaid Also in many instances these employers fail to comply with compulsory health safety legislations thus giving them artificial cost competitiveness Also trade restrictions are a method to show dissatisfactions with some like African nations as the money is used to finance civil war terrorism within Africa 7 Protection from dumping Dumping is an act of selling large quantities of a good in another country at price below its production costs For example EU has large surpluses of butter milk Therefore it decided to sell these at a very low price in another developing economy If that particular country does not have any form of protection onto its local dairy industry very soon all those dairy farmers will be driven out of job Evaluation However it is very difficult to distinguish whether the case of dumping is purely done with intention to drive out local industries or the exporting countries really enjoy significant EOS 8 Narrowing BOP deficit One of the arguments for protectionist measures is also to fix the deficit in balance of payments particularly current account It is hoped that with more expensive foreign goods its demand will fall in relation to exports As such over the time current account deficit will be narrowed The IMF actually allows member countries to impose temporary trade restrictions to get their BOP fixed Evaluation However this is more like a short run solution To seek for long run remedy it is best if the particular country identifies the root cause for deficit Is it due to lack of commitment onto education healthcare sector Could it be accrued to low level of investment onto capital equipments Chances to narrow the deficit will increase if solutions to boost exports cut imports are both taken simultaneously Also a government will have to be careful not to impose excessive import tariffs onto intermediate goods Or else production costs will increase exports fall at a faster rate than imports BOP 9 Cultural preservation This is a noneconomic reason In some countries like Canada various forms of restrictions such as 80 tax are put onto US sales of publications magazines textbooks In 1990s this cultural protectionism was expanding to kill off US intruders Critics argued that without media protection US magazines like Time Business Week could soon deprive Canadians of the ability to read about themselves In short to filter the cultural imperialism Posted by Lawrence Chia Wei at 1259 AM 2 comments BLACKMYST3RY said I LoVEEEE UU for thisS soOO muchhH thank UU lifeesavERR November 22 2009 at 333 PM Lauren said this is really helpful i was just wondering where you got your info from December 2 2011 at 318 PM Newer Post Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom Visitors Frequent Readers Best Websites For Economics Anforme Limited 4 years ago Bank of EnglandHome BBC NEWS In Depth Euroglossary BBC News News Front Page World Edition World Bank president quits job suddenly 59 minutes ago Bized In the News Bryns AS Economics Blog Hyperinflation in Venezuela 2 weeks ago Download past exam papers for free from the Internets biggest exam paper database Economic Issues Economic Policy Institute The economy has made great strides since the recession but some weakness lingers 3 days ago Economics Reference What future for cinemas in a world dominated by Netflix and Amazon 1 day ago Economics and Business Firsttimer Economics of sex 4 years ago Economics Help Helping to Simplify Economics Economics Readings Site By Colin Ong Market efficiency 9 years ago Economics Student Economics Study Guides SparkNotes Economistcom Country Briefings EUROPA The European Union at a glance Forex Blog Loonie and Aussie Share Downward Bond 7 years ago Global Property Guide Malaysian Institute of Economic Research Market Skeptics Why Romney Lost South Carolina His Past At Bain Capital 6 years ago NEWS Argentina Outlook Economy Business Finance Politics NYT Business DealBook Briefing Trump Tariffs Threaten US Jobs 5 hours ago Revision Guru SCool Revision Student Essays Facing Up Terms of Service The Independent UK RSS Feed Nodeal Brexit illegal because of imminent risks to life says human rights lawyer 2 hours ago The International Economics Study Center Home The Market Oracle Financial Markets Analysis Forecasting Free Website UK Economy UK Economic Profile British Economy United Kingdom Economy Economy of UK Query Box 6 Dec 18 0818 AM Jermainesongriff Spell ICUP 15 Nov 18 0947 AM Lawrence Choy Thanks for dropping by Im based in Klang Valley If you happen to be around this area and have lots of queries you may arrange a short meet up with me 15 Nov 18 0946 AM Lawrence Sam This is for the paper you asked me Winter 16 Variant 3 15 Nov 18 0344 AM Choy Managed to get it already sorry 15 Nov 18 0314 AM Choy Hey there Was wondering if you could help with Question 1 of June 2018 Variant 13 Tqvm 14 Nov 18 1059 PM Sam perhaps I could drop my email 14 Nov 18 1059 PM Sam If you hv any solutions for P1 MCQ that would be superb 14 Nov 18 1055 PM Sam Sorry thanks for responding to my question Any tips for tomorrows exam 14 Nov 18 1051 PM Sam Which paper is that 14 Nov 18 1020 PM Lawrence and 25 apples because of the condition given Answer is C 25 apples 50 apples and then 60 bananas 14 Nov 18 1020 PM Lawrence Sam Y will specialise in apple lower opp cost of 05 vs 08 n X will go for bananas lower opp cost of 125 vs 2 Y will produce all apples only which is 50 Country X will produce 60 bananas 13 Nov 18 0741 PM Sam Hi Mr Lawrence I understand How about the questions in Multiple Choice which do not have a diagram from example Winter 2016 Paper 13 Question 26 13 Nov 18 0630 AM Lawrence Sam Hi Thanks very much for dropping by HmmI will try but it can be quite difficult since many of them involves diagram which can be quite inconvenient to show here 13 Nov 18 0537 AM Sam Hi Lawrence could you help on Paper 1 Comparative Advantage questions 29 Oct 18 0522 AM Lawrence Gavish Hi Do expect economic efficiency economic growth GDP macro policy conflicts n how they can be used to achieve objectives 27 Oct 18 0336 AM Gavish Hi Mr Lawrence thanks a lot for the expected topcis for p2 Nov 2018 economics A level It was great Im sending this meesage just to ask if you have expected topics for p4 economics A level Nov2018 17 Oct 18 0701 AM Lawrence Yuki But I am very willing to help if you have technical ideas like dos and donts for certain questions I will answer all those technical stuff 17 Oct 18 0435 AM Yuki Noted Thanks Mr Lawrence 16 Oct 18 0736 AM Lawrence Essays from Unit 3 are nonetheless hard to predict for 2 reasons 1 big syllabus yet so few topics make apperance 2 not many sample papers from IAL to study trend 16 Oct 18 0735 AM Lawrence Yuki Hi thanks for dropping by Hmmmhow should I sayunfortunatelyEdexcel is not as predictable as Cambridge older messages Get a Cbox refresh help smilies cbox Blog Archive 2018 23 2016 5 2015 2 2014 26 2013 11 2012 16 2011 20 2010 19 2009 137 December 5 November 2 October 4 September 3 August 7 July 8 June 17 April 17 March 16 February 18 January 27 2008 166 About Me Lawrence Chia Wei View my complete profile	[ "Protectionism", "trade restrictions" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/IronMountain-687	Iron Mountain Corporate Office & Headquarters 745 Atlantic Avenue Floor 10 Boston MA 02111 Iron Mountain corporate phone number : ( 617 ) 535 - 4766 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 3.7 Reviews 3 Write A Review Edit 3 Reviews For Iron Mountain Headquarters & Corporate Office i dont really think this meohtd would work that good for people with really long hair or really curly hair cuzz your hair is really short and pretty straight to start out with but im just sayin i dont really no , and it is tru its really bad to straighten your hair when its wet ? Sep . 1 , 2012 - by Ingrid it ' s amazing all the difenreft opinions on seasoning and treating cast iron . I usually season mine in my BBQ grill just because of the smoke it can create . I also usually just put a bit of water in there , scrub it just enough to get the stuff loose , then rinse it out good , set it over low heat and rub with oil to season again but I say whatever method works for you is the method you should use cast iron rocks . .love to use the dutch ovens when we go camping Aug . 30 , 2012 - by Sara WORST company I have ever dealt with . Account closure ? Better be willing to fork up for a few months while the departments take their time with their heads up each others a $ $ es . Horrible , horrible company . Jan . 16 , 2012 - by Anonymous 1 Most Searched Headquarters Dollar General Corporate Office Sears Corporate Office Facebook Corporate Office AT&T Corporate Office Kmart Corporation Corporate Office Wal - Mart Corporate Office JC Penney Corporate Office Pizza Hut Corporate Office J C Penney Corporation , Inc Corporate Office Lowes Corporate Office Subway Corporate Office LA Fitness Corporate Office Ashley Furniture Corporate Office Taco Bell Corporate Office Target Corporate Office Directv Corporate Office Burger King Corporate Office T - Mobile Corporate Office Mcdonalds Corporate Office Dunkin Donuts Corporate Office	[ "Iron Mountain Corporate Office", "Boston MA" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/JennyCraigInc-2200	Jenny Craig , Inc Corporate Office & Headquarters 5770 Fleet St . Carlsbad CA 92008 Jenny Craig , Inc corporate phone number : ( 760 ) 696 - 4000 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 1.9 Reviews 29 Write A Review Edit 29 Reviews For Jenny Craig , Inc Headquarters & Corporate Office ptoducts Everytime I go to my location find out more of my favorite food is no longer available . my contract is up next month and not sure if I want to cont . been going for 4 yrs and same food is getting old Jul . 26 , 2014 - by jan smith Soodeh Nezam is theif She was consultant at Jenny craig she stole people ' s credit card numbers and made personal purchases . She borrowed money from clients and never paid it back to them . Now she has her own office located 4370 La Jolla Village Drive # 400 and trying to cheat more and use peoples credit card to buy personal items . Nov . 20 , 2013 - by Jessica Ansari Consultant It is truly scared that a company with no morals , and does truly endorse illegal behavior is allowed to operate . I want it to stop anyone on board ? Feb . 17 , 2013 - by Julie This was the worst company I have worked for in my entire life . Totally unprofessional . Jan . 30 , 2013 - by Anonymous help i ' m need some help . i need to lose about 25 pound ' s i just started the smoking patch and i ' m trying to get a schorlship at eastside center . I do not have any money to start your program . Jan . 15 , 2013 - by theresa As an ex employee of Jenny Craig I can only say how much I regret ever being employed at the company . The corporate climate at Jenny Craig is much like a mean girls sorority . They are not interested in the health and weight loss of clients or the welfare of their employees . They have absolutely no business ethics and I do not know where they find the corporate staff , they are inept to say the least . I am embarassed that I was every associated with Jenny Craig . My advice to future employees and clients Sep . 15 , 2012 - by gail I work for Jenny Craig in Norman , Oklahoma and I can honestly say that this is one of the most pleasant jobs I have ever had . No , the the pay is not great or what I am use to but I would not change jobs for any reason . I am sorry for those people who have had bad experiences but please do n ' t blanket all Jenny Craig locations because we are not all the same . I also began as a client and because of the caring staff I knew I would eventually work Sep . 9 , 2012 - by Antoinette Hathcock It is so sad to see that nothing has changed in this company . i worked there 9 years ago and never felt so poorly treated by an employer and even by my co - workers who stole my clients and the amount of sales in products that they generated . The manager was good and corrected that but it was a pretty low class operation ! Jun . 7 , 2012 - by Jasmine F . I worked for jenny craig in KY . The only thing good I can say is that the staff was awesome and really nice to work with ! The company sucks and its pay . Seems like another wal mart ordeal to me . I had worked almost one month and only received one pay check for a few hundred dollars and I do mean a few . The company barely pays over minimum wage . This company is making a fortune and can afford to pay employees a lot better . I would not recommend working here unless you Apr . 11 , 2012 - by myra hickerson As a former employee of Jenny Craig in Texas . . .DO NOT EVER work for this company . I worked there for less than a year , had phenominal numbers ( which is all they care about by the way ) and during that time I was assaulted by an employee TWICE . She was written up once but the second time , which happened in front of our BOSS went ignored . . .instead because I raised my voice , did n ' t yell ; merely spoke very firmly to her . . .I was told it Apr . 8 , 2012 - by Former Emplyee As a former Jenny Craig Employee , I just want to say that this is by far the worst company i have ever worked for , or that exists ! Nothing but sales and quotas , and high turnover in employees . They could care less about treating people with respect or about supporting their staff . To work and survive in this company you have to either be A ) really passionate about weight loss or B ) have no life , education or cant do better for yourself . And even with having A , its still not Feb . 11 , 2012 - by Anonymous I am giving feedback concerning the new Jenny Craig commercial . I am sad that we have gotten to a point where we ca n ' t express what we have to offer without it being so racey . I would NEVER use this program because of their advertisement . Have some class Jenny Craig . Dec . 13 , 2011 I am interesting in introducting Khalilah Ali . Khalilah Ali is in the process of writing her story . She was married to Muhammad Ali , had 4 beautiful kids and is now living in Miami , Florida . Khalilah is overweight and would love to be a candidate to advertise as a Jenny Craig model . My name is Joycelyn Norris and my contact number 7862674208 . Nov . 10 , 2011 - by Joycelyn Norris As a Jenny Craig employee i started as csc ( front desk / food room ) then was promoted as a consultant only after they walked out an employee for being late several times . I was given a crash course in consulting . Well having done the program myself successfully it was fine that i was not trained the proper way . I have worked for four different CD ' s since becoming a consultant . All LIARS ! ! they keep really bad employees over good ones . There are so many problems with this one center in Oct . 24 , 2011 - by former employee / consultant Awful place , awful , unethical behavior . LISA , THE MANAGER , AT THE SAUGUS MA STORE , STAY AWAY FROM HER AND JENNY CRAIG IN GENERAL . Have been promised a refund of my $ 149 worth of food ( for first week of membership , which I had never picked up ) - - because had death in family of a young person , knew I would not have the time or energy to start program - - - NEVER GOT A REFUND , AFTER 30 OR SO PHONE CALLS . Promises , " wait a month Oct . 14 , 2011 - by Cynthia I belonged once before and it was good . Now ? Horrible . The last 6 times I have gone in ON TIME , they made me wait at least 20 minutes . " Our system was down and we are trying to catch up on paper work . " So you let the customer wait so you can finish paper work ? Really ? Anyone who has ever worked in customer service for a minimum of 5 minutes or less knows the customer in your office takes precidence . Ca n ' t the gal who I can hear Sep . 20 , 2011 - by Poptart714 I have been a member ( lifetime ) of Jenny Craig since the mid 1990 ' s ; When I first started the program it was absolutely wonderful . The consultant ' s were committed and caring . This has drastically changed over the years . I ' ve had numerous problems with Jenny Craig consultant ' s and center director ( Carol ) . When I returned to the Brockton , MA center this year , I was put on the wrong caloric intake . Each week when I would go in to the center to meet with my Sep . 17 , 2011 - by Deborah I ' d like to rate them with no star . Awful wretched company to work for . CEO & many people from Corporate recently jumped ship because the environment has gotten worse since Nestle completed their takeover . The program itself ( as intended , not the version Nestle see fit ) is the best way to lose weight , yet is not anything ingenious . Hire yourself any GOOD personal trainer and they can teach you far better than any of the actors that Jenny trains as weight loss consultants . Trust that any employees that currently remain Sep . 1 , 2011 This company stinks . I finally decided which program to enter , Lindora , WW , GC etc . I started last week and they started me in the wrong caloric intake rather than the one the computer told them . Therefore I used food ( $ 165 ) for a week and gained a pound . The office girl said you ' re on the wrong caloric intake , you were directed to use 1500 calories and the plan says 1200 . Teh counselor made the error in her plan . Ginny says their sorry but nothing they can May . 31 , 2011 - by KSmith A classic corporate sales rip - off . Too much to even go into here . Any problems , I suggest doing what I ' m doing : challenge the credit card charges and let the credit card bank request legal proof that they have been honest and held up their end of an agreement , which they will not be able to do ; contact your state ' s attorney general ; complain to the Food and Drug Administration ; complain to the Federal Trade Commission . Best thing to do in the first place : stay away from May . 20 , 2011 1 2 Write A Review For Jenny Craig , Inc Corporate Headquarters Note : This is not to be used to contact Jenny Craig , Inc Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about Jenny Craig , Inc . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "Jenny Craig , Inc", "Corporate Office", "Headquarters" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/Lowes-872	Lowes Corporate Office & Headquarters 3391 Daniels Road Winter garden FL 34787 Lowes corporate phone number : ( 336 ) 658 - 4000 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 2.4 Reviews 1271 Write A Review Edit 1271 Reviews For Lowes Headquarters & Corporate Office Louse delivery the santa fe store delivery department does not know how to operate a telephone and even a " manager " does not understand the concept of how to treat a customer . Dec . 15 , 2015 - by ken earle lowes palm desert Palm Desert store and Lowes in general are the worst ! Have tried to get non conflicting answers for three weeks . Dec . 2 , 2015 - by john mann Worst customer service in the world Bought a brand new fridge from Lowes , 3 months later it went dead . Took them a month to fix it . 2 days later it leaks water all over my kitchen floor . Still waiting for it to be fixed . Waited on average 15 minutes for a manager on the phone at Lowes Customer Advantage . There is no ADVANTAGE in Lowes Customer Service . They need to replace the defective fridge they sold me and stop blaming the manufacturer Fridgidair for this . I bought the fridge from Lowes NOT Fridgidaire . Lowes needs to replace Sep . 26 , 2015 - by DoNotBuy AnythingHere 1345 am a handyman and my company buys a lot of materials at lowes we spend 40 to 50000 thousand a . year we been doing this for 10 years my complain is the manager very rude we pick up materials for a job and I told the manage to hold the materials on the side because we needed to call the home owner for the ok . he was mad and put everything back people at Poinciana store do n ' t have knowledge you have a punch of idiot working you AM GIVING MY BUSSINESS TO HOME DEPOT Jul . 29 , 2015 - by patron lowes truck We need the truck that people can rent when the but stuff at lowest an there are not a lot of people that have trucks so please give bCk to the pittsburgh lowes at village drive terentum pa Jul . 17 , 2015 - by luke greenfield Mrs . You need to call the manager at lowes he need to get two sizes frog tape in and put it on cell May . 26 , 2015 - by Victoria McConnell Mrs . They need to lower the pieces also because Idaho is not rich . That is Twin Falls . Idaho May . 26 , 2015 - by Victoria McConnell Poor traffic mitigation at Lynnwood , Wa store All permitting was legal but someone forgot to take into account the difficulty access the store and parking near the garden center due to sale of land and construction of the adjacent chicken restaurant . May . 15 , 2015 - by Kay Niederhauser lowes treat employees unfair Lowes treats there employees unfair . Mar . 15 , 2015 - by Judy Delivery I wanted my dryer last monday it is following week Wednesday still do n ' t have it was told it would be delivered today called guy that told me is on vacation . They have absolutely the worse managers at mt sterling ky lowes delivery is on vacation Feb . 26 , 2015 - by Sandra minus 10 no one answsers the dept phones , they also disconnect many times . and i waited 30 mins for somone ? to get bk from lunch , to order a door and window . lowes lost a l000 sale , due to imcompetence , horrible service . . .they shud be sued Feb . 20 , 2015 - by kathystokes Rude Service Extremely rude rep in credit department . She claimed to be a supervisor . Obviously Lowes does not care about their customers ! ! Feb . 18 , 2015 - by Ron K FR 22.6 CU FT I bought a frig . from you a week ago and have got it yet . I Really do n ' t like the service I got . They lost My paper work on this . I will not shop there again I will go Homedepo By S Brasher Attleboro Mass . shop at Lowe , s in North Attleboro MA . 02760 Feb . 18 , 2015 - by Steven Manager I bought a $ 500.00 cooking stove . The women at Bridgeport W . Va told me they will deliver it about 12 : 00pm to ! : 00 pm call at ! : 00 and got told off . Its 8 : 00 pm still no cooking stove . Please people go to home Dec . 31 , 2014 - by Bobby Luzader Potential customer Wow , I was about to write about a horrible experience but I see its pretty much covered . Who ' s driving this ship ? ? Back to Home Depot . Whoaaa ! Dec . 12 , 2014 - by Robert Rodriguez Customer Svc / Phone system Customer Service auto prompt phone system is the worst I have encountered . I ' m calling to speak to a live person , not 2 minutes of phone prompts . . . Dec . 8 , 2014 - by Glenn Sucky Lowes SUCKS . You are not interested in satisfying the customer as long as you have enough people going through . Well , one less will be going through your doors ! Dec . 4 , 2014 - by Adrien 30,000 and no kitchen Sept . 3 , 2014 , my husband and I purchased cabinets , countertops , lights , faucet , etc . It is now Nov . 25th and I still do n ' T have a kitchen . cabinets had to be reordered because of poor quality . Second delivery date assigned and guess what ? No show by Lowe ' s delivery agents . No explanation as to what happened . Now I have to wait another two days for delivery that will arrive between 7 - 9 P.M. The next possible date for the installers will be until Nov . 26 , 2014 - by Julia Farquharson Unhappy Customer I recently purchased a front door from Lowe ' s here in Harrisburg , Pa . It will be delivered to the store on November 18 , 2014 and installed sometime after that date . On November 19 , 2014 I received a bill from Lowe ' s for my first installment payment due Nov . 5 , 2014 . They expect me to make a payment on a product which has not be delivered or installed . I was told this due date can not be changed . I ' m not accustomed to having to pay for something Oct . 19 , 2014 - by Peggy Ibaugh Contractors Snubbed I am a contractor who does a lot of kitchen remodeling . In the past year and a half I have remodeled several kitchens and have purchased all of the cabinet from Lowe ' s . I get no discount except for whatever is provided by the manufacturer . I pay the same price as anyone walking off the street no matter how many cabinets I ' ve purchased or how much money I ' ve spent . I will no longer be purchasing cabinets from Lowe ' s . Oct . 12 , 2014 - by Robert G . 1 2 3 4 5 . . . 64 Write A Review For Lowes Corporate Headquarters Note : This is not to be used to contact Lowes Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about Lowes . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "Lowes Corporate Office & Headquarters" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/Pier1Imports-1549	Pier 1 Imports Corporate Office & Headquarters 100 Pier 1 Place Fort Worth TX 76102 Pier 1 Imports corporate phone number : ( 817 ) 252 - 8000 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 2.2 Reviews 63 Write A Review Edit 63 Reviews For Pier 1 Imports Headquarters & Corporate Office Customer service This company is horrible in customer relations and very rude to disabled veterans . Oct . 23 , 2015 - by Larry Best customer service ever Very awesome service in st Petersburg . .best ever Jul . 2 , 2015 - by Shawn Pushy I just walked in to buy candles , I was hounded at the counter to look for more holiday thing , give up my e - mail , apply for credit , I told her I was only interested in the 5 candles , she continued the same song , about credit , emails . I know this is corporate pushing the poor sales clerks to annoy me . Feb . 10 , 2015 - by Jeannette I love Pier One and I am always shopping there . Customer Service is great and they are always encouraging me to do the survey . I have entered numerous time and never won one thing . So who is winning the prizes ? Nov . 16 , 2014 - by karenlmoore Bad Policy I spent thousands of dollars at Pier One and when I called to return an item two days later , they stated I could not return it . I dont care what the circumstances , labeled final sale or not , I should have a certain small window to return an item that is not complimentary to my decor once I get it home . I will never shop there again . Sep . 3 , 2014 - by A Rosser pier one is a good store to have an awful bank in charge of billing the bank ib rude and not customer friendly . . . .I will not buy anything more on my charge May . 31 , 2014 - by pauline Hate of a Mother I will never shop at Pier 1 Imports again . Knowing your company screwed over a Pregnant Mother . I have ask in my prayers God deals with your company appropriately . May . 7 , 2014 - by Scott Outstanding customer service Hello Id like to commend the service i received at the co - op city bronx NY store . I purchased a table that was damaged and i received a new table with setup included in lightning fast timing . Now im a loyal customer . Thank you Feb . 9 , 2014 - by Yvette rivera Poor customer service Pier 1 Imports has this stereo type when it comes to there shoppers . If your dress a certain way or a certain color than your treated differently . Either your a suspect or they totally ignore you . I find it offensive . I love the store but there customer service does n ' t fits there merchandise . Jan . 6 , 2014 - by China Doll Poor customer service Pier 1 Imports has this stereo type when it comes to there shoppers . If your dress a certain way or a certain color than your treated differently . Either your a suspect or they totally ignore you . I find it offensive . I love the store but there customer service does n ' t fits there merchandise . Jan . 6 , 2014 - by China Doll I live in San Angelo , Texas and have been a devoted and faithful customer of Pier 1 for years . I am very dissatisfied with the customer service on a return . This was my first return to Pier 1 and my receipt states I my items may be returned for an exchange or return . This is false according to the employees at this store . Since it does state it on the receipt , I would hope the company would honor what they advertise . If not , take it off the receipt . Jan . 4 , 2014 - by Trish Major Manager attitude I am truly upset and feel that this situation needs to be brought to the attention of your corporation . I have been a devoted Pier 1 customer for many years and never had a negative experience ; however , today was awful ! I left the store shaking , heart pounding and am still very upset several hours later . The store manager at store 0611 in Aurora , IL was the most unprofessional and rude person I have ever come in contact with at any store . I have purchased SO many furniture items and home decor from Oct . 7 , 2013 - by Meghan Manager Attitude I am truly upset and feel that this situation needs to be brought to the attention of your corporation . I have been a devoted Pier 1 customer for many years and never had a negative experience ; however , today was awful ! I left the store shaking , heart pounding and am still very upset several hours later . The store manager at store 0611 in Aurora , IL was the most unprofessional and rude person I have ever come in contact with at any store . After many furniture purchases and home decor , I am questioning Oct . 7 , 2013 - by Megha Lots of Unhappy Customers I am reading these reviews and it makes me sad to see so many unhappy customers . I am a former Pier 1 Store Manager who absolutely loved working for this company . That is until they let a new District Manager come in and run out 9 of 11 Store Managers in that District . Unfortunately the rudeness starts at the top and trickles down until everyone is so miserable they finally leave . Aug . 20 , 2013 - by JWV I was in the Benton Harbor , MI store when I met the rudest most vile manager I have ever encountered in a retail environment , We just purchased a summer house on the lake and I was eager to complete the deck furnishings . The sales person , Carol was very helpful and had great ideas but the rude manager , Andi has turned me off of purchasing even a single candle at that store ! ! ! She was unfriendly and just stood to the side watching and criticizing the employees . Of course I do not know Jul . 27 , 2013 - by Sue Peterson attacked My wife and I have shopped pier 1 in Gig harbor Washington for years . We love it there . Something changed on our last two visits we were attacked at the door by sales people . they seem desperate . We would like to shop unmolested . We plan to try one more time if we are not allowed to shop we will never go back . Jul . 25 , 2013 - by John H . Boldt Terrible corporate telephone service . Jul . 23 , 2013 - by RJG Horrible customer service from Managers at the Pier 1 . Jul . 3 , 2013 - by aka Bad management The manage at this store is a real piece of work . I had a job interview at Pier one today . The girl on the phone never told me that the interview was at Fashion Island . The job was for a position at the Costa Mesa store . When she called Fashion Island the manager there told me that i would n ' t make it and it was to late . Sorry . Really no re - scheduling due to their mistake on the location . I will never shop there again and will post bad reports Jun . 5 , 2013 - by aka Terrible Website Do n ' t bother trying to shop online . The website has been awful for quite some time now . Guess they do n ' t want our money ! ! Jun . 1 , 2013 - by D . Ruble 1 2 3 4 Useful Links for Pier 1 Imports Pier 1 Imports customer service department Pier 1 Imports store locations in the U.S . Most Searched Headquarters Dollar General Corporate Office Sears Corporate Office Facebook Corporate Office AT&T Corporate Office Kmart Corporation Corporate Office Wal - Mart Corporate Office JC Penney Corporate Office Pizza Hut Corporate Office J C Penney Corporation , Inc Corporate Office Lowes Corporate Office Subway Corporate Office LA Fitness Corporate Office Ashley Furniture Corporate Office Taco Bell Corporate Office Target Corporate Office Directv Corporate Office Burger King Corporate Office T - Mobile Corporate Office Mcdonalds Corporate Office Dunkin Donuts Corporate Office Write A Review For Pier 1 Imports Corporate Headquarters Note : This is not to be used to contact Pier 1 Imports Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about Pier 1 Imports . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "Pier 1 Imports", "Corporate Office", "Fort Worth TX" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/Ryder-2852	Ryder Corporate Office & Headquarters 11690 NW 105th Street Miami FL 33178 Ryder corporate phone number : ( 305 ) 500 - 3726 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 2.2 Reviews 9 Write A Review Edit 9 Reviews For Ryder Headquarters & Corporate Office customer Service There is a problem I feel that the spoilers are the new graduate employees that have their expensive certificate want to be as experienced as those of us that have the thirty years of customer service but ca n ' t get hired because they do n ' t have the certificate Jun . 27 , 2014 - by Mitch rental I rented a truck today from Ryder in Binghamton for a cdl road test test was going well until the inspector checked gvwr 26000 lbs you ca n ' t use this truck it ' s not 26001 any one can drive this vehicle needless to say I have to reschedule my test told Ryder and they said that ' s truck we issue for all our road test and we ca n ' t help you something is wrong and I ' m at a loss any information would be helpful Jun . 7 , 2014 - by g l Horrible customer service I rented a truck from the Auburn Mass office from TJ , as a IO for Synder - Lance Co . Picked the truck up at 3 : 00m pm and brought it back at 2 : 30 the next day . Told it was a 69.00 corp rate plus Insurance . They lied on the pick up time and charged me over 225.00 . And will not fix the bill . Mar . 11 , 2013 - by Brenda Hi Ian , Glad to see that you are doing so well . I always tell ppeole that I grew up beside the amazing Doig family . And just recently there was Carolanne and Cam on The Dragon ' s Den ! Congratulations . Susan Sep . 2 , 2012 - by Chayma I give the kid a ton of credit . The eaisest thing in the world for him to run out the string and hope the ax didnt fall on him as a bland jobber like Yoshi , Primo , JTG , Hawkins or any number of other guys . He got himself over , and if they book it right for Survivor Series he would get a massive pop at MSG . Ziggler can easily drop the belt to him , put him over clean and slide up the card into the main event scene . Is it just me Aug . 30 , 2012 - by Behar Consider yourself warned . They have more hidden fees than you could ever imagine ! The truck and mileage was xviii $ 65 by the time they added fethe balance due was $ 132 . All fees ! They are a rip - off ! May . 4 , 2012 - by Moving truck rental ? Go some place else ! ! ! ! ! We are a large coorporation who lease from Ryder . To all procpective lease customers do not use Ryder . Go with Penske or Idealease . There service is horrendous and takes weeks if not months to get issues corrected . Their subs are trashy old trucks and should be put out of service . To be perfectly clear Do not use Ryder ! Oct . 17 , 2011 - by Kenny Johnson I work for a company that leases ryder trucks as well from the ryder location in Norfolk Virginia I have been to different Ryder locations up and down the east coast , But I have never experienced anything like the Ryder in Norfolk Virginia a very unprofessional crew working out of there management should look into this location and make necessary adjustments for a better work relation between company leasing trucks and getting service from this location and the very unprofessional crew that works out of this location when you go in for service you are treated like you are Oct . 8 , 2011 - by ed losongco I work for a company that leases Ryder trucks from the Ryder location in Norfolk , VA . on Princesses Anne Road . Everytime I take my truck to the shop if there is a problem with it . And I need it to be worked on or looked at , I get a very " rotten / negative " . . . " non - motived - attidude " about wanting to fix my truck ? They always act like it ' s a " big - deal " to work on my truck or like they have better Jul . 30 , 2011 - by Jason 1 Write A Review For Ryder Corporate Headquarters Note : This is not to be used to contact Ryder Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about Ryder . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "Ryder Corporate Headquarters", "eCorporateOffices" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/ServiceMaster-16223	Service Master Corporate Office & Headquarters 860 Ridge Lake Boulevard Memphis TN 38120 Service Master corporate phone number : 1 ( 800 ) 969 - 2071 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 0.0 Reviews 0 Be The First to Write a Review Edit 0 Reviews For Service Master Headquarters & Corporate Office 1 Most Searched Headquarters Dollar General Corporate Office Sears Corporate Office Facebook Corporate Office AT&T Corporate Office Kmart Corporation Corporate Office Wal - Mart Corporate Office JC Penney Corporate Office Pizza Hut Corporate Office J C Penney Corporation , Inc Corporate Office Lowes Corporate Office Subway Corporate Office LA Fitness Corporate Office Ashley Furniture Corporate Office Taco Bell Corporate Office Target Corporate Office Directv Corporate Office Burger King Corporate Office T - Mobile Corporate Office Mcdonalds Corporate Office Dunkin Donuts Corporate Office Note : This is not to be used to contact Service Master Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about Service Master . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "Service Master Corporate Office & Headquarters", "eCorporateOffices . com" ]
http://ecorporateoffices.com/ThePamperedChefLtd-1966	The Pampered Chef Ltd Corporate Office & Headquarters 1 Pampered Chef Ln . Addison IL 60101 The Pampered Chef Ltd corporate phone number : ( 630 ) 261 - 8900 Average Rating and Total Reviews Avg . Rating 2.8 Reviews 9 Write A Review Edit 9 Reviews For The Pampered Chef Ltd Headquarters & Corporate Office I bought a very expensive sheet pan which pitted with the first use . And I bought the spatulas , also , very expensive , which fell apart Neither the representative nor the company did anything about it . Never will have another party nor buy any products again . Inflated prices and low quality ! ! ! Apr . 12 , 2013 - by Bev Gallant I am done buying Pampered Chef , I bought a medium sheet pan and it pitted after the first use . And the spatulas I bought at $ 40.00 per set fell apart and I had to glue them , Neither my representative nor the company would do anything to replace them . Apr . 12 , 2013 - by Bev Gallant I received an Oval Baker as a gift . I put it in the oven to cook somethig and it cracked in half . I contacted customer service and they said since it was more then three years old they could do nothing . I was under the impression a product is suppose to perform for the purpose it was sold for . . . .silly me . I will never buy another Pampered Chef Product again and I will make sure anyone I know does not attend or purchase any Pampered Chef Product . Very disappointed in his company Oct . 16 , 2012 - by Paula Spadaccini thanks for great customer service ! Sep . 17 , 2012 - by clark michaels I worked as for you national confrence in in Denver this year 2012 . Poor treatment of employees and staffers . I was told by one your executives that pampered Chef did feed service staff ? As we had work 12hrs that day and did not have any close fast cheap food . Never again would work or buy anything from pamper chef . I hope you hold your conferences elsewhere in the future . Please contacted me in you have futher questions Ronschuetz @ hotmail . com Sep . 15 , 2012 - by Ron schuetz I bought two pampered chef " professional " cookware skillets , the 8 " saute pan and the 10 " skillet with lid . I have tried talking to your customer service reps to no avail . When purchasing these items I was told they were guaranteed for life . The non - stick in both pans is no longer effective . I thought these items could be replaced due to the lifetime guarantee , oh how wrong I was . Unless I produce a receipt from 15 + years ago your company will not replace them . I have Feb . 26 , 2012 - by Terry Heistuman My house burned down Sept 11 and all of my pampered chef professional cookware and stones were scorched . Can I save them ? I have scrubbed them and can not get the burn marks off . Do you have any suggestions ? I use to be a consultant and have tons of products . I love my Pampered Chef products ! Alice Compton alice . compton @ ocps . net Sep . 17 , 2011 - by Alice Compton Dear sir / madam , I am sanket deshpande can you please guide me . I have done Diploma in Hotel Management and Catering Technology . ( M.S.B.V.E. Mumbai ) and have 2 years experience in kitchen , i am interested to work with your well renowned organization and any kind of job or Trainee in your organization .can you tell me how can i apply ? currently i work park estique hotel pune give me one chance . As my skills and experience closely matches to the position , I want to offer myself as a suitable one . Aug . 7 , 2011 - by sanket deshpande Hi my name is Vickey Bell , I was at your corporate office on December 8th 2010 , I gave my Resume to a front desk clerk regarding employment , I have n ' t heard any thing from Human Resource , I would just like to know if my Resume was reviewed . Thank you . Dec . 15 , 2010 - by Vickey Bell 1 Most Searched Headquarters Dollar General Corporate Office Sears Corporate Office Facebook Corporate Office AT&T Corporate Office Kmart Corporation Corporate Office Wal - Mart Corporate Office JC Penney Corporate Office Pizza Hut Corporate Office J C Penney Corporation , Inc Corporate Office Lowes Corporate Office Subway Corporate Office LA Fitness Corporate Office Ashley Furniture Corporate Office Taco Bell Corporate Office Target Corporate Office Directv Corporate Office Burger King Corporate Office T - Mobile Corporate Office Mcdonalds Corporate Office Dunkin Donuts Corporate Office Write A Review For The Pampered Chef Ltd Corporate Headquarters Note : This is not to be used to contact The Pampered Chef Ltd Corporate Offices nor is this site affiliated with them in any way . The purpose of this site is supply you with their phone number and address as well as share your thoughts about The Pampered Chef Ltd . Your review will be posted and available for anyone to read so please keep that in mind when posting personal information .	[ "The Pampered Chef Ltd", "Headquarters", "Corporate Office" ]
http://ecosalon.com/Ignite_Your_Brainpower_with_the_20_Smartest_Foods_on_Earth/	Food Ignite Your Brainpower with the 20 Smartest Foods on Earth August 19 , 2008 by Sara Ost Simply put , your brain likes to eat . And it likes powerful fuel : quality fats , antioxidants , and small , steady amounts of the best carbs . On a deadline ? Need to rally ? Avoid the soda , vending machine snacks and tempting Starbucks pastries and go for these powerful brain boosters instead . The path to a bigger , better brain is loaded with Omega - 3 fats , antioxidants , and fiber . Give your brain a kick start : eat the following foods on a daily or weekly basis for results you will notice . 20 foods that will supercharge your brain : 1 . Avocado Start each day with a mix of high - quality protein and beneficial fats to build the foundation for an energized day . Avocado with scrambled eggs provides both , and the monounsaturated fat helps blood circulate better , which is essential for optimal brain function – and it ’ s possible the avocado ’ s plentiful antioxidants help combat diseases like diabetes and chronically high blood pressure ( its oil has been dubbed “ the olive oil of the Americas “ ) . Worst alternative : a trans - fat - filled , sugar - laden cream cheese Danish . Green it : you do n ’ t need to buy an organic avocado – conventional is fine . But make sure your supplementary protein is free range , cage free , or organic . 2 . Blueberries These delicious berries are one of the best foods for you , period , but they ’ re very good for your brain as well . Since they ’ re high in fiber and low on the glycemic index , they are safe for diabetics and they do not spike blood sugar . Blueberries are possibly the best brain food on earth : they have been linked to reduced risk for Alzheimer ’ s , shown to improve both memory and learning ability ( and motor skills in rats ) , and they are one of the most powerful anti - stress foods you can eat . Avoid : dried , sweetened blueberries . Green it : buy local and organic , and be mindful of seasonality . When blueberries are out of season , opt for cranberries , grapes , goji berries , blackberries or cherries to get your brain boost . 3 . Wild Salmon Omega - 3 fatty acids are essential for your brain . These beneficial fats are linked to improved cognition and alertness , reduced risk of degenerative mental disease ( such as dementia ) , improved memory , improved mood , and reduced depression , anxiety , hyperactivity and cardiovascular disfunction . Wild salmon is a premium source , but we ’ ll highlight a few other sources on this list for vegetarians and people who just do n ’ t like salmon . Avoid farmed ( read : sea lice infested ) salmon . Green it : the California salmon stock is threatened , so choose wild Alaskan salmon only , and eat small portions no more than twice a week . 4 . Nuts Nuts contain protein , high amounts of fiber , and they are rich in beneficial fats . For getting an immediate energy boost that wo n ’ t turn into a spike later , you ca n ’ t do better than nuts . The complex carbs will perk you up while the fat and protein will sustain you . Nuts also contain plenty of vitamin E , which is essential to cognitive function . You do n ’ t have to eat raw , plain , unsalted nuts , but do avoid the ones with a lot of sweetening or For those avoiding carbs , macadamia nuts are much higher in fat than most nuts . And for those wanting to bolster the body against disease , walnuts have the highest amount of antioxidants , some of which are even more powerful than Vitamin E . By the way , peanuts just are n ’ t ideal . Aside from the fact that many people are allergic , peanuts have less healthy fat than many other types of nuts … maybe that ’ s because peanuts are not actually a nut ! They ’ re still much better than a candy bar , however . Green it : try to choose organic , raw nuts , and if you ca n ’ t get those , at least avoid the tins of heavily - seasoned , preservative - laden nuts that may have taken many food miles to get to your mouth . 5 . Seeds Try sunflower seeds , sesame seeds , flax seed , and tahini ( a tangy , nutty sesame butter that tastes great in replacement of mayo and salad dressing ) . Seeds contain a lot of protein , beneficial fat , and vitamin E , as well as stress - fighting antioxidants and important brain - boosting minerals like magnesium . Sesame seeds in particular are a real Swiss Army Knife of health benefits Green it : Again , just look for organic and try to avoid the highly - seasoned , processed options . In general , things like fruits , vegetables , seeds and nuts are pretty low - impact , environmentally speaking , in comparison to meats and cheeses . 6 . Coffee Thine eyes do not deceive ( even if you are in the midst of a sugar crash ) . Coffee is good for your brain . Did you know coffee actually contains fiber ? That ’ s going to help your cardiovascular system . Coffee also exerts some noted benefit to your brain in addition to providing you with a detectable energy boost ( note : it ’ s not as simple as boosting your brain - power , but it can make you work more effectively , depending on the work you ’ re doing ) . There is also evidence that it may provide an electrical jolt to backwater parts of your brain as well as potentially strengthening synapses associated with learning and special memory The trick is not to have more than a few cups . But you can safely enjoy 2 - 4 cups daily – we are talking about supercharging here . Just please do n ’ t go ruining a good thing by loading it up with sugar ! Espresso beans are actually a phenomenally healthy snack , by the way . Green it : brew yourself some fair - trade organic coffee to benefit both the planet and the workers who grow your beans . Use a thermos instead of a throwaway cup . 7 . Oatmeal Nature ’ s scrub brush is one of the best foods for cardiovascular health , which translates to brain health . Additionally , oatmeal is packed with fiber ( a good – if biased for obvious reasons – summary can be found here ) , a reasonable amount of protein ( comparable to soy ) , and even a small amount of Omega - 3 ’ s . It ’ s a good grain that will sustain you throughout the morning so you are n ’ t prone to irritability or an energy crash . Green it : the healthiest oatmeal is the real , steel - cut deal . Steer clear of those little microwavable packets that are loaded with sugar . All that packaging is n ’ t very green . 8 . Beans One more for carb - lovers . ( The brain uses about 20 % of your carbohydrate intake and it likes a consistent supply ) . Beans are truly an amazing food that is sadly overlooked . They ’ re humble , but very smart . Not only are they loaded with fiber , vitamins , minerals and protein , they ’ re ridiculously cheap . An entire bag of beans usually costs only a few dollars and will provide many meals . Beans provide a steady , slow release of glucose to your brain – which means energy all day without the sugar crash . Do n ’ t go eating a whole platter of frijoles , though – just 1 / 4 of a cup is fine ( and the side effects are , um … well - known ) . Green it : look for heirloom beans that are raised sustainably , like those from Rancho Gordo 9 . Pomegranate Opt for the fruit over the juice so you get more fiber . Pomegranates contain blueberry - like levels of antioxidants , which are essential for a healthy brain . Your brain is the first organ to feel the effects of stress , so anything you can do to offset stress is probably a smart choice ( although note that the connection between pomegranate juice and stress reduction is currently both contested and unconfirmed ) . Green it : pomegranates are seasonal and not generally local for most of us , so enjoy sparingly and rely on other berries like acai , grapes and cherries when you ca n ’ t get this fruit . 10 . Brown Rice Brown rice is a low - glycemic complex carbohydrate that is excellent for people sensitive to gluten who still want to maintain cardiovascular health . The better your circulation , the sharper your brain – and as part of a campaign to get the Philippines to switch from white to brown rice , it ’ s been claimed that brown rice can boost your memory Green it : do n ’ t buy the excessively - packaged “ boil in a bag ” rice packets . Just make up a big batch of brown rice in a rice cooker on Sunday so you have it on hand for easy lunches all week . 11 . Tea You have to brew tea fresh or you wo n ’ t get the benefits of all those catechines ( antioxidants ) that boost your brain . Because tea has caffeine , do n ’ t have more than 2 - 3 cups daily ( and make sure you do it right Green it : buy organic , fair trade loose leaf or packets to support sustainable business practices . 12 . Chocolate Things are looking increasingly better for chocolate . It ’ s got brain - boosting compounds , it ’ s loaded with antioxidants , and it has just the right amount of caffeine – not to mention a rich history of use for medicinal purposes ( PDF ) . Chocolate sends your serotonin through the roof , so you ’ ll feel happy in short order . Dark chocolate is also rich in fiber . ( Remember , fiber = healthy cardiovascular system = healthy brain . ) Green it : go for super dark , fair - trade , pure organic chocolate , not the sugary , processed milk chocolate candy bars . 13 . Oysters Oysters are rich in selenium , magnesium , protein and several other nutrients vital to brain health . In one study researchers found that men who ate oysters reported significantly improved cognition and mood ( particularly certain types of mood ) . Not all shellfish are good for you but oysters are a sure bet . Green it : oysters are actually one of the most eco - friendly seafood options , so eat up ! 14 . Olive Oil Though we know the brain does need a small , steady supply of glucose , do n ’ t overlook fat . Studies have consistently shown that a low - fat diet is not the health boon we hoped it would be ( remember the 90s low - fat craze ? ) . In fact , avoiding fat can increase foggy thinking , mood swings , and insomnia ( although glutting yourself on it can have much the same effect ) . A diet rich in the right amount of healthy fats is essential to clear thinking , good memory , and a balanced mood . Your brain is made of fat , after all ! One study of men found that those who relied on the processed vegetable fats found in salad dressings , snacks and prepared foods had 75 % higher rates of mental degradation ( dementia , memory loss ) than men who ate healthy fats . Most processed foods and fast foods use corn oil , palm oil , soybean oil and other Omega - 6 fats . You do n ’ t want Omega 6 fats . Even saturated fat is safer than Omega 6 ’ s . Choose healthy fats such as those present in olive oil , nut butters , nuts and seeds , flax , oily fish , and avocados – in other words , aim for a more Mediterranean diet and here ’ s why ) . Avoid processed fats found in pastries , chips , candy bars , snacks , junk food , fried foods and prepared foods . Eating the wrong fat can literally alter your brain ’ s communication pathways Green it : look for organic , local , or farmers ’ market options when it comes to your food . You should also explore herbal remedies for mood swings and brain health . 15 . Tuna There ’ s a good chance we ’ ve been eating tuna for a very long time – and no wonder . In addition to being another rich source of Omega - 3 ’ s , tuna , particularly yellowfin , has the highest level of vitamin B6 of any food . Studies have shown that B6 is directly linked to memory , cognition and long term brain health . Generally , the B vitamins are among the most important for balancing your mood . B6 in particular influences dopamine receptors ( dopamine is one of your “ feel good ” hormones along with serotonin ) . My personal cocktail : SAMe ( nature ’ s happiness molecule ) and a mega - dose of B - complex keeps me humming even when I ’ ve got a mountain of work to do . Which , like you , is all the time . Green it : only eat tuna from sustainable fisheries , and if you ’ re looking for a B6 source that is vegetarian , opt for a banana , which contains a third of your day ’ s requirement ( tuna offers nearly 60 % ) . 16 . Garlic Garlic – the fresher the better – is one of the most potent nutritional weapons in your arsenal . Eat it as much as your significant other can stand . Not only is it fabulous for reducing bad cholesterol and strengthening your cardiovascular system , it exerts a protective antioxidant effect on the brain and can even fight bacteria more effectively than standard antibiotics Avoid : I know it makes life easier , but do n ’ t even think about buying the chopped or peeled garlic . Nutritional benefits = zero . Green it : just choose organic , and go for local if you can get it . 17 . Eggs Eggs contain protein and fat to provide energy to your brain for hours , and the selenium in organic eggs is proven to help your mood . You really need n ’ t worry about the overblown cholesterol fears . ( I have quite a bit to say on this topic but I ’ ll restrain myself for once . ) Green it : choose organic , free range , vegetarian fed eggs . 18 . Green Leafy Vegetables Spinach , kale , chard , romaine , arugula , lolla rossa – whatever green you like , eat it daily . Green , leafy vegetables are high in iron ( slightly less “ green ” iron sources include beef , pork and lamb ) and manganese . Americans tend to be deficient in iron , which is too bad , because the deficiency is linked to restless leg syndrome , fatigue , poor mood , foggy thinking , and other cognition issues . Green it : choose organic , and shop at your farmers ’ market or order from a local CSA . Leave out the red meat a few days a week and rely on a big , well - seasoned green stir fry or salad . 19 . Tomatoes Go figure , but tomatoes do n ’ t usually make the brain - boosting food lists . ( Thank goodness I found the one that did so I ’ m not the only one . ) Tomatoes contain lycopene , an antioxidant that is particularly good for your brain – it even helps prevent dementia . You have to cook tomatoes to get the lycopene – take that , raw foodies ! Just kidding . But this does mean that ketchup is good for your brain . Although because of the sugar in it , you should look to other sources for most of your lycopene intake , such as fresh tomato sauce . And while we ’ re at it – ever wondered why the taste of tomatoes is so variable ? Wonder no more Green it : try to eat tomatoes that are local and get your lycopene in vitamin form when tomatoes are n ’ t in season . You ’ ll know when that is – the tomatoes will be pale , tasteless , and pithy . 20 . Cacao nibs That ’ s right , I ’ m putting chocolate on this list twice . My boyfriend knows I need it . I eat chocolate or cacao nibs daily and I think you might want to consider it , too . Cacao nibs are among the top five most powerful brain foods , right next to wild salmon and blueberries . My girlfriends and I like to mix cacao nibs with frozen blueberries and a generous splash of organic heavy cream while we watch really bad television on Sunday nights . Green it : as long as it ’ s fair trade and organic , it ’ s green . Things that drain your brain : Alcohol , in excess , can massively inhibit the functioning of your brain , acting as a “ pharmacological hand grenade ” . Alcohol also interferes with dopamine production . Moderate amounts of alcohol , particularly resveratrol - rich red wine , can help improve your health , but anything beyond a glass or two of wine daily is a recipe for reduced brain function and energy loss . Corn Syrup and Sugar lead to health problems like diabetes and obesity , and they ’ re terrible for your brain . Do n ’ t eat sugar except on special occasions or as an infrequent treat . If you ca n ’ t cut back that much , try to limit yourself to just two bites of whatever tempts you daily . Nicotine constricts blood flow to the brain , so while it may “ soothe ” jittery nerves , smoking will actally reduce your brain function severely – and the effects are cumulative . However ( and incredibly ) , we may be on the verge of a vaccine against nicotine addiction – how cigarette manufacturers feel about that is certainly a matter for speculation … A high carbohydrate lunch will make you sleepy and sluggish . Opt for a light meal with some quality protein , such as a salad with grilled chicken breast or vegetables and hummus or wild American shrimp and avocado . SEE ALSO : 20 Foods to Give You Energy 20 Foods For Radiant Skin , Healthy Hair & A Super Smile 20 Foods for Increased Energy and Better Sex Drive 20 Foods To Boost Your Metabolism 20 Foods To Help You Sleep Better 20 Foods To Banish Belly Fat Vita Search Public Library of Science PubMed – with additional reporting by Sarah Irani and Mike Sowden Images : andymangold Gudlyf Rob Qld jules : stone soup EverJean Andrea . Pacheco Rajmahal88888 TheBusyBrain jvc , puuikibeach , B * 2 emrank marfis75 kevin dooley janice chan Sarah_Ackerman , - Bert23 - , theilr flowercarole Stewart and Francesco Bartaloni Post sponsored by : Electricity Rates Tags : 20 Foods guide health Sara Ost	[ "Brainpower", "Avocado", "Blueberries" ]
http://ecosystembiology.weebly.com/	ocean Ecosystem Ocean Ecosystem The open ocean has the greatest volume and vertical range of any life zone . Variations in light , temperature , water chemistry , nutrient continet , and pressure allow diversity of environments that are filled with a large number of species . Ocean Food Chain In the ocean ecosystem the food chain begins with the largest predatory mammals and fish and will continue down through the strata of life forms to the smallest poly and coral life . Ocean Energy Pyramid The energy pyramid is the energy distribution at each topic level as it passes from producers through the consumers . Some energy is lost as it passes to the next level because a . consumers do n ' t usually consume the entire organism b . energy is used to capture food c . organisms used energy during their metabolism d . energy is lost as heat Generally only 10 % will pass on to the next level . ( The shorter the better . . ) Producers Producers normally form the base of a food pyramid . In the ocean , there are three primary producers : photosynthetic plants , chemosynthetic bacteria , and detritus . Photosynthetic plants Phytoplankton is the official name for the microscopic floating plants that live in the sunlit layer of the ocean . Nearly half of the photosynthesis on our planet is carried out in the oceans by unicellular organisms called phytoplankton . Chemosynthetic bacteria Naturally - lit mussel bed covered in bacteria . Detritus Detritus is undissolved material from the decomposition of organic remains ( e.g. , the decomposition of dead marine organisms , or materials from decaying algae ) . It often settles on the ocean bottom , where it provides an important food source for scavengers such as brittle stars , sea cucumbers , and amphipods . Primary Consumers Primary consumers are the second level in the food chain , feeding off of producers like phytoplankton . Crab The crab is a primary consumer because it eats seaweed . Clown fish A clownfish will feed on the leftovers of a fish on the anemone in which it lives . Secondary Consumers Secondary consumers are the third level , and they eat primary consumers . Squid Mollusk with ten arms : a ocean cephalopod mollusk that has two long tentacles and eight shorter arms , a long tapered body , two triangular fins , and an internal shell . It is often cooked and eaten . Barracuda Predatory sea fish : a predatory sea fish with a long body and protruding jaws and teeth . Tertiary Consumer Tertiary consumers are the fourth level , eating secondary consumers . Dolphins Sea animal related to whales : an intelligent sea mammal cetacean that resembles a large fish and has teeth and a snout similar to a beak . Found almost worldwide , dolphins are related to whales , but are smaller . Decomposer A few decomposers of the ocean would be bacteria , fungus , marine worms , sea slugs , sea worms , and brittle stars . brittle stars An invertebrate ocean animal similar to a starfish but with thinner , longer , and more flexible arms . Sea slugs A marine invertebrate animal that resembles a sea snail with no shell and is often brightly colored Strategies for finding and conserving energy The Earth ’ s oceans house an enormous amount of energy — from waves , currents , deposits of petroleum under the seabed and more . In the US , more than one - fourth of the oil and gas produced each year comes from offshore sources . The ocean floor also contains a huge reserve of energy - rich methane gas . Methane gas is usually the product of organic decay , including the decay of sea animal and plant remains . Under the pressure and in the cold temperatures of the ocean floor , the methane gas dissolves Solar energy is also important to discuss in relation to energy from the ocean , as most of the ocean ’ s energy comes from the sun . Ocean currents , winds and waves are all created by the sun ’ s radiant energy , and that solar power can also be used to create electricity . Some solar power systems have been created to generate power for navigation , radio communication and research at sea . Abiotic Factors Nonliving , as in abiotic factor , which is a nonliving physical and chemical attribute of a system , for example light , temperature , wind patterns , rocks , soil , pH , pressure , etc . in an environment . There are quite a few abiotic factors the influence the ocean . An abiotic environment includes situations in the environment that have an effect on the surroundings due to non - living situations as opposed to living ( Biotic ) that being said , this can include sunlight . sunlight Ocean Rocks ocean soil Symbiotic Relationship Mutualism is symbiotic relationship in the ocean where two different types of species live together and are beneficial to each other ; examples of this type of living arrangement includes tiny fish or shrimps known as cleaners who get into the mouth of the big fish with mutual agreement through change of color and clean inside the mouths and gills without being eaten . Bacteria fungi are decomposers of the oceans . When any plant or an animal dies , its body is attacked by these decomposers , eating in to its material & when they die off , due to lysis , the organic & the inorganic matter in the dead biota gets released in to the water	[ "Ocean Ecosystem", "Food Chain" ]
http://ecprcertification.com/	Welcome to eCPRcertification . com We provide training and online certification in CPR and First Aid Whether you need a certificate for your employer , state organization , or simply want to be prepared for an emergency , you came to the right place ! ! ! We follow the most recent AHA Guidelines Certificates issued exclusively by the American Emergency Education Association and are valid for 2 years , choose the course on the right to proceed Why Us ? One of the leading educational institutions in North America Our certifications are accepted by most employers and state organizations We follow the standards of Red Cross , ECC and OSHA Curriculum have been researched and developed by professional instructors Compare to other programs , you can be done in as little as 30 - 45 minutes Award winning customer support , assures prompt response to your inquiry Our certifications are offered instantly online and / or via mail Print the Certificate and wallet size Card or have it mailed , click here for sample What are Experts saying ? In November of 2005 , a group of leading medical researchers from top Universities across North America performed a marquee study using employees from American Airlines . The study conclusively showed that 20 minute course in CPR administration is as or even more effective than class room setting courses , which takes days or hours to complete . Published in USA Today click here to read the full article	[ "CPR", "eCPRcertification", "OSHA" ]
http://ecsnamagazine.arrow.com/start-the-cloud-conversation-with-15-simple-questions/	December 5 2018 Dont Wait Now Is the Time to Start Talking Cloud If you think this conversation can wait you need to think again Organizations are adopting cloud at a furious rate with many either actively deploying or making plans to do so IT investment in the cloud is higher than ever before and cloud solutions will drive nearly all revenue growth Although annual spending growth is expected to slow somewhat over the 20162021 forecast period the market is forecast to achieve a fiveyear compound annual growth rate CAGR of 219 with public cloud services spending totaling 277 billion in 2021 Things to Consider Prior to the Conversation Customer Pain Points How will cloud solve their problems and address key business challenges such as supporting major project initiatives addressing budgetary constraints or delivering access to information on any device at any time View these issues as opportunities for proposing a cloudbased solution that will ramp up faster for less money than a traditional onpremises solution Know Your Audience Start with your current customer base whom you already know and view you as a trusted advisor Reach out to them about what is going on in their organization and position yourself as a sympathetic ear with the answer to their problems Think of ways to assist with operational excellence as well as improve their cashflow They will appreciate the fresh and proactive approach Cloud Maturity Level Your customers are at different stages in their cloud journey Sound them out by asking a few basic questions that will allow you to understand your customers readiness to transition to the cloud and help you move at a pace that is comfortable for them using language they understand 1 Are you considering cloud solutions If not why 2 How long have you been evaluating cloud solutions 3 What solutions have you been considering The Target and the Challenge Business leaders constantly look for ways to do more with fewer resources lower their costs and deliver better quality products These are the people with whom you want to engage and these challenges are at the heart of any investment decision When you understand these issues you will have a catalyst for a sales opportunity that only you know about So what questions to do you ask business leaders to obtain this information Ask openended questions like 4 Do you feel your IT operations are running efficiently 5 Are you satisfied with your ability to implement your strategic initiatives 6 Is budget affecting your ability to implement your programs or provide service 7 What are your pain points and barriers to entry The goal is to determine if there is need and a willingness to pay for a solution Explore this challenge thoroughly identifying scope timeline financial impact and severity of the issue The more severe the issues the more likely it is an immediate investment will be forthcoming Qualifying Questions to Ask Once you have pinpointed the problem start asking qualifying questions that will help you define the perfect solution A common issue that is a good cloud conversation entry point with a high return on investment is backup and disaster recovery In a backup discovery conversation questions like these may be helpful 8 How much data do you back up 9 How often are you doing backups 10 How much time do your backups take to complete 11 How often do you test to make sure your backup is working 12 How will you restore operation with your backups in the event of a major data center disruption 13 What would be the impact to the business be if a backup or recovery failed 14 Who is impacted by this failure 15 Reaffirm intentions If we could solve this would you be willing to make this investment this quarter or this year The Conversation Is Started Now What Now you have not only started your cloud conversation but you are most of the way through it and ready to seal the deal So next you must find out who makes the purchase decision and if it is not the person you have been speaking with ask for an introduction or referral If the project is particularly complex there may be more than one person responsible so be prepared Plan for ways to gain their trust and have them become a champion for your solution The rest is up to you Contact Us If you would like more information about how to begin selling cloud services contact Arrow at 8775586677 or email ecscloudservicesarrowcom Categories Cloud Services Tags business transformation Cloud computing getting started in the cloud hybrid cloud on prem vs off prem Platform as a service what is cloud computing Types Features	[ "Conversation", "Qualifying" ]
http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/frogs/froggiesfaq.html	F ERMILAB F ROG F AQs . . . So what makes a frog a frog ? Frogs and toads are amphibians , which means they live their lives both in water and on land . Typically , frogs breed and spend thier juvenile ( or " larval " ) stage in the water , then spend some or virtually all of their adult lives on the land . Frogs and toads are distinguished from salamanders ( which are also amphibians ) by the fact that adults do not have a tail . Do all frogs live in the water ? No . The amount of time that adults spend in the water varies enormously . Bullfrogs and green frogs , although they have lungs and breathe air , spend almost all their adult lives in the water . On the other end of the spectrum , toads and treefrogs spend the majority of their adulthood outside of water . All frogs and toads , however , must eventually come back to the water to mate and lay eggs . Why do the eggs have to be in water ? Amphibian eggs do not have a hard protective shell like bird or reptile eggs . Frogs and toads lay eggs in jelly - like masses , and unless the eggs are covered with water , they will dry up and die . Most amphibian eggs become much bigger after they are laid because the eggs absorb water and swell to several times their original volume ! What are tadpoles ? Tadpoles are the immature ( larval ) forms of frogs that hatch right from the egg . All tadpoles are completely adapted to live underwater . Like fish , they breath through gills rather than lungs . Tadpoles eventually transform themselves through a process called metamorphosis into adult frogs . Hormone changes within their bodies cause their legs to develop and their tails to be re - absorbed into their bodies . Wow ! What do frogs eat ? Adult frogs and toads are always predatory , preying on insects mostly but also smaller frogs and fish . Tadpoles are mostly vegetarian , grazing on algae that grow in leaf or rock surfaces under the water . Sometimes , very large tadpoles , such as bullfrog tadpoles , become meat - eaters and sometimes even eat other frogs ! Does anything eat frogs ? Tadpoles can be a significant food item for fish , mammals , and even other adult frogs . Adult frogs are preyed upon by snakes , raccoons , herons , and other terrestrial ( land - based ) predators . So whatÕs the difference between a frog and a toad ? There are no hard and fast rules , but in general : Toads have dry , warty skin and relatively short legs for hopping . Frogs have smooth , damp skin and long legs for swimming or leaping . Can toads really give you warts ? Toads do not give people warts . Amphibians have many glands in their skin , and several species produce highly toxic secretions for protection . Toads do secrete a substance from the skin that can be very irritating if it comes into contact with mucous membranes like the eyes , nose , mouth , etc . How do frogs make their calls , or " ribbets " ? In some species , such as Spring Peepers , the lower part of the mouth can become a large resonating vocal sac . When the frog closes its mouth and nostrils , and then forces air from the lungs over the vocal chords , the sac inflates and vibrates like a drum , producing long , loud trills . Other species just produce calls with the vocal chords . Why do frogs call ? Frogs and toads make a variety of sounds , depending on the situation . The most common are " advertisement " calls , and " alarm " calls . Frogs and toads advertise their presence either to ward off challengers to their territories , or to attract mates . Alarm calls serve to startle predators . How can I find frogs ? Frogs can be very difficult to find . They are usually highly camouflaged , blending into their environment . The easiest time to locate frogs and toads is during the mating season . During this time they are in the water , and calling , so it ' s often easier to hear frogs than to see them . Breeding season can vary depending on the frog species and on local weather conditions . How many kinds of frogs can be found at Fermilab ? Northern Illinois has a pretty small amphibian population . Only about a dozen frog species are commonly found around here , and only six to eight species can be found at Fermilab Why are frogs so sensitive to pollution ? Beginning in the early 1980s , biologists began to realize that amphibians such as frogs are extremely sensitive to pollution and other environmental stresses . Declines in amphibian numbers and increases in deformed bodies have led scientists to investigate the role of habitat loss , increased ultraviolet radiation ( due to ozone depletion ) , and chemical pollution in these important changes . No one is sure why amphibians are so sensitive to pollution , but it may be linked to the fact that their skin is relatively thin and permeable to water , so frogs are exposed more directly	[ "FERMILAB FROG", "amphibians", "tadpoles" ]
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-many-universes-are-there	How many universes are there ? - Chris Anderson 1,350,935 Views 36,639 Questions Answered TED Ed Animation Let ’ s Begin … The fact that no one knows the answer to this question is what makes it exciting . The story of physics has been one of an ever - expanding understanding of the sheer scale of reality , to the point where physicists are now postulating that there may be far more universes than just our own . Chris Anderson explores the thrilling implications of this idea . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Watch Think Dig Deeper Customize This Lesson 248 Create and share a new lesson based on this one . About TED - Ed Animations TED - Ed Animation lessons feature the words and ideas of educators brought to life by professional animators . Are you an educator or animator interested in creating a TED - Ed Animation ? Nominate yourself here » Meet The Creators Animator Andrew Park Educator Chris Anderson Narrator Chris Anderson	[ "universes", "TED-Ed Animations" ]
http://ed.wikia.com/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy_Wiki	Home View source Share Welcome to the Ed , Edd n Eddy Wiki We , the fans , are currently editing 934 articles , and the Eds want you to help ! About this Wiki \| Community Portal \| Recent Changes Categories Fan - Fiction En Español Where to Start About the Wiki The Ed , Edd n Eddy Wiki is an open source encyclopedia about the Cartoon Network series Ed , Edd n Eddy , which is the longest running original series on the network ( 1999 - 2009 ) . Polls Which of the following would most improve the quality of this wiki ? Removing poor quality trivia 68 Condensing the memorable quotes 333 Retrieving further details about the cast & crew 102 Showcasing storyboard images from the show ' s production 99 The poll was created at 00 : 29 on January 1 , 2018 , and so far 602 people voted . Please wait , submitting your vote . . . What was the best scam of Season 3 ? Rolf ' s Old Country Village ( Wish You Were Ed ) 117 Eddy ' s Jawbreaker Bank ( Once Upon an Ed ) 312 The Curse of Evil Tim ( It Came From Outer Ed ) 53 Requiem for a Whiplash ( Gimme , Gimme Never Ed ) 20 Ponce de la Ed ( Ed . . . Pass it On ) 17 Raccoon Round - up / Mutant Land / etc . ( Once Bitten , Twice Ed ) 19 The poll was created at 00 : 29 on January 1 , 2018 , and so far 538 people voted . Please wait , submitting your vote . . . WIKIS Current / Upcoming Shows The Amazing World of Gumball Ben 10 Craig of the Creek Infinity Train Mighty Magiswords Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu OK K.O. ! Let ' s Be Heroes The Powerpuff Girls Steven Universe Summer Camp Island Teen Titans Go ! Twelve Forever Transformers Unikitty ! We Bare Bears Villainous ThunderCats Roar Victor And Valentino Modern Shows Adventure Time Clarence Apple & Onion Camp Lazlo Chowder Foster ' s Home for Imaginary Friends Generator Rex The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange The Looney Tunes Show MAD The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Megas XLR Mixels My Gym Partner ' s a Monkey Nexo Knights Over the Garden Wall The Problem Solverz Uncle Grandpa Regular Show Samurai Jack The Secret Saturdays Sonic Boom Sym - Bionic - Titan Cartoon Cartoons Codename : Kids Next Door Whatever Happened to . . . Robot Jones ? Courage the Cowardly Dog Cow and Chicken Dexter ' s Laboratory Ed , Edd n Eddy The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy I Am Weasel Johnny Bravo Mike Lu and Og The Powerpuff Girls Scooby Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Sheep in the Big City Tom and Jerry Time Squad Acquisitions 6teen Almost Naked Animals Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! Beware the Batman Batman : The Brave and the Bold Bunnicula Cloudy With A Chance Of Meatballs Green Lantern : The Animated Series Grojband Hero : 108 Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi Johnny Test Krypto the Superdog Pokémon Stoked Exchange Student Zero Supernoobs Teen Titans The Tom and Jerry Show Total Drama The Land Before Time Xiaolin Showdown The Powerpuff Girls Z Young Justice Wabbit Others Adult Swim Boomerang Cartoon Network DC Nation Fantasy Scheduling and Avatars FusionFall Toonami Create your own wiki ! Adult Swim Boomerang Create your own wiki ! Animated Shows ( TV - 7 ) Go to these sites for info or for help with your own wiki ! 101 Dalmatian Street Alvin and the Chipmunks The Amazing World of Gumball As Told by Ginger Battle for Dream Island Big City Greens Bunnicula Bunsen is a Beast Camp Lazlo Catscratch Chowder Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Craig of the Creek Doug Fanboy & Chum Chum Gravity Falls Hanazuki : Full of Treasures Harvey Beaks Hey Arnold ! Hotel Transylvania : The Series Littlest Pet Shop : A World of Our Own Los Casagrandes The Loud House The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Milo Murphy ' s Law Mixels Nickelodeon The Penguins of Madagascar / All Hail King Julien Robot and Monster Scooby Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Star vs . the Forces of Evil T.U.F.F. Puppy Unikitty Villainous Wander Over Yonder We Bare Bears Welcome to the Wayne Want your community included ? See how ! Categories Other	[ "Ed , Edd n Eddy", "Cartoon Network" ]
http://ed.wikia.com/wiki/Tony_Sampson	in : Cast The Real World Tony Sampson Edit Comments ( 39 ) Share Tony Sampson Born : July 26 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Surrey , British Columbia , Canada Credits : Voice actor Portrays : Eddy Years : 1991 - 2009 ( born July 26 , 1977 ) is a former Canadian voice and television actor based in Vancouver British Columbia who is the voice of Eddy in Ed , Edd n Eddy . He played the role of Flash in the Canadian television drama The Odyssey from 1992 to 1994 . He is also known for his voice work done for Vancouver ' s Ocean Group and Mainframe Entertainment , primarily in the anime genre . After the movie , fellow Ed , Edd n Eddy voice actors Samuel Vincent and Matt Hill revealed and confirmed that Sampson retired from voice acting and currently manages an oil refinery in the oil sands of Fort McMurray Alberta Trivia It is said by Matt Hill and Samuel Vincent that Sampson acts similar to his character , Eddy . Interview Tony Sampson interviewed by Studio Kaiju . . . . Voice roles Cardcaptor Sakura - Tori Avalon Cardcaptor Sakura : The Movie - Tori Avalon Dragon Ball Z ( Ocean Dub ) - Pigero ( Ep . 10 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera - Febe Gundam SEED Miguel Aiman Infinite Ryvius - Ryu Gil Inuyasha - Seikai ' s Disciple MegaMan NT Warrior - Dex Oyama Mucha Lucha ! - Electricity My Little Pony Tales - Teddy Please Save My Earth - Jinpachi Ogura / Gyokuran Project ARMS - Lt . Karl Higgins Ranma ½ - Genji Heita Transformers : Armada - Fred What About Mimi ? - Brock X - Men : Evolution – Berserker The Cast of Matt Hill Ed ) • Samuel Vincent Edd ) • Peter Kelamis Rolf Janyse Jaud Sarah Keenan Christensen Jimmy Tabitha St . Germain Jenn Forgie Erin Fitzgerald Nazz Kathleen Barr Kevin David Paul Grove Jonny 2x4 Jenn Forgie Erin Fitzgerald May Kathleen Barr Marie Janyse Jaud Lee Terry Klassen Eddy ' s Brother See also The Creators Categories Cast The Real World	[ "Tony Sampson", "television actor", "Mainframe Entertainment ," ]
http://edbnaples.com/	Spring Classes Have Begun NOW ENROLLING PreSchool Acro Wednesdays Boys TapJazz Thursdays Études de Ballet is a Royal Academy of Dance certified studio We welcome all students from age 2 through adult Études de Ballet Co has been designed into levels appropriate to the age maturity and dance expertise of each student Students will elevate to higher levels in a systematic and progressive manner Exam Info STUDIO I Especially suited for smaller group dance instruction or meetings Studio I provides 725 square feet of raised wooden dance floor Offering an ideal surface for tap dancing and many percussive styles of dance it also makes an appealing room for some of our youngest dancers This studio is conveniently located with easy access to Études de Ballets main entrance Location 3285 Pine Ridge Road STUDIO II Studio II is a large lightfilled space of 1500 square feet with a sprung dance floor It is just the right size for most student and adult dance classes Special features include a large bay window and window seat with a view of the front preserve and curtains to cover the mirrors during rehearsals dance exams or ceremonies This studio serves as a secondary space for the Banquet Center when large gatherings exceed 175 guests or as the perfect indoor wedding ceremony venue Location 3285 Pine Ridge Road STUDIO III Studio III also known as the Études de Ballet Banquet Center is the largest of our four studios The main ballroom has a sprung 2400 square feet dance floor and overlooks the outdoor patio croquet lawns and the gazebo beyond Many of our large dance classes are held in this studio and it is the perfect space for our Dance Discovery recitals and other intimate performances Additional attractive features include a stateoftheart projector and screen for visual presentations dimming lights to help create that special ambiance and double doors for easy event setup and convenient access to the patio area Location 3285 Pine Ridge Road STUDIO RENTAL Études de Ballet offers its studios and facility for rental for private or group lessons rehearsals celebrations religious observance business events and more All four studios provide exceptional music systems and speakers viewing windows with blinds expansive mirrors permanent and mobile ballet barres distinctive high ceilings and lighting and wooden floor Visit the Banquet Center for pricing and other information regarding weddings and other parties Please call the Main Office at 2395938280 for floor fee and hourly rental availability inquiries or to make appointments for tours	[ "Royal Academy of Dance" ]
http://edgesustainability.com/	SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS ANALYSIS GUIDANCE EXECUTE 1 2 3 Better for you Buildings Our building consulting practice is focused on moving the design and construction industry toward more effective and healthy buildings The best analysis leads to the best decisions Our analysis guidance consultants create effective policies useful studies and industry leading practices to assist businesses and public authorities in making critical decisions AG Portfolio Our technology team have you covered Let us help you manage and leverage the best technology where you live work and play Want to work with us We would love to hear from you	[ "building consulting", "effective policies" ]
http://edglossary.org/honors-course/	Honors Course LAST UPDATED : 08.29.13 The term honors course is a common label applied to courses , predominantly at the high school level , that are considered to be more academically challenging and prestigious . Students enrolled in honors courses generally receive greater academic recognition and possibly , if the course awards weighted grades , a numerical advantage when it comes to grading . Historically , honors courses have entailed more demanding college - preparatory coursework , and they were intended for the highest - achieving or most academically accelerated students in a school . In many cases , students need to meet certain prerequisites , such as a teacher recommendation or an average grade of B or higher in a previous course , to gain admission to an honors course . Honors courses may be the highest - level courses or “ track ” offered by the school , or they may be It is important to note that there are no specific standards or universal definition for “ honors courses . ” Consequently , honors courses may vary greatly in design , content , quality , or academic challenge from school to school , and even from course to course within a school . Reform One common alternative to traditional honors courses is the honors challenge , or the practice of offering higher - level or more academically challenging assignments , coursework , and learning opportunities in a “ heterogeneously grouped ” or “ mixed - ability ” course — i.e. , a course in which students of different abilities or levels of preparation are grouped together . In academic programs that do not have tiered course levels , honors challenges may be used in place of distinct honors courses . The Glossary of Education Reform by Great Schools Partnership is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike 4.0 International License	[ "HONORS COURSE", "weighted grades" ]
http://ediair.com/EdiAirWebAwb.aspx	Straight to the AWBs You need to work with AWB . You want to print them , save them , create template to speed up your work and of course you want to send them via email as FWB . And no , you do n ’ t want to pay for a new software and having to install it . Time to use EDIAir Web . High quality Pdf print Send FWB is important but what about print it ? EDIAir Web is able to generate exceptional high quality Air Waybill pdf that you will be able to print immediately or to save for later printing or later reference . Of course EDIAir Web can print the Air Waybill with AWB layout ( in case you use white paper ) or whitout it ( in case you use pre printed AWB paper ) . Not enough ? Well , you can also print AWB back or just AWB layout : ) The best interface you can desire Forgot strange interface , manual to read and other annoying story . Air Waybill interface in EDIAir Web is exactly as you would expect : the same as your comfortable old AWB paper . You will find the same fields in the same position with more the assistance of our software giving you the help to avoid mistakes . You will not be able to write numbers where numbers are not permitted , or writing more character then required . And a further check will warn you if you use description not allowed by the new EU Customs regulations . FWB sending Filled in the Awb form ? Time to send it ! The system will create the corresponding FWB ( version 16 , last version ) and you will be able to see the resulting message or send it directly to your carrier by email . The generated message will be saved and it will be accessible indefinitely for future reference . Template Probably you need often to generate AWB that are similar to AWB you previously created . Template have been created for this , to avoid typing again and again the same things . Any AWB can be saved as a template specifying a name you like . A template list , similarly to the AWB list , will show you all the available template . FWB archive - Save messages All the messages you send or print are automatically saved in an AWB list . But of course , you can also explicitly save a message if you need . The message list gives you the opportunity to list all the messages you generated , open them ( for editing / printing / sending again ) , delete them . EDIAir Web will store indefinitely the message . Air Waybill interface screenshot	[ "AWBs", "EDIAir Web .", "best interface" ]
http://ediblebajaarizona.com/mushrooms-in-the-desert	Home Blog About Us Issues Shop Resources Advertise VIP Sustainer Card Baja Brews Gleanings Mushrooms in the Desert In Baja Arizona winter is mushroom season By Shelley Littin Photography by Steve McMackin A s winter descends cool winds drifting down canyons relieve the heat ripple through cottonwood leaves and stir flowing water On the edge of Aravaipa Creek Andrew Carhuff and his partner Nicole Devitothe owners of Old Pueblo Mushroom Growerscultivate their crop From October to March Arizona temperatures are nearly perfect for growing mushrooms We have a very long season compared to other places in the country where mushrooms have to be heated in wintertime Carhuff said Carhuff has grown mushrooms as a hobby for years wherever I had space he said In May Carhuff and Devito expanded their hobby to a fiveacre farm near Aravaipa Canyon Our goal is to turn our mushroom operation into a diversified farm with mushrooms as one of the main crops and use the compost from mushroom production to grow other crops Carhuff said We have really nice land water and good soil The pair grow mainly oyster mushrooms selected because of their tolerance for a wide range of temperatures Mushrooms can be grown from spores shed by the adult fungus or from tissue clones Carhuff and Devito use both methods nurturing their spongy crops in a nutrientrich mixture of grain and straw packed inside buckets or logs Many mushrooms grow well on logs Carhuff noted that he and Devito plan to experiment with growing shitake mushrooms on the cottonwood logs that adorn their farm My goal is to have our mushrooms be as close to wild mushrooms as possible in terms of flavor and texture he said A lot of times the mushrooms you see in the supermarkets are watereddown versions of what youd find in the wild For their watery consistency mushrooms pack a sizeable amount of nutrition A source of protein and selenium mushrooms may help to lower cholesterol They are also high in vitamin D When sunlight hits mushrooms they produce vitamin D the same as humans do Carhuff explained A lot of people think mushrooms grow in the dark but the best conditions are filtered light Carhuff journeys into Tucson to showcase his harvest on Sundays at the Heirloom Farmers Market at Rillito Park and on Thursdays at the Santa Cruz River Farmers Market Carhuff who has been a chef all his adult life tells his customers that fresh mushrooms are best eaten during the first three or four days He recommends grilling and marinating the larger oyster mushrooms using them as a substitute for meat or just sautéing them in fresh butter Im interested in all things local seasonal he said The simpler the better Carnuff and Devito are looking for volunteers to help cultivate and harvest their crops on Mondays and Wednesdays offering overnight accommodation at their farm for any helpers Email Carhuff at opmushroomgmailcom or find him at the farmers market Old Pueblo Mushroom Growers 5205776136 Issue 10 JanuaryFebruary 2015 Coyote Talking January 2015 Voices How Would Students Change Food at UA Mushrooms in the Desert How to Make a Meal on the Moon Monday Night Showtime Hungriest Foodie January 2015 The Plate January 2015 Hailes Healthy Swaps A Renaissance of Diversity Kitchen 101 Lemons Knives and Veggies Homestead Gardener QA with Russ Buhrow Farm Report January 2015 Whats on Tap Is Your Refrigerator Running More Salad Please Luxury for All Organic Networking A Taste of Bisbee HighTech Organic A Gastronomy of Place One Organic Oven Gleaning Tucson Ark of Taste The Little Store That Could Booze News January 2015 The Way to Sotol Ink January 2015 Last Bite January 2015 View the print version on Issuu Previous Post How to Make a Meal on the Moon Next Post Voices How Would Students Change Food at UA	[ "mushrooms", "Baja Arizona" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae483	Bio - Based Products from Biomass 1 Zhaohui Tong , Letian Wang , and Clay B . Olson 2 We may not realize it , but nearly all of us rely heavily on products derived from energy resources . Examples of such products include fossil fuel - based chemicals like plastics that are used almost everywhere in our daily lives . At present , most of our energy and petroleum - derived materials are made from nonrenewable resources , such as coal , petroleum , oil , and natural gas ( fossil fuels ) , because they have been historically available as primary products from long - established industries . However , for several reasons , there is a Figure 1 . Classification of bio - based products from biomass . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Many types of renewable resources , such as biomass , solar , wind , hydro / tidal , hydrogen , geothermal , and fuel cells , are capable of providing a portion of the energy we need . However , biomass can also produce a wide selection of bio - based by - products while producing renewable energy . Biomass is renewable biological materials , such as trees , plants , grasses , vegetables , algae , food wastes , animal manures , and other organic wastes . Each type of biomass has a different composition , such as sugar Power from Biomass Biomass has been an energy source for millennia . The simplest way to convert biomass to bioenergy is to burn it ( firewood ) . The heat produced during burning can be used for cooking food and warming homes . In many third world developing countries , rural villagers still use biomass in their daily lives . Biomass has kept us warm for thousands of years through direct burning of wood in fireplaces and wood stoves , and it is now providing electricity when used as fuel in power plants . Biopower is heat or electric power made from biomass Transportation Fuels from Biomass Transportation fuels are liquids ( liquid or gas that can be stored in liquid form ) with high energy densities . They usually consist of alkanes , alcohols , and esters , which can be easily vaporized ( usually just by exposure to ambient air temperature and pressure ) and burned cleanly within a heat engine . Traditional transportation fuels are classified as gasoline , diesel , or jet fuel . The United States still consumes more than one - third of the world ' s transportation energy because of its high per capita energy consumption ( five times that Bioethanol Ethanol ( also known as anhydrous alcohol ) is a common type of chemical that is used intensively in the medical and food industries . More importantly , it can be used as fuel either alone or blended with gasoline in heavy machines and flexible fuel vehicles like new hybrids , which are growing in popularity . Ethanol is a clean fuel because the combustion of ethanol produces fewer pollutants than the combustion of fossil fuels . The limitations of bioethanol as fuel are as follows : It takes more fuel ( volume and mass ) to travel the same distance or do the same work because it has less energy content or is less energy dense ( about two - thirds of gasoline ) . Ethanol has an affinity for attracting water and therefore has a greater tendency to corrode the combustion chamber , hoses , pipelines , and fuel systems than gasoline . Bioethanol can be produced from a host of different natural biomass materials . These can be sugar , starch , or cellulose - based materials . Production of bioethanol from sugar ( sugarcane or beets ) is the easiest and most efficient process since sugar is readily fermented by yeast or bacteria . Starch - based materials , such as grains ( corn , wheat , rice , etc . ) , potatoes , and sweet potatoes , are also suitable for bioethanol production . However , converting starch - based materials to ethanol requires an additional step in comparison There has been growing criticism that using food commodities ( sugar , starch ) for fuel will lead to higher prices for both food and fuel . This criticism might be addressed by using cellulose ( instead of sugar or starch ) to make bioethanol . This process does not use the edible part of the crop , but the cellulose part , which is inedible and is typically not used ( stems , leaves , twigs , straw , grasses , etc . ) . Lignocellulosic materials , such as wood , agricultural grasses , and agricultural residues , Figure 2 . US cellulosic ethanol projects under development and construction . Credit : RFA 2009 [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Methanol Methanol is the basic building block for many products , such as paints , furniture , auto parts , and plastics . As a fuel , methanol has similar chemical and physical properties as ethanol when it is used as transportation fuel because of its efficient combustion , ease of distribution , and wide availability . Methanol has added benefits as an alternative fuel , such as lower production cost compared to ethanol and low risk of flammability compared to gasoline . Methanol fuel has fewer gas emissions , such as carbon hydroxide and nitrogen oxide . It is widely Methanol is commonly produced from natural gas in most of the world , but China produces it from coal on a large scale . Methanol can be obtained from a broad range of waste biomass materials through fermentation or thermochemical processes like pyrolysis , which convert it to biogas . Methanol can be used as transportation fuel in three ways : blending with gasoline , producing dimethyl ether ( DME ) as a diesel replacement , or participating in the biodiesel production process as a catalyst . For future transportation energy needs , automotive companies are working on hybrid electric Biodiesel Biodiesel fuel has been around for several years now in a number of public transportation systems . For example , hundreds of US school bus fleets are using B20 ( 20 % biodiesel blended with 80 % diesel ) , Seattle City Light is buying low - emission biodiesel fuel for use in state ferries and in Metro buses , and buses in Gainesville , Florida , have been powered by biodiesel since 2008 . Biodiesel fuel is a clean - burning alternative fuel produced from renewable biomass resources . Generally , biodiesel ( methyl / ethyl ester ) fuels Biodiesel production capacity has been growing rapidly , with an average annual growth rate from 2002 – 2006 of more than 40 % ( REN21 2008 ) . The most important reason for the rapid growth in biodiesel production is that the US government is encouraging biodiesel production by reducing taxes and offering grants . Currently , soybean oil is the dominant biomass source for biodiesel production . The cost of biodiesel production from virgin vegetable oil is predicted to be approximately three times greater than regular diesel , and the price is expected to further increase to $ 1.00 Biogas from Biomass Biomass ( wood , algae , bagasse , sawdust , coconut shell , etc . ) can be converted into a synthetic gas ( syngas ) through a gasification process ( pyrolysis ) with about one - third of the oxygen necessary for complete combustion . The gas usually includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen and can be directly used in place of gasoline in vehicles with a filtering and cooling treatment . The UF / IFAS Extension Taylor County office has demonstrated the use of a wood gasification system installed on a truck that was driven 2,000 miles for $ Evans 2011 ) . Biomass can also be converted into bio - oil , ( lower temperature ) biochar , and syngas through pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen . Bio - oil can be used directly as a clear fuel or converted to other chemicals . In addition , biogas can be produced from biomass waste with high moisture content ( food processing waste , animal manure , algae ) . Another technology used to produce biogas ( primarily methane mixed with carbon dioxide ) is a process called anaerobic digestion , which operates in complete absence of oxygen . The Biomaterials and Biochemicals from Biomass Biomass can not only provide fuel and energy , but it also can be a source for the production of countless biomaterials and biochemicals that can be used as , among other things , paints , detergents , industrial adhesives , bioplastics , and composite materials . Conventional biomaterials like wood and linen have been used to build homes and make clothes since the earliest times . In the textile industry , half of all fiber comes from natural materials such as ramie , cotton , wool , and flax . In the paper industry , biomass in the form Conclusion Bio - based products hold great potential to resolve the current energy and environmental crises . However , the choice to use biomass for power , fuel , and biomaterials depends on a variety of factors , such as availability , public policy , cost of biomass , capital cost of process equipment and facilities , and markets for alternative energy and materials . The development of advanced conversion technologies suitable for different types of biomass is likely to make bio - based products ( energy and materials ) competitive with petroleum - based products . In addition , these References ABC ( American Biogas Council ) . 2017 . " What is anaerobic digestion ? " Accessed October 2017 . https : / / www . americanbiogascouncil . org / biogas_what . asp Aguilera , R . F . 2008 . " How Long Will Petroleum Resources Last ? " EU Energy Policy ( blog ) . Accessed July 2011 . http : / / www . energypolicyblog . com / 2008 / 11 / 23 / how - long - will - petroleum - resources - last / Brown , R . 2003 . Biorenewable Resources : Engineering New Products from Agriculture . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley - Blackwell . Clark , J . H . , and F . Deswarte . 2008 . Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley - Blackwell . Dincer , I . 2000 . " Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development : A Crucial Review . " Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 4 ( 2 ) : 157 – 175 . ESRU ( Energy Systems Research Unit ) , University of Strathclyde . 2011 . " What Is Biodiesel ? " http : / / www . esru . strath . ac . uk / EandE / Web_sites / 02 - 03 / biofuels / what_biodiesel . htm Evans , S.D. 2011 . " Biomass Gasification and Syngas . " http : / / ezinearticles . com / ? Biomass - Gasification - and - Syngas&id = 1933540 Geddes , C . C . , J . J . Peterson , C . Roslander , G . Zacchi , M . T . Mullinnix , K . T . Shanmugam , and L . O . Ingram . 2010 . " Optimizing the Saccharification of Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Dilute Phosphoric Acid Followed by Fungal Cellulases . " Bioresource Technology 101 ( 6 ) : 1851 – 1857 . Global bioenergy 2007 . " Cost of biodiesel production " . Accessed October 2017 . http : / / www . globalbioenergy . org / uploads / media / 0305_Duncan_ - _Cost - of - biodiesel - production . pdf ITEC 2017 . " Cellulosic Ethanol " . Accessed October 2017 . http : / / www . itecref . com / cellulosic - ethanol . html Methanol Institute . 2011 . " Methanol Basics . " http : / / www . methanol . org / Methanol - Basics . aspx NETL ( National energy technology laboratory ) , " Black liquor gasification . " Accessed October 2017 . https : / / www . netl . doe . gov / research / coal / energy - systems / gasification / gasifipedia / blackliquor REN21 ( Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ) . 2008 . " Renewables 2007 Global Status Report . " Accessed June 25 , 2011 . http : / / www . martinot . info / RE2007_Global_Status_Report . pdf Footnotes 1 . This document is AE483 , one of a series of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date September 2011 . Revised October 2017 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Zhaohui Tong , associate professor and Extension specialist , Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering ; Letian Wang , chemical engineer , Ecoproduct Limited ; and Clay B . Olson , county Extension director , UF / IFAS Extension Taylor County ; UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville , FL 32611 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "Bio-Based Products", "Biomass" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep419	Agave and Yucca : Tough Plants for Tough Times 1 Gary W . Knox 2 Many people rightly think of agave and yucca as tough plants associated with extreme climates like deserts and dunes . What they may not realize is that agave ( Agave spp . ) and yucca ( Yucca spp . ) also adapt well to home and commercial landscapes , where they thrive in the sometimes harsh conditions associated with urban environments . Interest in agave and yucca has grown recently , thanks in part to increasing water restrictions in many Florida urban areas . Agave and yucca are found in native environments that typically are dry , hot , sunny , and windy with low rainfall and poor soil . In cultivation , this adaptability translates into low maintenance since typically they need little or no irrigation , fertilizer , pruning , or spraying . Furthermore , many agave and yucca withstand drought , heat , strong winds , and cold weather , and have few pests and diseases . They are Above and beyond their toughness , agave and yucca capture the imagination because of their dramatic architectural forms and unusual shapes . In addition , these plants boast intriguing defensive " weaponry " — stiff , hard , or leathery leaves , often armed with barbs , teeth , or spines . Because of this armor , many of these plants can present a hazard , especially to small children . Agave Agave tends to have more armor than yucca . Each agave plant consists of a rosette of long , stiff , spear - shaped , fleshy leaves often armed with teeth and tipped with a long terminal spine . Agave spp . are familiar to most people thanks to the commonly grown century plant , Agave americana , but there are more than 200 additional species of agave with potential landscape use . Agave varies in size from a few inches to more than 12 ft . tall and wide . Leaf color ranges from deep green to grass green to blue green to gray , and leaves may be striped or mottled with white , cream , yellow , or chartreuse . Though it sometimes takes years for flowering to occur , agave develops branched spikes of yellow , rose , or white tubular flowers on incredibly tall stems 6 – 40 ft . above the plant . After flowering , the parent plant typically dies , although usually a number of Agave decipiens ) and wild century plant ( Agave neglecta ) . Yucca Yucca is similar to agave but often forms trunks and typically has more numerous , thinner , leathery leaves with a smaller terminal spine . Yucca leaves range in color from deep green to pale blue , and leaves may be striped in shades of white , cream , yellow , or chartreuse . When in flower , yucca produces large , upright panicles ( flower clusters ) of white , bell - shaped flowers . Unlike the tall flower stems of agave , yucca flower panicles are held within or just above the foliage . There are more than Yucca aloifolia ) , Adam ' s needle ( Yucca filamentosa ) , and moundlily yucca ( Yucca gloriosa ) . Florida taxonomists believe curve - leaf yucca , Yucca recurvifolia , is the same as moundlily yucca ( Y . gloriosa ) , whereas Agavaceae taxonomists consider Y . recurvifolia a separate species . Plant Requirements and Placement Almost all agave and yucca selections require full sun ( at least six hours of direct sunlight ) for best appearance and growth . Much of Florida has sandy , well - drained soils on which agave and yucca can thrive despite the rain and humidity . However , even with sandy soils , some desert agaves are difficult to grow in Florida . Areas with perched water tables or heavy soils can still grow agave and yucca , provided these plants are grown above grade or on a slight mound that provides better drainage . Another alternative is to amend the soil to improve drainage . A final option is to grow these plants in containers with well - drained potting soil and irrigate as needed . Winter soil drainage is especially critical in northern Florida . Roots often begin to rot during cool , damp winter weather if growing in conditions with poor drainage . Table 1 lists agave and yucca in the collection at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy . The table also indicates cold damage ( if the plant was located outdoors ) based on observations after successive low temperatures during the winters of 2009 – 2010 and 2008 – 2009 . Low temperatures include 21.50 ° F on January 22 , 2009 , and 28.44 ° F , 22.13 ° F , and 15.26 ° F on December 21 , 2009 , and January 5 and 11 , 2010 , respectively . Water and Fertilizer Agave and yucca require occasional watering after planting to aid with establishment . Thereafter , most agave and yucca plants will thrive on rainfall alone . Similarly , most established agave and yucca do not need fertilizer and will subsist in many urban soils , especially if organic mulch is used . Low rates of fertilizer may be applied to young or small plants to aid establishment or improve growth rates . Pests , Diseases , and Cultural Problems The most serious pest is agave snout weevil ( Scyphophorus acupunctatus ) . The adult female weevil , about 1 / 2 in . long and brownish , uses its " snout " to puncture the base of a plant and lay eggs . In this process , microorganisms are introduced that decompose plant tissue , usually causing the plant to wilt , collapse , and die . White , grublike larvae develop from the eggs and feed on the decaying tissue . The grubs ( which are , incidentally , the " worm " traditionally placed in some bottles of tequila ) eventually pupate and emerge as adults , with Agave americana ) appear more susceptible than small species with hard or fibrous leaves . Weak plants or agave plants that are about to flower are especially vulnerable . spp . are occasionally attacked . Control of agave snout weevil is difficult , and infestations can be prevented by maintaining healthy plants and destroying infested plants . Plant bugs ( Caulotops and other species ) are small insects that occasionally build up in large numbers and damage agave plants by feeding on leaves , resulting in light yellow scars or spots . Yucca plant bug ( Halticotoma valida ) causes similar damage to spp . Plants weakened by too little light or too much water may become infested by various mealybugs or scale species . Eriophyid mites occasionally feed within vegetative buds of container - grown plants , resulting in leaf scarring or abnormal growth . Most disease problems are various root rots usually associated with wet soils and often exacerbated by cool temperatures and weakened plants . Agave and yucca are native to cool , temperate areas , high - altitude areas , and tropical climates . However , their broad and often fleshy leaves and stems make them susceptible to freeze damage , particularly when grown outside their native range in cold or humid climates or irrigated areas . Freeze damage occurs when these species are exposed to temperatures below their range of adaptability for several hours . A few days after the freeze , spots , cracks , or areas appearing water soaked will develop on damaged leaves ; severely damaged leaves will appear mushy Container Gardening Agaves and yuccas are excellent plants for containers . Their coarse , bold textures and odd shapes add interest , making them excellent specimen plants and focal points . Agave and yucca are particularly well suited for containers because their low water requirements and drought tolerance permit longer intervals between watering than most other plants . Finally , growing agave and yucca in containers allows for use of well - drained potting soils and flexibility in relocating container plants to sheltered areas during extreme rain events or cold weather . Containers may provide the only way to successfully grow arid Propagation Many species of agave and yucca spontaneously form new plants from offsets or " pups . " Technically , these are new shoots that develop from underground rhizomes . Offsets can be removed from the original plant at any time , although well - rooted and larger offsets result in faster establishment and growth . Some spp . additionally form suckers at the bases of stems . These may be similarly divided , dug , and planted . Development of offsets often is stimulated by plant damage or stress . Bulbils , which are small plants attached at the base of the flowers , may be used to propagate some species of agave . Bulbils usually develop as the flowers die . They can be removed and potted at any time , but they establish faster if allowed to remain on the flower stalk until at least four leaves have formed . Yucca may be rooted from rhizome or stem cuttings . Three - inch sections of rhizomes can be collected in late winter and placed horizontally on well - drained potting soil in a warm , humid environment ; shoots and roots form several weeks later . Semihardwood cuttings from the current season ' s growth also may be collected and rooted similar to other woody plants , although greater success usually occurs with spp . native to humid environments . Agave also may be propagated by cuttings , but , in this case , leaf cuttings are used . Mature leaves are cut and the cut portion of the leaf is allowed to callous . They are then placed cut - side down in a well - drained rooting substrate . Under commercial nursery conditions , small plants form along the cut base of the leaf after several months . Seed of agave and yucca may be harvested from mature capsules and sown fresh or stored for up to five years . Germination usually occurs within three weeks of sowing . Seedling growth rate varies with species . Historical and Modern Uses Almost all species of agave and yucca have been used by the native peoples of the Americas for food , fiber , fencing , or soap . The most well - known usage of agave is for the alcoholic beverage , tequila . This use of agave has an interesting heritage and involves unusual plant parts and processes . Prior to flowering , an agave plant accumulates high concentrations of sugars in the sap . Middle Americans ( natives of Central America and Mexico ) learned to identify this stage of growth in several spp . and subsequently drain the sweet sap , called aguamiel . Although sometimes used as a beverage itself , aguamiel is more often processed into syruplike agave nectar , currently becoming popular as a natural sweetener . Aguamiel also is fermented to a mildly alcoholic drink called pulque . Middle Americans often cultivated the species best used for producing pulque . Spanish colonists modified and added distillation to this process to ultimately develop tequila . In this scenario , the preflowering agave is harvested , the leaves are removed , and the resulting stem and leaf bases are cooked , chopped , fermented , and finally distilled into an alcoholic drink generically called mescal . Tequila is made by the same process , but legally " tequila " only refers to distilled mescal made from the species , Agave tequilana , in the Mexican state of Jalisco . Despite its well - known beverage uses , historically , the primary use of agave and yucca has been for fiber . Leaf fibers were extracted and used to make cloth , rope , and baskets . Flowers , buds , some fruit pods , and flower stems were eaten raw or cooked . The stem and leaf bases of some spp . were roasted and eaten , or dried to make sweet cakes . Roots of several species contain a mucilaginous substance used fresh or dried as soap . Trunks of yucca and various agaves have been used for fencing and cattle food . In addition to the huge tequila industry in Jalisco , agave and yucca currently are cultivated as fiber crops and as ornamentals . Agave Toxicities Although agave has extensive food uses , it can contain toxic compounds . The juice or sap may contain needlelike oxalate crystals that can irritate the skin , mouth , tongue , and throat . Swelling of the throat , breathing difficulties , and burning can result . Furthermore , the juice , sap , and thorns can cause a skin rash or irritation . Finally , ingestion of some species of agave can cause stomach upset , vomiting , or diarrhea . References Florida Automated Weather Network ( FAWN ) . 2010 . http : / / fawn . ifas . ufl . edu / ( accessed January 17 , 2010 ) . Fox , A . M . , D . R . Gordon , J . A . Dusky , L . Tyson , and R . K . Stocker ( 2008 ) IFAS Assessment of Non - Native Plants in Florida ' s Natural Areas – Status Assessment . Cited from the Internet January 11 , 2010 . http : / / plants . ifas . ufl . edu / assessment / pdfs / finalassessjun05 . pdf Irish , M . , and G . Irish . 2000 . Agaves yuccas and related plants : A gardener ' s guide . Portland , OR : Timber Press . Kelly , J . , and M . Olsen . 2006 . Problems and pests of agave , aloe , cactus and yucca . AZ1399 . Tucson : University of Arizona Cooperative Extension . Thetford , M . , J . L . Gibson , A . Santilli , B . O . Ballard , and J . K . Groninger . 2007 . Succulents for southern gardens . Proceedings of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference 52 : 244 - 247 . Wunderlin , R . P . and B . F . Hansen . 2008 . Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants . [ S . M . Landry and K . N . Campbell ( application development ) , Florida Center for Community Design and Research . ] Institute for Systematic Botany , University of South Florida , Tampa . ( http : / / www . plantatlas . usf . edu / ; cited from the Internet January 11 , 2010 ) . Table 1 Characteristics of Agave and Yucca spp . x in the collection at the UF / IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center , Quincy , Florida . Figure 1 . Figure 2 . Figure 3 . Figure 4 . Figure 5 . Figure 6 . Figure 7 . Figure 8 . Figure 9 . Figure 10 . Figure 11 . Figure 12 . Figure 13 . Figure 14 . Footnotes 1 . This document is ENH1159 , one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date February 2010 . Reviewed March 2016 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Gary W . Knox , Extension specialist and professor of environmental horticulture , UF / IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center , Davie , FL 33314 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "Agave", "Yucca", "plants" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp009	Acer palmatum ' Bloodgood ' Bloodgood Japanese Maple 1 Edward F . Gilman , Ryan W . Klein , and Gail Hansen 2 Introduction ' Bloodgood ' Japanese maple has a round shape with a height and spread of about 20 feet , making it nicely suited to residential landscapes . Its popularity is due mostly to the leaves , which stay red for most of the summer . Leaves turn greenish red during hot weather in the southern part of its range . The multiple trunks are muscular - looking , picturesque , grey and show nicely when lighted at night . Fall color is reddish and less striking than other Japanese maples . The globose canopy shape looks best when it is Figure 1 . Full form — Acer palmatum ' Bloodgood ' : bloodgood Japanese maple . Credit : Ed Gilman , UF / IFAS [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Figure 2 . Full form , fall color — Acer palmatum ' Bloodgood ' : bloodgood Japanese maple . Credit : Ed Gilman , UF / IFAS [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] General Information Scientific name : Acer palmatum ' Bloodgood ' Pronunciation : AY - sir pal - MAY - tum Common name ( s ) : ' Bloodgood ' Japanese maple Family : Aceraceae Plant type : shrub USDA hardiness zones : 5B through 8 ( Figure 3 ) Planting month for zone 7 : year round Planting month for zone 8 : year round Origin : not native to North America Invasive potential : not known to be invasive Uses : border ; near a deck or patio ; bonsai ; container or above - ground planter ; trained as a standard Availability : generally available in many areas within its hardiness range Figure 3 . Shaded area represents potential planting range . Description Height : 12 to 20 feet Spread : 15 to 20 feet Plant habit : round Plant density : symmetrical habit with a regular ( or smooth ) outline and individuals having more or less identical forms Growth rate : slow Texture : medium Foliage Leaf arrangement : opposite / subopposite Leaf type : simple Leaf margin : serrate ; parted Leaf shape : star - shaped Leaf venation : palmate Leaf type and persistence : deciduous Leaf blade length : 2 to 4 inches Leaf color : purple or red Fall color : red Fall characteristic : showy Flower Flower color : red Flower characteristic : spring flowering Fruit Fruit shape : elongated Fruit length : 1 / 2 to 1 inch Fruit cover : dry or hard Fruit color : Fruit characteristic : showy Trunk and Branches Trunk / bark / branches : no thorns ; typically multi - trunked or clumping stems Current year stem / twig color : reddish Current year stem / twig thickness : thin Culture Light requirement : plant grows in the shade ; plant grows in full sun Soil tolerances : slightly alkaline ; acidic ; clay ; loam ; sand Drought tolerance : moderate Soil salt tolerance : moderate Plant spacing : 36 to 60 inches Other Roots : usually not a problem Winter interest : plant has winter interest due to unusual form , nice persistent fruits , showy winter trunk , or winter flowers Outstanding plant : not particularly outstanding Pest resistance : long - term health usually not affected by pests Use and Management This large shrub or small tree tends to leaf out early , so it may be injured by spring frosts . Leaves can scorch in hot summer weather unless they are in some shade or irrigated during dry weather . More direct sun can be tolerated in the northern part of the range . Be sure drainage is maintained , and never allow water to stand around the roots . Japanese maples grow well on clay soils as long as the ground is sloped so that water does not accumulate in the soil . They respond well to several inches This cultivar makes a nice patio or small shade tree for residential lots and , with pruning to remove drooping branches , provides adequate clearance for pedestrian traffic to pass close to the tree . Train the trunks and branches so that they will not touch each other . Eliminate branches with included ( embedded ) bark or those that are likely to develop it as soon as possible . This reduces the likelihood of a branch splitting from the tree later when it has grown to become an important part of the landscape . Remove small twigs to enhance the showy trunk and bark structure . Locate the tree properly ; take into account the ultimate size because the tree looks best if it is not pruned to control size . It can be Design Considerations As a specimen plant the Bloodgood Japanese maple should be located to create a focal point . Background plants should have a simple form and full foliage to create a solid mass that highlights the form of the maple . Low - growing shrubs and groundcover plants with light or medium green , glossy leaves would contrast well with the reddish color foliage of the maple . Pair with low - growing plants with simple forms and fine texture such as mounding grasses with narrow strap blades or the sprawling / mounding forms of juniper with fine little needles . Pests and Diseases Due to poor growth in poorly drained soil , Japanese maples are often planted on raised beds or on high ground in clay soil . Aphids , scales and borers can be found on the maples . Scorch occurs during periods of high temperatures accompanied by wind . Trees with diseased or inadequate root systems will also show scorching . Verticillium wilt can kill plants . Footnotes 1 . This document is FPS009 , one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date October 1999 . Revised October 2004 and November 2017 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Edward F . Gilman , professor ; Ryan W . Klein , graduate assistant ; and Gail Hansen , associate professor , Environmental Horticulture Department ; UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville , FL 32611 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "Bloodgood", "Japanese Maple", "Aceraceae" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs084	Genetically Modified Food 1 Keith R . Schneider , Renée Goodrich Schneider , and Susanna Richardson 2 Figure 1 . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] What are GM foods ? A genetically modified ( GM ) food or genetically modified organism ( GMO ) results from the use of recombinant DNA biotechnological procedures that allow the genetic makeup of a food or organism to be altered in some way . This ‘ recombination ’ can be accomplished by moving genes from one organism to another or by changing genes in an organism that are already present . These changes result in the expression of attributes not found in the original organism . Examples of foods that have been genetically engineered include delayed - ripening tomatoes , pest - resistant crops The first commercial food product developed from gene splicing ( i.e. , genetic modification in the laboratory ) was the Flavr Savr ™ tomato ( Bruening and Lyons 2000 ) . The Flavr Savr ™ tomato had a gene added to prevent the breakdown of cell walls as the fruit ripened . The genetic modification allowed these tomatoes to remain firm even after extended shipping and storage times . First sold in 1994 , the Flavr Savr ™ tomato was only on the market until 1997 , when Calgene , the company marketing it , ceased production . Hard cheeses provide another example of the use of genetically modified organisms in food production . Chymosin , the primary component of rennet , is the milk - clotting enzyme used to make cheese and other dairy products . Traditionally , this substance was derived from the stomachs of calves . Most rennet used today is commercially produced by genetically modified microorganisms ( most commonly with GM fungi ) . The FDA gave chymosin ( from both traditional and GM sources ) " generally recognized as safe " ( GRAS ) status , which makes it exempt from the usual Types of GM Foods A genetically modified organism ( GMO ) is one that has had its genetic material altered through one of several methods . Although traditional animal breeding and genetic modification through plant hybridization techniques are technically genetic modifications , these techniques pre - date recombinant techniques and typically are not considered GM . A genetically engineered ( GE ) organism is one where its DNA is modified using techniques that permit the direct transfer or removal of genes in that organism . Organisms that undergo genetic engineering are sometimes referred to as transgenic . Originally transgenic referred to an organism that transgenic frequently is used to refer to any genetic modification , regardless of the source and recipient of genetic material . One example of a transgenic GMO is " Bt corn , " a transgenic corn variety containing a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis ( EPA 2002 ) GM foods are classified into one of three generations . First - generation crops have enhanced input traits , such as herbicide tolerance , better insect resistance , and better tolerance to environmental stress . Second - generation crops include those with added - value output traits , such as nutrient enhancement for animal feed . Third - generation crops include those that produce pharmaceuticals , improve the processing of bio - based fuels , or produce products beyond food and fiber ( Fernandez - Cornejo and Caswell 2006 ) . Today , commercially available transgenic crops are only of Since 1987 , seed producers have submitted nearly 11,600 applications to USDA APHIS ( United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ) for field - testing ( Fernandez - Cornejo and Caswell 2006 ) . Applications peaked in 2002 with 1,190 approvals ( Fernandez - Cornejo and Caswell 2006 ) . More than 92 percent of the crops that have been submitted have been approved for trials . Most applications involve major crops , with more than 5,000 approvals for corn , the most commonly modified crop . The next most modified crops are soybeans , How could GM foods help consumers ? Industry has argued that we need GM foods because they will reduce production costs by reducing the need for additional chemicals ( pesticides and fertilizers ) . Theoretically , these cost savings could be passed on to the consumer . The nutritional implications are also often cited as an obvious benefit for consumers , since the bioengineering could create plants that could produce more nutritious food . An example of one such product that is currently being evaluated is " Golden Rice " ( GRHB 2014 ) . Through genetic modification , this variety of rice is able to produce Are there health concerns about GM foods ? One issue that is brought up from time to time is the potential for GM foods to cause allergic reactions . Food allergens are specific proteins naturally found in products such as milk , eggs , wheat , fish , tree nuts , peanuts , soybeans , and shellfish — these products are responsible for 90 percent of food - related allergies ( FDA 2009 ) . The fear is that if a protein from one of these food types were to be incorporated into a food where it is not normally found , people who are allergic to these What kinds of GM foods are sold in the US ? It has been estimated that more than 60 percent of food products in retail stores already contain genetically modified ingredients ( Ahmed 2002 ) . Commonly planted GM foods include many major agricultural commodities , with genetically modified plants accounting for 88 percent of the corn acreage , 93 percent of the soybean acreage , and 94 percent of the cotton acreage grown today . Worldwide , over 148 million hectares of GM crops were cultivated in 2010 ( ISAAA 2010 ) . It is important to point out that while the percentage of products containing at least one GM The Flavr Savr ™ Tomato The first genetically modified crop approved for commercial sale was the Flavr - Savr ™ tomato . The product , developed by a company called Calgene , was approved by the FDA in 1993 . It went on sale one year later , but in 1997 , due to increasing public concerns and the need for specialized transportation equipment , production ceased . Calgene ( which was subsequently bought by Monsanto ) wanted to create a tomato with a vine - ripened taste that could withstand the rigors of shipping ( Bruening and Lyons 2000 ) . As previously noted Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis Corn Bt corn is a hybrid plant bioengineered to produce an insecticide . This induced insecticide provides effective , consistent control of pests such as the European corn borer and offers some protection against the fall armyworm and corn earworm . It does so at a lower cost than broad - spectrum , sprayed insecticides and with better results . In August 1995 , both the EPA and the USDA approved Bt corn for commercial use as a human food product . The use of Bt ( only ) corn has increased dramatically from its introduction in 1996 to about 15 The StarLink Corn Incident StarLink ( Aventis Crop Science ) is the trademark for a variety of corn that was genetically modified to produce its own pesticidal protein , Cry9C . This protein , like other GM insecticides , was effective in controlling certain insects and thus could eliminate the need for chemical insecticidal sprays . When questions about the potential human allergenicity of the Cry9C protein arose , investigations showed that the EPA had approved StarLink in 1998 for use only in animal feed and other industrial , nonfood uses . The EPA had found that , while no one had actually become L - Tryptophan One incident that is routinely found on the Internet occurred in the US in 1989 , when L - Tryptophan , a food supplement that can be produced by a GM bacteria through a fermentation process , was linked to 37 deaths associated with eosinophilia myalgia syndrome ( EMS ) ( Williamson et al . 1998 ) . Subsequent epidemiologic studies ultimately attributed the problem to the omission of an important purification stage from the process , not to the use of GM organisms in its production . This tragic case illustrates the importance of strict quality - control monitoring How the FDA and the EPA Ensure Food Safety There is no one statute or federal agency devoted to the regulation of GM foods . The public relies on the FDA for assurance that the foods we buy are safe and wholesome . Under the Food , Drug , and Cosmetics Act , the FDA has the authority to ensure the safety of most domestic and imported foods in the US market ( except meat and poultry , which are regulated by the USDA ) . The pesticides used in or on foods are regulated primarily by the EPA , which reviews safety and sets tolerances ( or establishes The Future The public controversy surrounding GM foods does not seem to be fading even in the face of all the scientific evidence supporting their necessity and safe use . Several states have tried to pass legislation requiring labeling of all foods contain GMO components , with Vermont successfully passing a labeling law in April 2014 that is to go into effect July 1 , 2016 ( Fusaro 2014 ) . Several groups have challenged this legislation , while others are proposing / supporting alternatives . One such example is the Grocery Manufacturers Association ( GMA ) and other industry group ’ References Ahmed , F . E . 2002 . “ Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foods . ” TRENDS in biotechnology 20 ( 5 ) : 215 – 223 . Bruening , G . and J . M Lyons . 2000 . “ The Case of the FLAVR SAVR Tomato . ” California Agriculture 54 ( 4 ) : 6 – 7 . Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2002 . “ EPA ’ s Regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) Crops . ” http : / / www . epa . gov / oppbppd1 / biopesticides / pips / regofbtcrops . htm Fernandez - Cornejo , J . and M . Caswell . 2006 . “ The first Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States . " USDA ERS Economic Bulletin Number 11 . http : / / www . ers . usda . gov / publications / eib11 / eib11 . pdf Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . 2009 . “ Food Allergies : Reducing the Risks . ” Consumer Health Information U . S . Food and Drug Administration . Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . 2013 . “ Rennet ( Animal - Derived ) and Chymosin Preparation ( Fermentation - Derived ) . 21 CFR 184.1685 . Fusario , D . 2014 . “ Vermont Is First State to Pass a GMO Labeling Law . Food Processing . ” http : / / www . foodprocessing . com / industrynews / 2014 / vermont - first - gmo - labeling - law / Genetics Home Reference . 2013 . “ Transgenic Organisms . ” http : / / ghr . nlm . nih . gov / glossary = transgenicorganisms . Accessed 22 July 2013 . Golden Rice Humanitarian Board ( GRHB ) . n.d. “ The Golden Rice Project . ” www . goldenrice . org . Accessed 31 January 2014 . Griffiths , A . J . F . , W . M . Gelbart , J . H . Miller , and R . C . Lewontin . 1999 . Modern Genetic Analysis . New York : W . H . Freeman . International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - Biotech Applications . 2010 . “ Global Status of Commercialized Biotech / GM crops : 2010 . ” ISAAA Brief 42 - 2010 : Executive Summary . http : / / www . isaaa . org / resources / publications / briefs / 42 / executivesummary / default . asp . Accessed 22 July 2013 . Johnson , R . 2004 . “ Marker - Assisted Selection . ” Plant Breeding Reviews 24 ( 1 ) : 293 – 309 . Lehrer S . B . and G . A . Bannon . 2005 . “ Risks of Allergic Reactions to Biotech Proteins in Foods : Perception and Reality . ” Allergy 60 ( 5 ) : 559 – 64 . Taylor , M . R . and J . S . Tick . 2001 . “ The StarLink Case : Issues for the Future . ” Washington , DC : Pew Initiative of Food and Biotechnology . http : / / rff . org / RFF / Documents / RFF - RPT - StarLink . pdf United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . 2014 . “ Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States , February 2014 . ” Economic Research Report Number 162 . van Laack , R . 2014 “ Proposed GMO Labeling Bill Would Block State Laws . ” http : / / www . fdalawblog . net / fda_law_blog_hyman_phelps / 2014 / 04 / proposed - gmo - labeling - bill - would - block - state - laws . html Williamson , B . L . , A . J . Tomlinson , K . M . Hurth , M . Posada de la Paz , G . J . Gleich , and S . Naylor . 1998 . “ Rapid HPLC Screening Method for Contaminants Found in Implicated L - Tryptophan Associated with Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome and Adulterated Rapeseed Oil Associated with Toxic Oil Syndrome . ” Biomedical Chromatography 12 : 225 – 261 . Resources Azadi , H . and P . Ho . 2010 . “ Genetically Modified and Organic Crops in Developing Countries : A Review of Options for Food Security . ” Biotechnology Advances 28 : 160 – 168 . Benbrook , C . M . 2012 . “ Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide use in the U.S. — The First Sixteen Years . ” Environmental Sciences Europe 24 : 24 . Dresbach , S.H. , H . Flax , A . Sokolowski , and J . Allred . 2001 . “ The Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms on Human Health . ” Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet HYG - 5058 - 01 . http : / / ohioline . osu . edu / hyg - fact / 5000 / 5058 . html ERS data for genetically engineered crops in the US by state : http : / / www . ers . usda . gov / data - products / adoption - of - genetically - engineered - crops - in - the - us . aspx # .Ue1Yi9JvZ8E Formanek , Raymond , Jr . 2001 . “ Proposed Rules Issued for Bioengineered Foods . ” FDA Consumer 35 ( 2 ) . Qaim , M . 2009 . “ The Economics of Genetically Modified Crops . ” Annu . Rev . Resour . Econ . 1 : 665 – 695 . Report of a Joint FAO / WHO Consultation . 1991 . “ Strategies for Assessing the Safety of Foods Produced by Biotechnology . ” Geneva : World Health Organization . Smith , N . 2000 . “ Seeds of Opportunity : An Assessment of the Benefits , Safety , and Oversight of Plant Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology . ” 106th Cong . , 2nd sess . April 13 . US Food and Drug Administration ( USDA ) . 1994 . “ Conference on scientific issues related to potential allergenicity in transgenic food crops . ” 59 Federal Register , 15415 ( April 1 , 1994 ) . US Food and Drug Administration ( USDA ) . 1990 . “ Direct Food Substance Affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe ; Chymosin Enzyme Preparation Derived from Escherichia coli K - 12 . ” 57 Federal Register 10932 – 10936 ( March 23 , 1990 ) . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . 1993 . “ Health Aspects of Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Plants : Report of a WHO workshop . ” Geneva : World Health Organization . Footnotes 1 . This document is FSHN02 - 2 , one of a series of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date January 2002 . Revised November 2006 and November 2014 . Reviewed February 2017 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Keith R . Schneider , professor ; Renée Goodrich Schneider , professor ; and Susanna Richardson , technician ; Food Science and Human Nutrition Department , UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville , FL 32611 The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information . UF / IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named , and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "GM foods", "genetically modified organism", "genetically engineered" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/he696	Nutrition for Health and Fitness : Sodium in Your Diet 1 Linda B . Bobroff 2 Getting the Facts What is sodium ? Sodium is a mineral the body needs in small amounts for several important functions . This mineral allows nerves and muscles to function properly and keeps fluids in the body in proper balance . We find sodium in foods mostly as sodium chloride , another name for table salt Figure 1 . Most canned soups and soups from restaurants are very high in sodium . It is better to make soups at home from scratch to control the amount of salt you add . Credit : kikira123 / gettyimages . com [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] What is the link between salt and sodium ? Table salt is about 40 % sodium . One teaspoon of salt contains about 2,300 milligrams of sodium , ½ teaspoon has about 1,150 milligrams , and ¼ teaspoon contains about 575 milligrams . Sodium and High Blood Pressure Currently , one in three American adults has hypertension ( high blood pressure ) , which increases their risk of having a heart attack or stroke . In most cases , we do not know exactly what causes high blood pressure , but we do know that for many people sodium intake plays a role . Americans tend to eat far more sodium than they need . Decreasing sodium in the diet can help to lower blood pressure and decrease risk for developing high blood pressure . Risk Factors for Hypertension In addition to high sodium intake , there are other risk factors for high blood pressure . You are more likely to have high blood pressure if : other people in your family have high blood pressure , you are 65 years of age or older , you do not exercise regularly , you are African American , you are overweight or obese . Estimating the Sodium in Your Diet The foods you eat and the way you prepare and serve them affect the amount of sodium in your diet . This checklist will help you evaluate your sodium intake . ( Put a check in only one box for each question . ) Table 1 . Estimating the Sodium in Your Diet How often do you : Less than once a week One or two times a week Three to five times a week Daily or almost daily 1 . Eat cured or processed meats such as ham , bacon , sausage , hot dogs , and other lunch meats ? 2 . Choose canned vegetables or frozen vegetables with sauce ? ( Do not count low - sodium foods . ) 3 . Use commercially prepared meals ( frozen meals , packaged mixes ) , main dishes , or canned or dried soups ? ( Do not count low - sodium foods . ) 4 . Eat cheese or foods with lots of cheese , like pizza or macaroni and cheese ? 5 . Eat salted nuts , popcorn , pretzels , potato chips or other salty snacks ? 6 . Add salt to cooking water for vegetables , rice , pasta , or other foods cooked in water ? 7 . Add salt , seasoning mixes , salad dressings , or condiments such as soy sauce , steak sauce , ketchup , and mustard to foods during preparation or at the table ? 8 . Salt your food before tasting it ? The more checks you have in the last two columns , the higher the amount of sodium in your diet . To cut back on sodium , choose foods low in sodium more often . When you eat a high - sodium food , balance it during the day with other foods that are low in sodium . Use the salt shaker less often at the table . How much sodium do I need ? Your body needs only a small amount of sodium . Federal dietary guidelines recommend a daily sodium intake of less than 2,300 mg . For those with existing hypertension or pre - hypertension ( mildly elevated blood pressure , which often precedes development of hypertension ) , the recommendation is lowered to less than 1,500 mg of sodium per day ; this is the amount of sodium in ¾ of a teaspoon of salt . Where is sodium found in my diet ? Small amounts of sodium occur naturally in many foods . The majority of the sodium in our diets — over 75 % of it , in fact — comes from processed and restaurant foods . Most sodium added to foods comes from salt ( sodium chloride ) . Other ingredients and food additives contain sodium as well . Foods high in sodium include : Salty snacks and crackers Processed cheeses Salted , smoked , or cured meats Pickled or canned fish Canned soups and meats Pickles , sauerkraut , and relishes Condiments — check nutrition labels Prepared entrées , dinners , and vegetables with sauces . To cut down the sodium in your diet , consume these foods less often , or choose low - sodium varieties when available . Figure 2 . This pizza is likely very high in sodium due to the toppings of olives , pepperoni , and cheese . The tomato sauce and bread may be contributing substantial sodium as well , depending on the recipe . Credit : Yingko / gettyimages . com [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Figure 3 . Chips are an energy dense food , contributing many calories but few nutrients . They also often contain high amounts of Pavlo_K / gettyimages . com Using Food Labels Food labels can help you maintain your daily sodium intake at your target level . Most packaged foods must have nutrition and ingredient information , including the sodium content , listed on the label . Nutrition information is provided on the Nutrition Facts label , which the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) updated and approved in May of 2016 . The new format will be mandatory for food packages of large food companies by January 2020 . Smaller companies will have an additional year to comply with the new label . On the Nutrition Facts label , sodium is shown in milligrams ( mg ) per serving and as a percent of the Daily Value . The Daily Value for sodium is 2,300 mg / day , which is the most that people should eat in a day . Note that packages often contain more than one serving of a food item . If you plan to eat two servings of a food , you will get twice the sodium listed on the label . In the Nutrition Facts label in Figure 4 , one serving of the food contains 160 mg ( 7 % of the Daily Value ) of sodium . Figure 4 . Updated Nutrition Facts Label approved by FDA in 2016 . Sodium is shown in milligrams ( mg ) per serving and as a percent of the Daily Value , which is 2,300 mg . https : / / www . fda . gov / food / ingredientspackaginglabeling / labelingnutrition / ucm114155 . htm The current Daily Value for sodium is higher than what the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015 – 2020 recommends for adults with pre - hypertension or with hypertension , which is 1500 mg / day . In the Nutrition Facts panel shown , 160 mg of sodium is 11 % of the DV for individuals with a target level of 1,500 mg / day . The nutrition label allows consumers to compare the amount of sodium in different brands of the same food . This is because serving sizes of a certain type of food , such as soups or crackers , are the same on all food labels . What about food label claims ? What if a food label says a food is " sodium free " or " low sodium ? " What do these claims mean ? The table below shows nutrient content claims that FDA allows on food labels : Table 2 . FDA - approved nutrient content claims for sodium . If a label says : It means that one serving of the food has : Salt / Sodium - Free Less than 5 mg of sodium Very Low Sodium 35 mg of sodium or less Low sodium 140 mg of sodium or less Reduced sodium At least 25 % less sodium than the original product Light in Sodium or Lightly Salted 50 % less sodium than the regular food No - Salt - Added or Unsalted No salt is added during processing — but these products may not be salt / sodium - free unless stated Cooking with Less Sodium Try low - sodium recipes . Cut down on the salt in your favorite recipes ; use less and less salt each time you make the recipe . Some recipes , like yeast breads , require salt , and some recipes do not need any salt at all ! Use spices and herbs , as well as lemon or lime juice , instead of salt . Cut back on salt used in cooking pasta , rice , noodles , and vegetables . Cut the salt in half at first ; then see if you can prepare these foods without any salt . Use more fresh foods and fewer canned foods . Try some packaged foods labeled " low sodium , " " very low sodium , " " reduced sodium , " or " less sodium . " Cut down on added salt slowly , and cook with herbs and spices to keep your foods tasty . In time , even if you are a salt lover , your desire for salty foods will likely diminish as your palate adapts . Table 3 . Cooking with herbs and spices . For these foods : Use one or a combination : Pot roast or meatloaf Allspice , garlic , marjoram , thyme Fish Chives , dill , tarragon Poultry Marjoram , rosemary , tarragon , garlic , paprika Soups Curry powder , ginger , garlic , basil Pastas Poppy seeds , savory , basil Tomatoes or tomato sauces Basil , oregano , chili powder Rice or bulgur Basil , curry powder , onion powder ( not onion salt ) Cooked cabbage , broccoli , Brussels sprouts , or cauliflower Caraway seeds , curry powder , marjoram Cooked carrots or beets Caraway seeds , cloves , cinnamon Cooked green beans , lima beans , or peas Dill , rosemary , garlic Table 4 . Herb and spice blends . Start with equal amounts of each herb or spice ( except hot pepper ) ; adjust to suit your taste . Barbecue blend : Cumin , garlic , hot pepper , oregano Italian blend : Basil , marjoram , oregano , rosemary , sage , savory , thyme Egg herbs : Basil , dill weed ( leaves ) , garlic , parsley , fines herbes Salad herbs : basil , parsley , tarragon Low - or Reduced - Sodium Recipes Marinara Sauce ½ cup finely chopped onion 2 garlic cloves , minced 1 Tbsp olive oil 1 29 - oz can no - salt - added crushed tomatoes 1 6 - oz can tomato paste ½ cup red wine ( optional ) 1 tsp sugar 1 Tbsp dried crushed basil 1 Tbsp fresh chopped parsley ( or 1 tsp dried ) ½ tsp salt ( optional ) Sauté the onion in a saucepan with the olive oil over low heat until translucent ( do not brown ) . Add garlic and sauté 30 seconds . Stir in the remaining ingredients . Bring to a boil , lower heat , and simmer on low at least 30 minutes and up to an hour . Serve over your favorite whole wheat pasta . Makes 8 servings . Approximate nutrients per serving ( sauce only , not including optional ingredients ) : 80 calories 3 grams dietary fiber 10 grams carbohydrates 20 milligrams sodium 2 grams fat 313 milligrams potassium 2.5 grams protein Garlic Herb Chicken 4 skinless , boneless chicken breasts 1 Tbsp olive oil 1 tsp lemon juice ½ tsp garlic powder ¼ tsp pepper ½ tsp dried tarragon Preheat oven to 400 degrees . Place the chicken breasts into a casserole dish . Mix the olive oil , lemon juice , and herbs / spices together . Brush or rub the mixture on both sides of each chicken breast . Bake 20 – 25 minutes ; baking time will vary depending on thickness of the chicken . Internal temperature should reach 165ºF . Makes 4 servings . Approximate nutrients per serving 175 calories 0.25 gram dietary fiber 1 gram carbohydrate 65 milligrams sodium 6.5 grams fat 230 milligrams potassium 27 grams protein Pasta Primavera 8 oz whole wheat pasta , dry 2 Tbsp olive oil , divided ½ large sweet onion , chopped 2 tsp minced garlic 1 cup broccoli florets 1 cup cauliflower florets ½ cup sliced carrots 2 bell peppers ( any color ) , cut into bite - sized pieces ½ cup frozen peas 2 Tbsp fresh lemon juice + ½ teaspoon zest ½ cup reduced - fat grated parmesan cheese 2 tablespoons fresh parsley , chopped Cook pasta according to package instructions ; do not add salt . Drain and toss with 1 tablespoon of the olive oil . Set aside . Heat a large skillet over medium heat . Add the remaining olive oil and the onions . Cook until the onions are translucent ( soft and clear ; do not brown ) . Add the garlic and cook 30 seconds . Add the broccoli , cauliflower , carrots , and red pepper to the skillet and sauté over medium high heat 5 minutes ; then lower the heat , cover and cook an additional 350 calories 9 grams dietary fiber 55 grams carbohydrates 195 milligrams sodium 10 grams fat 615 milligrams potassium Footnotes 1 . This document is FCS8129 , one of a series of the Department of Family , Youth and Community Sciences , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date April 1990 . Revised September 1995 , October 2002 , October 2010 , August 2012 , and January 2018 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Linda B . Bobroff , PhD , RDN , professor and Extension nutrition specialist ; Department of Family , Youth and Community Sciences ; UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville FL 32611 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "Sodium", "Health and Fitness", "Hypertension" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/he794	Bedwetting 1 Heidi Liss Radunovich and Garret D . Evans 2 Bedwetting , referred to as enuresis by the medical community , is a common problem in children ages 5 – 10 . At age 4.5 around 30 % of children experience some degree of bedwetting , but by around age 9.5 only 9.5 % of children experience any amount of bedwetting . By age 9.5 only 1.5 % of children wet the bed frequently ( more than twice per week ) . Fortunately , most children grow out of bedwetting . In fact , only about 1 % of adults have problems with bedwetting . However , some children develop psychological and behavioral problems related to embarrassment , low self - esteem , and anger stemming from this condition . Parents and siblings often feel frustration , anger , and embarrassment over their attempts to help stop the child ' s bedwetting . Children may be afraid to sleep over at a friend ' s home for fear of having an “ accident . ” Thus , while problems with bladder control Types of Enuresis Diurnal enuresis : Wetting that occurs during waking hours . Nocturnal enuresis : Wetting that occurs during sleep . This is the most common type of wetting . There are two types of nocturnal enuresis : Primary type : The child is age 5 or older and has never gained full bladder control . In other words , they have not gone more than three months without wetting the bed at least twice a week . Secondary type : Loss of bladder control after the child ( or adult ) has previously demonstrated bladder control ( usually defined as going three months without wetting the bed ) . Around twice as many boys as girls wet the bed at night after age 5 . However , more girls wet their pants during the day than boys . This publication primarily focuses on bedwetting because it is the most common wetting problem . However , keep in mind that daytime wetting is often treated with many of the same strategies discussed here . " Problem " Bedwetting Many parents are not sure how old their child needs to be before their wetting is considered a problem . Most children begin to stay dry at night at around the age of 3 . However , a number of children continue to wet the bed after this age . Parents often become concerned around this age , especially if they begin to notice other children of the same age or siblings who stopped wetting by age 3 . Yet most of these children require little more than some extra attention and a few changes in their bedtime routine to Most physicians and psychologists agree that bedwetting can be classified as a clinical problem if the child is unable to keep the bed dry by age 7 . However , many professionals admit that bedwetting becomes a serious problem for the younger child when it begins to impact self - esteem , behavior , and relationships with others . It is often the child ' s and family member ' s reaction to bedwetting that determines whether it is a problem or not . What Causes Bedwetting ? All of the causes of bedwetting are not known . Physicians emphasize that bedwetting is a symptom , not a disease . Bedwetting is not a mental problem , learning problem , or behavioral problem . Even children with no history of bedwetting may lose bladder control from time to time . Bedwetting may appear or increase when a child is ill . For example , urinary tract infections or certain medications can cause bedwetting in children and adults . In addition , children with diabetes commonly wet the bed when their blood sugar ( glucose ) levels become erratic . Bedwetting by itself does not mean that a child has diabetes . Although the reason ( s ) for bedwetting may vary from child to child , there are some common reasons why a child might wet the bed : Bladder size . Kidney or bladder problems are rarely the cause of bedwetting in older children ( after age 3 – 4 ) . However , it appears that some children who wet the bed have relatively small bladders that can not hold much urine . At times the body ' s ability to produce urine might outpace the growth of the bladder . If this is the reason for a child ' s bedwetting , the bedwetting should reduce or go away as the bladder increases in size . Neurological issues . Some children may have nervous systems that are not sufficiently developed to get the right signal between the bladder and the brain . For these children it is just a matter of time until their brain develops enough to solve the problem . In the past it was thought that some children may be such deep sleepers that they do not wake up when they have the urge to urinate . Recent research does not seem to support this idea , because children who wet the bed seem to have similar sleep cycles to those who do not wet the Genetics and family factors . Bedwetting appears to run in families . Approximately 75 percent of children with a wetting problem have a parent and / or sibling who has or had a similar problem . In addition , the approach parents take toward toilet training their children can cause bedwetting . For example , some parents may adopt an overly punitive strategy for toilet training . Such approaches can make kids nervous about using the toilet , which may then cause wetting to actually increase . Hormones . Recent research suggests that some children who wet the bed may lack sufficient levels of an important hormone , nocturnal arginine vasopressin ( AVP ) . AVP helps decrease the amount of urine produced at night . This process helps prevent the bladder from overfilling . However , some children who wet the bed do not show this increase of AVP during sleep , and end up producing more urine than their bladders can hold . If the cause of the bedwetting is a lack of AVP , then it is possible to use a medication that can increase the amount of AVP in the body . Psychological causes . Sometimes bedwetting can be a response to stress , such as an emotional conflict or anxiety a child is experiencing . Psychologists and other mental health professionals regularly report that children begin wetting the bed during times of conflict at home or school . Dramatic changes in home and family life also appear to lead some children to wet the bed . Moving to a new town , parent conflict or divorce , arrival of a new baby , or loss of a loved one or pet can cause insecurity that contributes to bedwetting . Often children are not even Many parents mistakenly believe that wetting the bed is their child ' s way of " getting back at them . " Children very rarely wet the bed on purpose , and are usually ashamed of it . In the vast majority of cases , bedwetting is unintentional and children would gladly stop it on their own if they could . After all , few children like to wake up in a wet bed . Parents should be careful never to make a child feel ashamed or naughty for wetting the bed . Rather , they need to encourage the child and praise attempts to remain dry ( e.g. , praise them when they use the toilet successfully ) . Parents should NEVER punish a child for bedwetting . Punishment almost never works and may actually increase bedwetting as the child becomes more upset , nervous , ashamed , and / or resentful toward parents . What Should You Do ? See a doctor . If your child is age 6 or over and continues to wet the bed frequently , it is probably time to talk to his / her pediatrician . If your child has never been able to establish bladder control for 3 – 6 months , there may be medical causes to his / her problem ( e.g. , tumors , undiagnosed infections , etc . ) . If your child is age 3 – 5 and has recently started to wet the bed after several months of dryness , you may also wish to consult your pediatrician ( see the Do n ' t make bedwetting a problem , but if it becomes a problem , do n ' t hesitate to take action . Start by seeing a doctor to rule out medical problems . When to Consult a Doctor Your child is 6 – 7 years old and has never been able to stay dry overnight . Your child is troubled by wetting the bed ( even if they are younger than 6 years old ) . Your child has begun wetting the bed after several months of staying dry . You are punishing or concerned that you might punish your child for bedwetting . Your child wets or soils his / her pants during the daytime . Your child ' s pediatrician should be able to refer you to someone to treat your child ' s bedwetting . If your child does not have an identified pediatrician , your local health department or your child ’ s guidance counselor may be able to provide you with a referral . Some Treatment Strategies Once you have consulted with a physician who can screen for physical problems that may be contributing to your child ' s bedwetting , a treatment choice can be made . The following list describes the most popular treatments for bedwetting . Scheduled Waking For this strategy , parents typically wake the child periodically ( 1 – 3 times ) at night and walk them to the bathroom to urinate . The child must attempt to urinate each time , but should not be punished or scolded for failing to do so . The idea is that by waking the child through the night , parents can help " head off " bedwetting episodes . Eventually the time between wakings is stretched until the child can go a full night without wetting the bed . Limiting Fluids Limiting the amount of fluids at night ( especially ones with caffeine ) may help prevent bedwetting . However , this practice is not recommended if you ' re using other strategies that focus on teaching the child to recognize the sensation that his / her bladder is full ( e.g. , scheduled waking or moisture alarms ) . Some experts fear that limiting fluids too much can be harmful to children ' s health , so talk to your doctor if you are considering this method . Moisture Alarms Long considered one of the most successful strategies to eliminate bedwetting , moisture alarms are a common approach used in treating enuresis . Moisture alarms come in two general varieties : a clip - on sensor probe that can be attached to the outside of night - clothes or a thin metallic pad that can be slipped under the bottom bed sheet ( " bell and pad " ) . Both alarms work on the same basic principle — the probe or pad is sensitive to moisture , and when the child urinates in bed the sensor detects the moisture If children do not immediately wake up in response to the alarm , parents should make it a point to wake them up and help them go to the bathroom . Parents should insist that children wash themselves completely , change their night - clothes , and help change the sheets prior to returning to bed . Do not punish the child for setting off the alarm . Simply having to get out of bed and go through the cleaning routine is punishment enough for most children . Remember , you do not want to shame or blame children for bedwetting . However , reinforce the message that they need to share in the responsibility of cleaning up after wetting and working to solve the problem . While moisture alarms are electronically operated , they remain safe and do not shock the child who wets the bed . Such alarms can be purchased or ordered directly through most drug stores , many department stores , and online vendors . Prices generally range from $ 50 to $ 200 . Before choosing to use a moisture alarm system , parents should consult with a pediatrician or mental health professional with experience in treating bedwetting with this method . Exercises and Bladder Training Some professionals recommend teaching the child bladder control through a series of exercises designed to stretch and condition the child ' s bladder . Such exercises include delaying urination a few minutes after the first sensation that the bladder is full ( to stretch the bladder ) and stopping the urine flow midstream ( to strengthen bladder muscles ) . Although these techniques seem to help adults , there is little to no evidence that these techniques work with children , or with nighttime wetting . Medications Many different drugs have been developed to treat bedwetting . The drug most frequently prescribed to treat bedwetting is Desmopressin acetate ( DDAVP ) . DDAVP is a synthetic ( man - made ) form of AVP that works by substituting for the natural AVP that the body should produce . This treatment may be particularly effective if the child is found to have a deficiency of natural AVP during sleep . DDAVP typically causes the child ' s body to make less urine , which lessens the risk that the bladder will overfill during sleep . It is given to the child as a nasal spray or in pill form . Many parents report that DDAVP works quickly to reduce their child ' s bedwetting , but often it only reduces the frequency of the wetting and does not solve the problem completely . If it is effective , many doctors recommend slowly taking children off the drug after three months to determine if they can stay dry without it . Unfortunately , many children resume bedwetting when the drug is stopped . Some doctors restart DDAVP and continue to taper children off it every few weeks to see if they can stay dry . Some parents decide that they can Another drug used to treat bedwetting or other forms of enuresis is Oxybutynin ( marketed as Ditropan , Lyrinel XL , or Oxytrol ) . This medication reduces muscle spasms in the bladder by affecting brain receptors . It shows some effectiveness for those bedwetters who have an overactive bladder , but does not seem to be effective for the general population of bedwetters . However , it is a member of the anticholinergic family of drugs and can cause serious side effects in some people . Those taking this medication should be closely monitored by a physician . Some of the drugs used to treat bedwetting were originally developed for other purposes , such as treating depression ( antidepressants ) . Imipramine ( Tofranil has been used for the treatment of enuresis , although compared to other treatments tends not to be as effective . It has been found to be successful in reducing wetting in approximately 30 percent of cases . Imipramine can be used to treat daytime or nighttime wetting . However , as is the case with most drug treatments , antidepressants have not been proven to cure bedwetting in the long run . Even if it is effective , the wetting often returns when the child goes off the medication . Another drawback to this approach is that antidepressants are Treating bedwetting with any type of medication is more expensive than using moisture alarms . Costs can range between $ 10 to more than $ 200 per month , depending on the type of drug and dosage the doctor prescribes . Some , but not all , insurance policies cover the cost of this treatment . Psychotherapy Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for children ' s wetting problems if their wetting appears to be a reaction to family changes ( e.g. , birth of a new baby ) , stressful situations ( e.g. , school problems ) , or an emotional or traumatic event ( e.g. , divorce ) . Psychotherapy would help the child and family explore what is causing the wetting problem and teach the child ways to cope with the situation . Mental health professionals often use psychotherapy in combination with other behavioral strategies , such as moisture alarms or scheduled waking . Which Strategy Should We Use ? Choosing the best treatment for your child ' s wetting problem depends on a variety of personal and lifestyle factors . Research generally supports the use of moisture alarms as the best approach for curing bedwetting in the long term . This approach also eliminates the risk of side effects from medication and is generally the most cost - effective strategy . Using moisture alarms in combination with psychotherapy may be the best option if children are having behavioral or emotional problems along with their wetting problem . However , some families prefer the convenience of medications and their ability References American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fifth edition . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association . Butler , R . J . ( 2004 ) . Childhood nocturnal enuresis : Developing a conceptual framework . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 , 909 – 931 . doi : 10.1016 / j . cpr . 2004 . 07 . 001 Deshpande , A . V . , & Caldwell , P . H . Y . ( 2012 ) . Medical management of nocturnal enuresis . Pediatric Drugs , 14 ( 2 ) , 71 – 77 . doi : 1174 - 5878 / 12 / 0002 - 0071 Evans , J . , Birgitta , M . , Maddocks , A . Popli , H . S . , & Lottmann , H . ( 2011 ) . Randomized comparison of long - term desmopressin and alarm treatment for bedwetting . Journal of Pediatric Urology , 7 , 21 – 29 . doi : 10.1016 / j . jpurol . 2010 . 04 . 018 Kiddoo , D . A . ( 2012 ) . Nocturnal enuresis . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 184 ( 8 ) , 908 – 911 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj . 111652 Mayo Clinic ( 2013 ) . Bed - wetting . Retrieved from http : / / www . mayoclinic . com / health / bed - wetting / DS00611 O ’ Flynn , N . ( 2011 ) . Nocturnal enuresis in children and young people : NICE clinical guideline . British Journal of General Practice , 61 , 360 - 362 . doi : 10.3399 / bjgp11X572562 Footnotes 1 . This document is FCS2112 , one of a series of the Family , Youth and Community Sciences Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date May 1996 . Revised August 2006 and September 2013 . Reviewed October 2016 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Heidi Liss Radunovich , associate professor , Human Development , Department of Family , Youth and Community Sciences ; and Garret D . Evans , former associate professor , Clinical Psychology ; UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville , FL 32611 . The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information . UF / IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named , and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "Bedwetting", "medical community", "embarrassment" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs229	The Pecan Tree 1 P . C . Andersen 2 Historical Information Native Americans used the pecan as a food source for thousands of years before the arrival of Spanish and European explorers . Native Americans and fur traders disseminated the nuts from the Mississippi Valley eastward . Pecans soon became an important trade item . The first recorded shipment to England was documented in 1761 . Pecans have been cultivated for a relatively short period of time . Plant growth and development resemble a forest tree species rather than a domesticated crop . Pecan nuts were derived from seedling pecan trees until about 150 years ago . The cultivar ‘ Centennial ’ was grafted in Louisiana in 1846 ( Sparks 1992 ) . Grafted cultivars represented a significant proportion of pecans grown in the United States by the early 1900s . Over the last century , individual pecan trees with exceptional characteristics were selected , named , and propagated . During the last several decades , Distribution The pecan , Carya illinoensis ( Wagenh . ) K . Koch , is a deciduous tree native to North America . It belongs to the same family ( Juglandacae ) as English walnut , black walnut , and hickory . The pecan tree is native to the Mississippi floodplain , which has deep , fertile , well - drained soils . Non - cultivated pecan trees sometimes exist nearly as a pure stand . Pecans also exist in the river bottomlands of Texas and northern Mexico . The climate of the native range of pecan is characterized by long , hot summers and moderately cool winters . Currently , the southeastern United States produces most of the pecan crop . Georgia produces about 50 % of the total production within the United States . Florida produces from 5 to 10 million pounds of pecans annually . The value of the US pecan industry has increased greatly because of increased demand from China and other emerging nations . There is also substantial production in the midwestern and southwestern United States . The acreage in the southwestern United States has been increasing at a rapid rate . Regions having an arid / semi - arid growing season and well supplied with irrigation are optimum for commercial pecan production because of a reduction in the incidence of leaf fungal diseases , primarily pecan scab . Other regions of production include Australia , Brazil , Israel , Mexico , and South Africa . In Florida , pecan trees can be found in all regions between Pensacola and Miami , although many of the pecans grown in the state are not well managed . Most of the total acreage ( 8,500 acres ) is located in north Florida . Tree growth may be satisfactory in the southern half of the state ; however , nut production is usually low because the winters are not cold enough and the higher rainfall increases disease pressure . The majority of the production statewide is not well managed in respect to irrigation , soil fertility , and weed Botany Pecan trees are very large and are capable of reaching 70 or more feet in height and 6 feet in trunk diameter . Pecan leaves are alternate and odd pinnate . Pecan leaves consist of between 9 and 15 leaflets . Flowers are unisexual ( i.e. male and female flowers are separate ) . The male ( staminate ) flowers are called catkins and are arranged in groups of 2 to 8 by a common peduncle ( Figure 1 ) . The female ( pistillate ) flower is a star - shaped terminal raceme ( Figure 2 ) . Staminate Figure 1 . Staminate ( male ) flowers ready to release pollen . Male flowers are also known as catkins . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Figure 2 . Pistillate ( female ) flowers that have just been pollinated . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Figure 3 . Pecan fruit prior to dehiscence ( or shuck split ) . Figure 4 . A pecan that is nearly mature with the shuck peeled away . The period of juvenility ( the duration of time in the life cycle of a plant that is limited to vegetative growth ) can be especially long ( 10 to 12 years ) . Precocity can vary from 4 to 12 years depending on pecan cultivar and cultural practices . Juvenility in the native stand is likely an adaptive feature to allow trees to establish themselves in a competitive position in the canopy . From a pecan production perspective , an excessive period of juvenility increases the time to achieve a positive economic return . The desirability for a rapid Site Selection and Soil Preparation A large amount of land should be allocated for pecan production . It is best to plant pecans in a field that has been cleared of forest trees for at least 10 to 20 years to minimize the effect of root pathogens associated with decaying tree roots . Hilltops are the best locations for growing pecans . Soil porosity is normally good and the increased air movement facilitates the drying of morning dew , which tends to reduce the incidence of leaf diseases . Bottomland sites are acceptable provided that there is good air and water drainage . North - An ideal soil is one that is in pasture or one that has been used for agronomic crops for a number of years . A soil pH between 5.5 and 6.5 is satisfactory . If soil pH is less than 5.0 , lime can applied at 1 to 2 tons per acre . Pecans grow well in a wide range of soil types including the red clays of extreme north Florida and the sandy soils of south central Florida . Best growth occurs in a sandy loam or a loamy sand with a clay subsoil . The soil should be Soil pH can often fall below 5.5 with continued nitrogen fertilization . On average , 1 pound of dolomite can be applied per 100 square feet ( or 2 tons / acre ) to raise the soil pH 1 unit . Elemental sulfur can be applied at 1 to 2 pounds per 100 square feet to reduce soil pH by 1 pH unit . Dolomite or elemental sulfur should be applied in the fall and can be thoroughly incorporated by very shallow disking to increase soil penetration . A weed - free in - row strip is often maintained to facilitate tree growth , fertilization efficiency and harvesting operations . For very young orchards a 6 - foot in - row strip is sufficient , whereas with older bearing orchards a 10 - to 12 - foot in - row strip is preferable . For bearing orchards it is advisable to maintain grass or other cover crops between the rows . Keep grass closely mowed during late summer and fall to facilitate harvesting operations . This will facilitate harvesting the nuts on the ground . For a small Mechanical ( disking ) and / or chemical ( herbicide ) applications can be used to remove weeds from the orchard . Disking is sometimes practiced on land with orchards that are not sloped . If grass is to be maintained in the orchard , an application of glyphosate ( Roundup ® or generic equivalent ) at 6 oz per acre will stunt the grasses sufficiently so that frequent mowing is not required . In pecan orchards containing trees that are just a few years old or those planted at a low density , there is an opportunity to intercrop with small grains ( rye or oats ) or some other crop , since only a small fraction of the sunlight is intercepted by the tree . Young pecan trees are sometimes intercropped with corn , beans , and other vegetables . In the southeastern United States , peach trees have sometimes been intercropped in pecan orchards . Alternatively , or in combination with a small grain , legumes such as crimson clover or Tree Spacing Tree size control is one of the greatest impediments to pecan production . Yield per tree and per acre is reduced when trees are overcrowded . Thirty - to forty - year - old trees need to be spaced 60 or more feet apart . However , newly planted trees at this spacing create a very inefficient use of land and equipment . There are no dwarfing rootstocks for pecan , and satisfactory cultivars that have a dwarfing growth habit are not available . ‘ Cheyenne ’ is a cultivar known for a compact growth habit but is no longer Figure 5 . A mature pecan orchard that has become overcrowded . Another choice for spacing is to initially plant trees at a relatively close spacing and to thin trees as they become crowded . Initial spacing may vary from 30 to 40 feet with the most common being 40 feet . After trees become crowded , they can be thinned on a diagonal with the new spacing changed from 40 to 56 feet between trees . This is difficult for some growers since it entails removing alternate trees in each row and in each adjacent row . It may also entail renovating some portion of the established irrigation system . One Tree Planting Trees should be planted during the dormant season ( from late November to February ) to allow root growth before the spring . Transplant bare - root trees as soon as possible after they are dug in the nursery . Bare - root trees from the nursery are recommended . The root system should be at least 2½ feet in length . Tree height should be at least 6 feet . Many pecan trees die as a result of drying out in the hours or days before they are planted . Heel in trees from the nursery with moist soil Pecan trees require a large hole for proper transplanting . Holes 2 feet in diameter and 2 ½ feet deep are satisfactory . The best way to dig holes of this size is by using a PTO - driven auger . Plant trees at the depth to which they were planted in the nursery . The taproot should extend vertically down to the center of the hole . If container - grown trees are purchased from the nursery ( not recommended ) , it is likely that the taproot will circle the inside bottom of the container . Use your If trees are planted in a region with grazing livestock or in areas with heavy deer pressure , it will be necessary to protect trees with fences . The biggest problem arises from animals rubbing against and damaging the trees . The fences should be 6 to 9 feet high and sturdy enough to prevent the animals from getting through the fence . Propagation in the Nursery Nurseries select pecan seed ( pecan nuts ) for rootstock based on the price , the percentage of kernel , and the uniformity of the kernel . Usually , small nuts are used . Common pecan cultivars for rootstocks are ‘ Elliott ’ , ‘ Curtis ’ , and ‘ Moore ’ . In addition , seedlings are used for propagation purposes . There is no dwarfing rootstock for pecans , which eventually makes tree overcrowding a problem in orchards planted at a moderate or high density . A common practice to enhance germination percentage is to stratify seeds by mixing them with moist ( not wet ) peat moss , sawdust , or sand , and then storing them at about 35 ° F for 8 to 20 weeks . Nurseries usually begin stratifying seeds at the beginning of January . Nuts are ready for planting when they begin to germinate , as evidenced by nut splitting . Nurseries plant seedlings 6 inches apart in rows that are about 3 feet apart ( Figure 6 ) . This is much more preferable than planting nuts in containers Figure 6 . Propagation of pecan seedlings in the nursery . Ring Budding or Patch Budding Nursery Trees Annular ring budding and patch budding are the two methods of budding pecan trees . Seedling pecans are usually budded in the nursery after 1 or 2 years of growth when stem diameter approaches ½ inch . Trees are budded in June , July , or August when the buds are mature . If trees are budded in the spring , the sap should be flowing and buds should be from stored wood or from one - year - old wood . The bark of buds and that of stocks generally unite ( as evidenced by callusing ) in 3 Ring or patch budding can be performed any time during the growing season when the bark slips from the cambium freely . For ring budding , remove a ring of bark from the stock and replace it with a ring of bark containing a bud . The stick of budwood from which you take the replacement ring should be the same diameter as the stock so that the bark ring will fit closely ( Figure 7 ) . Make sure to orient the ring with the bud facing upward . Cover all wounds , but not the buds , with Figure 7 . Patch budding pecans . A ) Make 2 parallel cuts extending halfway around the stock with a double - blade knife . Make a single vertical cut at one side connecting the parallel cuts . Make similar parallel cuts above and below the desired bud on the budstick . Then make 2 vertical cuts above and below the desired bud on the budstick . Then make 2 more vertical cuts so that the bark patch with the bud can be removed from the budstick . B ) Raise the flap of bark on the stock . C ) Fit the Grafting and Budding Small Trees Some seedlings may be large enough to graft after the first year . Seedings too small to bud during the second summer can be grafted during the following winter . The whip and tongue graft ( Figure 8 ) is often used . Figure 8 . Whip grafting pecans . A ) Select a scion that closely corresponds to the size of the stock to be grafted . Cut the scion 4 to 6 inches in length . Scions should have 2 or 3 well - developed buds . B ) Make a diagonal cut 1 1 / 2 to 2 inches in length at the base of the scion . Make a diagonal cut the same length on the stock . All cuts should be straight and smooth . C ) Make a cleft cut down the stock . The cut should be about 3 January and February are the best months for grafting . In the spring , there may be numerous shoots from the stock and these will have to be removed leaving only the scion . Most of the trees should be well developed by fall and ready for digging when dormant in the winter . New budding of mature trees involves cutting the tree back to several short branches during the dormant season . Retain branches 4 to 6 inches in diameter to ensure proper growth until new buds are established . Trees with a 6 - inch or smaller diameter It is advisable to make several buds per tree , and at least one or two per scaffold limb . Several different pecan cultivars can be budded on a single tree , if desired , to aid in pollination . The method of budding is described in the above section on Nursery Propagation ( Figure 7 ) . Most of the buds do not form scions until the following year . The shoot just above the bud should be removed before growth starts and the grafting wrap can be removed . The grafting wrap can be removed earlier if the Propagation of Mature Trees Cleft Grafting Branches ( or a tree trunk if it is a small tree ) should be cut back to 3 to 4 inches in diameter during the dormant season . Create a split down the middle of the cut stub of the branch or trunk with an appropriate cleft grafting tool . Insert scions that are about ¾ inches in diameter so that the vascular cambium of the split branch or trunk and the tapered scion wood are aligned . The cut stub should be covered with grafting wax . The scion should be held in place with budding tape to Inlay Bark Graft Scion wood for inlay bark grafts should be cut in late February from 1 - or 2 - year - old shoots in 12 - inch lengths and stored at 32 to 40 ° F in moist sawdust or sphagnum moss ( Figure 9 ) . Place grafts in 2 - to 4 - inch diameter limbs at the time of pollen shedding . Scions are usually cut 5 or 6 inches long with a sloping cut about 1 3 / 4 inches long at the basal end . Place the scion against the limb and make outline cuts through Figure 9 . Inlay bark graft method . A ) Pare down the rough , scaly portion of the bark to provide a smooth surface for making the outline of the scion . B ) Lay the beveled side of the scion against the pared place on the stock . With the point of a knife , cut through the bark of the stock along each side and across the bottom of the scion . C ) Remove the patch of the bark from the stock and place the scion in the space . D ) Nail the scion in place . E Cultivar Selection Of all the pecan cultivars that have been named over the last 100 + years , very few are adapted to the southeastern United States . Ideally , a pecan cultivar should be precocious and consistently prolific , have high kernel quality , and be resistant to pecan scab and other leaf diseases . The major reason for the elimination of the great majority of cultivars from contention in the southeastern United States is their susceptibility to pecan scab . Pecan scab is a fungal disease that affects developing shoots , leaves , and nuts . Often , 4 to Pecan Cultivars for North Florida Excellent summaries of the best pecan cultivars in Georgia ( Wells and Conner 2015 ) and Alabama ( Goff 2015 ) are also available online . A summary of the characteristics of the most promising cultivars is presented in Table 1 . Active pecan research and Extension programs exist in Georgia and Alabama , and new information concerning cultivar performance has become available over the last 20 years . Some new and some rediscovered pecan cultivars have shown good yields , high nut quality , and scab resistance , but many of these have not been adequately tested in Florida . Many older cultivars that were once resistant to pecan scab , such as ‘ Cape Fear ’ and ‘ Stuart ’ , now require an intensive spray program to consistently produce a good crop . The pecan scab organism has evolved In Florida , ‘ Elliott ’ , ‘ Excel ’ , ‘ Lakota ’ , and ‘ Sumner ’ are recommended ( Table 1 ) . They all have very good to excellent resistance to pecan scab . ‘ Amling ’ , ' Avalon ' , ‘ Eclipse ’ , ‘ McMillan ’ , and ‘ Zinner ’ have excellent scab resistance and are recommended on a trial basis because they have not been adequately tested in Florida . ‘ Caddo ’ , ‘ Cape Fear ’ , ‘ Desirable ’ , ‘ Forkert ’ , ‘ Kiowa ’ , In Georgia , the recommended cultivars are ‘ Elliott ’ , ‘ Excel ’ , ’ Lakota ’ , ( excellent scab resistance ) , ‘ Kanza ’ , ‘ Sumner ’ ‘ Zinner ’ ( good scab resistance ) , and ‘ Caddo ’ , ‘ Forkert ’ , and ‘ Oconee ’ ( average scab resistance ) . ‘ Amling ’ , ' Avalon ' , ‘ Byrd ’ , ‘ Excel ’ , ‘ Lakota ’ , ‘ McMillan ’ , and Zinner ’ are recommended for trial , and ‘ Cape Fear ’ , ‘ Creek In Alabama , the recommended cultivars are ‘ Apalachee ’ , ‘ Baby B ’ , ‘ Caddo ’ , ‘ Excel ’ , ‘ Gafford ’ , ‘ Giftpack ’ , ‘ Headquarters ’ , ‘ Lakota ’ , ‘ McMillan ’ , and ‘ Zinner ’ ( all good to excellent scab resistance ) . ‘ Adams 5 ’ , ‘ Amlin ’ , ‘ Byrd ’ , ‘ Creek ’ , ‘ Desirable ’ , ‘ Elliott ’ , ‘ Forkert ’ , ‘ Kanza ’ , ‘ Mandan ’ , ‘ Sumner ’ , ‘ Surprize Pollination Pecan trees are wind pollinated . Pecan trees have monoecious flowers ( i.e. separate male and female flowers ) ( Figure 1 ) . The staminate ( male ) flowers ( also known as catkins ) appear as fluffy , multi - lobed , finger - like projections . Catkins appear to arise on last year ’ s wood , but are actually borne on short current - season ' s growth . The pistillate ( female ) flowers resemble a small star and are borne on current year ’ s growth ( Figure 2 ) . Staminate and pistillate Tree Training and Pruning Trees at planting are normally a whip without branches . A newly planted tree should have between ½ and 1 / 3 of the top removed so as to bring roots and shoots into balance . Some terminology is in order . Tree training is performed early in the life of the tree to form a proper tree framework . Pecan trees should be trained to a central leader training system ( Figure 10 ) . Select a vigorous upright shoot as your main leader and remove adjacent shoots . This is very important . For commercial plantings , lateral Figure 10 . A young pecan tree training to center leader system . Eventually branches lower than 4 to 5 feet above the ground will be removed . Mature pecan trees are not routinely pruned ( Figure 11 ) . Mature pecan trees are pruned to facilitate continued tree productivity as adjacent trees become crowded in the orchard . During the dormant season , prune all limbs closer than 5 feet from the soil surface . The cut should not be flush but rather a sufficient distance from the branch to create a stub that will eventually be covered with bark tissue ; otherwise the location of the pruned - off limb will sustain wood rot and eventually leave a hole in the trunk . The crotch angle Figure 11 . A mature pecan tree grown at a low density . Figure 12 . The center leader of this immature pecan tree has broken because of the narrow crotch angles of subtending lateral branches . There is usually a reduction in yield associated with pruning that may last several years . Yield can be essentially zero for three years of growth after scaffold limbs are pruned to stubs . Severe pruning can promote a return of the tree to a juvenile ( nonreproductive ) state . A reduction in yield with pruning will also occur for trees destined for eventual tree removal . Irrigation The amount of water a pecan tree requires depends on the tree ’ s age and the season of the year . A hot , dry period will require more irrigation than a prolonged wet period . Irrigation is most critical during the establishment year . A mature tree will not be greatly damaged by a lack of irrigation , although yield and nut quality can be greatly reduced . For the first 2 years , a pecan tree may only require 10 gallons every day . Young trees will perform quite well with drip irrigation . Irrigation once every Fertilization It is best to conduct a soil fertility test prior to planting . Collect soil samples from different areas of the field and give the samples to your County Extension Agent . The County Agent will send samples to the University of Florida Soil Testing Laboratory for analysis at a nominal fee . When planting pecan trees , or any other trees , do not put fertilizer in the planting hole . Rather , provide a light application ( 1 pound per tree ) of 10 - 10 - 10 ( N - P 2 O 5 - K O ) plus microelements in early March and again in June . A 10 - 0 - 10 fertilizer can be substituted for 10 - 10 - 10 if soils contain sufficient P . In addition , rather than applying fertilizer twice a year , a smaller proportional quantity can be applied every 6 to 8 weeks . Do not apply all the fertilizer in a clump around the base of the tree ; instead , spread out the fertilizer in a circle with a 3 - to 5 - foot diameter around the trunk of the tree . Avoid After the establishment year , about 2 pounds of fertilizer should be applied for each inch of trunk diameter ( measure 1 foot above the soil ) during the winter and summer . If tree growth is less than 2 feet per year , the quantity of fertilization should be toward the higher end of this rate . You may want to do a leaf analysis , particularly if deficiency or toxicity symptoms occur in leaves or if limb growth is insufficient . Deficiency or toxicity can be diagnosed by a discoloration of the leaves or a malformation of the Nutrient Deficiencies Leaf nutrient status can be determined by contacting your County Extension Agent . The County Agent will submit leaf samples to the University of Florida Soil Testing Laboratory for analysis at a nominal fee . Table 3 describes the low , sufficient , and high ranges of nutrient concentrations of pecan leaflets . It is recommended to sample leaflet pairs from fully expanded leaves in the mid - portion of the terminal growth 56 to 84 days after the initiation of terminal growth . Some symptoms of nutrient deficiency are fairly easy to identify . Nitrogen deficiency will result in light green or light yellow foliage , particularly in the lower limbs . In certain cases there will be premature leaf abscission of these leaves . A nitrogen deficiency can reduce the growth rate of young trees and can reduce the yield of bearing trees . Supplemental application of ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate can be supplied if nitrogen is deficient . Phosphorous and potassium deficiency symptoms seldom occur in pecan trees , although it is possible that leaf levels of potassium may be in the deficiency range . It is unlikely that phosphorous deficiencies will occur in pecan leaves . Magnesium deficiency has rarely been observed especially if using a balanced fertilizer containing magnesium . Magnesium deficiency is characterized by interveinal chlorosis with marginal yellowing of leaves . Many pecan orchards require supplemental applications of zinc in the form of zinc oxide or zinc sulfate in the fertilizer . Zinc deficiency is characterized by a bronzing and a crinkling of the leaves and a reduction in leaf size . In severe cases there can be twig dieback . Zinc deficiency is most pronounced at a pH above 6.0 . A few ounces of zinc sulfate applied to the soil will correct a zinc deficiency for young trees , while several pounds may be required for older trees . If zinc sprays are used , 2 pounds of neutral Nickel deficiency can result in dwarfed , rounded leaflets , a condition known as mouse ear . Previously , mouse ear was incorrectly attributed to manganese deficiency . As in the case of zinc deficiency , it is most common at high soil pH . It can be corrected by application of nickel Plus ™ ( 10 - 0 - 0 ) at 1 to 2 pints per acre . The enzyme urease requires nickel to convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide , and nickel is critical for amino acid metabolism . Tree Production and Alternate Bearing Pecan yield and quality are influenced by tree age , cultivar , and management program . Certain precocious cultivars can produce a small crop ( 10 to 30 pounds per tree as young as 6 years old ) , but other cultivars such as ‘ Stuart ’ require 10 years to bear a crop . Trees planted at a high or moderate density approach maximum yield per acre but can quickly become overcrowded , resulting in a reduction in yield . Few pecan orchards produce more than 1,500 pounds per acre over a sustained period . Alternate bearing is a phenomenon where trees bear heavy and light crops in alternate years . Often , many or most cultivars can have high and low yields synchronously . In a high - yield year , water , nutrients , and sugar production by photosynthesis are sufficient to mature a large quantity of nuts . Certainly plant hormones play a role as a plant signal in alternate bearing . It is likely that carbohydrate reserves will be depleted by the end of the on year , and yield the following year ( the off year ) will be low Alternate bearing is accentuated by any factor ( s ) that can deplete the tree ’ s energy reserves . This can include inadequate insect or disease control , insufficient fertilization , lack of water , and tree overcrowding . Diagnosing the actual cause of alternate bearing can be difficult . Premature defoliation can enhance the depletion of carbohydrate reserves and can be a predictor of low yield the following year . Premature defoliation during late summer can exacerbate alternate bearing because of the depletion of carbohydrates associated with the formation of new leaves . If possible , healthy foliage Neglected or Abandoned Pecan Orchards A substantial proportion of the pecan acreage in Florida consists of neglected or abandoned trees . Many trees that appear in homeowner settings can also fit into this category . After a few years of neglect , tall weeds will be prevalent in the orchard . Orchards that have been abandoned for about 5 years will contain saplings growing within and between rows . Broken pecan limbs will also be prevalent . After about 15 years , an abandoned pecan orchard can resemble a forest in which scattered pecan trees compete for sunlight in the canopy . The decision to renovate a neglected orchard will depend not only on the length of time it has been abandoned , but also on the specific pecan cultivars . If the trees are recommended cultivars ( as indicated in the “ Cultivar Selection ” earlier in this publication ) and if there is little work required to bring the trees back into production , then renovation is an option . If either of these conditions is not met then renovation will not be cost effective . Homeowners or landowners may still want to renovate for aesthetic purposes . Homeowners should If you decide to renovate , remove competing vegetation , including saplings , and create a weed - free in - row strip about 10 feet wide . Cattle can be grazed on the land for a short time if the vegetation is deemed suitable , and goats will eat just about any vegetation . After renovation , the pecan foliage should shade out any competing weed growth . Remove all scaffold or lateral limbs that fall below a height of 5 feet above the ground . You may have to remove limbs that are too close together . If Mistletoe is a parasite of pecan trees and diverts nutrients from the tree ( Figure 13 ) . The only method to remove mistletoe is to cut it out below the point of attachment , since the root system of mistletoe deeply penetrates the wood of pecan trees . Spanish moss appears as a green - gray moss that hangs on tree limbs . Spanish moss is related to the Bromeliads . Spanish moss is not technically a parasite , though it is a symptom of low tree vigor ( Figure 14 ) . Spanish moss obtains carbon for photosynthesis Figure 13 . A mistletoe infestation on a mature pecan tree during the dormant season . Figure 14 . A pecan tree with a heavy infestation of Spanish moss during the dormant season . Mammal and Bird Pest Problems Squirrels are the main mammal pests of pecans . Estimates in Georgia indicate that one squirrel can consume 50 pounds of nuts per year . They also break twigs . Squirrel damage may begin in September and last until the nuts are harvested . Squirrels are particularly damaging for pecan trees that are near woodlands or adjacent to other trees because the squirrels never have to touch the ground to reach the pecan tree . Running on the ground of a field is hazardous to squirrels because it leaves them vulnerable to predation from hawks , owls , and other Deer may damage trunks and limbs by rubbing their antlers against them . This problem can be especially severe in areas with a high deer population where control measures will be necessary . The easiest control measure is to construct a wire fence with posts around each tree . Another option is to hunt the deer , but as with squirrels , it sometimes seems as if there can be a never ending supply of them . Remember not to hunt deer out of season . Deer are not usually a big problem after the first 10 years of establishment The number of pecan nuts a flock of crows can consume is substantial . Noisemakers and hunting are options for commercial orchards , but there are no good options for crow control in a homeowner setting . Rabbits can girdle young pecan trees during the first two years of tree establishment . Potential insect and disease problems of pecan trees and nuts are very numerous . Please see the University of Florida Insect Control Guide for the control of insects and the University of Florida Plant Disease Management Guide for the control of plant pathogens . Marketing Situation Economic advantages to pecan production are that they are a perennial tree crop with an extended harvest period ( up to 50 or more years ) , and much of the culture and management and harvesting operations can be mechanized . By contrast , mechanization can be considered a disadvantage for small to medium - sized orchards , since specialized spraying and harvesting equipment are required . A mature pecan tree can be 70 or more feet tall and the spray equipment to reach to such great heights is unique to pecans . Custom spraying and harvesting can assist the A major disadvantage of pecan culture is the length of time before pecans come into significant production ( 5 to 10 years ) . Therefore the time it takes to receive a return on an investment can be substantial . Similarly , the length of time necessary to fully renovate a neglected orchard may also be an impediment . The establishment of pecan orchards is a long - term and expensive endeavor . Growing pecans in Florida will not likely be profitable unless the best cultivars are used under optimum management practices . A minimum acreage to justify a commercial orchard is typically quite large and may be 50 or more acres . This size is required to justify the expenditure for specialized sprayers and harvesters . A minimum of 8 to 10 years is usually required to bring pecan trees into good production . Land costs in Florida vary greatly , but it is probably not practical to Until recently , the price of pecans has been relatively stagnant at about $ 1.00 to $ 1.75 per pound for in - shell nuts . However , over the last 5 to 8 years there has been an increase in the price of pecans due to increased demand from China and other countries . There have also been substantial efforts to improve pecan marketing , such as promoting pecans as a good source of high density lipoproteins . Suggested Further Reading Andersen , P.C. 2015 . Pecan Cultivars for North Florida . HS106 . Gainesville : University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences . http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu / HS106 Conner , P . 2015 . " Pollination compatibility chart for pecan cultivars in Georgia . " http : / / www . extension . uga . edu / publications Goff , B . 2015 . " Pecan Cultivar Recommendations for the Southeast . " Alabama Pecan Growers Assoc . http : / / www . alabamapecangrowers . com / cultivars . html Jones , Jr . , J.B. , B . Wolf , and H.A. Mills . 1991 . Plant Analysis Handbook . Micro - Macro Publishing Inc . Smith , M . , C . Rohla and B . Goff . 2013 . " Pecan Leaf Elemental Sufficiency Ranges and Fertilizer Recommendations . " Georgia Pecan Growers pp . 50 - 63 . www . georgiapecan . org Sparks , D . 1992 . " Pecan Cultivars , The Orchard ’ s Foundation . " Pecan Production Innovation , Watkinsville , Georgia . Wells , L . , and P . Conner . 2015 . " Pecan Varieties for Georgia Orchards . " University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service , Circular 898 . http : / / www . extension . uga . edu / publications Figure 15 . Pollination compatibility chart for pecan cultivars in Georgia ( Conner 2015 ) . Click here to see a better verison of this table Tables Table 1 . Pecan cultivars recommended by the University of Florida ( UFL ) , University of Georgia ( UGA ) , and Auburn University ( AU ) . w Cultivar Pollination type x Yield y Nuts / lb % kernel Resistance to scab Harvest date Recommendation status z UFL UGA AU ' Adams 5 ' 81 53 Excellent 7 - Oct CR ' Amling ' I 60 53 Excellent 17 - Oct TR CR ' Apalachee ' I 4 80 57 Average 7 - Oct R ' Avalon ' II 3 47 54 3 - Oct TR ' Baby B " II 3 67 50 Good 28 - Sep R ' Byrd ' 46 62 Average 22 - Sep NR ' Caddo ' 4 70 54 11 - Oct ' Cape Fear " 55 51 19 - Oct NR ' Creek ' 50 18 - Oct ' Desirable ' 47 52 Poor 14 - Oct ' Eclipse ' 61 56 Good+ 8 - Sep ' Elliott ' 2 + 76 51 Good 12 - Oct ' Excel ' 45 49 13 - Oct ' Forkert ' 3 + 57 19 - Oct ' Gafford ' 18 - Oct ' Giftpack ' 61 56 10 - Oct ' Gloria Grande ' 3 - 44 48 Good+ 20 - Oct ' Headquarters ' 17 - Oct ' Kanza ' 65 52 20 - Sep ' Kiowa ' 48 58 21 - Oct ' Lakota ' 74 25 - Sep ' Mandan ' 21 - Sep ' McMillan ' 12 - Oct ' Oconee ' ' Pawnee ' 49 Poor 17 - Sep ' Stuart ' 55 46 15 - Oct ' Sumner ' 3 + 29 - Oct ' Surprize ' 1 - Nov ' Syrup Mill ' 65 Average+ 20 - Oct ' Zinner ' w Adapted from Wells and Conner ( 2015 ) and Goff ( 2015 ) x Pollination status : Type I = protandrous Type II = protogynous y Yield rating : 1 = low = average 3 = good 4 = excellent z Recommendation status : R = recommended CR = conditionally recommended NR = not recommended = recommended for trial Table 3 . Recommended nutrient levels of pecan leaves . Element Low Sufficient High N < 2.40 2.4 – 3.0 > 3.0 P < 0.14 0.14 – 0.30 > 0.3 K 0.75 – 1.24 1.25 – 2.50 > 2.5 Ca < 1.00 1.00 – 1.75 > 1.75 Mg 0.21 – 0.29 0.30 – 0.60 > 0.6 S < 0.2 0.2 – 0.35 > 0.35 ppm B < 15 15 – 50 > 50 Cu < 6 6 – 30 > 30 Fe 30 – 49 50 – 300 > 300 Mn < 200 200 – 500 > 500 Zn < 50 50 – 150 > 150 Ni < 2.5 > 2.5 From Jones et al . ( 1991 ) and Smith et al . ( 2013 ) . Footnotes 1 . This document is HS982 , one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date May 2004 . Revised July 2006 , August 2012 , November 2015 , and January 2019 . Visit the EDIS website at https : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu for the currently supported version of this publication . 2 . P . C . Andersen , professor , Horticultural Sciences , UF / IFAS North Florida Research and Education , Quincy , FL 32351 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "The Pecan Tree", "North America", "Juvenility" ]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in651	The Facts About Termites and Mulch 1 Faith M . Oi and Marsha Wheeler 2 There have been many rumors swirling about the Internet concerning termites being spread throughout the country by large chain stores via bags of landscape mulch . In our opinion , the greater risk to structures is from termites already established in your yard as opposed to any termite stragglers that may be brought in on bags of mulch . Termites can be found in mulch , but their survival is poor and here is why : the ability of termites to survive the chipping process to create mulch is not good ; additionally , once separated from the colony , In terms of spreading invasive species like the Formosan subterranean termite , the greater problem is associated with the transport of large chunks of wood containing enough termites to sustain reproductive forms . For example , infested railroad ties used in landscape or salvaged timbers from razed structures are known to be associated with the spread of the Formosan subterranean termite ( Forschler , et al . 2000 ) . This is not to say that termites are not found in association with mulch . We believe that mulch does contribute to termite infestations , but not because invasive species are spread with it . Mulch increases the ability of termites to survive where they are already established by keeping the soil moist and temperatures moderate . Mulch laid too thickly ( > 4 – 6 inches ) can also provide a “ bridge ” over the treated perimeter of a house , allowing termites to walk over from landscape to house and avoid contact with soil treated with termiticides . Figure 1 . The current building code requires at least a 6 inch inspection gap , as shown in the picture above . The inspection gap between mulch and siding on the home will allow anyone to see if termites are building mud tubes into a structure . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Mulch is useful in keeping mud from splashing up against a house . If mulch is part of your landscape , we recommend a thin layer ( < 2 inches ) of mulch be placed within 12 inches of the foundation to allow the soil beneath to naturally dry . Desiccation is the termites worst enemy . Also avoid watering next to foundation walls . Figure 2 . Mulch that is too thick and obscures an inspection space will result in what is termed a “ conducive condition ” in the pest control industry . Some termite contracts may become void with the presence of conducive conditions around a home . The irrigation head depicted here is in violation of the current building code . The Florida building code requires that irrigation be installed 1 foot or more away from a building sidewall . Irrigation heads that “ water walls ” is also considered a conducive condition . [ Click thumbnail to enlarge . ] Finally , maintain termite protection measures for your house . Protection measures most commonly include soil treatments , bait systems , or wood protection measures . ( Remember to use a licensed and reputable pest control company . ) Also , avoid wood to ground contact , including storing mulch off the ground . References Cited Long et al . 2001 . The effect of organic and inorganic landscape mulches on subterranean termite foraging activity . Entomol . 30 ( 5 ) : 832 - 836 . Forschler , B . T . , J . Harron , and T . M . Jenkins . 2000 . Case histories involving the Formosan subterranean termite in Atlanta , Georgia , USA ( Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae ) . Sociobiology 36 : 1 - 11 . Footnotes 1 . This document is ENY - 832 , one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department , UF / IFAS Extension . Original publication date March 2006 . Reviewed January 2016 . Visit the EDIS website at http : / / edis . ifas . ufl . edu 2 . Faith M . Oi , associate Extension scientist ; and Marsha Wheeler , former graduate research assistant , Entomology and Nematology Department ; UF / IFAS Extension , Gainesville , FL 32611 . The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( IFAS ) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . For more information on obtaining other UF / IFAS Extension publications , contact your county ' s UF / IFAS Extension office . U.S. Department of Agriculture , UF / IFAS Extension Service , University of Florida , IFAS , Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program , and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating . Nick T . Place , dean for UF / IFAS Extension .	[ "The Facts", "Termites and Mulch1" ]
http://edison.rutgers.edu/biogrphy.htm	Thomas A . Edison Papers Thomas Alva Edison Biography Detailed Edison Biography Edison and Miller Family Biographies Thomas Alva Edison was the most prolific inventor in American history . He amassed a record 1,093 patents covering key innovations and minor improvements in wide range of fields , including telecommunications , electric power , sound recording , motion pictures , primary and storage batteries , and mining and cement technology . As important , he broadened the notion of invention to encompass what we now call innovation - invention , research , development , and commercialization - and invented the industrial research laboratory . Edison ' s role as an innovator is evident not only in his two Early Life Edison was born in 1847 in the canal town of Milan , Ohio , the last of seven children . His mother , Nancy , had been a school teacher ; his father , Samuel , was a Canadian political firebrand who was exiled from his country . The family moved to Port Huron , Michigan , when Thomas was seven . He attended school briefly but was principally educated at home by his mother and in his father ' s library . In 1859 Edison began working on a local branch of the Grand Trunk Railroad , selling newspapers , magazines , and candy . At one point he printed a newspaper on the train , and he also conducted chemical experiments in a baggage - car laboratory . By 1862 he had learned enough telegraphy to be employed as an operator in a local office . From 1863 to 1867 he traveled through the Midwest as an itinerant telegrapher . During these years he read widely , studied and experimented with telegraph technology , and generally acquainted himself with electrical science . Early Inventive Career In 1868 Edison became an independent inventor in Boston . Moving to New York the next year , he undertook inventive work for major telegraph companies . With money from those contracts he established a series of manufacturing shops in Newark , New Jersey , where he also employed experimental machinists to assist in his inventive work . Edison soon acquired a reputation as a first - rank inventor . His work included stock tickers , fire alarms , methods of sending simultaneous messages on one wire , and an electrochemical telegraph to send messages by automatic machinery . The crowning achievement of this period was the quadruplex telegraph , which sent two messages simultaneously in each direction on one wire . The problems of interfering signals in multiple telegraphy and high speed in automatic transmission forced Edison to extend his study of electromagnetism and chemistry . As a result , he introduced electrical and chemical laboratories into his experimental machine shops . Near the end of 1875 , observations of strange sparks in telegraph instruments led Edison into a public scientific controversy over what he called " etheric force , " which only later was understood to be radio waves . Menlo Park In 1876 , Edison created a freestanding industrial research facility incorporating both a machine shop and laboratories . Here in Menlo Park , on the rail line between New York City and Philadelphia , he developed three of his greatest inventions . Urged by Western Union to develop a telephone that could compete with Alexander Graham Bell ' s , Edison invented a transmitter in which a button of compressed carbon changed its resistance as it was vibrated by the sound of the user ' s voice , a new principle that was used in telephones for the next century . While working on the telephone in the summer of 1877 , Edison discovered a method of recording sound , and in the late fall he unveiled the phonograph . This astounding instrument brought him world fame as the " Wizard of Menlo Park " and the " inventor of the age . " Finally , beginning in the fall of 1878 , Edison devoted thirty months to developing a complete system of incandescent electric lighting . During his lamp experiments , he noticed an electrical phenomenon that became known as the " Edison effect , " the basis for vacuum - tube electronics . He left Menlo Park in 1881 to establish factories and offices in New York and elsewhere . Over the next five years he manufactured , improved , and installed his electrical system around the world . West Orange Laboratory In 1887 , Edison built an industrial research laboratory in West Orange , New Jersey , that remained unsurpassed until the twentieth century . For four years it was the primary research facility for the Edison lighting companies , and Edison spent most of his time on that work . In 1888 and 1889 , he concentrated for several months on a new version of the phonograph that recorded on wax cylinders . Edison worked with William Dickson from 1888 till 1893 on a motion picture camera . Although Edison had always had experimental assistants , this was the clearest instance of a co - invention for which Edison received sole credit . In 1887 Edison also returned to experiments on the electromagnetic separation and concentration of low - grade iron and gold ores , work he had begun in 1879 . During the 1890 ' s he built a full - scale plant in northern New Jersey to process iron ore . This venture was Edison ' s most notable commercial failure . Later Years After the mining failure , Edison adapted some of the machinery to process Portland cement . A roasting kiln he developed became an industry standard . Edison cement was used for buildings , dams , and even Yankee Stadium . In the early years of the automobile industry there were hopes for an electric vehicle , and Edison spent the first decade of the twentieth century trying to develop a suitable storage battery . Although gas power won out , Edison ' s battery was used extensively in industry . In World War I the federal government asked Edison to head the Naval Consulting Board , which examined inventions submitted for military use . Edison worked on several problems , including submarine detectors and gun location techniques . By the time of his death on October 18 , 1931 , Edison had received 1,093 U.S. patents , a total still untouched by any other inventor . Even more important , he created a model for modern industrial research .	[ "Thomas Alva Edison", "prolific inventor", "itinerant telegrapher" ]
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/06/25/btsc.first.lady.travel/index.html	Tools : Save \| Print \| E - mail Most Popular Flying with the first lady : Smiles , but not much news POSTED : 1357 GMT ( 2157 HKT ) , June 29 , 2007 • Six journalists join Laura Bush on trip to Africa • Bush says trip ' s purpose is to let taxpayers know how their money is helping • Bush ' s daughter Jenna also along for the visit By Suzanne Malveaux CNN Adjust font size : Editor ' s note : In our Behind the Scenes series , CNN correspondents share their experiences in covering news and analyze the stories behind the events . DAKAR , Senegal ( CNN ) - - Her plane is called Bright Star . When I settle into my seat in the back of the 757 , I can tell immediately this is going to be different from traveling with the president . I see the first lady two sections up chatting casually with her staff , sitting comfortably with her seat facing the back of the plane . There is a clear view of her , and my colleague beside me ca n ' t help but take a few pictures during this candid moment . We ( the six journalists traveling with Bush on her Africa trip ) are both ignored and watched over . Nine very big guys are interspersed among us . They are her Secret Service detail and they seem to be in a constant state of changing dress - - taking off ties , putting on jackets , adjusting earpieces , tightening belts . They are amusing to watch . We are wheels up at 9 : 13 a.m. ET from Andrews Air Force Base , and we ' ve been told we ' ve got about 7½ hours before we land at our first stop in Dakar , Senegal . Consider it a 9 to 5 working day on the plane , I ' m told . If only our days were ever 9 to 5 . About an hour into the flight we are served breakfast - - scrambled eggs , sausage , fruit in cream and wheat English muffins . Just as soon as I lift my fork , the first lady ' s team ( her two press secretaries , stenographer , and photographer ) come to the back of the plane to announce she is coming to speak . With our mouths full , they realize it may not be the right time . They march back to the front to suggest later . Later comes in 10 minutes . She walks to the back and , standing in the aisle , she leans over to talk , trying to drum out the noise of the engine . We all huddle and turn our ears toward her , straining to hear . Her language is almost identical to her briefing book . The purpose of the trip , she says , is to " let the American people know about what they ' re doing , through their taxpayers ' money , to try to make a big difference in Africa , both in eradicating malaria , trying to reach and treat as many people as possible and avert as much infection as possible with HIV / AIDS . " Trying to drown out the engine noise , speaking in a voice just a little too loud for comfort , I ask what she thinks will be the most challenging part of the trip . She smiles and says it will be the travel , " the long distances for us to have to fly between places , and then to try to do as many things as we can possibly do in every stop . . . .The schedule is filled , no down time , except for when we ' re on the plane . I hope you I try again for something more newsy . I comment on how the president ' s Africa mission presents a positive picture of the U.S. , and whether she believes , like her husband , the Guantanamo Bay prison should be closed . " I think I ' ll let the administration speak on that topic . That ' s not one of my topics , and that ' s certainly not the point of the trip , " she says , still smiling . I try not to take the response as a scolding . She does offer that she hopes President Bush will come to Africa , too , not this year , but next . She smiles and says she ' s going up front to put on her pajamas . I envy her and wish I could do the same . We later learn from one of her press aides that her daughter Jenna is on the plane . We marvel how she got on without any of us seeing her . A press aide says Jenna is writing a book called " Ana ' s Story : A Journey of Hope " about a 17 - year - old Latin American girl living with HIV - AIDS who she met while working for UNICEF . We all think this sounds interesting - - considering so much focus on high - profile young women seems to revolve around rehab and prison stints . I immediately inquire whether I might be able to pull Jenna aside on our trip to talk about her book , but am told I ' ll have to Writing from my hotel room in Dakar , my first travel day leaves me wanting more . But considering it is just the first day , there ' s hope . Tools : Save Print E - mail Most Popular Next story in Politics Politics Search Topic E - mail Alerts Behind the Scenes Africa AIDS ( Disease ) Senegal What are E - mail Alerts ? \| Manage Alerts \| Create Your Own Get up - to - the minute news from CNN CNN . com gives you the latest stories and video from the around the world , with in - depth coverage of U.S. news , politics , entertainment , health , crime , tech and more . Ebola toll rises in ' unprecedented ' outbreak Report : MH370 a criminal investigation Life inside the densest place on earth Ocean Shield ' s mission of hope , uncertainty Cosmetics queen fights skin bleaching First lady Laura Bush , right , meets the first lady of Senegal , Viviane Wade , in Dakar . RELATED Bono pressures candidates Activists slam G8 Africa promise Click Here to try 4 Free Trial Issues of Time !	[ "first lady :", "Bright Star ." ]
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/12/02/slaves.white.house/index.html	Slaves helped build White House , U.S. Capitol By Susan Roesgen and Aaron Cooper CNN WASHINGTON ( CNN ) - - In January , President - elect Barack Obama and his family will make history , becoming the first African - American first family to move into the White House - - a house with a history of slavery . In fact , the legacy of American presidents owning slaves goes all the way back to George Washington . A wood engraving of handcuffed and shackled slaves passing the U.S. Capitol , depicts a scene circa 1819 . 1 of 3 Twelve American presidents owned slaves and eight of them , starting with Washington , owned slaves while in office . Almost from the very start , slaves were a common sight in the executive mansion . A list of construction workers building the White House in 1795 includes five slaves - named Tom , Peter , Ben , Harry and Daniel - - all put to work as carpenters . Other slaves worked as masons in the government quarries , cutting the stone for early government buildings , including the White House and U.S. Capitol . According to records kept In 1800 , John Adams was the first president to live in the White House , moving in before it was finished . Adams was a staunch opponent of slavery , and kept no slaves . Future presidents , however , did n ' t follow his lead . Thomas Jefferson , who succeeded Adams , wrote that slavery was an " assemblage of horrors " and yet he brought his slaves with him . Early presidents were expected to pay their household expenses themselves , and many who came from the so - called " slave states " simply brought their slaves with them . Martin Van Buren , William Henry Harrison , Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S . Grant all owned slaves but not during their time in office . James Madison , Jefferson ' s successor , held slaves all of his life including while he was in office . During the war of 1812 Madison ' s slaves helped remove material from the White House shortly before the British burned the building . Michelle Obama uncovers slaves in her family » Do n ' t Miss Michelle Obama tours new home Explainer : Inside the inauguration White House history of African - Americans In Depth : Transition to Power In 1865 one of Madison ' s former slaves , Paul Jennings , wrote the first White House memoir : " A Colored Man ' s Reminiscences of Life in the White House . " In the book , Jennings called Madison " one of the best men that ever lived " and said Madison " never would strike a slave , although he had over one hundred ; neither would he allow an overseer to do it . " There were other presidents who treated their slaves less kindly . James Monroe , Andrew Jackson , John Tyler , James K . Polk and Zachary Taylor all owned slaves while they were in office . The last of these , President Taylor , said owning slaves was a Constitutional right and he said slave - owners like himself would " appeal to the sword if necessary " to keep them . The Civil War , of course , put that opinion to the test . Now , the Obamas are moving into the White House . " The apple cart has been turned over here when you have the Obamas - - the first African - American couple - - now actually management and you are having in some cases white Americans serving them , " says presidential historian Doug Brinkley . Michelle Obama learned this year that one of her great - great grandfathers was a slave who worked on a rice plantation in South Carolina . She says finding that part of her past uncovered both shame and pride and what she calls the tangled history of this country . For many , the historic election on November 4 marked a new beginning . Though Michelle Obama ' s ancestors had to come through the ordeal of slavery , " Her children are sleeping in the room of presidents , " said Brinkley . " It ' s a very great and hopeful sign . " E - mail to a friend \| Mixx it \| Share All About Michelle Obama The White House Racial Issues From the Blogs : Controversy , commentary , and debate Top News From psychiatrist to ' Butcher of Bosnia ' Why trial could take years	[ "Barack Obama", "White House", "John Adams" ]
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/05/27/10.rare.diseases/index.html	HEALTH MAIN LIVING WELL DIET & FITNESS MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS HEALTH A - Z Ten mystery diseases you ' ve never heard of Story Highlights A look at some of the rarest diseases in the world Morgellons sufferers say strange fibers emerge from their bodies Others like Progeria sees the aging process accelerate much faster than usual Next Article in Health » Read PHOTOS INTERACTIVE By Tom Peck For CNN ( CNN ) - - Mad cow disease , SARS and now swine flu : Some diseases grab the headlines . But thousands of people worldwide suffer from very rare conditions , many of which few people have ever heard of . England ' s King George III may have suffered from porphyria , a disorder that affects the nervous system . more photos » From the Alice in Wonderland syndrome that might have inspired Lewis Carroll , to the disease that may have sent an English King mad , we take a look at some of these obscure illnesses . Morgellons According to the Morgellons Research Foundation , crawling , biting and stinging sensations and the emergence of strange blue , black or red fibers from the skin characterize a disease that nearly 14,000 people suffer from , according to the Foundation . This is often accompanied by exhaustion , short - term memory loss , joint pain and changes in vision . The condition was named Morgellons in 2002 by a mother who believed her two - year - old son was suffering from the disease . The name comes from a 17th century skin condition found in France , in which children died after the emergence of ' dark hair . ' However , there is much debate over whether the condition actually exists . In March 2008 , the Journal of Dermatologic Therapy reported that most doctors believe it to be form of delusion , in which sufferers falsely believe they are infected with parasites . Consequently , the fibers in the skin are thought to be textile - based , picked up by oozing scabs resulting from more common conditions such as eczema or scabies . The U.S. based Center For Disease Control and Prevention recently announced it would investigate the disease after an increased number of inquiries from the public . See photos of people living with rare diseases » Progeria Progeria is congenital , meaning a defect or damage to a fetus . Sufferers of this fatal illness have a striking appearance resembling premature ageing , but die at an average age of 13 . Profound growth delays begin at between nine and 24 months , leading to abnormal facial developments such as a disproportionately small face , bulging , prominent eyes and an underdeveloped jaw . By the age of two , hair from the scalp , eyebrows and eyelashes is lost . The U.S. National Organization of Rare Disorders ( NORD ) says sufferers eventually lose the layer of fat beneath the skin and , in time , elasticity is lost in artery walls , leading to fatality via heart attack or stroke in 90 percent of sufferers . Water allergy Known to have ever affected only 30 people , water allergy or " aquagenic urticaria " is extremely rare , but its existence has been confirmed by the Medical Review Board . Sufferers appear to be allergic to water . It usually occurs late in life and often as a consequence of a hormonal imbalance brought about by giving birth . A case emerged in the UK in April this year , leaving a 21 - year - old mother unable to drink water or get caught in the rain because her skin develops a painful burning rash . She can shower for a maximum of 10 seconds per week and can drink only Diet Coke . It is not strictly an allergy but a hypersensitivity to the ions found in non - distilled water . Foreign accent syndrome Sufferers of foreign accent syndrome inexplicably find themselves talking in an unrecognizable dialect . Only 60 cases have ever been recorded . Doctors initially dismissed it as a psychiatric problem , but in 2002 , scientists at Oxford University , England , observed that sufferers shared the same brain abnormalities , which led to changes in speech pitch , lengthening of vowel sounds and other irregularities . Vital Signs Each month CNN ' s Dr . Sanjay Gupta brings viewers health stories from around the world . See more from the show » According to the Journal of Neurolinguistics , sufferers do n ' t necessarily have to have been exposed to the accent they adopt : their new voice is not , strictly speaking , a foreign accent , but the changes in speech often bear a striking resemblance to other world accents . The first case concerned a Norwegian woman in 1941 , who developed a strong German accent and was ostracized from her community . Laughing Death Laughing Death , more commonly known as Kuru , was exclusive to the tribal Fore people of New Guinea . The disease , which was characterized by sudden bursts of maniacal laughter , hit the headlines in the 1950s and drew in doctors from around the world . U.S. and Australian physicians observed men and women with shaking limbs , which subsided with rest , but a month to three months later sufferers would begin to sway and stumble , lose the ability to stand , become cross - eyed and lose the power of coherent speech before eventually dying . The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke reported that tests on the deceased showed death had been caused by the emergence of holes in the brain , known as " swiss - cheesing . " Eventually the U.S. physician Carleton Gajdusek worked out that the infection was being passed on through the village custom of eating family members after death . When cannibalism was eliminated , the epidemic came to an end . In 1976 , Gajdusek was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work . Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva ( FOP ) In 1938 , when American Harry Eastlack was five - years - old , he broke his leg . The fracture did n ' t set properly , his hip and knee stiffened up and , bizarrely , bone growths developed on the muscles of his thigh . By his mid 20s , the vertebrae of his back had begun to fuse together . When he died aged 39 in 1973 , he was able to move only his lips . He suffered from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva ( FOP ) , a rare disease affecting some 1 in 2 million people , in which the body ' s tendons and ligaments undergo a strange metamorphosis , essentially a transformation into bone . The condition is congenital and characterized by a malformation of the big toe that is present at birth . Eastlack donated his skeleton to research of the disease , and it is on display at the Mutter Museum in Philadelphia . The International FOP Association continues to research this extremely rare condition . Alice in Wonderland syndrome According to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine , sufferers of Alice in Wonderland syndrome perceive objects as being far smaller than they are . The condition , also known as micropsia or Lillliput sight , can also affect the sense of hearing , touch and perceptions of one ' s own body image . Learn more about rare disorders » The syndrome is associated with migraine headaches and named after Lewis Carroll ' s Alice ' s Adventures in Wonderland , in which Alice goes through many bizarre experiences similar to those which might be experienced by a micropsia sufferer . The fact that Carroll suffered from migraines is well documented , and some speculate that his suffering may have prompted many passages in the work . Porphyria Purple urine and feces make porphyria infamous , as does the fact that the " mad " 18th century English King George III may have suffered from it . Porphyria leads to complications in the production of ' heme , ' a protein vital to red blood cells , and affects the skin and nervous system . Attacks lead to abdominal pain , stomach cramps , nausea , vomiting and constipation . Do n ' t Miss Rare diseases : Where to get help Fighting the invisible cancer ' Billy ' s Disease ' baffles doctors NORD lists other symptoms including increasing sensitivity to the sun , itching and swelling . Increased hair growth on the forehead may also occur . Toxins resulting from the failed heme production can affect the coloring of other areas , especially after exposure to sunlight . Sometimes the teeth and fingernails can adopt a reddish appearance . It is these toxins that lead to the dark urine and feces . Mary Queen of Scots , Vincent Van Gogh , and King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon may have suffered from this disease . Pica The magpie , Latin name pica , will eat anything , and so will sufferers of pica syndrome . Almost always pregnant women or children , sufferers develop an appetite for non - nutritive substances , such as paint , clay , plaster or dirt , or alternatively items that are more commonly considered to be food ingredients , such as raw rice , flour or salt . It can only be considered pica if the appetite persists for over a month and the sufferer is of an age where eating these objects is considered developmentally inappropriate . Medical researchers have tenuously linked pica with a mineral deficiency , but according to the National Organization for Rare Disorders , experts have yet to nail down a real , firm cause or cure for this strange disorder . Moebius syndrome Moebius is extremely rare , genetic and characterized by complete facial paralysis . Sufferers can not close their eyes , look from side to side , or form facial expressions . Limb abnormalities such as clubbed feet and missing fingers are often also present . According to the Moebius Syndrome Foundation , most cases are isolated , with no notable family history , and sufferers go on to lead long and healthy lives . Family members often learn to recognize body language , posture and vocal tone as communicators of emotion , and sometimes claim they forget the person has facial paralysis altogether . E - mail to a friend \| Mixx it \| Share Sound Off : Your opinions and comments From the Blogs : Controversy , commentary , and debate Top News From psychiatrist to ' Butcher of Bosnia ' Why trial could take years	[ "mystery diseases" ]
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/11/11/caesarean.section.risks/	What doctors do n ' t tell you about C - sections By Cara Birnbaum , Health . com November 11 , 2009 - - Updated 1440 GMT ( 2240 HKT ) It takes at least four weeks to recover from a C - section , which involves cutting through the skin , tissue and muscle . STORY HIGHLIGHTS One third of U.S. babies are born via C - section - - a 50 percent jump over the previous decade Expert : 5 percent of C - sections are true emergencies ; 3 percent are purely elective Some health professionals believe the rate is still on the rise Older moms , heavier moms , fewer VBACs and more multiples are all factors Health . com - - I was six months pregnant when a smiling stranger on a bus asked where I was delivering . Within minutes , this woman was sharing intimate details of her own birthing experience - - the water breaking , the contractions that failed to get closer together , and the way her doctor deftly sewed up the four - inch incision from her Caesarean section . " I ' m telling you , this guy was good , " she said . " Next time , I ' m just scheduling my C - section . None of this I reached my stop before I could probe her for more specifics . But , I have to admit , her ringing endorsement made C - sections seem pretty appealing . After all , for most of us , the thought of pushing a baby through a centimeters - wide opening is at least daunting , if not downright terrifying . And , the fact is , a C - section is so routine these days that many regard it as simply an alternative to vaginal delivery , not major abdominal surgery . Except that ' s exactly what it is . And today , one in three babies is born via C - section , according to the most recent data - - a 50 percent increase over the previous decade . " We think the rate is going to go up even more , " says Hope Ricciotti , M.D. , associate professor of obstetrics , gynecology , and reproductive biology at Harvard Medical School in Boston , Massachusetts . When the procedure is needed - - when the mother or baby is in distress or other factors make a vaginal delivery hazardous - - it can be a lifesaver . But only about 5 percent of C - sections are true emergencies , estimates George Macones , M.D. , chairman of the depart ment of obstetrics and gynecology at the Washington University in St . Louis School of Medicine , in Missouri . Around 3 percent are completely elective , meaning there ' s no medical reason whatsoever , but the vast majority of C - sections actually fall A growing number of critics are now questioning whether so many of these healthy pregnancies should end with surgery . " There ' s no question that there ' s a basic , irreducible number of C - sections we need to do for women ' s health , " Ricciotti says . " But there ' s also no question that we ' re doing too many in the United States . " Health . com : How to sooth heartburn during pregnancy We think the rate is going to go up even more . - - Hope Ricciotti , M.D . It takes at least four weeks to recover from a Caesarean section - - which involves cutting through the skin , tissue , and uterine wall , extracting the baby and placenta , and sewing the incision - - compared with one or two weeks for vaginal deliveries . The surgery carries with it the risk of infection , blood loss , and blood clots , as well as other potentially fatal complications . While we ' ve all heard that type A moms and profit - seeking doctors are fueling this trend , the truth is far more complex . Here ' s the real story , and what every woman needs to know before she gets pregnant . Why C - sections are so hot Reason # 1 : Better technology is picking up more potential problems From third - trimester ultrasounds that predict the size of the baby to monitors that check the baby ' s heart rate during labor and delivery , obstetricians and hospitals rely on technology more than ever to flag potential problems during pregnancy , labor , and delivery . If there ' s a hint of trouble , they ' re more likely to play it safe and do a Caesarean , Macones says . " Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate came into being in the 1970s and is likely a big contributor to the increase in C - Heath . com : The curious history in birth control Reason # 2 : Moms are older More women are waiting later to have children , and " C - sections increase with [ maternal ] age , " Macones says . Older women have more medical problems that can complicate delivery , have a more difficult time pushing a baby out , and are more likely to ask for C - sections , he notes . Heath . com : Is your fertility window closing ? On top of that , the fertility treatments that many older women use to get pregnant lead to more twins , triplets , etc . - - and multiples often demand a surgical delivery . " It ' s very hard to predict how the second baby will come out , " says Owen Montgomery , M.D. , assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Drexel University College of Medicine , noting that complicated positions are more common among multiples . Plus , after a trial published in The Lancet in 2002 found that delivering a breech baby ( Reason # 3 : More of today ' s moms - to - be are overweight Pregnant women with body mass indexes of 30 or higher are more likely to require C - sections . And today , 34 percent of women over the age of 20 fit into this " clinically obese " category , compared with 26 percent a decade or so ago , according to the American Heart Association . " Heavier women have bigger babies , " which are tougher to push out , Ricciotti says . What ' s more , too much fatty tissue can prevent the baby from moving smoothly through the birth canal and keep the body from absorbing medications designed to speed labor along . Obese women also have more medical problems , like diabetes and high blood pressure , which might require induction of labor , setting them up for unwanted C - Reason # 4 : More inductions mean more C - sections What ' s the problem with inducing labor ? The process does n ' t always work as well as natural labor , so in those cases there ' s a 35 to 50 percent chance that you ' ll need a Caesarean , Montgomery estimates . Inducing with drugs , manually stripping the membranes connecting the amniotic sac to the uterine walls , or rupturing the amniotic sac to cause contractions does n ' t always do the job . And with inductions at an all - time high , making up more than 22 percent of births , Reason # 5 : One C - section leads to another The safest method is an uncomplicated vaginal delivery . That said , we do n ' t know who will wind up having an uncomplicated vaginal delivery . " - - Catherine Spong , M.D . RELATED TOPICS Pregnancy and Childbirth Obesity Once you have a C - section , doctors generally advise that you have one with subsequent deliveries . Vaginal birth after a Caesarean ( VBAC ) , which used to be widely available , is rarely performed these days , after a 1999 study showed a slight chance that the scar could give way , posing " a catastrophic risk to the mother and baby , " Ricciotti says . Around that time , ACOG recommended that doctors perform VBACs only in centers that can provide emergency C - sections , explains Jeffrey V . Spencer , M.D. , Heath . com : The risks of having babies after 40 This trend may reverse itself , however . " Multiple C - sections have risks as well , such as injury due to hardened scar tissue and a greater risk that [ in subsequent pregnancies ] the placenta will implant abnormally , " Macones says . In March , the National Institutes of Health will re - evaluate whether VBACs should be more widely available . Are C - sections really riskier ? There ' s really no way to 100 percent know which is a safer way to deliver . " Unequivocally , I can state that the safest method is an uncomplicated vaginal delivery , " says Catherine Spong , M.D. , chief of the pregnancy and perinatology branch of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda , Maryland . " That said , we do n ' t know who will wind up having an uncomplicated vaginal delivery . " Heath . com : The tricky business of scheduling a C - section Macones , who led a large study on VBACs last year that found it was impossible to determine whether a vaginal delivery would be safe for women who had had a prior Caesarean , seconds Spong ' s assessment . " It is hard to get a great comparison of vaginal versus Caesarean , mainly because there are so many factors that go into the decision to have one or the other , " he explains . Scientists have batted around the idea of conducting a study that would compare a planned vaginal birth with a planned C - section What every woman needs to know When a normal pregnancy takes a turn for the worse , few procedures work better or are easier for doctors to master than a C - section . And that has helped the in - case - of - emergency route become a safe route at the first sign of any trouble , says Atul Gawande , M.D. , a general and endocrine surgeon at Boston ' s Brigham and Women ' s Hospital and author of " Better : A Surgeon ' s Notes on Performance . " Brettne Bloom , a 34 - year - old literary agent in New York City , is grateful to have had a Caesarean . When her doctor found that her baby had stopped growing three weeks before her due date , she delivered via C - section . " I just feel so lucky to live at a time when C - sections are relatively simple procedures , " says Bloom , whose daughter Eloisa is now a healthy 2 - year - old . " I did n ' t care how she arrived in the world as long Heath . com : Fertility success rates in your 30s and 40s That ' s what every mom - to - be wants : a healthy baby . So if you ' re pregnant , schedule a conversation with your OB and ask , " What ' s your philosophy about C - sections ? " Montgomery advises . Get your doctor ' s opinion on what ' s safe and within your control , because you may be asked to OK a gray - area C - section at the eleventh hour . The more informed you are , the better and safer delivery you ' ll have - - whether Copyright Health Magazine 2011 FOLLOW THIS TOPIC More Health When it ' s more than ' winter blues ' Why you keep playing the lottery Tobacco companies ordered to publicly admit deception on smoking dangers	[ "C-sections", "pregnancy" ]
http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2013/08/28/african-american-us-representa/	African - American US Representatives by the Numbers By Dr . Eric Ostermeier August 28 , 2013 Maryland has elected blacks to the U.S. House at the highest percentage in the nation since 1870 ; 25 states have yet to elect any African - Americans to the chamber Leading up to the 50th Anniversary of Martin Luther King ’ s “ I Have a Dream ” speech , there has been significant discussion on the state of race relations and racial equality in the country and the degree of progress that has been made over the last half - century . Related to that discussion is the representation of African - Americans in elected office , particularly at the federal level . The most glaring statistic in that regard is that only three states have elected blacks to the U.S. Senate in American history ( Illinois , Massachusetts , and Mississippi ) and just two states since Reconstruction . Due in part to redistricting efforts in recent decades , African - Americans have , however , gradually increased their numbers in the U.S. House , and now hold 10 percent of seats in the chamber while making up 13 percent of the population . However , 25 states have yet to elect an African - American to the U.S. House and 49 percent of the total number of U.S. House elections won by blacks in history have come from five states : New York , California , Illinois , Michigan , and Georgia . After the election of blacks in 38 U.S. House contests from 1870 until the end of the 19th Century , none served in the chamber until 1929 when Illinois Republican Oscar De Priest won the state ’ s 1st Congressional District . Since then , the percentage of seats won by African - Americans has increased during each subsequent 10 - year redistricting period culminating with the 43 black U.S. Representatives ( 9.8 percent ) who have been elected to serve in the U.S. House for the 113th Congress ( although two did not serve : Jesse Jackson , who resigned , and Tim Scott , who was appointed to the U.S. Senate ) . Michigan ’ s John Conyers ( pictured at top ) is the longest serving African - American Congressman in history – currently in his 25th term . New York ’ s Charlie Rangel is second at 22 terms followed by former Missouri U.S. Representative Bill Clay at 16 terms . By Geographical Region During the 2012 cycle , Nevada became the 25th state to send an African - American to the House of Representatives when Stephen Horsford was victorious in the state ’ s newly - created 4th Congressional District . Nevada is just one of two Western states that have elected a black to the House , along with California which has elected a dozen different members including three this past cycle ( Karen Bass , Barbara Lee , and Maxine Waters ) . Western states , of course , tend to be less populated and many have low African - American populations , which has limited the election of blacks in this region . ( Examples of U.S. Representatives who are elected in districts without significant or majority black populations tend to be rare ) . States that have never elected an African American to the U.S. House are spread out across all four regions of the country ( regions as designated by the U.S. Census Bureau ) : Five states in the Midwest : Iowa , Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota Five states in the Northeast : Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont Four states in the South : Arkansas , Delaware , Kentucky , and West Virginia . Eleven states in the West : Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming . By State A total of 127 African - Americans have been elected U.S. Representative in the history of the country . Illinois – the only state to elect two blacks to the Senate in the popular vote era – has elected the largest number with 15 . California is next with 12 followed by South Carolina and New York with 10 and Georgia and North Carolina with eight . Some southern states populate the top of the list due to several black U.S. Representatives getting elected during Reconstruction to the end of the 1800s . Twenty different African - Americans were elected during this span with eight in South Carolina , four in North Carolina , three in Alabama , and one each in Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Virginia . Overall , these 127 African - American representatives have collectively won 746 elections to the House of Representatives – 90 in New York , 89 in California , 86 in Illinois , 55 in Michigan , and 46 in Georgia . The election of blacks in these five states represents 49 percent of all such contests won in U.S. history . By Percentage of Seats Won Since the first black won election to the U.S. House in 1870 ( Republican Joseph Rainey of South Carolina ) , Maryland has elected the highest percentage of blacks to the chamber at 7.2 percent . A quarter of Maryland ’ s eight - member delegation has been African - American since the 1992 cycle and the state is currently represented by 10 - term Democrat Elijah Cummings and four - term Democrat Donna Edwards . South Carolina is next at 7.1 percent , although 19 of the 32 contests won by blacks in the Palmetto State took place in the 19th Century . Georgia is next at 6.0 percent , followed by Florida at 5.5 percent , Michigan and Illinois at 5.2 percent , and California at 4.9 percent . Of the 25 states that have elected at least one black to the House of Representatives , Minnesota and Wisconsin have done so at the lowest rate ( 0.7 percent ) , followed by Connecticut ( 0.8 percent ) , Nevada ( 1.0 percent ) , and Oklahoma ( 1.2 percent ) . Percentage of U.S. House Races Won by African - Americans by State , 1870 - present State DEM GOP # Seats won % Seats Won Maryland 5 5 0 35 7.2 South Carolina 10 1 9 32 7.1 Georgia 8 7 1 46 6.0 Florida 7 2 37 5.5 Michigan 6 6 0 55 5.2 Illinois 15 14 86 5.2 California 12 12 89 4.9 North Carolina 8 4 4 31 4.1 Mississippi 3 2 18 4.0 Missouri 34 3.8 New York 10 90 3.3 Texas 39 2.7 Louisiana 3 14 2.7 Tennessee 16 2.4 Alabama 2.3 Virginia 1.7 New Jersey 1.6 Ohio 25 1.6 Pennsylvania 30 1.5 Indiana 1.4 Oklahoma 1.2 Nevada 1.0 Connecticut 0.8 Wisconsin 0.7 Minnesota 0.7 Total 127 102 25 746 Table compiled by Smart Politics . By Party In total , 102 of the 127 black U.S. Representatives have been Democrats ( 80 percent ) while 25 have been Republicans ( 20 percent ) . The only Republicans to serve in the 20th or 21st Centuries were Oscar De Priest of Illinois , Gary Franks of Connecticut , Tim Scott of South Carolina , J.C. Watts of Oklahoma , and Allen West of Florida . West ’ s defeat in the 2012 cycle and Scott ’ s appointment to the U.S. Senate in January 2013 means that all African - American U.S. Representatives in the 113th Congress are Democrats . Follow Smart Politics on Twitter Posted in National Politics Race and ethnicity U.S. House Previous : Could Scott Brown Win the Presidency ? Next : Mark Dayton : Age Is Just a Number	[ "US Representatives" ]
http://edmontonyouthbasketball.com/	MINI BANTAM MIDGET JUVENILE Happy Holidays from EYBA Enjoy the Break Games will start back up on January 45 Executives Rule Book Courts News Dec 21 2018 Happy Holidays from EYBA Enjoy the Break Games will start back up on January 45 Nov 16 2018 Concordia Thunder Holiday Skills Camp For Boys and Girls in Grades 7 through 10 January 24 Oct 22 2018 EYBA Player of the Month Coaches can send in their nominations now View More News January 2019 January 4 2019 Friday 600pm Slam MDB Forrest Swarm MDB Hernaez Saville Gym 6 600pm SW JB Jackson NW JB Fownes Saville Gym 2 600pm SW JB Shukle NW JB Rube Saville Gym 1 730pm SW MDB Rootsaert Pride MDB Sherrard Saville Gym 6 730pm Swarm JB Galindo NEBA JB Buison Saville Gym 1 730pm Swarm JB Wadson Slam JB Schaaf Saville Gym 2 January 5 2019 Saturday 800am LCBA MG Shipley NW MG Marchak Saville Gym 1A 800am SBA MDG Bennett NW MDG Kuehn John D Bracco School Gym 800am SW BB Deboski SW BB Gomme Saville Gym 4 800am SW BB Herd SW BB Price Saville Gym 3 800am SW JB Shukle SBA JB Perrin Saville Gym 6 800am SW MB Djogovic SW MB Macauley Saville Gym 5B 800am SW MB Eriksen SW MB Valdivia Saville Gym 5A 800am SW MDG Salanguit SW MDG Persaud Saville Gym 2 800am Swarm MG Devlin NW MG Hoover Saville Gym 1B 815am NW MB Mauro BYBA MB Chiesa Duggan School Gym 900am SBA MB Cleave NW MB Bautista Velma E Baker Gym 915am BYBA BG Muncrath SW BG Bennett Saville Gym 3 915am NEBA MB Guilliaume SW MB Pinedo Saville Gym 5A 915am SBA BB Kiesman SBA BB Conrad Saville Gym 4 915am SBA MG Crossland Slam MG Carr Saville Gym 1A 915am Slam MB Rouse BYBA MB Withers Saville Gym 5B 915am Swarm MG Williams SW MG Prince Saville Gym 1B 930am Morinville MDG Pelletier SW MDG Lang Saville Gym 2 930am Morinville MDG Ringuette NW MDG Katana John D Bracco School Gym 930am Pride JB SW JB Lotz Saville Gym 6 930am SW MB Nisbet SW MB Gamble Duggan School Gym 1015am SW MB Maglisceau SBA MB Nelson Velma E Baker Gym 1030am Morinville BG Bissonnette NEBA BG Zamzow Saville Gym 3 1030am Morinville MG Smith SW MG Schneider Saville Gym 1A 1030am NW MB Gosse SBA MB Schmidt Saville Gym 5A 1030am SW MB Filipek Swarm MB Marquez Saville Gym 5B 1030am Swarm MG Atwal SW MG Espino Saville Gym 1B 1030am Wetaskiwin BB Cross NEBA BB Nykiabe Saville Gym 4 1045am LCBA MB Lu Slam MB Haley Duggan School Gym 1100am Slam MDG Carvalho SBA MDG Rushkewich John D Bracco School Gym 1100am SW MDG Kowalchuck Slam MDG Seida Saville Gym 2 1100am Swarm JB Waters NEBA JB Delrosario Saville Gym 6 1130am NW MB Sandor NW MB Lafferty Velma E Baker Gym 1145am BYBA BB Dosko Swarm BB Collins Saville Gym 4 1145am NW BB Hunter SBA BB Crossland Saville Gym 3 1145am NW MB Markovich NW MB Miric Saville Gym 5B 1145am SBA MG Spence BYBA MG Pedersen Saville Gym 1A 1145am SW MB Schneider NW MB Limcaco Saville Gym 5A 1145am Wetaskiwin MG Hebert NW MG Caldera Saville Gym 1B 1230pm Pride MDG Weigl Swarm MDG Kaberwal Saville Gym 2 1230pm SBA MDG Bennett Morinville MDG Ringuette John D Bracco School Gym 1230pm SW JB Chopra NW JB Pocklington Saville Gym 6 1245pm Slam MB Abbadi Swarm MB Harvey Velma E Baker Gym 100pm SBA BB Rosnau Slam BB Hurlburt Saville Gym 3 100pm SBA MG Bennett Slam MG Illner Saville Gym 1A 100pm SW MB Ridley Slam MB Andresen Saville Gym 5B 100pm Swarm MB Gibb Slam MB Cupido Saville Gym 5A 100pm Wetaskiwin BB Cross SBA BB Conrad Saville Gym 4 100pm Wetaskiwin MB Johnson NEBA MB Robinson Saville Gym 1B 200pm LCBA MDG Anderson SBA MDG Frost Saville Gym 2 200pm NEBA MDB Siva BYBA MDB Li John D Bracco School Gym 200pm SBA JB Perrin SW JB Lotz Saville Gym 6 200pm Swarm MB Ngezahayo BYBA MB Leavitt Velma E Baker Gym 215pm Morinville MB Brown NEBA MB Yeung Saville Gym 1B 215pm NEBA MG Robyn Slam MG McLeod Saville Gym 1A 215pm SBA MB Gottstein SW MB Lemieux Saville Gym 5A 215pm Slam BB Ho Swarm BB Ferguson Saville Gym 4 215pm Swarm BB Clarke NW BB Yambayamba Saville Gym 3 215pm Swarm MB Hansen Swarm MB Cameron Saville Gym 5B 315pm NEBA MB Zutz SW MB Roth Velma E Baker Gym 330pm Morinville BB Bedford SBA BB Anthony Saville Gym 4 330pm NEBA MDG OConnor BYBA MDG Stewart John D Bracco School Gym 330pm SW JB Jackson Pride JB Saville Gym 6 330pm SW MB Shirazi SW MB Fang Saville Gym 1B 330pm SW MG Lux NEBA MG Kristy Saville Gym 1A 330pm Swarm MB Champion NEBA MB Maie Saville Gym 5B 330pm Wetaskiwin BG Krause SW BG Edey Saville Gym 3 330pm Wetaskiwin MDB Whitehead Wetaskiwin MDB MacQuarrie Saville Gym 2 445pm SW BB Macauley NW BB Bowen Saville Gym 4 445pm SW BB Nibset SW BB Poon Saville Gym 3 445pm SW MG Leong NEBA MG McKenzie Saville Gym 1A 500pm NEBA JB Delrosario NW JB Pocklington Saville Gym 6 500pm Swarm JB Waters SW JB Chopra Saville Gym 2 January 6 2019 Sunday 900am NW MDB Kravitz SBA MDB Andre Saville Gym 3 900am SW MDB Birkholz SW MDB Taliani Saville Gym 2 1030am LCBA MDB Broughton SBA MDB Schakel Saville Gym 3 1030am SBA MDB Johnston SW MDB Srivastava Saville Gym 2 January 8 2019 Tuesday 615pm BYBA BB Wilson SBA BB Yorke St Brendan School Gym 615pm NW BB Kyle Swarm BB Jarrett Sir John Thompson 615pm NW BB Rosse NEBA BB Dunkley JJ Bowlen School Gym 615pm Pride BB Beamish SW BB Nisbet Saville Gym 6 615pm SBA BB Caldwell Slam BB Fischer Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BB Palmer NEBA BB Goodfellow Saville Gym 4 730pm BYBA MDB Gill Swarm MDB Biollo St Brendan School Gym 730pm NEBA MDB Amerey NW MDB Posteraro JJ Bowlen School Gym 730pm NW MDB Hehir SBA MDB Hale John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Pride MDB Lewis Slam MDB Walter Sir John Thompson 730pm SBA MDB Husky LCBA MDB May Saville Gym 4 730pm Swarm MDB Prince SW MDB Dushenski Saville Gym 6 January 9 2019 Wednesday 600pm NEBA MDG Amerey BYBA MDG Tschritter Saville Gym 4 615pm LCBA BG Shelton SW BG Hoyt Saville Gym 2 615pm SBA BG Rowan SW BG Frizzell Holy Spirit School Gym 615pm Swarm BG JohnsBell SBA BG Annett Saville Gym 6 715pm Slam BG Bunting NW BG Stewart Servus Place Gym 730pm LCBA MDG Finlayson SBA MDG McMullen Holy Spirit School Gym 730pm NW MDG Huot SBA MDG Dechamplain Saville Gym 10 730pm Slam MDG Walters SW MDG Olson John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Swarm MDG Storme SW MDG Lomenda Saville Gym 6 830pm NW MDG Hrycun Pride MDG Ouellette Servus Place Gym January 10 2019 Thursday 600pm BYBA MDB Gill SW MDB Dushenski Saville Gym 2 600pm SBA MDB Hale Swarm MDB Prince Saville Gym 6 January 11 2019 Friday 600pm NW JB Pocklington Swarm JB Waters Saville Gym 1 600pm SBA MDB Pollard SW MDB Chen Saville Gym 6 600pm SW JB Lotz Swarm JB Galindo Saville Gym 2 730pm Pride JB SBA JB Perrin Saville Gym 2 730pm SW JB Chopra NEBA JB Delrosario Saville Gym 1 730pm SW MDB Kalungi NEBA MDB Vandenborre Saville Gym 6 January 12 2019 Saturday 800am NW MG Marchak SBA MG Spence Saville Gym 1A 800am SW BB Lux SW BB Arnett Saville Gym 3 800am SW MDB Lemieux NW MDB Bowen Saville Gym 2 800am SW MDG Lang SW MDG Salanguit Saville Gym 5 800am SW MG Marsh NW MG Miceli Saville Gym 1B 800am Swarm JB Wadson SW JB Jackson Saville Gym 6 800am Swarm MDB Morais SW MDB Jackson John D Bracco School Gym 800am Swarm MDB Sanghera NW MDB Oficiar Saville Gym 4 815am SW MB Ridley Swarm MB Hansen Duggan School Gym 900am BYBA MG Pedersen SW MG Schneider Ecole Coloniale Estates School 900am NEBA BB Briggs SBA BB Warnick Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 900am NEBA MB Maie Swarm MB Cameron Anne Fitzgerald Gym 900am SBA BB Conrad NEBA BB Nykiabe Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 900am SBA BG Spence NW BG Hoffman Ecole Bellevue School Gym 900am SBA MDB Andre SW MDB Taliani Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 900am Slam BB Hurlburt Swarm BB Clarke Ecole Notre Dame Gym 900am SW BG Lali NEBA BG Piekema St Thomas More Gym 900am SW MB Djogovic Swarm MB Ngezahayo Velma E Baker Gym 900am SW MDB Rootsaert SW MDB Birkholz Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 915am NW MG Caldera SW MG Espino Saville Gym 1A 915am Slam MG McLeod SW MG Olson Saville Gym 1B 915am SW BB Price SBA BB Kiesman Saville Gym 3 930am NW MDB Thomas BYBA MDB Rawlings Saville Gym 4 930am Slam JB Schaaf NW JB Fownes Saville Gym 6 930am Slam MB Andresen Swarm MB Champion Duggan School Gym 930am SW BG Bennett Slam BG Perlinski Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 930am SW MDB Drever NW MDB Huynh John D Bracco School Gym 930am SW MDB Profiri NW MDB Gerhardt Saville Gym 2 930am SW MDG Persaud BYBA MDG Stewart Saville Gym 5 1015am NEBA MB Robinson SW MB Shirazi Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1015am NW BB Smart SW BB Jacobs Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1015am NW BB Yambayamba NW BB Hunter Ecole Notre Dame Gym 1015am NW BG Gerhardt LCBA BG Gauvreau St Thomas More Gym 1015am Slam MG Carr LCBA MG Shipley Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1015am Swarm BB Collins Morinville BB Bedford Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 1015am Swarm BG Hutchings Swarm BG Goth Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1015am Swarm MB Harvey NW MB Sandor Velma E Baker Gym 1030am NW MG Miceli SBA MG Bennett Saville Gym 1B 1030am Pride MDB Sherrard NW MDB Kravitz Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1030am SBA MDB Schakel SW MDB Kalungi Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1030am SW BB Herd Wetaskiwin BB Cross Saville Gym 3 1030am Swarm MG Williams Swarm MG Atwal Saville Gym 1A 1045am NW MB Miric Swarm MB Marquez Duggan School Gym 1045am Pride BG OLeary SBA BG Lietz Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 1100am Morinville MDG Pelletier NEBA MDG OConnor Saville Gym 5 1100am NEBA JB Buison NW JB Rube Saville Gym 6 1100am NEBA MDB Hernandez Swarm MDB Klassen John D Bracco School Gym 1100am NEBA MDB Kawoluk NEBA MDB Moore Saville Gym 4 1100am SW MDB Bagshaw NW MDB Balia Saville Gym 2 1130am BYBA BB Dosko Slam BB Ho Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 1130am LCBA BB Hospadales NEBA BB Fowler St Thomas More Gym 1130am NW MB Lafferty SBA MB Nelson Velma E Baker Gym 1130am SBA BB Crossland BYBA BB Cahoon Ecole Notre Dame Gym 1130am SBA BG Kutt LCBA BG Gruber Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1130am SW MB Fang NEBA MB Yeung Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1130am SW MG Prince Wetaskiwin MG Hebert Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1130am Swarm BB Gibb Swarm BB MacLellan Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1145am LCBA BB Herbert SW BB Koski Saville Gym 3 1145am Slam MG Illner NEBA MG Robyn Saville Gym 1B 1145am SW MB Lemieux Slam MB Cupido Saville Gym 1A 1200pm NEBA MDB Vandenborre SW MDB Srivastava Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1200pm Pride BG Watson SW BG Tasic Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 1200pm Swarm MDB Hernaez Wetaskiwin MDB MacQuarrie Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1230pm NW MDB Gerhardt NW MDB Bowen Saville Gym 2 1230pm Slam MDG Seida LCBA MDG Anderson Saville Gym 5 1230pm SW MDB Jackson SW MDB Baker John D Bracco School Gym 1230pm Swarm JB Galindo SW JB Shukle Saville Gym 6 1230pm Swarm MDB Pitman Slam MDB Smith Saville Gym 4 1245pm NW BB Hunter Slam BB Hurlburt Ecole Notre Dame Gym 1245pm SBA BB Anthony Swarm BB Ferguson Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 1245pm SBA MB Cleave SW MB Maglisceau Velma E Baker Gym 1245pm SW BB Gosse NW BB Mokryak St Thomas More Gym 1245pm SW BB Jacobs NEBA BB Briggs Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1245pm SW BG Edey BYBA BG Muncrath Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1245pm SW MB Macauley NEBA MB Zutz Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1245pm SW MB Roth BYBA MB Leavitt Ecole Coloniale Estates School 100pm NEBA MG Kristy NEBA MG McKenzie Saville Gym 1B 100pm NW MB Bautista Slam MB Abbadi Saville Gym 1A 100pm Swarm BB Palmer NEBA BB AlexFurnish Saville Gym 3 115pm NW BB Aparicio Slam BB Lavender Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 130pm LCBA MDB Broughton SBA MDB Johnston Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 200pm BYBA MB Chiesa LCBA MB Lu Ecole Coloniale Estates School 200pm Morinville BB Bedford BYBA BB Dosko Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 200pm Morinville MDB Roy NW MDB Klein Saville Gym 4 200pm NW BB Shipton NEBA BB Assembe St Thomas More Gym 200pm NW BB Smart Swarm BB Gibb Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 200pm NW MB Limcaco SBA MB Gottstein Velma E Baker Gym 200pm NW MDB Balia SW MDB Profiri Saville Gym 2 200pm SBA MDG Frost Pride MDG Weigl Saville Gym 5 200pm SBA MG Crossland Morinville MG Smith Anne Fitzgerald Gym 200pm SW JB Jackson Slam JB Schaaf Saville Gym 6 200pm Swarm BB Clarke SBA BB Rosnau Ecole Notre Dame Gym 200pm Swarm BG Hutchings SBA BG Spence Ecole Bellevue School Gym 200pm Swarm MDB Klassen SW MDB Drever John D Bracco School Gym 215pm NW MG Hoover SW MG Lux Saville Gym 1B 215pm Slam MB Rouse SW MB Filipek Saville Gym 1A 215pm Swarm BG Schlender SBA BG Dueck Saville Gym 3 230pm NW BG Kachur Slam BG Hugi Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 300pm NW MDG Katana SBA MDG Bennett Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 315pm BYBA BB Cahoon NW BB Yambayamba Ecole Notre Dame Gym 315pm LCBA BG Gruber NW BG Hoffman Ecole Bellevue School Gym 315pm SBA BB Warnick Swarm BB MacLellan Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 315pm SW BG Djogovic SW BG Rootsaert St Thomas More Gym 315pm SW MB Schneider Swarm MB Gibb Velma E Baker Gym 315pm Wetaskiwin MB Johnson Morinville MB Brown Ecole Coloniale Estates School 330pm NEBA BG Zamzow Wetaskiwin BG Krause Saville Gym 3 330pm NEBA MDB Siva Wetaskiwin MDB Whitehead Saville Gym 4 330pm NW JB Fownes Swarm JB Wadson Saville Gym 6 330pm NW MDB Huynh SW MDB Baker John D Bracco School Gym 330pm Slam MB Haley SW MB Gamble Saville Gym 1A 330pm SW MDB Bagshaw SW MDB Lemieux Saville Gym 2 330pm Swarm MDG Kaberwal Swarm MDG Anderson Saville Gym 5 330pm Swarm MG Devlin SW MG Leong Saville Gym 1B 430pm BYBA MB Withers NW MB Markovich Ecole Coloniale Estates School 430pm NW MDG Kuehn SBA MDG Rushkewich Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 430pm SW BB Drinkwater SBA BB Nelson Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 430pm Swarm BG Goth SBA BG Kutt Ecole Bellevue School Gym 445pm NW MB Mauro SW MB Nisbet Saville Gym 1A 445pm SW BB Sicking Swarm BB Frost Saville Gym 3 500pm Morinville MDG Ringuette Slam MDG Carvalho Saville Gym 4 500pm NW JB Rube Swarm JB Galindo Saville Gym 2 500pm Pride MDG Weigl Slam MDG Seida Saville Gym 5 500pm SW JB Shukle NEBA JB Buison Saville Gym 6 January 13 2019 Sunday 900am NW MDB Klein Slam MDB Smith Saville Gym 2 900am SBA MDB Pollard Swarm MDB Pitman Saville Gym 3 1030am BYBA MDB Li Slam MDB Forrest Saville Gym 3 1030am SW MDB Chen Morinville MDB Roy Saville Gym 2 January 15 2019 Tuesday 615pm NEBA BB Dunkley SBA BB Caldwell Saville Gym 4 615pm NEBA BB Goodfellow BYBA BB Wilson JJ Bowlen School Gym 615pm NW BB Rosse NW BB Kyle Sir John Thompson 615pm SBA BB Yorke SW BB Nisbet St Brendan School Gym 615pm Slam BB Fischer Swarm BB Jarrett Saville Gym 6 615pm SW BB Palmer Pride BB Beamish Saville Gym 2 730pm NEBA MDB Amerey SBA MDB Husky JJ Bowlen School Gym 730pm NW MDB Posteraro Pride MDB Lewis Saville Gym 4 730pm SBA MDB Hale Swarm MDB Biollo John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Slam MDB Walter LCBA MDB May Saville Gym 6 730pm SW MDB Dushenski NW MDB Hehir Sir John Thompson 730pm Swarm MDB Prince BYBA MDB Gill St Brendan School Gym January 16 2019 Wednesday 600pm SW MDG Lomenda BYBA MDG Tschritter Saville Gym 4 600pm SW MDG Olson NW MDG Huot Saville Gym 6 615pm LCBA BG Shelton Swarm BG JohnsBell Father Michael Troy Gym 615pm NW BG Stewart SW BG Frizzell Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BG Hoyt SBA BG Annett Holy Spirit School Gym 715pm Slam BG Bunting SBA BG Rowan Servus Place Gym 730pm NW MDG Hrycun NEBA MDG Amerey John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Pride MDG Ouellette Swarm MDG Storme Father Michael Troy Gym 730pm SBA MDG Dechamplain SBA MDG McMullen Holy Spirit School Gym 730pm Slam MDG Walters LCBA MDG Finlayson Saville Gym 6 January 18 2019 Friday 600pm NEBA MDB Moore NW MDB Oficiar Saville Gym 6 730pm BYBA MDB Rawlings NEBA MDB Kawoluk Saville Gym 6 January 19 2019 Saturday 800am NW MDB Kravitz SW MDB Rootsaert Saville Gym 3 800am SW MB Filipek NW MB Miric Saville Gym 5B 800am SW MDB Jackson NEBA MDB Hernandez Saville Gym 4 800am SW MG Schneider NW MG Marchak Saville Gym 5A 815am SBA MB Gottstein SW MB Schneider Duggan School Gym 900am BYBA MB Leavitt SW MB Macauley Ecole Coloniale Estates School 900am NEBA MG McKenzie NW MG Hoover Anne Fitzgerald Gym 900am NW BB Bowen SW BB Poon Ecole Notre Dame Gym 900am NW MDB Bowen NW MDB Balia Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 900am SBA BG Lietz SW BG Djogovic Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 900am SBA BG Spence LCBA BG Gruber Ecole Bellevue School Gym 900am SW BB Arnett SW BB Drinkwater St Thomas More Gym 900am SW MDB Srivastava SBA MDB Schakel Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 900am Swarm BB Gibb SBA BB Warnick Madonna School Gym 900am Swarm MB Ngezahayo SW MB Roth Velma E Baker Gym 915am NW MB Sandor NW MB Bautista Saville Gym 5B 915am SW MB Valdivia NW MB Gosse Saville Gym 5A 930am Slam BG Hugi SW BG Tasic Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 930am SW MDB Drever SW MDB Jackson Saville Gym 4 930am SW MDB Taliani Pride MDB Sherrard Saville Gym 3 930am Swarm MB Gibb SW MB Lemieux Duggan School Gym 1015am BYBA BG Muncrath NEBA BG Zamzow Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1015am NEBA BB Fowler NW BB Shipton St Thomas More Gym 1015am NEBA BB Nykiabe SW BB Price Madonna School Gym 1015am SBA BG Kutt Swarm BG Hutchings Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1015am SW BB Deboski SW BB Nibset Ecole Notre Dame Gym 1015am SW MG Leong NEBA MG Kristy Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1015am SW MG Olson Slam MG Illner Muriel Martin Gym 1015am Swarm MB Cameron Slam MB Andresen Velma E Baker Gym 1015am Wetaskiwin MG Hebert Swarm MG Williams Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1030am SBA MB Schmidt SW MB Pinedo Saville Gym 5A 1030am SBA MDB Johnston NEBA MDB Vandenborre Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1030am Slam MB Abbadi SBA MB Cleave Saville Gym 5B 1030am SW MDB Lemieux NW MDB Gerhardt Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1045am Pride BG OLeary Swarm BG Schlender Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 1045am SW MG Lux Swarm MG Devlin Duggan School Gym 1100am NEBA MDB Hernandez Swarm MDB Morais Saville Gym 4 1100am Slam MDG Carvalho NW MDG Kuehn Saville Gym 3 1130am NEBA BB Assembe NW BB Mokryak St Thomas More Gym 1130am NEBA MG Robyn NW MG Miceli Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1130am SBA MG Spence Slam MG Carr Muriel Martin Gym 1130am SW BB Gomme SW BB Macauley Ecole Notre Dame Gym 1130am SW BG Rootsaert SBA BG Dueck Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1130am Swarm BB MacLellan SW BB Jacobs Madonna School Gym 1130am Swarm MB Champion SW MB Ridley Velma E Baker Gym 1130am Swarm MB Marquez BYBA MB Withers Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1130am Wetaskiwin BG Krause Morinville BG Bissonnette Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1145am SW MB Eriksen NEBA MB Guilliaume Saville Gym 5A 1145am SW MB Maglisceau NW MB Lafferty Saville Gym 5B 1200pm Slam BB Lavender Swarm BB Palmer Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 1200pm SW MDB Birkholz SBA MDB Andre Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1200pm SW MDB Profiri SW MDB Bagshaw Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1230pm SW MDB Baker Swarm MDB Klassen Saville Gym 4 1230pm SW MDB Kalungi LCBA MDB Broughton Saville Gym 3 1245pm LCBA BG Gauvreau SW BG Lali Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1245pm Morinville MG Smith BYBA MG Pedersen Muriel Martin Gym 1245pm NEBA BB Briggs NW BB Smart Madonna School Gym 1245pm NEBA BG Piekema NW BG Kachur St Thomas More Gym 1245pm SBA BB Nelson Swarm BB Frost Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 1245pm SBA MG Bennett SW MG Marsh Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1245pm SW MB Gamble BYBA MB Chiesa Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1245pm Swarm MB Hansen NEBA MB Maie Velma E Baker Gym 100pm BYBA MDG Stewart SW MDG Lang St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 100pm SW MB Nisbet Slam MB Haley Saville Gym 5B 100pm SW MB Pinedo SW MB Valdivia Saville Gym 5A 115pm Slam BG Perlinski SW BG Edey Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 130pm SBA MDG Rushkewich NW MDG Katana Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 200pm LCBA BB Hospadales SW BB Gosse Ecole Bellevue School Gym 200pm LCBA MB Lu NW MB Mauro Ecole Coloniale Estates School 200pm NEBA MB Yeung NEBA MB Robinson Velma E Baker Gym 200pm NEBA MB Zutz SW MB Djogovic Anne Fitzgerald Gym 200pm NW BB Yambayamba SBA BB Crossland Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 200pm NW MDB Oficiar BYBA MDB Rawlings Saville Gym 3 200pm Slam MB Cupido NW MB Limcaco Muriel Martin Gym 200pm Slam MDB Smith SW MDB Chen Saville Gym 4 200pm SW BB Lux SW BB Sicking St Thomas More Gym 200pm Swarm BB Ferguson Swarm BB Collins Madonna School Gym 215pm Morinville MB Brown SW MB Fang Saville Gym 5B 215pm NW MB Gosse SW MB Eriksen Saville Gym 5A 230pm Slam BB Ho SBA BB Anthony Ecole Secondaire Sainte Marguerite dYouville 230pm SW MDG Salanguit Morinville MDG Pelletier St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 300pm LCBA MDG Anderson SW MDG Kowalchuck Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 315pm NEBA BB AlexFurnish SW BB Koski Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 315pm NW BB Aparicio LCBA BB Herbert Ecole Bellevue School Gym 315pm NW BG Gerhardt Pride BG Watson St Thomas More Gym 315pm NW BG Hoffman Swarm BG Goth Madonna School Gym 315pm NW MB Markovich Slam MB Rouse Muriel Martin Gym 315pm SBA MB Nelson Swarm MB Harvey Velma E Baker Gym 315pm SW MB Shirazi Wetaskiwin MB Johnson Ecole Coloniale Estates School 330pm Morinville MDB Roy SBA MDB Pollard Saville Gym 4 330pm NEBA MB Guilliaume SBA MB Schmidt Saville Gym 5A 330pm NEBA MDB Kawoluk NW MDB Thomas Saville Gym 3 330pm SW MG Espino SW MG Prince Saville Gym 5B 400pm NEBA MDG OConnor SW MDG Persaud St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 430pm LCBA MG Shipley SBA MG Crossland Ecole Coloniale Estates School 430pm SBA BB Kiesman SW BB Herd Madonna School Gym 430pm SBA BB Rosnau NW BB Hunter Our Lady of Perpetual Help Gym 430pm Slam BB Hurlburt BYBA BB Cahoon Ecole Bellevue School Gym 430pm Swarm MDG Anderson SBA MDG Frost Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 445pm Swarm MG Atwal NW MG Caldera Saville Gym 5B 500pm Swarm MDB Pitman NW MDB Klein Saville Gym 4 500pm Swarm MDB Sanghera NEBA MDB Moore Saville Gym 3 January 20 2019 Sunday 900am NW MDB Thomas Swarm MDB Sanghera Saville Gym 2 900am Slam MDB Forrest NEBA MDB Siva Saville Gym 3 1030am Wetaskiwin MDB MacQuarrie BYBA MDB Li Saville Gym 2 1030am Wetaskiwin MDB Whitehead Swarm MDB Hernaez Saville Gym 3 January 22 2019 Tuesday 615pm BYBA BB Wilson SW BB Palmer Saville Gym 4 615pm NW BB Kyle Slam BB Fischer Sir John Thompson 615pm Pride BB Beamish SBA BB Yorke Saville Gym 6 615pm SBA BB Caldwell NW BB Rosse Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BB Nisbet NEBA BB Goodfellow St Brendan School Gym 615pm Swarm BB Jarrett NEBA BB Dunkley JJ Bowlen School Gym 730pm BYBA MDB Gill SBA MDB Hale Saville Gym 6 730pm LCBA MDB May NW MDB Posteraro Saville Gym 4 730pm NW MDB Hehir Swarm MDB Prince JJ Bowlen School Gym 730pm Pride MDB Lewis NEBA MDB Amerey Sir John Thompson 730pm SBA MDB Husky Slam MDB Walter John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Swarm MDB Biollo SW MDB Dushenski St Brendan School Gym January 23 2019 Wednesday 600pm LCBA MDG Finlayson SBA MDG Dechamplain Saville Gym 2 600pm NEBA MDG Amerey SW MDG Lomenda Saville Gym 4 615pm SBA BG Annett LCBA BG Shelton Father Michael Troy Gym 615pm SBA BG Rowan NW BG Stewart Holy Spirit School Gym 615pm Swarm BG JohnsBell SW BG Hoyt Saville Gym 6 715pm SW BG Frizzell Slam BG Bunting Servus Place Gym 730pm BYBA MDG Tschritter Pride MDG Ouellette Father Michael Troy Gym 730pm SBA MDG McMullen SW MDG Olson Holy Spirit School Gym 730pm Swarm MDG Storme NW MDG Hrycun Saville Gym 6 830pm NW MDG Huot Slam MDG Walters Servus Place Gym January 24 2019 Thursday 615pm SBA BB Yorke SW BB Palmer Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BB Nisbet BYBA BB Wilson Saville Gym 6 January 25 2019 Friday 600pm SW BB Macauley SW BB Deboski Saville Gym 2 600pm SW BB Nibset NW BB Bowen Saville Gym 6 600pm SW BB Poon SW BB Gomme Saville Gym 1 730pm Morinville BG Bissonnette BYBA BG Muncrath Saville Gym 1 730pm NEBA BG Zamzow Slam BG Perlinski Saville Gym 2 730pm SW BG Edey SW BG Bennett Saville Gym 6 January 26 2019 Saturday 800am NW MG Marchak BYBA MG Pedersen Saville Gym 1A 800am SW BB Macauley SW BB Nibset Saville Gym 5 800am SW BG Lali NW BG Gerhardt Saville Gym 3 800am SW MB Eriksen SW MB Pinedo Saville Gym 1B 800am SW MDB Chen NW MDB Klein Saville Gym 4 800am SW MDG Lang SW MDG Persaud Saville Gym 2 815am SW MG Lux SW MG Leong Duggan School Gym 900am NEBA MB Robinson SW MB Fang Velma E Baker Gym 900am NW BB Mokryak NEBA BB Fowler Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 900am SBA MDB Schakel NEBA MDB Vandenborre St Theresa Gym 900am SW BB Jacobs SBA BB Warnick Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 900am SW MB Djogovic BYBA MB Leavitt Ecole Coloniale Estates School 900am SW MDG Salanguit NEBA MDG OConnor Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 900am SW MG Marsh NEBA MG Robyn Anne Fitzgerald Gym 900am Swarm BB Palmer NW BB Aparicio St Thomas More Gym 900am Swarm BG Goth LCBA BG Gruber Ecole Bellevue School Gym 915am NW MB Limcaco SW MB Lemieux Saville Gym 1B 915am SBA MB Cleave NW MB Sandor Saville Gym 1A 915am SW BB Gomme NW BB Bowen Saville Gym 5 915am SW BG Tasic NEBA BG Piekema Saville Gym 3 930am Morinville MDG Pelletier BYBA MDG Stewart Saville Gym 2 930am NW MDB Balia NW MDB Gerhardt Saville Gym 4 930am SW MG Prince NW MG Caldera Duggan School Gym 1015am NW BB Shipton LCBA BB Hospadales Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1015am SBA MG Crossland SBA MG Spence Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1015am Slam MG Illner Slam MG McLeod Muriel Martin Gym 1015am SW BB Gosse NEBA BB Assembe Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 1015am SW BB Koski Slam BB Lavender St Thomas More Gym 1015am SW BB Price SBA BB Conrad Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1015am SW MB Ridley Swarm MB Cameron Velma E Baker Gym 1015am Swarm MG Devlin NEBA MG McKenzie Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1030am NW BG Kachur LCBA BG Gauvreau Saville Gym 3 1030am Pride MDB Sherrard SBA MDB Andre St Theresa Gym 1030am SBA MB Gottstein Swarm MB Gibb Saville Gym 1B 1030am Slam MDG Seida Swarm MDG Anderson Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1030am Slam MG Carr SW MG Schneider Saville Gym 1A 1030am SW BB Deboski SW BB Poon Saville Gym 5 1045am NW MG Miceli SW MG Olson Duggan School Gym 1100am Morinville MDB Roy Swarm MDB Pitman Saville Gym 2 1100am SW MDB Profiri SW MDB Lemieux Saville Gym 4 1130am BYBA BB Cahoon SBA BB Rosnau Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1130am NW BB Hunter Swarm BB Clarke St Thomas More Gym 1130am NW MG Hoover NEBA MG Kristy Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1130am Slam MB Rouse Swarm MB Marquez Muriel Martin Gym 1130am SW BG Djogovic Pride BG OLeary Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 1130am Swarm BG Schlender SW BG Rootsaert Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1130am Swarm MB Champion Swarm MB Hansen Velma E Baker Gym 1130am Wetaskiwin MG Hebert Swarm MG Atwal Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1145am NW MB Bautista SBA MB Nelson Saville Gym 1A 1145am NW MB Markovich SW MB Filipek Saville Gym 1B 1145am Pride BG Watson Slam BG Hugi Saville Gym 3 1145am SW BG Bennett NEBA BG Zamzow Saville Gym 5 1200pm BYBA MDB Li Swarm MDB Hernaez Ecole GabrielleRoy School Gym 1200pm SW MDB Kalungi SBA MDB Johnston St Theresa Gym 1230pm SW MDB Bagshaw NW MDB Bowen Saville Gym 4 1230pm Swarm MDB Morais SW MDB Drever Saville Gym 2 1245pm BYBA MB Withers NW MB Miric Ecole Coloniale Estates School 1245pm LCBA BB Herbert NEBA BB AlexFurnish Ecole Bellevue School Gym 1245pm NEBA MB Zutz Swarm MB Ngezahayo Velma E Baker Gym 1245pm SBA BG Kutt SBA BG Spence Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 1245pm Slam MB Andresen NEBA MB Maie Anne Fitzgerald Gym 1245pm SW MB Shirazi Morinville MB Brown Muriel Martin Gym 1245pm Swarm BB Ferguson Morinville BB Bedford St Thomas More Gym 1245pm Swarm BB Frost SW BB Arnett Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 100pm LCBA BG Gauvreau SW BG Tasic Saville Gym 3 100pm NW MB Mauro SW MB Gamble Saville Gym 1B 100pm NW MDG Katana NW MDG Kuehn St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 100pm Slam BG Perlinski Morinville BG Bissonnette Saville Gym 5 100pm Swarm MB Harvey NW MB Lafferty Saville Gym 1A 130pm SBA MDB Pollard Slam MDB Smith St Theresa Gym 200pm BYBA MB Chiesa Slam MB Haley Ecole Coloniale Estates School 200pm NW MB Gosse NEBA MB Guilliaume Anne Fitzgerald Gym 200pm SBA BB Crossland Slam BB Hurlburt St Thomas More Gym 200pm Slam MB Abbadi SW MB Maglisceau Muriel Martin Gym 200pm SW BB Drinkwater SW BB Lux Ecole PereLacombe School Gym 200pm SW BB Herd NEBA BB Nykiabe Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 200pm SW BB Sicking SBA BB Nelson Ecole Bellevue School Gym 200pm SW MDB Rootsaert SW MDB Taliani Saville Gym 4 200pm Swarm MDB Klassen NW MDB Huynh Saville Gym 2 200pm Swarm MG Williams SW MG Espino Velma E Baker Gym 215pm BYBA BG Muncrath Wetaskiwin BG Krause Saville Gym 5 215pm NW BG Gerhardt NW BG Kachur Saville Gym 3 215pm SW MB Macauley SW MB Roth Saville Gym 1A 230pm SBA MDG Bennett Slam MDG Carvalho St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 300pm Morinville MDG Ringuette SBA MDG Rushkewich St Theresa Gym 315pm LCBA MB Lu SW MB Nisbet Ecole Coloniale Estates School 315pm Morinville BB Bedford Slam BB Ho St Thomas More Gym 315pm SW MB Schneider Slam MB Cupido Muriel Martin Gym 315pm SW MB Valdivia SBA MB Schmidt Velma E Baker Gym 315pm Swarm BB Collins SBA BB Anthony Ecole Bellevue School Gym 315pm Swarm BG Hutchings NW BG Hoffman Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 330pm LCBA MDB Broughton SW MDB Srivastava Saville Gym 2 330pm NW BB Smart Swarm BB MacLellan Saville Gym 5 330pm NW MDB Kravitz SW MDB Birkholz Saville Gym 4 330pm SW BG Lali Pride BG Watson Saville Gym 3 400pm SW MDG Kowalchuck Pride MDG Weigl St FX Sport Centre Gym 3 430pm BYBA BB Dosko Swarm BB Ferguson Ecole Bellevue School Gym 430pm SBA BG Dueck SBA BG Lietz Archbishop Jordan Small Gym 430pm SBA MDG Frost Swarm MDG Kaberwal St Theresa Gym 430pm Wetaskiwin MB Johnson NEBA MB Yeung Ecole Coloniale Estates School 445pm NEBA BB Briggs Swarm BB Gibb Saville Gym 5 445pm NEBA BG Piekema Slam BG Hugi Saville Gym 3 500pm BYBA MDB Rawlings NEBA MDB Moore Saville Gym 2 500pm NEBA MDB Kawoluk Swarm MDB Sanghera Saville Gym 4 January 27 2019 Sunday 900am NW MDB Thomas NW MDB Oficiar Saville Gym 5 January 29 2019 Tuesday 615pm BYBA BB Wilson Pride BB Beamish Saville Gym 6 615pm NEBA BB Dunkley Slam BB Fischer Sir John Thompson 615pm NEBA BB Goodfellow SBA BB Yorke JJ Bowlen School Gym 615pm NW BB Rosse Swarm BB Jarrett St Brendan School Gym 615pm SBA BB Caldwell NW BB Kyle Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BB Palmer SW BB Nisbet Saville Gym 4 730pm NEBA MDB Amerey LCBA MDB May JJ Bowlen School Gym 730pm NW MDB Hehir BYBA MDB Gill Saville Gym 6 730pm NW MDB Posteraro Slam MDB Walter Sir John Thompson 730pm Pride MDB Lewis SBA MDB Husky John D Bracco School Gym 730pm SW MDB Dushenski SBA MDB Hale Saville Gym 4 730pm Swarm MDB Prince Swarm MDB Biollo St Brendan School Gym January 30 2019 Wednesday 600pm NW MDG Hrycun BYBA MDG Tschritter Saville Gym 6 615pm NW BG Stewart Slam BG Bunting Richard Fowler Gym 615pm SBA BG Annett Swarm BG JohnsBell Father Michael Troy Gym 615pm SW BG Frizzell SBA BG Rowan Saville Gym 2 615pm SW BG Hoyt LCBA BG Shelton Saville Gym 4 715pm Slam MDG Walters SBA MDG McMullen Servus Place Gym 730pm NW MDG Huot LCBA MDG Finlayson Saville Gym 6 730pm Pride MDG Ouellette SW MDG Lomenda Richard Fowler Gym 730pm SW MDG Olson SBA MDG Dechamplain John D Bracco School Gym 730pm Swarm MDG Storme NEBA MDG Amerey Father Michael Troy Gym View Full Calendar Loading Facebook Tweets by The_EYBA EYBA Edmonton Youth Basketball Association 2019 WANT TO GET IN THE GAME Tell your Team Manager to turn RAMP Team on RAMP Ads Do you want to reach thousands of users across hundreds of Minor Sports Association websites Advertising with RAMP has never been easier Get in touch with us now to discuss your needs Click Here to Advertise with RAMP Interactive RAMP InterActive Terms of Use Privacy Policy Admin Login	[ "Edmonton Youth Basketball Association" ]
http://edonline.com/cq/hbcu/nc.htm	HBCU North Carolina Colleges & Universities HBCUPages seeks to provide you with a unique set of Historically Black Colleges and University resources . You can view HBCUs by a variety of methods . We offer a listing of HBCU Social Media sites and we are incorporating Chat services , so you can directly speak with HBCU Recruiters ! Identifying an HBCU college is just the beginning ! We help you explore college majors and even help you select a career . Finally , your dreams are more than getting a college degree . Educate Your Dreams helps you excel at life ! Develop your Higher - Self , Execute Intelligent Actions & Embrace Empowering People . This site was created for you ! So , please let us know how to make it better ! Educate Your Dreams . . . ( How ? ) Take the Dream Journey Match Your Personality to a Career HBCU Tuition Test Social Contact Bennett College for Women Greensboro , NC View Profile Chat Status \| Email HBCU My Profile In : $ 17,130 Out : $ 13,788 ACT : 0 SAT - R : 0 SAT - M : 0 Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City , NC View Profile \| Video Chat Status \| Email HBCU My Profile In : $ 4,428 Out : $ 11,841 ACT : 18 SAT - R : 450 SAT - M : 470 Fayetteville State University Fayetteville , NC \| Video In : $ 7,573 Out : $ 12,593 ACT : 19 SAT - R : 440 SAT - M : 460 Johnson C Smith University Charlotte , NC In : $ 18,236 Out : $ 14,029 ACT : 20 SAT - R : 470 SAT - M : 475 Livingstone College Salisbury , NC In : $ 12,354 Out : $ 12,354 ACT : 15 SAT - R : 410 SAT - M : 420 North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro , NC In : $ 5,422 Out : $ 12,063 ACT : 21 SAT - R : 480 SAT - M : 500 North Carolina Central University Durham , NC In : $ 5,525 Out : $ 13,385 ACT : 18 SAT - R : 460 SAT - M : 460 Saint Augustines College Raleigh , NC In : $ 12,364 Out : $ 12,364 ACT : 17 SAT - R : 420 SAT - M : 420 Shaw University Raleigh , NC In : $ 9,840 Out : $ 9,840 ACT : 0 SAT - R : 0 SAT - M : 0 Winston - Salem State University Winston - Salem , NC In : $ 4,941 Out : $ 11,420 ACT : 19 SAT - R : 470 SAT - M : 480 PLEASE SHARE this Page -	[ "HBCU", "Carolina" ]
http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/fdr-and-lend-lease-act	Lesson 4 : FDR and the Lend - Lease Act The Lend - Lease Act , approved by Congress in March 1941 , gave President Franklin D . Roosevelt virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such as ammunition , tanks , airplanes , trucks , and food to the war effort in Europe without violating America ' s official position of neutrality . By 1945 the Lend - Lease program had cost $ 49.1 billion , and over 40 nations had received aid in its name . Lend - Lease , like Social Security and other New Deal programs , proposed a vastly expanded role for the U.S. government , particularly the President . As he did in advocating other programs , FDR employed fireside chats , press conferences , and the State of the Union address to gain support for Lend - Lease . After the program was implemented , he even employed the same photography unit that had documented the Farm Security Administration to provide photographs to promote the program . This lesson shows students how broadly Lend - Lease empowered the federal government — particularly the President — and asks students to investigate how FDR promoted the program in speeches and then in photographs . Guiding Questions How did the Lend - Lease program increase the power of the executive branch of the federal government to act in response to world affairs ? Learning Objectives After completing this lesson , students should be able to explain what the Lend - Lease program did Analyze the way President Roosevelt presented the program to the public Discuss the scope of the program in terms of countries served and materials provided Evaluate the domestic and international implications of America ' s new role as " the arsenal of democracy . " Lesson Plan Details Background Preparation Lesson Activities Assessment Lesson Extensions	[ "FDR", "Lend-Lease Act", "Franklin D . Roosevelt" ]
http://edst.educ.ubc.ca/programs/phd-in-educational-studies/	PhD in Educational Studies About Admissions Requirements Apply Contact Us The PhD in Educational Studies is a research - oriented doctoral program for students interested in any of the study areas offered in the department . Students are required to take three doctoral seminars . All other courses in a student ’ s program are determined in consultation with faculty . Students in the PhD program typically devote two years to coursework , and two to four years to developing and carrying out a research project designed to make an original contribution to knowledge in the study area . The university allows doctoral students up to six years to complete program requirements . There is no set number of credits required for PhD programs at UBC . For further facts and figures about the PhD in Educational Studies , please click here Back to top	[ "PhD", "Educational Studies", "Department of Educational Studies" ]
http://edtaoralchelation.com/	EDTA chelation is one of the most effective non operative treatments ever discovered for heart disease and heavy metal removal from the body . EDTA chelation therapy by intravenous or ORAL EDTA will cleanse the entire cardiovascular system by gradually dissolving atherosclerosis plaque and other mineral deposits through out the entire bodies circulation system . EDTA is so effective in removing unwanted metal elements and other minerals from the blood its is the standard FDA - approved treatment for Lead , Arsenic , Aluminium , Mercury and Cadmium poisoning since the early 1950 ' s . ORAL EDTA CALCIUM - DISODIUM will not remove essential calcium , but will remove the unwanted calcification that promotes atherosclerosis . This calcification is a conglomeration of calcium and heavy metals and is not soluble or metabolized due in part to its heavy metal content . As Calcium Disodium EDTA encounters these calcifications it chelates the heavy metal portion of these deposits , allowing for the release of the calcium for the use by the body in normal metabolic functions . Many studies have conclusively showen that as we get older we are continuously accumulating toxic metals into our bodies , these toxins increase the risk for many debilitating diseases from cancer to heart disease . EDTA ORAL CAPSULES Latest scientific research suggests that ORAL EDTA can help alleviate the same conditions as intravenous dripped solutions of EDTA which is 100 % effective , but at a slower rate . Oral EDTA capsules is believed to be about 5 % - 18 % effective at a fraction of the price , takes longer for the same result . Compared to the intravenous dripped method which is 100 % effective and administered at a very high dose of EDTA . Since it is already bound with Calcium , the EDTA in calcium disodium EDTA will not chelate calcium but once in the bloodstream . Calcium - Disodium EDTA will exchange its calcium for a metal of a higher on the affinity scale which its more attracted to leaving the calcium to be availiable to the body . Highest affinity is = Lead + + + , Mercury++ , Copper++ , Aluminum++ , Nickel++ , Cobalt++ , Iron++ , Zinc+ , Cadmium+ , Manganese+ , Magnesium+ and Calcium . EDTA by Intravenous Chelation Therapy Over three million people have received EDTA by Intravenous Chelation Therapy from Doctors with not a single fatality , in the U.S.A alone . Fact is that EDTA is a very safe and effective treatment for atherosclerosis vascular disease as it has consistently improved blood flow and relieved symptoms associated with this disease in greater than 80 % of the patients treated EDTA is 3x safer than asprin as an anti - clotting blood thinner . EDTA ORAL CHELATION HEALTH BENEFITS Has been used with excellent results in the treatment of Dissolving arterial plaque buildup while reducing both high blood pressure and cholestrol levels the major cause of most cardiac arrests or strokes . Provide relief from heart palpitations and arrhythmia , angina and other cardiac related problems . EDTA is renowned for its ability to remove heavy metals , toxins and poisons that have been proven by many studies to have a negative effect on your health . Relief from sexual dysfunction in men with a positive influence on the prostate . Improves circulation to the hands and feet ( warmer ) . Greater energy levels from vastly improved blood circulation throughout the major arteries to the smallest capillaries , which delivers oxygen rich blood and nutrients to every cell and organ in your body to recuperate , regenerate and operate normally again . ( Capillaries form an intricate network around body tissuesin order to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste substances out of the body ) EDTA has been found to dissolve ( metastatic calcium ) calcium that has been deposited where it is not wanted in the arteries , joints , kidneys and bladder stones . Saving gangrene limbs from amputation from lack of circulation . Improves the immune system , eyes , hearing , memory , digestion , skin . People assume that EDTA depletes the body of needed calcium . When EDTA lowers blood calcium , it also stimulates the parathyroidgland to produce a hormone called parathormone . This hormone is responsible for removing calcium from places such as the inside of arteries and depositing it in the right places , such as bones . EDTA CAN IMPROVE OR CURE Eliminate pain in feet and toes caused by poor circulation . Leg cramps when walking Resuscitate mitochondria . " Mitochondria are the energy power plants of every cell in the body . Clogged or reduced blood flow in heart arteries . Avoid angioplasty . Helps thin blood and prevents formation of blood clots . Clogged or reduced blood flow in the neck arteries . Helps reduce the chance of stroke . Reverse atherosclerosis . Prevents cholesterol deposits . Lowers present cholesterol levels . Heals open wounds faster . Reduces intermittent claudication . Lowers blood pressure . Improves - even cure peripheral vascular disease . Improve - even cure peripheral artery disease . Improve vision in diabetic retinopathy . Makes arterial walls more flexible . Dissolves intra - arterial blood clots . Normalizes cardiac arrhythmias . Prevents osteoarthritis . Has anti aging effect and improves skin . Lowers diabetics insulin needs . Improves memory . Helps reverse senility . Reduces the after effects of heart attecks and stroke . Removes calcium from blood vessel plaques . Removes digitalis toxicity . Reduces Alzheimer like symptoms . Reduces rheumatoid arthritis symptoms . Increases intracellular potassium . Improves heart function . Reduces cancer risk by up to 80 % . Reduces iron serum levels . Restores impaired vision . Improve and reduce varicose veins . 3 Methods of taking Amermed Calcium Disodium EDTA capsules Take 1 capsule 2x a day on a empty stomach with a glass of water , 1 hour before food . 5 % - 18 % absorbed into bloodstream Least effective method of taking EDTA . Liquid EDTA and How to Make it . EDTA powder in Amermed capsule is micronized for quick dissolving into solution . If you want to take EDTA in liquid form for faster more effective results you carefully pull a capsule apart and mix the contents with a glass of water and take 1 hour before food . How will this liquid EDTA compare to the capsule ? It takes about 16 drops ( little over 1cc or 1ml ) to equal the volume of 1 capsule . Basically if you mix the contents of 1 capsule and its 800mg of EDTA with 1cc of water you would have 800mg of liquid EDTA . Up to 90 % is absorbed straight into the blood stream . Liquid EDTA has a lot higher absorbtion rate than any pills or capsules , up to 10x better . Under the Tongue ( Sub Lingual administration ) Carefully pull capsule apart and dump the contents of the capsule under the Tongue . I use this Method , I hold it there and let the saliva dissolve the EDTA . I find it warms up slightly as it dissolves and tastes slightly salty , Fastest method for absorbtion straight into the blood stream . Proven fact that many drugs are much more potent taken sublingually as the drug will diffuse directly into the bloodstream by being absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth , bypassing the GI tract . This is definitely a preferred medically proven to be fastest and more efficient method , than simple oral administration . Prime example of a common Sub Lingual administered medication is the Nitroglycerin tablet . Up to 98 % absorbed straight into blood stream . Well documented for maximum absorbtion of EDTA it should be taken on an empty stomach at least 1 / 2 hour before food . Taking it this way maximizes the EDTA chelating out those harmful heavy metals in your bloodstream . If taken with food , EDTA will immediately chelate the minerals and metals that was in the food thats been absorbed into the bloodstream before it gets into the cells . Links to other sites on EDTA Things you should know about the opposition to EDTA . Cardio Renew THIS PRODUCT IS NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE , TREAT , CURE OR PREVENT DISEASE It ' s Amazing . . The Vast Majority of People Who Actually take EDTA Swear by it . You Should Consult with your Doctor before Taking this or Any other Supplement TESTIMONIALS AmerMed EDTA Capsules contain no binders or fillers , contain at least 200mg more EDTA per capsule than other BRANDS . AmerMed capsules contain 800mg pure Calcium - Disodium EDTA per capsule . 120 capsules per bottle . This brand can be taken 3 different ways , Methods in detail on website . 1 . Oral in capsule form . 2 . Powder dissolved in water Liquid EDTA . 3 . Powder dissolved under Tongue . 1 . Bottle $ 30.00 includes Regular Postage with Tracking Number . Emailed to you when Posted . Normally posted within 24hrs Receive item 1 - 6 Days 120 x 800mg capsules . 2 Months supply ( EDTA Calcium Disodium ) FREE Postage in Australia Only Buy Now button Below Buy 1 Bottle Click PAYPAL = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 . Bottles 80.00 includes Regular Postage with Traking Number You will be Emailed ehen Posted Receive Item 1 - 6 Days Post to Australia Only 360 x 800 Capsules . ( EDTA Calcium Disodium ) Buy 3 bottles Click PAYPAL Buy Now button Below - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Bottles $ 150.00 includes Express Postage with Tracking Number . will be Emailed when Posted usually within 24hrsYou Receive Item 1 - 6 days Post to Australia Buy 6 bottles Click PAYPAL Buy Now button Below - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Bottles $ 280.00 includes Express Postage with Tracking Number . will be Emailed when Posted usually within 24hrsYou Receive Item 1 - 6 days Post to Australia Buy 12 bottles Click PAYPAL EDTAORALCHELATION . COM EDTA ORAL CHELATION	[ "EDTA chelation", "non operative treatments", "heart disease" ]
http://edtechreview.in/voices/interviews/2328-mobile-technology-in-education-and-classroom	To What Extent Is Mobile Technology Strengthening The Quality Of Education Interviews C M Rubin 09 March 2016 Hits 0 Comments Print Email I think technology has the potential to unlock new approaches to assessment that will change what and how we teach I believe that the current curriculum shape and form that we see around the world with subjects taught in silos has to change Jim Wynn Advertisement Why this Ad Innovation and Quality Two Sides of the Same Coin was the title of Education Fast Forwards 17th global debate at Mobile Learning MLearning Week in Paris in partnership with UNESCO The big debate brought together thought leaders in this field from all over the globe to discuss the latest news and views on the impact of mobile technology in education To what extent is mobile technology strengthening the quality of education What about access Given the major focus on 21st century skills what role can mobile technology play in curriculum innovation What kinds of public policy proposals can increase the benefits of mobile technology in classrooms Joining us in The Global Search for Education today to continue the EFF17 discussion are Lord Jim Knight Chair of the UK Online Foundation and HTI Education Trust Thomas M Philip Associate Professor at UCLA Professor Mike Sharples Professor of Educational Technology at The Open University and Jim Wynn CoFounder and CEO of Education Fast Forward and CEO of Imagine Entertainment Gentlemen How do you see the principal pros and cons of mobile learning Michael Sharples We are living in an increasingly mobile world where people are continually on the move and ideas are fluid and rapidly changing Mobile learning MLearning supports learning across locations and provides immediate connection between people and ideas The main disadvantages are that mobile learning doesnt fit well with traditional education The focus on personal devices learning across locations and learning from experience just doesnt mesh with the classroom as a fixed location for learning and the teacher as source of knowledge and authority Jim Wynn The pros include access to learning materials other people and information and convenience including size cost and anytime use The cons include the 4 BILLION people without internet access mixed phone quality internet connectivity issues and inconsistent pedagogical quality of materials Lord Jim Knight The most compelling use of technology for learning that I see is flipped learning This technique should see more teachers pushing learning content to pupils in advance of class to then allow face to face time at school to be used more effectively to embed the learning Mobiles will be used for bad behaviour For bullying for wasting time and to distract from learning But they can be used for research for recording learning in an assessable format and for individual response in formative assessment Thomas Philip We need to start with questions that focus on what sort of learning experiences wed like to facilitate and even more fundamentally the purpose of learning Then we need to ask ourselves how mobile technologies might support this vision of learning When mobile technologies are one set of tools in a repertoire of resources that a teacherfacilitator has access to they can be leveraged in powerful ways We need professional development for teachers so they can collaborate on the best pedagogy and differentiation We also need to ensure no one is denied the advantages of the technology due to cost or lack of connectivity at home Lord Jim Knight How do we make sure that mobile technology in classrooms works to benefit all Lord Jim Knight We need professional development for teachers so they can collaborate on the best pedagogy and differentiation We also need to ensure no one is denied the advantages of the technology due to cost or lack of connectivity at home Mike Sharples For learning inside the classroom the biggest barrier to successful adoption is school policy In some countries such as Denmark allowing children to bring personally owned devices into the classroom is just not a problem The children use their phones and tablets where appropriate to supplement their learning and the process is managed by the teacher In other countries it has become a battleground between children and schools with schools banning mobile devices in the classroom and children seeing this as a provocation Thomas Philip If classrooms schools and society are inequitable the introduction of mobile technologies into classroom spaces will not fundamentally alter these inequities We need to engage in the difficult work of understanding and addressing relationships of power authority and knowledge in the classroom We must create learning environments where students and their cultural backgrounds are valued and built upon We need spaces where students feel connected to their peers and adults If we create these conditions mobile technologies can benefit all students Jim Wynn We need to look at what the need is first and engineer a solution to solve the problem What we tend to see is a solution and people trying to see how to use it I saw an example of young children sending arithmetic questions to each other via an app Paper would have been better How are the current innovations in mobile tech shaping the global consciousness of our students Thomas Philip Social networking coupled with the access to international and alternative news sources create unprecedented opportunities for young people to develop global consciousness as they learn with others from across the world Lord Jim Knight The computing and communicative power of a smartphone is extraordinary It allows us to consume and create content on the move and share it with anyone in the planet As more of us in more parts of the world have access to these devices we will see more national boundaries become irrelevant Social networking coupled with the access to international and alternative news sources create unprecedented opportunities for young people to develop global consciousness as they learn with others from across the world Thomas Philip How can technology innovate secondary language education Lord Jim Knight Duolingo a mobile language learning app has 100 million registered users It is not alone Duolingo uses a pedagogy of small sessions of daily practice taught by machine Others link people over video to practice and tutor together These are powerful techniques that can only grow in their impact Jim Wynn The need to study languages without being controlled by the school clock is the first advantage learn when you want is crucial for language development I think here is a lot of research that language learning needs feedback for it to be effective There are apps now that can listen to you talk and let you know what you have said In what way will ereading shape classrooms of the future Can ereading be a part of improving earlychildhood literacy Lord Jim Knight Ebooks allow access to much more content more cheaply They allow data to be collected as to where readers struggle to keep going they can highlight they can share annotations they can follow hyperlinks and even consume video That is powerful in education and should be used in schools However they are harder to share and in early childhood I am more of a fan of sharing illustrated books and the magic of people reading to each other Jim Wynn Ereaders that can be dynamic and fun will make a big difference Some ereaders allow you to look up the definition of a word instantly some allow you to follow a theme or a character so you can get under the skin of the text some have random characters that talk to you or surprise you The future is huge for this and some innovative work has even seen the book storyline change as you move through it You can also hold every book you need in your pocket so it has a huge physical advantage too Michael Sharples Interactive books that provide assistance with phonics spelling and meaning development can be valuable in early reading eg see httpteacherscholasticcomclifford1 It is entirely possible to integrate mobile technology into classrooms as has been shown by Denmark Mike Sharples Given the major focus on 21st century skills what role can mobile technology play in curriculum innovation Jim Wynn I think technology has the potential to unlock new approaches to assessment that will change what and how we teach I believe that the current curriculum shape and form that we see around the world with subjects taught in silos has to change The content can remain but we should learn math in context and if we studied food for example it would need to cover math physics history geography etc Technology could track the learning object but unlock the ability to teach something in context This would also enable the development of different characteristics in learners in a way Lord Jim Knight Mobile is good for research for curation for content creation and for communication therefore a great tool for teaching these skills but not essential Michael Sharples At The Open University we are developing tools and platforms for inquirylead learning in the wild eg iSpot and nQuireit What kinds of public policy proposals would increase the benefits of mobile technology in classrooms Lord Jim Knight First and foremost is universal access If mobile tech is embedded in learning than everyone needs equal access to devices and connectivity There is great practice in this area but the digital divide persists in every country of the world Secondly we need good advice on technical and behavioural matters Finally we need training to give teachers the confidence to use these new tools and move on from the downsides of mobiles Jim Wynn Allow teachers to use them and not ban them Fair and equitable access would need to be considered so that there doesnt become a technology apartheid situation Copy Uruguay and pass laws to protect learning technology budgets When the UK ring fenced tech money in the late 1990 it made a huge difference to access Michael Sharples There needs to be a policy shift from ban and contain to manage and support That happened with pocket calculators in classrooms in the 1980s and connected multimedia mobile devices are now cheaper in real terms and far more powerful than calculators were then It is entirely possible to integrate mobile technology into classrooms as has been shown by Denmark Watch the EFF Debate here About the Author Author C M Rubin httpwwwcmrubinworldcom The Global Search for Education GSE is a regular contributor to EdTechReview Authored by C M Rubin GSE brings together distinguished thought leaders in education and innovation from around the world to explore the key learning issues faced by todays nations The series has become a highly visible platform for global discourse on 21st century education Like what we do The Latest EdTech News To Your Inbox 21st Century Education 21st Century Teaching Administrators Digital Learning ELearning Early Childhood Foreign Language Flipped Classroom Lifelong Learning Mobile Learning Pedagogy TeachersEducators Technology in Classroom Tips for Administrators Tips for TeachersEducators Advertisement Why this Ad Latest EdTech News To Your Inbox Advertisement Why this Ad Advertisement Why this Ad Advertisement Why this Ad Advertisement Why this Ad The EdTech Tweets	[ "Innovation and Quality", "Two Sides of the Same Coin" ]
http://educate-yourself.org/mc/introMCandEMFweapons05jan04.shtml	Current News \| Introduction \| Colloidal Silver Chemtrails Sylphs Emerging Diseases Forbidden Cures Ozone Immunity Boosting Nutrition \| Tone Gen Mind - Body Connection Ozone Bioelectrification Story on Drugs Vaccine Dangers Cancer Newsletter New World Order NWO News Pam Schuffert James Casbolt Phil Schneider Al Bielek Trevor Constable Mind Control Brice Taylor Ted Gunderson Metatech . org Free Energy Tim Hicks & Phil Ledoux Dr . Robert Bitzer \| T . Lobsang Rampa Ruth Drown ZS Livingstone David Brandt \| Global Warming The CIA \| Veterans Awaken Eustace Mullins Bill Cooper Depleted Uranium \| Dowsing \| Police & Tasers British Israel Born Again Brainwashing Amy Goodman Gatekeeper \| Rethinking Noam Chomsky Red Elk Project Blue Beam \| Bush Family & Nazis Otto Skorzeny \| Insights on Aliens Cell Towers WiFi / Cell Phone Dangers \| EMF Radiation News CPS / DCF Tyranny Adrenal Burnout The Women Warriors Orgone Adventures \| Dr . John Coleman Railroading Dr . Jeffrey MacDonald Henry Makow Radio Interviews Ten Best Sites Metal Free Dentistry \| Dr . Hulda Clark Books Planet X Sequel ' Undocumented Immigrants ' Donald Marshall & Cloning Station War on Terror Tavistock U.S. Concentration Camps FEMA Aliens Are Coming ! Guiding Principles Global Warming Gang Stalking Monoatomic Gold Seth / Jane Roberts Power of Thought Spiritualism Hope Healing Thought Forms Vanquish Fear Prevent Alien / Demon Attacks Rockefeller File War a Racket Letters Sodom - LGBT Exp ' d 21 Illuminati Goals Strawman Explained Daily Blog \| \| Hydrogen Peroxide Protocols of Zion \| Eric Jon Phelps Exposed Israeli Soldier ' s Story Home Japan Radiation Hysteria Agenda 21 Treat Parasites Swine Flu Hoax / Vaccine Links \| Jane Tripp Time Travel Discussion Mini Silver Terminator ( MST ) Chembusters & Orgone Generators Reverse Polarity Colloidal Silver Generator Smart Phone WiFi Dangers Contact Us / E - mail Want to Contact the Editor ? First read this Introduction to Mind Control & EMF Weapons ( Technologies , Symptoms , Protection , Links and Resources . ) From Radiation Health Foundation Inc . < http : / / www . rhfweb . com > http : / / educate - yourself . org / mc / introMCandEMFweapons05jan04 . shtml Jan . 5 , 2004 I . Typical & Speculated Mind Control , Directed Energies , & Electronic Harassment Technologies in use : The types of electronic harassment technologies in use vary from those used by local gangs to those used by international organizations ( Organized Crime , Private Companies , & Secret Societies . The electronic harassment technologies used by international organizations may involve the use of directed energy technologies such as lasers , raido frequency energy beams , holography , interferometry , electromagnetic radiation , radio waves , sound waves , satellites , radar , miniature electronic robots and smart dust etc . In general the technologies use directed energies which can not be seen by normal vision and which can These directed energies can pass through most substances such as walls , buildings , metals , mountains , and thousands of miles of earth . Once a directed energy beam intersects with another directed energy beam or a set of beams , then the point of intersection may create a radiation pocket in the victim . The radiation pockets created by directed energy beams can be engineered to contain sound waves , messages , heat stress , pressure stress , simulated forms of electromagnetic radiation , telepathic images , holographic and virtual reality simulations . For instance , two radio Directed energy beams can track and locate an human object continuously by means of holographic indexing into the earth ' s holographic matrix . Computer systems can be set up which store holographic records and indexes of biometric parameters such as voice patterns , bones patterns , aura patterns etc . A computer system may simply broadcast out a signal which contains a holographic index of a biometric pattern of a specific person . The biometric holographic pattern evokes a holographic response from the specific person searched for within the earths holographic matrix . A computer system then may receive More information can be found at the Radiation Health Foundation Inc . web site at http : / / www . rhfweb . com or click on how directed energy beams may work ( http : / / www . rhfweb . com / research . html # speculation ) II . Typical Symptoms of electronic harassment victims : Since directed energy beams may be used like fiber optic cables to direct media , radiation , and electromagnetic energy at a human object , then the victims may experience hearing sounds , seeing images , & feeling heat stress . Since certain parts of the body can not reduce heat stress well , such as the eyes and the genitals , victims of an electromagnetic harassment often feel heat stress in the eyes which cause vision problems . Lasers may direct synthetic telepathic images , holographic images , and virtual reality simulations at a human object which can be III . Other links and web sites on mind control & electronic harassment : Radiation Health Foundation Inc . web site at http : / / www . rhfweb . com Hypothetical mind control projects ( http : / / www . rhfweb . com \ mcproj . html ) Web posted at : http : / / www . rhfweb . com / hweb / shared2 / mc . html Free Newsletter Join the Educate - Yourself Discussion Forum All information posted on this web site is the opinion of the author and is provided for educational purposes only . It is not to be construed as medical advice . Only a licensed medical doctor can legally offer medical advice in the United States . Consult the healer of your choice for medical care and advice . Current News Introduction Colloidal Silver Chemtrails Sylphs Emerging Diseases Forbidden Cures Immunity Boosting Nutrition Tone Gen Mind - Body Connection Bioelectrification Story on Drugs Vaccine Dangers Cancer Newsletter New World Order NWO News Pam Schuffert James Casbolt Phil Schneider Al Bielek Trevor Constable Mind Control Brice Taylor Ted Gunderson Metatech . org Free Energy Tim Hicks & Phil Ledoux Dr . Robert Bitzer T . Lobsang Rampa Ruth Drown ZS Livingstone David Brandt \| Global Warming The CIA Veterans Awaken Eustace Mullins Bill Cooper Depleted Uranium \| Dowsing Police & Tasers British Israel Born Again Brainwashing Amy Goodman Gatekeeper Rethinking Noam Chomsky Red Elk Project Blue Beam Bush Family & Nazis Otto Skorzeny \| Insights on Aliens Cell Towers WiFi / Cell Phone Dangers EMF Radiation News CPS / DCF Tyranny Adrenal Burnout The Women Warriors Orgone Adventures \| Dr . John Coleman Railroading Dr . Jeffrey MacDonald Henry Makow Radio Interviews Ten Best Sites Metal Free Dentistry \| Dr . Hulda Clark Books Planet X Sequel ' Undocumented Immigrants ' Donald Marshall & Cloning Station War on Terror Tavistock U.S. Concentration Camps FEMA Aliens Are Coming ! Guiding Principles Global Warming Gang Stalking Monoatomic Gold Seth / Jane Roberts Power of Thought Spiritualism Hope Healing Thought Forms Vanquish Fear Prevent Alien / Demon Attacks Rockefeller File War a Racket Letters Sodom - LGBT Exp ' d 21 Illuminati Goals Strawman Explained Daily Blog \| \| Hydrogen Peroxide Protocols of Zion Eric Jon Phelps Exposed Israeli Soldier ' s Story Home Japan Radiation Hysteria Agenda 21 Treat Parasites Swine Flu Hoax / Vaccine Links \| Jane Tripp Time Travel Discussion Mini Silver Terminator ( MST ) Chembusters & Orgone Generators Reverse Polarity Colloidal Silver Generator Smart Phone WiFi Dangers Contact Us / E - mail Want to Contact the Editor ? First read this	[ "Mind Control", "EMF Weapons", "Symptoms" ]
http://educatingengineers.com/states/new-york/aerospace-engineering	Home New York » New York Aerospace Engineering Schools New York Aerospace Engineering Schools Aerospace Engineering Schools in New York + Leaflet \| Map data © Google Hide State Facts Aerospace Engineering Schools in New York : 6 Undergraduate Programs : 6 Graduate Programs : Schools With On - Campus Housing : Average Classroom Size : 15 Students Largest School : Syracuse University ( 32,675 Students ) Show Admissions Information Total Graduate Students : 29,170 Total Undergraduate Students : 72,980 Gender Makeup : 56 % Men / 43 % Women Acceptance Rate : 53 % Average ACT Composite ( 25th Percentile ) : 30 ( + / - 2 Std ) Average ACT Composite ( 75th Percentile ) : 25 ( + / - 3 Std ) Easiest Admissions Criteria : Clarkson University Show Tuition Information Average In - State Tuition Cost : $ 33,436 Average Out - of - State Tuition Cost : $ 35,206 Average Scholarship Package : $ 19,769 Average Student Loan Amount : $ 7,833 Percent of Population With Financial Aid : 84 % Percent of Population With Student Loans : 61 % Cheapest School : University at Buffalo ( $ 7,989 ) Online Program Information Online Programs : 3 Average Online Tuition : $ 36,514 Digital Classroom Size : 14 Students Online Retention Rate : 85 % How would you like a career working with the aircraft and spacecraft that power our country ? This can be a great state for prospective aerospace engineers , since there are six schools that offer aerospace engineering degrees . All six schools offer Bachelor ' s degrees and Master ' s degrees in the field . The average cost of tuition in this state is $ 13,100 per semester . Aerospace engineering schools are located throughout New York , which makes it convenient to earn this degree no matter where you live . The average class size in New York If you want to work as an engineer , you need to earn a Bachelor ' s or Master ' s degree in the field . This requires the completion of 120 credits , which takes most people about four years . Depending on your elective course choices , you may need to be in school for up to five years . The curriculum of your aerospace engineering degree is likely challenging and multifaceted , since you need to be prepared for a variety of job tasks and duties . You may take courses like Aerospace Systems , Compressible Flow , Aerospace Control Systems , and Aerospace Propulsion . These courses prepare you for the research , design , and development of aerospace vehicles . Your educational time is going to be split between the lecture hall and engineering lab . While theory is very important , you also need to be able to work with all sorts of different engineering materials . You may work on your own or on group projects for at least 10 hours per week . Research is also an important cornerstone of aerospace engineering . At Cornell University , you can conduct research in the fields of design and manufacturing , combustion , and space systems . Tuition rates in New York vary from school to school , especially since there are so many schools in New York ! On the inexpensive end of the scale , you have the University at Buffalo . The tuition rate for residents is $ 4,212 per semester and tuition for non - residents is $ 8,905 per semester . Cornell University is one of the more expensive schools in the state , with a tuition rate of $ 22,565 per semester . One of the benefits of attending school in a state with many engineering schools is the prevalence of engineering scholarships . You can apply for state - specific and school - specific scholarships . The American Council of Engineering Companies of New York awards a variety of scholarships every year . You can also look for scholarships offered by the Municipal Engineers of the City of New York Before you can begin your career as an engineer in New York , you have to get your license from the New York State Office of Professional Engineering and Land Surveying . You must first pay a $ 70 application fee . Once your application is processed , you can pay the $ 135 examination fee . Once you pass the Professional Engineer exam , you can start working as an engineer . There are many benefits to joining the New York State Society of Professional Engineers . You can attend educational events that can take your education to the next level , look for new jobs , and get legislative updates that can affect your career . Ads By Google All Online Engineering Degrees To become an engineer , you need to be educated ! Get more information from the below programs to get your career started ( or to further your education and knowledge ) . Aerospace Engineering Schools in New York School Information Clarkson University • Potsdam , NY • Private College • Rural Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 28 % 71 % Bachelor Master Doctorate Aerospace Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Automotive Engineering Electrical Engineering Environmental Engineering Mechanical Engineering Software Engineering School Information Cornell University • Ithaca , NY • Private College • Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 52 % 47 % Bachelor Master Doctorate Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Biomedical Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Automotive Engineering Electrical Engineering Environmental Engineering Audio Engineering Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Engineering Dowling College • Oakdale • Suburban Setting Moderate Small 51 % 48 % Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • Troy • Urban Setting Difficult Medium 27 % 72 % Biomedical Engineering Audio Engineering Nuclear Engineering Syracuse University • Syracuse Large 56 % 43 % Associate Computer Engineering University at Buffalo • Buffalo • Public • Suburban Setting 45 % 54 %	[ "New York", "Aerospace Engineering School", "aircraft" ]
http://educatingengineers.com/states/north-carolina	Home North Carolina Engineering Schools North Carolina Engineering Schools Engineering Programs in North Carolina Leaflet Map data Google Did You Know More students applied to Duke Universitys Engineering Program than any other school in North Carolina with 28145 total applicants Statewide School Information Engineering Schools in North Carolina 63 Undergraduate Engineering Programs 59 Graduate Engineering Programs 13 Schools With OnCampus Housing 15 Average Classroom Size 15 Students Largest Engineering School North Carolina State University at Raleigh 40720 Students Statewide Tuition Information Statewide Admissions Information Statewide Online Program Information North Carolina is one of the leading states in engineering and technology As one of the oldest states in the country North Carolina has blossomed with diverse cultural and economic regions that add to its rich history North Carolina has dozens of large cities that are tourist and financial capitals for the state The largest city Charlotte is second to New York City as being the headquarters for the most financial firms on the East Coast The state capital of Raleigh plus the cities of Durham and Chapel Hill create the Research Triangle a network of towns and cities that promote and house biotechnology and engineering firms in North Carolina Finally the Piedmont Triad which includes the cities of Greensboro WinstonSalem and High Point are the home to major manufacturing and textile firms Engineering Education in North Carolina Engineering professions are spread across different industries allowing for many different academic concentrations at schools Some examples of common engineering fields include civil electrical chemical and industrial There are eight public universities that have engineering bachelors programs These schools include three University of North Carolina campuses Chapel Hill Asheville Charlotte North Carolina State University in Raleigh North Carolina AT State University in Greensboro or Appalachian State University in Boone In addition there are five private universities offering engineering undergraduate programs including Duke University in Durham Elon University and Johnson C Smith University in Charlotte Nine public and private universities in North Carolina offer graduate programs in engineering including Wake Forest University in WinstonSalem East Carolina University in Greenville and Western Carolina University in Cullowhee There are fiftyfour community colleges in North Carolina including Central Piedmont Community College the largest in the state that have associates or certificate programs in engineering Outlook for Engineering Jobs in North Carolina Since engineering is within different economic sectors employment demand and salary ranges vary The US Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS outlines that there are 53280 total engineers in North Carolina who earn 69510 a year as of May 2011 Within those figures the BLS states that there are 270 biomedical engineers who make 89780 a year In contrast there are 7730 civil engineers who earn 73980 a year Another example includes electrical engineers who make 88390 a year with 2620 workers employed in the state Ads By Google All Online Engineering Degrees To become an engineer you need to be educated Get more information from the below programs to get your career started or to further your education and knowledge Engineering Schools in North Carolina School Information Alamance Community College Graham NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information Appalachian State University Boone NC Public College Suburban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 53 46 Bachelor Master Doctorate Aerospace Engineering School Information AshevilleBuncombe Technical Community College Asheville NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Beaufort County Community College Washington NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Brunswick Community College Bolivia NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information Caldwell Community College and Technical Institute Hudson NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Cape Fear Community College Wilmington NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Chemical Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Catawba Valley Community College Hickory NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Central Carolina Community College Sanford NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Central Piedmont Community College Charlotte NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Cleveland Community College Shelby NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information Coastal Carolina Community College Jacksonville NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information College of the Albemarle Elizabeth City NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Computer Engineering School Information Craven Community College New Bern NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Engineering School Information Davidson County Community College Thomasville NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information DeVry UniversityNorth Carolina Charlotte NC Private College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 45 54 Associate Bachelor Electrical Engineering School Information Duke University Durham NC Private College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 52 47 Bachelor Master Doctorate Biomedical Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Durham Technical Community College Durham NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information East Carolina University Greenville NC Public College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 56 43 Bachelor Master Doctorate Computer Engineering Automotive Engineering Software Engineering School Information Edgecombe Community College Tarboro NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Mechanical Engineering School Information Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City NC Public College Suburban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 57 42 Bachelor Master School Information Elon University Elon NC Private College Suburban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 59 40 Bachelor Master Doctorate Computer Engineering Environmental Engineering School Information Fayetteville Technical Community College Fayetteville NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Forsyth Technical Community College Winston Salem NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Gaston College Dallas NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Biomedical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Automotive Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Guilford Technical Community College Jamestown NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Haywood Community College Clyde NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Mechanical Engineering School Information Isothermal Community College Spindale NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Engineering School Information Johnson C Smith University Charlotte NC Private College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 61 38 Bachelor Computer Engineering School Information Lenoir Community College Kinston NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering School Information LenoirRhyne University Hickory NC Private College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 54 45 Bachelor Master School Information Mayland Community College Spruce Pine NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information Mitchell Community College Statesville NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Nash Community College Rocky Mount NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information North Carolina A T State University Greensboro NC Public College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 54 45 Bachelor Master Doctorate Agricultural Engineering Architectural Engineering Biomedical Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Audio Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information North Carolina State University at Raleigh Raleigh NC Public College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 44 55 Associate Bachelor Master Doctorate Aerospace Engineering Agricultural Engineering Biomedical Engineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Environmental Engineering Audio Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Pamlico Community College Grantsboro NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate School Information Piedmont Community College Roxboro NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate School Information Pitt Community College Winterville NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Richmond Community College Hamlet NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Rockingham Community College Wentworth NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information RowanCabarrus Community College Salisbury NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Sandhills Community College Pinehurst NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering School Information South Piedmont Community College Polkton NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Mechanical Engineering School Information Southeastern Community College Whiteville NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information Southwestern Community College Sylva NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information Stanly Community College Albemarle NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information Surry Community College Dobson NC Public Community College Rural Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville NC Public College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 59 40 Bachelor Master School Information University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC Public College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 57 42 Bachelor Master Doctorate Biomedical Engineering School Information University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte NC Public College Urban Setting Moderate Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 50 49 Bachelor Master Doctorate Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Automotive Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information VanceGranville Community College Henderson NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering School Information Wake Forest University Winston Salem NC Private College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 52 47 Bachelor Master Doctorate Biomedical Engineering School Information Wake Technical Community College Raleigh NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Large Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Wayne Community College Goldsboro NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Western Carolina University Cullowhee NC Public College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Medium Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered 56 43 Bachelor Master Doctorate Electrical Engineering School Information Western Piedmont Community College Morganton NC Public Community College Urban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering School Information Wilkes Community College Wilkesboro NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small Student Body Degree Levels Programs Offered Unknown Associate Architectural Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering School Information Wilson Community College Wilson NC Public Community College Suburban Setting Difficult Admissions Campus Size Tuition Price Online Courses Small	[ "North Carolina Engineering Schools", "financial firms", "academic concentrations" ]
http://education.costhelper.com/electrician-school.html	CostHelper > Schools & Job Training > Electrician Training Electrician Training Cost How Much Does Electrician Training Cost ? Apprenticeship : $ 250 - $ 1,420 Per Year Certificate or Associate ' s Degree : $ 1,000 - $ 11,000 Post Tweet Electricians receive training through community colleges , trade schools or apprenticeship programs that combine on - the - job training with related classroom instruction . Typical costs : A certificate or associate ' s degree costs about $ 1,000 - $ 11,000 . For example , J.F. Drake State Technical College 1 in Huntsville , AL , offers two different certificate programs in electrical technology for $ 4,400 and $ 9,229 . An associate ' s degree at Hawkeye College 2 in Waterloo , IA , costs $ 11,171 for tuition and fees . Education Portal 3 lists topics covered in electrician certificate programs , such as residential wiring , electric motors and voltage testing . An associate ' s degree 4 provides more extensive training , and typically covers electricity planning and training in the National Electrical Code , which prepares students for the certification exam . An apprenticeship costs $ 250 - $ 1,420 per year of enrollment , lasting around four years . The Construction Industry Training Council 5 in Colorado offers apprenticeships from $ 710 per semester over the four - year program . Arkansas State University offers a four - year electrical apprenticeship program for $ 260 per year , which covers 2,000 hours of job training . Electrical apprenticeships may last longer than other programs , but students have the ability to earn an income while they work . Licensing for electricians costs $ 15 - $ 150 per year , with an exam fee of $ 30 - $ 75 . North Carolina 6 ' s exam fees is $ 75 and the license fees are $ 60 - $ 150 , depending on the number of restrictions . In Arkansas 7 , the licensing exam fee is $ 56 - $ 86 and initial license fees are $ 25 - $ 50 Related articles : Becoming a General Contractor Construction Management Training Community College What should be included : According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 8 , apprenticeships should last about four years and include 144 hours of classroom instruction with 2,000 hours of job training . Classes should cover electrical theory , blueprint reading , mathematics , electrical code requirements , safety and first aid . Job training includes installing conduit , drawing diagrams for electrical systems , and working with wiring , outlets and switches . Additional costs : Extra costs for electrician training could be $ 500 - $ 10,000 and may include books , tools , room and board for training programs . For example , Mohave Community College 9 in Bullhead City , AZ , estimates books and supplies at $ 24,564 for room and board and $ 1,188 for books and supplies . Tools required for electricity students at Tennessee Technology Center in Knoxville , TN , cost $ 2,500 and include a wrench set , electrician ' s hole saw , conduit bender , steel fish tape and many other hand tools and safety supplies . Discounts : Scholarships for electrical training programs may be available . The Electrical Association of Philadelphia 10 awards one $ 3,000 scholarship to a student attending a technical school , while Lowe ' s 11 offers nearly 200 scholarships ranging from $ 2,500 - $ 5,000 each year . Some schools may bundle tool kits together for students to purchase at a discount . For example , the Erwin Technical Center 12 in Tampa , FL , sells an electrical tool kit for $ 512 . Other supplies , such as a drill bit set and pliers , may be purchased at hardware stores . Shopping for electrician training : Local chapters of the National Electrical Contractors Association 13 offer information on apprenticeships and training opportunities . The Contractor ' s License Reference Site lists regulations 14 for electricians to practice in each state , most of which require licensing . Post Tweet CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . \| \| Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . \| \| Posted November 23 2013 ‣ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments Comment On Your Experience With Electrician Training External Resources : www . dstc . cc . al . us / programs / electrical_technology . aspx www . hawkeyecollege . edu / academics / programs / industrial - and - engineering - technology / john - de . . . education - portal . com / articles / Electrician_Certificate_Overview_of_Programs . html education - portal . com / articles / Career_Information_for_an_Electrician_Degree_or_Certifica . . . www . abcrmc . org / Education / Apprenticeship_Training . aspx www . contractors - license . org / nc / NorthCarolina . html www . contractors - license . org / ar / Arkansas . html # ar3 www . bls . gov / ooh / Construction - and - Extraction / Electricians . htm www . mohave . edu / academics / certificates / electrical www . eap . org / educationalfoundation . html careers . lowes . com / college_recruiting_scholarship . aspx erwin . edu / _content / documents / Elec . 11 - 12 . pdf www . necanet . org / find - a - contractor www . contractors - license . org More Schools & Job Training Topics Check Out All Costs for Schools & Job Training How Much Does Middle School Cost ? How Much Does Becoming a Photographer Cost ? How Much Does Veterinary School Cost ? Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? About CostHelper CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services . Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy	[ "Electrician Training Cost" ]
http://education.costhelper.com/massage-school.html	CostHelper > Schools & Job Training > Massage School Massage School Cost How Much Does Massage School Cost ? Low : $ 4,000 - $ 6,000 High : $ 10,000 - $ 25,000 + Post Tweet Comments ( 1 ) Massage therapists work in clinical settings such as hospitals and retail settings like spas , offering a variety of bodywork treatments for relaxation and assistance in recovering from injury . Many massage therapists travel to their clients ' offices and homes . There are over 80 different types of massage specialties , and massage therapists will often develop skills in more than one area of massage . Formal training and state - issued licenses are typically required . Typical costs : There are about 1,500 schools offering massage therapy training programs in the U.S. , and the costs of these schools vary significantly , starting around $ 4,000 to $ 6,000 but ranging as high as $ 10,000 to $ 25,000 or more . Private programs are not necessarily more costly than programs offered at community colleges , although some private programs can be expensive . For example , the AKS Massage School 1 in Virginia offers 650 hours of training for $ 10,000 , while The Massage School 2 in East Hampton , MA , offers an 800 - hour program for $ 3,600 - $ 5,600 Community colleges costs vary depending on the program offered . The Aloha Massage School 3 in Maui offers a one - year program for $ 4,300 for in - state students . The Community College of Vermont charges $ 13,000 for a two - year associate ' s degree program in massage therapy for in - state students and $ 26,000 for out - of - state students . Books costs for massage programs are what students usually pay at community colleges , several hundred dollars per semester . Related articles : Athletic Trainer School Community College College What should be included : Classroom training ( such as courses in anatomy and physiology , where students learn about the circulation , muscular and skeletal system ) , should be followed by massage work on clients . Students will learn basic skills like draping patients for privacy and sanitary techniques in their first classes so they are ready when they begin to work with clients . But before working on private clients , students typically practice the skills they learn in class on family members , volunteers and community members . There should also be courses on massage theory ; for example , learning the difference behind Thai and Swedish massage . Students will practice developing treatment plans , keeping patient notes , and learning professional ethics and conflict resolution . Different types of massage techniques are taught in most programs , such as Swedish massage , Asian bodywork , and massage for special populations , like the elderly . Additional costs : License costs vary by state , but are typically around $ 100 . Renewals are required on an annual or biannual basis . In Texas 4 , an initial license costs $ 117 and a biannual renewal $ 106 . In Georgia 5 , it ' s $ 125 for the initial license and $ 85 for a biannual renewal . Most states require that massage therapists pass an exam , such as the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Body Work ' s exam 6 or the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards for about $ 200 Sometime cities or counties may regulate massage in addition to , or instead of , the state , such as in Michigan 7 . Check with county and city licensing boards for fees . Optional materials , such as a massage table , can cost up to $ 1,100 Discounts : Some schools , such as the Atlanta School of Massage 8 offer financial aid 9 including Pell Grants and Stafford Loans , as well as tuition assistance Some schools offer scholarships and payment plans , such as Lauterstein - Conway Massage School . Check with individual schools to see which financial aid programs they participate in ; most have financial aid offices . Shopping for massage school : Check the Massage Register 10 for links to licensing requirements by state , as well as links to state licensing boards . Training programs should allow students to meet the licensing requirements for the state . The admissions office should be able to provide information on how many of the school ' s graduates pass the exam . Prospective students should also ask admissions officers about job placement rates for graduates . Search for accredited schools at the Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation and the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges . Post Tweet Comments ( 1 ) CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . \| \| Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . \| \| Posted November 23 2013 ‣ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments 600 hour program Aveda Amount : $ 8,000.00 Posted by : JB / Minneapolis in minneapolis , MN . Posted : September 7th , 2012 08 : 09AM Length of Program : 4 mos full time School : Aveda Institute I guess I got a good deal back in 2000 - seemed like a lot back then . Was this post helpful to you ? yes no Report prohibited or spam Comment On Your Experience With Massage School External Resources : www . aksmassageschool . com / courseinfo / fees . htm www . themassageschool . org / tuition www . alohamassageschool . com / curriculum . html www . dshs . state . tx . us / massage / mt_renew . shtm www . massage - exam . com / georgia - massage . php www . ncbtmb . org / regulators / states - use - ncbtmb - licensing - exams www . michigan . gov / statelicensesearch / 0 , 1607 , 7 - 180 - 24786 - 81382 - - , 00 . html www . atlantaschoolofmassage . com / financial . asp studentaid . ed . gov www . massageregister . com More Schools & Job Training Topics Check Out All Costs for Schools & Job Training How Much Does Auto Mechanic Training Cost ? How Much Does High School Cost ? How Much Does Welding Training Cost ? Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? About CostHelper CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services . Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy	[ "Massage School", "Job Training" ]
http://education.costhelper.com/occupational-therapist-assistant.html	CostHelper > Schools & Job Training > Occupational Therapist Assistant School Occupational Therapist Assistant School Cost How Much Does Occupational Therapist Assistant School Cost ? Associate ' s Degree : $ 5,000 - $ 24,000 Post Tweet Occupational therapist assistants 1 work under the supervision of an occupational therapist to provide rehabilitative services to people who need help completing everyday tasks . Children and older adults or anyone suffering from an injury may use the services of an occupational therapist assistant to help them gain needed skills . Typical costs : Occupational therapy assistants must earn an associate ' s degree , which generally takes two years to complete at a community college and costs about $ 5,000 - $ 24,000 . For example , tuition at the Community College of Rhode Island 2 in Warwick , R.I. , costs $ 5,800 , and the program can be completed in 15 months . Tuition at Baptist Health Schools Little Rock 3 in Arkansas costs $ 18,500 for 21 months of classes . State - issued licensure and certification for an occupational therapist assistant costs $ 90 - $ 180 . For example , Michigan 4 ' s occupational therapist assistant certification fee is $ 90 and Georgia 5 ' s fee is $ 100 . According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 6 , 40 states require occupation therapist assistants to be licensed , while others require registration . Board certification costs $ 500 and can be attained by taking the exam with the National Board for Certifying Occupational Therapy 7 , which is a requirement to practice in some states . The California Board of Occupational Therapy 8 links to all state licensing boards in the U.S. and their specific requirements . Related articles : Community College College What should be included : Occupational therapist assistant programs should include 9 coursework in healthcare , basic medical terminology , anatomy and physiology , mental health , adult physical disabilities , gerontology , and pediatrics , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics . In accredited programs , students should also have 24 weeks of supervised work experience in the field . Schools should be accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education 10 . Attending an accredited school is a requirement to take the national certification exam 11 Additional costs : Additional costs for an occupational therapist assistant degree may cost $ 3,000 - $ 13,000 total . For example , room and board at the Community College of Rhode Island 12 in Warwick , R.I. , costs $ 3,000 - $ 7,000 per year , with $ 4,000 - $ 6,000 in estimated additional expenses like transportation and insurance . Eastern New Mexico University 13 estimates additional costs as $ 2,000 - $ 4,000 for transportation to and from clinical placements , and $ 2,500 on books , supplies and fees . Discounts : Students may apply for scholarships from national organizations like the American Occupational Therapy Foundation 14 , which awards funding of $ 150 - $ 5,000 . Individual colleges like SUNY Orange 15 in Middletown , N.Y. , may also offer scholarships to students enrolled in an occupational therapist assistant program . Shopping for occupational therapist assistant school : The American Occupational Therapy Association provides a guide for prospective students 16 , as well as a list of accredited schools and programs 17 The National Board for Certifying Occupational Therapy offers study tools 18 for students taking the certification exam . Post Tweet CostHelper News Forgotten Expenses In a Home Addition Budget Items like construction costs , permit fees or debris removal are n ' t the only expenses to consider when calculating the total costs of a home remodeling project . \| \| Posted August 5 2013 10 Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures Before the Holidays With reunions and other get - togethers scheduled during the holiday season , most people want to look their best at this time of year . For some , that means filling in those wrinkles with a bit of botox , or having a nip and tuck down here and there . \| \| Posted November 23 2013 ‣ All CostHelper Blog Posts What People Are Paying - Recent Comments External Resources : www . bls . gov / ooh / Healthcare / Occupational - therapy - assistants - and - aides . htm www . ccri . edu / rehabhealth / OCTA / faq - ota . html # What_is_the_cost_of_the_Occupational_Therapy . . . www . bhslr . edu / programs % 2Dof % 2Dstudy / occupational % 2Dtherapy % 2Dassistant / www . michigan . gov / documents / mdch_ot_full_regpkt_83731_7 . pdf www . ncbot . org / OTpages / Application_Process . html # General % 20Requirements % 20for % 20License www . bls . gov / ooh / Healthcare / Occupational - therapy - assistants - and - aides . htm www . nbcot . org / pdf / Certification - Exam - Application . pdf ? phpMyAdmin = 3710605fd34365e380b9ab4 . . . www . bot . ca . gov / applicants / state_verification . shtml www . bls . gov / ooh / Healthcare / Occupational - therapy - assistants - and - aides . htm # training www . aota . org / Educate / Accredit . aspx www . nbcot . org / index . php ? option = com_content&view = article&id = 252&Itemid = 151 www . ccri . edu / rehabhealth / OCTA / faq - ota . html # What_is_the_cost_of_the_Occupational_Therapy . . . www . roswell . enmu . edu / areas - of - study / health / occupational - therapy - assistant / welcome - to - th . . . www . aotf . org / scholarshipsgrants / scholarshipprogram . aspx www . sunyorange . edu / ota / scholarships . shtml www . aota . org / Students / Prospective / OT . aspx www . aota . org / Students / Schools . aspx www . nbcot . org / index . php ? option = com_content&view = article&id = 6&Itemid = 35 More Schools & Job Training Topics Check Out All Costs for Schools & Job Training How Much Does Community College Cost ? How Much Does Pharmacy Technician School Cost ? How Much Does Elementary School Cost ? Search Thousands of Topics on CostHelper . com How much does cost ? About CostHelper CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services . Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy	[ "Occupational therapist", "Community College of Rhode Island", "American Occupational Therapy Foundation" ]
http://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/educator-tips/4-kindergarten-lesson-plans-to-help-your-schools-language-arts-curriculum/	For Teachers Updated November 8 , 2017 4 Kindergarten Lesson Plans to Help your School ' s Language Arts Curriculum By The Room 241 Team February 13 , 2013 The kindergarten school curriculum is structured to give children a foundation on which to build their language skills . Pictures , sounds and activities engage the student to keep their attention focused during their early childhood education . Here are four sample lesson plans appropriate for kindergarten students learning to read and write . Lesson Plan No . 1 Title : Where The Animals Live Objective : Students will learn what a “ habitat ” is , what makes them different from each other , and what can they expect to see in four habitats : desert , forest , grassland , wetland Materials Needed : Books and magazines with pictures of the four habitats , some containing plants and animals in those areas Crayons or markers for each child to use Several large sheets of construction paper Procedure : Define the term “ habitat ” Describe each of the four habitats , desert , forest , grassland , and wetland , and show photos from the books and magazines Describe the key elements in each habitat that make them different from each other Talk about the various animals that can be found in these habitats and show photos of each Emphasize the concepts by showing habitat photos and asking what plants and wildlife would they expect to see there Show photos of different animals , plants and trees and ask what habitat would be good for them Have each student draw a picture of a habitat they would like to visit Ask them to draw how the habitat looks with the animals and plants they would find living there Write the four habitats on the board and ask the students to write the correct one on their drawing When the students are done with their drawings , show each one to the class and discuss Ask the student why they would like to visit the habitat Ask if the drawing has the right animals and plants in it for that habitat Lesson Plan No . 2 Title : The Way Letters Sound Objective : This lesson will help students recognize the sounds of the various letters in the alphabet and learn to identify them in the names of things typically found around them . Each lesson can focus on one particular letter . For this example , use the letter “ D ” Materials Needed : Books and magazines with many pictures Markers or crayons Large white sheet of construction paper A 4 × 6 card with the letter “ D ” printed on it for each student Procedure : Find a photo of an object with a name that starts with “ D ” and show it to the class Ask if anyone knows what the picture is and have them say it Have the class repeat the sound “ D ” then say the name associated with the picture Continue with this exercise to give every student the chance to identify a “ D ” item Ask the students what things around the room have the “ D ” sound Have them come up and write the “ D ” on their card on the chart and finish the word for them Continue by asking what other items around them at home have the “ D ” sound including people and place names Have the students continue to write on the chart Review the words that were written on the chart to make sure the students understand the “ D ” sound and some words that start with that letter This exercise can be repeated with all of the letters of the alphabet . If the class is small , one may work with two or three letters in one lesson . Lesson Plan No . 3 Title : The Difference Between Upper and Lower Case Letters This lesson teaches the students how to recognize the lower case equivalent of the corresponding upper case letter . The class will be divided into groups of two or three and the following sets of cards created for each team : 4 × 6 index cards with all of the uppercase letters of the alphabet written on them , one letter per card 4 × 6 index cards with all of the lowercase letters of the alphabet written on them , one letter per card A large chart on the wall with the alphabet visible to the children Review the alphabet on the wall chart with the students Point out the uppercase and lowercase character for each letter Write each letter on the board for emphasis Divide the class into groups of two or three depending on the overall class size Give each team a set of the uppercase cards and a set of the lowercase cards First have the teams sort their uppercase cards according to the order of the alphabet as shown on the wall chart Next have the teams sort their lowercase cards according to the order of the alphabet Finally have the teams combine the cards and sort them according to the alphabet with the uppercase letter first then the lowercase letter Walk around the class and observe the work to make sure each team understands the instructions and are able to match the wall chart with their cards A key to learning is the ability to combine the lowercase letter correctly with the uppercase letter Lesson Plan No . 4 Title : The Shape of Things This lesson plan teaches the students how to draw four shapes , square , circle , triangle , and rectangle , and what items around them correspond to those shapes . White construction paper for each student Markers or crayons Describe each of the four shapes and draw them on the board Point out how each shape is different from the others Draw the shapes in different sizes to show that they are still the same shape no matter what size Have each student practice drawing the shapes on their paper Work with one shape at a time Have them draw different sizes of each shape Focusing on one shape at a time , have the students look around the room and find the shapes ( for example , a globe for circle , a window for a rectangle ) Have the student draw the object on their sheet of paper and point out the shape Now ask the students to look around the room and find where the shapes are together in the room ( for example , a round doorknob is on the rectangular door ) Have the students draw these objects and point out the shapes Have students show their pictures to the class and point to the various shapes they found in the room . Tags : Early Childhood and Elementary ( Grades : PreK - 5 ) Language Arts	[ "Kindergarten Lesson Plans", "Arts Curriculum", "Where The Animals Live" ]
http://education.jhu.edu/admission/tuition.html	Tuition & Fees Home Admission & Financial Aid Tuition & Fees Apply Info Sessions Request Info Prior to the first day of the summer , fall , and spring ( including January intersession ) semesters , students may select from a number of payment options ( please see Student Accounts for additional information ) . Registration requests can not be processed unless accompanied by appropriate payment or selection of an available payment option . Students who have just begun the financial aid application process may not check “ financial aid ” in lieu of payment at the time of registration . Students wishing to receive financial aid must pay for courses at the time of registration if they have not completed all required documentation . Tuition for each course ( including laboratory or computer fees ) is included in the course listings . Note : Transcripts and grades will not be released to students with an outstanding financial obligation to the University . COST OF ATTENDANCE For annual estimated total cost of attendance and additional fees for all programs , please visit the Office of Financial Aid VIEW TUITION FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 - 19 VIEW TUITION FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 - 20 Tuition : Academic Year 2018 - 19 Tuition : Academic Year 2019 - 20 VIRTUAL TOUR Discover the School of Education and our home in Baltimore . Explore our academic offerings and our research expertise . And see how our graduate programs can transform your career and your future . FEES All fees are non - refundable . APPLICATION FEE MATRICULATION FEE REGISTRATION FEE LATE REGISTRATION FEE LATE PAYMENT FEE RETURNED CHECK FEE PAYMENT PLAN TERMINATION FEE LABORATORY FEES GRADUATION FEES DELINQUENT ACCOUNT COLLECTIONS	[ "Tuition", "Fees", "Registration" ]
http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html	It ' s Elemental Previous Element ( Californium ) The Periodic Table of Elements Next Element ( Fermium ) The Element Einsteinium Click for Isotope Data 99 Es Einsteinium 252 Atomic Number : 99 Atomic Weight : 252 Melting Point : 1133 K ( 860 ° C or 1580 ° F ) Boiling Point : Unknown Density : Unknown Phase at Room Temperature : Solid Element Classification : Metal Period Number : 7 Group Number : none Group Name : Actinide Radioactive and Artificially Produced What ' s in a name ? Named after the scientist Albert Einstein . Say what ? Einsteinium is pronounced as ine - STINE - ee - em History and Uses : Einsteinium was discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris produced by the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb . The isotope they discovered , einsteinium - 253 , has a half - life of about 20 days and was produced by combining 15 neutrons with uranium - 238 , which then underwent seven beta decays . Today , einsteinium is produced though a lengthy chain of nuclear reactions that involves bombarding each isotope in the chain with neutrons and then allowing the resulting isotope to undergo beta decay . Einsteinium ' s most stable isotope , einsteinium - 252 , has a half - life of about 471.7 days . It decays into berkelium - 248 through alpha decay or into californium - 252 through electron capture Since only small amounts of einsteinium have ever been produced , it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research . Estimated Crustal Abundance : Not Applicable Estimated Oceanic Abundance : Not Applicable Number of Stable Isotopes : 0 View all isotope data Ionization Energy : 6.42 eV Oxidation States : + 3 Electron Shell Configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 3p 6 3d 10 4s 4p 4d 10 4f 14 5s 5p 5d 5f 11 6s 6p 7s This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon Citation and linking information	[ "Einsteinium", "Element", "Albert Einstein ." ]
http://education.jlab.org/qa/element.html	Questions and Answers Previous Question ( An example of indirect evidence used to study atoms ? ) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question ( What is the difference between atoms and elements ? ) What is an element ? How many elements are there ? An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom . For example , the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing a single proton and a single electron . If you change the number of protons an atom has , you change the type of element it is . If you had very , very good eyes and could look at the atoms in a sample of hydrogen , you would notice that most of the hydrogen atoms would have no neutrons , some of them would have one neutron and a few of them would have two neutrons . These different versions of hydrogen are called isotopes . All isotopes of a particular element have the same number of protons , but have a different number of neutrons . If you change the number of neutrons an atom has , you make an isotope of that element . Currently , scientists know of 118 different elements . Some , like gold silver copper and carbon , have been known for thousands of years . Others , such as meitnerium darmstadtium and ununquadium , have only recently been created by scientists . All known elements are arranged on a chart called the Periodic Table of Elements All About Atoms What is an atom ? What are atoms made of ? What is the difference between atoms and elements ? Who discovered the elements ? The Periodic Table of Elements This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon Citation and linking information	[ "element", "Questions and Answers", "proton" ]
http://education.ky.gov/AA/Assessments/kprep/Pages/Alternate-K-PREP.aspx	Alternate K - PREP Program Alternate K - PREP Published : 6 / 8 / 2018 10 : 26 AM The Kentucky Alternate Assessment was developed in 1990 as a result of the Reform Act of 1990 to provide schools and programs with a valid and reliable means of assessing the instruction provided to students with moderate and significant disabilities ( i.e. , for the less than 1 % of the total student population for whom traditional assessments would be an inappropriate measure of progress ) . In 2011 all content areas of the Alternate K - PREP were represented by attainment tasks and the Transition Attainment Record ( TAR ) for students in grade 11 . These assessments continue to meet federal requirements for the No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) Act and Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act ( IDEIA ) . Alternate K - PREP is based upon two components : Attainment Tasks ( AT ) and the Transition Attainment Record ( TAR ) . These components play vital roles in the assessment of the individual student . Attainment Tasks ( AT ) Attainment tasks are performance events that require students to complete a task , working step by step as directed by the teacher . Testing Windows Window 1 : November 5 - December 14 , 2018 Window 2 : April 15 - May 24 , 2019 Transition Attainment Record ( TAR ) The Transition Attainment Record is a checklist which evaluates the student ’ s readiness in reading , mathematics and science . Alternate K - PREP AAAF The Alternate Assessment and Accountability Folder , also referred to as the AAAF , has been a requirement of the Alternate Assessment Program for several years . With the implementation of the Alternate K - PREP , a new assessment design will hold more responsibilities for the AAAF . Alternate K - PREP Aligned to KAS Standards ( Aligned to KAS ) With the 2009 implementation of Senate Bill 1 ( SB1 ) requiring new assessment standards for English / Language Arts and Mathematics for the general assessment , new statements aligned to the standards were also required for the Alternate Assessment . Alternate K - PREP Communications Communications between KDE and districts / schools occur on a regular basis with staff who have elected to be a part of the Alternate Assessment E - mails . Alternate K - PREP Resources The Alternate K - PREP is the assessment provided to Kentucky students with the most severe cognitive disabilities . The resources below provide assistance to students participating in the Alternate assessment . Alternate K - PREP Trainings These training videos and materials are designed to help teachers and administrators with the implementation of the Alternate K - PREP program .	[ "Alternate K-PREP", "ransition Attainment Record", "NCLB" ]
http://education.laws.com/early-childhood-education	Early Childhood Education Overview Early Childhood Education Overview Share What is Early Childhood Education ? Early childhood education is a term that is used to commonly describe the formal teaching and care of young children by individuals or professionals other than their family or in settings outside the child ’ s home . Based on the definition provided by the National Association for the Education of Young Children , early childhood education spans the child ’ s life from birth to the age of eight . That being said , the general definition adopted by the majority of school districts throughout the world will typically employ a system of early childhood education starting from birth to when a child starts school — which typically occurs at the age of five . The definitions regarding early childhood education are somewhat arbitrary ; however , the majority of school jurisdictions throughout the world have defined the curriculum as taking place between a child ’ s birth until he or she reaches the age of 6 . This period is regarded as one of the most critical in regards to a child ’ s development , for the years , which constitute early childhood education , denote the most influential period of growth and development . From zero to age 6 is the period of greatest growth and development for a child ; at During this period , a child will begin walking , talking , developing a self - esteem and manufacturing a vision of the world . As a result of these innate developments , the child will build a moral foundation that is ultimately intertwined with the ability to perform rudimentary educational tasks . The Importance of Childhood Development : Childhood development is in essence , the basis of human development . This stage of life is connected with understanding and developing morals as well as achieving a desirable quality of life . The early years of a child ’ s life are critical to the development of intelligence , as well as social behavior . Various research on brain development attests to the importance of key physical , mental and social capabilities . If these fundamental capabilities are not developed or established from the start of an individual ’ s life , the learning potential is adversely affected . Early childhood education , with social and mental development as the foundation of this learning period , will focus on children learning through play and human interaction . According to the Early Childhood Care and Education Unit , early childhood development incorporates a time of remarkable brain development ; these years in essence , lay the foundation for subsequent learning . Types of Schooling in Early Childhood Education : In most jurisdictions , preschool and kindergarten education emphasize the period of early childhood education and incorporate the teaching of children between the ages of 3 to 6 . That being said , the terms Childcare and Day care , although they incorporate educational approaches , do not embrace the educational aspects grouped within early childhood education . The distinction between these two mediums , even if they both provide educational resources and learning tools , is the fact that child care programs are focused on delivering a high standard of care and nurturance due to the young age and emotional needs of a child . comments No related posts . Share	[ "EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION", "formal teaching", "child ’s home" ]
http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Teaching/Licensure/Audiences/Substitute-Licensure	Substitute License The Ohio Department of Education issues one - year and five - year substitute teaching licenses to applicants who meet qualifications and who have been hired to serve in schools or school districts . Preliminary Steps for First - time or Renewal of Licenses Contact a school , district or educational service center . Please DO NOT apply for this license ( new or renewal ) through the Department ' s online system until you have completed the two steps below ; otherwise , your application will be declined . You must : Complete the employment process at the Ohio school , district or educational service center for which you are interested in serving as a substitute teacher . Notify the employing organization that you will be selecting it as you apply online ; the organization ' s e - signer will need to electronically sign your license application . Learn more before applying . Whether you are applying for a first - time license or a renewal , please review the About Substitute License Types section below . Do you have a current background check ? You must have current background checks on file with the Department . Please click here for more information . Review the Complete list of License Types and Teaching Field Codes for Substitute Licenses here Do you need a transcript sent ? If you are applying for a NEW long - term or short - term substitute license , you will need to have your official transcript ( no photocopies ) reflecting your bachelor ' s degree conferred ( and completed coursework requirements , if applicable ) . Please be prepared to scan and upload your original , official transcript in PDF format only during the online application process . We can not accept grade reports , photos / photocopies of transcripts or unofficial transcripts . Before uploading your transcripts , please see the following requirements : Confer date of bachelor ' s degree must be visible . Include all pages of transcript ( front and back ) . Registrar ' s signature and transcript key / guide must be visible . Create one PDF file per transcript ( do not upload pages separately ) . Upload transcripts from multiple universities separately ( i.e. each transcript should be one PDF file ) . Did you complete your degree outside the United States ? If you completed college coursework outside the United States , please submit a course - by - course analysis from an approved international credential evaluation service . List of approved organizations Note : A teacher who has an expired educator license but wishes to teach in the same area of the previous license will not need to provide transcript ( s ) . About Substitute License Types Short - term substitute license If you have a bachelor ' s degree from an accredited institution of higher education , you may apply for a short term substitute teaching license . You may teach in a given classroom for no more than 60 ( school ) days during the current school year under a short - term substitute license . For periods longer than 60 ( school ) days , an individual with a long - term substitute license must be employed . Long - term substitute license If you have a bachelor ' s degree and completed content area coursework through an accredited institution of higher education , you may apply for a long term substitute teaching license . The content area coursework requirements are as follows : Early Childhood ( PreK to Grade 3 ) – 12 semester hours in professional early childhood education . Middle Childhood ( Grades 4 - 9 ) – 20 semester hours in EACH subject requested . Adolescence to Young Adult ( Grades 7 - 12 ) – 20 semester hours in EACH subject requested . Multi - Age ( PreK to Grade 12 ) – 20 semester hours in EACH subject requested . Licenses in integrated content areas – you must have completed an appropriate distribution of coursework . Example : for a license in integrated science , you must have completed coursework in life science , earth science , physics and chemistry . Intervention Specialist ( either PreK to Grade 12 or K - 12 , depending upon specific area ) – 12 semester hours in special education . This license is only available as a one - year license , new or renewal . You must complete an additional six semester hours in a program leading to intervention specialist licensure since the issue date of the license to renew . Pupil Services Interpreter for the Hearing Impaired – the district e - signer must verify with his or her electronic signature in the online license system that you have the necessary skills to serve in the capacity of educational interpreter . Career - Tech Workforce Development – The district e - signer must verify with his or her electronic signature in the online license system that you have the necessary skills and / or education to serve in the teaching field requested . Note : License areas are outlined in Ohio Revised Code 3301 - 23 - 44 ( D ) ( 2 ) ( a ) through ( e ) Application Instructions Access your SAFE account . Click ODE . CORE . Complete the online application from your Dashboard . See the CORE User Manual for complete instructions . Related Links FAQs about Substitute Teaching FAQs about License Requests Last Modified : 3 / 21 / 2019 2 : 58 : 17 PM	[ "Substitute License", "Ohio Department" ]
http://education.questdiagnostics.com/faq/FAQ111	Clinical Education Center Browse by Test Name 0 - 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Search by Test Code Search by Keyword Enter text to search Survey ▸ ABO Group and Rh Type Test code ( s ) 7788 Question 1 . Why is Rh type tested during pregnancy ? Rh type is needed during pregnancy to assess the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) . In this condition , fetal red blood cells are destroyed by antibodies that are formed in the pregnant woman and that cross the placenta and into the fetal blood . The most common severe HDN is due to Rh group incompatibility in which the pregnant woman lacks the D antigen of the Rhesus system ( Rh negative or D - ) , while her fetus inherits the D antigen from the father and carries it on the red blood cells ( Rh positive or D+ ) . Other components of the Rhesus blood group system are C and E antigens . Each has a big letter and a small letter allele ( C , c and E , e ) . Incompatibility in these alleles between the pregnant woman and Question 2 . Why is ABO type tested during pregnancy ? ABO incompatibility between the pregnant woman and fetus can also cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) . In this condition , the pregnant woman ’ s blood type is group O . Persons with O blood group have naturally occurring antibodies to A and B blood group antigens . However , these are usually of the IgM antibody class and are too large to cross the placental barrier into the fetal blood . Rarely , smaller IgG class antibodies to A or B antigens can form in the pregnant woman and can cross the placental barrier , Question 3 . How are antibodies formed in the pregnant woman to red blood cells in the fetus ? There are 3 possible mechanisms by which the pregnant woman can develop antibodies to fetal red blood cells : 1 ) Fetal - maternal hemorrhage , during which fetal red cells penetrate the maternal blood . This can occur due to abortion , childbirth , placental rupture , accidents , or medical procedures carried out during pregnancy . 2 ) The pregnant woman had a blood transfusion with blood that has the same blood group as the fetus but not the pregnant woman . This may happen with blood groups that are not commonly tested for in routine transfusion work Question 4 . Why is Rhogam ® given to Rh negative pregnant women and how does it affect lab results ? Rhogam ® [ Rho ( D ) immune globulin ] contains antibodies to the D antigen in Rh positive cells . It is given by intra - muscular injection to Rh negative pregnant women during the 28 th week of pregnancy , following childbirth , and following any of the events described in Question 3 as a cause fetal - maternal hemorrhage . This immunoglobulin attaches to fetal cells in maternal blood and causes their destruction . Rhogam administration inhibits the pregnant woman ’ s immune system from producing antibodies to the D antigen and thus protects against HDN . Since Rhogam contains anti - D antibodies , it interferes with an RBC antibody screen ( test code 795 ) and causes a low - titer positive result if the test is performed shortly after injection . Question 5 . My patient has a weak D Rh positive blood group . What does this mean and should she be given Rhogam Some individuals have RHD gene alleles that cause diminished expression ( rather than full or no expression ) of the D antigen on their red blood cells . Testing of these individuals may variably result in a D+ or D - report , depending upon the sensitivity of the testing method and the strength of the reagents . Generally individuals who are “ weak D+ ” do not produce antibodies to the D antigen and do not need Rhogam treatment . There are rare exceptions in cases of partial D expression . However , there is no harm in giving Rhogam to a “ weak D+ ” patient if she is found to be D - by a less sensitive testing platform . Question 6 . Are there other reasons for ABO - Rh blood group testing ? Testing for blood groups is essential in preparation for blood transfusion and organ transplantation to determine compatibility between the recipient and the donor . Blood groups are also useful in paternity testing and forensic investigations . Epidemiological association between certain blood groups and several diseases , eg , peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma , has been described . However , this test is not used in the diagnosis of these disorders . References Roback JD , Grossman BJ , Harris T , and Hillyer CD , eds . Technical Manual . 17 th ed . Bethesda , MD : American Association of Blood Banks ; 2011 . This FAQ is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice . A clinician ’ s test selection and interpretation , diagnosis , and patient management decisions should be based on his / her education , clinical expertise , and assessment of the patient . Document FAQS . 111 Revision : 0	[ "Clinical Education Center", "HDN", "Rhesus system" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/chloroplasts-4985.html	Education Facts About Chloroplasts Written by David H . Nguyen , Ph . D . Related Articles 1 The Genetic Structure Located Within the Nucleus of Each Cell 2 Chemical Structure of Testosterone 3 How Does Chemiosmosis Work in Mitochondria ? 4 What Cell Structure Increases the Membrane Surface Area ? Chloroplasts are the organelles inside plant cells that capture light energy to make sugars . They are fascinating organelles that have their own DNA and make their own building blocks . About 10 percent of a chloroplast ’ s proteins are encoded by its own DNA . The rest come from the cell . A chloroplast has three membranes , the innermost of which is where light energy is captured by pigments called chlorophylls . Chlorophylls are the reason green plants appear green . Chloroplasts do n ’ t only perform photosynthesis , but can transform into different - colored What Chloroplasts Do The main purpose of chloroplasts is to capture light energy in order to turn carbon dioxide gas ( CO2 ) into sugar ( C6H12O6 ) . In the process of doing this , chloroplasts also produce oxygen gas ( O2 ) , which sustains animal life . Chloroplasts contain molecules called pigments . Some of these pigments are called chlorophylls . Chlorophyll pigments are what capture light energy and use it to make energy - related molecules ( ATP and NADPH ) . The process is called the light reactions . These energy - related molecules then power a process Structure of a Chloroplast Chloroplasts are organelles made of three membranes . The outer membrane is like the skin , directly under which is an inner membrane . Third , a system of disk - like stacks of membranes is evenly spaced inside the chloroplasts . This third membrane is called the thylakoid membrane and the space inside these sacs is called the thylakoid space . One stack of thylakoid membranes is called a granum , and the plural is " grana . " The space between the grana is called the stroma . Membrane tubes called lamella connect the grana inside the stroma A Genome of Its Own Chloroplasts contain their own genome , which is separate from the DNA of the plant cell . Chloroplasts contain multiple copies of circular pieces of DNA called plasmids . These plasmids carry about 120 genes . The chloroplast makes 10 percent of the proteins that it needs to do its work . The rest comes from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell . Chloroplasts make their own ribosomes , the machines that translate mRNA ( messenger RNA ) into protein . Since ribosomes are made of both rRNA and protein , the chloroplast genome also makes rRNA ( More than Meets the Eye Chloroplasts are versatile organelles in that they can become other types of organelles . Chloroplasts are part of a group of organelles called plastids , pouches within a plant cell . All plastids come from what are called protoplastids , small pouches within a cell . Protoplastids have two membranes , just like the outer and inner membrane of a chloroplast . However , as a protoplastid develops into a chloroplast , the third membrane - - the thylakoid - - buds off from the inner membrane . Chloroplasts do n ’ t just do photosynthesis . They can degrade References Scitable : The Light and Dark Reactions in the Chloroplast Biology4Kids : Chloroplasts - - Show me the Green The Cell : A Molecular Approach : Chloroplasts and Other Plastids Resources eSchool Today : Photosynthesis About the Author David H . Nguyen holds a PhD and is a cancer biologist and science writer . His specialty is tumor biology . He also has a strong interest in the deep intersections between social injustice and cancer health disparities , which particularly affect ethnic minorities and enslaved peoples . He is author of the Kindle eBook " Tips of Surviving Graduate & Professional School . " Photo Credits	[ "Chloroplasts", "carbon dioxide gas", "oxygen gas" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/climate-change-affect-temperature-deciduous-forest-6755.html	Education How Does Climate Change Affect the Temperature in a Deciduous Forest ? The term “ climate change ” generally refers to anthropogenic temperature increases and the corresponding impacts of these increases on global precipitation patterns , wind and other meteorological atmospheric phenomena . Human - fueled climate change is affecting temperatures in all types of environments worldwide , including deciduous forests , and is projected to continue to do so in the foreseeable future - - by how much depends on whether we significantly modify our emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere . Although the Earth has experienced natural cycles of temperature changes throughout its long history , average temperatures in Types and Distribution Deciduous forests are those dominated by tree species which shed and regrow their leaves each year . There are two main types of deciduous forests : temperate and tropical . Temperate deciduous forests lie in the middle latitudes , in regions possessing distinct , well - defined seasons , and experience a relatively wide range of temperatures . These forests cover much of eastern North America , western and central Europe , and northeastern Asia . Tropical deciduous forests , also sometimes known as dry or monsoon forests , are warmer year - round than their temperate cousins . Also Geographic Differences in Seasonality Climate change impacts the temperatures in certain deciduous forests differently than in others , according to a European Commission fact sheet . For instance , in Eastern Europe , models predict that warming will be more noticeable in winter , while in southern and western Europe , temperature increases will be more pronounced in summer . In Northern Europe , the warmth will be relatively evenly distributed throughout all seasons . It is worthy to note that temperate deciduous forests experiencing milder winters may suffer from an increase in tree - killing pests and pathogens . Relationship to Precipitation Coupled with these seasonal discrepancies in warmer temperatures are changes in precipitation distribution . Due to the higher temperatures , deciduous forests in some areas are receiving more rainfall than they used to and others are receiving less . On the whole , climate change is causing dry regions to get drier and wet areas to turn wetter . Also , precipitation is tending to fall in heavier bursts - - that is , gaps between periods of measurable precipitation may be lengthier , but when it rains , it pours . This is especially significant for temperate deciduous forests High Temperatures and Drought On the other end of the spectrum , some deciduous forests are beginning to experience an uptick in sustained droughts due to climate change , which adversely affects the health of many species , such as birch and beech , according to the Forest Ecology Network . Deciduous forests in the western United States , southern Europe , the Mediterranean , and northern China are especially vulnerable to increased droughts ; these droughts can also spark fires that quickly destroy large swaths of forest . Drought aside , high temperatures may harm some deciduous forests - - such as those Range Fluctuations On the whole , these temperature - related climate changes affect the global distribution of deciduous forests , cause them to recede from their existing locations and migrate to new areas . For instance , in already arid regions which are becoming even drier , deciduous forests are starting to slowly vanish , turning to savanna . On the other hand , deciduous species are invading high northern latitudes once covered by coniferous boreal forests . Along with the shifting deciduous forests , the animals and forest floor plants which inhabit them also shift . References University of California Museum of Paleontology : The Forest Biome Full Option Science System : Deciduous Forest University of Puget Sound : Tropical Dry Forest McGraw - Hill Higher Education : Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities WWF : Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions European Commission : Forest Typology and Expected Climatic Changes in Different Bioclimatic Zones Forest Ecology Network : How Will Global Warming Affect Northern New England ' s Forests U.S. Environmental Protection Agency : Future Climate Change Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory : LLNL Scientists Find Precipitation , Global Warming Link weADAPT : Future Impacts of Climate Change on Forests Resources Oregon State University : Ecological Effects of Predicted Climate Changes Nature Education : Terrestrial Biomes Natural Resources Defense Council : The Consequences of Global Warming on Weather Patterns About the Author Based in western New York , Amy Harris began writing for Demand Media and Great Lakes Brewing News in 2010 . Harris holds a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from Penn State University ; she taught high school math for several years and has also worked in the field of instructional design . Photo Credits	[ "climate change", "Deciduous Forest", "anthropogenic temperature" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/college-courses-taken-order-become-dermatologist-2379.html	Education College Courses Taken in Order to Become a Dermatologist Doctors who specialize in treating disorders of the hair , skin , and nails are known as dermatologists . Dermatologists often perform both medical and cosmetic procedures . Cosmetic procedures are meant to improve the patient ’ s appearance , while medical procedures treat diseases and disorders . Dermatologists also sometimes perform surgical procedures . Undergraduate Education Students who wish to become dermatologists must begin their post - high school education with a bachelor ’ s degree . Pre - med majors ensure that the student receives the minimum course requirements by most medical schools . However , any major is okay as long as those classes are taken . The courses most medical schools require include biology I and II with labs , chemistry I and II with labs , organic chemistry I and II with lab , physics I and II with lab , English , and calculus . Medical schools like to see students Medical School Courses After completing the bachelor ’ s degree , future dermatologists must go to medical school . In the first two years of medical school , all medical students take the same courses . Specialization occurs later in the education process . During years one and two , medical students take more advanced science courses that cover anatomy , physiology , and pharmacology . The learning process may be in the traditional method of semester courses by science . Or , some medical schools organize their study by body system . So instead of studying anatomy , then physiology , then Medical School Clinical Rotations By the third and fourth years of medical school , students start doing clinical rotations where they do hands - on work in hospitals and other medical settings . Students spend time working in all major specialties in the third and fourth year . Students wishing to become dermatologists may have additional opportunities to do clinical rotations in dermatology sub - specialties in the fourth year . Students can also use their vacation time to do additional rotations . Internship and Residency After completing medical school and the required licensing exams , doctors who want to specialize in dermatology apply to do internships and residencies in dermatology practices . Internships typically last one year and the residency lasts at least three years . During this time period , the dermatologist works closely under the direct supervision of more experienced dermatologists . After the residency , dermatologists also have an opportunity to do a one - year fellowship where they get advanced surgical training . References American Academy of Dermatology : What is Cosmetic Dermatology ? StartMedicine . com : A Taste of Medical School About the Author Amy Whitmyre has been a writer for more than 10 years . Her career experience also includes work as an educator and market researcher and a librarian in the legal and medical fields . She has a Bachelor of Arts in English and a Master of Science in library science and is currently working on a Master of Science in education . Photo Credits	[ "Dermatologist", "Courses", "Undergraduate" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/difference-between-1st-2nd-3rd-level-consumers-food-3293.html	Education Difference Between 1st , 2nd & 3rd Level Consumers in a Food Web Many people see food webs as “ who is eating whom , ” but this is a common misconception . A food web is really about how energy moves among organisms . Food webs are complex models of the energy flow . They begin with organisms that make their own food and then move through several levels . The crisscrossing lines depicted in representations of food webs illustrate the many ways energy can run within an ecosystem . The Ground Floor To set consumers in context , you must first understand producers . A producer has the ability to make its own food to carry out life functions . This is usually done through the process of photosynthesis , where organisms transform sunlight , carbon dioxide and water into sustenance . Many land and aquatic plants , such as trees , grasses , flowering plants and seaweed produce their own food . Phytoplankton - - tiny sea organisms - - are also producers , as are some types of bacteria . First Story As their name suggests , consumers get energy by eating other organisms . They are also called heterotrophs ; the Greek root " hetero " indicates these organisms get their nutrition from others . At the first level , organisms that eat only producers are primary consumers . They ’ re commonly known as herbivores . Primary consumers vary by community , or ecosystem . Some species of grasshoppers and deer feed on forest plants . Giraffes and elephants consume vegetation in grassland areas . Ducks and certain kinds of tadpoles are herbivores that eat aquatic plants . Second Level Secondary consumers get their energy from primary consumers and herbivores in their ecosystems . For example , a toad living in the woods eats grasshoppers and other insects . On an African savannah , lions feed on giraffes and antelope . In lakes , small fish , crayfish and frogs eat tadpoles , small crustaceans and tiny fish . Secondary consumers may be strictly meat eaters - - carnivores - - or they may be omnivores , eating both plants and animals . Third Floor and Beyond Third - level consumers are any organisms big enough to obtain energy by feeding off lower - level consumers . These are also called tertiary consumers . For example , in a forest ecosystem , snakes eat toads . Heron and large fish , such as bass and walleye , consume smaller fish , frogs and crayfish . Some ecosystems have four or more levels of consumers . Owls , high - level forest predators , go after third level consumers such as snakes and other smaller animals . References National Geographic Education : Food Web Marietta College : Trophic Levels Minnesota Department of Natural Resources : Forest Ecosystems : Chapter Two Ohio State University : Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears : Life in the Tundra Ohio State University : Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears : Common Misconceptions about Biomes and Ecosystems Resources Scholastic : Food Web National Park Service : Ecosystems and Swamps About the Author Living in upstate New York , Susan Sherwood is a researcher who has been writing within educational settings for more than 10 years . She has co - authored papers for Horizons Research , Inc . and the Capital Region Science Education Partnership . Sherwood has a Ph . D . in curriculum and instruction from the University at Albany . Photo Credits	[ "Food Web", "Consumers" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/emergent-properties-living-things-biology-6131.html	Education What Are the Emergent Properties of Living Things in Biology ? At its most basic level , the concept of emergent properties states that with rising levels of complexity in living things , new patterns will emerge . This is the case whether you move up the chain from simple single - celled organisms to much more complex multi - celled organisms , or whether you move from a single organism to an entire population of that organism . Complex Systems Emergent properties are not limited to biology . The concept of “ emergence ” has a place in other branches of the sciences , and in topics as diverse as art and philosophy . Essentially , an emergent property is an entirely new trait that develops from smaller component traits . While the smaller traits may be necessary to make up the larger trait , the larger trait , or emergent property , is something new and novel in and of itself , and can not be broken down into , or analyzed solely in terms of , its component Biological Organization Levels In the natural world , emergent properties appear at every level of biological organization . When organic chemicals combine to form small cells , for instance , the interactions that give rise to life are difficult , if not impossible , to explain in terms of their component parts . When larger groups of animals live together to form a population , the patterns that population takes on and the evolutionary course it follows are not always predictable based on the actions of its members . Population Properties One of the most widely studied areas of biology is population . Populations of species change according to many facets , including how organisms interact with their environment and with other organisms . The combination of many individuals creates new properties , such as size , density , dispersion patterns , spatial structure - - whether a population is distributed evenly or in clusters over its territorial range - - age structure , sexual distribution , and the genetic variations among members of the population . Emergent population properties are traits that no single individual could exhibit on its own Affects on Living Things A common emergent property is population interdependence . Humans and ants , for example , are both independent organisms . They function autonomously , each individual controlling its own bodily systems and actions , but both are essentially unable to survive without other members of their own species . Many species require other members of their species to reproduce , and most species evolve not as single individuals but as whole populations , slowly inheriting new traits that benefit the larger group . References University of Texas at El Paso : Biology / Emergent Properties Collin College : Introduction : Themes in the Study of Life Fulton - Montgomery Community College : An Online Introduction to Advanced Biology Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : Emergent Properties University of Illinois at Chicago : Population Ecology About the Author Sarah Moore has been a writer , editor and blogger since 2006 . She holds a master ' s degree in journalism . Photo Credits	[ "Emergent Properties", "Biology" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/explain-octet-rule-give-examples-6106.html	Education Explain the Octet Rule & Give Examples In chemistry , the octet rule explains how atoms of different elements combine to form molecules . Many elements are not chemically stable by themselves ; by sharing electrons , an atom gains stability . In a chemical formula , the octet rule strongly governs the number of atoms for each element in a molecule ; for example , calcium fluoride is CaF2 because two fluorine atoms and one calcium satisfy the rule . Valence Shell The electrons that surround the core of every atom are organized into complex , concentric regions called shells . Chemists are most interested in the outermost , or valence , shells of atoms because they hold the electrons that take part in chemical reactions . If the valence shell is full , the atom generally does not react with others . On the other hand , atoms with partial valence shells quickly combine with their neighbors to make molecules . The Octet Rule and Noble Gases For most elements , the valence shell takes eight electrons to fill . According to the octet rule , an atom is “ complete ” when its valence shell has eight electrons ; " incomplete " atoms share electrons and in so doing end up with full valence shells . The noble gases , such as neon and argon , are elements that already have their valence shells filled ; they are chemically inert and rarely form molecules . When other elements join together , their valence shells generally take on the configuration of the noble gas nearest to them Ionic Example Metallic and nonmetallic elements can join to make molecules . During the bonding process , the nonmetals take electrons from the metals ; the nonmetals take on a negative electric charge , the metals become positive , and the resulting electrostatic attraction joins the atoms together . For example , a chlorine atom , which has seven valence electrons , encounters a sodium atom , which has one valence electron , and removes its one valence electron . The chlorine atom ’ s outer shell fills , taking on the configuration of the nearest noble gas , argon . The Covalent Example Covalent bonds are formed when a nonmetal reacts with another nonmetal . Unlike the give and take relationship found with ionic bonds , electrons are shared - - equally or unequally - - with covalent bonds . For the carbon dioxide molecule , for example , one carbon atom bonds with two oxygen atoms . Carbon , with four electrons in its valence shell , needs four to reach the octet state . Oxygen , with six outer electrons , needs two . Carbon shares two of its valence electrons with one oxygen and the other two valence electrons with References University of California : Lewis Electron Dot Symbols University of California : Ionic and Covalent Bonds Colorado State University : Electron Structure of Atoms Resources Los Alamos National Laboratory : Periodic Table University of California : Noble Gases About the Author Chicago native John Papiewski has a physics degree and has been writing since 1991 . He has contributed to " Foresight Update , " a nanotechnology newsletter from the Foresight Institute . He also contributed to the book , " Nanotechnology : Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance . " Photo Credits	[ "Octet Rule", "Valence Shell", "Ionic Example" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/factors-affect-carrying-capacity-environment-6190.html	Education What Factors Affect the Carrying Capacity of an Environment ? Written by Lori Garrett - Hatfield Related Articles 1 Long - & Short - Term Effects of Global Warming 2 " Definition of " " Responsiveness " " in Biology " 3 How Does Pollution Affect Animal Food Webs ? 4 How to Make a Diorama of the Ocean Food Chain for the 3rd Grade Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of individuals or species an specific environment ' s resources can sustain for an indefinite period of time without degrading it . While there are small factors that may influence a particular environment - - or habitat - - from time to time , four major factors affect the carrying capacity of the environment . Food Availability Food availability in any habitat is paramount to survival of a species . Predators , carnivores , must have prey availability . As long as their prey is available , they usually do not suffer from food stress . Herbivores , plant eaters , have a more complicated diet , and can become stressed from a shortage of food , or a shortage of nutritious food . They will feed first on their preferred foods , and then the staple food that satisfies their nutritional needs . When no other foods are available , herbivores will feed on emergency foods Water Animals must have water to help with food digestion , to help control and regulate body temperature , and to help eliminate waste products from the body . Usually , the larger the animal , the more water is required to sustain the animal ' s organ systems . Where water becomes scarce , food may also become scarce as plants die , animals leave or die , and the remaining animals fight each other for whatever water is left . Their bodies become weaker and are less able to fight off disease or predators . Ecological Conditions Conditions within or adjacent to an environment also affect its carrying capacity . For example , if the environment is located close to a human population , this may affect its carrying capacity . Pollution may also affect an environment ' s carrying capacity . A natural disaster , such as a hurricane or a flood , also affects the ability of an environment to sustain animal or plant populations . The inability of the land to sustain either crops or plants because of erosion , desertification , or degradation also affects its carrying capacity . Space Animals need a place to shelter from poor conditions , and to provide a place for reproduction . Sufficient space within a habitat allows the animals that inhabit it better opportunities to find adequate food and water . Without space , animals can not ensure a place to hide and raise their young - - or to nest . Animals also need space to rest , even to play . The University of Clemson stated that without sufficient space , animals can become stressed , and stressed animals will not eat or drink enough to sustain adequate levels of health References Clemson : Cooperative Extension : Extension Forestry and Natural Resources : Habitat Requirements of Wildlife : Food , Water , Cover and Space Western Oregon University : Physical Science : Carrying Capacity Government of British Columbia : Environmental Protection Division : Animal Weights and Their Food and Water Requirements National Geographic : Water Pressure Isaac Walton League of America : Indiana Division Virginia Department of Forestry : Habitat Improvement About the Author Lori Garrett - Hatfield has a B.J. in Journalism from the University of Missouri . She has a Ph . D . in Adult Education from the University of Georgia . She has been working in the Education field since 1994 , and has taught every grade level in the K - 12 system , specializing in English education , and English as a Second Language education . Photo Credits	[ "Carrying Capacity of an Environment", "Factors", "Food Availability" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/influence-did-french-revolution-napoleons-rise-power-5917.html	Education What Influence Did the French Revolution Have on Napoleon ' s Rise to Power ? Written by Lori Garrett - Hatfield Related Articles 1 Factors That Contributed to the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in the Middle of the 20th Century 2 What Symbolism Is There on the Iwo Jima Memorial ? 3 What Caused the Rise of the Democrats & the Whigs ? 4 The Difference Between the Latin American Wars of Independence and the French Revolution When the unmonied poor rose up in the late 1700s , it was the culmination of years of starvation and deprivation under French rulers and noblemen . It was hoped that with the end of the monarchy there would be an end to the wars , unfair taxation and excess draining the French economy . The people wanted to improve their economic fortunes . Instead of improving , France descended further into corruption and chaos , and ushered in the rise of a new dictator - - Napoleon . Causes of the French Revolution Before the revolution , France had undertaken an enormous amount of debt due years of war with England . The tax burden fell mostly on the peasants , who were taxed for nearly everything they did - - including being taxed for the number of children they had in their families . The nobles refused to be taxed according to their wealth . Immediately before the Revolution broke out , the nobility tried to reform the tax code but were unsuccessful . The tax issues and the financial burden were compounded by a famine in the years prior to the Change in Government Before the king was deposed , the assembly had shown great unity in standing up to the king , and demanding the right to meet . After King Louis XVI was deposed , a republic was established , and the people of France were to be governed largely by a national assembly . But factions within the National Assembly , rather than work together to solve the debt crisis , and avoid war with numerous other nations in Europe , fought with each other instead . This infighting led to two years called The Terror , in which nearly 17,000 Corruption and Chaos of the Republic After 1795 , the republic was governed by five men , called the Directorate , and the National Assembly . The nation appeared to be in on the road back to recovery and prosperity . But the men who ruled the Directorate were corrupt , and there was constant infighting . War expenses were actually propping the economy up . If the soldiers returned home , there would be an influx of people who needed jobs , so the Directorate prolonged wars with other countries to stay in power . The directors frustrated the assembly ' s attempts at reform The Rise of Napoleon In the midst of the chaos , fighting one of the many wars France was engaged in on the European continent , was Napoleon Bonaparte . He provided the strong military leadership that was needed when factions within the French government decided to overthrow the Directorate . The Directorate was replaced by three consuls , and as one of the consuls , Napoleon swiftly began to rewrite laws , calm the chaos , stem the corruption , and bring stability back to the country . He also achieved victories against France ' s continental enemies and brought peace to France References Bastille Day and The French Revolution : French Revolution cause : An Economic Crisis George Mason University : Center for History and New Media : Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the Causes of the French Revolution History Doctor : The Era of Napoleon Bonaparte Longman : Civilization in the West : The French Revolution and the Rise of Napolean History Guide : The French Revolution Bartleby : H.G. Well ' s History of the World Resources History : The French Revolution Victorian Web : French Revolution About the Author Lori Garrett - Hatfield has a B.J. in Journalism from the University of Missouri . She has a Ph . D . in Adult Education from the University of Georgia . She has been working in the Education field since 1994 , and has taught every grade level in the K - 12 system , specializing in English education , and English as a Second Language education . Photo Credits	[ "French Revolution", "Power" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/left-right-hemisphere-brain-learning-foreign-language-1343.html	Education Left or Right Hemisphere of the Brain : Learning a Foreign Language If you ' re reading this , your brain is performing a series of functions that allows you to recognize the patterns of the letters and words , put them in the correct order and comprehend their meaning . Until the late 20th century , scientists believed that almost everything you do , including the ability to learn a foreign language , was determined by which side of your brain you are using . Your Left Hemisphere vs . Your Right Hemisphere Scientists have long held the theory that the left and right hemisphere of your brain control different functions when it comes to learning . The left hemisphere is thought to control language , math and logic , while the right hemisphere is responsible for spatial abilities , visual imagery , music and your ability to recognize faces . The left hemisphere of your brain also controls the movement on the right side of your body . Your Language Control Center The left hemisphere of the brain contains parts of the parietal lobe , temporal lobe and the occipital lobe , which make up your language control center . In these lobes , two regions known as the Wernicke area and the Broca area allow you to understand and recognize , read and speak language patterns - - including the ability to learn foreign languages . How Your Brain Learns a Language In its most simple form , language is a code that consists of symbols that can be connected to letters , words and phrases . Your brain allows you to crack that code and relate each of the words , letters and phrases to a specific meaning . You learn the sounds that form the words and put those words in a sequence that the listener will understand . The brain tells your tongue , mouth and voicebox to work on a millisecond - by - millisecond basis , which allows you to speak . The Brain Myth Research conducted by the Department of Experimental Psychology and Dr . Lise Van der Haegen at Ghent University in 2012 shows that while each hemisphere of the brain specializes in completing certain tasks and learning certain functions , the integration of both hemispheres are responsible for most of the characteristics that humans share . While the left hemisphere is predominantly responsible for your ability to learn a new language , researchers have found that the opposite hemisphere can actually take over those responsibilities in certain cases . References National Brain Tumor Society : Brain Anatomy Bowdoin College : Right Brain , Left Brain : Where Does Language Live ? Harvard University : Language and the Brain Middle Tennessee State University : Differences Between Left and Right Atmosphere University of Minnesota : Brain Research : Implications for Second Language Learning Massachusetts Institute of Technology : Brains Language Center Has Multiple Roles Yale Scientific Magazine : Left Brain , Right Brain : An Outdated Argument Scientific Learning : Left Vs . Right : What Your Brain Hemispheres are Really Up To National Center for Biotechnology Information : Speech Dominance Is a Better Predictor of Functional Brain Asymmetry Than Handedness Photo Credits	[ "Right Hemisphere", "Foreign Language", "visual imagery" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/long-ged-testing-usually-take-1015.html	Education How Long Does GED Testing Usually Take ? The General Educational Development ( GED ) exam was created by the American Council on Education with the intent of measuring an individual ’ s knowledge and skill level compared to the average high school graduate . When you ’ re taking this test , you ’ ll need to know how long you have to complete each of the five content areas so you can pace yourself accordingly . When you successfully pass all of the sections , you will receive a GED diploma . Section Time Limits Each section of the GED exam has its own testing time frame . Language arts , writing is broken into two sections . The first part has a maximum time of 75 minutes . The second part has a 45 - minute time frame . Language arts , reading must be completed in 65 minutes or fewer . The math section is also divided into two parts , and each part has a 45 - minute time limit . You will have 70 minutes to complete the social studies section and 80 minutes for the science portion . Total Exam Time Limit The total allotted time for the entire test is 7 hours and 5 minutes . Because this is such a long time frame , some testing facilities will allow you take the exam in one or two sittings . Other testing centers will even allow you to take just one section per visit , if you want . Check with your chosen testing center for their guidelines . Allotted Time vs . Actual Time Just because you are allowed more than 7 hours to take the entire exam does n ’ t mean that you will be out of the testing center 7 hours after you arrive . You must also take into account the time between each exam section and breaks . You would n ’ t want to go straight through without breaks anyway ; you need to stretch , eat and go to the bathroom . During your breaks , go for a walk around the testing facility to get the blood pumping a bit to send more oxygen to your Retesting After you have completed the entire exam , you will get your official scores within a few weeks of your test date . If you did n ’ t get the required 410 or higher in each section or 2250 for the entire exam , you will need to retake one or more of the sections . The region you are in will determine whether you can retest right away or whether you must wait a certain amount of time before trying again . The individual section time limits are the same whether it is your first try or your References GED Testing Service : Frequently Asked Questions for Test - Takers Washtenaw Community College : WCC Adult Transitions - GED Plus California Department of Education : General Educational Development Test ( GED ) GED Academy : GED Frequently Asked Questions GetGED . org : Common Questions Photo Credits	[ "General Educational Development", "American Council on Education" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/long-must-school-mental-health-nurse-practitioner-3673.html	Education How Long Must You Go to School to Be a Mental Health Nurse Practitioner ? Mental health nurse practitioners , also referred to as psychiatric nurse practitioners , are advanced practice nurses who provide many of the same services as psychiatrists . They conduct psychiatric evaluations , prescribe psychotropic medication to treat psychiatric symptoms and offer other forms of treatment , such as psychotherapy , according to the American Psychiatric Nurses Association . Mental health nurse practitioners must have either a master ' s or doctoral degree in nursing , requiring several years of post - secondary education . Bachelor ' s Degrees The first step to becoming a psychiatric nurse practitioner is obtaining a bachelor ' s degree , which generally takes four years of full - time study . It ' s advisable and typical , though not always required , to earn a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree . Schools such as Columbia University ' s School of Nursing will consider applicants with bachelor ' s degrees in non - nursing fields . If your bachelor ' s degree is in a non - nursing field , you will need to complete additional education to qualify as an RN Qualifying as a Registered Nurse To be eligible for admission to graduate programs in psychiatric nursing , you will need to be an RN . To qaulify , you need to pass the National Council Licensure Examination or NCLEX - RN . If you have earned a bachelor ' s degree in nursing , you are already eligible to take the examination , but if your bachelor ' s degree is in another field , you need to first complete an appropriate course of education , such as an associate degree in nursing or a diploma from an approved nursing program . Associate degree programs Graduate Degree Options After you have obtained the RN credential , one year of work experience is often required for acceptance to graduate school in nursing . You may then apply to graduate degree programs with a focus on psychiatry . You will choose between a Master of Science in Nursing degree concentrating on psychiatric nursing , or a Doctor of Nursing Practice in psychiatric nursing . MSN programs require two years of full - time study . It is not necessary to complete an MSN before applying to DNP programs , which require two years if you have already earned an MSN Board Certification Obtaining board certification from the American Nurses Credentialing Center is the final step to becoming a certified psychiatric nurse practitioner . To become board certified and receive the PMHNP - BC credential , you must have a current and active RN license , have a graduate degree from an accredited adult psychiatric - mental health nurse practitioner program in which you have completed 500 supervised clinical hours of experience , show proof that you have completed the required graduate coursework and pass the board certification examination . References American Psychiatric Nurses Association : About Psychiatric - Mental Health Nurses ( PMHNs ) Discover Nursing : Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Columbia University School of Nursing : Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook : How to Become a Registered Nurse University of Tennessee Health Science Center : Doctor of Nursing Practice ( DNP ) in Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing American Nurses Credentialing Center : Adult Psychiatric – Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Certification Eligibility Criteria About the Author Ashley Miller is a licensed social worker , psychotherapist , certified Reiki practitioner , yoga enthusiast and aromatherapist . She has also worked as an employee assistance program counselor and a substance - abuse professional . Miller holds a Master of Social Work and has extensive training in mental health diagnosis , as well as child and adolescent psychotherapy . She also has a bachelor ' s degree in music . Photo Credits	[ "Mental health nurse practitioners", "psychiatrists" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/many-years-school-vet-2202.html	Education How Many Years of School Does It Take to Be a Vet ? Veterinarians are doctors that treat and deal with animals . Veterinarians work in private practice , clinics and hospitals , on small and large farms , and deal with pets , domestic livestock and exotic mammals , as well as birds and amphibians . Prospective veterinarians have to complete a bachelor ' s degree , a number of preveterinary courses and four years of veterinary school . These requirements take about eight years of full - time study . Bachelor ’ s Degree Veterinary schools are graduate institutions that require students to have a bachelor ' s of arts , bachelor ' s of science or any other four - year bachelor ' s degree . Regardless of what they major in , prospective veterinary students need to complete their bachelor ' s degrees prior to enrolling in a veterinary school . Preveterinary students have the option of majoring in any undergraduate major that is of interest to them , such as English , physics , art , history or economics . However , because of the number of preveterinary requirements that students Preveterinary Programs Veterinary schools require students to take many undergraduate courses to ensure that all applicants have a strong foundation in natural sciences and mathematics . Many universities offer students the opportunity to complete preveterinary programs while they are pursuing their bachelor ' s degrees . Students who graduate from college and decide to become veterinarians later in life often complete postbaccalaureate preveterinary programs . These programs allow students to take the same requirements without any additional coursework . Requirements vary , but most veterinary schools require students to take a year of general biology , chemistry and physics , each with Veterinary Programs All veterinarians have to complete a four - year veterinary degree program leading to a doctor of veterinary medicine degree , also known as a DVM . This degree program gives students a broad foundation in theoretical and clinical experience in veterinary science . Requirements vary , but the first two years of most programs consist of foundational courses in anatomy , pharmacology , physiology , pathology and clinical pathology . In the second part of the programs , students tend to specialize in a particular area of interest such as small animal , equine , livestock or zoological veterinary Clinical Experience All veterinary medicine programs emphasize the importance of hands - on clinical experience . Most veterinary schools require students to complete a certain number of clinical experiences or internships lasting from a couple months to a year . These experiences are meant to give students real - world experience in treating animals , and are required in addition to the in - class clinical experience that is offered throughout the four - year program References University of California Davis : DVM Curriculum Utah State University : Pre - Vet Prerequisties Cornell University : College of Veterinary Medicine : Post - Bac Utah State University : Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Curriculum About the Author Kate Prudchenko has been a writer and editor for five years , publishing peer - reviewed articles , essays , and book chapters in a variety of publications including Immersive Environments : Future Trends in Education and Contemporary Literary Review India . She has a BA and MS in Mathematics , MA in English / Writing , and is completing a PhD in Education . Photo Credits	[ "Veterinarians", "bachelor 's degree", "eight years" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/masters-degree-vs-graduate-certificate-2039.html	Education Masters Degree Vs . Graduate Certificate Students who are interested in taking graduate classes after completing their undergraduate degrees have a variety of options . Two possible options is to pursue a master ' s degree or a graduate certificate . Both programs allow students to specialize in their area of interest , but a master ’ s degree is a much more thorough and comprehensive degree program that a graduate certificate . Master ’ s Degree Colleges and universities offer different kinds of master ' s degrees in different fields . Three common examples are a Master of Arts , Master of Science and Master of Business Administration . These degrees take approximately one to two years of full - time coursework , with the MBA typically requiring more coursework than both the Master of Arts and Master of Science . Master ’ s degrees are typically available in all subjects offered in a university , including mathematics , English , physics , communications , business administration , health care and engineering . Master ’ s Degree Curriculum Most master ' s degrees require students to complete 30 to 36 credits in their chosen area of specialization . Professional programs such as the MBA typically require 40 to 50 credits for graduation . Requirements vary greatly across programs , but most require students to complete a certain number of foundation courses in their chosen area of specialization and a certain number of electives . Foundation courses ensure the department that the graduate is familiar with the core material covered in the program , and electives allow students to pursue additional interests within their chosen area of concentration . Graduate Certificate Just like master ' s degree programs , graduate certificates are also available in a variety of fields . Graduate certificates are typically offered by departments as a bridge to master ' s programs and / or an opportunity to conduct interdisciplinary work . For example , students who are pursuing a master ' s degree in physics might also be interested in taking additional courses in mathematics to help them do more mathematically rigorous theoretical physics work . These students are not necessarily interested in pursuing an entire graduate program in mathematics , but they might be interested in Graduate Certificate Curriculum Graduate certificate programs take approximately half the time of an equivalent master ' s degree , and require 12 to 15 credits of coursework . Requirements vary , but most certificates require students to take one or two core course and use the rest of the credits for electives . For example , a graduate certificate program in applied mathematics might require students to complete one foundation course in either principles of analysis , numerical analysis or methods of applied mathematics , and three additional courses from an approved list of electives . References Texas State University San Marcos : Master in Applied Mathematics Loyola Marymount University : MBA University of Arizona : Certificate Program in Applied Mathematics University of Central Florida : Graduate Certificate Program in Mathematics About the Author Kate Prudchenko has been a writer and editor for five years , publishing peer - reviewed articles , essays , and book chapters in a variety of publications including Immersive Environments : Future Trends in Education and Contemporary Literary Review India . She has a BA and MS in Mathematics , MA in English / Writing , and is completing a PhD in Education . Photo Credits	[ "Masters Degree", "Graduate Certificate" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/recommended-high-school-classes-become-pediatric-nurse-2851.html	Education Recommended High School Classes to Become a Pediatric Nurse If you are in high school and hope to work in the medical industry with children , you may want to consider becoming a pediatric nurse . A pediatric nurse is typically employed at a children ' s hospital and has both the academic training to fulfill job requirements as well as a gift for communicating with children . You do n ' t have to wait for college to begin your education because there are many high school classes that can help you prepare for this rewarding career . Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology is a high school class most students take for college credit . Anatomy and physiology is an advanced science course that students should take who plan on earning a college degree in health sciences , biological sciences or if they plan on entering the nursing field , according to Vale High School . The class consists of a rigorous survey of human anatomy that teaches various parts of the body , human functions and how they interact . Future pediatric nurses who take anatomy and physiology in high school may benefit from an early start in a Psychology Not all high schools offer a course in psychology , but if yours is one of them , take it . These classes are typically AP courses that count for college credits . One of the many subjects an introduction to psychology course teaches is child cognitive growth and development . Pediatric nurses care for children who range in age and who have a variety of illnesses , including some that are life threatening . Understanding how a child ' s mind develops and how a child responds to a number of situations will help any pediatric nurse become a Health High school health class is essential for any student who wants to become a pediatric nurse . Health class teaches how to care for the body , effective communication and how to be a positive contribution to the family . Health class also teaches students how to utilize community resources like substance abuse support groups . The class also teaches students how to respond to emergencies , eat healthy diets and understand life cycle stages . It is important for any aspiring nurse to have this knowledge before attending nursing school because it provides a foundation for further learning in English You do n ' t have to be well versed in children ' s literature to be a good pediatric nurse , but having the ability to write fluently and clearly will help you perform your role as one . Nurses are responsible for writing charts , communicating via writing with the charge nurse and sending written reports to doctors regarding their patient ' s status and well - being . High school English classes teach students how to properly structure a writing piece and how to write clearly , and they help to increase a student ' s vocabulary References Vale High School : Courses : Anatomy and Physiology Open Yale Courses : PSYC 110 : Introduction to Psychology Long Beach Unified School District : Curriculum : Health Education About the Author Jen Saunders is an entrepreneur and veteran journalist who covers a wide range of topics . She made the transition to writing after having spent 12 years in England where she studied and taught English literature . Photo Credits	[ "Pediatric Nurse", "Anatomy and Physiology" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/teaching-narrative-writing-4th-grade-elementary-5401.html	Education Teaching Narrative Writing in 4th Grade Elementary By fourth grade , most student can organize their thoughts into coherent sentences and maintain focus on one main topic . Narrative writing provides students with an opportunity to refine and practice these skills , as well as build on these skills by requiring them to coordinate multiple events based on one idea . Foster your student ’ s creativity and further their writing abilities through narrative lesson plans . What is a Narrative ? Before you begin writing , teach your fourth graders the definition of a narrative , which is a story . Many students have probably told their parents what they did at school one day or listed animals they saw at the zoo , but a narrative is more than just a retelling of events - - it generally focuses on one overarching idea , usually resolves a conflict or problem , and may show a change in a main character , according to Windham Southeast Supervisory Union . Providing Examples Read some examples of narrative writing with your fourth - grade students . The book “ Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ” by Judith Viorst is one classic example of a narrative story . The book recounts the unfortunate events throughout one day and ends with Alexander ’ s mother comforting him , telling him that everyone has bad days . The structure of the book reaffirms that narratives emphasize one main idea and often resolve at the end . Personal Narrative Many fourth - grade students will find it easier to write a story about themselves than to make up a plot , so provide prompts for students to write a personal narrative . Students can write about a vacation , their favorite day , a birthday party or a time they were in trouble . Start with brainstorming and ask students to answer the questions about what happened , where and when it occurred , and who else was present . Fourth graders can jot down ideas for the beginning , middle and end of their stories , followed by Fictional Narrative You can also allow students to get creative and write fictional narratives . Similar to writing a personal narrative , start with brainstorming ideas for a character and situations that person might get into . If students have a hard time creating a character , give prompts , such as asking students to imagine they are their pet or what would happen if they went into a dark cave . Once students have an idea and an outline of their story , they can write the narrative . Alternatively , students can base a story on research . Fourth graders References Windham Southeast Supervisory Union : A Resource Guide for Teaching Writing in Grades K - 4 Utah Education Network : Fourth Grade Writing Lesson # 1 / Narrative Prompt Teacher Vision : Writing a Personal Narrative The Kennedy Center : Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Resources Portland Public Schools : Narrative Writing : Personal Narrative About the Author Cara Batema is a musician , teacher and writer who specializes in early childhood , special needs and psychology . Since 2010 , Batema has been an active writer in the fields of education , parenting , science and health . She holds a bachelor ' s degree in music therapy and creative writing . Photo Credits	[ "Narrative Writing", "Fictional Narrative", "Personal Narrative" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/water-pollution-affect-plants-life-cycle-4815.html	Education How Does Water Pollution Affect a Plant ' s Life Cycle ? Written by David C . Laine Related Articles 1 Does Chlorine Gas Have a Negative Effect on the Environment ? 2 Short - Term & Long - Term Effects of Chemical Pollution 3 Environmental Problems Associated With the Combustion of Hydrocarbons 4 Environmental Pollution Caused by Factories Water pollution can have dire consequences for plants , animals and even ecosystems as a whole . The specific effects vary depending on what pollutants enter the environment . Sometimes , water pollution causes an explosion of new plant growth by providing necessary nutrients and food . Other times , it can harm or kill plants by changing growing conditions , such as by raising or lowering the environment ’ s acidity . Fertilizers Plants must take in nutrients from the surrounding environment to grow . Nitrogen and phosphorous , in particular , encourage growth because they are instrumental in photosynthesis . This is why they are common ingredients in plant fertilizers . When agricultural runoff pollutes waterways with nitrogen - and phosphorous - rich fertilizers , the nutrient - enriched waters often see blooms of growth . Sometimes , too much growth can be harmful , as when plant - like algae bloom in polluted waters and create oxygen - depleted dead zones . One solution is to plant seaweed farms in areas Marine Debris Marine debris is garbage that accumulates in the ocean . Plastic debris that builds up at or near the water ’ s surface impedes sunlight from fully reaching plants below Plants rely on energy from sunlight to drive the photosynthesis process and create glucose food molecules . By blocking sunlight , marine debris prevents plants from creating glucose at full capacity , which stunts their growth . Acid Rain Water pollution that alters a plant ’ s surrounding pH level , such as acid rain , can harm or kill the plant . Acid rain forms because of atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide , which are emitted from natural and human - made sources . These include volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels . These compounds interact with common atmospheric chemicals , including hydrogen and oxygen , to form sulfuric and nitric acids in the air . These acids return to earth through precipitation , such as rain or snow . Once acid rain reaches the ground , Phytotoxicity When chemical pollutants build up in aquatic or terrestrial environments , plants can absorb these chemicals through their roots . Phytotoxicity occurs when toxic chemicals poison plants . Signs of phytotoxicity include poor growth , dying seedlings and dead spots on leaves . For example , mercury poisoning - - which many people associate with fish - - can also affect aquatic plants , as mercury compounds build up in plant roots and bodies . This begins a chain of bioaccumulation as animals feed on polluted food and increasing levels of mercury work their way up the food chain . References North Carolina Department of Agriculture : Plant Nutrients U.S. Environmental Protection Agency : Hypoxia 101 Marinalg International : Seaweed Farming : Bringing Sustainability to Coastal Environments and Communities Humboldt State University : Marine Debris Program U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : Marine Debris Impacts in the Gulf of Mexio BBC : How Plants Make Food U.S. Environmental Protection Agency : Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals U.S. Environmental Protection Agency : What is Acid Rain ? Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences : Phytoxicity U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contaminated Site Clean - Up Information : Mercury Toxicology About the Author David Laine is a master ’ s student in environmental studies at Green Mountain College , specializing in writing and communication . He is a senior admission counselor for Whittier College , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in English and Music . Photo Credits	[ "Water Pollution", "Affect", "Life Cycle" ]
http://education.seattlepi.com/were-important-factors-explaining-spanish-victory-over-aztecs-incas-6698.html	Education What Were the Most Important Factors in Explaining the Spanish Victory Over the Aztecs & Incas ? Written by A.T. Gardner Related Articles 1 The History of the Monarchy Government 2 " In What Literary Period Was " " Allegory of the Cave " " Written ? " 3 " An Analysis of the Characters in " " Los Vendidos " " " 4 " What Is the Climax in the Book " " Soldier ' s Heart " " ? " In the early 1500s , Spanish forces sailed across the Pacific and conquered the Aztec and Incan civilizations , even though the invading armies were greatly outnumbered by the indigenous population . This conquest was due , in part , to differences in technology and experience . Yet in the long term , Hernán Cortés ' victory over the Aztecs and Francisco Pizarro ' s conquest of the Incas were the result of something that could n ' t be seen by the naked eye . Superior Weapons Spanish weaponry was far superior to anything used by the Aztecs or Incas . Cortés and his men used over a dozen large portable guns , mainly for their shock value against the Aztecs . Pizarro ' s conquest of the Incas was also made possible by the use of gunpowder , a substance the Incas did n ' t have at their disposal . Even less sophisticated weapons like steel - edged swords , pikes and crossbows , gave Spaniards the upper hand . Alliances and Experience The invading Spanish forces also took advantage of internal divisions within the Aztec and Inca empires . As Cortés began his march into the interior of Mexico , he first battled many local Indians . However , these people would become his allies after learning of his plans to conquer the Aztecs who ruled them . Written accounts by Cortés and his men on how they achieved victory were then published in Europe . A dozen years later , these experiences provided both inspiration and instruction to Pizarro in his conquest of the Incas . The Power of Horses While Europe and Asia were home to most of the world ' s domesticable mammals , including the horse , the Incas in South America had only the llama , which is a not a load - bearing animal , nor is it capable of transporting human beings or being ridden in times of war . This gave Spaniards , with their history of horsemanship from years of cattle herding , not only a tactical advantage , but a psychological edge over the Incan population , who had never seen this before . Deadly Disease The invading forces ' biggest advantage came from something microscopic in size : European diseases they introduced to the indigenous peoples of the Americas . It is estimated that up to 90 percent of the native population died from smallpox , measles and similar illnesses within the first decades after contact . This dramatic decline in the native population played a large part in giving the Spanish invaders , who had developed immunity through generations of exposure , a complete victory . References Australian and New Zealand American Studies Association : The " Conquest " Of The Americas : The Aztecs History : Aztec Capital Falls to Cortés PBS : Guns , Germs & Steel About the Author Based in Southern California , A.T. Gardner has spent more than two decades writing articles , educational materials , video scripts and other content for corporations and organizations including The Walt Disney Company , TRW , Nissan and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . He has a bachelor ' s degree in communications . Photo Credits	[ "Spanish Victory", "Pizarro 's conquest", "large portable guns" ]
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/567/Guatemala-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html	Guatemala Educational Systemoverview schools country secondary All US Universities Similar to the United States the educational system in Guatemala is divided into three levels primary elementary secondary high school and university Education in Guatemala is free and compulsory through sixth grade or between the ages of 7 and 14 Because public schools are often located sparsely in the rural areas of the country there is an abundance of private schools in Guatemala Many of these institutions are Marist or Jesuit In total there are approximately 9300 primary schools which are attended by 13 million students More than 290000 students attend private secondary schools and the total university enrollment in Language of Instruction Although Spanish is the official language spoken in Guatemala not all of its citizens are fluent in Spanish Spoken among the nations high Indian population are over 20 indigenous Mayan Indian languages including Kiche Kakchiquel Kekchi Mam and Quiche which are used primarily in the rural areas of the country In fact only 60 percent of Guatemalas population speaks Spanish the remaining 40 percent speak indigenous Mayan languages These dialects are spoken in many of the countrys rural schools One of Guatemalas educational goals is to become unilingual which means that ideally all Guatemalans would be able to speak Spanish However students who complete all 6 years of primary school and all 5 years of secondary may have as many as 11 years of English instruction a trend which began around the time of Guatemalas break from dictatorship in Instructional Technology Computers Lack of adequate educational technology remains a problem for the Guatemalan classroom especially in the mountainous rural areas Absence of funding limited technical access and lack of operator expertise prevent all schools from being equipped with stateoftheart computers and distance learning technology However these commodities are making their entrance into the universities particularly the University of San Carlos which boasts a fully updated website student access to the Internet and other interactive features Students who can afford the required technology and tuition may participate in online education courses offered outside of the country CurriculumDevelopment The Guatemalan Ministry of Education supports a progressive globalized curriculum One of the countrys major educational achievements is its focus on globalization and multicultural affairs Starting in secondary school students learn about other cultures and nations including their Latin American neighbors other Westernhemisphere countries and countries all over the world This attention to multiculturalism aids in Guatemalas presence in international affairs global commerce and social development Curriculum in Guatemala also gives attention to the social issues the country faces and encourages its students to be active in helping solve these problems Guatemala Preprimary Primary Education Guatemala Constitutional Legal Foundations Citing this material Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article Content on this website is from highquality licensed material originally published in print form You can always be sure youre reading unbiased factual and accurate information Highlight the text below rightclick and select copy Paste the link into your website email or any other HTML document a hrefhttpeducationstateuniversitycompages567GuatemalaEDUCATIONALSYSTEMOVERVIEWhtmlGuatemala Educational Systemoverviewa User Comments almost 4 years ago Derp a Dur SO ya please give me some votes i has no life and am doing presentation thernks over 6 years ago Gaby Well Im from Guatemala also no kiddingAnd another fact thats worth to mention is that The University of San Carlos is FREE And is really good over 2 years ago miguel sorry do you know what is the name of the author I mean the author of this article almost 2 years ago Melonie Hello I would like to know what is the Education System funded by over 6 years ago Online College httpwwwSchoolandUniversitycom helps you get connected with Best School Online College Online University Community college for online and campus programs We offer Educational Information about various Education level like Associate degree Bachelor degree Masters degree DoctoratePhD It covers vast array of Study Programs like BusinessNursing Psychology Education Medical MBA ITComputer and many more about 8 years ago Shelby Hey my spanish teacher is having us do an oral presentation on the 14th It has to be on a spanish speaking country and we have to describe your school schedule I was wondering if you could possibly send me a copy of a typical schedule at your school Thanks so much about 1 year ago Alexis Hi we are doing research for our spanish class and i was wondering EXACTLY how many Public and Private schools are in Guatemala I Love this country and there are parts of it I hope to visit someday almost 2 years ago Tany Hi I am writing a paper on how the education of Guatemala works and how it is camper to the education in the United States I will like to know more facts in order for my writing paper to have great support over 6 years ago khelili djilali hello sorry no speak english good ok algeria mrkhelili djilali write me message ok adresse ok mrkhelili djilali 50logement zaccarn43milianawaideflaalgeriaok please write me leter for post ok please send me leter ok please planswer me leter message ok thinks you guatemalabye almost 9 years ago rebecca guatemala has some cultural stuff toonot only educational stuff over 5 years ago khelili djilali mr_khelili djilali country algeria_ cecilia de l eoier guatemala_university essen_west germany_1981 essen university ok patricio suarez chilie santiago_university essen_1981_1984_a essen_4300rfa_ok mr_khelili djilali you and me cecilia de l eoier guatemale_patricio suarez 1981_essen westgermany_please write me message urgentok cecilia_de l oier guatezmala 19811984___algeria_ mr_khelili djilali_ please contact me please urgent guatemala___cecila de leoier university chigago_university west_germany___essen_1981_ok algeria_mr_ok please write me message urgent algeria_africa_arabic_islamic_please write me messageok byealgeria over 4 years ago Gabriella your website helped me a lot i just want to say thank you to the people who made the website over 4 years ago Gabriella your website helped me a lot i just want to say thank you to the people who made the website almost 8 years ago cool wha about 8 years ago Erika Elderly hey my spainsh teacher is having us do a power point and im doing guatemala and will you send me a thing of what grade of when youre in high school and middle school and university Thanks so much over 7 years ago malathy Hi there I am an educationists in Malaysia I would like to know more about your education system Could you please tell me where can i get more details and information on this Thank you about 3 years ago dez nuts this sucks dez nuts over 5 years ago Joe Illescas Im fromGuatemala City I wii like to know if its any school here in Guatemala teaching Master Degree in computation about 8 years ago patricia I have a question what about the US professional who want to go there for live What posibility have to get a job with the esucation that we recieve here is USA about 7 years ago cindel im from guatemala and what you saying about our system is very affensivethank you very much you should go travel and then say things about guatemala over 6 years ago maria I am from Guatemala as well and I would like to know some real facts about my country to instead of just opinions I agree with you to Gaby because I am writing a letter about my country but I want true facts so that I can support my words about 4 years ago 110 44554454551545131 almost 2 years ago Jas Peterson Can anyone tell me what JM found as part of the name of many primary schools in Guatemala means Alguien sabe el significado de JM que se encuentra como parte del nombre de muchas escuelas primarias en Guatemala over 6 years ago khelili djilali bonsoir je suis algerien je parle francais desoler okje cherche cecilia de l e oier university guatemala study 1980 1981 years visit miss cecilia de l e oier university west germany essen 4300 1981 study university ok essen 1981please you and me mrkhelili djilali algeriamrpatricio suarez chilie santiago university please hope visit guatemala sorry please answer me message this adresse email send me photo please write me message because no speack english good speak french ok please write me english okmrkhelili djilaliyears 53ans okcecilia de l e oier 58years guatemala okplease answzr me message ok mrkhelili djilali algeria1981 you and me west germany essen 4300ok please write me ok message 3 months ago ur father hey durp a dur i feel u expet I do have a life unlike you	[ "Guatemala", "educational system" ]
http://educationaldimensions.com/eLearn/pathogens/endospores.php	Overview Guide to Study eLearning Activity Suggested Reading Registration / Sign In Evaluation Post - Test Contact Back to Medivators Endospores Endospores are a resistant , dormant , survival form of bacteria . They are resistant to high temperatures , most disinfectants , low level radiation and drying . Endospores can survive thousands of years until environmental stimuli trigger germination . Most high level liquid disinfectants require a longer time and specific instructions to kill spores . However , many of the spores that are found in the body are in the vegetative state and are susceptible to high level disinfection . Examples of spore - producing organisms include those that cause anthrax , tetanus , botulism and gangrene . Bacillus anthractis is a disease of domesticated and wild animals . There are three types of anthrax : skin ( cutaneous ) , lungs ( inhalation ) and digestive ( gastrointestinal ) . Humans become infected by the disease Anthrax through contact with infected animals , their hides or meat . Humans can become infected with anthrax by handling hides , meat or products from infected animals or by breathing in anthrax spores from infected animal products ( like wool , for example ) . People also can become infected with gastrointestinal anthrax by eating undercooked meat from infected animals . In most cases , early treatment with antibiotics can cure cutaneous anthrax . Even if untreated , 80 percent of people who become infected with cutaneous anthrax do not die . Gastrointestinal anthrax is more serious because between one - fourth and more than half of cases lead to death Clostridium tetani spores are found in large concentrations in the environment . Clostridia are also anaerobes and Clostridium tetani can be part of the normal flora of the human colon . The disease caused by C . t etani is known as tetanus and is the result of the release of a toxin called tetanospasmin that causes intense muscle spasm . It generally occurs after a cut , puncture wound or scratch from an object contaminated with the bacteria . As little as 100 nanograms can kill an adult . A vaccine is available for prevention , but it is ineffective for treatment of an acute infection . Antiserum is the only antidote for tetanospasmin toxin . Clostridium botulinum is a spore forming anaerobic bacterium that causes food poisoning . Food borne botulism occurs when the food is contaminated with either spores or toxin . Improperly preserved food and contaminated honey are associated with this disease . Botulism toxin is a neurotoxin which blocks the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle causing a flaccid paralysis . Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic , spore - forming , gram - positive , anaerobic bacillus . It is transmitted from one patient to another through direct or indirect contact , through the oral ingestion of its vegetative cells or endospores ( i.e. the fecal - oral route ) or from a contaminated environment or medical device . C . difficile may be found as a part of the normal intestinal flora and approximately 3 % of healthy adults carry C . difficile without evidence of disease . C . difficile poses a particular risk for hospitalized patients where environmental contamination with spores has been found . In fact , the primary reservoirs of C . difficile are infected and colonized patients in hospitals and long - term care facilities . C . difficile produces two types of toxins that attack the colon wall causing ulcerations . The setting of a contaminated environment coupled with the use of broad spectrum antibiotics can produce a situation that upsets the balance of normal colon bacteria . In the case of , the patient may develop mild diarrhea or progress to the more serious and sometimes fatal pseudomembranous colitis . The treatment is long and difficult , using potent antibiotics and requiring lengthy hospital stays . This infection can leave the patient weak and debilitated for a long period , lengthening recovery from surgery or other medical conditions . Click the " Thinking Cap " button for more to learn . Thinking Cap What is an endospore ? What causes the symptoms of tetanus ? What spore forming bacteria is used as a treatment for achalasia ? Name a risk factor for contracting Next page : Viruses 4 of 13 Anthrax also can be used as a weapon . This happened in the United States in 2001 . Anthrax was deliberately spread through the postal system by sending letters with powder containing anthrax , causing 22 cases of anthrax infection .	[ "Endospores", "survival form of bacteria", "low level radiation" ]
http://educationbro.com/info/study-in-ukraine/cost-living-ukraine/	Cost of living in Ukraine To learn cost of living in Ukraine is important step for all foreign students Ukraine is one of the cheapest european country that makes it one of the best option for studying abroad in Europe From this article youll learn about price of accommodation transportation food cloth and general cost of living in Ukraine Also youll learn a few useful tips for foreing students in Ukraine EducationBro Magazine analyzed prices in Ukraine and thats our report Please note all prices valid for July 2016 Prices are unlikely to change much in the coming year We will monitor them and update as appropriate Money and currency in Ukraine Ukrainian hryvnas 500 UAH 20 USD Before we start talking about prices we want to tell you about money in Ukraine National currency is Ukrainian Hryvnia UAH 1 USD 25 Hryvnia rate is unstable now The national currency of Ukraine strongly collapsed few years aho Despite the fact that this is a big problem for the country it is a great advantage for foreign students Now you can get more for the same money if you took USD dollars with you You can not pay in dollars or other currency Only the hryvnia allows for payment All foreign currency can be exchanged at banks exchange offices train stations and airports This is not a problem Bank branches are very common We recommend not to use exchange offices at the airport The most favorable rate in the banks branches Accommodation Hostel room in Ukrainian universities some universities has better rooms Almost all universities in Ukraine has its own hostels International students can live there Price for room in hostel will be from 40 USD to 100 USD In lot of cases youll live there with 1 or 2 roommates Some students prefer to rent a flat In some cases if they rent flat for few peoples it can be more profitable The price range for apartments is very high It depends on the city the size of the apartment and its location center or suburb For examle you can rent 1 room flat for 100 USD far away from centre Or even in centre in small cities 3 rooms flat will cost you 600 USD and more The cost of an apartment depends on the state of repair of the apartment and furniture We strongly recommend students to specify the presence of furniture before renting an apartment Most of the students live in the hostel and pay no more than 70 per month Those who rents an apartment usually pay no more than 150 It all depends on your needs The most expensive cities are Kyiv Odessa Little cheaper are Lviv Kharkiv Dnipropetrovsk Such cities as Kherson Mykolaiv Poltava IvanoFrankivsk Chernivtsi will be cheaper than cities above Transportation Minibus in Kyiv Also important item of expenditure Usually if you live in a universitys hostel it is located close and you do not need to use transport to reach for study However you still want to go to another part of the city to go to have fun or travel around the country Transportation is also very cheap in Ukraine Oneway ticket in local transport bus tram subway trolleybus etc will cost you 04 USD 07 USD Monthly pass for subway starts from 8 USD to 12 USD there are few variations of pass Taxi will cost you 2 3 USD plus 045 USD per 1 km starts from 5th km Gasoline 1 liter will cost you 085 105 USD Food Auchan ashan in Kyiv One of the most popular supermarket in Ukraine Ukraine is agrarian country with a lot of cooking traditions Be sure if you want youll learn a lot of interesting and tasty recipes Here people rarely order pizza and fast food at home Usually they buy products on the market or in stores and cook it at home themeselves We encourage students to do the same it is very economical and satisfying Local people often buy food at the markets It is very convenient but we recommend students not to do so immediately Unfortunately you do not have sufficient experience of residence in Ukraine you can be cheated at the market It is better to use large retail supermarkets here the price as low as shopping much easier Most famous supermarkets are Amstor ATB ASHAN METRO You an meet them everywhere OK now about prices Milk 1 liter 05 09 USD White Bread 035 05 USD Rice 1kg 08 11 USD Chicken eggs 10 09 1 USD Potato 1kg 04 1 USD depends from time of the year Water 15 liter in bottle 03 05 USD Bottle of wine 05 litre 5 25 USD Bottle of beer 05 litre 04 1 USD Cigarettes Malboro 1 USD Its a little number of products but we think that you see that prices are really low Clothing and outfits The disputed point We can not say that the clothes are definitely cheap We do not take into account the expensive branded items 1 Pair of Jeans starts from 40 USD 1 Summer dress starts from 40 USD 1 pair of shoes starts from 20 USD Good running shoes are not cheaper than 100 Total cost of living in Ukraine per month Of course we all know that the cost of living depends on the person Someone lives modestly and almost does not spend money on entertainment and somebody always goes to the most fashionable boutiques and parties Lets look at these figures The minimum wage in Ukraine according to the law is only 62 USD The average salary of an IT specialist 325 USD medical worker 250 a man who has just started his career 100150 dollars So You can feel comfortable spending 200 per month including rent room at the hostel If you can afford to spend 500 per month you can live in a great apartment buying different things and often fun Please note Universities tuition fees doesnt include in this cost UPD Since 2016 admission process in Ukrainian universities for foreign students aviable via Ukrainian Admission Center	[ "Cost of living", "Ukraine" ]
http://educationcareerarticles.com/career-information/career-news/average-starting-salaries-students-majoring-finance/	Average Starting Salaries for Students Majoring in Finance Career News April 28 , 2014 Those interested in business management and working with numbers should look into the field of finance . Those who graduate from Finance programs find jobs in trading , financial securities , and accounting . Salaries of Finance Majors Numerous factors influence the starting salaries earned by finance majors . First of all , the specific position acquired by these professionals will determine the salary earned . The region of location of the job , the industry in which the graduate is employed , the specific concentration area within the chosen major , and the education level are the other determining factors . In 2012 , finance majors took home an average annual wage of $ 57,300 , according to the National Association of Colleges and Employers ( NACE ) . Overview of Finance Major The university ’ s school of business often offers finance as a major , either as a concentration within an economics or as a business administration major . Occasionally , finance concentrations are included by mathematics departments . Coursework within undergraduate level Finance programs usually focuses on accounting and business courses , and may include topic areas such as : • International finance • Risk management • Business law • Investment analysis • Financial markets and institutions • Cost accounting Students in Finance MBA programs continue studies in business , marketing and accounting that they began in bachelor ’ s programs . Graduates of MBA programs can expect to acquire higher - paying and more prestigious positions than graduates of undergraduate degrees . Career and Wage Outlook Numerous industries and settings demand individuals knowledgeable in finance ; these include nonprofit organizations , government agencies , and private companies . Graduates of Finance degree programs commonly obtain positions of accountants , financial advisors , financial managers or financial analysts . Titles can determine starting salaries . In October 2013 , business analysts with work experience of less than a year averaged an annual wage of $ 35,607 to $ 61,649 . The average annual wage of financial advisors ranged between $ 24,677 and $ 59,784 during their first year in the field , while first - year accountants took home average annual wages ranging from $ 30,001 to $ 53,609 . 5 Program ( s ) Found Post University , Online Visit www . post . edu Visit School Site » Boldly pursue your future in business with an online degree from Post University Degrees at all levels with concentrations in Finance , Marketing , and much more Ranked in the Best Online Bachelors Programs for Veterans by US News & World Report Ranked in the Best Online Bachelor ’ s Programs by the US News & World Report Good for Working Adults Accredited Online Courses Flexible Scheduling Accelerated Programs Financial Aid Transferable Credits 5 Program ( s ) Found Liberty University , Online Visit www . libertyuniversity . edu Visit School Site » Liberty University provides a worldclass education from a christ - centered worldview 100 % online programs at associate , bachelor ’ s , master ’ s , and doctoral levels No standardized testing if student meets admission requirements Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges 95 % of Liberty University students receive some form of financial aid Accredited Online Courses Financial Aid Transferable Credits 1 Program ( s ) Found University of California Berkeley Visit https : / / emeritus - executive . berkeley . edu / blockchain Join UC Berkeley Executive Education ’ s Blockchain online program to explore the possibilities . Blockchain is the underlying technology that makes crypto currencies like Bitcoin and Ripple possible Learn block chain with UC Berkeley Executive Education online . Education Connection – 100 % Online Business Degree Programs Visit www . EducationConnection . com / Business Education Connection is a 100 % Free College Matching Service used by 50,000 People Daily . Get Matched to the Right Business Administration and Management , Accounting , Healthcare Administration , Marketing and Entrepreneurship Degree Program for YOU . Affordable and Flexible Business Degree Programs from Top Colleges Across the Nation . Both Online And Campus ! Just Fill Out a Few Questions and You Can Find Your Perfect Business Degree Program Within Minutes . Start Using our Fast , Free , and Easy Matching Service Right HERE and Right NOW ! OnlineColleges Visit https : / / find . onlinecolleges . com Find Online Schools . 100 % Online Accredited Courses Get Matched to Programs In A Few Clicks ! Earn an Affordable Degree from Home at your own pace Get College info today . Its Free and Easy ! Post University Visit www . post . edu Boldly pursue your future in business with an online degree from Post University Degrees at all levels with concentrations in Finance , Marketing , and much more Ranked in the Best Online Bachelors Programs for Veterans by US News & World Report Ranked in the Best Online Bachelor ’ s Programs by the US News & World Report Good for Working Adults Flexible Scheduling Accelerated Programs Liberty University Visit www . libertyuniversity . edu Liberty University provides a worldclass education from a christ - centered worldview 100 % online programs at associate , bachelor ’ s , master ’ s , and doctoral levels No standardized testing if student meets admission requirements Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges 95 % of Liberty University students receive some form of financial aid 1 Program ( s ) Found University of Pennsylvania - Wharton Visit https : / / execed - emeritus . wharton . upenn . edu Online program in HR Management and Analytics from Wharton Two - month online program by Wharton : Learn the latest HR Management and Analytics techniques to improve performance . Live faculty sessions . Learn through case studies and examples from automotive to banking . Custom exercises and moderated discussion make for interactive learning . Education Connection – 100 % Online Business Degree Programs Visit www . EducationConnection . com / Business Education Connection is a 100 % Free College Matching Service used by 50,000 People Daily . Get Matched to the Right Business Administration and Management , Accounting , Healthcare Administration , Marketing and Entrepreneurship Degree Program for YOU . Affordable and Flexible Business Degree Programs from Top Colleges Across the Nation . Both Online And Campus ! Just Fill Out a Few Questions and You Can Find Your Perfect Business Degree Program Within Minutes . Start Using our Fast , Free , and Easy Matching Service Right HERE and Right NOW ! OnlineColleges Visit https : / / find . onlinecolleges . com Find Online Schools . 100 % Online Accredited Courses Get Matched to Programs In A Few Clicks ! Earn an Affordable Degree from Home at your own pace Get College info today . Its Free and Easy !	[ "business management", "Finance programs", "starting salaries" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.