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http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971488-workup | Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape . If you log out , you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit . Log out Cancel Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics : General Medicine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Workup Updated : Feb 25 , 2019 Author : Leonard R Krilov , MD ; Chief Editor : Russell W Steele , MD more . . . Sections Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Questions & Answers Media Gallery References Laboratory Studies Laboratory studies generally are not indicated in the infant with bronchiolitis who is comfortable in room air , well hydrated , and feeding adequately . Nonspecific laboratory studies may include a complete blood count ( CBC ) , assessment of serum electrolyte concentrations , urinalysis , and measurement of oxygen saturation . The CBC may reveal a normal or mildly elevated white blood cell ( WBC ) count and an elevated percentage of band forms . Blood cultures , although frequently obtained , are rarely positive for pathogenic bacteria . Arterial blood gas analysis may be indicated if carbon dioxide retention is a concern . Specific diagnostic tests for confirmation of respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) infection are readily available . These tests can be performed on samples of secretions obtained by washing , suctioning , or swabbing the nasopharynx . Secretions can be analyzed for virus in the laboratory by means of culture , antigen - revealing techniques , or polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . Molecular probes for revealing RSV in clinical specimens may be more sensitive than the aforementioned assays and are becoming clinically available , but they presently are more expensive . There are 6 commercially available multiplex PCR The antigen detection methods offer the potential for diagnosis within hours and may be obtained reliably in the absence of a sophisticated virology laboratory . However , monitoring of test performance is critical for maintaining appropriate sensitivity and specificity . Specific tests for RSV may be indicated for therapeutic decision making ( eg , withdrawal of unnecessary antibiotics ) , isolation of patients , and educating parents and staff about the nature of RSV disease . Other Studies Chest radiography Chest radiography is frequently obtained in children with severe RSV infection . Typically , it reveals hyperinflated lung fields with a diffuse increase in interstitial markings . In 20 - 25 % of cases , focal areas of atelectasis or pulmonary infiltrates are also noted . Generally , these findings are neither specific to RSV infection nor predictive of the course or outcome , except for the observation that infants who have the additional findings of atelectasis or pneumonia may have a more severe disease course . Histologic findings In infants who have died of RSV bronchiolitis , histologic study of lung tissue demonstrates mononuclear cell and neutrophil infiltration of the peribronchiolar areas , necrosis of the small airway epithelium , plugging of the lumens with exudate and edema , and atelectasis and hyperinflation . Treatment & Management Sections Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Questions & Answers Media Gallery References | [
"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",
"complete blood count"
] |
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/97451-overview | Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape . If you log out , you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit . Log out Cancel Drugs & Diseases > Sports Medicine Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Updated : Apr 14 , 2016 Author : Robert F Kacprowicz , MD , FAAEM ; Chief Editor : Sherwin SW Ho , MD more . . . Sections Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Follow - up References Background The ulnar collateral ligament ( UCL ) of the elbow is critical for valgus stability of the elbow and is the primary elbow stabilizer . 1 2 As such , the UCL plays an important role in most throwing sports , including baseball and javelin , as well as racquet sports and ice hockey . Elbow injuries in young athletes are generally chronic , with persistent pain and instability from repetitive overhead activities . In the athlete , ligamentous injury can also be heralded by an acute traumatic event such as an elbow dislocation . This can then lead to chronic pain and valgus instability . An understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow in throwing sports is essential to the correct diagnosis and treatment of this potentially disabling injury . 3 Functional Anatomy The UCL originates at the posterior distal aspect of the medial epicondyle and inserts into the base of the coronoid process . At 90 º of flexion , it provides 55 % of the resistance to valgus stress at the elbow . In full extension , the UCL , bony architecture , and anterior capsule equally maintain valgus stability . The UCL is composed of 3 bands : anterior , posterior , and transverse . The anterior band , which arises from the anteroinferior surface of the medial epicondyle and inserts on the sublime tubercle of the ulna , provides the major contribution to valgus stability . Sport - Specific Biomechanics The acceleration phase of the overhead throw causes the greatest amount of valgus stress to the elbow . 4 Extension occurs at a rate of up to 2500 º per second and continues to 20 º of flexion . During this phase , the forearm lags behind the upper arm and generates valgus stress while the elbow is primarily dependent on the anterior band of the UCL for stability . During the acceleration phase , valgus stress can exceed 60 Newton meters ( Nm ) , which is significantly higher than the measured strength of the UCL in cadavers . The valgus force can , therefore , overcome the tensile strength of the UCL and cause either chronic microscopic Bushnell et al examined maximum pitch velocity and elbow injury in 23 professional baseball pitchers over a period of 4 seasons and found a statistically significant association ( P = .0354 ) . 5 Of 9 pitchers who had elbow injuries , 4 had an elbow muscle strain and / or joint inflammation , and 5 had an ulnar collateral ligament sprain or tear . Surgery was required for 3 of the 5 players with ulnar collateral ligament injuries ; these pitchers also had the highest maximum ball velocity . 5 A study by DeFroda et al found that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean fastball velocity of pitchers who injure their UCL . Players who injured the UCL tended to have higher fastball velocities . The study also added that there has been an increased incidence of injury in the first 3 months of the season and that early tears are more likely to occur in relief pitchers than starters . 6 Clinical Presentation Sections Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Follow - up References | [
"ulnar collateral ligament",
"elbow dislocation",
"javelin"
] |
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/976034-overview | Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape . If you log out , you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit . Log out Cancel Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics : Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine Respiratory Distress Syndrome Updated : Jan 16 , 2015 Author : Arun K Pramanik , MD , MBBS ; Chief Editor : Ted Rosenkrantz , MD more . . . Sections Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Media Gallery Tables References Background Respiratory distress syndrome , also known as hyaline membrane disease , occurs almost exclusively in premature infants . The incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome are related inversely to the gestational age of the newborn infant . ( See Etiology and Epidemiology . ) Enormous strides have been made in understanding the pathophysiology and management of respiratory distress syndrome , leading to improvements in morbidity and mortality in infants with the condition . Advances include the following ( see Treatment and Medication ) : The use of antenatal steroids to enhance pulmonary maturity Appropriate resuscitation facilitated by placental transfusion and immediate use of continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) for alveolar recruitment Early administration of surfactant The use of gentler modes of ventilation , including early use of " bubble " nasal CPAP to minimize damage to the immature lungs Supportive therapies , such as the diagnosis and management of patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA ) , fluid and electrolyte management , trophic feeding and nutrition , and the use of prophylactic fluconazole These therapies have also resulted in the survival of extremely premature infants , some of who continue to be ill with complications of prematurity . ( See the image below . ) Chest radiographs in a premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome before and after surfactant treatment . Left : Initial radiograph shows poor lung expansion , air bronchogram , and reticular granular appearance . Right : Repeat chest radiograph obtained when the neonate is aged 3 hours and after surfactant therapy demonstrates marked improvement . View Media Gallery Complications Although reduced , the incidence and severity of complications of respiratory distress syndrome can result in clinically significant morbidities . Sequelae of respiratory distress syndrome include the following ( see Prognosis , Clinical , and Workup ) : Septicemia Bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) Patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA ) Pulmonary hemorrhage Apnea / bradycardia Necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) Retinopathy of prematurity ( ROP ) Hypertension Failure to thrive Intraventricular hemorrhage ( IVH ) Periventricular leukomalacia ( PVL ) - With associated neurodevelopmental and audiovisual handicaps Strategic goals include focusing direct attention on anticipating and minimizing these complications and preventing premature delivery whenever possible . ( See the diagram below . ) Schematic outlines the pathology of respiratory distress syndrome ( RDS ) . Infants may recover completely or develop chronic lung damage , resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) . FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen ; HMD = hyaline membrane disease ; V / Q = ventilation perfusion . View Media Gallery Surfactant formation and physiology Surfactant is a complex lipoprotein ( see the image below ) composed of 6 phospholipids and 4 apoproteins . Surfactant recovered by alveolar wash from most mammals contains 70 - 80 % phospholipids , 8 - 10 % protein , and 10 % neutral lipids , primarily cholesterol . Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine ( DPPC ) , or lecithin , is functionally the principle phospholipid . Phosphatidylglycerol makes up 4 - 15 % of the phospholipids ; although it is a marker for lung maturity , it is not necessary for normal lung function . Bar chart demonstrates the composition of lung surfactant . About 1 % of the 10 % protein component comprises surfactant apoproteins ; the remaining proteins are derived from alveolar exudate . Among the 4 surfactant apoproteins identified , surfactant protein B ( SP - B ) and SP - C are 2 small hydrophobic proteins that make up 2 - 4 % of the surfactant mass and are present in commercially available surfactant preparations . SP - B and SP - C work in concert to facilitate rapid adsorption and spreading of DPPC as a monolayer to lower the surface tension at the alveolar air - fluid interface in vivo during expiration , thus preventing atelectasis . The SP - B gene is on human chromosome 2 , and its primary translation product is 40 kd , which is clipped to become an 8 - kd protein in the type II cells before entering lamellar bodies to be cosecreted with phospholipids . The SP - C gene is on chromosome 8 ; its primary translation product , 22 kd , is processed to an extremely hydrophobic 4 - kd protein that is associated with lipids in lamellar bodies . SP - A is an innate host defense , large molecular , hydrophilic ( water soluble ) lectin coded on human chromosome 10 that regulates lung inflammation . SP - A contributes to the biophysical properties of surfactant primarily by decreasing protein - mediated inhibition of surfactant function . It binds to multiple organisms , such as group B streptococcus , Staphylococcus aureus , influenza virus , adenovirus , herpes simplex type 1 , and respiratory syncytial virus . SP - A facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and their clearance from the airways . Mice that lack SP - A have no tubular myelin and have normal lung function and surfactant metabolism , indicating that SP - A is not a critical regulator of surfactant metabolism . Patients with SP - A deficiency have not been described . SP - D is also a hydrophilic protein of 43 kd that is a collectin with structural similarities to SP - A . It has a collagenlike domain and a glycosylated region that gives it its lectinlike functions . SP - D is a large multimer that is synthesized by type II alveolar cells and Clara cells in addition to other epithelial cells in the body . It also binds pathogens and facilitates their clearance . The absence of SP - D results in increased surfactant lipid pools in the airspaces and emphysema in mice . No humans with SP The components of pulmonary surfactant are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum of the type II alveolar cell . ( See the image below . ) Schematic show surfactant metabolism , with a single alveolus is shown and the location and movement of surfactant components . Surfactant components are synthesized from precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported through the Golgi apparatus by multivesicular bodies . Components are ultimately packaged in lamellar bodies , which are intracellular storage granules for surfactant before its secretion . After secretion ( exocytosis ) into the liquid lining of the alveolus , surfactant phospholipids are organized into a complex lattice called tubular myelin . Tubular myelin is believed to generate the phospholipid that provides material for a monolayer at the The components are packaged in multilamellar vesicles in the cytoplasm of the type II alveolar cell . They are secreted by a process of exocytosis , the daily rate of which may exceed the weight of the cell . Once secreted , the vesicles unwind to form bipolar monolayers of phospholipid molecules that depend on the apoproteins SP - B and SP - C to properly configure in the alveolus . The lipid molecules are enriched in dipalmitoyl acyl groups attached to a glycerol backbone that pack tightly and generate low surface tension . Tubular myelin stores surfactant and depends on SP - B . Corners of the myelin lattice appear to be glued together with the large apoprotein SP - A , which may also have an important role in phagocytosis . Surfactant proteins are expressed in the fetal lung with increasing gestational age . Patient education Because the risk of prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome is increased for subsequent pregnancies , counsel the parents . Education and counseling of parents , caregivers , and families of premature infants must be undertaken as part of discharge planning . These individuals should be advised of the potential problems infants with respiratory distress syndrome may encounter during and after their nursery stay . Audiovisual aids and handouts supplement such education . Etiology In premature infants , respiratory distress syndrome develops because of impaired surfactant synthesis and secretion leading to atelectasis , ventilation - perfusion ( V / Q ) inequality , and hypoventilation with resultant hypoxemia and hypercarbia . Blood gases show respiratory and metabolic acidosis that cause pulmonary vasoconstriction , resulting in impaired endothelial and epithelial integrity with leakage of proteinaceous exudate and formation of hyaline membranes ( hence the name ) . The relative deficiency of surfactant decreases lung compliance ( see the image below ) and functional residual capacity , with increased dead space . The resulting large V / Q mismatch and right - to - left shunt may involve as much as 80 % of the cardiac output . Bottom curve reflects findings from lungs obtained at postmortem from an infant with hyaline membrane disease ( HMD ) . Lungs with HMD require far more pressure than to achieve a given volume of inflation than do lungs obtained from an infant dying of a nonrespiratory cause . Arrows indicate inspiratory and expiratory limbs of the pressure - volume curves . Note the decreased lung compliance and increased critical opening and closing pressures , respectively , in the premature infant with HMD . Hypoxia , acidosis , hypothermia , and hypotension may impair surfactant production and / or secretion . In many neonates , oxygen toxicity with barotrauma and volutrauma in their structurally immature lungs causes an influx of inflammatory cell , which exacerbates the vascular injury , leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) . Antioxidant deficiency and free - radical injury worsen the injury . Upon macroscopic evaluation , the lungs of affected newborns appear airless and ruddy ( ie , liverlike ) . Therefore , the lungs require an increased critical opening pressure to inflate . Diffuse atelectasis of distal airspaces along with distension of distal airways and perilymphatic areas are observed microscopically . Progressive atelectasis , barotrauma or volutrauma , and oxygen toxicity damage endothelial and epithelial cells lining these distal airways , resulting in exudation of fibrinous matrix derived from blood . Hyaline membranes that line the alveoli ( see the image below ) may form within a half hour after birth . In larger premature infants , the epithelium begins to heal at 36 - 72 hours after birth , and endogenous surfactant synthesis begins . The recovery phase is characterized by regeneration of alveolar cells , including type II cells , with a resultant increase in surfactant activity . The healing process is complex . Microscopic appearance of lungs of an infant with respiratory distress syndrome . Hematoxylin and eosin stain shows hyaline membranes ( pink areas ) . A chronic process often ensues in infants who are extremely immature and critically ill and in infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis , resulting in BPD . In extremely premature infants , an arrest in lung development often occurs during the saccular stage , resulting in chronic lung disease termed " new " BPD . Apoprotein deficiency The hydrophobic SP - B and SP - C are essential for lung function and pulmonary homeostasis after birth . These proteins enhance the spreading , adsorption , and stability of surfactant lipids required to reduce surface tension in the alveolus . SP - B and SP - C participate in regulating intracellular and extracellular processes critical for maintaining respiratory structure and function . 1 SP - B deficiency is an inherited deficiency caused by a pretranslational mechanism implied by the absence of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) . SP - B deficiency leads to death in term or near - term neonates and clinically manifests as respiratory distress syndrome with pulmonary hypertension , or congenital alveolar proteinosis . The genetic absence of SP - B is most often caused by a 2 - base pair insertion ( 121 ins 2 ) that produces a frame shift and premature terminal signal , resulting in a complete absence of SP - B . Approximately 15 % of term infants who die of a syndrome similar to respiratory distress syndrome have SP - B deficiency . The lack of SP - B causes a lack of normal lamellar bodies in type II cells , a lack of SP - C , and the appearance of incompletely processed SP - C in the airspaces . These pro SP - C forms are diagnostic of SP - B deficiency . Analysis of lung tissue with immunologic and biologic methods reveals an absence of one of the surfactant specific proteins , SP - B , and its mRNA . In an in - vitro study , critical structure and function in the N - terminal region of pulmonary SP - B was noted . W9 is critical to optimal surface activity , whereas prolines may promote a conformation that facilitates rapid insertion of the peptide into phospholipid monolayers compressed to the highest pressures during compression - expansion cycling . Mutations of SP - B and SP - C cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease that may be related to the intracellular accumulation of injurious proteins , extracellular deficiency of bioactive surfactant peptides , or both . Mutations in the gene for SP - C are a cause of familial and sporadic interstitial lung disease and emphysema as patients age . Mutations in other genes that cause protein misfolding and misrouting may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic interstitial lung disease . Hydrophilic SP - A and SP - D are lectins . In vivo and in vitro studies provide compelling support for SP - A and SP - D as mediators of various immune - cell functions . Studies have shown novel roles for these proteins in the clearance of apoptotic cells , direct killing of microorganisms , and initiation of parturition . None of the currently available surfactant preparations to treat respiratory distress syndrome have SP - A and SP - D . ABCA3 mutations Mutations in the adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) – binding casette gene ( ABCA3 ) in newborns result in fatal surfactant deficiency . ABCA3 is critical for proper formation of lamellar bodies and surfactant function and may also be important for lung function in other pulmonary diseases . Because it is closely related to the ABCA1 - and ABCA4 - encoded proteins that transport phospholipids in macrophages and photoreceptor cells , it may have a role in surfactant phospholipid metabolism . 2 The incidence of genetic abnormalities of pulmonary surfactant disorders is unknown . In a review of 300 term infants presenting as severe respiratory distress syndrome , 14 % had SP - B deficiency and 14 % had a deficiency of ABCA3 . Risk factors The greatest risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome is prematurity , although the syndrome does not occur in all premature newborns . Other risk factors include maternal diabetes , cesarean delivery , and asphyxia . 3 4 Epidemiology Occurrence in the United States In the United States , respiratory distress syndrome has been estimated to occur in 20,000 - 30,000 newborn infants each year and is a complication in about 1 % pregnancies . Approximately 50 % of the neonates born at 26 - 28 weeks ' gestation develop respiratory distress syndrome , whereas less than 30 % of premature neonates born at 30 - 31 weeks ' gestation develop the condition . In one report , the incidence rate of respiratory distress syndrome was 42 % in infants weighing 501 - 1500g , with 71 % reported in infants weighing 501 - 750g , 54 % reported in infants weighing 751 - 1000g , 36 % reported in infants weighing 1001 - 1250g , and 22 % reported in infants weighing 1251 - 1500g , among the 12 university hospitals participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ( NICHD ) Neonatal Research Network . 5 International occurrence Respiratory distress syndrome is encountered less frequently in developing countries than elsewhere , primarily because most premature infants who are small for their gestation are stressed in utero because of malnutrition or pregnancy - induced hypertension . In addition , because most deliveries in developing countries occur at home , accurate records in these regions are unavailable to determine the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome . Race - related demographics Respiratory distress syndrome has been reported in all races worldwide , occurring most often in white premature infants . Prognosis Acute complications of respiratory distress syndrome include the following 6 Alveolar rupture Infection Intracranial hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia Patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA ) with increasing left - to - right shunt Pulmonary hemorrhage Necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) and / or gastrointestinal ( GI ) perforation Apnea of prematurity Chronic complications of respiratory distress syndrome include the following : Bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) Retinopathy of prematurity ( ROP ) Neurologic impairment Alveolar rupture Suspect an air leak ( eg , pneumomediastinum , pneumopericardium , interstitial emphysema , pneumothorax ) when an infant with respiratory distress syndrome suddenly deteriorates with hypotension , apnea , or bradycardia or when metabolic acidosis is persistent . Infection Infections may complicate the management of respiratory distress syndrome and may manifest in various ways , including failure to improve , sudden deterioration , or a change in white blood cell ( WBC ) count or thrombocytopenia . Also , invasive procedures ( eg , venipuncture , catheter insertion , use of respiratory equipment ) and use of postnatal steroids provide access for organisms that may invade the immunologically compromised host . With the advent of surfactant therapy , small and ill infants are surviving , with an increased incidence of septicemia occurring in them secondary to staphylococcal epidermidis and / or candidal infection . When septicemia is suspected , obtain blood cultures from 2 sites and start appropriate antibiotics and / or antifungal therapy until culture results are obtained . Some neonatal ICUs use prophylactic fluconazole in the extremely premature infants , achieving a decrease in the incidence of candidal septicemia . 7 Intracranial hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia Intraventricular hemorrhage is observed in 20 - 40 % of premature infants , with greater frequency in infants with respiratory distress syndrome who require mechanical ventilation . Cranial ultrasonography is performed in the first week in premature neonates younger than 32 weeks ' gestation and at 36 weeks or at the time of discharge , or as indicated ( eg , suspected seizures ) . Use of antenatal steroids has decreased the frequency of intracranial hemorrhage in these patients with respiratory distress syndrome . Although a few studies have shown that prophylactic indomethacin therapy may decrease intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants , its routine use is discouraged because of the risk of intestinal perforation . Hypocarbia and chorioamnionitis are associated with an increase in periventricular leukomalacia . Patent ductus arteriosus with increasing left - to - right shunt This shunt may complicate the course of respiratory distress syndrome , especially in infants weaned rapidly after surfactant therapy . Suspect patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA ) in any infant who deteriorates after initial improvement or who has bloody tracheal secretions . Although helpful in the diagnosis of PDA , cardiac murmur and wide pulse pressure are not always apparent in critically ill infants . An echocardiogram enables the clinician to confirm the diagnosis . Infants requiring low fraction of inspired oxygen ( FIO 2 ) or who are clinically stable do not require treatment , as the PDA may close spontaneously . Ductal - dependant cardiac anomalies should be excluded prior to initiating therapy . Treat PDA with ibuprofen or indomethacin , which can be repeated during the first 2 weeks if the PDA reopens . 8 In refractory incidents of respiratory distress syndrome or in infants in whom medical therapy is contraindicated , surgically close the PDA . The occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage increases in tiny premature infants , especially after surfactant therapy . Increase positive end - expiratory pressure ( PEEP ) on the ventilator and administer intratracheal epinephrine to manage pulmonary hemorrhage . In some patients , pulmonary hemorrhage may be associated with PDA ; promptly treat pulmonary hemorrhage in such individuals . In a retrospective study , intratracheal surfactant therapy was used successfully , with the rationale that blood inhibits pulmonary surfactant . Necrotizing enterocolitis and / or GI perforation Suspect NEC and / or GI perforation in any infant with abnormal abdominal findings on physical examination . Radiography of the abdomen assists in confirming their presence . Spontaneous perforation ( not necessarily as part of NEC ) occasionally occurs in critically ill premature infants and has been associated with the use of steroids and / or indomethacin . Apnea of prematurity Apnea of prematurity is common in immature infants , and its incidence has increased with surfactant therapy , possibly because of early extubation . Manage apnea of prematurity with methylxanthines ( caffeine ) and / or bubble or continuous flow nasal continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) , nasal intermittent ventilation , or with assisted ventilation in refractory incidents . Exclude septicemia , seizures , gastroesophageal reflux , and metabolic and other causes in infants with apnea of prematurity . Bronchopulmonary dysplasia BPD is a chronic lung disease defined as a requirement for oxygen at a corrected gestational age of 36 weeks . BPD is related directly to the high volume and / or pressures used for mechanical ventilation or to manage infections , inflammation , and vitamin A deficiency . BPD increases with decreasing gestational age . Postnatal use of surfactant therapy , gentler ventilation , vitamin A , low - dose steroids , and inhaled nitric oxide may reduce the severity of BPD . 9 Clinical studies have demonstrated various incidences of BPD , which has been attributed to increased survival of small and ill infants with respiratory distress syndrome . BPD may also be associated with gastroesophageal reflux or sudden infant death syndrome . Hence , consider these entities in infants with unexplained apnea before discharging them from the hospital . Retinopathy of prematurity Infants with respiratory distress syndrome who have a partial pressure of oxygen ( PaO ) value of over 100mm Hg are at increased risk for ROP . Hence , closely monitor PaO and maintain it at 50 - 70mm Hg . Although pulse oximetry is used in all premature infants , it is not helpful in preventing ROP in tiny infants because of the flat portion of the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve . An ophthalmologist examines the eyes of all premature infants at 34 weeks ' gestation and thereafter as indicated . If ROP progresses , laser therapy or cryotherapy is used to prevent retinal detachment and blindness . Closely monitor infants with ROP for refractive errors . Intraocular bevacizumab , a monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor , has been used successfully to treat ROP . Although it is a promising therapy for ROP , further studies are needed before it can be recommended for routine use . 10 Neurologic impairment Neurologic impairment occurs in approximately 10 - 70 % of infants and is related to the infant ' s gestational age , the extent and type of intracranial pathology , and the presence of hypoxia and infections . Hearing and visual handicaps may further compromise development in affected infants . Patients may develop a specific learning disability and aberrant behavior . Therefore , periodically follow up on these infants to detect those with neurologic impairment , and undertake appropriate interventions . In a study that assessed the outcomes of 288 very preterm Chinese infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome on mechanical ventilation through 18 months of corrected age , the incidence of cerebral palsy and mental developmental index ( MDI ) less than 70 were highest among infants born at younger than 28 weeks ' gestation compared to those born at 28 - 30 and 30 - 32 weeks ' gestation . 11 Factors associated with cerebral palsy and an MDI below 70 were the administration of antenatal corticosteroids , decreased weight gain , and the presence of preeclampsia , fetal distress , and early / late bacteremia ; factors that increased the risk of cerebral palsy and an MDI below 70 were increased length of mechanical ventilator support and blood transfusions . 11 Clinical Presentation Sections Respiratory Distress Syndrome Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Media Gallery Tables References | [
"Respiratory Distress"
] |
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/981258-overview | Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape . If you log out , you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit . Log out Cancel Drugs & Diseases > Pediatrics : General Medicine Anti - GBM Antibody Disease Updated : Jun 09 , 2017 Author : Agnieszka Swiatecka - Urban , MD , FASN ; Chief Editor : Craig B Langman , MD more . . . Sections Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Follow - up References Background Anti – glomerular basement membrane ( anti - GBM ) antibody disease is a rare autoimmune disorder in which circulating antibodies are directed against an antigen normally present in the GBM and alveolar basement membrane . The target antigen is the alpha - 3 chain of type IV collagen . The resultant clinical syndrome encompasses a spectrum ranging from mild or no renal involvement to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis . 1 Many patients develop pulmonary hemorrhage , and most individuals have signs of a generalized systemic illness . The combination of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage is commonly referred to as Goodpasture syndrome . Pulmonary and / or renal manifestations can be encountered in various conditions , such as antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody ( ANCA ) – positive vasculitis and other autoimmune disorders . As a consequence , the identification of anti - GBM antibodies in the patient ' s serum or tissues is of paramount importance in the diagnosis of Goodpasture disease . In this article , Goodpasture disease and anti - GBM disease are used synonymously and refer to the presence of anti - GBM antibodies in tissues ( eg , kidney , lungs , or both ) , independent of clinical manifestations . Goodpasture syndrome refers to clinically evident glomerulonephritis , pulmonary hemorrhage , or both in a patient with Goodpasture disease . Pathophysiology Type IV collagen is a polymeric structure . The basic monomer of this network is a triple - helical molecule composed of 3 alpha chains ( ie , alpha - 3 , alpha - 4 , and alpha - 5 ) . Each chain is characterized by a long collagenous domain interrupted by short noncollagenous sequences , a noncollagenous amino terminus , and a long noncollagenous domain ( NC1 ) at the carboxyl terminus . The Goodpasture antigen is the carboxyl terminal , noncollagenous domain of the alpha - 3 chain of type IV collagen ( alpha - 3 [ 2 Anti - GBM antibodies are almost exclusively of the immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) isotype . The principal targets for anti - GBM antibodies are two adjacent , conformational disulfide - bond – dependent regions in the NC1 domain of the alpha - 3 chain of type IV collagen . These regions are called the Goodpasture epitopes . 3 The epitopes , designated EA and EB , are located in the NC1 domain at the amino acid residues 17 - 31 and 127 - 141 , respectively . The anti - GBM antibodies can target the EA and EB epitope separately . The Goodpasture epitopes are structurally sequestered by the adjacent alpha - 4 ( IV ) NC1 and alpha - 5 ( IV ) NC1 molecules . Investigation of the cryptic nature of the Goodpasture epitopes revealed 2 types of alpha - 3 . alpha - 4 . alpha - 5 ( IV ) hexamers : the autoantibody reactive M - hexamers and the autoantibody impenetrable D - hexamers . 4 The more abundant D - hexamers have dimer - reinforced crosslinks between NC1 domains that help to retain the cryptic nature of the Goodpasture epitopes , whereas the less abundant M - hexamers , composed of only monomeric subunits , allow epitope unmasking and antibody binding under inflammatory states . Thus , differences of the alpha - 3 ( IV ) NC1 monomer - dimer composition in the alveolar basement membrane observed between individuals may explain why some patients with Goodpasture syndrome do not develop pulmonary disease . Differential susceptibility to anti - GBM disease in humans is strongly linked to class II major histocompatibility complex ( MHC II ) . In addition , anti - GBM disease has a strong positive association with the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) – DR15 haplotype , particularly the DRB1 * 1501 allele , which is found in more that 80 % of patients with anti - GBM disease . In contrast , strong dominant protection from the disease is associated with the expression of DRB1 * 0701 , such that the risk of disease is the same in individuals The DRB1 * 0101 allele offers relatively weak protection . Exactly how the expression of the DR molecules determines differences in a person ' s susceptibility to anti - GBM disease is not well understood . The dominant protection is not due to inefficiency in the presentation of peptides because the DRB1 * 0101 and DRB1 * 0701 molecules bind the common human T - cell epitopes with higher affinity . The T cells from patients with anti - GBM antibody disease recognize 2 epitopes located in regions that are highly susceptible to antigen processing by endosomal proteases ; under normal conditions , these epitopes are destroyed by antigen - presenting cells before they are able to induce thymic deletion of potentially pathogenic T cells . The key candidate epitope in the pathogenesis of anti - GBM antibody disease overlaps with the EB region and binds with high affinity to the disease associated HLA - DRB1 * 1501 MHC II molecule . The key stimulatory candidate epitope has been mapped to As with other autoimmune disease , incomplete central tolerance to alpha - 3 ( IV ) NC1 is thought to play a role in the anti - GBM antibody disease . Alpha - 3 ( IV ) NC1 is expressed in the thymus ; however , CD4 + cells escape thymic deletion and participate in the anti - GBM antibody disease . Normal individuals have been shown to have low titers of antibodies to alpha - 3 ( IV ) NC1 and the alpha - 3 ( IV ) NC1 responsive naive T - cells . 5 Furthermore , low titers of antibodies to additional GBM components , particularly the NC1 domain of other collagen chains , are present in some anti - GBM sera . However , whether they represent an epiphenomena or whether they have a pathogenic importance remains unknown . Delayed - type hypersensitivity – like cell mediated immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of anti - GBM disease . Compelling experimental data suggest that T cells may have an indirect role in facilitating the anti - GBM antibody production by B cells and that they may also cause direct injury to the glomerulus and alveoli . In contrast , regulatory CD25 + T - cells may attenuate the glomerular injury . 6 Some observations in humans strongly suggest that the T - cell – mediated mechanisms may play a similar role in human anti - GBM antibody disease . These observations demonstrate that the development of " self - immunoregulation " and the re - establishment of tolerance in the convalescent phase of the disease coincides with the emergence of the regulatory CD25 + T - cells . Furthermore , depletion of regulatory CD25 + T - cells from convalescent patients increases the number of Goodpasture antigen - specific IFN - gamma – producing cells . The limited tissue involvement in anti - GBM disease results from the tissue - specific distribution of the alpha - 3 chain of type IV collagen , the specificity of the anti - GBM antibodies , and the accessibility of the Goodpasture epitopes in the glomerular and alveolar capillaries . The alpha - 3 chain of type IV collagen is expressed in the basement membranes of the glomerulus , alveoli , choroid plexus , eye , cochlea , and testis . The prevalence of renal involvement in anti - GBM antibody disease may result from the unique structure of the Other organs expressing the Goodpasture epitopes , with the exception of the lung , are not obviously affected , presumably because of the limited access of the anti - GBM antibodies to the basement membrane or because of other regulatory mechanisms . Pulmonary hemorrhage is associated with factors that affect the integrity of lung capillaries and allow the anti - GBM antibodies to contact the alveolar basement membrane . Examples of such factors are respiratory infections , smoking , or inhalation of toxins . Epidemiology Frequency United States Goodpasture disease is diagnosed in 1 per million persons each year . In adults , anti - GBM disease is responsible for approximately 5 % of all cases of glomerulonephritis and is diagnosed in 1 - 2 % of renal biopsy specimens . Anti - GBM glomerulonephritis accounts for 20 % of all cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in adults and for less than 10 % of such cases in children . Mortality / Morbidity In untreated patients , the disease usually progresses to renal failure or death . Treated patients have a significant risk of morbidity and mortality from renal failure , pulmonary hemorrhage , or complications of treatment . With current therapy , more than 90 % of patients survive the acute phase of the disease . However , the 2 - year survival rate is less than 50 % . End - stage renal disease develops in 40 - 70 % of patients who have nephritis mediated by anti - GBM antibodies and accounts for 10 - 15 % of all cases of end - stage renal disease in the United States . Race Anti - GBM antibody disease is reported in all racial groups but is primarily a disease of white populations . According to one review , 83 % of cases in which race was identified occurred in whites . Sex The frequency distribution shows a male - female ratio of 3 : 2 . Age The disease can manifest in persons of any age . However , a bimodal distribution is noted , with the first peak at approximately age 30 years and a second peak at 60 years . The youngest reported patient with anti - GBM disease was an 11 - month - old girl . Clinical Presentation Sections Anti - GBM Antibody Disease Overview Presentation DDx Workup Treatment Medication Follow - up References | [
"Anti-GBM Antibody Disease",
"autoimmune disorder",
"Goodpasture syndrome"
] |
http://emeraldcityclinic.blogspot.com/2012/08/time-of-day-makes-difference-in-thyroid.html | Emerald City Clinic : Vis medicatrix naturae Wednesday , August 22 , 2012 Time of day makes a difference in thyroid testing Time of day makes a difference in thyroid testing Jacob Schor ND August 14 , 2012 www . DenverNaturopathic . com The level of the hormone , TSH that is often used to evaluate thyroid function , varies with the time of day the samples are collected . Collecting afternoon samples can lead to under diagnosis of hypothyroidism . Doctors test thyroid stimulating hormone , also known as TSH , to screen for and diagnose hypothyroidism , a condition of inadequate thyroid hormone . TSH is made in the brain and as its name implies , stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormone . Thus if TSH levels increase , it the brain is telling the body to make more thyroid hormone . When TSH levels stay high it suggests that the body can not make enough thyroid hormone . Most laboratories define ‘ normal ’ TSH as between 0.5 and 5.0 uM / L . TSH A new study published in the August 2012 issue of Endocrine Research reveals that our current approach to diagnosing hypothyroidism has been too simplistic and needs change . Production of TSH follows a circadian rhythm that is it follows a 24 - hour cycle with regular fluctuations . TSH production peaks at its highest level between 2 : 00 and 4 : 00 am each morning and then drops reaching its low point between 4 and 8 pm in the evening . Though this phenomenon is well known the actual extent of these fluctuations was much greater than was previously In this current study , researchers from the Federal Endocrinological Research Centre in Moscow , tested 20 women with subclinical hypothyroidism . Morning and afternoon TSH levels were measured and compared . The median morning TSH value for women with subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.83 mU / L . Their afternoon median TSH dropped down to 3.79 mU / L . Following the current guidelines for diagnosis hypothyroidism would have been diagnosed in only half of these cases when tested in the afternoon . These new data explain why many people who appear to have symptoms of hypothyroidism have been told their test results were normal , that they are fine , when in truth they hypothyroid . TSH levels measured in blood samples drawn in the afternoon should be viewed with caution , as they may be falsely low and appear normal . Samples for all thyroid tests should be collected first thing in the morning . It gets more complicated than this . Many practitioners consider the current normal range for TSH values to be too broad . Rather than judging TSH levels above 5 as hypothryoidism , some consider the upper limit of normal to be as low as 3.0 , while researchers looking at what is called sub - clinical hypothyroidism define the condition by a TSH greater than 2.5 . Apparently that is the level at which risk for cardiovascular disease increases significantly . Combining these two bits of news , the circadian variability of TSH and the benefits of treating even slight increases in TSH , leads me to think that we should be relooking at a fair number of patients who have previously been told that their thyroids were fine . They might not be … . . Reference : Sviridonova MA , Fadeyev VV , Sych YP , Melnichenko GA . Clinical Significance of TSH Circadian Variability in Patients with Hypothyroidism . Endocr Res . 2012 Aug 2 . Duntas LH , Biondi B . New insights into subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk . Semin Thromb Hemost . 2011 Feb ; 37 ( 1 ) : 27 - 34 . Epub 2011 Jan 19 . Posted by Emerald City Clinic at 12 : 47 PM No comments : Post a Comment Links to this post Create a Link Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Love our company and help us earn revenue to improve our service for you ! Subscribe via email Enter your email address : Delivered by FeedBurner Dr . Molly Niedermeyer ( Linton ) , ND , LM YouTube Video : The Naturopathic Perspective Featuring Dr . Molly Linton discussing The Five Point Health Plan http : / / www . emeraldcityclinic . com Patient Reviews " Thank you Molly ! After getting off the phone with you I was overwhelmed with appreciation . I am so grateful for the outstanding quality of care that you have always given me and my family . I value how much you have educated me about our health over the years . I truly love how you explain everything to me and I am always left with the impression that you are one very smart lady and you treat me with respect . " - - H.D " Molly , I saw my friend tonight , and she told me for about the fourth time how finally going to Emerald City Naturopathic was the best thing she has ever done . She said she kind of got mad at me for pushing you so much because she felt she had tried everything for her condition , been to other naturopaths before , etc . , and nothing had helped . But after being at your practice , she is feeling better than she has in a very long time and has gone a longer time between " " What I love about Molly is she taught me critical thinking about my health at an early stage of my life . " - - Jessica D . " I want to introduce you to Dr . Molly Linton . She is nothing short of a miracle worker and she tells it like it is . You should talk with her immediately about your condition . She cured Lisa ' s Graves Disease and saved me from a life of obesity . " - - Eddie " Thanks Molly , I ' m doing so so so much better than when you remember me . I have gained a lot of weight and can totally eat whatever I want , and I owe it all to you . I have stopped drinking and smoking . . . .a total success of natural medicine . I owe the world to you . " - - Evan C . " Dear Molly , Thank you so much for your wonderful care , as always ! It felt like a huge weight was lifted from my shoulders after leaving your office . I appreciate very much the gift of . . .your wise , sage advice and recommendations ! " - - Shelley G . " I gave [ NAET from Dr . Tamara Dickson ] a real test . I went on two walks … one through a lot of trees and grass up at Leavenworth … not sure of the elevation … probably not bad . I did n ’ t really run out of breath . But , the wind was blowing in the afternoon and I really did great . I went through the day at work today and did n ’ t have any coughing spasms . I sit right under a heating / air vent and usually , it " Molly , I wanted you to know that I am back to my good normal . It was our conversation that made the difference . Understanding what the grief was about has been amazingly powerful . . . . . . .For now having clarity and an action plan is anti - depressant enough ! Thank you for your compassionate and wildly creative approaches to being a doctor . " - - S.N . Followers Blog Archive ► 2013 ( 10 ) ▼ 2012 ( 14 ) ► December ( 3 ) November ( 1 ) October ( 1 ) September ( 2 ) ▼ August ( 3 ) Time of day makes a difference in thyroid testing Emerald City Clinic supports these wonderful class . . . Do you know any families looking for low - cost w . . . July ( 2 ) February January 2011 ( 55 ) 2010 ( 49 ) Recommended Web Pages The Arch Foundation : Funding for the Mirena IUD Midwives Association of Washington State American Association of Naturopathic Physicians WashingtonAssociation of Naturopathic Physicians God ' s Pharmacy Interesting site about Water vs Coke Information on Mesothelioma Hungry for a new read ? Check out these recommendations ! No More Heartburn : Stop the Pain in 3 - Days - Naturally ! : The safe , effective way to prevent and heal gastrointestinal disorders by Sherry A Rogers , MD . Recommended by Dr . Molly Linton and available for sale at Emerald City Clinic . Brave Girl Eating : A Family ' s Struggle with Anorexia by Harriet Brown . " For any parent with a teenager , or teenager to be , this is a must read . " Recommended by patients of ECN . Video Games and Your Kids : How Parents Stay in Control By Hilarie Cash , PhD and Kim McDonald , MA . This book defines when video games are addictive , how to prevent this addiction in different age groups , and what to do if you suspect a gaming addiction . A must read for both parents and expectant parents in this day and age . Reviewed by Molly Linton , ND Recipes for the Specific Carbohydrate Diet : The Grain - Free , Lactose - Free , Sugar - Free Solution to IBD , Celiac Disease , Autism , Cystic Fibrosis , and Other Health Conditions by Raman Prasad . Recommended by Dr . Molly Linton . The Baby Cuisine Cookbook by Shane Valentine with Dr . Tamara Cullen , ND . Internationally inspired organic recipes for babies from 6 to 18 months . Available for sale at Emerald City Clinic . The Whole Life Nutrition Cookbook : Whole Foods Recipes for Personal and Planetary Health by Alissa Segersten and Tom Malterre , MS , CN . A great " go - to " for any meal . Available for sale at Emerald City Clinic . Ongoing Research that YOU can take part in ! Bastyr University is continually recruiting for subjects in their research institue . The following website will take you to their recruitment page which is updated regularly . http : / / www . bastyr . edu / research / recruit / default . asp Metagenics , Inc . ' s Functional Medicine Research Center is recruiting patients with Type II Diabetes for case studies . If you would like to be contaced with more information , please send YOUR email address to amanda @ emeraldcityclinic . com . Click HERE for Emerald City Clinic ' s Calendar http : / / www . my . calendars . net / ecncalendar / d31 / 05 / 2010 ? authenticate = &display = M&style = B | [
"TSH",
"Time of day",
"Endocrine Research"
] |
http://emerils.com/127418/braised-chicken-thighs | Stay in the know Recipe Braised Chicken Thighs This is a chicken dish that does not disappoint Youve gotta cook some rice to eat with this no doubt about it Prep Time 5 minutes Total Time 70 minutes Yield 4 to 6 servings Ingredients 6 chicken thighs about 2 pounds trimmed of any excess skin or fat 1 tablespoon Emerils Original Essence or Emerils Essence Creole Seasoning 1 teaspoon salt 12 cup plus 1 tablespoon allpurpose flour 2 teaspoons olive oil 3 tablespoons unsalted butter 2 cups thinly sliced yellow onions 1 tablespoon minced garlic 6 sprigs fresh thyme tied in a bundle or 2 sprigs fresh rosemary 14 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper 3 cups chicken stock or canned lowsodium chicken broth 14 cup chopped fresh parsley Steamed white rice for serving Directions Season the chicken all over with the Essence and 12 teaspoon of the salt Place the 12 cup flour in a small bowl and quickly dredge both sides of each thigh in the flour shaking to remove any excess Set aside Heat 1 teaspoon of the olive oil in a 10to 12inch flameproof casserole or saute pan over mediumhigh heat Add 2 tablespoons of the butter and when it has melted place the chicken skin side down in the pan Brown for 2 minutes on each side Remove the chicken from the pan and set aside Add the remaining 1 tablespoon butter to the pan and when it has melted add the onions garlic thyme bundle or rosemary sprigs remaining 12 teaspoon salt and the black pepper Cook stirring as needed until the onions are translucent about 4 minutes Sprinkle the 1 tablespoon flour over the onions and cook for 2 minutes longer Then whisk in the chicken stock and increase the heat to high Return the chicken skin side down to the pan and bring the stock to a boil Reduce the heat to mediumlow cover the pan with a heavy tightfitting lid and simmer Uncover the pan stir the bottom of the pan to prevent scorching and turn the chicken skin side up Cover the pan and simmer for 20 minutes longer Stir the bottom of the pan a final time recover and simmer for 20 more minutes Remove the pan from the heat and discard the herb bundle or rosemary sprigs Transfer the chicken to a serving platter Add the parsley to the sauce stir to combine and then spoon the sauce over the chicken Serve with steamed white rice Yields 46 servings Shop Emeril Footwear Line Chef Emeril Launches Kicked Up Footwear Line Watch Emeril Emeril on Youtube Join Chef Emeril Lagasse as he teaches you how to make his signature dishes Recipe Details Source Emeril 204060 Dish Type Entree Cuisine American Cooking Method Braising Any Effort Level Moderate Tags emeril 204060 chicken chicken thighs one pot meal Reviews | [
"Braised Chicken Thighs"
] |
http://emictraining.com/leadership-management-development/ | SOLUTIONS Leadership Management Development EMIC Trainings Leadership and Management Development programmesoffer businesses and individuals the unprecedented ability to understand exactly what needs to be done in order to improve performance This is achieved by a straight forward method of cascading tasks and creating employee ownership focusing on a single information point and performance measurement system This process enables critical analysis of key management information to get desired results As a testimony to the quality of our Leadership and Management programmes EMIC Training is able to offer the Institute of Leadership and Management ILM certification | [
"Leadership Management",
"Development"
] |
http://emigranttrailswest.org/virtual-tour/california-trail/ | California Trail The opening of the California Trail was nearly five years in the making . It began as an unpromising attempt in 1841 with the Bidwell - Bartleson Party struggling along the Humboldt River with their pack animals and ending with a desperate crossing of the Sierra Nevada into the San Joaquin Valley of central California . In 1843 , Joseph Walker led a small wagon party off the Oregon Trail onto the Raft River , in present day southeastern Idaho . From there he guided his party southwest to the Humboldt River near present day Wells , Nevada . After A Guide To The California Trail To The Humboldt River and A Guide To The California Trail Along The Humboldt River . Enjoy your photo tour of the California Trail from the Raft River to the Humboldt Sink . A PHOTO TOUR OF THE CALIFORNIA TRAIL PARTING OF THE WAYS OF THE TRAILS — MARKER C - 1 Near the base of the flat - top hill in the background , the California Trail left the Oregon Trail and headed south up the Raft River valley . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE TRAIL HEADS SOUTH NEAR MARKER C - 2 At this point , the emigrants had traveled about five miles since leaving the Oregon Trail and were dropping down to cross the Raft River to the east side . They would then continue up the river for about ten miles where they would cross over to the west side . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * FROM MARKER C - 4 , THE TRAIL HEADS SOUTHWEST TOWARD CASSIA CREEK After passing McClenden Spring , a feed and water oasis about a mile west of the main trail , the trail follows the ranch road for about three miles south along the base of the mountains to Marker C - 4 . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * HUDSPETH CUTOFF JOINS THE CALIFORNIA TRAIL SOUTH OF MARKER C - 4 The Hudspeth Cutoff , which was opened in 1849 by the wagon train captained by Benoni Hudspeth and guided by John Myers , joined the California Trail about a mile south of Marker C - 4 where the trail turned west to go up Cassia Creek . Even though this cutoff was used by the majority of the 49er migration , it saved little time or distance compared to the Fort Hall route . Photo by Bob Black TRAILS LEAVES CASSIA CREEK AT MARKER C - 5 The trail leaves Cassia Creek near the marker at the Grand View Cemetery and then travels south past the community of Elba , Idaho . It continues up the valley and then heads for the low summit in the mountains . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL NEAR SUMMIT CREEK AT MARKER C - 6 After crossing the summit , the trail veers slowly southwest around the upper Raft River Valley toward the mountains ahead . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL ENTERS THE CITY OF ROCKS NEAR MARKER C - 7 After passing through the present community of Almo , the trail continues southwest up into a valley in the mountains called the City of Rocks . This valley was named for the spectacular large granite pillars and boulders scattered throughout the valley . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL APPROACHING CAMP ROCK AND MARKER C - 8 The trail follows the existing road southwest through the valley . The emigrants used the large boulders as shelter and often camped up against them . Photo by Bob Black EMIGRANT NAMES ALONG THE TRAIL NEAR MARKER C - 8 While the emigrants camped among the massive granite rocks , they often wrote their names on the flat surfaces with axle grease . If they chose a location that was protected from the weather , their names are still visible today . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL LEAVES THE VALLEY THROUGH PINNACLE PASS AT MARKER C - 9 As the trail left the “ Silent City ” as it was called by some of the emigrants , it passed through Pinnacle Pass which was just wide enough for a wagon . This pass was named for the huge granite pillars that guard the pass . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * TRAIL GOES DOWN THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE PASS After the emigrants crossed over the pass , they had easy going down the gentle slope on the south side of the mountain . Photo by Bob Black They had just passed through the pass that some emigrants referred to as “ Echo Gap ” because of the effect caused by the perpendicular granite walls on each side of the gap . * * * * * * * * * * * * * PINNACLE PASS VIEWED FROM THE SOUTH SIDE NEAR MARKER C - 10 This view is probably similar to what the emigrants experienced when they looked back up the trail to the pass . JUNCTION OF THE SALT LAKE CITY CUTOFF IN THE VALLEY AT MARKER C - 10 The actual junction is about 100 yards east and about 50 yards south of the marker . Both trails are visible at the junction . This Cutoff was opened in 1848 by Samuel Hensley and was heavily used by the migration in 1849 . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL JUNCTION IN THE VALLEY NEAR MARKER C - 10 The trail junction is southeast of the marker . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * NEAR MARKER C - 11 , THE TRAIL GOES WEST UP THE VALLEY TO GRANITE PASS From Marker C - 10 , the combined trail continued west about seven miles , crossed Junction Valley , and then went up the gently sloping hills to Granite Pass . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * LOOKING EAST DOWN THE TRAIL FROM GRANITE PASS AND MARKER C - 12 The east side of the pass was easy traveling for the emigrants . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL DROPS DOWN THE WEST SIDE OF THE PASS FROM MARKER C - 12 The traveling was easy when the trail first started the descent down the west side of the pass . Photo by Bob Black THE ERODED TRAIL GOES DOWN THE RIDGE TOWARD BIRCH CREEK The first three miles of the trail down from the pass were quite gentle and easy . T he last mile was another story as it was very steep , rocky and eroded . The section of trail shown in the photo , though rocky and heavily eroded , was not very steep . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE ERODED TRAIL CONTINUES DOWN THE RIDGE TOWARD BIRCH CREEK More of the same rocky and heavily eroded trail . Photo by Bob Black MARKER C - 13 IS ALONG BIRCH CREEK AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HILL Once the emigrants reached the bottom of the slope at Birch Creek , they could breathe a sigh of relief . The trip ahead to Goose Creek was going to be much easier . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL GOES SOUTH ( LEFT ) AROUND THE BASE OF FLATIRON MT ALONG GOOSE CREEK NEAR MARKER C - 14 Once the emigrants reached Goose Creek , they usually camped in the grassy bottom along the creek . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL NEAR MARKER C - 16 IN GOOSE CREEK VALLEY From the camping area , the emigrants followed Goose Creek on down the valley for about ten miles to Marker C - 16 . Photo by Bob Black The trail is close to the present driving road in many places and is marked with white Carsonite markers . TRAIL HEADS WEST UP OUT OF LITTLE GOOSE CREEK NEAR MARKER C - 18 The trail continued on down Goose Creek about another ten miles to the entrance to Little Goose Creek canyon . The trail goes about four miles through the rugged , rocky canyon and then climbs up to the divide between the Snake River drainage and the Great Basin . Photo by Bob Black ROCK SPRING — AT MARKER C - 20 After following Little Goose Creek to its head , the emigrants struck across a sage plain for about ten miles to Rock Spring . This beautiful spring issued from the foot of a cliff of rocks , ran across the trail and then disappeared in the sand . However , it was a not a good place to camp as there was no feed . Photo by Bob Black TRAIL HEADS SOUTH FROM MARKER C - 22 From Rock Spring , the emigrants traveled about five miles south to the side trail to Emigrant Springs . Most of the emigrants turned west here and traveled about a mile to the ample water but usually poor feed . Photo by Bob Black Leaving this small oasis , the emigrants returned to the main trail and headed south once more . They traveled about four miles and then reached Chicken Springs and Mud Springs . The alkali water found here was not very good . * * * * * * * * * * * * * LOOKING BACK UP THE TRAIL NEAR MARKER C - 22 From Chicken Springs , the trail ran up and over a hill and then dropped down into Thousand Springs Valley . The three miles of trail between Marker C - 22 and Marker C - 23 is a fine example of original trail and makes a great hike since it looks much like it did when the emigrants traveled over it . The trail is marked with white Carsonite markers all the way . Photo by Bob Black LOOKING NORTH UP THE TRAIL FROM MARKER C - 23 LOOKING NORTH UP THE TRAIL FROM C - 24 The original trail is visible starting one mile south of Marker C - 23 and going five miles to Marker C - 24 . Photo by Bob Black The trail is located between the bladed driving road and Thousand Springs Creek . INFO KIOSK ON THE TRAIL NEAR MARKER C - 25 The trail continues south another ten miles to this information kiosk . Nearby on the west side of Thousand Springs Creek , the emigrants found both hot and cold springs located about five feet apart . The small streams running from the springs ran together and then made a great place to take a bath ! Needless to say , this was a very popular camping area . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * LOOKING UP THE TRAIL TOWARD MARKER C - 25 The trail goes south from the springs in Thousand Springs Valley about eleven miles to Marker C - 27 . Photo by Bob Black LOOKING NORTH UP THE TRAIL FROM MARKER C - 27 The trail comes up the West Brush Creek canyon to the marker . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL GOES UP WEST BRUSH CREEK CANYON Fro m Marker C - 27 , the trail goes south up the drainage three miles to the top of the ridge . This dividing ridge separates the waters flowing east to the Great Salt Lake Basin and south to the Humboldt River . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * LOOKING EAST TO MARKER C - 27 AND THE TRAIL JUNCTION FROM THE BISHOP CREEK BRANCH OF THE TRAIL After crossing over the summit , the trail goes south about three miles to a fork in the trail . The right hand branch , the Bishop Creek Route opened in 1843 by Joseph Walker , goes west through Bishop Canyon to the Humboldt River . Most of the emigrants went this way . The left hand branch goes south to the Humboldt Wells in present Wells , Nevada . These springs are the beginning of the Humboldt River . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL GOES WEST AT MARKER C - 32 This location is about seven miles west of the point where the two branches of the trail came back together . This location is interesting in that the old emigrant trail and the abandoned road bed of the Central Pacific Railroad , constructed in 1869 , are adjacent to each other . LOOKING UP THE TRAIL NEAR HALLECK The trail headed west and then southwest for about fifteen miles to reach this point . The trail location changed from year to year depending on the water conditions . In dry years like 1849 the trail stayed close to the Humboldt River . In wet years like 1850 the trail took to the higher ground on the sand bluffs . In this area in 1846 , the Bryant - Russel pack train coming west from the Hastings Cutoff , met the Applegate pack train traveling east along the Humboldt River . The Applegate party had just blazed a wagon route from the Willamette Valley in Oregon to the California Trail . This was the Applegate Trail . Photo by Bob Black MARKER C - 37 AT THE HOT SPRINGS WEST OF ELKO The trail continued west and southwest along the Humboldt River corridor for about twenty - five miles to the hot springs located about 2 miles west of Elko on the east side of the river . These springs drained into the river and made it possible for the emigrants to bathe in warm water . There was fine camping in the slough area going west along the river . Photo by Bob Black LOOKING UP THE RIVER AT MARKER C - 39 After traveling west about ten miles from the hot springs , the emigrants reached a trail junction and had a choice of routes . They could go west up over the hills on the Greenhorn Cutoff or they could continue along the river and go through the Carlin Canyon . Even though there were four river crossings , the canyon route was not very difficult and most of the emigrants chose this route . About a mile west of this trail junction , there was another junction . This is where the Hastings Cutoff came into the California Trail from the east after coming down through the S . Fork of the Humboldt River canyon . After continuing west on the trail west for another eight miles , the emigrants reached the junction where the Greenhorn Cutoff rejoined the California Trail at Marker C - 40 / G - 7 . THE TRAIL GOES SOUTH UP THE RAVINE AT MARKER C - 41 In order to avoid the impassable Palisade Canyon through which the Humboldt River flowed , the emigrants left the river and headed up the ravine to Emigrant Pass . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL DESCENDS FROM EMIGRANT PASS TO MARKER C - 43 IN EMIGRANT CANYON After crossing the pass , the emigrants at first had a rocky , winding route down a narrow ravine . Then the canyon opened up and the rest of trip down the mountain was fairly easy . Photo by Bob Black THE TRAIL HEADS DOWN TO MARKER C - 44 After leaving the last marker , several branches of the trail went downhill toward the river . The main trail went past the marker and the unknown emigrant graves in the fenced enclosure to the Humboldt River at Gravelly Ford . THIS PLATE IS NEAR MARKER C - 44 NEAR THE GRAVELLY FORD SITE This ford was one of the notable sites on the California Trail and was mentioned in a lot of the emigrant diaries . The trail split here ; one fork went down each side of the Humboldt River all the way to Big Meadows . The north side trail was known as the bluff trail or the dry weather route and received the greatest use . The south side of the river near the ford had grass and a camping area so many of the emigrants crossed the river here and then continued down the south side trail . THE TRAIL HEADS UP THE HILL AT IRON POINT NEAR MARKER C - 58 This location , on the south side trail , is the steep sand hill where the Reed - Snyder fight took place on Oct . 5 , 1846 . After much quarrellng , Reed plunged a knife into Snyder ’ s chest and killed him . THE TRAIL GOES WEST PAST MARKER C - 64 This marker is located at a fork in the north side trail . The right fork was the continuation of the Dry Cutoff and took off across the table land . The left fork continued on down the river . ALONG THE TRAIL BETWEEN MARKER C - 64 AND C - 65 The old trail , now a ranch road , can be driven for long distances through country that has changed little since the days that the emigrants passed by . Photo by Bob Black THE DRY CUTOFF CONTINUES PAST MARKER C - 65 ON ITS WAY SOUTH TO THE RIVER . This section of the Dry Cutoff can easily be driven in a 4WD vehicle from Marker C - 65 to the County Road at the Callahan Bridge over the Humboldt River . Photo by Bob Black LOOKING SW DOWN THE HUMBOLDT RIVER NEAR MARKER C - 66 The two forks of the north side trail rejoined about two miles back up the trail . The combined north side trail continued on into the Lassen Meadow where the emigrants found feed . They usually camped here for a day or two to cut hay and recruit their livestock . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * JUNCTION WITH THE APPLEGATE TRAIL AT MARKER C - 67 / A - 1 Along the Humboldt River in Lassen Meadows , the Applegate Trail left the main trail and headed west to southern Oregon . Photo by Bob Black AT MARKER C - 68 THE CUTOFF TRAIL FROM LASSEN MEADOWS REJOINED THE SOUTH SIDE TRAIL As shown in the photo , the country was very sandy . The trail became very dusty and rutted easily . For this reason , the emigrants did not travel on just one set of tracks but moved over when the trail got too bad . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * THE TRAIL GOES PAST MARKER C - 69 This marker is located on the north side trail . The original trail runs right next to much of the ranch road for the next five miles . Photo by Bob Black A RANCH ROAD GOES PAST MARKER C - 70 A section of original north side trail is located just west of the dirt road in this area . * * * * * * * * * * * * THE TRAIL GOES PAST MARKER C - 72 The dry , dusty trail north side trail continues south parallel to the river for about nine miles to Marker C - 75 . Photo by Bob Black MARKER C - 73 IS LOCATED ON THE SOUTH SIDE TRAIL The marker is located on a short section of original trail . Photo by Bob Black MARKER C - 74 SITS ALONG THE SOUTH SIDE TRAIL A section of original trail runs north from this marker for about three miles . THE SOUTH SIDE TRAIL AS IT GOES SOUTH The original trail is easily visible as a scar in the sage brush along the side of the ranch road . It extends for several miles as the trail heads toward Marker C - 78 . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * * TRAIL PASSED OVER MORE OF THE SANDY DESERT AT MARKER C - 78 By the time the emigrants reached this point , they were so tired of traveling over the sandy , salty and monotonous desert that they vowed they would never come this way again . Photo by Bob Black MARKER C - 79 IS LOCATED NORTH OF THE COURTHOUSE IN LOVELOCK , NEVADA Prior to the agricultural development around Lovelock , the Humboldt River had spread out over a vast area and had created a lot of natural meadows . These meadows provided the last chance for the emigrants to recruit their livestock and cut hay for passage over the dreaded Forty Mile Desert . Photo by Bob Black * * * * * * * * * * * * * MARKER C - 83 NEAR TOULON The last chance for the emigrants to obtain water was here at the sulfur wells dug near the southern edge of the sink . Most emigrants described the wells in bleak terms such as “ nearly full of very bad water , more strongly impregnated with salt than with sulfur . ” The California Trail forked about four miles south of the wells . The left branch was the Carson Trail , opened in 1848 , and the right branch was the Truckee Trail opened in 1844 . Return to the top of the page | [
"California Trail",
"Bidwell-Bartleson Party",
"Joseph Walker"
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http://emilycompost.com/morning_glory.htm | E - Mail to Emily Home Search EmilyCompost Emily ' s Mailbox Plant Index Articles Bookworms Gardening with Kids Selected Links Ipomoea batatas ' Blackie ' ( ip - oh - MEE - ah ) Morning Glory ( Sweet Potato Vine ) CONVOLVULACEAE Hard to believe that this is a Morning Glory , but it is in that family . One would normally think it is related to the potato family , but it is not . The variety ' blackie ' shown in the picture is a fast grower . The flowers are really inconspicuous and generally this plant is used for its foliage in conjunction with other plants in container arrangements . This is a tuberous perennial climber with a fleshy stem and it has a leaf that is heart - shaped to ovate . The season to be enjoyed is a long one from spring ' til frost and in some semi - tropical or tropical zones it grows all year long . The plant material is used in hanging baskets and window boxes . It is a great plant to use as a ground cover , and in beds , but since it is very thin leaved it will require a fair amount of watering . It likes to be moist . Plant in well drained , moist , humus soil . This is a trailing stem - rooting vine which means each node on the stem will readily root in soil along the way . It is an easy plant to propagate from vine cuttings or by dividing the tubers at time of planting . Look for other varieties : ' Chart Wise ' and ' Madras ' ( which has light green and pink leaves ) . It will do well in full sun , but will tolerate some light shade . A very vigorous grower . Propagation Morning glories are generally planted in the spring time . They are annuals but are great self seeders form year to year . People often think they are perennials because they come back so readily from year to year , it is just that the seed carries over well . Wintering Over The Ipomoea batatas ' Blackie ' can be wintered over indoors . Cut back the water to about once a month and it will go dormant for the winter . Just put the hanging pot back outside after the temps get above the mid 40s to 50 . Emily : Is the potato plant poisonous ? What gives ! Dear Emily : I recently purchased what I was told was a Potato Vine . Afterwards I read that the wilted leaves of the Potato bush or Vine are " deadly poisonous " . Is it poisonous ? I have a 2 year old and do not want such a poisonous plant around if it is . A : Unfortunately , parts of many plants are poisonous . The Ipomoea batatas ' Blackie ' or Sweet Potato Vine is sometimes called Morning Glory . All the plants that I have seen called the Morning Glory are in the Ipomoea species . We have seen the Morning Glory listed as poisonous on a few websites . Emily : I am trying to start a sweet potato plant for ivy which is working by using the toothpicks and putting the base in water . Roots are forming and the beginning of leaves from the top of the potato which is in water in a sunny window . When I plant it in dirt for a hanging plant , how far should I bury the potato ? Or is that what I should do ? Can you help me ? A : You are starting the sweet potato perfectly . When transplanting into a good potting soil , plant up to where the roots start to form . | [
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http://emilypost.com/business/seminars/ | Business Business Seminars and Training When individuals build successful relationships , organizations benefit Overview Program Topics Who Benefits Clients Testimonials Contact Personal Skills for Professional Success — that ’ s the subtitle of our flagship book on etiquette , The Etiquette Advantage in Business , 3rd edition , and it ’ s why business etiquette training is so valuable for companies and for individuals . Whether it is in a meeting , in a communication , around a water cooler , on a business trip , at a business social mixer , or at an important business meal , personal skills make or break relationships . An individual ’ s professional success hinges on how well he or she can build strong relationships . In turn , when an individual is successful , their company succeeds as well . Business etiquette training directly impacts the bottom line because decision makers , colleagues , bosses , clients , and prospects will choose to do business with people in whom they have confidence . The Emily Post Business Etiquette Seminars teach participants : The manners that people expect them to know The skills to figure out how to interact with others successfully when there is no manner The confidence to handle any situation , from the day - to - day to the crucial How to use every interaction as an opportunity to enhance relationships The end result : Participants who know how to build better , stronger , more successful relationships . Consequently , they gain the competitive edge . We do n ’ t offer open enrollment seminars . They are customized to a client ’ s needs and desired outcomes and held at the client ’ s office or a nearby hotel on their chosen date . Who benefits from Business Etiquette Seminars ? New Hires Sales Professionals Leadership and Management Training Programs Seasoned Professionals and Senior Management Inter - generational Workforces Read more about who benefits from Business Etiquette Seminars . Length Half - day ( up to four hours ) Full - day ( up to eight hours ) Dining add - on : a dining etiquette lunch or dinner may be added on to a seminar ( additional fee applies ) Choose from these topics to customize your program : What is Etiquette ? and Why Business Etiquette Matters Intergenerational Differences The Five - step Method for Resolving Relationship Situations Civility in the Workplace Introductions Communication Etiquette Business Social Situations and Networking Social Media Etiquette Professional Image and Attire Building Your Personal Brand International Perspectives Meeting Etiquette Workplace Etiquette Dining Etiquette The 24 / 7 Professional Read more detailed information about our seminar topics PETER POST is the great - grandson of Emily Post and the managing director of The Emily Post Institute . As the creator of the Emily Post Business Etiquette seminars , he leads business seminars for companies both in the United States and abroad . Author of the New York Times bestseller Essential Manners for Men and co - author of The Etiquette Advantage in Business , 3rd edition , he writes a weekly question - and - answer business etiquette advice column , “ Etiquette at Work , ” that appears in the Boston Sunday Globe DANIEL POST SENNING is the great - great - grandson of Emily Post and a co - author of Emily Post ’ s Etiquette , 18th edition and The Etiquette Advantage in Business . He is also the author of Manners in a Digital World : Living Well Online . Dan conducts business etiquette seminars across the country and internationally , and he co - hosts the Awesome Etiquette podcast . Daniel Post Senning ( 802 ) 860 - 1814 dan @ emilypost . com Please contact Daniel Post Senning for more information on program details , presenter availability and pricing by filling out our contact form . Contact Us | [
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http://emiratesdiary.com/uae-tips/procedure-employment-visa-uae | Ultimate Guide to Visas in Dubai ! By : Deepak | In : UAE Tips | Last Updated : 17 / 09 / 2016 Guide to Dubai Residence Visa – Process and Documents . Table of Contents Guide to Dubai Residence Visa – Process and Documents . Process of applying for visas : Types of Visas : Documents required and Steps 1 . New Employment Visa 2 . Renewal of Employment Visa Documents Required 3 . Cancellation of Employment Visa Visa cancellation employee is outside of the UAE : 4 . Mission Visa 5 . New Residence Visa for Wife Steps – Family Visa ( Wife , Children ) Application : 6 . Sponsoring Children – under 18 years 7 . Sponsoring New Born Baby ( when child born and has not left the UAE ) 8 . RENEWAL – WIFE ’ S VISA 9 . Child visa renewal – under 18 years 10 . House Maid Visa 11 . Parent ’ s Residence visa or Parent ’ s in Law Visa ( Mother Visa , Father Visa , Mother in Law , Father in Law visa ) Any expat who likes to live , study or work in UAE , requires resident visa . If you are working , your employer usually sponsors your residence visa . If you are studying here , your University or College would be your sponsor . If you are not working , but are part of a family ( Spouse , Child ) , the main income earner sponsors your residence visa . The Residency and Naturalisation Department , part of Ministry of Interior is responsible to process and provide your residence visa . In this guide , I will cover Process of applying for visas : Recently the Residency Department ( Immigration ) has completely overhauled the way in which the visas are processed . You no longer have to visit the Immigration Department to apply for the visa . Everything has been converted into an online process wherein you will have to visit an Authorised Typing centre , who will collect all the required documents , scan the documents , type the necessary online forms and submit to the immigration . After verifying these documents , the immigration provides online approval . If you wish that your visas to be processed the normal way , Zajil services ( Government appointed courier services ) will contact you to collect the passport , stamp the visa and return the passport . If you wished to have it done by yourself , you will need to visit the immigration and get it stamped yourself ( in case of urgency ) . By doing this , the Immigration department has completely eliminated for us to visit the immigration department . All the work of scanning the documents , servicing is done the Authorised Typing centres . I have heard that there were special training sessions held for the typing centres and their eligibility checked in order to approve them . - Starting March 2016 charges , including Deposits , Guarantees , Courier and file opening fees will be processed through Authorised typing centres . Refund can be processed only to the sponsor ’ s Bank Account . IBAN ( International Bank Account Number ) of the Sponsor ( applicant ) is required . – You need to visit the Immigration Department only after the approval of your online application . You will receive SMS incase of approval , modification or rejection . White colour Visa will be mailed to applicant ’ s e - mail address after approval . If you need pink colour visa , you can visit any Immigration Dubai branch after receiving approval SMS . No extra fee . For stamping you will need to visit the Immigration or use Zajil services Insurance is mandatory for all types of visa . In most cases , your company applies for the insurance . For your dependents , if your company does not provide insurance , you are responsible to provide this out of your cost . The insurance is required before you are issued any type of visa ! ! So the process is very simple : You gather all required documents ; Visit an authorised typing centre Handover all the documents ; The typing centre scans documents and types in forms ; Immigration approves ; You receive an SMS saying your application is approved ; Zajil collects your passport or you ( your PRO ) visit immigration department to get visa stamped . So , it is quite straight forward and easy these days to apply for a residence visa . NOTE : Before a Company ( onshore company ) can apply for a residence visa for their employees , they will need following documents ready : Company Immigration Card ; Company Labour Card ; DNRD Registration ; I assume that companies would already have these documents ready before they can apply for their employees ’ visas and labour cards . Types of Visas : Documents required and Steps 1 . New Employment Visa If you have obtained a new employment here or are changing your job , in order to work and live in UAE , you will require a residence visa which is usually provided for by your company or employer . The process is similar in the Free Zones as well ; however in the free zones , yo are not required to obtain Labour Approval through Ministry of Labour . Documents required for application of new employment visa : Copy of you valid Passport . Your passport should be current and must have a validity of at least 6 months ; 1 Passport Size photograph with white background ; Copy of qualification certificate attested in the country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the UAE . Your Convocation Certificate should be attested by relevant authorities in your country of education and by UAE embassy in your country of education , Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the UAE ; Copy of the visa cancellation Page and cancellation receipt only applicable if person has previously held a UAE Employment visa ; Clear and colour copy of Emirates ID ( if you were resident in UAE and not applicable for first timers ) . Additional note : The original passport is required only when the E - Visa has been issued ; Please ensure that the passport validity 6 months and empty page on the passport for visa stamp ; Status change fees will apply when E Visa issued when employee is within UAE ; If the E - Visa is issued when employee is outside , the original visa to be emailed to or sent to the employee to present to the immigration official at the airport when entering the country . Fees for new employment visa including MOL charges : Particulars AED Quota submission and initial approval 265 / - Labour Approval 1,553 / - Medical ( Blood Test ) - Special 750 / - Medical ( Blood Test ) - Normal 400 / - Residence Visa 420 / - Bank Guarantee ( Held by UAE bank and refundable upon visa cancellation ) 3000 / - Emirates ID card processing fee 270 / - Miscellaneous Fees ( bank charges , typing0 100 / - Fees for issuing E - visa when person is inside country 660 / - Fee for changing the status of an E - Visa 530 / - Rates are subject to change . Steps involved in New Employment Visa Step 1 Quota Approval : Once the employee documents are reviewed , their designation is then submitted to the Ministry of Labour approval ; Step 2 Initial Approval : Paper work for the individual is submitted against the approved quota . Please note that certain nationalities applying may be forwarded to security for additional checks ; Step 3 : Payment of Bank guarantee & Labour Approval Fee ; Step 4 : Submit E - Visa Application form ; Step 5 E - Visa issued ( manually obtained visa is called ‘ Pink Visa ’ ) online ; Step 6 Outside the Country : E - Visa is sent via email for the employee to print and present at the immigration counter upon arrival into the UAE Step 7 : If employees is inside UAE , original passport is required to change the status of the employee ; Step 8 Blood Test and EID : Employee will be required to undergo the blood test and to fill in Emirates ID application at the typing centre ; Step 9 Labour Contract : The government issued Labour contract which will be signed by employee in places and the local sponsor or company appointed signatory . Step 10 Visa Stamping : Once the blood test results have been issued and are positive and Labour contract has been submitted and approved by the Labour office the application will be submitted online for visa stamping . 2 . Renewal of Employment Visa Before your employment visa expires ( usually every 2 years ) , you are required to renew the residence visa . Documents Required Original Passport must have at least 6 months validity and have one empty page ; Original Emirates ID Card ; 2 Passport size photographs on white back ground ; Completed personal detail form . Additional Notes : The renewal must take place before the expiry date mentioned on the visa ; The passport must be valid for 6 months and have one empty page ; All amendment ( salary and designation ) must be updated . Fees for the renewal of Employment visa ( subject to change ) Particulars AED Visa Stamping 420 / - Labour Approval Fees ( renewal ) 1553 / - Medical ( Blood Test ) - Special 750 / - Medical ( Blood Test ) - Normal 400 / - Emirates ID card processing fee 270 / - Steps involved in Renewal of Employment Visa : Step 1 : Your Labour / Employment Contract must be renewed at the Ministry of Labour ; Step 2 : Emirates ID renewal typing at the Authorised Typing centres + Medical examination ; Step 3 : Once positive medical examination results are obtained , your PRO must visit the immigration for stamping or call for Zajil to pick up your passport for stamping . 3 . Cancellation of Employment Visa If you have resigned from your work , terminated or found a new job , your existing labour contract and residence visa must be cancelled . Previously , companies allowed transfer of visas ; but off late this is rarely done . Hence , you will have to cancel your visa and obtain a new residence visa . The steps and documents required are very easy . Documents Required : Original Passport ; Original Emirates ID Card ; Signature of employee on cancellation form . Fees : Visa cancellation fees are AED 180 . Important : If your family or domestic are staff under your sponsorship : The family or domestic visas need to be cancelled first only then can the primary visa be cancelled ; If you already have approval from another sponsor and do not wish to cancel your family visas you may transfer all dependents over to your new visa by keeping a deposit of AED 5000 per dependent ; Holding family visa is completely at the discretion of the Immigration Department and will only be reviewed if you are changing visas within the same Emirates . A refundable deposit of AED 5000 / - must be paid to hold the family visas . This is kept by Immigration Department and refunded when the visa has been reinstated Visa cancellation employee is outside of the UAE : Documents required : If the person has been outside the country for less than 6 months : Original Passport The original passport must be sent to the company in order to remove from under company ’ s sponsorship . Documents required : If the person has been outside the country for longer than 6 months : Copy of Passport Copy of Visa Fees for this kind of cancellation is : AED 300 . 4 . Mission Visa What is Mission Visa ? Mission visa is a type of visa that enables individual to work for a company for up to 3 months continuously in UAE . To obtain Mission Visa , a company should have no violations at the Ministry of Labour . The employee should not have any kind of labour ban or immigration ban . Documents required : Copy of Passport and passport should be current and have a validity of at least 6 months ; 6 Passport Size photograph with white background ; Copy of qualification certificate attested in the country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the UAE ; Completed personal details form . Note : The employee must be outside the country at the time of the visa application and must not hold a 6 months labour ban ; This is a single entry visa and employee can not exit country and reenter on the visa ; This visa is valid for 90 days and extendable for an additional 90 days ; The E - Visa is valid only for 14 days . Employee must enter UAE before the expiry ; Medical examinations are mandatory for all employees entering the UAE on valid mission visa . Fees application for Mission Visa : Application 115 / - Work Permit fees for 90 days 506 / - Bank Guarantee 3000 / - Fees for Issuing Visa from Immigration Medical ( Blood Test ) Renewing the work permit for another additional 90 days 506 / - Renewal of Mission Visa 1300 / - 5 . New Residence Visa for Wife If you would like your spouse to live with you here in UAE , then they must have a valid residence visa . Documents required for Wife Visa - Wife ’ s Document : Original Passport should be current and valid for at least 6 months ; Original marriage certificate that has been attested and notarized in country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in UAE ; 1 Passport Size photograph with white background ; Copy of clear and colour copy of old emirates ID Card ( if holder of previous residence visa in UAE ) ; Completed personal details form . Husband ’ s documents : Passport copy with visa page ; Copy of Labour Contract ; Copy of the Ejari , Original Tenancy Contract ; Copy of latest month DEWA Bill . Fees applicable for Wife ’ s visa : File Open 220 / - Visa Issue 360 / - Issuing Visa Inside country 660 / - Status Change 510 / - Medical ( Blood Test ) Fee for registration of lease with RERA 195 / - Note : Status change fee will apply if the pink visa issued while person is inside UAE ; The application can not be started until the Husband ’ s labour contract has been issued ; Please ensure that the passport is validly for 3 months and one empty page on the passport for the visa to be stamped ; The original passport is required only when the pink visa has been issued ; The original visa is to be deposited at the airport on arrival if the visa issued while person is outside the country ; Once the status change takes effect the person is not permitted to travel until the visa has been stamped on their passport . Steps – Family Visa ( Wife , Children ) Application Step 1 : Prepare the Documents ; : Pink Visa Application Form to be signed by individual sponsor ( Father / Mother / Husband ) ; Step 3 : Pink Visa Issued ; Step 4 : Outside the Country - Pink visa to be deposited in the airport immigration and to be collected when family enters the country ; Step 5 : Inside the Country - Original passport required to complete the status change procedure ; Step 6 : Blood Test & EID - The wife and any children above 18 will be asked to do the medical test and proceed for the EID application . Step 7 : Visa Stamping : Once the blood test results have been issued and EID registration completed you can visit the Immigration department to get the visa stamped or request services of Zajil . 6 . Sponsoring Children – under 18 years Documents required for the child : Copy of Passport which should be current and validity of at least 6 months ; 1 Passport Size photograph with white background Original birth certificate that has been attested and notarized in country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in UAE ; Copy of clear and colour copy of old emirates ID Card ( if holder of previous residence visa in UAE ) ; Completed personal details form Father ’ s documents : Passport copy with visa page ; Copy of Labour Contract ; Copy of the Ejari , Original Tenancy Contract ; Copy of last month DEWA Bill ; Original EID or Passport . Fees applicable for Child ’ s visa sponsorship : Visa Issue 360 / - Issuing Visa Inside country 410 / - Status Change 510 / - Status change fee will apply if the pink visa issued while person is inside UAE ; The application can not be started until the Father ’ s labour card has been issued ; Please ensure that the passport is validly for 3 months and one empty page on the passport for the visa to be stamped ; The original passport is required only when the pink visa has been issued ; The original visa is to be deposited at the airport on arrival if the visa issued while person is outside the country ; Once the status change takes effect the person is not permitted to travel until the visa has been stamped on their passport . 7 . Sponsoring New Born Baby ( when child born and has not left the UAE ) Documents required : Copy of Passport – should be current and validity of atleast 6 months ; 1 Passport Size photograph with white background ; Original birth certificate that has been attested and notarized in country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in UAE ; Father ’ s documents : Copy of labour contract ; Copy of last month DEWA Bill . Fees : Visa Stamping : AED 410 Emirates ID : AED 400 8 . RENEWAL – WIFE ’ S VISA Documents required from wife : Wife ’ s Document : Original Passport should be current and valid for at least 6 months ; Original marriage certificate that has been attested and notarized in country of origin and stamped at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in UAE ; 6 Passport Size photograph with white background ; Completed personal details form Husband ’ s documents : Copy of last month DEWA Bill Fees Applicable : Residence Visa Stamping Fee for registration of lease with RERa 195 / - Please ensure that the passport is validly for 3 months and one empty page on the passport for the visa to be stamped . 9 . Child visa renewal – under 18 years Copy of Passport should be current and validity of at least 6 months ; Original Emirates ID ; Copy of last month DEWA Bill ; Original EID or Passport ; Fees for the renewal of Child ’ s visa : Residency Visa Stamping 10 . House Maid Visa If your salary is AED 8000 and above , you are eligible to employ a house maid . Also note that you must be married to sponsor a house maid , be living with your family and you must not be related to the person you intend to hire as a house maid . Maid ’ s nationality can only be India , Philippines , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Indonesia and Ethiopia . Documents required from the house maid : Copy of Passport should be current and validity of at least 6 months ; Completed personal details form ; Copy of deposit receipt . Documents from person sponsoring ( sponsor ) the maid : Copy of Labour contract ; Copy of last month DEWA Bill . Fees for Maid Visa : 5460 / - Note : Minimum salary required is AED 8000 / - in order to sponsor a maid and sponsor should be married ; The tenancy contract should be at least 2 bedrooms and clearly stated on the contract of Ejari ; All maids should go under pregnancy test as part of their medical examination ; Sponsor can not be a bachelor ; If the maid is in the UAE on cancelled visa , Visit Visa or Touris Visa Dh1230 to be paid extra for Dh680 to issue visa inside the country and Dh550 for status amendment ) . Minimum Wage requirement should be fulfilled as per the origin country ’ s rules and regulations . If the house maid is from the same country as that of the Sponsor , a No Relation Certificate must be obtained from the Sponsor ’ s Embassy / Consulate ; Usually the minimum age of the maid should be 30 years and Maximum age should be 58 years . 11 . Parent ’ s Residence visa or Parent ’ s in Law Visa ( Mother Visa , Father Visa , Mother in Law , Father in Law visa ) Apart from the online process , the requirement of documentation remains same for the parents ’ or Parents in laws ’ visas . I have written a post previously . You may read at the following link : Parents Visa Application – Documents required and process . This article is meant to be a guide and since the rules and regulations change frequently , please consult authorised typing centres or Immigration for any clarification . This article will be updated regularly ! Emirates Diary This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://emmalinebride.com/bride/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-wedding-garter/ | 7 Things You Did n ’ t Know about the Wedding Garter Hello , loves ! Happy Friday ! Today we ’ re talking about the wedding garter and seven ( surprising ! ) things you did n ’ t know about it . The wedding garter dates back to the 14th century and its origin and tradition was much different than it is today . Read on to find out these interesting facts and check out some hand - picked wedding garters crafted by Garters by Kristi . Enjoy ! The Wedding Garter 1 . The wedding garter toss is said to be one of the oldest wedding traditions . The tradition dates back to the 14th century in Europe when wedding guests used to think the bride ’ s dress was good luck . In a most ridiculous way , guests would start yanking at fabric pieces from her dress to keep pieces of ‘ good luck ’ and , in her defense , the bride would throw things at them , one of these things being her garter . ( source ) Hence , the tradition was born . Luckily , guests no longer pull at the bride ’ s dress — considering that some dresses today cost more than a car . 2 . The bridal party used to participate in a strange version of the garter toss . Oddly enough , in the Dark Ages the bridal party would actually wait outside the wedded couple ’ s bedroom after the ceremony and , when the bride removed the garter , the bridal party would take turns throwing the garter at the groom . Whomever hit the groom ’ s nose with the garter was deemed the next to marry . ( source RELATED : Bridal Footwear Bliss : Benjamin Adams London 3 . Traditionally , the garter is worn on the right leg . However , you can wear is on either leg , whichever is most comfortable . 4 . If the bride decides to wear a toss garter … … it is worn underneath the bridal garter . This makes it easy for tossing during the reception . The bridal garter is removed later during the honeymoon night . 5 . The groom tosses the garter to unmarried men … … and the one who catches it is said to marry next . The man who catches the garter also shares a dance with the woman who catches the bride ’ s bouquet . In centuries past , the man who caught the garter was said to wear the garter on his hat until he met a woman whom he loved , to which he would gift the garter as good luck . Today ? The man who catches the garter tends to drink , dance , and wear the garter around his head like a makeshift headband . 6 . The garter has once been known as a ‘ survival tool ’ . Guests believed accessories by the bride ( fabric from her dress , stockings , her garter ) possessed good luck from the bride on her wedding day . While being rushed to the altar ( while guests stampede behind to grab some good luck ) , the bride would toss the garter to the mob to prevent being trampled . Holy cow . ( RELATED : Golden Maple Leaf Hair Crown - - # HANDMADEADAY 7 . The most popular way to possess “ something blue ” is with a blue garter . Now that you know a little more about the history of the wedding garter , let ’ s take a look at some gorgeous wedding garters by Garters by Kristi . Kristi makes TONS of handmade wedding garters and there is one in any color you can imagine . Here are a few favorites … Garters are custom made to order in your choice of color palette . You can find novelty garters at ( with custom orders available ) . I have to represent my Detroit Tigers with this one . Go Tigers ! To view MANY more garters or to order yours , visit . These are just a few of the many beautiful garters you can find in her shop . Garters by Kristi is a Featured Artisan in The Marketplace Happy Planning ! ♥ - E . bridal garter garters garters by kristi something blue tradition wedding | [
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http://emmerdale.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Emmerdale_characters | in : Characters Emmerdale characters Category page Edit Emmerdale Farm characters Emmerdale characters Intended to be a list of all Emmerdale ( 1989 - present ) characters ( major and minor ) , along with appropriate subcategories . For Emmerdale Farm characters ( 1972 - 1989 ) see Category : Emmerdale Farm characters Contents Top 0 - 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Jacob Gallagher Liv Flaherty Aaron Dingle Robert Sugden Maya Stepney Joe Tate James Tate Lachlan White All items ( 1436 ) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Other A Aaron Dingle Abby ( 2018 character ) Abi Peterson Adam Barton Adam Forrester Adam Forsythe Adele Allfrey Adrien Collins Aiesha Richards Airport Officer ( Episode 6597 ) Airport Official ( Episode 4191 ) Alan Turner Alasdair Sinclair Alastair Harper Albert Dingle Alberto ( Episode 7239 ) Alex Mason Alex Matthews Alex Moss Alexandra ( Episode 7594 / 7595 ) Ali Spencer Alice Bates Alice Dingle Alicia Metcalfe Alistair Marsden Amanda ( Episode 7970 ) Amba Metcalfe Amelia Dumphreys Amelia Spencer Amos Brearly Amy Barchester Amy Carter Amy Wyatt Andrea Hayworth Andrew ( Tom Carter ) Andrew Barley Andrew Dakin Andrew Drake Andrew Flanagan Andrew Fraser Andy Sugden Angelica King Angharad McAllister Angie Bailey Angie Reynolds Angus Munro Category : Animals Anita ( Episode 7273 ) Anna ( Episode 7845 ) Anna De Souza Anne Sutton Anne - Marie Weston Annie Kelly Annie Sugden Announcer ( Episode 1460 ) Anthea ( Episode 7776 ) Anthony Cairns Antonia ( Episode 8039 ) Anya Goodwin Anya King Anya Peate April Brooks April Windsor Archie Breckle Archie Brooks Armed Police Officer ( Episode 8252 ) Armed Response Officer ( Episode 8160 ) Arthur Prendagast Arthur Thomas Ashley Thomas Attendant ( Episode 7270 ) Aubrey ( Episode 7741 ) Aubrey Bedford Auctioneer ( Episode 2478 ) Auctioneer ( Robin Bowerman ) Audrie Woodhouse Awkward Customer ( Episode 2383 ) B B&B Guest ( Episode 7764 ) Bank Employee ( Episode 7730 / 7731 ) Barbara ( Episode 8232 ) Barbara Hope Barbara Kirk Barman ( Episode 1428 ) Barrister ( Ian Keith ) Barrister ( Martin Oldfield ) Barrister Fisher Barry ( Episode 7764 ) Barry Brook Barry Clegg Bear Wolf Beatrice Swann Beattie Dixon Beattie Dowton Ben ( Episode 7453 / 7454 ) Ben Dingle Ben Dowton Ben McCarthy Bernard ( Episode 7725 ) Bernard McAllister Bernice Blackstock Beth ( 2018 character ) Beth Anderson Betty Eagleton Bev Jackson Bev Mansfield Bev Murphy Bhari Doshi Biff Fowler Bill Middleton Bill Whiteley Billy Fletcher Billy Hopwood Category : Births Bishop Barry Blake Crosby Bob Hope Bob Naylor Bob Thorley Bobby ( 2016 character ) Bonnie Drinkwater Bonnie Meredith Category : Book characters Bouncer ( Liz Hume - Dawson ) Boy 1 ( Episode 7699 ) Boy 2 ( Episode 7699 ) Brando Dingle Brenda MacFarlane Brenda Walker Brett Chappell Brian ( Episode 7396 ) Brian Addyman Brian Roberts Britt Woods Brittany ( 2018 character ) Bruce Baines Bus Driver ( Episode 7699 ) Butch Dingle Butler ( Jim Marsh ) Buyer ( Episode 8082 ) C Cain Dingle Caleb Dingle Callum Rennie Cameron Murray Carl Holliday Carl King Carlos Diaz Carly Hope Carmel Morgan Carol ( Episode 7974 ) Carol Cohran Carol Lumby Carol Nelson Carol Simmons Carol Wareing Caroline Bates Caroline Kershaw Caroline Swann Carrie Granger Carrie Nicholls Catherine Shields Cathy Hope Category : Characters by profession Category : Characters by residence Category : Characters played by different actors Charity Dingle Charles Miller Charles Unwin Charles Vaughan Charlie ( 2015 character ) Charlie ( Bernice ' s husband ) Charlie Aindow Charlie Haynes Charlie Sellers Charlie Willis Charlotte Beecham Charlotte Cairns Chas Dingle Chelsea Campbell Cheryl Foster Chloe ( 2015 character ) Chloe ( Episode 8249 / 8250 ) Chloe Atkinson Chloe Bails Choir Boy ( Episode 7699 ) Chris Fletcher Chris Greenway Chris Horton Chris Tate Chrissie White Ciaran ( Episode 8296 / 8297 ) Cindy Bunton Claire ( Episode 7692 ) Claire Aston Claudia Nash Clearance Man ( Episode 7186 ) Clerk ( Alison George ) Clerk ( Duncan Holmes ) Clerk ( Episode 1500 ) Clerk ( Episode 2474 ) Clerk ( Episode 2546 ) Next Last Categories Characters Add category | [
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http://emmerdalepastpresent.wikia.com/wiki/Purpose_Built_Emmerdale_Village_Set_at_Harewood,_Yorkshire | in : Emmerdale filming locations . Purpose Built Emmerdale Village Set at Harewood , Yorkshire Edit Share The Harewood Emmerdale Village taken by me in June 2016 on an Emmerdale Tour . As many of us Emmerdale fans know the village is filmed on a purpose built set on The Harewood Estate near Leeds , West Yorkshire and has done since January 1998 . It is a life size replica of Esholt , West Yorkshire , the village which had been used for the village scenes in Emmerdale Farm / Emmerdale for 22 years . It took almost 2 years of planning before construction began on the new village in June 1997 . As early as 1989 , the shows set designer Mike Long had visions of building a purpose built set but the tourism problem in Esholt was not bad enough to disrupt filming to a big degree . Contents show Planning and construction of the Harewood Set Edit In December 1995 it was announced that Emmerdale was to introduce a 3rd weekly episode . This decision had come about in late 1995 when Mervyn Watson , the shows producer , announced the show was to do a 3rd weekly episode , like Coronation Street EastEnders and Brookside had previously done . This meant more filming in Esholt . Filming in Esholt was quite disruptive to the villagers as it was with 2 episodes , so 3 episodes worth of " village " scenes would make filming worse . The crew was always asking Esholt residents to park down the road during filming , not to walk into shots etc . In late 1995 , at the same time , Tim Fee and Mike Long , the set designer , submitted plans for a purpose built set , a replica of Esholt , a " set " that was away from the tourists and that would not invade the privacy of the villagers of Esholt anymore . Costs were formalised in 1996 . Mike was told by producer Mervyn Watson to make the new set look more like a Dales village in terms of stonework and such but was told to keep the shape , size and geography of the shop , the Woolpack , Pear Tree , Keepers and Victoria Cottages the same as Esholt . A site was chosen which was a huge cornfield on the Harewood Estate near Leeds , which conveniently was the field near the two farmhouses that were used for filming exterior scenes of the Dingles farm and Glovers farm . 3 different versions of the same view , from left to right , Arncliffe , Esholt and the purpose built set at Harewood . They had free reign with pretty much everywhere else outside Main Street . They copied the entire row of 4 houses next to the pub and the 4 running along from the adjoined post office . They were the same as Esholt and the cottage behind the shop which is at an angle fronting the corner of Main Street and the main road . They copied the shape of the buildings used as the tea rooms , smithy , Annies Cottage and the village hall but placed them differently to Esholt . Church Lane in the new village was to be where the second row of houses along from the one adjoined to the shop was to be . Due to costs the church and vicarage was not recreated . Construction began in June 1997 and was finished by December . The production team went off for Christmas feeling really proud of their achievement . Keepers Cottage , the shop and the surgery at the new village set . In December 1997 , after 22 years of filming there , the cast and crew bade farewell to Esholt as the curtain came down on the village being used for the village scenes in favour for the replica village on the Harewood Estate . Esholt residents could finally get peace and quiet from film crews , but to this day have to put up with tourists from around the world flocking on the village to see the famous locations used in Emmerdale Farm / Emmerdale . Regarding the stonework of the buildings , Esholt is not a Dales village and Arncliffe was so when they were in talks of building a new village set they were to use the correct stonework to make the replica of Esholt look like a Dales village . Esholt ' s buildings are coursed sandstone whereas Dales villages are built out of rubble style limestone which is not in courses . In Esholt there are stone lintels around the windows and you find them in Dales villages so they were kept but most corners of Dales villages have large stone called Usage in Emmerdale 1998 - present Filming begun on the new Harewood set in January 1998 . Actor Clive Hornby who played Jack Sugden said he did prefer Esholt . The new set was much easier for the crew as there was a cafe on site for the cast and crew and they could really pan out to show the surrounding countryside . First appearance of Harewood in Emmerdale Episode 2325 ( 18th February 1998 ) was the fir The first ever shot of the purpose built set shown in Emmerdale , 18 February 1998 . st episode to feature scenes filmed in the new set . This was Scott Windsor and Biff Fowler stood outside The Woolpack . Esholt locations copied for the Harewood set The Woolpack , Esholt ( replica building built at the purpose built set and in same location as Esholt ) Pear Tree Cottage , Esholt ( replica building built at the purpose built set and in same location as Esholt ) Woodbine Cottage Tug Ghyll Victoria Cottage ( 17 Main Street , Esholt ) ( replica building built at the purpose built set and in same location as Esholt ) Keepers Cottage Esholt Post Office Brook Cottage ( replica building built at the purpose built set and in same position as Esholt ) Smithy Cottage ( replica building built at the purpose built set but facing Main Street whereas in Esholt the front of the building faced away from Main Street ) Esholt churchyard ( replica cemetery built at the purpose built set and in same position as Esholt ) Esholt Village Hall ( replica built at the purpose built set but behind Main Street rather than on Main Street ) Esholt cricket ground ( different position at the purpose built set ) Other real life locations which have had replica buildings copied for the " village " Creskeld Hall , Bramhope , Yorkshire ( In 2013 , a replica of Creskeld Hall was built for the Home Farm scenes , however this set was later discontinued as filming has since resumed at Creskeld Hall ) Mill Cottage , Stank , Harewood ( replica was built in the purpose built set , as the Stank property was used from 1986 to 1997 ) Also Mike Young based a small part of The Woolpack on a pub in Malham , Yorkshire in the Dales . Memorable info on the unfamiliar names on certain headstones in the cemetery In many scenes set in the Emmerdale Village Cemetery a lot of the graves are of characters who died in the serial from 1972 onwards ( plus Jacob Sugden , who died 6 days before the first episode airdate ) but there are also many headstones of unfamiliar names , seemingly past residents of the village never seen or mentioned in the serial . When the purpose built set was being built , many headstones were transported from Woodgrange Park Cemetery in Manor Park , London after part of the cemetery was cleared to make way for new flats . The chairman on the borough council heard that a new set was being built for Emmerdale so offered for Yorkshire TV to come and collect several headstones for the " Fake " cemetery . Not a penny was exchanged , the headstones were offered free ! One name you may like to look out for is the headtsone of a Rosina Dorman , buried to the right in front of the grave of established character Rachel Hughes . The headstone says Rosina died in April 1934 , and her husband William ' s name is on the above inscription . This headstone was seen in the episode where Liam Hammond ' s funeral took place in Episode 2614 ( 30th November 1999 ) . Rosina is supposedly an ex Beckindale resident but in real life she would have lived in Leyton , London area , near the cemetery , as her headstone was one of the many bought up from the cemetery . Trivia Gallery The set in 1999 The back car park of the Woolpack The Woolpack Cafe Main Street Victoria Cottage The cemetery in 2007 Some headstones taken from the London cemetery to be used for the Harewood set The London cemetery where headstones were used for the Harewood set , taken by me on a visit in August 2014 Another photo of headstones taken from Woodgrange Cemetery . One of the graves from Woodgrage Cemetery in London , seen in a 1999 scene in Ememrdale to make the Harewood set cemetery look real , Rosina Dorman , died 18th April 1934 . Now some pics I took on the Emmerdale Tour . The entrance gate to the Harewood set , taken by me at the start of our tour . Cafe Main Street and houses beyond . Keepers and Victoria Cottages Connelton and Dale View . A shot I took of the Woolpack looking to Pear Tree Cottage on the Harewood Tour . Time for a pint ? The tourists stop outside the Woolpack . Back of Main Street Houses looking to the Woolpack . Stopping off at the Dingles Garage . No grumpy Cain to tell us to do one . Categories Emmerdale filming locations . Add category | [
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http://emmettsappbuilders.com/ | GREGG RESIDENCE Private Residence Lake County Florida 1 2 3 Commercial and Residential Construction Services Throughout The Southeast United States SERVICES PRECONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT DESIGN BUILD Core Values Great Services High Standards Professional Team Creative Solutions We are proud of the great services our employees provide each and every day they step onto a job site or into our offices Setting the bar high for excellence by our founder has become a part of our corporate DNA Always do the right thing period With over sixty years experience as a construction services company we are proud that the ESB team is the best Just ask our clients We are always looking for creative solutions to be better and to provide clients with ideas that save money and deliver a great product Our Clients Say Emmett and his project manager always told us that they only wanted us to be pleased and whatever it took is what they wanted to do I am so pleased with our new kitchen and sun room I have received so many compliments on the way it looks outside as well as inside Many people stop to tell me that they never would know that it is a recent addition John Russell Home Owner It is no exaggeration to say that Emmett Sapp Builders was the major contributor in accomplishing this Herculean task The first time I met you I was impressed with your honesty and straightforwardness You and your firm have continued to impress us with your building expertise and your ability to work under pressure and maintain a high level of professionalism Mark Del Bovi VP of Construction Benchmark Construction Services We would not have changed anything as the pricing was great and the job was managed very well I am a handson person and was on the job consistently There were changes requested for many reasons and Emmett Sapp Builders Inc handled them well and professionally They kept the costs for the change orders realistic and any credits were handled well Rick Schaaf Facilities Manager Faith Baptist Church Projects Commercial Education Government Healthcare Religious Residential | [
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http://emojipedia.org/disappointed-face/ | 😞 Disappointed Face A yellow face with a frown and closed , downcast eyes , as if aching with sorrow or pain . May convey a variety of unhappy emotions , including disappointment , grief , stress , regret , and remorse . Similar to 😔 Pensive Face , but with a sadder , more hurt expression . Samsung ’ s design previously featured an expression closer to 😕 Confused Face Disappointed Face was approved as part of Unicode 6.0 in 2010 and added to Emoji 1.0 in 2015 . Copy and paste this emoji : Copy Also Known As 😞 : ( Sad Sadface Apple Name Disappointed Face Apple iOS 12.2 iOS 10.0 iOS 6.0 iOS 5.1 iOS 4.0 iPhone OS 2.2 Google Android 9.0 Android 8.0 Android 7.0 Android 5.0 Android 4.4 Android 4.3 Gmail Microsoft Windows 10 October 2018 Update Windows 10 Anniversary Update Windows 10 Windows 8.1 Windows 8.0 Samsung One UI 1.0 Experience 9.1 Experience 9.0 TouchWiz 7.1 TouchWiz 7.0 TouchWiz Nature UX 2 WhatsApp 2.19.62 2.19.7 2.17 Twitter Twemoji 12.0 Twemoji 11.1 Twemoji 1.0 Facebook 3.1 3.0 2.0 1.0 JoyPixels 4.5 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.0 emojidex 1.0.34 1.0.33 1.0.14 Messenger LG G5 G3 HTC Sense 8 Sense 7 Mozilla Firefox OS 2.5 SoftBank 2014 2008 2006 2004 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Docomo 2013 2002 2000 1999 Codepoints 😞 U+ 1F61E Shortcodes : disappointed : See also 😧 Anguished Face 😿 Crying Cat Face 😓 Downcast Face With Sweat Pleading Face 😳 Flushed Face 😦 Frowning Face With Open Mouth 😭 Loudly Crying Face Lying Face 😔 Pensive Face 🙍 Person Frowning 😌 Relieved Face Slightly Frowning Face ☹ Frowning Face 😟 Worried Face Statistics 📈 📉 Trends Browse on Instagram on Twitter on Wikipedia on Yelp on YouTube on Google Trends on Nomad List More 🔀 Surprise me ♀ ️ 🎰 🎱 🎲 🔮 | [
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http://employeeissues.com/i_termination.htm | You are Here : Home > Termination Employment Termination and Discharge This section explains employee rights regarding employment termination and discharge through a layoff , getting fired and quitting a job . Termination and Discharge Topics Constructive Discharge Even if an employee quit , it might have constituted an illegal discharge as though the employer wrongfully terminated the employee . Learn more . Fired for Company Policy Violation Find out if an employer has the right to fire or otherwise discipline an employee for violating a company policy . Fired for Gross Misconduct Defines what fired for gross misconduct means to U.S. courts and generally explains how to appeal , if your employer denies you COBRA or unemployment benefits as a result . Fired from a Job About an employee ' s rights when fired from a job . Includes information about the Doctrine of Employment at Will and wrongful termination . Layoff Employee rights regarding employment discharge through a layoff , including layoff notice , severance pay , final pay and unemployment benefits . Also includes information about employee rights under the COBRA and WARN Acts Quitting a Job Explains employee rights when quitting a job . Includes information about giving advanced resignation notice and collecting unemployment benefits . Also includes a link to sample resignation letters . Resignation Notice You do n ' t have to give your employer advanced resignation notice when terminating your employment , but you might pay for it later . Discover why . Includes a link to resignation letter samples . Wrongful Termination What might constitute an illegal employment discharge , commonly referred to as wrongful discharge and more often , wrongful termination . Includes information about the related laws . Topics Related to Termination and Discharge Click on a link below to display the related topic indicated . Click on the to display the section from which the related topic originates . At Will Employment Explains the meaning of " at will employment " . Also referred to as " employment at will " or " hired at will " , it ' s a doctrine that limits employee rights regarding the terms and conditions of employment , such as termination . At Will Employment States Which are " employment at will states " and which of those recognize exceptions to the Doctrine of Employment at Will regarding employment discharge . COBRA Extended Health Insurance Benefits About the Federal law that grants to qualified employees , the right to extend their employer - provided health insurance benefits after employment termination or discharge . HIPAA information included . Employment Credit Check Discover whether or not your employer may use credit - check results to make adverse employment decisions about you , such as discharging you from your job . Final Paycheck When final paychecks are due under state final pay laws , after employees quit or lose their jobs . Resignation Pay Find out if your employer must pay you through your notice period , after you give advanced notice of resignation . Severance Pay Whether or not you ' re entitled to receive severance pay from your employer , after quitting or losing your job . Includes information about severance pay laws and severance agreements . Unemployment Benefits General information about state unemployment benefits , for which you might be eligible after employment termination or discharge . Veterans ' Preference in Employment Retention Learn about the preferential treatment in hiring and then retention during layoffs , to which many veterans and disabled veterans are entitled by law for government jobs . See Criminal Record for information about the extent to which employers may consider criminal records in hiring , discharge and other employment decisions . Subscribe | [
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http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol116/Zoology/neurons.htm | Nervous System : Neurons I . Cell Types A . Neurons - conduct nerve impulses dendrites – short , highly branched , receive signal and carry it toward cell body axons – long , carry signal away from cell body ; terminal branches cell body – large section , contains the nucleus and other goodies myelin – lipid coating derived from membrane of Schwann cells ; acts as a kind of insulation Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between Schwann cell synaptic terminal – end of the axon , junction with another neuron or effector neuron form / function related - see diagram / overhead of different neurons B . Supporting , or glial , cells . The function of these cells is to structurally reinforce , protect , insulate or otherwise assist the neurons . Nervous system housekeeper cells . There are lots of glial cells ; in fact , in the brain there are 10 - 50x more glial cells than neurons . Glial cells include : Astrocytes ( star - shaped ; they have many functions including - line capillaries , part of the blood brain barrier which serves to keep toxins from the brain , phagocytosis ) Microglia - phagocytic cells , remove cellular debris Oligodendrocytes ( wrap and insulate nerves ) . Schwann cells – wrap around neuron like a " jelly roll " . Have a myelin ( fatty substance ) sheath which is like insulation on a wire . Vertebrates ; outside CNS in peripheral nervous system C . Construction . Neurons are bundled together to form nerves . Ganglia - clumps of cell bodies II . Membrane Potentials A . Charge distribution . At rest , neurons ( and most other cells , too ) exhibit an electrical charge difference across the membrane . This difference , or membrane potential , can be measured with tiny electrodes connected to a voltmeter or an oscilloscope . At rest , the membrane potential is - 60 millivolts ( mV ) , which means that the inside of the cell is negative in comparison to the outside . This is ultimately due to an unequal distribution of ions , especially sodium and potassium , between the outside and inside of the cell ( see Table 1 Table 1 : Ion Concentrations in Neurons ( from Bullock , et al . Physiology . NMS Series ) Ion [ Inside ] [ Outside ] potassium 150 5 sodium 15 150 chloride 10 110 Anions ( other than Cl includes a diversity of organic materials such as amino acids / proteins , phosphates and DNA . ) 120 0 B . Nernst Equation . Relates the ion distribution to the membrane potential when the cell is at rest . See equation in text . Thus , if the ion distribution is know , the membrane potential can be calculated . C . Why the unequal charge distribution ? The membrane is permeable to both potassium and sodium ( recall that ions move through membranes slowly ) . These ions diffuse through protein channels in the membrane . There are separate " leakage channels " for both potassium and sodium and they are always " open " , thereby permitting the diffusion of sodium and potassium down their concentration gradient . Thus , potassium diffuses from inside to outside and sodium diffuses from outside to inside . The membrane is much more permeable to potassium so there is a net flux ( leakage ) of potassium , and hence positively - charged particles , out of the cell . This is the result of more potassium leakage channels and a steeper concentration gradient in potassium between inside and outside of the cell . Since the cell is permeable to both sodium and potassium , over time , you would expect an equilibrium state would be reached at which point the concentration of sodium and potassium would be approximately equal inside and outside of the cell , and So , what maintains the unequal charge distribution ? The sodium - potassium pump ! The pump is another integral protein complex that requires ATP and actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell . For every three sodium that are moved out , two potassium are moved in . Thus , the sodium - potassium pump maintains the ion gradient across the membrane . It is an active ( energy - requiring process ) because it is moving the ions against their concentration gradient . III . Excitability . Some cells are excitable , that is , they can change their membrane potential . This occurs when the membrane depolarizes ( switches polarity - the inside becomes positive relative to the outside ) or hyperpolarizes ( becomes more negative inside relative to outside ) . A nerve impulse is simply a reapid change ( reversal ) neuronal membrane permeability . A . Special Ion Channels ( Voltage - Gated Ion Channels ; Voltage - Activated Ion Channels ) In the membrane there are proteins that respond to changes in membrane potential / voltage . In response , these gates permit the passage of sodium or potassium in / out of the cell . Let ' s examine the voltage - activated gates of sodium and potassium . Sodium Channel – this channel permits the diffusion of sodium . It has two gates : Gate 1 ( Activation Gate ) - closed at rest ; depolarization causes it to open rapidly Gate 2 ( Inactivation Gate ) - open at rest , depolarization causes it to close slowly . At rest , sodium can not pass through these gates because gate 1 is closed . Potassium Channel - this channel permits the diffusion of potassium closed at rest depolarization causes it to open slowly . B . Opening the gates . Consider what happens when . . . 1 . . . .the potassium gate opens : potassium gate open ï ¿ ½ potassium diffuses out ï ¿ ½ inside becomes more negatively charged , outside more positive hyperpolarization ( membrane potential becomes more negative ) . 2 . . . .the sodium activation gate opens : sodium gate open sodium diffuses in cell interior becomes positive , outside more negative depolarization . If the depolarization reaches ca . - 50 to - 55 mV it will trigger an action potential , which is an all - or - nothing response . IV . Action potential A nerve impulse is rapid ( lasts 1 - 2 msec ) transient depolarization of the membrane . It sweeps down the neuron like a wave ( at a rate of about 100 m sec - 1 ) . A . Phases . An action potential can be dissected into the following phases : Resting phase . Membrane potential - 60 mV ; potassium gate closed ; sodium gate 1 closed ; sodium gate 2 open . No " excess " movement of sodium or potassium across membrane Depolarization phase . Local depolarization of membrane occurs membrane potential reaches threshold potential - 55 mV ) acts on ion gates . Sodium gate 1 opens quickly rapid entry of sodium into cell cell depolarizes . Sodium gate 2 begins to close ; it is slow so has little immediate effect . The potassium gate begins to open , it is slow so has little immediate effect . Repolarization phase . Sodium gate 2 now closed , prevents entry of additional sodium . Potassium gate now fully open , and allows loss of potassium . The net result is a loss of positive charge from inside the cell which causes the repolarization . Undershoot . Excess potassium may leak out of the cell causing a hyperpolarization of the membrane . B . Refractory period . Time period following an action potential during which the cell gates are returning to their original positions . The cell can not respond to another nerve impulse during this period . C . Nerve impulse . Wave of action potential spreads along the neuron . It does n ’ t turn back on itself because of the refractory period . D . Rate of conduction . In unmyelinated nerves , speed is directly related to the diameter of the axon . Rates vary from about 1 – 10 m s - 1 . Saltatory conduction occurs when action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier . These occur much faster . Voltage channels just in node area . V . Communication between adjacent nerve cells . A few neurons are hard - wired ( i.e . , are directly connected to one another , as in gap junctions ) . These are called electrical synapses and important for really fast responses . However , most neurons are not in contact with one another , rather there is a gap ( ca . 25 nm ) , called the synapse or synaptic cleft , between the adjacent cells . So , how does the nerve impulse get across the gap in these chemical synapses ? Chemical signals = neurotransmitters . Action potential arrives at synaptic terminal stimulates voltage - gated calcium channels to open uptake of calcium stimulates migration of vesicles containing neurotransmitter to the membrane surface vesicles fuse with the membrane releasing their contents into the gap diffuses across gap binds to appropriate receptor opens gates for sodium and potassium or stimulates a second messenger system that opens sodium and potassium gates causes membrane depolarization ( or hyperpolarization ) threshold potential action potential . A . Various neurotransmitters have been identified . Many known . Acetylcholine is a common one involved in muscle contractions and other responses . Norepinephrine , serotonin , and dopamine are involved in mood , mental state , ADD , schizophrenia . Gamma - amino butyric acid ( GABA ) is in the spinal cord and brain . The opiate types , endorphins and enkephalins are involved in pain perception . B . Too much neurotransmitters is a bad thing . In other words , the neurotransmitters must be removed after they do their job . Many are broken down by enzymes . For example , acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine . Others like serotonin are reabsorbed by the axon . Some drugs work by the inhibition of the reuptake of the neurotransmitter . For example , cocaine prevents the reuptake of serotonin . C . Secondary messenger system . As mentioned , the action of the neurotransmitter may be mediated by a secondary messenger system . In this case : neurotransmitter binds to the receptor protein activates G proteins adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) activates kinases phosphorylates proteins closes potassium channel depolarization VI . Excitatory & Inhibitory Impulses Some neurons cause depolarization of membrane ( i.e , motor neuron and skeletal muscle ) . These are called excitatory . Other neurons cause hyperpolarization ( inhibitory ) . GABA and glycine act in this manner . Ultimately , the final response of a nerve is a sum of the excitatory and inhibitory responses received - typically at the axon hillock ( at base of axon , not insulated by glial cells , many voltage gated channels ) VII . Chemicals and Nerves These can exert their effect in a variety of places . For example , DDT interferes with the sodium / potassium pump ; the anesthetics cocaine , lidocaine and procaine block sodium ion channels . Some poisons mimic the effect of the naturally - occurring neurotransmitter ( i.e. , hallucinogenic drugs , muscarine ) VII . Video - " The Neuron Suite " by James Burke . Available at Alcuin Library - QP 376 . B8 . | Top | SGS Home | CSB / SJU Home | Biology Dept | Biol116 Section Home Page | Concepts Home Page | Disclaimer | Last updated : January 03 , 2004 ï ¿ ½ Copyright by SG Saupe Last updated : January 03 , 2004 Visitors to this site : ï ¿ ½ Copyright by SG Saupe / URL : http : / / www . employees . csbsju . edu / ssaupe / index . html | [
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http://employer.aftercollege.com/83-college-students-dont-job-lined-graduation/ | 83 % of college students do n ’ t have job lined up before graduation By Jennifer Rutt May 7 , 2014 San Francisco , CA , May 7 , 2014 – Results of the 2014 AfterCollege Career Insights Survey , conducted among college students and recent grads , reveal unique glimpses into the millennial mindset , including a growing sense of anxiety about the transition to the working world and whether college is actually preparing students for life beyond the classroom . Job Market Getting Tougher for College Grads ? 83 % of graduating seniors said they did n ’ t have a job lined up as of April 2014 , despite 72.7 % reporting that they were actively looking for one . This is a jump from the 80 % of graduating seniors who did n ’ t have a job lined up at the same time last year . These numbers do n ’ t vary significantly , even for more “ marketable ” majors — 81.6 % of engineering , technology , and math majors did n ’ t have jobs lined up , and business students did n ’ t fare much better with 85.1 % saying they had n ’ t lined up jobs either . Students Need More Than Colleges Are Providing for Career Help Only 52 % of 2014 respondents believe college adequately prepares students for the working world . This is a significant drop since last year , when 69.4 % of respondents believed college was preparing them for their careers . When asked how their school could better help them prepare for the working world , students overwhelmingly asked for more networking opportunities and a focus on getting a job along with academics . The Influence of Faculty Once again , faculty ranked 3rd , just behind parents and significant others , as having the strongest influence on career - related decisions . This was echoed by the fact that 37 % of respondents indicated that they would prefer to hear about career opportunities through faculty , advisors , or their department . Caring about what the company does is a student ' s primary consideration when choosing an employer . Click To Tweet What a Working Millennial Wants 71.6 % , ranked “ caring about what the company does ” as their primary consideration when choosing an employer . Students did n ’ t jump for popular perks like allowing pets in the office — only 28 % indicated this would sway their decision . Flexibility appears to be an employer ’ s greatest draw for new talent , with 78.4 % of respondents saying they ’ d be more likely to apply for a position that afforded telecommuting privileges or other leeway with working hours . For more information on the 2014 AfterCollege Career Insights Survey or to receive a full report of the results , contact Jennifer Rutt , Senior Director of Engagement at AfterCollege on 206 - 930 - 0845 or jrutt @ aftercollege . com Survey methodology : The survey was conducted online through SurveyMonkey on behalf of AfterCollege among 1,494 college freshmen , sophomores , juniors , seniors , graduate students , and recent graduates ( up to 3 years post graduation ) between February 27 , 2014 and April 15 , 2014 . About AfterCollege : AfterCollege is an entry - level job and internship resource that helps over half a million visitors each month . The Explore feature matches students and recent graduates with more than 400,000 job and internship opportunities from 25,000 employers based on the job - seeker ’ s school , major , graduation date , and personal preferences . AfterCollege visitors can provide feedback on jobs , companies , and locations to get results that better reflect their preferences . No related posts . Categories : Press Releases Wondering What Students Want From Employers ? They Told Us ! Recruit Like the Elite : Lessons from EY ’ s Director of Recruiting 5 Responses to “ 83 % of college students do n ’ t have job lined up before graduation ” Do You Believe These 5 Myths About University Recruiting ? - AfterCollege Employer Blog May 28 , 2014 [ … ] go . But students consistently cite career fairs as one of their favorite job search methods . In the 2014 AfterCollege Career Insights Survey , students ranked career fairs as the third most effective way of finding jobs and internships [ … ] 5 Things To Do If You Did n ' t Land A Job After Graduation August 4 , 2014 [ … ] economic cycle … that they may never fully recover from ” . Add in results from a recent After College survey which reported that , as of April , 83 % of this year ’ s class did n ’ t have jobs [ … ] 83 % of college students do n ’ t have job lined up before graduation | Transmosis August 21 , 2014 [ … ] http : / / employer . aftercollege . com / 2014 / 83 - college - students - dont - job - lined - graduation / [ … ] 7 Reasons to invest in a STEM recruiting program - STEM JOBS January 22 , 2015 [ … ] One recent study indicated that 97 % of jobs now require at least basic STEM literacy to be successful . This is not a trend that is in decline . [ … ] NAMOOH BlogCollege Graduation Marketing is Critical for Recruitment April 1 , 2015 [ … ] graduation can be a scary time for graduates as they ponder what to do next . In fact , “ 83 % of graduating seniors said they did n ’ t have a job lined up . . . despite 72.7 % reporting that … . ” This shows that the majority of graduating seniors face uncertainty after graduation . 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http://employment.findlaw.com/employment-discrimination/age-discrimination.html | FindLaw Learn About The Law Employment Law Employment Discrimination Age Discrimination Age Discrimination Both elderly and youthful employees can fall victim to age discrimination . Employers are generally not allowed to hire , fire , promote , or decide an employee ' s compensation based on their age . However , it can be difficult to determine whether an employer ' s actions were motivated by age discrimination , or by a genuine belief that another person can do a particular job better and faster . Fortunately , many states have extensive complaint and fact - finding procedures so that employees can determine when they have been victims of discrimination and assert their More Learn About Age Discrimination | [
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http://employment.findlaw.com/wages-and-benefits/exempt-employees-vs-nonexempt-employees.html | Exempt Employees vs . Nonexempt Employees By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . The differences between exempt employees and nonexempt employees can cause a lot of confusion for both workers and employers . Whether or not you are entitled to minimum wage and / or overtime pay for working more than 40 hours per week depends on your exemption status , as governed by the federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) . Some jobs are specifically excluded from the FLSA statute , including many types of agricultural workers , while truck drivers and some other professions are governed by laws other than the FLSA . The majority of U.S. workers , though , are covered by the FLSA and are classified as either nonexempt or exempt employees with respect to pay and overtime regulations . The following summary breaks down how the exemption rules work . Nonexempt Employees A nonexempt employee must be paid the minimum wage and overtime pay for any time worked beyond 40 hours in a given week . Under FLSA rules , nonexempt employees are entitled to time and one - half of their regular pay rate for each hour of overtime . Nonexempt employees mistakenly treated as exempt employees , or whose " off - the - clock " hours are not properly recorded and compensated , may file FLSA overtime claims with the U.S. Department of Labor Most workers , particularly those working an hourly wage , are in fact nonexempt employees . Exempt Employees Exempt employees are not granted the protections of the FLSA and are therefore not entitled to overtime pay . Some types of jobs are considered exempt by definition under the law , including outside sales staff and airline employees . But for most professions , an individual is an exempt employee if he or she meets the following three tests : Is paid at least $ 23,600 per year ( or $ 455 per week ) Is paid on a salary basis Performs exempt job duties The salary requirement does not apply to certain professions that pay on an hourly basis , including physicians and schoolteachers . Exempt Job Duties The third test for exemption status concerns the type of work an employee performs . As a rule of thumb , exempt employees tend to perform relatively high - level duties with respect to the company ' s overall operations ( regardless of job title ) . The FLSA breaks this out into three main categories : executive , professional and administrative . Exempt Job Duties : Executive An employee is exempt from FLSA rules as an executive if he or she regularly performs all of the following : Supervises two or more other employees Primary duty of the position is management Has genuine input into other employees ' job status ( hiring , firing , assignments , etc . ) This determination is made on a case - by - case basis , as each duty leaves room for interpretation . As a rule of thumb , an employee working exempt executive duties is " in charge " or considered " the boss . " Exempt Job Duties : Professional Exempt professional employees include lawyers , physicians , teachers , architects , registered nurses and other employees performing work requiring advanced education or training . These typically are intellectual jobs requiring specialized education and involving the use of discretion and judgment . This exemption does not include skilled trades , mechanical arts or other work that does not require a college or postgraduate degree . This exemption also includes creative professionals such as writers , journalists , actors and musicians . Typically , such jobs require imagination , talent and some unique contribution to the employer . Exempt Job Duties : Administrative This exemption is for employees whose main duties involve the support of the business , such as human resource staff , public relations or payroll and accounting . As a rule of thumb , administrative employees do not directly produce what the company sells ; however , they are at a much higher level than those performing simple clerical work . The FLSA defines exempt administrative job duties as follows : ( a ) office or nonmanual work , which is ( b ) directly related to management or general business operations of the employer or the employer ' s customers , and ( c ) a primary component of which involves the exercise of independent judgment and discretion about ( d ) matters of significance . Have Specific Questions About Exempt vs . Nonexempt Employees ? Contact a Lawyer If you work for a company as an exempt employee - - meaning you ' re not bound by overtime restrictions , among other things - - you may have been miscategorized . Your first step should be to resolve the issue directly with your employer , since it could be an honest mistake . But if you believe your rights have been violated , you should consider speaking with a skilled employment law attorney in your area . | [
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http://employment.laws.com/connecticut-overtime-laws | Connecticut Overtime Laws Connecticut Overtime Laws Share Quick Guide to Connecticut Overtime Connecticut overtime laws are some of the most detailed overtime statutes in all of the United States . For the sake of convenience , this article will discuss Sections 31 - 76 ( b ) , 31 - 76 ( c ) , and Section 31 - 76i of the state ’ s statutes on Connecticut overtime law . This article will also discuss filing a wage claim if you believe an employer has violated Connecticut overtime law , and this section is located at the end of the article . Specific Connecticut Overtime Laws Some important sections of Connecticut overtime law are discussed below : Section 31 - 76b Overtime pay : Definitions This section provides definitions for “ regular pay ” where overtime pay is not necessarily required in the state of CT . Regular rates include any of the following categories : • sums paid as gifts such as Christmas gifts , a reward for service , or amounts not measured by hours worked • payments made for occasional periods when no work is done such as vacation , holidays , illnesses , failure for the employer to provide enough work , traveling expenses , and more • payments made by a trustee to a third party for old - age , retirement , or insurance • extra compensation paid on Saturdays and Sundays where no more than 40 hours have been worked in the total week Section 31 - 76c Length of workweek This Connecticut overtime law provides the general overtime rule for the state . The law states the following : “ No employer , except as otherwise provided herein , shall employ any of his employees for a workweek longer than forty hours , unless such employee receives remuneration for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and one - half times the regular rate at which he [ or she ] is employed . ” Therefore , according to Connecticut overtime laws , the minimum overtime wage in the state is $ 12.38 . Additionally , an employer can make an employee work mandatory overtime as long as they pay the employee the minimum overtime rate under Connecticut overtime law . Section 31.76i Exceptions These Connecticut overtime laws specify which professions may not receive overtime rates unless specified by an employer . The exceptions under this Connecticut overtime law include the following : • any driver or helper who have mandated maximum hours they ’ re allowed to work • any employed seaman • any announcer , news editor or chief engineer • any executive or similar professional • any outside salesman • any inside salesmen who receive the majority of their commission from sales • any taxi driver • any delivery person associated with milk or baked goods • any automobile salesman • anyone employed in agriculture • permanent paid employees in the police and firefighting forces Filing a Wage Claim for Violation of Connecticut Overtime Law If you believe your employer has violated Connecticut overtime laws , you ’ ll have to file a wage complaint with the Wage and Workplace Standards Division . In order to obtain the proper form for the wage claim against unlawful minimum wages in Connecticut , you can visit the following website Make sure you follow all instructions on this website as well . These instructions are extremely important , and you can call the Wage and Workplace Standards Division at ( 860 ) 263 - 6790 if you need help completing the forms . Comments comments No related posts . Share | [
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http://empoweredsustenance.com/avoid-almond-flour/ | April 1 , 2013 348 Comments Affiliate Disclosure 5 Reasons to Avoid Almond Flour Pin 7K Share 34K Email 41K Almond flour is a little darling of grain free , Paleo / Primal , and low carb baking . It easily rivals conventional flour in its ability to produce tender and fluffy baked goods . Unfortunately , almond flour has numerous detrimental health consequences . It is important to understand these aspects of almond flour , so you can make the decision to avoid almond flour or choose to use almond flour with judicious moderation . 1 . Almond flour skews perception about quantity Get this : A cup of almond flour contains about 90 almonds ! I calculated that by dividing 640 calories in a cup of almond flour by 7 calories in an almond . Almond flour disguises the consumption of the nuts . For example , this ever - popular Almond Flour Pancake recipe from Elana ’ s Pantry calls for 1 1 / 2 cups of almond flour and yields about 4 servings ( or 2 - 3 servings , if you have a hearty pancake appetite ) . There are about 135 almonds in the entire batch , and 33 almonds per serving ( for 4 servings ) . That ’ s a lot of almonds to eat in one sitting . If you were chewing the almonds whole , your body would tell you before you consumed this amount , “ Okay . I ’ m full . That ’ s enough almonds for right now . ” As you may know from experience , your body loses that perception and communication when consuming almond flour . 2 . Almond flour is very high in inflammatory PUFAS About 20 % of the fat in almonds is polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . Unfortunately , our modern diets tend to overburden our bodies with polyunsaturated fats which leads to numerous health issues . Here are a few reasons why it is important NOT to go overboard with polyunsaturated fats . PUFAS in suppress mitochondrial energy production . In non - chemistry language , PUFAS slow down the metabolism PUFAS encourage an inflammatory response in the body PUFAS cause digestive issues by impairing the action of certain digestive enzymes PUFAS slow down thyroid function inhibit detoxification enzymes deplete antioxidants in the body PUFAS inhibit production of progesterone and androgens while activating production of estrogen . This encourages estrogen - dominancy in the body and this contributes to many health issues like weight gain , PMS , hormonal acne and more . Polyunsaturated fats are n ’ t inherently evil , only harmful when consumed in excess . According to nutrition expert Sébastien Noël at Paleo Lifestyle In an effort to optimize health and longevity , one should strive to keep a total PUFA intake under 4 % of total calories and an omega - 6 / omega - 3 ratio very close to 1 : 1 . On an average 2,200 calorie diet , 4 % PUFA means only about 5 to 8 grams of omega - 6 per day to maintain the proper ratio with omega - 3 fats . Read more The consumption of almond flour is an easy way to overload the body with a detrimental amount of PUFAS . 3 . The fats in almond flour are n ’ t heat stable Okay , quick chemistry reminder . Saturated fats have single bonds between all the carbon molecules of the fatty acid chain . Monounsaturated fats have one double bond replacing a single bond in the carbon chain . Polyunsaturated have more than one double bond in the carbon chain . \ Double bonds are more unstable than single bonds . The more double bonds in a fatty acid , the more unstable it is ( polyunsaturated is the least stable , followed by monounsaturated , followed by saturated being the most stable ) . When the double bonds break , the fatty acid undergoes a process called oxidation Processing , heat , light and pressure all cause these double bonds to break . Raw ( or soaked and dehydrated ) almonds have their polyunsaturated fats intact , and so the only fat issues are those discussed in the previous section . But putting almond flour in a hot environment – like an oven – is going to break some of those double bonds and create oxidized fatty acids . Why are oxidized fats bad ? In a nutshell , oxidized fats = free radicals . Free radicals = cell damage . Of course , we will inevitably have some free radicals in our body . Fortunately , we can consume sources of antioxidants ( like fresh fruits and veggies ) to combat free radical damage . But if too much oxidized fats , like from large amounts of almond flour , are consumed , our body is depleted of antioxidants and damage to body cells ensues . Want to know what fats are safe and healthy to heat ? Check out my Guide to Choosing and Using Good Fats Update : It looks like I may have missed the mark on this point ! According to Sarah Ballantyne , scientist , author and a blogging friend , If you were cooking with almond oil , this would be true . But , research shows that polyunsaturated fats are much more heat stable when part of the whole foods ( including the unadulterated seed , but also ground into meals and flours ) . The best research into the heat stability of polyunsaturated fats in baked goods comes from the study of flaxseed meal and research shows that only an extremely small percentage of the fats are oxidized during cooking . Researchers speculate that the reason the polyunsaturated fats in flaxseed meal are resistant to heat is because his post ) and vitamin E which nuts and seeds are particularly rich in . Furthermore , the internal temperature of baked goods rarely exceeds 160F , which is well below the smoking point of even the most easily oxidized and unstable fats . Sarah and I share deep mutual respect but we disagree about the virtues of almond flour . She believes the pros outweigh the cons and I believe the cons outweigh the pros . We are happy to disagree about this point and now we leave you to decide how to incorporate almond flour into your lifestyle . 4 . Almond flour is high in enzyme inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors are concentrated in all nuts and seeds and , as a result , almond flour contains a significant amount . Enzyme inhibitors are problematic for digestion , since enzymes are necessary to digest all aspects of our meal from carbohydrates to proteins to fats . When we eat food , it is partly digested by stomach acid in the stomach . Then it travels to the small intestine where the acidity of the chyme ( the food mixture ) signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes to further break down the food . What happens when enzyme inhibitors are present in the chyme from the food we ’ ve consumed ? Our own digestive enzymes ca n ’ t complete their job . The body senses a need for more enzymes , so it overcompensates and the pancreas releases even more enzymes . Unfortunately , extra digestive enzymes problematic and deplete the pancreas . The consumption of nuts and seeds causes enzyme imbalances and this often manifests as bloating and stomach pain . If you enjoy nuts and seeds in any form – in snacks or for baking – soak them first to denature most of the enzyme inhibitors . 5 . Coconut flour is healthier than almond flour When it comes to grain free baking , coconut flour is my top choice . Unlike almond flour , the fat in coconut flour is primarily saturated fat . That means it is safe to heat and it is not toxic to the body . The coconut oil in coconut flour is a veritable superfood , celebrated for weight loss , candida control , metabolism boosting and more . While the fats in almond flour slow metabolism , the fats in coconut flour actually speed up metabolism ! Additionally , a littles goes a long way . Coconut flour seems pricey at first , but it stretches . One batch of my popular Coconut Flour Pancakes with Gelatin use only 1 / 4 cup of coconut flour for 2 generous portions . Want to get started with coconut flour ? First , here is my Coconut Flour 101 Primer Second , remember not to over - do the coconut flour . I limit myself to 2 - 4 tablespoons of coconut flour per day , mostly because it can be pricy when consumed in abundance . But more importantly , coconut flour is very high in fiber and that is not necessarily a good thing . Please read my post , Is a High Fiber Diet a Health Hazard ? for more info . Third , it is important to start with reliable recipes when using coconut flour . Two of my favorite introductory recipes are : Paleo Cornbread Muffins Onion and Herb Biscuits What about phytic acid in almond flour ? As you may know , phytic acid is an anti - nutrient that prevents your body from absorbing minerals . Almonds , like all nuts and seeds , have high levels of phytic acid if they are n ’ t soaked and dehydrated . But in almonds , most of the phytic acid is in the brown skin which is removed before the almonds are processed into flour . So phytic acid is a minor issue when it comes to almond flour . You should , however , consider the health detriments of phytic acid if you are using another nut / seed flour that is not made from soaked and dehydrated nuts . Almond flour and MODERATION Almond flour should be used in judicious moderation . Perhaps that means one almond flour treat once a month . Maybe set aside the almond flour just for special occasions . I would also suggest giving your body a break from almond flour for a month , and see if you feel … different . You may feel more energy or have less pain and inflammation . You may not . We ’ re all unique , so you have to experiment and discover what best fuels your body . Do you bake with almond flour ? Have you used coconut flour ? Which do you prefer ? Sources : Peat , Ray . Suitable Fats , Unsuitable Fats . 2007 . http : / / raypeat . com / articles / articles / unsuitablefats . shtml http : / / paleodietlifestyle . com / are - nuts - and - seeds - healthy / Enig , Mary . Know Your Fats . 2000 . Bethesda : Bethesda Press . Fallon , Sally and Enig , Mary . Nourishing Traditions . 1999 . Washington DC : New Trends Publishing . Pin 7K Share 34K Email 41K | [
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http://empoweredsustenance.com/benefits-of-collagen-protein/ | January 22 , 2015 111 Comments Affiliate Disclosure 5 Unique Benefits of Collagen Protein Powder I debated using the term “ protein powder ” in the title of this post , because I feel that does n ’ t do justice to collagen . Collagen is so much more bang for your buck without the questionable processing steps or additives of popular protein powders . But looking at collagen from the perspective of protein , it is a highly adaptable way to increase your intake of highly digestible , nutrient - dense protein . This post is kindly sponsored by Vital Proteins . As you know , I only work with companies when I ’ ve had an extremely positive experience with their product , when I ’ ve personally spoken with the founder ( s ) , and when I admire the integrity of the company . What is Vital Proteins Collagen ? Vital Proteins offers two forms of collagen – one that gels ( gelatin ) and one that dissolves instantly and can be used as a protein powder . Before getting into the benefits of their collagen , it ’ s important to understand the difference between Vital Protein ’ s Collagen Peptides and Vital Protein ’ s Collagen Protein ( gelatin ) . Collagen Peptides – ( Blue lid ) These peptides are derived from gelatin , and contain the same amino acids as gelatin . The main difference is use – the peptides dissolve instantly in hot or cold liquids without gelling for an easy nutrition boost . Beef Gelatin – ( Green lid ) Think gelatin . Remember , it has the same nutritional benefits of collagen peptides because it is the same amino acids . However , collagen protein can be used to make homemade jello or gummies because it gels . How does Vital Proteins compare to other grassfed collagen ? First , I want to address the primary question that popped into my head when I was introduced to Vital Proteins : “ Why Vital Proteins over that other brand of grassfed gelatin I ’ ve been using and recommending ? ” If you are familiar with many of the recipes I ’ ve shared , such as my Tulsi Gelee and Coconut Flour Pancakes with Gelatin , you ’ ll likely have seen my recommendation for Great Lakes grassfed gelatin . After discussing this question with Vital Proteins , I was impressed with their graciousness and honesty . Here ’ s how Vital Proteins sets themselves apart : Single - sourced pasture - raised bovine hide from Brazil . Unlike gelatin and collagen sourced from Argentina , where cattle are typically grain finished , Vital Proteins is sourced from cattle grazing on perennial tropical grass pasture systems . Vital Proteins also ensures the pasture size for each animal is at least 2.67 acres , the standard of the Global Animal Partnership ’ s 5 - step Animal Welfare Rating Standards . Non - BPA , air - tight canisters prevent moisture . They hermetically induction seal their canisters to prevent any moisture from entering . Collagen is very hygroscopic and without this protection , the collagen will start to degrade due to bacteria . Cardboard canisters are more susceptible to moisture and contamination from odors and chemicals . Excellent customer service , no back orders , and free shipping on all orders . I ’ m a loyal convert to Vital Proteins . Now , here are some of the unique benefits of collagen ! 1 . Collagen supports skin health Vital Proteins has collected significant research showing that ingestion of collagen supports skin health and rejuvenation . According to Vital Protein ’ s discussion on collagen and skin health , When collagen is digested , the peptides are attracted to cells that synthesize collagen in the human body , fibroblasts , and are the most common cells of connective tissues in the skin . Collagen peptides may bring about the production and reorganization of new collagen fibers by stimulating the fibroblasts cells . Furthermore , some studies show that collagen peptides increase the density and diameter of collagen fibrils in the dermis and may improve the strength of skin . ( Sources ) I was excited but not surprised to learn that clinical studies show that daily consumption of collagen significantly improves skin elasticity and moisture . I emphasize my collagen intake during the winter , when I feel like my skin needs extra support from the dry air . 2 . Collagen supports balanced hormones The interesting research on gelatin proteins and hormones comes from controversial health researcher Dr . Ray Peat . I think Dr . Peat has many excellent points , although I also keep in mind bioindividuality when reading his more controversial work . In one of his articles , Dr . Peat writes , Gelatin is a protein which contains no tryptophan , and only small amounts of cysteine , methionine , and histidine . Using gelatin as a major dietary protein is an easy way to restrict the amino acids that are associated with many of the problems of aging . [ … ] When only the muscle meats are eaten , the amino acid balance entering our blood stream is the same as that produced by extreme stress , when cortisol excess causes our muscles to be broken down to provide energy and material for repair . The formation of serotonin is increased by the excess tryptophan in muscle , and serotonin stimulates the formation of more cortisol , while the tryptophan itself , along with the excess muscle - derived cysteine , suppresses the thyroid function . [ … ] If a person eats a large serving of meat , it ’ s probably helpful to have 5 or 10 grams of gelatin at approximately the same time , so that the amino acids enter the blood stream in balance . ( Read more By helping to balance the tryptophan , collagen can supports healthy thyroid function and reduces the metabolic stress of increased cortisol . Thyroid and metabolism go hand - in - hand , so gelatin may actually increase metabolism by improving thyroid function . 3 . Collagen supports bone and joint health Collagen makes up to 90 % of bone mass , and several studies indicate that taking collagen internally can improve bone metabolism . When it comes to building bone density , conventional medicine often looks solely at calcium . This is a tremendous mistake , because cofactors in bone metabolism such as vitamin K2 , vitamin D and magnesium are as important – if not more so – than calcium intake for bone health . I recently discussed this topic in my post , 3 Reasons Why I Avoid Calcium Supplements Collagen supplementation is likely another key factor in improving bone health along with other vitamin and mineral cofactors . The research Vital Proteins has collected on collagen and bone shows that the presence of collagen peptides stimulate osteoblasts , the cells responsible for bone formation . Studies also suggest that collagen supplementation can improve joint pain . In these studies , those with the most severe joint damage benefited the most ( sources ) . 4 . Collagen supports digestion and satiety I ’ m not a fan of protein powders , because they are often highly processed and not well - absorbed forms of protein . Collagen peptides , on the other hand , are one of my favorite ways to boost my protein intake and create nutrient - dense protein shakes . Collagen peptides are essentially pure protein : two scoops of Vital Proteins collagen provides 18 grams of protein ! Interestingly , studies show that collagen peptides consumed at breakfast are 40 % more satiating than other proteins ( such as whey or soy ) and correlate to a 20 % reduction of food intake at lunch . ( Sources ) . Additionally , the amino acids in collagen provide unique soothing and reparative properties for the digestive tract . The high concentration of the amino acid glycine stimulates stomach acid production and thereby improves digestion and nutrient assimilation . Low stomach acid is a chronic problem that leads to a cascade of symptoms in the entire body , so increasing stomach acid often alleviates a host of issues . If I feel ill and not able to digest heavy foods , I ’ ll often fortify my tea with coconut oil and collagen for highly - digestible nourishment . 5 . Collagen is an extremely versatile addition Unlike Vital Protein ’ s grassfed gelatin , their collagen peptides do not gel when added to cold liquid . It dissolves completely , and is tasteless and odorless . The only time I detect a hint of flavor is when I take it in plain water ( which works in a pinch , but I would n ’ t recommend it ) . Instead , suggest mixing it into your beverages . Here are some of the various ways that I incorporate Vital Proteins Collagen into my day : Blended into fruit smoothies Stirred into anti - inflammatory Golden Milk , made with coconut milk and turmeric Mixed into homemade bone broth , to boost the collagen already in the bone broth In coffee and tea In homemade ice cream ( stir in a spoonful or two before processing in the ice cream maker ) The Collagen Cookbook In collaboration with Vital Proteins , I ’ ve compiled The Collagen Cookbook for you . This beautifully - photographed downloadable cookbook features nutrient - dense , paleo - friendly recipes . Download it here for free , and I hope you enjoy it ! | [
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http://empoweredsustenance.com/non-dairy-milks/ | July 19 , 2013 233 Comments Affiliate Disclosure Avoid These 6 Additives In Your Non - Dairy Milk Pin 2K Email 14K Icky additives in non - dairy milk Almond milk , soy milk , coconut milk , hazelnut milk , oat milk , hempmilk … new varieties of non - dairy milks have been popping up all over grocery store shelves . But are these milk substitutes healthy ? Well , not really . While these milk substitutes sound good according to the claims on the packages ( things like as much calcium as milk and heart healthy ) , the ingredients in these processed products tell a different story . Here are seven reasons to think twice before buying non - dairy milks : 1 . Carrageenan This seaweed - based additive is extremely inflammatory and should be fastidiously avoided . As a matter of fact , carrageenan is so caustic to the digestive tract that researchers use it to induce colitis in lab animals ! The World Health Organization classifies one type of carrageenan as a “ possible human carcinogen ” ( learn more about carrageenan here ) . Lesson ? Just because a carton of Almond Milk claims the titles “ organic ” and “ heart healthy ” does not mean it should be a part of your diet . 2 . “ Natural flavors ” This term conveniently eliminates the need to list unsavory additives on the ingredient list . “ Natural flavors ” can even mean forms of MSG and artificial sweeteners . I want to know EXACTLY what is in the food that I eat . That is why I prepare most of my food from scratch and only purchase ingredients from companies who have the rare integrity to list every single ingredient on their product . I feel a visceral distrust of a company that puts “ natural flavors ” on their ingredient list . 3 . Vegetable oils Most nut or seed milks contain canola oil , corn oil , safflower oil , sunflower seed oil , and / or soybean oil which are all bad news . Vegetable oils are a freak of nature … after all , it takes a lot of effort to get a gallon of oil from corn ! Vegetable oils are extracted with toxic solvents as well as high heat and pressure , agents that rancidify the delicate chemical structure of the fatty acids . Further , corn and soy oils are most likely from heavily - sprayed and GMO crops . To prove my point , watch this video on How Canola Oil Is Made . You wo n ’ t believe it until you see it ! Canola oil is simply not fit for human consumption ( or animal consumption , either , for that matter ) . Vegetable oils = icky . Period . 4 . Soy When it comes to non - dairy milk options , soy milk is by far the worst choice . For the sake of keeping this post a reasonable length , I am just going to give you some of the detrimental health consequences of soy in a nutshell : Soy contains high amounts of phytoestrogens which may cause estrogen dominance . Pre - pubescent boys are most susceptible to ( often irreversible ) hormone damage by consuming soy products and parents should make a careful effort to never feed their babies soy - based formulas . Soy impairs thyroid function which lowers metabolism . This leads to hair thinning , skin problems , and weight gain . Soy contains substances that interfere with protein digestion . This can cause serious pancreas problems , including pancreatic cancer . Soy is super high in mineral - blocking phytic acid . Want more details and studies on the horrors of soy ? I recommend The Whole Soy Story by Dr . Kaayla Daniels . 5 . Vitamin D2 The natural vitamin D in real milk , as well as the D the human body produces from sun exposure , is D3 . Vitamins in a whole - food form , such as in raw milk , provide an easily - assimilated form of the nutrients along with important cofactors for absorption . Vitamin D2 is a synthetic and isolated form of the vitamin and , as a result , is extremely poorly absorbed ( here ’ s the study ) . It offers no viable benefit to the body and may actually be harmful . Some experts believe that D2 actually desentitizes the D3 receptors , making us more prone to vitamin D deficiency ! Stay far , far away from the D2 . 6 . Other isolated vitamins When it comes to processed foods , the sum of the parts does not equal the whole . Here ’ s what I mean in the case of milk substitutes : companies isolate forms of vitamins and minerals and add it into the milk substitute base . But just because a rice milk claims to have as much calcium as regular milk does not mean the body absorbs and utilizes the calcium from both items the same way . I believe nutrients are always better absorbed in the whole - food form . For example , real , whole milk provides adequate saturated fats to help the body utilize the calcium and fat - soluble vitamins in the milk . Non - dairy milks offer no natural co - factors to allow assimilation of the vitamins . As another example , non - dairy milks often contain synthetic vitamin A . While naturally - occuring ( non - isolated , food - source ) vitamin A only creates toxicity in uber - extreme doses , moderate overdoses of synthetic vitamin A can cause toxicity ( read more about synthetic vs . natural vitamin A ) . This is because the body can not assimilate the synthetic version of the vitamin . 7 . Bonus : Phytic acid and enzyme inhibitors ( Not an additive , but natural anti - nutrients ) As explained in Nourishing Traditions , traditional cultures soaked their nuts and seeds in a salty brine and then dried them in the sun . This reduced the phytic acid content ( a substance which impairs mineral absorption ) and the naturally - occuring enzyme inhibitors ( which cause digestive distress and impair protein digestion ) . I know that many of you are already fans of soaking and dehydrating your nuts / seeds to make the nutrients more bioavaiable . Unfortunately , commercially - prepared non - dairy milks are not made from properly prepared nuts / seeds . Let ’ s take a more detailed look at the ingredients in popular non - dairy milk options . Silk Original Soymilk Soymilk ( Filtered Water , Whole Soybeans ) , Cane Sugar , Sea Salt , Carrageenan , Natural Flavor , Calcium Carbonate , Vitamin A Palmitate , Vitamin D2 , Riboflavin ( B2 ) , Vitamin B12 . Well , the first ingredient is soy . Need we read further down the ingredient list before we place the product back on the shelf ? No , but let ’ s anyways , out of morbid curiosity . I see carrageenan , that caustic carcinogen that we discussed earlier . I also see isolated calcium and vitamin A , which are n ’ t going to be optimally absorbed by the body . And there is that useless vitamin D2 . The verdict ? Do n ’ t touch this stuff . Silk Unsweetened Vanilla Almond Milk Almond milk ( Filtered Water , Almonds ) , Sea Salt , Natural Flavor , Locust Bean Gum , Sunflower Lecithin , Gellan Gum , Calcium Carbonate , Vitamin E Acetate , Zinc Gluconate , Vitamin A Palmitate , Riboflavin ( B2 ) , Vitamin B12 , Vitamin D2 . The real red flags here are the foreign - sounding ingredients . Locust bean gum – what in the world is that ? Here ’ s the explanation from Wikipedia “ [ Locust bean gum is a ] vegetable gum extracted from the seeds of the carob tree [ … ] The long pods that grow on the tree are used to make this gum . The pods are kibbled to separate the seed from the pulp . The seeds have their skins removed by an acid treatment . The deskinned seed is then split and gently milled . This causes the brittle germ to break up while not affecting the more robust endosperm . The two are separated by sieving . The separated endosperm can then be milled by a roller operation to produce the final locust bean gum powder . ” That is definitely not an ingredient that can be prepared by the home cook ! Even if it is from a natural product like a carob pod , I know it is not truly “ natural ” if it requires such strange and complex extraction methods . The same goes for the sunflower lecithin ( a highly processed byproduct ) and the gellan gum ( a product of a bacterium ) . And there is that ominous “ natural flavor ” label … that ’ s bad news . The verdict on this popular almond milk option ? Avoid it . Rice Dream Unsweetened Rice Milk Organic rice base ( filtered water , organic rice ) , organic tapioca starch , organic expeller pressed canola oil and / or safflower oil and / or sunflower oil , tricalcium phosphate , carrageenan , natural flavors , sea salt , xanthan gum , vitamin A palmitate , vitamin D2 , vitamin B12 . Okay , so we have some red flag ingredients discussed above like vegetable oils , carrageenan , natural flavors and D2 . It also lists xanthan gum , a highly processed , bacterial byproduct ingredient . It certainly does n ’ t pass the test of “ would your great - grandmother have recognized this as food ? ” Tempt Hempmilk Hemp nut base ( filtered water , hemp nut [ shelled hemp seed ] ) , natural flavors , sunflower lecithin , tricalcium phosphate , carrageenan , sea salt , vitamin A palmitate , vitamin D2 , riboflavin , vitamin B12 . Contains a trace of sugar . Like other nuts and seeds , hempseeds are a whole food that has been enjoyed by traditional cultures . And the good news is that hemp seeds do not contain phytic acid , so they do not need to be soaked . But unfortunately , this commercial non - dairy milk contains that darned and dangerous carrageenan as well as the red flag ingredients of natural flavors , sunflower lecithin , and D2 . Verdict ? Pass on this one . What about coconut milk ? I frequently use coconut milk in my recipes on Empowered Sustenance . Although it is a seed , coconut has an excellent fatty acid profile with lots of metabolism - boosting medium chain fatty acids and very little PUFA . But we have to be careful when buying coconut milks because they can have the same problems of other milk substitutes . I do n ’ t recommend buying cartons of coconut milk , because these often contain carrageenan The best option is additive - free coconut milk in BPA - free cans , although the can lining likely still leaches chemicals into the milk . I feel totally comfortable consuming 1 - 3 cans of coconut milk per week . In my option , the best non - dairy milk is homemade coconut milk . You can also make coconut milk at home from unsweetened coconut flakes . Make a couple of batches and keep some in the freezer . It will lasts months in the freezer and about 4 days in the fridge . What milks and milk substitutes are best ? I believe the most nourishing option is real raw milk . Why is raw milk so special ? So many reasons ! I explain the benefits of raw milk in my post here . That post also debunks the myths about the “ risks ” of raw milk consumption and addresses the question “ is n ’ t cow milk for baby cows ? ” If you think you are lactose intolerant or believe you ca n ’ t tolerate dairy milk , I encourage you to give raw milk or raw goat milk a try . You will be pleasantly surprised at how well you can tolerate it ! If you still want a nut / seed milk , then the best option is making it from scratch . Again , I recommend homemade coconut milk because it contains the healthiest fats and is free of anti - nutrients like phytic acid and enzyme inhibitors . If you choose other nuts / seeds , it is best to soak and dehydrate your nuts / seeds according to the directions in Nourishing Traditions . This reduces the problematic phytic acid ( remember , it prevents mineral absorption ) and enzyme inhibitors ( remember , those harm your pancreas ) . Then blend up the nuts / seeds with filtered water and strain it through a nut milk bag . You can find unlimited recipes for homemade nut milk on the internet . What kinds of milk do you drink ? Are you going to make the transition away from commercial nuts milks ? Pin 2K Email 14K | [
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http://empoweringthematuremind.com/category/aip-technology/ | AIP Technology 14 Senior Tech Ease Ideas from AIP Experts The most efficient way to lower long - term care costs is to remain at home and to delay nursing home placement . People can stay in their homes using home and community - based services . What cost - effective means will keep them safe and independent ? We think it ’ s technology . But which ones ? Here are 14 technologies seniors should use to [ … ] Katy Fike ’ s ASA 2014 speech on “ Aging in Place ” Technology I have a deep respect for my fellow colleague in the “ Aging in Place ” technology , entrepreneurial , and start - up sector , Ms . Katy Fike . I was honored to have her and 2 other industry professionals on a national webinar with EtMM about 18 months ago , and boy has she taken off since ! While we here at ADM [ … ] Japan : Ahead of the U.S. for “ Aging in Place ” First of all , let me just say that I ’ m sincerely sorry to our readers and subscribers for my blogging absence the last few months . Ever since I went to Japan in October , I ’ ve been slammed at my Architecture firm ( and that ’ s a good thing after the last 6 years of “ recession ” ) . But enough about that , [ … ] Experiencing 65 , as a 40 year old – The AGING SUIT Last week I went into Seattle to the Abodian showroom . I was invited , as an “ Aging in Place Specialist ” to come in and try on their rented “ AGE Exploration Suit ” as part of a presentation on learning more about Aging in Place and Universal Design features of their industry ’ s leading - edge technology , in cabinetry and storage solutions [ … ] Austin votes for “ sticks ” vs . “ carrots ” with Zero - Step Ordinance In a 6 - 1 vote this week , the Austin city council passed an ordinance that moves them one step toward the “ age friendly ” & “ inclusive ” world of new home construction . But for all the passion and belief I have in this movement , I ’ m not sure this was the right decision for the city to make . They will [ … ] WHY Did n ’ t we do this SOONER ? ( Aging in Place ) I took my children on the three hour drive from Seattle to visit my parents and our extended family for Thanksgiving in the Portland / Vancouver area last week . We had a wonderful dinner and event with 25 people in the extended Murphy family , and the kids – as always – had a great time with their [ … ] Bob Vila “ Misses the Mark ” on RLTV for 50 + Mr . Bob Vila is a clearly established “ GURU ” on home improvement networks around the world . He ’ s been at this home - improvement task for a very long time , and has plenty of credibility for the mastery of his craft – no one would argue that point . The reason for my writing is more precise than that . Today [ … ] Insurance Forces a Deserving Client to Accept a Lesser Life I was contacted by a Nurse Care Manager from Portland , Oregon a few months ago to meet her on site at a client ’ s home in my county to discuss home modifications to help improve his life at home after a severe work injury that left him missing a portion of one arm and one leg [ … ] EXTEND YOUR LIFE AT HOME – SAFER , HAPPIER , HEALTHIER , WEALTHIER , and LONGER I ’ ve touched on this in many different ways over the last 18 months since we started EtMM as a website in early 2012 . But I felt this was a good time to summarize and get to some of the main clear points of why this is our mission statement ( click for a short video on why [ … ] Guest Blog : Receiving Assistance without Sacrificing Independence There ’ s nothing quite like the helpless feeling of watching your own self - sufficiency slip through your fingers . After all , as adults , we value our confidence , vibrancy , and self - reliance . However , it is natural that , with age , you or your loved ones may find that you need a little more assistance with things that are seemingly simple in [ … ] Previous Posts | [
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http://emtgin.tumblr.com/thin-line | Gin the EMT Thin line I love spotting a discreet vehicle “ line ” sticker , and wanted to know how many there could be . Message / PM me with clarifications , please ! Quick clarification of the various thin line colors and their meanings . Thin Red Line — Firefighters Thin White Line — Emergency medical services . The thin white line differs from other thin lines in that the background is blue instead of black , with a white line crossing horizontally through the middle . EMS still uses the “ Thin Orange Line ” which is primarily used by Search and Rescue . Thin Blue Line - Police Officers Thin Gold Line - Dispatch ( previously overlooked , as they so often are ) Thin Orange Line — Search and Rescue Personnel and EMS Thin Silver Line — Corrections officers Thin Yellow Line — Security Officers , Retail Loss Prevention Thin Green Line — Federal Agents , especially Border Patrol Agents , and Park Rangers Thin NWU Line — United States Navy Thin ACU Line — United States Army Thin Tiger Stripe Line — Air Force Thin Blue Line with Lightning Bolt — S.W.A.T. ( Special Weapons And Tactics ) | [
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http://emulator.online/tags/fire-emblem/ | Fire Emblem All SNES Games Super Nintendo 1994 Fire Emblem 3 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG Nintendo 1996 Fire Emblem 4 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG Nintendo 2000 Fire Emblem 5 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG Nintendo All Game Boy Games Game Boy Color and Advanced 2003 Fire Emblem 7 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG 2005 Fire Emblem 8 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG 2002 Fire Emblem 6 Fire Emblem Strategy RPG | [
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http://emule-security.org/ | eMule Security RSS Feeds Updates News eMule MODs About RSSNews ads Welcome to eMule Security This site specializes on providing IPfilter nodesdat Serverlist for eMule and download mirror for eMule MODs It is a special file ipfilterdat which contains IPRanges of antipeer2peer organizations corrupted data senders hackers and resedved IPRanges Which will be blocked IPfilter consists of 1 Basic Level 1 blocklist by Bluetack Internet Security Solutions 2 Bogon list by CIDR Reports 3 Fake servers list created and updated by me part one part two IPFILTER V1808 RELEASED Bogon list 040119 Fake servers list 040119 Level 1 list 040119 Amazon list 040119 196322 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Friday 04 January 2019 095751 IPFILTER V1807 RELEASED Bogon list 091218 Fake servers list 091218 Level 1 list 091218 Amazon list 091218 196313 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 09 December 2018 153901 IPFILTER V1805 RELEASED Bogon list 050818 Fake servers list 050818 Level 1 list 050818 Amazon list 050818 196334 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 05 August 2018 134754 IPFILTER V1804 RELEASED Bogon list 010718 Fake servers list 010718 Level 1 list 010718 Amazon list 010718 196285 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 01 July 2018 145850 IPFILTER V1803 RELEASED Bogon list 030618 Fake servers list 030618 Level 1 list 030618 Amazon list 030618 196409 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 03 June 2018 134937 IPFILTER V1802 RELEASED Bogon list 020518 Fake servers list 020518 Level 1 list 020518 Amazon list 020518 196420 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Wednesday 02 May 2018 125517 IPFILTER V1801 RELEASED Bogon list 010418 Fake servers list 010418 Level 1 list 010418 Amazon list 010418 196481 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 01 April 2018 112652 IPFILTER V1800 RELEASED Bogon list 040318 Fake servers list 040318 Level 1 list 040318 Amazon list 040318 196469 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 04 March 2018 163532 IPFILTER V1799 RELEASED Bogon list 030218 Fake servers list 030218 Level 1 list 030218 Amazon list 040218 196521 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Sunday 04 February 2018 124909 IPFILTER V1798 RELEASED Bogon list 050118 Fake servers list 050118 Level 1 list 050118 Amazon list 050118 196548 filters loaded httpupdemulesecurityorgipfilterzip Andrey op Friday 05 January 2018 144108 Go to page Version Info Ipfilter 1808 040119 IpToCountry 040119 nodesdat 060119 Serverlist How to IPfilter update Serverlist update Connect to Kad Install the Mod IpToCountry update Our Friends PEERATES Safe And Sound Host | [
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http://emuniversity.com/ReviewofSystems.html | Reviews ( Avg : 4.9 5 ) of 40 Excellent , useful and easy . JAA MEDICAL SERVICES February 22nd , 2019 Great Learning tool for E / M , Its an Excellent site for entire E / M . Keep learning and be the first in Medical Coding . PRAKASH BABU JETTY CPC December 12th , 2018 Good Source Agrudu . CCS , CPC November 20th , 2018 Very good site for learning E / M properly . Awesome experience . Roopitha valsan November 18th , 2018 Excellent resource of clinical examples , showing what the documentation for each E / M level should look like . Brad Howard , CPC October 24th , 2018 Great site to learn E / M Kumar Kanna July 30th , 2018 Great stuff to learn E / M Kumar Kanna July 30th , 2018 very good information regarding e / m . thank you so much . gopikrishna July 20th , 2018 Very nice Info and clear steps to understand the E&M levels . Megha Kadam July 13th , 2018 Very good info and clear steps to understand the E&M levels . Megha Kadam July 13th , 2018 I bought the inpatient + outpatient curriculum . Ca n ' t believe how much I have been undercoding . Course pays for itself in one day . IM doc , Nashville July 2nd , 2018 Good source . Use it everyday . Aanchal T June 27th , 2018 very nice site for learning E / M and ED . Thanks EMU Shashi kant patel June 26th , 2018 I never really understood the difference between a 99213 and a 99214 until I took the outpatient course . I now realize I have been under - coding for years . Not anymore . Thank you , EMU ! Benjamin H . Philadelphia June 13th , 2018 It was very useful and clear to learn E / M . . .Thankyou . . Sandhiya May 24th , 2018 Submit A Review Home 2019 E / M Changes are Live ! Search our Site . . . Basic Definitions Contact Us E / M Forum About Us On - Site E / M Education E / M Compliance Web Portals E / M Coding Online Courses Free E / M Coding Tools The Basic E / M Coding Course Inpatient / Outpatient Curriculum The Hospitalist E / M Curriculum The Outpatient E / M Curriculum Nursing Facility E / M Services Comprehensive Curriculum The Pediatric E / M Curriculum Complete E / M Curriculum The Nephrology Curriculum The Psychiatry Curriculum The ER Curriculum AAPC CEUs by Specialty E / M Templates Multi - User Discounts History History Problem Focused History Expanded Problem Focused History Detailed History Comprehensive History Physical Exam Physical Exam Specialty Exams Problem Focused Exam Expanded Problem Focused Exam Detailed Exam Comprehensive Exam Medical Decision - Making Medical Decision - Making Straightforward Low Complexity Moderate Complexity High Complexity MDM Calculator New Office Patients Established Office Patients Initial Hospital Care Services Hospital Progress Notes E / M Consult Services Critical Care Coding Based on Time Consults Are Gone : What Now ? Clinical Examples The Review of Systems ( ROS ) is an inventory of specific body systems performed by the physician in the process of taking a history from the patient . The ROS is designed to bring out clinical symptoms which the patient may have overlooked or forgotten . In theory , the ROS may illuminate the diagnosis by eliciting information which the patient may not perceive as being important enough to mention to the physician . The rules for documenting the ROS are identical for both the 1995 and 1997 E / M guidelines . There are fourteen individual systems recognized by the E / M guidelines : Constitutional ( e.g. , fever , weight loss ) Eyes Ears , Nose , Mouth , Throat Cardiovascular Respiratory Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Musculoskeletal Integumentary ( skin and / or breast ) Neurological Psychiatric Endocrine Hematologic / Lymphatic Allergic / Immunologic E / M University Coding Tip : There are no specific rules about how much to ask the patient about each system . This is left up to the discretion of the individual examiner . There are three levels of ROS recognized by the E / M guidelines : Problem Pertinent ROS : Requires review of ONE system related to current problem ( s ) Extended ROS : Requires review of TWO to NINE systems Complete ROS : Requires review of at least 10 systems E / M University Coding Tip : When documenting the ROS , it is not necessary to list each system individually . It is acceptable to document a few pertinent positive or negative findings and then say : “ All other systems were reviewed and are negative . ” E / M University Coding Tip : It is not necessary that the physician personally perform the ROS . It is acceptable to have your staff record the ROS or to let the patient fill out an ROS questionnaire . However , the physician MUST review the information and comment on pertinent findings in the body of the note . In addition the physician should initial the questionnaire and maintain the form in the chart as a permanent part of the medical record . E / M University Coding Tip : Many physicians overlook the fact that many follow - up encounters DO require a ROS . There is a perception that a ROS only needs to be done during your initial encounter with the patient , but this is not correct . For example , an extended ROS is required for a level 3 hospital progress note or a level 4 office follow - up visit with an established patient . You DO NOT need to re - record a ROS if there is an earlier version available on the chart . It is acceptable to review the old ROS and note any changes . In order to use this shortcut , you must note the date and location of the previous ROS and comment on any changes in the body of the current note . For example , if you are seeing an established patient in the office you can say : “ Complete which was performed during a previous encounter was re - examined and reviewed with the patient . There is nothing new to add today . For details , please refer to my previous note in this chart , dated 11 / 23 / 2004 . ” E / M University Coding Tip : The ROS may be recorded separately or may be documented within the HPI . | [
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http://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1087/~/how-to-create-a-nintendo-network-id-on-wii-u | How to Create a Nintendo Network ID on Wii U Note : If you have already created a Nintendo Network ID on the Nintendo 3DS , and would like to link your existing NNA to the Wii U , click here . Key Points : The Wii U must be connected to the Internet to set up a Nintendo Network ID . Each Nintendo Network ID can be associated to one Nintendo 3DS and one Wii U console . A Nintendo Network ID can be set up when creating a new Mii profile on the Wii U , or it can be linked to an existing profile . Make sure that your system is set to the correct country , before beginning this process . How to What to Do : Access the User Settings on an existing Mii , and select " Create / Link Nintendo Network ID . " How to If you are creating a new user account on the system , select " Add New User " from the Wii U User Select screen . Select " Next " to proceed through the screens . When asked if you already have a Nintendo Network ID , select " No . " If you already have a Nintendo Network ID that you would like to link , follow the steps here to link the existing Nintendo Network ID . If you are uncertain whether you have already created a Nintendo Network ID , select " I Do n ' t Know " and review the information there . Select " Next . " If you have not yet associated a Mii to this account , you will be prompted now to create a Mii character , or select one that has already been created . Choose your language . Read through the Nintendo Network Agreement . Select " I Accept " to agree to the terms . If you are under 18 , a parent or legal guardian must accept this agreement before you can proceed . Select " OK " to continue . Enter your birthdate , then select " Next . " How old is the person creating the account ? 12 and under 13 and over Did this information answer your question ? Yes No | [
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http://en-gb.facebook.com/help/151024075021791/ | Messenger Messenger works like texting ( SMS ) and other mobile messaging apps to let you reach people instantly on their phones . Learn more in the Messenger Help Center Messenger Mobile App Basics What is the Messenger app and why am I being asked to install it ? How do I upload my contacts to Messenger ? Messenger for Android Beta Program What is the Messenger for Android Beta Program ? How do I know if I ’ m already testing the beta version of Messenger for Android ? How do I stop using the beta version of Messenger for Android ? How do I test the beta version of Messenger for Android ? How do I turn automatic app updates on or off for Messenger for Android ? What can I do if Messenger keeps crashing ? I ' m having trouble downloading the latest beta version of the Messenger for Android app . What should beta testers do once they ' ve joined the Messenger for Android Beta Program ? | [
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http://en-gb.facebook.com/help/327994277286267/ | Notification Basics & Settings Basics What types of notifications does Facebook send ? Settings How do I choose what I get notifications about on Facebook ? How do I choose what I ’ m notified about in a Facebook group ? How do I turn notifications on or off for people or Pages that I follow ? How do I turn off or change notification sounds ? How do I adjust my mobile push notifications from Facebook ? How do I turn on Facebook push notifications through Google Chrome or Firefox ? | [
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http://en-gb.facebook.com/help/community/question/?id=10152194542499653 | Ask a Question why wo n ' t Facebook app open on my iPhone 5s ? iPhone & iPad App i just had to go to apple to have them restore the phone and i downloaded the app from the app store , and it says open , but i click on it and it will not open or launch and the icon is nowhere to be found on any of the home screens . I can also find Facebook in settings and put in my info , but i can not open on my phone Asked about 5 years ago by Phil Lanino 45 Votes 19 Followers Seen by 6,370 Good Question Follow this Question Share Answers Recent answers Top answers Joey 1 answer . 9 of 29 people found this helpful Go to settings , general , usage , scrolled down to Facebook , selected and press delete app , than re install the app from the App Store 10 comments Share Answered about 5 years ago View previous comments Delete and reinstall Posted about 4 years ago by Judy If i delete and re - install - does this delete my messages ? It says if i delete it will delete data . . what does that mean ? my FB app has not opened in 2 days on my iphone 5 . . any other suggestions ? Posted about 4 years ago Beth Happened to me too . Go into Settings / Cellular and make sure Facebook is turned ON . Alice in my case this process did not work . I ' ve deleted and reinstalled for two times . what can I do now ? ? ? / Posted about 3 years ago এ . Hamza 6 answers 0 of 6 people found this helpful Hi Phil Lanino - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 . Check Your Internet Setting Restore Your Internet Setting Or Connect With Wifi 2 . Run Facebook App on other Iphone If its Work then Restore Your Iphone 5s With Itunes And Upgrade with Latest Version After This Process Download Jail Break And Install it . . . . 3 . If Second Method Not Work Then Replace your iphone 5s from Any Apple store . . . 4 . If all process not work check your ios version if facebook is not working in latest ios version then upgrade old ios version . . . . . Download Facebook App For iphone 5s https : / / itunes . apple . com / us / app / facebook / id284882215 ? mt = 8 http : / / www . tomsguide . com / us / download / facebook - iPhone , 0301 - 25660 . html - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 comments Answered about 5 years ago why wo n ' t my facebook open on my iphone 5c it work early today but now when you push on facebook its comes on but nothing show up and its goes back off please what is wrong Posted about 5 years ago Darlene HI Darlene Lykins Risner Please Follow My Above Information We ’ ve been able to reproduce the crash on an iPhone 5 and iPhone 5s , both running iOS 7.0.3 , the l . . . See more Posted about 5 years ago Hamza thanks for getting back to me . I actually deleted the app somehow and then re installed it and that worked . have a good one Phil Ask a friend to answer this question ? How helpful did you find these answers ? Yes No | [
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http://en-gb.facebook.com/help/community/question/?id=10200553470975675 | Back to Top Questions Related Questions What do the icons next to people ’ s names mean ? What do the Icons next to peoples names mean ? Related Help Center FAQs What names are allowed on Facebook ? What does it mean to see first ? What does it mean to " Like " something ? What other names are allowed on Facebook ? What if I have one name instead of a first name and a last n . . . What should I do if a person who has passed away is showing . . . Ask a Question What do the Icons next to peoples names mean ? Chat & Messages I have gathered that the little green dot beside their names means they are online , but what does it mean when there is a little cell phone and minutes by their name ? Asked about 6 years ago by Calley 83 Votes 22 Followers Good Question Follow this Question Share Answers Recent answers Top answers This question has been closed . | [
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http://en-gb.facebook.com/help/community/question/?id=675736651992 | Ask a Question What is a ' valid ' Facebook URL for Copyright Reporting ? Something ' s Broken It seems impossible to to submit a Copyright Report through Facebook as the form will NOT accept any URLs from Facebook . " Please provide links ( URLs ) leading directly to the specific content you are reporting . Only Facebook URLs accepted . Non - Facebook URLs and / or additional text not accepted . Please enter only Facebook URLs in this field . " Asked about 5 years ago by Marcos 6 Votes 1 Follower Seen by 288 Good Question Follow this Question Share Answers Recent answers Top answers Ask a friend to answer this question ? | [
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http://en-us.fluke.com/products/hvac-iaq-tools/fluke-rld2-hvac-iaq.html | Home Products Building infrastructure HVAC tools Fluke RLD2 HVAC / R Flashlight Fluke RLD2 HVAC / R Flashlight is rated 4.3 out of 5 by 3 Previous Next Key features Six UV LEDs ( 395 nm wavelength ) detect leak detection dyes Laser pointer clearly locates center of the UV field for accuracy Three LED flashlight with 100,000 hour LED life Operating temperature 0 ° C to 50 ° C Four operating modes : flashlight , UV light , laser light , UV / laser light combination Convenient detachable key chain carabiner and AAA battery included Read more Product overview Models Reviews Resources | [
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http://en-us.fluke.com/training/training-library/measurements/electricity/what-is-capacitance.html | Call for assistance at 1 - 888 - 413 - 5433 What is capacitance ? Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and store energy in the form of an electrical charge . Capacitors are energy - storing devices available in many sizes and shapes . They consist of two plates of conducting material ( usually a thin metal ) sandwiched between an insulator made of ceramic , film , glass or other materials , even air . The insulator is also known as a dielectric , and it boosts a capacitor ' s charging capacity . Capacitors are sometimes called condensers in the automotive , marine and aviation industries . The internal plates are wired to two external terminals , which sometimes are long and thin and can resemble tiny metallic antennae or legs . These terminals can be plugged into a circuit . Capacitors and batteries both store energy . While batteries release energy gradually , capacitors discharge it quickly . Example : A capacitor attached to a digital camera ' s flash unit collects energy from the camera ' s battery , then releases it in a burst when the shutter is activated . Depending on its size , the capacitor may need a second or two to collect enough energy for another flash . A capacitor collects energy ( voltage ) as current flows through an electrical circuit . Both plates hold equal charges , and as the positive plate collects a charge , an equal charge flows off the negative plate . When the circuit is switched off , a capacitor retains the energy it has gathered , though slight leakage usually occurs . A variety of capacitors ( shown in color ) in circuit board . Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference ( i.e. , voltage ) between them . The capacitance value of a capacitor is measured in farads ( F ) , units named for English physicist Michael Faraday ( 1791 – 1867 ) . A farad is a large quantity of capacitance . Most household electrical devices include capacitors that produce only a fraction of a farad , often a thousandth of a farad ( or microfarad , µF ) or as small as a picofarad ( a trillionth , pF ) . Supercapacitors , meanwhile , can store very large electrical charges of thousands of farads . Capacitance can be increased when : A capacitor ' s plates ( conductors ) are positioned closer together . Larger plates offer more surface area . The dielectric is the best possible insulator for the application . Capacitors come in various shapes . In electrical circuits , capacitors are frequently used to block direct current ( dc ) while permitting alternating current ( ac ) to flow . Some digital multimeters offer a capacitance measurement function so technicians can : Identify an unknown or unlabeled capacitor . Detect open or shorted capacitors . Measure capacitors directly and display their value . Reference : Digital Multimeter Principles by Glen A . Mazur , American Technical Publishers . | [
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http://en.allmetsat.com/metar-taf/russia.php?icao=UUWW | Satellite images 10 - day forecasts Climate Marine weather Cyclones Lightning Airports FAQ Languages Contact Newsletter About METAR - TAF : Europe Africa North America South America Asia Australia - Oceania Others METAR - TAF Vnukovo International Airport Moscow - Vnukovo , Russia latitude : 55 - 39N , longitude : 037 - 16E , elevation : 203 m Current weather observation The report was made 29 minutes ago , at 05 : 00 UTC Wind 8 kt from the East / Northeast Temperature 5 ° C Humidity 48 Pressure 1032 hPa Visibility 10 km or more no clouds below 1500 m and no cumulonimbus Change units METAR : UUWW 170500Z 07004MPS CAVOK 05 / M05 Q1032 R01 / 000060 R06 / 000060 NOSIG Time : 08 : 29 ( 05 : 29 UTC ) Forecast The report was made 3 hours and 31 minutes ago , at 01 : 58 UTC Forecast valid from 17 at 03 UTC to 18 at 03 UTC Wind 12 kt from the East with gusts up to 25 kt Visibility 10 km or more Scattered clouds at a height of 3000 ft Becoming from 17 at 17 UTC to 17 at 20 UTC 2 kt from variable directions TAF : UUWW 170158Z 1703 / 1803 09006G13MPS 9999 SCT030 TX10 / 1712Z TN00 / 1703Z BECMG 1717 / 1720 VRB01MPS Weather observations and forecasts of more than 4000 airports ( METAR and TAF reports ) . The available stations are represented by yellow and red dots on the map . Hover mouse over dot to see the name of the station . Then click to see weather observations and forecasts . To change the map : click on the green buttons with a black cross to zoom in , on the green button with a dash to zoom out , or on the green arrows for adjacent maps . The information on this site is subject to a disclaimer METAR - TAF : Europe Africa North America South America Asia Australia - Oceania Others Satellite images 10 - day forecasts Climate Marine weather Cyclones Lightning Airports FAQ Languages Contact Newsletter About | [
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http://en.angolaconsulate-tx.org/services/entry-visa-requests | Entry Visa Requests Legal status of a foreign citizen in the Republic of Angola has since 2007 been governed by new legislation Law 0207 named Legal Status of Foreign Nationals in the Republic of Angola The abovementioned law established new types of visas for entry into Angola as described below Diplomatic Visa Official Visa Ordinary Visa Consular Visa Territorial Visa Among the above described types of visas the Consular Visa merits special reference used for nonofficial requests which cover the following instances Transit Tourism Shortstay Ordinary Student Medical treatment Privileged Work Temporary permanence Residence In the case of visas granted by the Consulate for entry into the Republic of Angola apart from the requirements inherent to the different Consular Visa categories such as transit or work visas the following documents are required across the board Two Visa Request forms fully completed and signed Two recent white background photographs no snapshots will be accepted A passport valid for a period of at least 6 months Documents or correspondence related to the objective of the trip or an invitation letter directed to the Consular Mission Chief Foreign nationals residing in the USA should show Permanent Resident Card the Green Card An invitation letter sent by the individual or organization who will be the applicants contact in Angola Copy of the travel itinerary Certified cheque or Money Order in the amount of US 14100 Personal cheques or cash will not be accepted Proof of means of subsistence while in Angola US 20000day A Bank Statement or a Letter from Employer who is sponsoring the trip is normally sufficient as proof of subsistence Documents required when requesting a Transit Visa All requirements listed in Item V plus a copy of the travel ticket showing full travel itinerary Additional requirements for Work Visas Copy of a contract signed by the representative of the company or organization employing hiring or sponsoring the trip stating specifically the job to be performed by applicant the duration of the contract as well as the fact that employer takes full financial responsibility for the applicant This document needs to be authenticated by a Public Notary and should be addressed to The Consulate General in Houston Two additional application forms Two additional passportsize pictures Statement authenticated by a Public Notary indicating that applicant agrees to abide by Angolan laws Police Clearance CertificateLetter notarized authenticated by the Department of State stating that applicant has no pending criminal proceedings International Vaccination Certificate or Medical Certificate of Health including HIV test results authenticated by a Public Notary Certified check or Money Order in the amount of USD 30000 Letter of presentation Authenticated copy of the passport Diploma or Certificate of Achievement Work Contract Curriculum Vitae Resume All documents must be presented in duplicate original and duplicate Authorization by the by Ministério de Tutela and opinion issued by the Ministry for Public Administration Labor and Social Security MAPESSMinistero da Administração Publica Emprego e Segurança Social The requirements listed above should not in any shape or form be considered all inclusive The Consulate General of Angola in Houston reserves the right to request additional information if necessary Useful Information about Visas The general information contained herein is meant to minimize inconveniences to foreign citizens who intend to travel to Angola especially for service missions business development family and work visits The jurisdictional areas covered by this ConsulateGeneral should apply for a visa according to the nature of their travel to Angola Visa Application and Processing Time The applications for entry visas into Angola must be filed with this ConsulateGeneral in Houston Processing or wait time is usually under 15 fifteen business days However the processing time for a Work Visa will take at least 45 fortyfive business days from the date that application is filed Applications sent by Mail Applications received by mail will take one additional day to process as long as all documentation is in order Applicants must send a selfstamped or prepaid Federal Express UPS or DHL envelope in order for this Consulate to expedite the return of the document being that we will not be responsible for any other form of return of documents When we send your documents back please note that the cost for such service is not included in the visa fees and will need to be sent in separate Consequently those applicants who use the courier services above described should ensure payment for the return of documents at the time of presentation of their application Ads 1 2 Hours Tourism Events Hours Consulate Hours Hours of Operations of Angola Consulate Houston For more information please contact us through the contact form or click here Provinces Huambo Capital Huambo Huila Capital Lubango Luanda Capital Luanda Lunda Norte Capital Dundo Lunda Sul Capital Saurimo Malanje Capital Malanje Moxico Capital Luena Namibe Capital Homónima Uige Capital Uige 1 2 | [
"Legal status"
] |
http://en.butterflycorner.net/Papilio-ulysses-Mountain-Blue.schwalbenschwanz100.0.html | Papilio ulysses ( Blue Emperor , Mountain Blue ) Papilio ulysses , also called Blue Mountain Swallowtail is a butterfly from Australasia / Indomalaya ecozone ( Australia ) . The first description was in 1758 by Linnaeus . The wingspan is about 12 – 14 cm . This butterfly is a member of the family PAPILIONIDAE . The basic colour of Papilio ulysses is black . A large blue area dominates the wings . Photos for easy identification Photo © by Thomas Neubauer Photo © by Thomas Neubauer Photo © by Naturhistorisches Museum Wien ; Photographer Thomas Neubauer Photo © by Naturhistorisches Museum Wien ; Photographer Thomas Neubauer Here you can see some photos of Papilio ulysses ( Blue Emperor ) ( male above / female below ) . Papilio ulysses is a member of the family PAPILIONIDAE from Australasia / Indomalaya ( Australia ) Description The fore wings are black . A large blue area dominates the wing . Next to the blue area there are some hairy areas . The underside is dark - brown . In the middle of the wing there is a big light - brown triangle . The hind wings are black and they have tails . The edge is wavy . A large blue area dominates the wing . The underside is dark - brown . At the outer edge there is a chain of big brown spots . The body ( abdomen ) is dark - brown . Head and thorax are black and have some blue scales . The underside of all parts is brown . Sex differences : The females has no hairy areas on the fore wings . The blue of the female is dull . Distribution The Blue Emperor ( Papilio ulysses ) is a butterfly of the Australasia / Indomalaya ecozone ( Australia ) . You can see this butterfly from the North of Australia until Papua New Guinea . This world map shows the ecozones in which this butterfly is distributed . Larval food Rutaceae : Euodia bonwickii Euodia elleryana Verbenaceae : Vitex trifolia General information The first description of this butterfly was in 1758 by Linnaeus . There are many subspecies . Papilio ulysses ambiguus [ Rothschild ] Papilio ulysses ampelius [ Rothschild ] Papilio ulysses autolycus [ C . & R . Felder , 1865 ] Papilio ulysses dohertius [ Rothschild ] Papilio ulysses gabrielis [ Rothschild , 1898 ] Papilio ulysses georgius [ Rothschild ] Papilio ulysses joesa [ Butler , 1869 ] Papilio ulysses morotaicus [ Rothschild ] Papilio ulysses nigerrimus [ Ribbe , 1898 ] Papilio ulysses orsippus [ Godman & Salvin ] Papilio ulysses oxyartes [ Fruhstorfer ] Papilio ulysses telegonus [ C . & R . Felder , 1860 ] Papilio ulysses telemachus [ Montrouzier ] The caterpillar is green with one white horizontal strip and some spots . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses ambiguus ( female ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses ampelius ( male ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses autolycus ( male left / female right ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses dohertius ( male ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses gabrielis ( male ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses joesa ( male left / female right ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses morotaicus ( male ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses oxyartes zu sehen ( female ) . Here you can see the subspecies Papilio ulysses telegonus ( male left / female right ) . Macro photos Photo © by Thomas Neubauer ; 20.08.2006 , macro photograph of Papilio ulysses ( upside ) Photo © by Thomas Neubauer ; 20.08.2006 , macro photograph of Papilio ulysses ( upside ) Photo © by Thomas Neubauer ; 20.08.2006 , macro photograph of Papilio ulysses ( underside ) Here you can see some macro photos of Papilio ulysses . Protection provisions / Red List CITES : ( Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ) : - no entry - EU regulation on trading with species of wild Fauna and Flora no entry - IUCN Red List of threatened species : - no entry - Similar and closely - related species Papilio pericles Wallace 1865 INDO - AUSTRALIS Scientific name Papilio ulysses Linnaeus 1758 Synonym Blue Emperor , Ulysses Butterfly , Blue Mountain Swallowtail , Mountain Blue Blauer Kaiser , Odysseusfalter , Ulysses Schwalbenschwanz Classification / Taxonomy / Family tree Kingdom : ANIMALIA Phylum : ARTHROPODA Class : INSECTA Order : LEPIDOPTERA Suborder : DITRYSIA Superfamily : PAPILIONOIDEA Family : PAPILIONIDAE Subfamily : PAPILIONINAE Tribe : PAPILIONINI Genus : PAPILIO Specific name : ULYSSES To family tree ( Genus : PAPILIO ) . . . Ecozone AUSTRALASIA / INDOMALAYA ( Australia ) To the top Back to family Papilionidae from AUSTRALASIA / INDOMALAYA ( AUSTRALIA ) | [
"Papilio ulysses",
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http://en.cefc.co/category/wmdzghx | Corporate Profile CEFC China Energy Company Limited ( hereinafter referred to as “ CEFC China ” ) is a private collective enterprise with energy and financial services as its core business . The strategy of the Company seeks to expand international economic cooperation in the energy sector and establish a well - organized international investment bank and an investment group . CEFC China Milestones CEFC China founded by Ye Jianming , 2002 ; China Academy of Culture ( Hong Kong ) established , 2004 ; The Board of Directors of CEFC China established , 2006 ; China Energy Fund Committee ( Hong Kong ) , an NGO in special consultative status with the UN Economic & Social Council , established , 2008 ; Shanghai Energy Security Research Center established , 2010 ; CEFC Shanghai Charity Fund established , 2011 ; CEFC China listed in Fortune Global 500 , 2013 ( No . 349 ) . Established by Mr . Ye Jianming in 2002 , CEFC China formed its Board of Directors in 2006 . At the First Meeting of the Fifth Board of Directors in 2014 , Ye Jianming was re - elected unanimously as its Chairman . For more than a decade , CEFC China has been actively implementing the “ going global ” strategy and constructing the talent - oriented industrial and financial system driven by trade and economy . In recent years , CEFC China has been accelerating its strategic transformation , focusing on building an international investment bank and an investment Underpinned by its European oil and gas terminals , CEFC China secures its position by obtaining upstream oil and gas equities and interests , building professional teams of finance and independent traders and providing financial support with a full range of licenses . The profits in the financial and logistics sectors are driven by its energy operations and financial services . In addition , CEFC China has set up its second headquarters in the Czech Republic to conduct international banking businesses and investment , and acquired controlling shares in banks and shares in important financial groups with its investment focusing CEFC China has been actively exploring the development path for private enterprises . It has injected its core values into its corporate culture based on the business philosophy , “ Arising with Strength and Achieving with Goodness ” . Its innovative corporate governance model adopts a combining mechanism of strategic and financial control by the headquarters and partnership systems of its subsidiaries so as to concentrate on promoting its core business , employees ’ professionalism , asset securitization and refined management . In 2015 , the Company ’ s revenue exceeded RMB 263.1 billion , being recognized again a place China Energy Fund Committee ( Hong Kong ) , a non - governmental organization in special consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council , is fully sponsored by CEFC China to promote energy public diplomacy and international energy research . It has collaborated with the UN in launching an energy prize every year for best practices and achievement in the field internationally . The Company is also committed to promoting philanthropy through CEFC Shanghai Charity Fund , ensuring sustainable development for the Company and the society at large . Financial Summary The revenue in 2015 exceeded RMB 263.1 billion . | [
"CEFC China"
] |
http://en.chat4o.com/people-cant-hear-me-on-skype/ | People Ca n ’ t Hear Me On Skype By Nikolay ( Admin of Chat4o ) Feb 13 , 2013 — Navigation — 1 . Does Skype receives your voice ? 2 . Skype options 3 . Connecting the microphone 4 . Windows settings 4.1 . For Windows 7 4.2 . For Windows XP 5 . Skype version 6 . Others If people ca n ’ t hear you while you are in a Skype call , then you are in the right place . With the guidance of this article , by following certain steps , you will do something like a microphone diagnostic with the purpose of finding and eliminating the problem . 1 . Does Skype receives your voice ? First let ’ s check if your voice actually has a problem traveling from the microphone all the way to Skype . To do this sign - in with your Skype name and password and from the menu go to : Tools - > Options - > Audio Settings . Where it says Microphone you see a drop down menu with a few devices and where it says Volume you see a volume indicator and a slider . Leave this window opened , take your microphone and say something . While you are speaking look at the indicator – it must be filling with green color . The louder you speak , the more to the right the indicator will fill . If the indicator is reacting to your voice , then all should be fine on your end . To be sure you can make a quick test call and if it also goes well , then tell the person that does not hear you to read the article I made for the opposite problem . But if the indicator is not reacting , then we have a problem . 2 . Skype options In step 2 we will change some Skype settings . While you are in the window from step 1 , check if the checkbox called Automatically adjust microphone settings is checked . You need to either ckeck it or to move the slider all the way to the right . Now try to speak to the microphone one more time and watch the indicator . If this solved your problem , then save the settings and you are done . If not , let ’ s continue . Click on the drop down menu to the right of Microphone and if you have more than one device there , test with each of them . Speak to the microphone after each change to see if one of them is working . If you find one , save the settings . If none of them are working properly , leave without saving . 3 . Connecting the microphone In this step we will check if the microphone is connected properly . Take a look behind the computer ( or on the front , if you are using the front panel ) and see if the pink jack ( the one for the microphone is usually pink ) is plugged all the way . Push it harder to make sure it is connected . Also check if it is connected in the right place . Usually it is pink and it could has a small microphone icon . If you have two of them – one on the back panel and one on the front panel , then try the other one . If everything is properly connected , check if your microphone has a turn on switch or a volume control somewhere on the cable or the body of the device . Turn it on and increase the volume if you can . Go to step 1 to test after any change . 4 . Windows settings Still have n ’ t found the problem ? It is time to take a look at the Windows settings . 4.1 . For Windows 7 If you are using Windows 7 , go to Start - > Control Panel - > Hardware and Sound - > Manage Audio Devices . A window opens . Click on Recording You see a list with devices . Is a one of them ? If not , right click on one of the devices and put the ticks ( if they are not there ) on Show Disabled Devices and on Show Disconnected Devices . Now you have to see the If it is in gray color and it says Disabled , right click on it and choose Enable . This will activate it . If the microphone is enabled , right click on it and choose Properties and then Levels . Here you will see a small button to the right . It can be used to mute the microphone . If there is a small red icon on it , then it is muted and you need to click it . Save the settings . Another idea is to check the levels of the and Microphone Boost sliders . Increase the volume by sliding them to the right . 4.2 . For Windows XP If you are using Windows XP , go to Start - > Control Panel or if you are using the old menu – Settings - > Control Panel . From there go to : Sounds , Speech and Audio Devices - > Sounds and Audio Devices or if you are using the old view – go directly to Sounds and Audio Devices . Now go to : Voice - > the button below Voice recording , called Volume Here there are sliders for several things . One of them is Mic Volume or . Below the slider there could be a checkbox called Mute or there could be another one called Select . If the first one is there – uncheck it , if the second one is there – check it . And about the slider it self , slide it up to increase the volume . Now click on the button Advanced , which is below the slider . If you do not see it there , you can make it appear by going to the menu : Options - > Advanced controls . After clicking the button you see a window , where you see a checkbox called Microphone Boost ( or Mic Boost ) . It is recommended to check it . ( Thanks to Bongel , who mentioned this last tip in the comments of the Bulgarian version of this article ) . 5 . Skype version The problem could also be caused by incompatibility between different Skype versions . I have seen this happening . If nothing else is working , then you and the people that are not hearing you , should update to the latest version . 6 . Others There are other possibilities of course . Your microphone could be damaged or broken or your computer could have a software or a hardware problem that is not mentioned in this article . Google Ad : Category : Skype Problems | [
"SKYPE"
] |
http://en.christinesrecipes.com/2014/05/cantonese-sticky-rice-dumplings.html | Cantonese Sticky Rice Dumplings ( Video 廣東鹹肉糭 ) by Christine Ho 10 : 49 : 00 PM 25 comments When I first learned to wrap sticky rice dumplings ( 鹹肉糭 ) for celebrating Dragon Boat festival , this was the easiest method I went for . It ' s so much fun . The dumplings tasted so great . Sticky rice dumpling ( Zongzi 糭子 in Chinese ) is a classic Chinese food often eaten for celebrating Dragon Boat Festival . It ’ s mainly made of glutinous rice , stuffed with seasoned pork belly , salted duck egg yolks or many different fillings , then wrapped in bamboo leaves , cooked in boiling water . My family especially loves the Cantonese sticky rice dumplings and would love to have them all the time through out the year , either for breakfast or lunch . There are two camps of how to eat these dumplings , dipping with soy sauce or going with white sugar . So , guess which way my family loves to go for ? Sugar . In fact , either way is fantastic and delicious . Wrapping a sticky rice dumpling is quite a challenge , especially for a beginner . A friend of mine shared this method with me and I found it ’ s the easiest way for beginners . You only need 3 pieces of bamboo leaves to wrap as much as fillings you like without ending up with messy results . You might give it a go if you have n ’ t tried wrapping sticky rice dumplings yourself . Enjoy ! Cantonese Sticky Rice Dumplings Recipe Printable recipe By Christine ’ s Recipes Prep time 30 mins ( plus soaking time ) Cook time 3 hrs Yield 20 dumplings ( each about 170 grams ） Ingredients : 60 pieces bamboo leaves 1 kg glutinous rice 600 gm peeled mung beans Fillings : 350 gm pork belly , no skin 8 shiitake mushrooms , soaked and shredded 10 salted egg yolks ( store - bought or homemade ) , halved Marinade for pork belly : 2 tsp five spice powder 1½ tsp salt 1 tsp light soy sauce ½ tsp sugar white pepper , to taste a dash Shaoxing wine Seasonings for shiitake mushrooms : ½ tsp salt ½ tsp sugar Seasonings for glutinous rice : 1½ Tbsp salt 2 tsp sugar 1½ Tbsp oil Seasonings for mung beans : 3 tsp salt 2 tsp sugar 2 tsp oil Top left : glutinous rice . Bottom right : smooth side of a bamboo leaf . Method : Cut the pork belly into chunks , about 3cm in size . Mix with marinade and refrigerate for 2 to 3 days . Sauté the mushrooms until aromatic . Mix with the seasonings . Set aside . Rinse mung beans and rice separately . Soak mung beans for at least 4 hours or overnight . Drain well and mix with seasonings . Soak rice for at least 1 hour . Drain well and mix with seasonings . Soak bamboo leaves one day ahead or overnight until softened . Use a sponge or clean cloth to wipe clean both sides of each bamboo leaf . Carefully place the leaves into a large pot . Pour boiling water to cover all the leaves . Add about 1 tablespoon of oil . Cook over high heat . Bring it to a boil . Remove from the heat . Keep the lid on and let it cool down or until warm . ( Remark : By doing this , the bamboo leaves wo n ’ t break easily while wrapping . To wrap dumplings , please refer to this tutorial video . Layer two leaves , with the smooth sides up and form a cone . Add the fillings in this order : 1 heaped tablespoon of rice , 1 heaped tablespoon of mung beans , pork belly , mushrooms and salted egg yolk , then followed by 1 heaped tablespoon of mung beans and 1 heaped tablespoon of rice . Add another leaf around the edge of the cone to make the edge wider . Fold the leaf towards the middle , upper remaining part of the leaves towards the back . Use kitchen string to wrap tightly around the Notes ： I used a thermal cooker to save energy . Simply bring the dumplings with boiling water to a boil , then continue to cook for 5 minutes . Place the pot into the outer container , cover for about 1.5 hours . Then remove the pot from the container and cook over high heat to bring it boil again . Place it back into the container for 1.5 hours . Done . If your pot is not large enough , cook the dumplings in two batches . Bamboo leaves are dried in the sun . Their colour should be light yellow or light green . After soaking , the smell is very fragrant . Beware of those are in bright green colour . They might be treated by some chemicals . Do prepare more bamboo leaves than enough as some of them might break apart while wrapping . If the leaves have been soaked with oil , they wo n ’ t break apart easily . If you find any broken along the way of wrapping , do n ’ t panic . Just place another leaf over and wrap with string to prevent any rice from coming out . That ’ s easy . Here ' s a tutorial video I uploaded on youtube . You might want to challenge yourself with another pentagonal version Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . | [
"Cantonese Sticky Rice Dumplings",
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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cardiotonic_agent | Cardiotonic agent navigation search Main Article Talk Definition [ ? ] Related Articles [ ? ] Bibliography External Links Citable Version This editable Main Article is under development and not meant to be cited ; by editing it you can help to improve it towards a future approved , citable version . These unapproved articles are subject to a disclaimer edit intro Contents hide 1 Examples 1.1 sympathomimetic cardiotonic agents 1.2 cardiac glycosides cardiotonic agents 1.3 phosphodiesterase inhibitors cardiotonic agents 2 Indications and contraindications 3 References In medicine and pharmacology cardiotonic agents are " agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output . They may be cardiac glycosides sympathomimetics ; or other drugs . They are used after myocardial infarct ; cardiac surgical procedures ; in shock ; or in congestive heart failure ( heart failure ) . " Examples sympathomimetic cardiotonic agents Dobutamine r : A beta - 2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia ; it is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery , and used as a pharmacological stressor in cardiac stress testing e Dopamine r : A monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain by the decarboxylation of dopa and essential to the normal functioning of the central nervous system . e Epinephrine : A hormone ( adrenalin ) adrenergic systems - stimulator used in asthma and cardiac failure . Isoproterenol : Isopropyl analog of epinephrine ; beta - sympathomimetic that acts on the heart , bronchi , skeletal muscle , alimentary tract , etc . It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant . Norepinephrine : Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter . Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus . It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic cardiac glycosides cardiotonic agents Digoxin : The most commonly used synthetic derivative of digitalis glycosides , used clinically to improve the pumping action of the heart phosphodiesterase inhibitors cardiotonic agents Milrinone : A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties ; inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle ; is a derivative of amrinone and has 20 - 30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone . Indications and contraindications Other than perhaps to buy time during corrective surgery , drugs have a limited role in maintaining blood pressure as long as uncorrected trauma , obstruction to perfusion , and hemorrhage exists . References ↑ Anonymous ( 2015 ) , Cardiotonic agent ( English ) . Medical Subject Headings . U.S . National Library of Medicine Categories CZ Live Health Sciences Workgroup Cardiology Subgroup Critical care Subgroup Pharmacology Subgroup Articles written in American English All Content Health Sciences Content Cardiology tag Critical care tag Pharmacology tag | [
"Cardiotonic agent",
"cardiac glycosides",
"myocardial infarct"
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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Portuguese_language | Portuguese language navigation search Main Article Talk Related Articles [ ? ] Bibliography [ ? ] External Links Citable Version This editable Main Article is under development and not meant to be cited ; by editing it you can help to improve it towards a future approved , citable version . These unapproved articles are subject to a disclaimer edit intro The content on this page originated on Wikipedia and is yet to be significantly improved . Contributors are invited to replace and add material to make this an original article . Portuguese português Spoken in Portugal Brazil Angola Mozambique Cape Verde Macau in China , and São Tomé e Principe Total speakers 220 million Language family Indo - European Italic Romance Italo - Western Western Gallo - Iberian Ibero - Romance West - Iberian Portuguese - Galician Language codes ISO 639 - 1 pt ISO 639 - 2 por ISO 639 - 3 por Note : This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode . See IPA chart for English for an English based pronunciation key . Portuguese ( in its own language : português [ purtuˈɣeʃ ] ) is a Romance language , of the Indo - European family , originating in Portugal , and the official language also of Angola Brazil Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe . It is co - official with Chinese in the Chinese S.A.R. of Macau and Tetum in East Timor Portuguese and Galician form a language continuum ( a diasystem ) called Galician - Portuguese , often considered as a sole language , which originated in Galicia and northern ( the Roman Gallaecia ) . Portuguese is ranked sixth among the world ' s languages in number of native speakers ( over 200 million ) , and first in South America ( 186 million , over 51 % of the population ) . It is also a major lingua franca in Africa . It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th century as Portugal set up a vast colonial and commercial empire ( 1415 – 1999 ) , spanning from Brazil in the Americas to China . In that colonial period , many Portuguese creoles appeared around the world , especially in Africa Asia and the Caribbean Portuguese is often nicknamed The language of Camões , after the author of the Portuguese national epic The Lusiadas The last flower of Latium Olavo Bilac ) ; and The sweet language by Cervantes Contents hide 1 Geographic distribution 2 Dialects 3 Classification and related languages 3.1 Latin and other Romance languages 3.2 Galician and the Fala 3.3 Derived languages 3.4 Influence on other languages 4 History 5 Vocabulary 6 Writing system 6.1 Brazilian vs . European spelling 7 Phonology 7.1 Vowels 7.2 Consonants 7.3 Stress 7.4 Prosody 8 Grammar 8.1 Present perfect 8.2 Future subjunctive 8.3 Personal infinitive 9 Examples 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 General 12.2 Literature 12.3 Phonology , orthography and grammar 12.4 Reference dictionaries 12.5 Linguistic studies 13 External links 13.1 Dictionaries 13.2 English - language pages for beginners Geographic distribution For more information , see : Geographic distribution of Portuguese Portuguese is the official language São Tomé and Príncipe as first language , and the most widely used language in . It is also one of the official languages of East Timor ( with Tetum ) and of the Chinese S.A.R. of Macau ( with Chinese ) . It is widely spoken , but not official , in Andorra Luxembourg Namibia Paraguay ( in the latter country there were 112,520 native Portuguese speakers according to the 2002 census ) . Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of and part of Guinea - Bissau ' s population . In Cape Verde most also speak standard Portuguese and have a native level language usage . Large Portuguese - speaking immigrant communities exist in many cities around the world , including Montreal Toronto in Canada ; Paris France Asunción Paraguay ; and Boston New Bedford Cape Cod Fall River Honolulu Houston Newark New York City Orlando Miami Providence Sacramento in the United States Buenos Aires Argentina Uruguay , and in Japan . Other countries where speakers can be found include in Andorra Belgium Bermuda Switzerland and some communities in India such as Goa . Portuguese is spoken by about 187 million people in South America , 17 million in Africa , 12 million in Europe , 2 million in North America and 610,000 in Asia . The CPLP or Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization consisting of the eight independent countries which have Portuguese as an official language . Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union Mercosul and the African Union ( one of the working languages ) and one of the official languages of other organizations . The Portuguese language is gaining popularity in Africa , Asia , and South America as a second language for study . Portuguese is with Spanish the fastest growing western language , and , following estimates by UNESCO it is the language with the higher potentiality of growth as an international communication language in Africa ( south ) and South America . The Portuguese speaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million by 2050 . After Brazil signed into the economic market of Mercosul with other South America nations , such as Argentina , Uruguay , and Paraguay , there has been an increase in curiosity towards study of Portuguese language in those South American countries . The demographic weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of Portuguese language in the region . The language is also starting to gain popularity in Asia , mostly due to East Timor ' s boost in the number of speakers in the last five years , and Macau is becoming the Chinese center for learning Portuguese , where in early 21st century , the language use was in decline , today it is growing as it became a language for opportunity due to increased Chinese diplomatic and financial ties with the Portuguese speaking countries . In March of 2006 , the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language , was founded in São Paulo , Brazil , the city with the largest number of Portuguese speakers in the world . Dialects For more information , see : Portuguese dialects Portuguese is a pluricentric language . It has two main groups of dialects , those of and those of the Old World . For historical reasons , the dialects of Africa and Asia are generally closer to those of Portugal than the Brazilian dialects , although in some aspects of their phonology , especially the pronunciation of unstressed vowels , they resemble Brazilian Portuguese more than European Portuguese . They have not been studied as exhaustively as European and Brazilian Portuguese . In various parts of Africa , Asia , and the Americas , Portuguese creoles are spoken , but they are independent languages which should not be confused with Portuguese itself . Within the two major varieties of Portuguese , most differences between dialects concern pronunciation and vocabulary . Below are some examples : words for bus Angola & Mozambique : machimbombo Brazil : ônibus Portugal : autocarro words for slum quarter Angola : musseque Brazil : favela Portugal : bairro de lata or ilha slang terms for to go away Angola : bazar - from Kimbundu kubaza - to break , leave with rush vazar - from Portuguese " to leak " bazar - from Kimbundu kubaza - to break , leave with rush Between Brazilian Portuguese , particularly in its most informal varieties , and European Portuguese , there can be considerable differences in grammar , as well . The most prominent ones concern the placement of clitic pronouns , and the use of subject pronouns as objects in the third person . Non - standard inflections are also common in colloquial Brazilian Portuguese . Classification and related languages Portuguese belongs to the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages , and it has special ties with the following members of this group , for various reasons : Galician Fala , its closest relatives . See below . Spanish , the major language closest to Portuguese . See also Differences between Spanish and Portuguese Mirandese , another West Iberian language spoken in Portugal . Judeo - Portuguese Judeo - Spanish , languages spoken by Sephardic Jews , which remained close to Portuguese and Spanish . Latin and other Romance languages A distinctive feature of Portuguese is that it preserved the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin , which other Romance languages diphthongized ; cf . Fr . pierre , Sp . piedra , Port . pedra , from Lat . petra ; or Sp . fuego , It . fuoco , Port . fogo , from Lat . focum . Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of intervocalic l n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels , or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them : cf . Lat . salire tenere catena , Sp . salir tener cadena sair ter cadeia When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel : cf . Lat . manum rana bonum mão rãa ( now rã ) , bõo ( now bom ) . This process was the source of most of the nasal diphthongs which are typical of Portuguese . In particular , the Latin endings - ane - - anu - - one - became - ão in most cases : cf . Lat . canem germanum rationem with Modern Port . cão irmão razão , and their plurals cães irmãos razões See Portuguese Vocabulary : From Latin to Portuguese , for other sound changes . In spite of the obvious lexical and grammatical similarities between Portuguese and other Romance languages outside the West Iberian branch , it is not mutually intelligible with them to any practical extent . Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary , before being able to understand even the simplest sentences in those languages ( and vice - versa ) : Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar . ( Portuguese ) Ela fecha sempre a fiestra antes de cear . Ella cierra siempre la ventana antes de cenar . Spanish Ella tanca sempre la finestra abans de sopar . Catalan Lei chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare . Italian Ea închide întodeauna fereastra înainte de a cina . Romanian Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner . French She always shuts the window before dining . Note that some of the lexical divergence above actually comes from different Romance languages using the same root word with different semantic values . Portuguese for example has the word fresta , which is a cognate of French fenêtre or Italian finestra and so on , but now means " slit " as opposed to " window . " Likewise , Portuguese also has the word cear , a cognate of Italian cenare and Spanish cenar , but uses it in the sense of " to have a late supper " , while the most frequent word meaning " to dine " is actually jantar ( related to archaic Sp . yantar ) due to semantic changes in the 19th Century . Galician has both fiestra ( from medieval fẽestra which is the ultimate origin of standard Portuguese fresta ) , and the less frequently used xanela . Like the northern dialects of Portuguese , it still uses cear with its original meaning of " dining " . Galician and the Fala The closest language to Portuguese is Galician , spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia ( northwestern Spain ) . The two were at one time a single language , known today as Galician - Portuguese , but since the political separation of Portugal from Galicia they have diverged somewhat , especially in pronunciation and vocabulary . Nevertheless , the core vocabulary and grammar of Galician are still noticeably closer to Portuguese than to Spanish . In particular , it uses the future subjunctive , the personal infinitive , and the synthetic pluperfect ( see the section on the grammar of Portuguese , below ) . Mutual intelligibility is good between Galicians and northern Portuguese , but poorer between Galicians and speakers from central Portugal . The linguistic status of Galician with respect to Portuguese is controversial . Some authors , such as Lindley Cintra , consider that they are still dialects of a common language , in spite of superficial differences in phonology and vocabulary . Other authors argue that they have become separate languages due to major differences in phonetics and vocabulary usage , and , to a lesser extent , morphology and syntax . The official position of the Galician Language Institute is that Galician and Portuguese should be considered independent languages . The standard orthography takes advantage of the divergent features of nh lh j in favour of ñ ll x The Fala language is another descendant of Galician - Portuguese , spoken by a small number of people in the Spanish towns of Valverdi du Fresnu , As Ellas and Sa Martín de Trebellu ( autonomous community of Extremadura , near the border with Portugal ) . Derived languages Portuguese creole Beginning in the 16th century , the extensive contacts between Portuguese travelers and settlers , African slaves , and local populations led to the appearance of many pidgins with varying amounts of Portuguese influence . As these pidgins became the mother tongue of succeeding generations , they evolved into fully fledged creole languages , which remained in use in many parts of Asia and Africa until the 18th century . Some Portuguese - based or Portuguese - influenced creoles are still spoken today , by over 3 million people worldwide , especially people of partial Portuguese ancestry . Influence on other languages Many languages have borrowed words from Portuguese , such as Indonesian Malay Konkani Xitsonga Japanese Lanc - Patuá ( spoken in northern Brazil - now extinct ) and Sranang Tongo ( spoken in Suriname ) . See also : List of English words of Portuguese origin Loan words in Indonesian Japanese words from Portuguese Sinhala words of Portuguese origin Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil Portuguese had a strong influence on the language spoken around Sikka Flores Island Indonesia . In nearby Larantuka , Portuguese is used for prayers in the Tuan Ma ritual . It influenced also the língua brasílica , a Tupi - Guarani language which was the most widely spoken in until the 18th century . The Japanese - Portuguese dictionary Nippo Jisho ( 1603 ) was the first dictionary of Japanese in a European language , a product of Jesuit missionary activity in Japan . Building on the work of earlier Portuguese missionaries , the Dictionarium Anamiticum , Lusitanum et Latinum ( Annamite - Portuguese - Latin dictionary ) of Alexandre de Rhodes ( 1651 ) introduced Qu ? c ng ? , the modern orthography of Vietnamese , which is based on the orthography of 17th - century Portuguese . The Romanization of was also influenced by the Portuguese language ( among others ) , particularly regarding Chinese surnames . One example is the spelling of Mei . History History of Portuguese Arriving in the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC , the Romans brought with them the Latin language , from which all Romance languages descend . In the 2nd century BC , southern Lusitania was already Romanized . Strabo , a 1st century Greek geographer , remarks in his Geographia " encyclopedia " : " they have adopted the Roman customs , and they no longer remember their own language . " The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers , settlers and merchants , who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations . Medieval Portuguese poetry Das que vejo non desejo outra senhor se vós non , e desejo tan sobejo , mataria um leon , senhor do meu coraçon : fin roseta , bela sobre toda fror , fin roseta , non me meta en tal coita voss ' amor ! João de Lobeira ( 1270 ? – 1330 ? ) Between 409 A.D. and 711 , as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples ( Migration Period ) . The newcomers , mainly Suevi Visigoths , quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of the peninsula . After the Moorish invasion of 711 , Arabic became the administrative language in the conquered regions , but most of the population continued to speak a form of Romance commonly known as Mozarabic . The influence exerted by Arabic on the Romance dialects spoken in the Christian kingdoms of the north was small , affecting mainly their lexicon . The earliest surviving records of a distinctively Portuguese language are administrative documents of the 9th century , still interspersed with many Latin phrases . Today this phase is known as Proto - Portuguese ( between the 9th and the 12th century ) . Portugal was formally recognized as an independent nation by the Kingdom of Leon in 1143 , with Afonso Henriques as king . In the first period of Old Portuguese - Portuguese - Galician Period ( from the 12th to the 14th century ) - the language gradually came into general use . Previously it had been the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Iberia , much like Occitan was the language of the poetry of the troubadors . In 1290 , king Denis created the first Portuguese University in Lisbon ( the Estudo Geral ) and decreed that Portuguese , then simply called the " Vulgar language " should be known as the Portuguese language and used officially . In the second period of Old Portuguese , from the 14th to the 16th century , with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was taken to many regions of Asia Africa Americas ( nowadays , the great majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil , in South America ) . By the 16th century it had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa , used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities . Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people , and by its association with Catholic missionary efforts , which led to its being named cristão ( " Christian " ) in many parts of Asia . The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century . Some Portuguese - speaking Christian communities in India Sri Lanka Malaysia , and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal . The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende , in 1516 . The early times of Modern Portuguese , which spans from the 16th century to present day , were characterized by an increase in the number of erudite words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek during the Renaissance , which greatly enriched the lexicon . Vocabulary Portuguese vocabulary Almost 90 % of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived from Latin . Nevertheless , thanks to the Moorish occupation of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages , and to the participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery , it has adopted loanwords from all over the world . Very few Portuguese words can be traced to the pre - Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which included the Phoenicians Carthaginians Iberians Lusitanians Celts . Some notable examples are abóbora " pumpkin " and bezerro " year - old calf " , from Iberian languages cerveja " beer " , from Celtic saco " bag " , from Phoenician ; and cachorro " dog , puppy " , from Basque In the 5th century the Iberian Peninsula ( the former Roman region of Hispania ) was conquered by the Suevi Visigoths Alans Germanic tribes who had been displaced from Central Europe by the Huns . As they adopted the Roman civilization and language , however , these people contributed only a few words to the lexicon , mostly related to warfare — such as espora " spur " , estaca " stake " , and guerra " war " , from Gothic * spaúra * stakka * wirro , respectively . Between the 9th and the 15th centuries Portuguese acquired about 1000 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia . They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a l , and include many common words such as aldeia " village " from aldaya alface " lettuce " from alkhass armazém " warehouse " from almahazan azeite " olive oil " from azzait . From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word oxalá " God willing " . The name of the Portuguese town of Fátima , where the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared , is originally the name of one of the daughters of Muhammad Starting in the 15th century , the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages . For instance , catana " cutlass " from Japanese katana corja " rabble " from Malay kórchchu chá " tea " from chá From South America came batata potato " , from Taino ananás abacaxi , from Tupi - Guarani naná Tupi ibá cati , respectively ( two species of pineapple ) , and tucano toucan " from Guarani tucan From the 16th to the 19th century , the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade , with the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola , Mozambique , and Brazil , Portuguese got several words of African and Amerind origin , especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories . While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies , many became current in European Portuguese as well . From Kimbundu , for example , came kifumate → cafuné " head caress " , kusula → caçula " youngest child " , marimbondo " wasp " , and kubungula bungular " to dance like a wizard " . Finally , it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages . For example , melena " hair lock " , fiambre " ham " , and castelhano " Castilian " , from Spanish ; colchete " crochet " , paletó " jacket " , batom " lipstick " , and filé filete " steak " , from French crochet paletot bâton filet macarrão " pasta " , piloto " pilot " , carroça " carriage " , and barraca " barrack " , from Italian maccherone pilotto carrozza barracca bife " steak " , futebol revólver estoque folclore , from English beef football revolver stock folklore Writing system Written varieties Portugal & Africa Brazil translation an ó nimo an ô nimo anonymous fa c to fato fact id e ia id é ia idea dire c ção direção direction ó p timo ótimo very good freq u ente freq ü ente frequent v o o v ô o flight Portuguese orthography Portuguese is written with the Latin alphabet , and makes use of the acute accent , the circumflex accent , the grave accent tilde , and the cedilla , to denote stress vowel height nasalization , and other sound changes . Accented letters digraphs are not counted as separate characters . Brazilian Portuguese also used the diaeresis mark until January 2009 , when The Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 was officially adopted there . Brazilian vs . European spelling There are some differences between the orthographies of Brazil and other Portuguese language countries . One of the most pervasive is the use of acute accents in the European / African orthography in many words such as sinónimo , where the Brazilian orthography has a circumflex accent , sinônimo . Another important difference is that Brazilian spelling often lacks t before ç , or t , where the European orthography has them ; for example , cf . Brazilian fato with European facto , " fact " , or Brazilian objeto with European objecto , " object " . Some of these spelling differences reflect differences in the pronunciation of the words , but others are merely graphic . Phonology Portuguese phonology There is a maximum of 9 oral vowels and 19 consonants , though some varieties of the language have fewer phonemes ( Brazilian Portuguese has only 7 oral vowel phonemes ) . There are also five nasal vowels , which some linguists regard as allophones of the oral vowels , ten oral diphthongs , and five nasal diphthongs . Vowels To the seven vowels of Vulgar Latin , European Portuguese has added two near central vowels , one of which tends to be elided rapid speech , like the e caduc of French . The high vowels / e o / and the low vowels / ɛ ɔ / are four distinct phonemes , and they alternate in various forms of apophony . Like Catalan , Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables : isolated vowels tend to be raised , and in some cases centralized , when unstressed . Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words . Consonants Consonant phonemes of Portuguese Bilabial Labio - < / br > dental Dental Alveolar Post - < / br > alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Plosives p b d k g Nasals m ɲ Fricatives f s z ʃ ʒ ʁ Flaps ɾ Laterals ʎ The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative . The medieval affricates / ts / / dz / / tʃ / / dʒ / merged with the fricatives / s / / z / / ʃ / / ʒ / , respectively , but not with each other , and there were no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since then . However , some remarkable dialectal variants and allophones have appeared , among which : In many regions of Brazil , / t / / d / have the affricate allophones [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ] , respectively , before / i / . ( Quebec French has a similar phenomenon , with alveolar affricates instead of postalveolars . ) At the end of a syllable , the phoneme / l / has the velarized allophone [ ɫ ] in European Portuguese , like in the Received Pronunciation of English . Brazilian Portuguese has the allophone [ w ] instead ( L - vocalization ) . In many parts of Brazil and Angola , / ɲ / is pronounced as a nasal glide [ j̃ ] that nasalizes the preceding vowel , so that for instance ' ninho ' / ' niɲu / is pronounced [ ' nĩj̃u ] There is considerable dialectal variation in the value of the rhotic phonemes / ɾ / / ʁ / . See Guttural R in Portuguese for details . In most of Brazil , the alveolar sibilants / s / / z / occur in complementary distribution at the end of syllables , depending on whether the consonant that follows is voiceless or voiced , as in English . But in most of Portugal and parts of Brazil sibilants at the end of syllables are postalveolar , / ʃ / before voiceless consonants , and / ʒ / before voiced consonants . ( In Judeo - Spanish is often replaced with at the end of syllables , too . ) Stress Primary stress may fall on any of the three final syllables of a word , but mostly on the last two . There is a partial correlation between the position of the stress and the final vowel ; for example , the final syllable is usually stressed when it contains a nasal phoneme , a diphthong , or a close vowel . The orthography of Portuguese takes advantage of this correlation to minimize the number of diacritics . Due to the phonetic changes that often affect unstressed vowels , pure lexical stress is less common in Portuguese than in related languages like Spanish , but there is still a significant number of examples of it : dúvida / ˈduvidɐ / " doubt " ( noun ) vs . duvida / duˈvidɐ / " he doubts " falaram / faˈlaɾɐ̃ũ / " they spoke " vs . falarão / falaˈɾɐ̃ũ / " they will speak " ( Brazilian pronunciation ) ouve / ' ovi / " he hears " vs . ouvi / o ' vi / " I heard " ( Brazilian pronunciation ) túnel / ' tunɛl / " tunnel " vs . tonel / tu ' nɛl / " wine cask " ( European pronunciation ) Prosody Tone is not lexically significant in Portuguese , but phrase - and sentence - level tone are important . There are of six dynamic tone patterns that affect entire phrases , which indicate the mood and intention of the speaker such as implication , emphasis , reservation , etc . As in most Romance languages , interrogation is expressed mainly by sharply raising the tone at the end of the sentence . Grammar Portuguese grammar The grammar of Portuguese has much in common with that of various other Romance languages , such as the existence of two copular verbs , two grammatical genders , and a large number of verb conjugations . It has also a few grammatical peculiarities not found in most other languages of this group , of which the most striking are the future subjunctive , the personal infinitive , the synthetic pluperfect , and the present perfect . Present perfect Many Romance languages possess a present perfect tense , but the Portuguese present perfect has a unique , iterative sense , denoting an action or a series of actions which began in the past and are expected keep repeating in the future . For instance , the meaning of Tenho tentado falar com ela may be closer to " I have been trying to talk to her " than to " I have tried to talk to her " , depending on the context . On the other hand , the correct translation of the question " Have you heard the latest news ? " is not * Tem ouvido a última notícia ? , but Ouviu a última notícia ? , since no repetition is implied . Future subjunctive The future subjunctive tense , developed by medieval Ibero - Romance , is now old - fashioned in Spanish , but remains in vernacular use in Portuguese . It appears in dependent clauses that denote a condition which must be fulfilled in the future , so that the independent clause will occur . Other languages normally employ the present tense under the same circumstances : Se for eleito presidente , mudarei a lei . [ future subjunctive ] If I am elected president , I will change the law . Quando voce for mais velho , vai entender . When you are older , you will understand . Personal infinitive It is possible for a verb in the infinitive to agree with its subject in person and number , often showing who is supposed to perform a certain act ; cf . Está na hora de voltares " It is time ( for you ) to return . " , Está na hora de voltarmos " It is time ( for us ) to return . " Perhaps for this reason , infinitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese than in other Romance languages . Examples Excerpt from « The Lusiads » ( I , 33 ) Translation Original IPA EP pronunciation ) BP pronunciation ) Against him stood beautiful Venus Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela , suʃtẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈelɨ ˈvɛnuʒ ˈbɛlɐ sustẽʲˈtava ˈkõtɾa ˈeli ˈvẽnus ˈbɛla Affectionate for the Lusitanian people , Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana , ɐfɐi̯su̯ˈaða ˈʒẽtɨ luziˈtɐnɐ afeisoˈada a ˈʒẽʲtʲi luziˈtɜ̃na For all the qualities she saw in them Por quantas qualidades via nela puɾ ˈku̯ɐ̃tɐʃ ku̯ɐliˈðaðɨʒ ˈviɐ ˈnɛlɐ pux ˈkwɜ̃tas kwaliˈdadʲis ˈvia ˈnɛla Of her beloved old Roman folk ; Da antiga tão amada sua Romana ; dãˈtigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ ɐˈmaðɐ ˈsuɐ ʁuˈmɐnɐ da ˈɜ̃tʲiga tɜ̃w̃ aˈmada ˈsua xõˈmɜ̃na In the strong hearts , in the great star , Nos fortes corações , na grande estrela , nuʃ ˈfɔɾtɨʃ kuɾɐˈsõĩ ̯ʃ nɐ ˈgɾɐ̃dɨʃˈtɾelɐ nus ˈfɔxtʲis kɔɾaˈsõj̃s , na gɾɜ̃dʲi esˈtɾela That they had shown in the lands of Tangiers , Que mostraram na terra Tingitana , kɨ muʃˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ nɐ ˈtɛʁɐ tĩʒiˈtɐnɐ ki mɔsˈtɾaɾɜ̃w̃ na ˈtɛxa tʲĩʲʒiˈtɜ̃na And in their language , which when she imagines , E na língua , na qual quando imagina , i nɐ ˈlĩgu̯ɐ nɐ ku̯aɫ ˈku̯ɐ̃du̯imɐˈʒinɐ i na ˈlĩgwa , na kwaw ˈkwɜ̃du imaˈʒĩna With little strain she can believe is the Latin tongue . Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina . kõ ˈpokɐ kuʁupˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe ki̯ɛ ɐ lɐˈtinɐ kõ ˈpowka koxupˈsɜ̃w̃ kɾe ki ɛ a laˈtʲĩna See also Lusophony Games Museum of the Portuguese Language Portuguese in the United States Capeverdean Creole Portuñol Portuguese literature List of Portuguese language poets Camões Prize Instituto Camões Brazilian literature List of Brazilian poets Fernando Pessoa Lusitanic Saudade English as She Is Spoke Swadesh list of Portuguese words Notes 1 First and Second with first language speakers , respectively . Only counting figures from countries in the table " Portuguese language countries and Territories " . Considering second language speakers those people who are bilingual and use Portuguese as a second language . References General A Língua Portuguesa Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil Literature Poesia e Prosa Medievais Ulisseia 1998 ( 3rd ed . ; ISBN 9789725681244 ) . Bases Temáticas - Língua Portuguesa Instituto Camões Portuguese Literature The Catholic Encyclopedia Phonology , orthography and grammar International Phonetic Association ( 1999 ) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0 - 521 - 63751 - 1 Mateus , Maria Helena & d ' Andrade , Ernesto ( 2000 ) The Phonology of Portuguese ISBN 0 - 19 - 823581 - X Bergström , Magnus & Reis , Neves Prontuário Ortográfico Editorial Notícias , 2004 . Squartini , Mario ( 1998 ) Verbal Periphrases in Romance - - Aspect , Actionality , and Grammaticalization ISBN 3 - 11 - 016160 - 5 Reference dictionaries Antônio Houaiss ( 2000 ) , Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa ( 228,500 entries ) . Aurélio Buarque de Hollanda Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa ( 1809pp ) Linguistic studies Lindley Cintra , Luís F . Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego - Portugueses Boletim de Filologia , Lisboa , Centro de Estudos Filológicos , 1971 . External links The Portuguese Language - an Ocean of Cultures Ethnologue report for Portuguese IILP International Portuguese Language Institute IILP - Ortographic Agreement of 1990 União de Escritores Angolanos Angolan authors Academia Brasileira de Letras Brazilian authors Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores Portuguese authors Portuguese language studies Estação da Luz da Nossa Língua Portuguese language studies in Brazil Instituto Português do Oriente - Portuguese language studies in Southeast Asia Observatório da Língua Portuguesa Observatory of Portuguese language Biblioteca Virtual do Estudante de Língua Portuguesa Virtual library for Portuguese language students Escola Virtual Virtual School . Portuguese language classes as taught in Portugal . AULP - Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa Portuguese Language Universities Association . Biblioteca Nacional National Library of Portugal Biblioteca Nacional National Library of Brazil Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa Popular transnational website for doubts in the Portuguese language for native speakers Conjugador de verbos Portuguese language verb conjugator Je Parle Portugais Eu Falo Português ( I speak Portuguese ) - The Portuguese language disclosure project in France 5º Colóquio Anual da Lusofonia 2006 Lusophone meeting in Bragança The Alliance of Portuguese Clubs and Associations of Ontario ( A Aliança dos Clubes e Associações Portuguesas do Ontário ) Music Express has a large amount of free - to - download music , mainly in Portuguese . Proverbs in Portuguese Dictionaries Diccionarios en internet List of Portuguese , English dictionaries . Dicionários - Online . com A directory of Portuguese dictionaries . Freedict Portuguese dictionaries LookWAYup Portuguese English Dictionary Priberam Portuguese dictionary Web Busca Portuguese / English and English / Portuguese Dictionary and Translator English - language pages for beginners Learn Portuguese Online Programmatic Portuguese - FSI Course Online Introduction to Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese Grammar for English speakers The Pronunciation of the Portuguese of Portugal Pronunciation guide Type any text with Portuguese characters - an online editor Portuguese Vocabulary Categories Linguistics Workgroup Articles without a variant of English assigned All Content Linguistics Content | [
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http://en.community.dell.com/support-forums/desktop/f/3515/t/6001515 | bchristianwac 1 Copper 04 - 12 - 2004 02 : 49 AM Interactual Player 2.0 Error Message I just added a DVD player to my Dell 8200 computer . The dvds without this Interactive Player work . The rest require that I add this software to view the DVD . When I do this I get the error message : Playback failed due to a problem with video subsystem . Lowering your screen resolution or color depth may fix the problem I lowered my screen setting to 800 x 600 and colors to 16 without results . What can I do about this problem and how do you run these DVDs without this stupid Interactive Player ? 0 Kudos All forum topics Previous Topic Next Topic 1 Reply shunney 4 Germanium 04 - 12 - 2004 09 : 04 AM Re : Interactual Player 2.0 Error Message What video card do you have ? I use power dvd and never have probs http : / / www . gocyberlink . com / english / products / product_main . jsp ? ProdId = 28 0 Kudos | [
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http://en.community.dell.com/support-forums/laptop/f/3519/t/19280571 | foulkrj 1 Nickel 06 - 19 - 2009 07 : 33 AM Display landscape to portrait problem Jump to solution I changed the screen to Portrait by accident . I have no idea how to change it back to Landscape . I could not find anything in the User Manual for this . Help ! Solved ! Go to Solution . Tags : display orientation portrait 0 Kudos All forum topics Previous Topic Next Topic 5 Replies Mary G 6 Indium 06 - 19 - 2009 07 : 58 AM Re : Display landscape to portrait problem There ' s a 3 keys - hot key to change this . Control + Alt+ right - left arrow key . That ' s how you probably caused it . 2 Kudos foulkrj 1 Nickel 08 : 08 AM Re : Display landscape to portrait problem Thanks , That worked . Jim . 0 sann j 1 Copper 10 - 28 - 2015 04 : 38 AM RE : Display landscape to portrait problem Thank u . That worked for me too . Ken at Sunward 01 - 07 - 2016 12 : 55 PM RE : Display landscape to portrait problem Thanks Mary for the basic solution . Let me add that ( at least on my Inspiron 3748 ) , to get the display to go from portrait to landscape , you have to do ctl + alt + up - arrow ( or ctl + alt + down - arrow if you want it landscaped upside - down ! ) . ctl + alt + left - arrow or right - arrow gives you portrait with the top on the left or right respectively . ~ HTH ~ Ken 1 Kudo Daisee123 1 Copper 07 - 05 - 2016 07 : 30 PM Thank you , Mary ! This really helped ; discovered Control + Alt + Up Arrow did it for me ! | [
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http://en.firenze.waf.it/museo_dett/231-parks-monuments-and-historic-houses/3157-leaning-tower-of-pisa-tickets.html | Leaning Tower of Pisa Tickets Do n ' t leave for Italy without your Leaning Tower Tickets . Home florence Leaning Tower of Pisa Tickets Overview Details Overview The architecture Apart from its famous tilt that seems to defy the laws of gravity , the Leaning Tower of the Cathedral of Pisa is a very unusual building . The historical value of its design as well as its peculiar location within the vast and equally unique Piazza dei Miracoligive it a special place among Italy ' s many noteworthy sites . The building is located at a distance from the Cathedral , between the apsidal area and the south - eastern section of the transept of the Cathedral . This is an unusual location . Normally , the tower would be erected near the facade or along one side of the church . In this case , however , the location of the tower has special significance because of its relationship to the other monuments of the Piazza dei Miracoli . With its remarkable height and slim body , the Tower of Pisa was in fact perfectly visible from every part of the square and probably also from the river Arno . A veritable focal point , the Tower connected the city with the suburban location of the cathedral square . It stood as a beacon , a landmark , a lookout , and finally as an authoritative symbol of the civic and religious pride of the local community . The building The current building is the result of time - consuming construction work . It was restored several times through the centuries , mostly to reduce the risk of collapse as a consequence of its remarkable inclination . The edifice is composed of a cylindrical stone body surrounded by open galleries with arcades and pillars resting on a bottom shaft , with the belfry on top . The central body is composed of a hollow cylinder with an outer facing of white and gray San Giuliano limestone , an interior facing ( also made of textured " verrucana " stone ) , and a ring - shaped stone area in between . This stone area accommodates a winding staircase with 293 steps leading up to the sixth open gallery . There , the inner shaft is closed by The Tower of Pisa is divided into eight segments which are called “ orders . ” A circle of blind arcades placed on half columns enhances the lower order . A diamond - shaped compass inlaid with polychrome marble with a raised rosette in the middle is placed under the arcade . The openings of some narrow single - lancet windows interrupt the solid wall . The only entrance door creates an opening to the west : a rectangular area framed by a lintel . Above the lintel , a crescent - shaped arch with an inlaid archivolt rests on two capitals as a continuation of the jambs , forming a shrine containing the bust of a 14th - century Virgin with Child . On either side of the door , friezes featuring animals , monstrous figures , and the unusual shapes of some ships ( maybe representing the port of Pisa ) frame the commemorative epigraph of the foundation of the building . The inclination The problem of the inclination is one that has most fascinated and intrigued visitors , art lovers , and experts over the centuries . It is the feature that has made Tower of Pisa so famous all over the world . Adding to the appeal is the fact that the reasons for the inclination of the building are still fairly mysterious . Experts have asked , whether the incline of the Tower of Pisa is an effect the builder deliberately wanted to achieve . Or , was it the consequence of an unpredictable and unavoidable , progressive subsidence of the ground ? Increasingly accurate measurements of the building and surveys of the subsurface have shed some light on the matter during the last century . The Tower was presumably initially designed as a straight building . However , it began to sink right from the first stages of the building work . The subsidence was due to the special morphological features of the ground , which is composed of several layers of clay and silt , with groundwater levels running through it at about one meter in depth . Based on the little information we have , we do know that the oscillation of the building was minimal over the centuries , as it seems to have settled . This fact is corroborated by the survey conducted in 1817 by two English experts , Cresy and Taylor . A few years later , in 1838 , some event must have occurred which abruptly accelerated the oscillatory motion of the building , necessitating major protective work . Based on historical and artistic considerations , it was decided to clear the bottom of the tower of the mantle of soil that had been hiding it for centuries . This involved the demolition of the buildings and constructions next to the Tower as well as draining the brackish water that surrounded the entrance of the building . This intervention caused the Pisa Tower to lose its balance . The subsequent measurements showed that the inclination of the Tower of Pisa had increased by approximately 20 centimeters . In the 267 years between Giorgio Vasari ’ s surveys in 1550 and those of the two Englishmen in 1817 , the inclination had increased by just five centimeters . The leaning movement kept accelerating for a few years after the work of 1838 , then decreased again to about one millimeter a year . During the 20th century , deeper understanding and better technical instruments , along with the support of governmental and safety authorities led to a proliferation of studies , surveys , and special projects . The measurements of the Tower of Pisa The monument is 58.36 meters high at the foundation and over 55 meters above ground . Its weight has been calculated at 14,453 tons . The center of gravity is 22.6 meters above the foundation plane . The outer diameter of the foundation measures 19.58 meters ; the central hole is 4.5 meters wide . The area of the ring - shaped foundation covers therefore 285 square meters ; the average pressure on the ground is 497 kPa . The current inclination is approximately 55 ° , i.e. approximately 10 % . The eccentricity of the load on the foundation | [
"Leaning Tower of the Cathedral of Pisa"
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http://en.gameslol.net/idle-web-tycoon-862.html | All Games Action Adventure Kids Girls Bike Puzzle Sports Car Idle Web Tycoon All Games Action Games PLAY GAME Idle Web Tycoon 9 10 13 votes Played 18 565 times Action Games Idle Create your virtual website then invest and manage it at best to increase your visits and thus your income . Idle game type , like " Cookie Clicker " , your only goal will be to grow ad infinitum your number of dollars earned per second . To this end , you can buy more and more powerful computers and servers , increase your bandwidth or include new adverts on your pages . A simple but very addictive principle . Comments | [
"Idle Web Tycoon",
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http://en.gotattoo.com/index.php?route=product/manufacturer/info&manufacturer_id=15 | Current Position Brand iTattoo Product Category All Categories Tattoo Machine Cheyenne Machine Stingray X2 Rotary Machine Coil Machine Spare Parts Bishop Rotary Spektra Valor Rotary Inkjecta Sunskin Martini JJ Classic Machine Power Supply iPower iTattoo JJ Clip Cord Footswitch Tattoo Ink Eternal iTattoo Nocturnal World Famous World Famous Special Color Color Ink Black Ink Ink Set Premium Needles JJ Cartridges JJ Evolution Needles JJ Yellow Label Needles iTattoo Needles Kwadron Cartridge Cheyenne Cartridges Grip Tip Disposable Tubes Cartridge Grip Disposable Tip Cheyenne HAWK Grip Nylon Grip Stainless Steel Grip Aluminium grip Stainless Steel Tip Medical Accessary Medical Supplys Tattoo Accessary Tattoo Furniture Tattoo Chair Arm Rest Others Others Collectholic Tattoo Book Magazine Laser Removal Machine Piercing Tools Simple Tattoo Kit Professional Tattoo Kit iTattoo iTattoo Amethyst 12 oz 625 iTattoo Butterscotch 12 oz 625 iTattoo Film In Roll 2000 iTattoo II Amber 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Amethyst 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Berry Blue 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Berry Red 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Blood Red 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Blush 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Brick Red 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Butterscotch 1oz 1099 iTattoo II Canary Yellow 1oz 1099 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Showing 1 to 12 of 109 10 Pages | [
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http://en.lontrin.com/ | Steel pipe industry should focus on highperformance steel research and development work At present the Chinese steel pip Details Published 20160602 How to use the seamless steel tube structure as the industrys tumbler At present Chinas highpressure Details Published 20160602 China galvanized seamless steel pipe industry in urgent need of Germany and product quality According to the latest market re Details Published 20160602 More Line pipe Boiler pip Petrochemi Steel pipe Pipe for G stainless Line pipe Boiler pip Petrochemi Steel pipe Pipe for G OCTG stainless Special cl Line pipe Boiler pip Petrochemi Steel pipe Pipe for G OCTG stainless Special cl To plan project contractor project of providing technical solutions provide technical support to customers Scientific research plate Scientific research plate Scientific research plate Logistics and transportation warehousing services spot sales customs agents ecommerce marketing services and other services Logistics plate Logistics plate Logistics plate Seamless steel pipe stainless steel pipe specialshaped steel pipe and other manufacturing operations as well as steel pipe corrosion expansion pipe Manufacturing plate Manufacturing plate Manufacturing plate | [
"Steel pipe industry",
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/andrew-lincoln/deathhoax.html | “ Andrew Lincoln dead 2019 ” : Actor killed by internet death hoax By Jessica Simpson London Last updated on April 16 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 Tweeter Andrew Lincoln is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax Andrew Lincoln See more news pictures and video Hot news International April 16 , 2019 Andrew Lincoln , Time ' s ‘ Person of the Year ’ 2019 ? Money April 15 , 2019 Andrew Lincoln is Highest - Paid Actor in the World Rumor Central April 2019 Is Andrew Lincoln secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? News of actor Andrew Lincoln ’ s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world . However the April 2019 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports . Thankfully , the actor best known for his roles in Love Actually or The Walking Dead is alive and well . UPDATE 16 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Andrew Lincoln death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the actor ’ s alleged demise gained traction on Sunday after a ‘ R.I.P. Andrew Lincoln ’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘ likes ’ . Those who read the ‘ About ’ page were given a believable account of the English actor ’ s passing : At about 11 a.m. ET on Sunday ( April 14 , 2019 ) , our beloved actor Andrew Lincoln passed away . Andrew Lincoln was born on September 14 , 1973 in London . He will be missed but not forgotten . Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page . Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page , expressing their sadness that the talented 45 - year - old actor was dead . And as usual , Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax . Where as some trusting fans believed the post , others were immediately skeptical of the report , perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months . Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major English network , indicating that it was a fake report , as the death of an actor of Andrew Lincoln ' s stature would be major news across networks . A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority ( 77 % ) of respondents think those Andrew Lincoln death rumors are not funny anymore . Andrew Lincoln Death Hoax Dismissed Since Actor Is ‘ Alive And Well ’ On Monday ( April 15 ) the actor ' s reps officially confirmed that Andrew Lincoln is not dead . “ He joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax . He ' s still alive and well , stop believing what you see on the Internet , ” they said . Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless , distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved actor . Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Andrew Lincoln : Recent News Love April 12 , 2019 Andrew Lincoln Engaged ? Breaking Up April 8 , 2019 Andrew Lincoln Single Again ? Buzz Andrew Lincoln goes ‘ Gangnam Style ’ Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
"Andrew Lincoln"
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/bryan-adams/deathhoax.html | “ Bryan Adams dead 2019 ” : Singer killed by internet death hoax By Jessica Simpson Ottawa Last updated on April 16 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 Tweeter Bryan Adams is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax Bryan Adams See more news pictures and video Hot news Money April 15 , 2019 Bryan Adams is Highest - Paid Singer in the World Shocker April 16 , 2019 Bryan Adams Nude Photos Leaked Online Rumor Central April 2019 Is Bryan Adams secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? News of singer Bryan Adams ’ s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world . However the April 2019 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports . Thankfully , the singer best known for his hit song ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You is alive and well . UPDATE 16 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Bryan Adams death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the singer ’ s alleged demise gained traction on Sunday after a ‘ R.I.P. Bryan Adams ’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘ likes ’ . Those who read the ‘ About ’ page were given a believable account of the Canadian singer ’ s passing : At about 11 a.m. ET on Sunday ( April 14 , 2019 ) , our beloved singer Bryan Adams passed away . Bryan Adams was born on November 5 , 1959 in Kingston . He will be missed but not forgotten . Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page . Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page , expressing their sadness that the talented 59 - year - old singer and songwriter was dead . And as usual , Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax . Where as some trusting fans believed the post , others were immediately skeptical of the report , perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months . Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major Canadian network , indicating that it was a fake report , as the death of a singer of Bryan Adams ' stature would be major news across networks . A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority ( 76 % ) of respondents think those Bryan Adams death rumors are not funny anymore . Bryan Adams Death Hoax Dismissed Since Singer Is ‘ Alive And Well ’ On Monday ( April 15 ) the singer ' s reps officially confirmed that Bryan Adams is not dead . “ He joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax . He ' s still alive and well , stop believing what you see on the Internet , ” they said . Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless , distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved singer . Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Bryan Adams : Recent News Love April 12 , 2019 Bryan Adams Engaged ? Love Bryan Adams : Secretly Married ? Breaking news April 15 , 2019 Bryan Adams to announce retirement at age 59 Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/colin-farrell/highest-paid.html | Colin Farrell Highest - Paid Actor in the World By Carol Kearney Dublin Last updated on April 17 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português Tweeter Colin Farrell led People With Money ’ s annual list of the “ 100 highest paid actors ” released on Tuesday . Colin Farrell See more news pictures and video Hot news Love April 17 , 2019 Colin Farrell : Secretly Married ? Rumor April 2019 Death Hoax says “ Colin Farrell dies at 42 ” Rumor Central April 2019 Is Colin Farrell secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? It ' s been a rough year for the actor , but at least he has his millions of dollars to ease the pain . 42 - year - old Colin Farrell has taken the No . 1 spot on People With Money ’ s top 10 highest - paid actors for 2019 with an estimated $ 82 million in combined earnings . UPDATE 17 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Colin Farrell tops annual list of highest - paid actors In 2016 it looked like the actor ’ s spectacular career was winding down . Suddenly , he was back on top . reports on Tuesday ( April 16 ) that Farrell is the highest - paid actor in the world , pulling in an astonishing $ 82 million between March 2018 and March 2019 , a nearly $ 50 million lead over his closest competition . People With Money ’ s factors In compiling this yearly list , the magazine considers factors such as upfront pay , profit participation , residuals , endorsements and advertising work . The Irish actor has an estimated net worth of $ 245 million . He owes his fortune to smart stock investments , substantial property holdings , lucrative endorsement deals with CoverGirl cosmetics . He also owns several restaurants ( the “ Fat Farrell Burger ” chain ) in Dublin , a Football Team ( the “ Castleknock Angels ” ) , has launched his own brand of Vodka ( Pure Wonderfarrell - Ireland ) , and is tackling the juniors market with a top - selling perfume ( With Love from Colin ) and a fashion line called “ Colin Farrell Seduction ” . The ranking is significant for many Colin fans , who have been waiting for his triumphant return to the glory days for what seems like a lifetime . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Colin Farrell : Recent News Breaking Up April 9 , 2019 Colin Farrell Single Again ? Shocker Colin Farrell Nude Photos Leaked Online Breaking news April 16 , 2019 Colin Farrell to announce retirement at age 42 Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
"Colin Farrell",
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/jaden-smith/deathhoax.html | “ Jaden Smith dead 2019 ” : Actor killed by internet death hoax By Jessica Simpson Washington Last updated on April 13 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 Tweeter Jaden Smith is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax Jaden Smith See more news pictures and video Hot news Music April 2019 Jaden Smith : New Album and 2020 World Tour ? Love April 9 , 2019 Jaden Smith Engaged ? Rumor Central April 2019 Is Jaden Smith secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? News of actor Jaden Smith ’ s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world . However the April 2019 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports . Thankfully , the actor best known for his roles in After Earth The Karate Kid or The Pursuit of Happyness is alive and well . UPDATE 13 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Jaden Smith death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the actor ’ s alleged demise gained traction on Thursday after a ‘ R.I.P. Jaden Smith ’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘ likes ’ . Those who read the ‘ About ’ page were given a believable account of the American actor ’ s passing : At about 11 a.m. ET on Thursday ( April 11 , 2019 ) , our beloved actor Jaden Smith passed away . Jaden Smith ( son of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith ) was born on July 8 , 1998 in Malibu . He will be missed but not forgotten . Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page . Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page , expressing their sadness that the talented 20 - year - old actor , rapper and dancer was dead . And as usual , Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax . Where as some trusting fans believed the post , others were immediately skeptical of the report , perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months . Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major American network , indicating that it was a fake report , as the death of an actor of Jaden Smith ' s stature would be major news across networks . A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that 71 % still think false Jaden Smith death rumors are funny . Jaden Smith Death Hoax Dismissed Since Actor Is ‘ Alive And Well ’ On Friday ( April 12 ) the actor ' s reps officially confirmed that Jaden Smith is not dead . “ He joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax . He ' s still alive and well , stop believing what you see on the Internet , ” they said . Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless , distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved actor . Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Jaden Smith : Recent News Pets April 7 , 2019 Jaden Smith ’ s Dog Recovering from Surgery Shocker April 13 , 2019 Jaden Smith Nude Photos Leaked Online Love Jaden Smith : Secretly Married ? Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/robert-plant/deathhoax.html | “ Robert Plant dead 2019 ” : Led Zeppelin lead singer killed by internet death hoax By Jessica Simpson London Last updated on April 14 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 Tweeter Robert Plant is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax Robert Plant See more news pictures and video Hot news Money April 13 , 2019 Robert Plant is Highest - Paid Singer in the World Babies April 12 , 2019 Robert Plant to Be a Dad ? Rumor Central April 2019 Is Robert Plant secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? News of singer Robert Plant ’ s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world . However the April 2019 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports . Thankfully , Led Zeppelin lead singer is alive and well . UPDATE 14 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Robert Plant death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the singer ’ s alleged demise gained traction on Friday after a ‘ R.I.P. Robert Plant ’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘ likes ’ . Those who read the ‘ About ’ page were given a believable account of the British singer ’ s passing : At about 11 a.m. ET on Friday ( April 12 , 2019 ) , our beloved singer Robert Plant passed away . Robert Plant was born on August 20 , 1948 in West Bromwich . He will be missed but not forgotten . Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page . Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page , expressing their sadness that the talented 70 - year - old singer was dead . And as usual , Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax . Where as some trusting fans believed the post , others were immediately skeptical of the report , perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months . Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major British network , indicating that it was a fake report , as the death of a singer of Robert Plant ' s stature would be major news across networks . A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority ( 80 % ) of respondents think those Robert Plant death rumors are not funny anymore . Robert Plant Death Hoax Dismissed Since Singer Is ‘ Alive And Well ’ On Saturday ( April 13 ) the singer ' s reps officially confirmed that Robert Plant is not dead . “ He joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax . He ' s still alive and well , stop believing what you see on the Internet , ” they said . Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless , distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved singer . Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Robert Plant : Recent News Breaking news April 13 , 2019 Robert Plant to announce retirement at age 70 Breaking Up April 6 , 2019 Robert Plant Single Again ? Buzz April 14 , 2019 Robert Plant goes ‘ Gangnam Style ’ Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
"Robert Plant death",
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http://en.mediamass.net/people/rowan-atkinson/deathhoax.html | “ Rowan Atkinson dead 2019 ” : Actor killed by internet death hoax By Jessica Simpson London Last updated on April 17 , 2019 Translations Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 Tweeter Rowan Atkinson is the latest celeb to fall victim to a death hoax Rowan Atkinson See more news pictures and video Hot news Love April 17 , 2019 Rowan Atkinson : Secretly Married ? Hot April 16 , 2019 Rowan Atkinson Named Sexiest Actor Alive Rumor Central April 2019 Is Rowan Atkinson secretly gay and hiding in the closet ? News of actor Rowan Atkinson ’ s death spread quickly earlier this week causing concern among fans across the world . However the April 2019 report has now been confirmed as a complete hoax and just the latest in a string of fake celebrity death reports . Thankfully , the actor best known for his roles in Johnny English or Mr . Bean is alive and well . UPDATE 17 / 04 / 2019 : This story seems to be false . ( read more ) Rowan Atkinson death hoax spreads on Facebook Rumors of the actor ’ s alleged demise gained traction on Monday after a ‘ R.I.P. Rowan Atkinson ’ Facebook page attracted nearly one million of ‘ likes ’ . Those who read the ‘ About ’ page were given a believable account of the British actor ’ s passing : At about 11 a.m. ET on Monday ( April 15 , 2019 ) , our beloved actor Rowan Atkinson passed away . Rowan Atkinson was born on January 6 , 1955 in Newcastle . He will be missed but not forgotten . Please show your sympathy and condolences by commenting on and liking this page . Hundreds of fans immediately started writing their messages of condolence on the Facebook page , expressing their sadness that the talented 64 - year - old actor and comedian was dead . And as usual , Twittersphere was frenzied over the death hoax . Where as some trusting fans believed the post , others were immediately skeptical of the report , perhaps learning their lesson from the huge amount of fake death reports emerging about celebrities over recent months . Some pointed out that the news had not been carried on any major British network , indicating that it was a fake report , as the death of an actor of Rowan Atkinson ' s stature would be major news across networks . A recent poll conducted for the Celebrity Post shows that a large majority ( 78 % ) of respondents think those Rowan Atkinson death rumors are not funny anymore . Rowan Atkinson Death Hoax Dismissed Since Actor Is ‘ Alive And Well ’ On Tuesday ( April 16 ) the actor ' s reps officially confirmed that Rowan Atkinson is not dead . “ He joins the long list of celebrities who have been victimized by this hoax . He ' s still alive and well , stop believing what you see on the Internet , ” they said . Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless , distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved actor . Others say this shows his extreme popularity across the globe . © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved . Do not reproduce ( even with permission ) . Rowan Atkinson : Recent News Money April 16 , 2019 Rowan Atkinson is Highest - Paid Actor in the World Breaking Up April 9 , 2019 Rowan Atkinson Single Again ? Babies April 15 , 2019 Rowan Atkinson to Be a Dad ? Celebrity Central A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Around the Web Bodybuilder tries so hard to become the Hulk that he turns his muscles to rock Human body : Top 10 unbelievable World Records Try not to swallow ! Japanese game show gets contestants to blow a cockroach at each other 4ft 4in bodybuilder finds love with his 6ft 3in black transgender girlfriend The 20 most shocking celebrity plastic surgery disasters of all time A definitive ranking of the 20 cutest animals on Earth page served in 0s ( 0 , 4 ) | [
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http://en.mercopress.com/2013/03/06/scientists-solve-mystery-of-the-extinct-falkland-islands-wolf | Scientists solve mystery of the extinct Falkland Islands wolf Wednesday , March 6th 2013 - 20 : 00 UTC Full article 53 comments The canine presence in the Falklands puzzled Darwin who also forecasted their extinction It was an animal that puzzled Charles Darwin , who wondered how on Earth a large mammal that looked a bit like a wolf and a bit like a fox had arrived on barren islands nearly 500 kilometres from the mainland . Now , say biologists , the mystery of the now - extinct Falkland Islands wolf may have been resolved . First spotted by Europeans in the 17th century , the wolf is - - was - - the Falklands ' only native terrestrial mammal , tucking in to penguins and other small prey for its food . Since Darwin ' s musings in 1834 , theories have proliferated to explain how the brown - furred carnivore ended up in such a remote place . Was it brought there by Man ? Had it floated over on an ice raft ? A team of scientists from Australia , Argentina and Chile have taken a crack at the riddle , the journal Nature Communications reported on Tuesday . They teased ancient DNA out of museum specimens of Dusicyon australis and compared it with the genetic code of a similar - sized extinct mainland canine , the South American maned wolf ( Dusicyon avus ) . The two species have almost identical genomes , and the chronology indicates that they diverged only during the last Ice Age , which ended some 10,000 - 20,000 years ago , the scientists found . At that time , global sea levels were far lower than today and the coastline of what is now southern Argentina and the eastern tip of Chile stretched much farther into the ice - bound South Atlantic . “ The Falkland Islands wolf colonised via a narrow , shallow marine strait , potentially while it was frozen over , ” the study suggests . After becoming established , the wolf became isolated when the Ice Age ended and sea levels rose , turning this distant spur of land into an archipelago . By the time Darwin saw it , the wolf was being ruthlessly hunted for its fur and to protect livestock . Semi - tame , it would come trustingly to ranchers who would hold out a piece of meat in one hand and a knife in the other with which to stab it . “ Within a very few years after these islands shall have become regularly settled , in all probability this fox will be classed with the dodo , as an animal which has perished from the face of the Earth , ” the great naturalist had written . Within four decades , his prediction had become true . The species was wiped out in the wild in 1876 , and two wolves that were shipped to London as curiosities died without offspring . See : http : / / en . mercopress . com / 2010 / 08 / 14 / remains - of - extinct - falklands - wolf - warrah - discovered - by - 13 - year - old Categories : Environment Health & Science Falkland Islands Tags : Charles Darwin Falkland Islands Falkland Islands wolf Top Comments Disclaimer & comment rules slattzzz the wind blew them all to rgenweener with all the other flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .apparently Mar 06th , 2013 - 08 : 17 pm 0 Condorito ” compared it with the genetic code of a similar - sized extinct mainland canine , the South American maned wolf ( Dusicyon avus ) . ” And there was me thinking they still existed in the Ibera wetlands in Argentina and in parts of Brazil ! Mar 06th , 2013 - 08 : 42 pm 0 Think ( 2 ) Condorito yet another careless English translation from our Mercopress team . . . The South American maned wolf ; aka Aguará Guazú , aka Chrysocyon brachyurus is NOT exctinct . . . . . . http : / / seancrane . com / blogphotos / maned_wolf_1x . jpg The Dusicyon australis , Dusicyon avus and Dusicyon cultridens are . Mar 06th , 2013 - 09 : 04 pm Read all comments Commenting for this story is now closed . If you have a Facebook account , become a fan and comment on our Facebook Page Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter | [
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http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long | Huey Long This section or article contains text from Wikipedia which has not yet been processed . It is thus likely to contain material which does not comply with the Metapedia guide lines . You can help Metapedia by editing the article and cleaning it from bias and inappropriate wordings . Huey Long Huey Pierce Long , Jr . August 30 1893 September 10 1935 ) , nicknamed The Kingfish , was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana . A Democrat , he was noted for his radical populist policies . He served as the Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935 . Though a backer of Franklin D . Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election , Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid . Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934 , with the motto " Every Man a King , " proposing new socialist wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime resulting from the Great Depression . To stimulate the economy , Long advocated federal spending on public works , public education , old - age pensions and other social programs . He was an ardent critic of the Federal Reserve System ' s policies to reduce lending . Charismatic and immensely popular for his social reform programs and willingness to take forceful action , Long was accused by his opponents of dictatorial tendencies for his near - total control of the state government . At the height of his popularity , the colorful and flamboyant Long was shot on September 8 , 1935 , at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge ; he died two days later at the age of 42 . His last words were reportedly , " God , do n ' t let me die . I have so much left to do . " Contents hide 1 Early life and legal career 2 Political career and rise to power 2.1 Election of 1924 2.2 Election of 1928 3 Long as governor , 1928 - 1932 4 Impeachment 5 1930 : Defeat in the Legislature , campaign for U.S. Senate 6 1930 - 1932 : Renewed strength 7 Long in the Senate , 1932 - 35 7.1 Share Our Wealth 8 Continued control over Louisiana , 1932 - 1935 9 1935 : Long ' s final year 9.1 Presidential ambitions 9.2 Increased tensions in Louisiana 9.3 Assassination 9.4 Funeral 10 Legacy 11 See also 12 External link 13 Literature 14 References Early life and legal career Long was born on August 30 , 1893 , in Winnfield , Louisiana , the seat of Winn Parish , a rural community in the north - central part of the state . He was the son of Huey Pierce Long , Sr . ( 1852 - 1937 ) , and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison ( 1860 - 1913 ) of English descent , who was born near the Tison Cemetery and Plantation in Grant Parish . Descendant of William Tison and Sarah Vince Tison , Sarah Vince Tison was the daughter of Revolutionary ancestor , Richard Vince . Long was the seventh of nine children in a farm - owning middle - class family . He attended local schools , where he was an excellent student and was said to have a photographic memory . In 1908 , Long circulated a petition asking that the principal of Winn Parish be fired . He was then expelled from school . After Long ' s mother died , his father remarried . Long won a debating scholarship to Louisiana State University , but he was unable to afford the textbooks required for attendance . Instead , he spent the next four years as a traveling salesman , selling books , canned goods and patent medicines , as well as working as an auctioneer In 1913 , Huey Long married Rose McConnell . She was a stenographer who had won a baking contest which he promoted to sell " Cottolene , " one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on the market . The Longs had a daughter , also named Rose , and two sons , Russell and Palmer . When sales jobs grew scarce during World War I , Long attended seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University at the urging of his mother , a devout Baptist . However , he concluded he was not suited to preaching . Long briefly attended the University of Oklahoma School of Law in Norman , Oklahoma , and later Tulane University Law School New Orleans . In 1915 , he convinced a board to let him take the bar exam after only a year at Tulane . He passed and began private practice in Winnfield . Later in Shreveport he spent 10 years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses , including workers ' compensation cases . He often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man . Long won fame by taking on the powerful Standard Oil Company , which he sued for unfair business practices . Over the course of his career , Long continued to challenge Standard Oil ' s influence in state politics and charged the company with exploiting the state ' s vast oil and gas resources . Political career and rise to power In 1918 Long was elected to the Louisiana Railroad Commission at the age of twenty - five on an anti - Standard Oil platform . ( The commission was renamed the Louisiana Public Service Commission in 1921 . ) His campaign for the Railroad Commission used techniques he would perfect later in his political career : heavy use of printed circulars and posters , an exhausting schedule of personal campaign stops throughout rural Louisiana , and vehement attacks on his opponents . He used his position on the commission to enhance his populist reputation as an opponent of large oil and utility companies , fighting against rate increases and pipeline monopolies . In the gubernatorial election of 1920 , he campaigned prominently for John M . Parker , but later became his vocal opponent after the new governor proved to be insufficiently committed to reform ; Long called Parker the “ chattel ” of the corporations . As chairman of the Public Service Commission in 1922 , Long won a lawsuit against the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases , resulting in cash refunds of $ 440,000 to 80,000 overcharged customers . Long successfully argued the case on appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court Cumberland Tel & Tel Co . v . Louisiana Public Service Commission 260 U.S. 212 ( 1922 ) ) [ 1 ] , prompting Chief Justice William Howard Taft to describe Long as one of the best legal minds he had ever encountered . Election of 1924 Long ran for governor of Louisiana in the election of 1924 , attacking Parker , and the established political hierarchy both local and state - wide . In that campaign , he became one of the first Southern politicians to use radio addresses and sound trucks . Long also began wearing a distinctive white linen suit . He came in third , due perhaps in part to his unwillingness to take a stand either for or against the Ku Klux Klan , whose prominence in Louisiana had become the primary issue of the campaign . Long cited rain on election day as suppressing voter turnout in rural north Louisiana , where voters were unable to reach the polls on dirt roads that had turned to mud . Instead , he was reelected to the Public Service Commission . Election of 1928 Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and his political organization , including supporting Catholic candidates to build support in south Louisiana , which was heavily Catholic due to its French and Spanish heritage . In 1928 he again ran for governor , campaigning with the slogan , " Every man a king , but no one wears a crown , " a phrase adopted from populist presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan Long ' s attacks on the utilities industry and corporate privileges were enormously popular , as was his depiction of the wealthy as " parasites " who grabbed more than their fair share of the public wealth while marginalizing the poor . Long crisscrossed the state , campaigning in rural areas disenfranchised by the New Orleans - based political establishment , known as the " Old Regulars . " They controlled the state through alliances with sheriffs and other local officials . At the time , the entire state had roughly 500 km ( 300 miles ) of paved roads and only three major bridges . The illiteracy rate was the highest in the nation ( 25 percent ) , as most families could not afford to purchase the textbooks required for their children to attend school . A poll tax hindered poor whites from voting . Together with selective application of literacy and understanding tests , however , blacks had been effectively completely disenfranchised since soon after the state legislature passed the new constitution in 1898 . Long won in 1928 by tapping into the class resentment of rural Louisianans . He proposed government services far more expansive than anything in Louisiana history . Long won with less than a majority of the vote , 43.9 % ( 126,842 votes ) , as his opponents spilt the anti - Long vote with Riley J . Wilson earning 28.3 % ( 81,747 ) and Oramel H . Simpson garnering 27.8 % ( 80,326 ) . Long as governor , 1928 - 1932 Once in office as governor Long moved quickly to consolidate his power , firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy , at all ranks from cabinet - level heads of departments and board members to rank - and - file civil servants and state road workers . Like previous governors , he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his own network of political supporters . Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of his or her salary directly into Long ’ s political war - chest . These funds were kept in a famous locked “ deduct box ” to be used at Long ' s discretion for political purposes . Once his control over the state ’ s political apparatus was strengthened , Long pushed a number of bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises . These included a free textbook program for schoolchildren , an idea advanced by John Sparks Patton , the Claiborne Parish school superintendent . Long also supported night courses for adult literacy and a supply of cheap natural gas for the city of New Orleans . Long began an unprecedented public works program , building roads , bridges , hospitals and educational institutions . His bills met opposition from many legislators , citizens , and the media , but Long used aggressive tactics to ensure passage of the legislation he favored . He would show up unannounced on the floor of both the House Senate or in House committees , corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents . These tactics were unprecedented , but they resulted in the passage of most of Long ’ s legislative agenda . By delivering on his campaign promises , Long achieved hero status among some of the state ' s rural poor population . When Long secured passage of his free textbook program , the school board of Caddo Parish ( home of conservative Shreveport ) , sued to prevent the books from being distributed , saying they would not accept " charity " from the state . Long responded by withholding authorization for locating an Army Air Corps base nearby until the parish accepted the books . Impeachment In 1929 , Long called a special session of both houses of the legislature to enact a new five - cent per barrel " occupational license tax " on production of refined oil , to help fund his social programs . The bill met with fierce opposition from the state ’ s oil interests . Opponents in the legislature , led by freshman Cecil Morgan of Shreveport , moved to impeach Long on charges ranging from blasphemy to corruption , bribery , and misuse of state funds . Long tried to cut the session short , but after an infamous brawl that spilled across the State Legislature on what was known as " Bloody Monday " , the Legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with the impeachment . Long took his case to " the people " , using his trademark printed circulars and a speaking tour around the state to argue that the impeachment was an attempt by Standard Oil and other corporate interests to prevent his socialist programs from being carried out . The House passed several of the charges . Once the trial began in the Senate , Long produced the “ Round Robin , ” a document signed by more than one - third of the state senators , stating that they would vote " not guilty " no matter what the evidence . They believed the charges did not merit removal from office and they considered the trial to be unconstitutional . With the two - thirds majority required to convict impossible to achieve , Long ’ s opponents halted the proceedings . Long later rewarded the Round Robin signers with state jobs or other favors ; some were alleged to have been paid in Following the failed impeachment attempt in the Senate , Long became ruthless when dealing with his enemies . He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported candidates to defeat them in elections . " I used to try to get things done by saying ' please ' , " said Long . " Now . . .I dynamite ' em out of my path . " Since the state ’ s newspapers were financed by the opposition , in March 1930 Long founded his own paper , the Louisiana Progress , which he used to broadcast achievements and denounce his enemies . To receive lucrative state contracts , companies were first expected to buy advertisements in Long ' s newspaper . Long attempted to pass laws placing a surtax on newspapers and forbidding the publishing of “ slanderous material , ” but these efforts were defeated . After the impeachment attempt , Long received death threats . Fearing for his personal safety , he surrounded himself with armed bodyguards at all times . 1930 : Defeat in the Legislature , campaign for U.S. Senate In the 1930 legislative session , Long proposed another major road - building initiative as well as construction of a new capitol building Baton Rouge . The State Legislature defeated the bond issue necessary to build the roads , and his other initiatives failed as well . Long responded by suddenly announcing his intention to run for the U.S. Senate in the Democratic primary of September 9 , 1930 . He portrayed his campaign as a referendum on his programs : if he won he would take it as a sign that the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature , and if he lost he promised to resign . Long defeated incumbent Senator Joseph E . Ransdell , an Alexandria native from Lake Providence East Carroll Parish in far northeastern Louisiana , by 149,640 ( 57.3 percent ) to 111,451 ( 42.7 percent ) . Despite having been elected to the Senate for the 1931 session , Long intended to fill out his term as governor until 1932 . Leaving the seat vacant for so long would not hurt Louisiana , Long said ; " with Ransdell as Senator , the seat was vacant anyway . " By delaying his resignation as governor , Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Paul N . Cyr , from succeeding to the top position . A dentist from Jeanerette Iberia Parish , Cyr was an early ally with whom Long had since feuded . 1930 - 1932 : Renewed strength Having won the overwhelming support of the Louisiana electorate , Long returned to pushing his legislative program with renewed strength . Bargaining from an advantageous position , Long entered an agreement with his longtime New Orleans rivals , the Regular Democratic Organization and their leader , New Orleans mayor T . Semmes Walmsley . They would support his legislation and his candidates in future elections in return for his supporting a bridge over the Mississippi River , an airport for New Orleans , and money for infrastructure improvements in the city . Support from the Old Regulars enabled Long to pass an increase in the gasoline tax , new school spending , a bill to finance the construction of a new Louisiana State Capitol and a $ 75 million bond for road construction . Including the Airline Highway between , Long ' s road network gave Louisiana some of the most modern roads in the country and helped form the state ' s highway system . Long ' s opponents charged that Long had concentrated political power in his own hands to the point where he had become a virtual dictator of the state Long retained the architect Leon C . Weiss of to design the capitol , a new governor ' s mansion , Charity Hospital in New Orleans , and many Louisiana State University and other college buildings throughout the state . As governor , Long was not popular among the " old families " of Baton Rouge society . He instead held gatherings of his leaders and friends from across the state . At these gatherings , Long and his group liked to listen to the popular radio show " Amos ' n ' Andy . " One of Long ' s followers dubbed him the " Kingfish " after the leader of the Mystic Knights of the Sea lodge to which Amos and Andy belonged . As governor , Long became an ardent supporter of ( LSU ) , the state ' s primary public university in . He greatly increased LSU funding and expanded its enrollment from 1,600 to 4,000 . Long instituted work - scholarship programs that enabled poor students to attend LSU , and he established the LSU Medical School in New Orleans . He also intervened in the university ' s affairs , choosing its president . reference required Long conducted music for LSU ' s band played during the football games . Once , he had the football team run a play he created . In October 1931 , Lieutenant Governor Cyr , by then an avowed enemy of Long , argued that the Senator - elect could no longer remain governor . Cyr declared himself to be the legitimate governor . In response Long surrounded the State Capitol with state National Guard troops and fended off the illegal " coup d ' état " . Long went to the Louisiana Supreme Court to have Cyr ousted as lieutenant governor . He argued that the office of lieutenant - governor was vacant because Cyr had resigned when he attempted to assume the governorship . His suit was successful . Under the state constitution president and Long ally Alvin Olin King became lieutenant - governor . Long chose his childhood friend Oscar Kelly Allen as the candidate to succeed him in the election of 1932 on a “ Complete the Work ” ticket . With the support of Long ' s own voter base and the Old Regular machine , Allen won easily . With his loyal succession assured , Long finally resigned as governor and took his seat in the U.S. Senate in January 1932 . Long in the Senate , 1932 - 35 Senator Long Long arrived in Washington , D.C . , to take his seat in the in January 1932 , although he was absent for more than half the days in the 1932 session . With the backdrop of the Great Depression , he made characteristically fiery speeches which denounced the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few . He also criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately , most notably attacking Senate Democratic Leader Joseph Robinson Arkansas for his apparent closeness with President Herbert Hoover . Robinson had been the vice - presidential candidate in 1928 on the Democratic ticket opposite Hoover and his running - mate , Senator Charles Curtis Kansas In the presidential election of 1932 , Long became a vocal supporter of the candidacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt . He believed Roosevelt to be the only candidate willing and able to carry out the drastic redistribution of wealth that Long believed necessary to end the Great Depression . At the Democratic National Convention , Long was instrumental in keeping the delegations of several wavering states in the Roosevelt camp . Long expected to be featured prominently in Roosevelt ' s campaign , but he was disappointed with a speaking tour limited to four Midwestern states . Long managed to find other venues for his populist message . He campaigned to elect Hattie Caraway , the underdog candidate of Arkansas , to her first full term in the Senate by conducting a whirlwind , seven - day tour of that state . He raised his national prominence and defeated the candidate backed by Senator Robinson . With Long ' s help , Caraway became the first woman elected to the . Caraway told Long , however , that she would continue to use independent judgment and not allow him to dictate how she would vote on Senate bills . She also insisted that he stop attacking Robinson while he was in Arkansas . reference required After Roosevelt ' s election , Long soon broke with the new President . Aware that Roosevelt had no intention to radically redistribute the country ' s wealth , Long became one of the only national politicians to oppose Roosevelt ' s New Deal policies from the left . He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis . Long sometimes supported Roosevelt ' s programs in the Senate , saying that " [ W ] henever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it , and whenever it has gone to the right I have voted against it . " He opposed the National Recovery Act , calling it a sellout to big business . In 1933 , he was a leader of a three - week Senate filibuster against the Glass - Steagall Banking Act Roosevelt considered Long a radical demagogue . The president privately said of Long that along with General Douglas MacArthur , " [ H ] e was one of the two most dangerous men in America . " Roosevelt later compared Long ' s meteoric rise in popularity to that of Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini . In June 1933 , in an effort to undermine Long ' s political dominance , Roosevelt cut Long out of consultation on the distribution of federal funds or patronage in . Roosevelt also supported a Senate inquiry into the election of Long ally John H . Overton to the Senate in 1932 . The Long machine was charged with election fraud and voter intimidation ; however , the inquiry came up empty , and Overton was seated . To discredit Long and damage his support base , in 1934 Roosevelt had Long ’ s finances investigated by the Internal Revenue Service . Though they failed to link Long to any illegality , some of Long ’ s lieutenants were charged with income tax evasion , but only one had been convicted by the time of Long ’ s death . Long ’ s radical socialist rhetoric and his aggressive tactics did little to endear him to his fellow senators . Not one of his proposed bills , resolutions or motions was passed during his three years in the Senate despite an overwhelming Democratic majority . During one debate , another senator told Long , “ I do not believe you could get the Lord ’ s Prayer endorsed in this body . ” In terms of foreign policy , Long was a firm isolationist . He argued that America ’ s involvement in the Spanish - American War and the First World War had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street . He also opposed American entry into the World Court Share Our Wealth This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding reliable references . Unsourced material may be challenged removed ( December 2007 ) Long was a staunch opponent of the Federal Reserve Bank . Together with a group of Congressmen and Senators , Long believed the Federal Reserve ' s policies to be the true cause of the . Long made speeches denouncing the large banking houses of Morgan and Rockefeller centered in New York which owned stock in the Federal Reserve System . He believed that they controlled the monetary system to their own benefit , instead of the general public ' s benefit . As an alternative , Long proposed federal legislation capping personal fortunes , income and inheritances . He used radio broadcasts and founded a national newspaper , the American Progress , to promote his ideas and accomplishments before a national audience . In 1934 , he unveiled an economic plan he called . Long argued there was enough wealth in the country for every individual to enjoy a comfortable standard of living , but that it was unfairly concentrated in the hands of a few millionaire bankers , businessmen and industrialists . Long proposed a new progressive tax code designed to limit the size of personal fortunes . The new tax code would tax the first million dollars of wealth at zero . The second million dollars of wealth would be taxed at 1 % . The third million at 2 % ; the fourth million at 4 % ; the fifth million at 8 % ; the sixth million at 16 % ; the seventh million at 32 % ; the eighth million at 64 % ; and the remainder at 100 % . Income tax rates would be at 100 % for all incomes over $ The resulting funds would be used to guarantee every family a basic household grant of $ 5,000 and a minimum annual income of $ 2,000 - 3,000 ( or one - third the average family income ) . Long supplemented his plan with proposals for free primary and college education , old - age pensions , veterans ' benefits , federal assistance to farmers , public works projects , and limiting the work week to thirty hours . Denying that his program was socialistic , Long stated that his ideological inspiration for the plan came not from Karl Marx but from the Bible and the Declaration of Independence . “ Communism ? Hell no ! ” he said , “ This plan is the only defense this country ’ s got against communism . ” In 1934 , Long held a public debate with Norman Thomas , the leader of the Socialist Party of America , on the merits of Share Our Wealth versus socialism . Long believed that only a radical restructuring of the national economy and elimination of disparities of wealth , while retaining the essential features of the capitalist system , would end the Great Depression and stave off violent revolution . After the Senate rejected one of his wealth redistribution bills , Long told them , " [ A ] mob is coming to hang the other ninety - five of you damn scoundrels and I ' m undecided whether to stick here with you or go out and lead them . " With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals , in February 1934 Long formed a national political organization , the Share Our Wealth Society . A network of local clubs led by national organizer Reverend Gerald L . K . Smith , the Share Our Wealth Society was intended to operate outside of and in opposition to the Democratic Party and the Roosevelt administration . By 1935 , the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs across the country . Long ' s Senate office received an average of 60,000 letters a week . Some historians believe that pressure from Long and his organization contributed to Roosevelt ' s " turn to the left " in 1935 . He enacted the Second New Deal , including the Social Security Act . In private , Roosevelt candidly admitted to trying to “ steal Long ’ s thunder . ” Continued control over Louisiana , 1932 - 1935 Long continued to maintain effective control of while he was a senator , blurring the boundary between federal and state politics . Though he had no constitutional authority to do so , Long continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature , which remained in the hands of his allies . He made frequent trips to to pressure the Legislature into enacting his legislation . The program included new consumer taxes , elimination of the poll tax , a homestead exemption , and increases in the number of state employees . His loyal lieutenant , Governor Oscar K . Allen , dutifully followed Long ’ s policy proposals . Long was known to berate the governor in public and take over the governor ’ s office in the State Capitol when he was visiting Baton Rouge . Having broken with the Old Regulars T . Semmes Walmsley in the fall of 1933 , Long inserted himself into the mayoral election of 1934 and began a dramatic public feud with the city ’ s government that lasted for two years . Huey Long and James A . Noe , an independent oilman and member of the Louisiana Senate , formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company . The firm was established to obtain leases on state - owned lands so that the directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies . Although ruled legal , these activities were done in secret and the stockholders were unknown to the public . Long made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases , using the funds primarily for political purposes . By 1934 Long began a reorganization of the state government that all but abolished local governments in Alexandria . It further gave the governor the power to appoint all state employees . Long passed what he called “ a tax on lying ” and a 2 % tax on newspaper advertising revenue . He created the Bureau of Criminal Identification , a special force of plainclothes police answerable only to the governor . He also had the legislature enact the same tax on refined oil that had nearly gotten him impeached in 1929 . After agreed that 80 % of the oil sent to its refineries would be drilled in Louisiana , Long had the government refund most of the money . 1935 : Long ' s final year Presidential ambitions Even during his days as a traveling salesman , Long confided to his wife that his planned career trajectory would begin with election to a minor state office , then governor , then senator , and ultimately election as President of the United States . In his final months , Long wrote a second book entitled My First Days in the White House , laying out his plans for the presidency after the election of 1936 . The book was published posthumously . According to Long biographers T . Harry Williams and William Ivy Hair , the senator never intended to run for the presidency in 1936 . Long instead planned to challenge Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination in 1936 , knowing he would lose the nomination but gain valuable publicity in the process . Then he would break from the Democrats and form a third party using the Share Our Wealth plan as a basis for its program . He also planned to use Father Charles Coughlin , a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak , Michigan Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno ; and other dissidents . The new party would run someone else as its 1936 candidate , but Long would be the primary campaigner . This candidate would split the progressive vote with Roosevelt , thereby resulting in the election of a Republican as president but proving the electoral appeal of . Long would then run for president as a Democrat in 1940 . In the spring of 1935 , Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances , attracting large crowds and increasing his stature . Increased tensions in Louisiana By 1935 , Long ’ s most recent consolidation of personal power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies . Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place of 1874 , in which the white supremacist White League staged an uprising against Louisiana ’ s Reconstruction - era government . In January 1935 , an anti - Long paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed . Its members included former governors John M . Parker Ruffin G . Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor . On January 25 , two hundred armed Square Dealers took over the courthouse of East Baton Rouge Parish . Long had Governor Allen call out the National Guard , declare martial law , ban public gatherings of two or more persons , and forbid the publication of criticism of state officials . The Square Dealers left the courthouse , but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge Airport . Tear gas and live ammunition were fired ; one person was wounded but there were no fatalities . In the summer of 1935 , Long called for two more special sessions of the legislature ; bills were passed in rapid - fire succession without being read or discussed . The new laws further centralized Long ’ s control over the state by creating several new Long - appointed state agencies : a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve all loans to parish and municipal governments , a new state printing board which could withhold " official printer " status from uncooperative newspapers , a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll mayor of New Orleans . Long boasted that he had " taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the Community Chest Red Cross . " Assassination In July 1935 , two months prior to his death , Long claimed that he had uncovered a plot to assassinate him , which had been discussed in a meeting at ’ s DeSoto Hotel . According to Long , four U.S. representatives , Mayor Walmsley , and former governors Parker and Sanders had been present . Long read what he claimed was a transcript of a recording of this meeting on the floor of the Long called for a special session of the Louisiana Legislature to begin in September 1935 , and he traveled from Washington to to oversee its progress . The accounts of the September 8 , 1935 murder differ , with many believing that Long was shot once or twice by medical doctor Carl Austin Weiss in the Capitol building at . Weiss was immediately shot sixty - one times by Long ' s bodyguards and police on the scene . The 28 - year - old Dr . Weiss was the son - in - law of Judge Benjamin Henry Pavy . According to Mrs . Ida Catherine Pavy Boudreaux of Opelousas , Pavy ' s only surviving child , her father had been gerrymandered out of his Sixteenth Judicial District because of his opposition to Long . Shortly after being shot , the expiring Long reportedly said , " I wonder why he shot me . " Long died two days later of internal bleeding , following Dr . Arthur Vidrine ' s attempt to close the wounds . Others believe that Weiss was unarmed and had punched Long in the mouth ( he had a swollen lip at the hospital ) , not shot him . Instead , Senator Long was struck by a stray bullet from his bodyguards , who shot Weiss because they mistakenly believed that Weiss was going to shoot Long . An entourage arrived to wait out the last minutes of Long ' s life . Among those mourners was his staunch Caddo Parish ally Earl Williamson , who remained steadfast with the Longs through the turbulent era of his brother - successor , Earl Long . As times passed though , even allies like Earl Williamson began to exercise independent judgment . The original tombstone of Huey P . Long is now in the Louisiana State Museum ; a monumental statue was erected in its place . Funeral Long ' s body was dressed in a tuxedo and his open copper - lined casket was placed in state in the State Capitol rotunda . An estimated 100,000 people filed past the casket . Tens of thousands of Louisianans crowded in front of the Capitol on September 10 , 1935 for the 4 p.m. funeral handled by Merle Welsh of Rabenhorst Funeral Home Welsh remembered that flowers came from all over the world and extended from the House of Representatives to the Senate chamber . Airline Highway between New Orleans and Baton Rouge was jammed bumper - to - bumper . The minister at the funeral service was Gerald L . K . Smith , co - founder of and subsequently of the America First Party . Newsreel cameras clicked while airplanes circled overhead to record the service for posterity . Long was buried on the grounds of the new State Capitol which he championed as governor , where a statue at his gravesite now depicts his achievements . Within the Capitol , a plaque still marks the site of the assassination in the hallway near what is now the Speaker ' s office and what was then the Governor ' s office . Legacy In his four - year term and as governor , Long increased the mileage of paved highways in Louisiana from 331 to 2,301 , plus an additional 2816 miles of gravel roads . By 1936 , the infrastructure program begun by Long had completed some 9000 miles of new roads , doubling the size of the state ' s road system . He built 111 bridges , and started construction on the first bridge over the lower Mississippi , the Huey P . Long Bridge Jefferson Parish , near New Orleans . He built the new , at the time the tallest building in the South . All of these public works projects provided thousands of much - needed jobs during the . ( Long , however , disapproved of welfare and unemployment payments . Such programs in Louisiana during his tenure were Federal in origin . ) Long ' s free textbooks , school - building program , and free busing improved and expanded the public education system . His night schools taught 100,000 adults to read . He greatly expanded funding for LSU , lowered tuition , established scholarships for low - income students , and founded the LSU School of Medicine in New Orleans . He also doubled funding for the public Charity Hospital System , built a new Charity Hospital building for New Orleans , and reformed and increased funding for the state ' s mental institutions . His administration funded the piping of Lake Pontchartrain seawall and New Orleans airport . Long slashed personal property taxes and reduced utility rates . His repeal of the poll tax in 1935 increased voter registration by 76 percent in one year . After Long ’ s death , the political machine he had built up was weakened , but it remained a powerful force in state politics until the election of 1960 . The Long platform of social programs and populist rhetoric created the state ’ s main political division ; in every state election until 1960 , the main factions were organized along pro - Long and anti - Long lines . Even today in Louisiana , opinions on Long are sharply divided . Some remember Long as a popular folk hero , while others revile him as an unscrupulous demagogue and dictator . For several decades after his death , Long ’ s personal political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his colorful speaking style , vicious verbal Earl Kemp Long later inherited Long ’ s political machine . Using his platform and rhetorical style , Long was twice elected governor and served an unexpired term as well . After Earl Long ’ s death , John McKeithen Edwin Edwards appeared as heirs to the Long tradition . Most recently , Claude " Buddy " Leach ran a populist campaign in the Louisiana gubernatorial election of 2003 that some observers compared to Huey Long ’ s . Louisiana Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell tried the same approach without success in the 2007 jungle primary Huey Long ’ s death did not end the political strength of the Long family . Huey Long ' s wife , Rose McConnell Long , was appointed to replace him in the Senate , and his son Russell B . Long was elected to the Senate in 1948 , where he was re - elected to office until 1987 . In addition to Huey ' s brother Earl Long ' s becoming governor , another brother , George S . Long , was elected to Congress in 1952 . Long ' s younger sister , Lucille Long Hunt ( 1898 - 1985 ) of Ruston , was the mother of future Public Service Commissioner John S . Hunt , III ( 1928 - 2001 ) , of Monroe Other more distant relatives , including Gillis William Long Speedy O . Long ( both now deceased ) were elected to Congress Jimmy D . Long Natchitoches Parish served for years in the Legislature . Jimmy Long ' s younger brother Gerald Long is unique among the Long ' s : the only current Long in public office and the first Republican among the Long Democratic dynasty . Floyd W . Smith , Jr . , is a self - described " half Long " who is a former mayor of Pineville Two bridges crossing the Mississippi River have been named for Long : Huey P . Long Bridge ( Baton Rouge ) Huey P . Long Bridge ( Jefferson Parish ) . There is also a Huey P . Long Hospital in Pineville across the Red River from See also Lineage of American Nationalist organizations and individuals Charles Coughlin External link Huey Long , the man , his mission , and legacy Literature James J.A. ( ed ) : " Huey Pierce Long , The Martyr of the Age " , 1934 References ↑ Williams , T . Harry ( 1969 ) . . Vingtage Books , Random House , 876 . ↑ Huey Long , everything2 Website , accessed 18 Jan 2008 Campaign for Governor ( on Huey Long official website ) White , Richard D . , Jr . ( 2006 ) . Kingfish : The Reign of Huey P . Long . Random House , 88 – 89 . Parrish , Michael E . ( 1994 ) . Anxious Decades : America in Prosperity and Depression , 1920 - 1941 , p . 164 . W . W . Norton & Company . ISBN 0393311341 Warren , Kenneth F . ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns , Elections , and Electoral Behavior , p . 379 . SAGE . ISBN 1412954894 Hamby , Alonzo L . ( 2004 ) . For the Survival of Democracy : Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s , p . 263 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0684843404 ↑ 8.0 8.1 Antonio Winnebago , " The History of LSU Football : Part One " , Red Shtick Magazine Hair , William Ivy ( 1991 ) . The Kingfish and His Realm : The Life and Times of Huey P . Long . Louisiana State University Press , 221 – 222 . Quoted by Chip Berlet , and Matthew N . Lyons , Right - Wing Populism in America : Too Close for Comfort , Guilford Publications , 2000 , p . 126 Brands , H.W . ( 2008 ) . Traitor to His Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Doubleday , 260 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51958 - 8 Huey P . Long , " Share Our Wealth " , American Rhetoric : 100 Top Speeches , accessed 18 Mar 2008 USA History : Huey P . Long , Spartacus Website , accessed 18 Mar 2008 Williams , T . Harry ( 1969 ) . . Vingtage Books , Random House , 866 . Grevemberg , Francis C . ( 2004 ) . My Wars : Nazis , Mobsters , Gambling , and Corruption . Beau Bayou Publishing , 119 – 126 . ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Reed , Ed . Requiem for a Kingfish Baton Rouge : Award Publications , 1986 . Categories Articles in need of neutralization | Articles needing additional references from December 2007 | All articles needing additional references American Politicians 1894 births 1935 deaths 1930 ' s nationalists The South Nationalist economic theorists | [
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"American politician",
"Governor of Louisiana"
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http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples | Metapedia Fundraiser 2018 : The Internet is the foremost field in the metapolitical battle of our time . Help us hold down the front . 6,954 € 10,000 € How to donate | List of donations Turkic peoples navigation search Turkic peoples are any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily of the Altaic family of languages . " Turks " may refer to Turkic peoples in general or to related groups , such as the citizens of Turkey The name derives from an East Asian people . However , in Turkey , for example , only a small part of the genetic ancestry is East Asian . External links Encyclopedias Encyclopedia Britannica : Turkic peoples Encyclopedia . com : Turks References ↑ Hodoğlugil U , Mahley RW ( 2012 ) Turkish population structure and genetic ancestry reveal relatedness among Eurasian populations . Ann Hum Genet 76 ( 2 ) : 128 - 41 . http : / / dx . doi . org / 10.1111 / j . 1469 - 1809 . 2011 . 00701 . x http : / / pubmed . gov / 22332727 Category Ethnic groups | [
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http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic | Metapedia Fundraiser 2018 : The Internet is the foremost field in the metapolitical battle of our time . Help us hold down the front . 6,954 € 10,000 € How to donate | List of donations Weimar Republic ( Redirected from Weimar republic navigation search Map of the Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic German Weimarer Republik ) is an often used unofficial name for the liberal democratic country created by the German Revolution of 1918 – 19 and the Treaty of Versailles . It ended when the NSDAP gained power in 1933 and created National Socialist Germany . The name derives from the city of Weimar where a national assembly convened to write and adopt a new constitution which became effective on 11 August 1919 . The official German name was the Deutsches Reich ( " German Reich " ) , which was also the official name of the preceding German Empire and initially also the official name of National Socialist Germany . Contents hide 1 Less politically correct views 1.1 Communist violence 1.2 Soviet offensive plans controversy 1.3 Jewish influence and anti - Semitism 2 Quotes 3 See also 4 External links 4.1 Article archives 4.2 Encyclopedias Less politically correct views Communist violence Communists made several attempts to take power in coups , such as the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the Spartacist uprising by the Spartacus League . The non - Communist parties had the army and the Freikorps ( nationalist militias ) quell these uprisings by force . The Communists continued to use large - scale political violence , gained increasing support during the Great Depression , and it has been argued that one the main reasons that the NSDAP was allowed take power was that the alternative was increasingly viewed as a Communist regime and rule of terror , similar to that in the Soviet Union Soviet offensive plans controversy Supporters of the Soviet offensive plans theory have argued that Stalin already in the 1920s helped the German military to evade the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles and to rearm by allowing the German military to produce and test their weapons on Soviet territory . Furthermore , Stalin has been argued to have helped Hitler to come to power by forbidding German Communists to make common cause with the Social Democrats against the National Socialists . Stalin is argued to have viewed the National Socialists and Germany as an " icebreaker " , intended to be one part of new war between capitalist countries , similar to WWI , which Jewish influence and anti - Semitism Jewish influence and anti - Semitism are often discussed aspects of the Weimar Republic . The fall of the German Empire removed earlier restrictions on Jews , such as regarding appointments to higher governmental positions . See also Jewish influence : Germany A less well - known aspect is the anti - Semitism and extensive restrictions on Jewish influence in Poland after independence . This contributed to migration of many Polish Jews to Germany , which has been argued to have contributed to the anti - Semitism in Germany . Critics , such as the National Socialists , saw the Jewish influence as contributing to argued degeneracy . One example was regarding as in the arts . See the Degenerate art article . The influential Frankfurt School originated in the Weimar Republic . The relationship between Jews and finance could be seen as related to the hyperinflation and later the Great Depression Jews were often prominent in stab in the back theories or otherwise seen as influential during the German Revolution of 1918 – 19 Another criticism was of the relationship between Jews and Communism and Jewish influence on Communist ( attempted ) coups in Germany and elsewhere . See also the articles on the Kristallnacht and Holocaust motivations See also the " External links " section in the article . Quotes Jews were especially visible in private banking in Berlin , which in 1923 had 150 private Jewish banks , as opposed to only 11 private non - Jewish banks . They owned 41 % of iron and scrap iron firms and 57 % of other metal businesses . Jews were very active in the stock market , particularly in Berlin , where in 1928 they comprised 80 % of the leading members of the stock exchange . By 1933 , when the Nazis [ sic ] began eliminating Jews from prominent positions , 85 % of the brokers on the — Sarah Gordon , 1984 , Hitler , Germans and the Jewish Question In the all - important administration of Prussia , any number of strategic positions came into the hands of Hebrews . A telephone conversation between three Jews in Ministerial offices could result in the suspension of any periodical or newspaper in the state . No one who lived through the period from 1919 to 1926 is likely to forget the sexual promiscuity that prevailed . Throughout a town like Berlin , hotels and pensions made vast fortunes by letting rooms by the hour or day to baggageless , unregistered guests , throngs of child prostitutes outside the doors of the — Edgar Mowrer , 1939 , Germany Puts the Clock Back In the Berlin of pre - Hitler years most of the theatres were Jewish - owned or Jewish - leased , most of the leading film and stage actors were Jews , the plays performed were often by German , Austrian or Hungarian Jews and were staged by Jewish film producers , applauded by Jewish dramatic critics in Jewish newspapers . The Jews are not cleverer than the Gentiles , if by clever you mean good at their jobs . They ruthlessly exploit the common feeling of Jews , first to get a foothold in a particular trade or calling — Edgar Mowrer , 1939 , Disgrace Abounding Even in November 1938 , after five years of anti - Semitic legislation and persecution [ sic ] , they still owned , according to the Times correspondent in Berlin , something like a third of the real property in the Reich . The banks , including the Reichsbank and the big private banks , were practically controlled by them . So were the publishing trade , the cinema , the theatres and a large part of the press all the normal means , in fact , by which public opinion in a civilized country is formed . The largest newspaper combine in the country with a daily circulation of four millions was a Jewish monopoly . Every year it became harder and harder for a gentile to gain or keep a foothold in any privileged occupation . At this time it was not the ‘ Aryans ’ who — Sir Arthur Bryant , 1940 , Unfinished Victory The Ullstein group was a kind of super - trust ; the largest organization of its kind in Europe , and probably in the world . They published four daily papers in Berlin alone , among these the venerable Vossische Zeitung , founded in the eighteenth century , and the B.Z. am Mittag , an evening paper . Apart from these , Ullstein ’ s published more than a dozen weekly and monthly periodicals , ran their own news service , their own travel agency , etc . , and were one of the leading book publishers . The firm was owned by the brothers Ullstein – they were five , like the original Rothschild brothers , and like them also , they were Jews . Arthur Koestler , 1949 , The God that Failed See also Stab in the back theory Völkisch movement Weimar Republic Hyperinflation External links The German - Jewish Kulturkampf in the Weimar Republic at Occidental Observer Jewish Domination of Weimar Germany 1919 - 1932 THE SEXUAL DECADENCE OF WEIMAR GERMANY , by Lasha Darkmoon Article archives Codoh : Weimar Germany Encyclopedias Encyclopedia Britannica : Weimar Republic Categories Articles containing German language text Germany | [
"Weimar Republic",
"German Revolution",
"Treaty of Versailles"
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http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Zyklon_B | Metapedia Fundraiser 2018 : The Internet is the foremost field in the metapolitical battle of our time . Help us hold down the front . 6,954 € 10,000 € How to donate | List of donations Zyklon B navigation search A can of Zyklon B with adsorbent granules displayed at the Auschwitz museum . Prussian blue . Zyklon B was the trade name of a pesticide with hydrogen cyanide ( prussic acid ) as the active ingredient . It consisted of adsorbent granules with hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters . Opening a canister slowly released hydrogen cyanide as a gas . It was historically widely used in order to kill pests , such as lice in clothing and buildings . As lice may also spread diseases , such as typhus , especially when many people live closely together , such as in concentration camps , Zyklon B was an important agent against diseases . Today , hydrogen cyanide has in most cases been replaced by newer pesticides , but is still used , using other trade names . " Prussian blue " is a dark blue pigment containing cyanide . It may form on surfaces after repeated Zyklon B exposure . Zyklon B is most notorious for being the alleged mass murder method used in gas chambers in some of the Holocaust camps , including Auschwitz and Majdanek Holocaust revisionists argue that various properties of Zyklon B are incompatible with the descriptions of how the alleged mass killings occurred , that the constructions of the alleged homicidal gas chambers are incompatible with mass killings using Zyklon B , and that examinations of Zyklon B derivatives in gas chambers walls demonstrate that no mass murders occurred . See the Holocaust material evidence article as well as the " External links " and the " See also " section in this article regarding details . External links Article archives Codoh : HCN ( Zyklon B ) Codoh : Gas Chambers See also Holocaust material evidence Leuchter report Rudolf report The Chemistry of Auschwitz — Buna Rubber , Zyklon B , Prussian Blue and the Gas Chambers Categories Chemistry The Holocaust | [
"Zyklon B",
"hydrogen cyanide",
"Prussian blue"
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http://en.mimi.hu/biology/blastopore.html | Blastopore blastopore a pore of the blastula stage that opens into the archenteron Source : Noland , George B . 1983 . General Biology , 11th Edition . St . Louis , MO . C . V . Mosby . . . [ www . webref . org / biology / b / blastopore . htm ] blastopore site of gastrulation initiation and later the opening of the archenteron at the vegetal region of certain embryo s ( e.g. , echinoderm and amphibian ) ; in deuterostome embryos it is the future anus of the organism [ home . sandiego . edu / ~ cloer / bio376 / 376gloss / 376gloss . html ] External opening of the archenteron in the gastrula blastula An early stage in the development of an embryo ; it consists of a sphere of cells enclosing a fluid - filled cavity ( blastocoel ) . bleaching The expulsion of zooxanthellae by reef corals in response to stress . [ www . mhhe . com / biosci / pae / glossaryb . html ] ~ ⇑ ( blas - toh - por ) [ Gk . blastos , sprout + poros , a way , means , path ] The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostome s and the anus in deuterostomes . blastula . . . [ www . phschool . com / science / biology_place / glossary / b . html ] The ~ ⇑ is the first opening of the digestive tract to appear during embryonic development . Phylum Echinodermata Review - Image Diversity : 9 . Do echinoderms have respiratory and circulatory system s ? . . . [ www . biology - questions - and - answers . com / echinodermata . html ] Gastrulation involves the creation of the , an opening into the archenteron . Note that the is not an opening into the blastocoel , the space within the blastula , but represents a new inpocketing that pushes the existing surfaces of the blastula together . [ en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Gastrula ] The fate of the is used to class ify animals that have three germ layers into two large categories , protostomes and deuterostomes . Most adult animals have two external openings , the mouth and the anus , into the digestive tract . [ www . biologyreference . com / Co - Dn / Development . html ] The open end , the , will become the anus . An opening at the other end of the archenteron will form the mouth of the digestive tube . Frog gastrulation produces a triploblastic embryo with an archenteron . [ www . course - notes . org / biology / outlines / . . . ] The singular opening to the gut is known as the . In jellyfish it serves as both the mouth and the anus . In higher animals , a second opening develops during the formation of the internal organ s . Animals are divided into two categories , based on what the becomes . [ biologydictionary . net / gastrulation / ] elegans are a species of protostomes , so the eventually forms the mouth . Involution into the begins with movement of the endoderm cells and subsequent formation of the gut , followed by the P4 germline precursor , and finally the mesoderm cells , including the cells that eventually form the pharynx [ www . like2do . com / learn ? s = Caenorhabditis_elegans ] Protostomes ( from the Greek meaning literally " first mouth " ) are coelom ates whose embryonic development makes a ( the first opening in the blastula ) that later develops into a mouth . [ www2 . estrellamountain . edu / faculty / farabee / biobk / . . . ] After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak , the no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube , and thus a trans itory communication , the neurenteric canal , is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube . [ www . bartleby . com / 107 / 7 . html ] a homeo domain transcription factor express ed in the dorsal lip ; may be a key factor is specifying these cells as the organizer of the embryo . ( Its name is derived from the two Drosophila homedomain proteins to which its homoeodomain is similar : gooseberry and bicoid ) . [ groups . molbiosci . northwestern . edu / holmgren / Glossary / . . . ] a patch of vegetal Cells ( endoderm ) that remains exposed in the after the formation of the ventral lip during gastrulation . Return to Search Page . . . [ www . genscript . com / molecular - biology - glossary / 11857 / yolk - plug ] gastrula n . , pl . - las or - lae ( ) . An embryo at the stage following the blastula , consisting of a . . . archenteron . neurula . gastrulate . . . . Full article . . . [ www . bio - medicine . org / biology - dictionary / Archenteron / ] One of two distinct evolution ary lines of coelomates , consisting of the echinoderms and chordates and character ized by radial , indeterminate cleavage , enterocoelous formation of the coelom , and development of the anus from the development . . . [ bioq . biology . leidenuniv . nl / glossary / d . html ] See also : What is the meaning of Embryo Cells Animal Tissue Organ ◄ Blastomeres Blastula ► | [
"Blastopore",
"archenteron",
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http://en.mimi.hu/biology/diffusion.html | Diffusion Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of something such as particles , heat , or momentum . The phenomenon is readily observed when a drop of colored water is added to clear water , or when smoke from a chimney dissipates into the air . [ www . bio - medicine . org / biology - definition / Diffusion / ] Definition is a physical process that refers to the net movement of molecule s from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration . The material that diffuses could be a solid , liquid or gas . [ biologydictionary . net / diffusion / ] vs . bulk flow An example of a situation in which bulk flow and diffusion can be differentiated is the mechanism by which oxygen enters the body during external respiration ( breathing ) . The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity , which is expanded as the first step in external respiration . [ en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Diffusion ] ~ ⇑ passage of molecules of one substance among those of another , from a region of greater concentration to one of lower concentration Source : Noland , George B . 1983 . General Biology , 11th Edition . St . Louis , MO . C . V . Mosby . . . [ www . webref . org / biology / d / diffusion . htm ] ~ ⇑ limited Descriptive of a rate , e.g. of an enzymic re action , that is determined only by the rate of of reactants towards the enzyme or of products away from it . Return to Search Page . . . [ www . genscript . com / molecular - biology - glossary / 793 / . . . ] pertains to the spontaneous net movement of particles down their concentration gradient ( i.e. difference in the concentrations of substances or molecules between two areas ) . [ www . biology - online . org / dictionary / Diffusion ] Now , what affected your friend in this case is the solubility of nitrogen in water . Solubility is the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a particular solvent at a specific temperature and pressure . Nitrogen . . . [ study . com / academy / lesson / . . . ] Ion To understand how Na+ , K+ diffuse across the plasma membrane causing the RMP , their intra and extracellular concentrations must be established ( Figure 4 ) . [ www . ukessays . com / essays / biology / . . . ] Cell is a type of passive cell trans port . In , molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration in order to decrease the concentration gradient . from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration is not energetically favorable . . . [ www . brightstorm . com / science / biology / . . . ] ( liquid ) Return to Biology Home © All SSC BSL Glossary videos are Intellectual property of University of Edinburgh and can not be used elsewhere without express permission of the Head of the Scottish Sensory Centre , Dr John Ravenscroft . . . [ www . ssc . education . ed . ac . uk / BSL / biology / diffusiongas . html ] Facilitated 1 . A process of passive transport ( as opposed to active transport ) , with this passive transport aided by integral membrane proteins . It is the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins [ www . interactive - biology . com / dictionary / . . . ] is a passive process of transport . A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space . You are familiar with of substances through the air . [ opentextbc . ca / biology / chapter / 3 - 5 - passive - transport / ] Substances move down their conc . gradient until the conc . are in equilibrium Microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane They increase the surface area of the membrane , therefore They accelerate the rate of . . . [ www . biologyguide . net / cells / plasma_membrane . htm ] This is the process that is used in oxygen entering a cell , and carbon dioxide leaving . These molecules will move from where they are at a high concentration to where they are at a lower concentration . i.e. they diffuse down a concentration gradient . [ www . s - cool . co . uk / a - level / biology / cells - and - organelles / . . . ] The spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration . PICTURE digestion The process of breaking down food into its molecular and chemical components so that these nutrient molecules can cross plasma membranes . [ www2 . estrellamountain . edu / faculty / farabee / biobk / . . . ] . process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated . Digestion . the organ ic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body . [ honeycuttscience . com / biology - glossary / ] [ L . diffundere , to pour out ] The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area . digestion [ L . digestio , separating out , dividing ] . . . [ bioq . biology . leidenuniv . nl / glossary / d . html ] The natural effect of a solute moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration . Covered in BIOL1020 Lab 3 Cells . . . [ umanitoba . ca / science / biological_sciences / BIOL1020 / . . . ] / dÉ ™ - FYOO - shÉ ™ n , diff - / n . The tendency of a substance to move in the direction toward which it is less concentrated . digestion n . The process by which food is broken down into a form that can be absorbed by the body . [ www . macroevolution . net / biology - dictionary - dadm . html ] The random movement of molecules from one location to another because of random thermal molecular motion ; net always occurs from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration . Digastricus di = two ; gaster = stomach or belly [ www . mhhe . com / biosci / pae / glossaryd . html ] Net movement of a molecule across a membrane down its concentration gradient at a rate proportional to the gradient and the permeability of the membrane . patch clamping . . . [ www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / books / NBK21607 / ] Blood carries oxygen , carbon dioxide , and hydrogen ions between tissue s and the lungs . The majority of CO2 transported in the blood is dissolved in plasma ( primarily as dissolved bicarbonate ; 60 % ) . [ www . biologyreference . com / knowledge / Gas_exchange . html ] - The transport process in which molecules naturally travel from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration . Glyco calyx - A layer of carbohydrates that coats the exterior of higher - ordered cells . Function s in protecting the cell from damage . [ www . sparknotes . com / biology / cellstructure / cellmembranes / . . . ] feeding : Feeding strategy in which the predator relies on the movements of the prey to make contact - as in heliozoa and suctoria . diploid : ( diploidy , diploids ) Diploid organism s have diploid cell s . Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome distal : Away from ( contrast with proximal ) . [ tolweb . org / tree / home . pages / glossary . html ] alone is not adequate for transporting substances over long distances in animals - for example , for moving glucose from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to the brain of a mammal . [ www . course - notes . org / biology / outlines / . . . ] . The net movement of units of a substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of that substance Digestion efficiency . The fraction of living food that does not survive passage through a predator ' s gut . . . [ life . bio . sunysb . edu / marinebio / glossary . def . html ] is the spreading of molecules of a substance from a region where the substance is more concentrated to another region where it is less concentrated . For example , when water is boiled , gaseous water particles tend to uniformly spread in the air via [ www . biology - questions - and - answers . com / cell - membrane . html ] is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration . Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules , across a partially permeable membrane , from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration . [ ibguides . com / biology / notes / membranes ] : Where molecules spread out until they are evenly distributed in a medium , such as the air Dilemma : A philosophical or ethical problem Diploid : Cell that contains two copies of each chromosome . . . [ shawmst . org / biology / book / glossary / ] the net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration . Digestion the breakdown of food material into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the body . Di hybrid inheritance the inheritance of two different character istics . [ biodict1d . blogspot . hu / 2008 / 03 / . . . ] of carbon dioxide and oxygen is approximately 10,000 times slower in water than in air . When soils are flooded , they quickly lose oxygen , becoming hypoxic ( an environment with O2 concentration below 2 mg / liter ) and eventually completely anoxic where anaerobic bacteria thrive among the roots [ www . like2do . com / learn ? s = Ecology ] The terms for the infected people , uninfected mosquitoes , and infected mosquitoes in the model are understood as idealizations of the indirect spatial spread of the Zika virus infection agent . [ tbiomed . biomedcentral . com / articles / 10.1186 / s12976 - 017 - 0051 - z ] The gradient of an ion , representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential . electrogenic pump An ion transport protein generating voltage across the membrane . [ www . phschool . com / science / biology_place / glossary / e . html ] Simple ] is found only in prokaryotes while facilitated is found only in eukaryotes The Biology Project > Cell Biology > Cell Membrane s > Problem Set . . . [ www . biology . arizona . edu / cell_bio / problem_sets / membranes / . . . ] Answer : 4 . Osmosis is a type of . However , what is being diffused in osmosis ? Answer : Water . . . [ www . thoughtco . com / science - class - question - answer - topics - 8191 ] the effect or influence of an independent variable descriptive investigation an investigation in which scientific questions are investigated and observations of phenomena are recorded and catalogued dichotomous key a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world [ www . ontrack - media . net / biology / biologyglossary . html ] - Random movement of molecule / ion or gases from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration . - Random movement of molecule / gas / ion from reign of higher concentration to lower concentration . Dermatology - Study of skin [ www . vidyagyaan . com / general - knowledge / science / . . . ] : The movement of a substance from its area of higher concentration to its area of lower concentration . ( Passive process ) Active transport : The movement of a substance ( usually ions ) from its area of lower concentration to its area of higher concentration . ( Opposite of ) . . . [ www . studynotes . ie / leaving - cert / biology / . . . ] Flatworms get most of their oxygen through . Since they have no specialized circulatory system , their flatness gives them a greater surface area to absorb more oxygen . There are species in many freshwater and saltwater environments as well as inside larger organisms . [ www . biology4kids . com / files / invert_flatworm . html ] For the reception and of the weight each acetabular cavity is strengthened by two additional bars running toward the pubis and ischium . [ www . bartleby . com / 107 / 80 . html ] Transport may occur by and osmosis across the membrane . It can also occur when a vescicle attaches to the cell membrane from the inside and then opens to form a pocket , expelling its contents to the outside . This may be called exocytosis [ hyperphysics . phy - astr . gsu . edu / hbase / Biology / celmem . html ] So this convoluted geometry can have flow through it , but for the interior cell clusters , the access of a nutrient is still controlled by [ www . learner . org / courses / biology / units / microb / experts / . . . ] In thin , simple aquatic organisms that are sedentary , gas exchange is simply by through the " skin " or outer surface of the body . This type of gas exchange is typical of the sponges , Cnidaria , and flatworms . [ carolguze . com / text / 102 - 21 - Respiration . shtml ] passive transport ( facilitated ) - movement of a molecule across a membrane down its concentration gradient peripheral membrane protein s - proteins that can be released from the membrane . . . [ www . neuroendocrine . com / class_cellglossary . htm ] Life is a delay of the spontaneous or dispersion of the internal energy of the biomolecules towards more potential microstates . [ www . biocab . org / Biology . html ] The gradual difference in concentration of a substance . This is especially important for dictating - molecules will naturally diffuse down their concentration gradient . Conformation al change An alteration in shape that is a result of binding a substrate molecule . [ bigpictureeducation . com / glossary ] 2 ) Simple squamous cells form a thin layer and are usually found forming membranes in the body where or secretion is needed such as the air sacs of the lungs , serous membrane s covering organs and the walls of capillaries [ www . alyvea . com / biologystudyguides / body - tissue - types . php ] Adhesion junction formed between epithelial cells and acts as a barrier for the regulated movement of ions and solutes . Lecture - Adhesion junctions tissue culture [ cellbiology . med . unsw . edu . au / cellbiology / index . php / . . . ] Fill each half of the chamber , adding solution until it is close to the top of the gel . Gently flood the gel from the end opposite the wells to minimize sample Place the lid on the chamber and connect the electrode leads to the power supply . [ learn . genetics . utah . edu / content / labs / gel / electrophoresis / ] Movin ' on up the biologic al pyramid , we come to the smallest unit of life : the cell . This unit covers the properties and components of eukaryotes and prokaryotes , enzymes , osmosis and , and everyone ' s favorite cellular process : mitosis 4 Biochemical Pathways . . . [ www . shmoop . com / courses / biology - semester - a / ] Studies of hybrid zones allow us to quantify the genetic differences responsible for speciation , to measure the of genes between diverging taxa , and to understand the spread of alternative adaptation s . ( includes related information ) Nature . V341 . P497 ( 7 ) Oct 12 , 1989 . [ www . talkorigins . org / faqs / speciation . html ] Many nutrients move through the soil and into the root system as a result of concentration gradients , moving by from high to low concentrations . However , some nutrients are selectively absorbed by the root membranes , enabling concentrations to become higher inside the plant than in the soil . [ openoregon . pressbooks . pub / envirobiology / chapter / . . . ] Agar : A dried hydrophilic , colloidal substance extracted from red algae species , used as a solid culture media for bacteria and other micro - organism s . Also used as a bulk laxative , in making emulsions and as a supporting medium for immuno and immuno electrophoresis [ biologywise . com / biology - glossary - of - terms - definitions ] thought that the brain ' s endogenous electrical fields are too weak to propagate wave transmission , " says Dominique Durand , professor of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University . " But it appears the brain may be using the fields to communicate without synaptic transmissions , gap junction s or . " . . . [ newatlas . com / electrical - field - brainwaves / 41366 / ] an efficiently metabolized carbon source " is erroneous , for example it does not apply to the PTS sugar fructose . Also the contention that all PTS carbohydrates ( one exception noted ) are phosphorylated during their transport might not be quite correct because certain sugars can be transported by facilitated [ www . minst . org / ecoli_cyclase_warning . htm ] See also : What is the meaning of Trans Biology Organ More Cells ◄ Differentiation Digastric muscle ► | [
"Diffusion"
] |
http://en.mimi.hu/biology/flame_cell.html | Flame cell flame cell an excretory cell with a bunch of cilia that expel wastes to the outside ; the action s of the cilia somewhat resemble a flickering flame , as in certain flatworms Source : Noland , George B . 1983 . General Biology , 11th Edition . St . Louis , MO . C . V . Mosby . . . [ www . webref . org / biology / f / flame_cell . htm ] Flame Cell s of Planaria and Nephridia of Worms As multi - cellular systems evolved to have organ system s that divided the metabolic needs of the body , individual organ s evolved to perform the excretory function . Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water . [ opentextbc . ca / biology / chapter / 22 - 3 - excretion - systems / ] flame cell A specialized cell at the blind end of a nephridium that ? lters body þuids . flora Term collectively applied to all of the plant s in an area . The botanical counterpart of fauna flower s The reproductive structures in angiosperm sporophyte s where gametophyte s are generated . PICTURE . . . [ www2 . estrellamountain . edu / faculty / farabee / biobk / . . . ] ~ ⇑ Specialized hollow excretory or osmoregulatory structure of one or several small cells containing a tuft of flagella ( the " flame " ) and situated at the end of a minute tubule ; connected tubules ultimately open to the outside . See solenocyte , protonephridium . [ www . mhhe . com / biosci / pae / glossaryf . html ] Other materials that need to be removed from the system can be excreted through specialized cells called ~ ⇑ s . s are the first appearance of excretory ducts in organism s . s have cilia that beat and filter out materials that the flatworm wants to get rid of . [ www . biology4kids . com / files / invert_flatworm . html ] The tubules have a ciliated at one end which maintains a current . Annelids have ciliated funnel - shaped nephridia which opens to the exterior . Mollusks and arthropod s have similar nephridia but they are concentrated into kidney [ carolguze . com / text / 102 - 23 - Excretory % 20System . shtml ] Platyhelminthes have a primitive excretory system made of s ( also called solenocytes ) , excretory ducts and excretory pores . Flatworms Review - Image Diversity : platyhelminth excretory system . . . [ www . biology - questions - and - answers . com / flatworms . html ] See also : What is the meaning of Organ Animals More Animal Organism ◄ Flagellum Flanking region ► | [
"excretory cell",
"Flame cell"
] |
http://en.mimi.hu/biology/lamellae.html | Lamellae gill lamellae Thin plates of tissue on gill filament s that contain the capillary beds across which gases are exchanged . gill raker Each of the projections along the inner surface of fish gills [ www . mhhe . com / biosci / pae / glossaryg . html ] The thylakoids have chlorophyll molecule s on their surface . That chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars . The stacks of sacs are connected by stroma l lamellae [ www . biology4kids . com / files / cell_chloroplast . html ] The rows of gill filaments have many protrusions called gill . The folds are kept supported and moist by the water that is continually pumped through the mouth and over the gills . Gas Exchage in Human s The gas exchange surface of a mammal is the alveolus . [ www . s - cool . co . uk / a - level / biology / gas - exchange / remember - it / . . . ] Within the inner membrane , in the region called the stroma , there is a system of interconecting flattened membrane compartments , called the ~ ⇑ , or thylakoid membrane . These are sites of light absorption and ATP synthesis , and contain many proteins , including those involved in the electron transport chain [ www . bio - medicine . org / biology - definition / . . . ] They are aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone . Each osteon consists of ~ ⇑ , which are layers of compact matrix that surround a central canal called the Haversian canal . The Haversian canal ( osteonic canal ) contains the bone ' s blood vessels and nerve fibers ( . . . [ opentextbc . ca / biology / chapter / 19 - 2 - bone / ] In higher plant s , , internal membranes with stacks ( each termed a granum ) of closed hollow disks called thylakoids , are also usually dispersed throughout the stroma . The numerous thylakoids in each stack are thought to be connected via their lumen s ( internal spaces ) . [ micro . magnet . fsu . edu / cells / chloroplasts / chloroplasts . html ] A series of tubes around narrow channels formed by . This is the region of bone called compact bone . Osteons are arranged in parallel to the long axis of the bone . [ www . interactive - biology . com / dictionary / filter : h / ] [ 21 ] The scale s of these butterflies consist of microstructures such as ridges , cross - ribs , ridge - , and microribs that have been shown to be responsible for coloration . [ en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Biomimetics ] This membrane protein is named on basis of localization studies done in 1987 , which revealed that this protein was found localize d around the periphery region of the outer segment s , disks in rods and or disks in cones . ( Molday et al , . 1987 ) . [ www . ukessays . com / essays / biology / . . . ] Fish have developed gills deal with these problems . Gills are specialized organ s containing filaments , which further divide into . The contain a dense thin walled capillary network that exposes a large gas exchange surface area to the very large volumes of water passing over them . [ 59 ] . . . [ www . like2do . com / learn ? s = Respiratory_system ] The chelicerae are modified as fangs with ducts from poison gland s . The abdomen has silk glands used to spin a web to trap prey . Invaginations of the body wall form ( pages ) of the book lungs ; air flows across the in the opposite direction from blood flow to exchange gases more efficiently . [ www2 . estrellamountain . edu / faculty / farabee / biobk / . . . ] Compact bone is formed of a calcified matrix containing very few spaces , although it does contain many small cylindrical columns of only a few millimeters wide called . These form the osteon or the haversian system . [ biologydictionary . net / endoskeleton / ] This canal system gives bone its character istic appearance under the microscope , with bone cell s embedded in concentric rings ( ) of calcified matrix , all surrounding a hollow canal . [ www . biologyreference . com / Bl - Ce / Bone . html ] Only in photosynthesis ing cells ( plants ) Light energy , CO2 , and H2O are converted to produce carbohydrates and O2 Inner membrane has folds , called ( where chlorophyll is found ) , which surround a fluid , called stroma Cells & Molecules . . . [ www . biologyguide . net / cells / ultrastructure . htm ] Gills , or branchiae , are highly vascularized organs specialized in gas exchange underwater which are present in aquatic animals ( marine annelids , crustacea ns , fish and tadpoles ) . Gills are a respiratory organ ( analogous to lungs , for example ) which contains very thin with many visible blood vessels in direct . . . [ www . biology - questions - and - answers . com / fish . html ] See also : What is the meaning of More Organ Cells Trans Biology ◄ Lambda phage Lamin ► | [
"Lamellae",
"Biology"
] |
http://en.mimi.hu/biology/pancreas.html | Pancreas pancreas an accessory digestive gland Source : Noland , George B . 1983 . General Biology , 11th Edition . St . Louis , MO . C . V . Mosby . . . [ www . webref . org / biology / p / pancreas . htm ] Pancreas - Biology Encyclopedia forum Paleontology Parasitic Diseases » . . . [ www . biologyreference . com / Oc - Ph / Pancreas . html ] function The pancreas is a mixed exocrine / endocrine gland with dual functions essential for maintaining physiological levels of blood glucose and for digestion of food intake . [ www . proteinatlas . org / humanproteome / pancreas ] The ~ ⇑ ( Figs . 1097 , 1098 ) is a compound racemose gland , analogous in its structures to the salivary glands , though softer and less compactly arranged than those organ s . Its secretion , the pancreatic juice , carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum , is an important digestive fluid . [ www . bartleby . com / 107 / 251 . html ] Definition ~ ⇑ View this clip in Quicktime Return to Biology Home © All SSC BSL Glossary videos are Intellectual property of University of Edinburgh and can not be used elsewhere without express permission of the Head of the Scottish Sensory Centre , Dr John Ravenscroft . . . [ www . ssc . education . ed . ac . uk / BSL / biology / pancreasf . html ] Posted by Leslie Samuel Noun , plural es or pancreata 1 . Compound gland that discharges digestive enzymes into the gut and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon , vital in carbohydrate ( sugar ) metabolism , into the bloodstream . ( global . britannica . com ) 2 . [ www . interactive - biology . com / dictionary / filter : p / page / 3 / ] A gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and also secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood , where they regulate blood glucose levels . [ www2 . estrellamountain . edu / faculty / farabee / biobk / . . . ] ( pang - kree - us ) [ Gk . pan , all + kreas , meat , flesh ] In vertebrates , a small , complex gland located between the stomach and the duodenum , which produces digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon . [ bioq . biology . leidenuniv . nl / glossary / p . html ] Part of the digestive system , the produces important digestive enzymes , as well as insulin and glucagon , which are crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates in our bodies . Small Intestine . . . [ biologydictionary . net / abdominal - cavity / ] / PAN - kree - É ™ s / n . A large gland , situated behind the stomach in human s . Its thicker end ( the " head " ) is attached to the duodenum . Its slimmer end ( the " tail " ) extends as far as the spleen . The produces an internal and an external secretion . [ www . macroevolution . net / biology - dictionary - papn . html ] - secrets the enzyme called the insulin which breaks down the food substance into basic glucose . Sphincter - is a connecting tube between stomach and oesophagus ( phyloric sphincter ) . [ www . ukessays . com / essays / biology / . . . ] is a mixocrine gland and it secretes both enzymes and hormones . Secreted hormone From cells Effect Insulin ( Primarily ) β Islet cells . . . [ en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Endocrine_system ] , illustrated in Figure 18.19 , is an elongated organ that is located between the stomach and the proximal portion of the small intestine . It contains both exocrine cells that excrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells that release hormones . [ opentextbc . ca / biology / chapter / 18 - 5 - endocrine - glands / ] Endocrine role is to produce hormones Contains islets of Langerhans → sensitive to blood glucose conc Islet cells contain . . . [ www . biologyguide . net / human / homeostasis . htm ] 30 . In addition to the liver , what other adnexal gland of the digestive system releases substances involved in extracellular digestion into the duodenum ? . . . [ www . biology - questions - and - answers . com / digestion - system . html ] : Functions , Anatomy & Insulin Production Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine The Gallbladder & Liver : Function & Role in Digestion . . . [ study . com / academy / lesson / . . . ] a secretory organ found just below the stomach in vertebrates Papilla ( e ) cellular outgrowths which look like little bumps or fingers on the surface of cells . [ biodict1d . blogspot . hu / 2008 / 03 / . . . ] and the gonads ( both ovaries and testes ) are examples of organs that have both endocrine and exocrine functions . The endocrine function of the is the production of the hormones , insulin , glucagon and somatostatin which are picked up by surrounding capillaries and carried throughout the body . [ carolguze . com / text / 102 - 24 - Endocrine % 20System . shtml ] releases glucagon when the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream falls too low . Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose , which is released into the bloodstream . [ 5 ] High blood - glucose levels , on the other hand , stimulate the release of insulin . [ www . like2do . com / learn ? s = Glucagon ] has both endocrine and exocrine functions . Its exocrine function is the secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes , which are released into small ducts and carried to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct . Tissue s and glands that discharge secretions into ducts are described as exocrine . [ www . course - notes . org / biology / outlines / . . . ] Cells in the make insulin , a hormone that controls the amount of sugar in our blood . Eczema ( also psoriasis , dermatitis ) Eczema is an allergic skin condition that leaves sufferers with patches of red , itchy , scaly skin . Like with other allergies , eczema may result from an improperly trained immune system [ learn . genetics . utah . edu / content / microbiome / disease / ] Alkaline fluid from What should go in place of the letters a ) , b ) , c ) and d ) to complete the table ? ( Marks available : 4 ) . . . [ www . s - cool . co . uk / a - level / biology / nutrition - and - digestion / . . . ] Cystic fibrosis - - an autosomal recessive gene tic condition of the exocrine glands , which causes the body to produce excessively thick , sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and , interfering with breathing and digestion . Degenerate codon - - a codon that specifies the same amino acid as another codon . [ www . kumc . edu / gec / glossnew . html ] Borg A , Sandberg T , Nilsson K , Johannsson O , Klinker M , Mà ¥ sbäck A , Westerdahl J , Olsson H , Ingvar C : High frequency of multiple melanomas and breast and carcinoma s in CDKN2A mutation - positive melanoma families . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2000 , 92 : 1260 - 1266 . 10.1093 / jnci / 92 . 15 . 1260 . View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar . . . [ tbiomed . biomedcentral . com / articles / 10.1186 / . . . ] A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the that regulates the level of sugar in the blood . Interferon . A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells . Intergenic region s . [ www . angelfire . com / nv / biology / dictionary . html ] So I need to start bringing that into my cells and that ' s when my will release insulin a hormone that signals all my cells to open up channels to allow the blood glucose to enter into the cells thus going out of your blood . [ www . brightstorm . com / science / biology / . . . ] Cystic fibrosis of the was the origin al description of this disease because it affects the and the lungs , although it ' s the lungs that are the cause of the most major concerns these days . The problems , which were the cause of the original label , are actually well treated by enzyme replacement . [ www . genome . gov / glossary / index . cfm ? id = 42&textonly = true ] Insulin is produced by beta cells in the in response to rising levels of glucose in the blood , as occurs after a meal . Insulin makes it possible for most body tissues to remove glucose from the blood for use as fuel , for conversion to other needed molecule s , or for storage . [ www . bio - medicine . org / biology - definition / Diabetes_mellitus / ] Diabetes Type I - juvenile or childhood diabetes - is character ized by a loss of the insulin - producing beta cells in the . Basically a person with Type I diabetes has no beta cells left . [ www . learner . org / courses / biology / units / gendev / experts / . . . ] A digestive enzyme produced largely by the and salivary glands that converts starch es to sugars . Abnormally high levels of amylase in the blood or urine may be found in patients with inflammation of the or salivary glands ( mumps ) . [ groups . molbiosci . northwestern . edu / holmgren / Glossary / . . . ] A protein hormone produced in the β cells of the that stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle fat cells and with glucagon helps to regulate blood glucose levels ( Figure 20 - 45 ) . Insulin also functions as a growth factor for many cells . Full glossary . . . [ www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / books / NBK21607 / def - item / A7587 / ] The team first looked at altering a gene for glucagon - like peptide 1 ( GLP1 ) , which is a hormone that is key to many diabetes treatments as it is responsible for stimulating the to create insulin . [ newatlas . com / crispr - skin - transplant - diabetes - gene - therapy / . . . ] pancreatic islet An island of special tissue in the pandemic Very widely distributed epidemic . Pangaea The single large landmass , or supercontinent , that broke up to form today ' s continents . . . [ www . mhhe . com / biosci / pae / glossaryp . html ] The intestinal wall secretes enzymes and it also receives enzymes from the . However the main function of the small intestine is the absorption of the small food particles resulting from digestion . It contains many villi which increase the surface area for absorption . [ ibguides . com / biology / notes / digestion ] 1 ) The most common congenital disease ; the child ' s lungs and intestines and become clogged with thick mucus ; caused by defect in a single gene ; there is no cure Keyword ( s ) : D . . . [ academy . edulabs . org / mod / glossary / . . . ] Ghrelin A hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining and . Ghrelin stimulates hunger , increasing food intake , and is also important for the secretion of growth hormone . Gibberellin s . . . [ bigpictureeducation . com / glossary ] The following organs are included in the human anatomy model : bladder , diaphragm , gallbladder , heart kidney s , large intestine , larynx , liver , , small intestine , lungs , spleen , stomach , thyroid , trachea Skeleton System Study Guide . . . [ www . alyvea . com / biologystudyguides / humananatomy . php ] organelles serve as the protein production machinery for the cell and are consequently most abundant in cells that are active in protein synthesis , such as brain cells . [ micro . magnet . fsu . edu / cells / ribosomes / ribosomes . html ] ( en - doh - durm ) [ Gk . endon , within + derma , skin ] The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryo s ; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver , , lungs , and the lining of the digestive tract . endodermis . . . [ www . phschool . com / science / biology_place / glossary / e . html ] In vertebrates , this innermost layer of cells goes on to form the linings of the gut ( esophagus , stomach , intestines , rectum colon ) , pharyngeal pouch derivatives ( tonsils , thyroid , thymus , parathyroid glands ) , lungs , liver , gall bladder , [ home . sandiego . edu / ~ cloer / bio376 / 376gloss / 376gloss . html ] Other common problems with your thyroid can increase your body ' s metabolism and make you jumpy and sweaty ( hyperthyroidism ) or decrease the levels and make you sluggish ( hypothyroidism ) . Some individuals have a problem making insulin in their [ www . biology4kids . com / files / systems_endocrine . html ] In particular , the heart is comprised of the myocardium as the main tissue component and other tissues such as nerves , connective tissues , and blood vessels . In animals , organs include heart , lungs , brain , eye , stomach , spleen , bones , , kidneys , liver , intestines , skin , urinary bladder sex organs . [ www . biology - online . org / dictionary / Organ ] See also : What is the meaning of Organ Blood Trans Cells Human ◄ Pan troglodytes Panmixia ► | [
"Pancreas",
"mixed exocrine",
"Definition"
] |
http://en.mimi.hu/meteorology/theta-e.html | Theta - e Theta - e Ridge an axis of relatively high values of equivalent potential temperature Severe weather and excessive rainfall often occur near or just upstream from a theta - e ridge . Thickness ( THK ) . . . [ www . mesonet . org / index . php / earthstorm / glossary / T ] ( or Equivalent Potential Temperature ) - The temperature a parcel of air would have if a ) it was lifted until it became saturate d , b ) all water vapor was condensed out , and c ) it was returned adiabatic ally ( i.e. , without transfer of heat or mass ) to a pressure of 1000 millibars [ www . pepperridgenorthvalley . com / wx_glossary4 . php ] Ridge - An axis of relatively high values of theta - e . Severe weather and excessive rainfall often occur near or just upstream from a ridge . Thunder - The sound caused by a lightning stroke as it heats the air and causes it to rapidly expand . [ sites . google . com / site / bobbysweather / weather - terms ] ~ ⇑ - A experimental rule for the amount of energy , considering CAPE and moisture , for initiating and / or sustaining convection . There are also other names given to similar experimental THETA calculations . [ www . sky - chaser . com / schpri . htm ] The actual value of ~ ⇑ can be useful : it can be used in algorithm s to calculate daytime maximum temperature and snow - risk for example ( as for Theta - W # ) . Remember though that this variable couples temperature AND absolute humidity : so high values show areas of warm , potentially more humid air ( e.g . [ weatherfaqs . org . uk / node / 142 ] It is usually located over a 850 to 700 mb ridge axis . As a result , it is a favored location for the development of a Mesoscale Convective Complex ( MCC ) . Researchers have found it to be a favored region for very heavy rain [ www . weatherdudes . com / glossary / W . html ] EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE - The temperature of a parcel of air after all moisture and latent heat is condensed out of an air parcel then descended to the 1000 mb level . Also known as ETA - " Eta " ( from Greek ) model generated every 12 hours by NCEP . . . [ www . physics . byu . edu / faculty / christensen / Physics % 20137 / . . . ] See also : What is the meaning of Forecast Water Cloud Temperature High ◄ Thermosphere Theta - e Ridge ► | [
"Theta-e"
] |
http://en.miui.com/thread-617664-1-1.html | gramamohanrao Gold Member Credits 287 Device Redmi Note 4 Qualcomm Online time 25 Hours Send PM Q A pc suite for redmi note 4 18682 17 0742 May192017 From PC Go to reply no hi all is there any pc suite software for my redmi note 4 if yes where can i download it if not what is alternate software to connect with pc Favorite 1 Report VinayChatur Senior Member Credits 57 Online time 0 Hours Send PM 1420 May242017 From PC Above link PC Suite Version 03072015 I tried but negative its not working Support 2 Object 0 Report Dhipin MIUI Honorary Moderator Ready to Help Credits 21183 Device Redmi Note 3G Online time 640 Hours Send PM 1337 May192017 From PC Hello Please use httppcsuitemicom which is the official PC suit for Xiaomi devices Click Reply to notify me so that I can respond faster Support Object Report gramamohanrao Gold Member Credits 287 Device Redmi Note 4 Qualcomm Online time 25 Hours Send PM Author 2313 May192017 From PC actually it is not going to support redmi note 4 qualcommmarshmellow model i read in this fourm no updated ver not came still Support Object Report haleluya2400 Gold Member Credits 375 Device Redmi Note Online time 47 Hours Send PM 1451 Jul172017 From PC Ive tried it too ir said i need to update my device to use MiPCSuite is there no new MiPCSuite available Support Object Report gramamohanrao Gold Member Credits 287 Device Redmi Note 4 Qualcomm Online time 25 Hours Send PM Author 2333 Jul172017 From PC mi pc suite is not suitable with marshmellow os still needs updated version you can use ftp in rn 4 sd Support Object Report mohit123MAN Diamond Member Credits 1919 Online time 10 Hours Send PM 1526 Jul192017 From Redmi Note 4X where the link Support Object Report gramamohanrao Gold Member Credits 287 Device Redmi Note 4 Qualcomm Online time 25 Hours Send PM Author 2228 Jul192017 From PC ftp is in rn 4 sd in explorer you can see ftp Support Object Report Arpit26 Senior Member Credits 31 Online time 0 Hours Send PM 1642 Jul222017 From PC Mi PC SUITE not working with Redmi Note 4 Support Object Report ravindrag Senior Member Credits 59 Online time 1 Hours Send PM 2247 Aug252017 From PC VinayChatur replied at 2017524 1420 Above link I tried but negative its not working me too this pc suite not working Support Object Report | [
"redmi note 4",
"pc suite"
] |
http://en.miui.com/thread-66905-1-1.html | Karlina Gold Member Credits 280 Device Redmi Note LTE Online time 13 Hours Send PM [ Tools , Tips & Tutorials ] [ Updated for MIUI 6 ] Redmi Note 4G - Link Apps to External SD Card Storage Sol . . . 140196 286 | 11 : 21 , Dec - 04 - 2014 | From PC Go to reply no . This post was edited by Karlina at 14 : 13 , Jun - 25 - 2015 Update for MIUI 6 Notice some links not working , attached files to download instead About : Was so excited to get my hands on RedMi Note LTE . But there was just one question for me when I got it . Whether 5GB of internal memory is enough for my APPs . Thus went on the research with absolutely no knowledge of Andriod and Rooting , flashing etc . Took me 5 straight days ( 3 without sleeping ) , I experiment many days thru the nights , flashing different ROMs rooting , unrooting , trial and error . Got wrong , restart again etc . ( Thankfully the phone held it through with Objective : My first time making a guide is to help others by sharing what I did in order to move my applications to SD card ( or partially did so ) . Part 1 : Rooting & UnRooting your RedMi Note LTE Part 2 : PhilTouch CWM Recovery Part 3 : Partition Magic for SD card - Essential for Link2SD app Part 4 : SD Fix - Enabling write on SD card for Andriod Kitkat Part 5 : Link2SD - Transferring your applications to SD Card Part 6 : Additional : Titanium Backup | CWM Sharing Disclaimer : Credits not by me , credits by doings research and gathering from many various authors which I will reference on each part . Tested on SG Redmi Note 4G LTE - MIUI Version : MIUI - KHIMIBH21 . 0 . 1 . All links and credits are where originally I got my information on . Part 1 : Rooting & UnRooting your RedMi Note LTE - Add on Update for MIUI 6 Credits & Reference : http : / / en . miui . com / thread - 99582 - 1 - 1 . html - Author : ThawThaw Note for older version of MIUI Rooted users : Do Backup with Clockwork & Titanium backup If upgrading from older rooted MIUI , kindly unroot first before proceeding this step . If phone comes with new MIUI you may ignore this note . If upgrading be sure to grab MIUI 6 Stable Rom from download page before proceeding here : http : / / en . miui . com / download - 218 . html # 363 How to root 1 . Download the Attached Root Enabled file 2 . Copy it under internal memory of device 3 . Open Updater app 4 . Choose HMNOTE1LTE_ [ Your version of MIUI ] _RootEnabled . zip as update package 5 . After reboot open security app and you ' ll see Root Access under Permisiion , Enable the app that you want to allow root access . Done . . . If Root file failed to work then Download RootRepair zip and flash according to above procedure and then root again . How to Unroot 1 . Download the Attached Root Disabled file 2 . Same as root method , only need to choose HMNOTE1LTE_ [ Your version of MIUI ] _RootDisabled . zip instead of Root zip . Click on Download for root files Version Roo t UnRoot Repair V6 . 5 . 4 . 0KHIMICD Download V6 . 5 . 2 . 0KHIMICD V6 . 4 . 3 . 0KHIMICB V6 . 4 . 2 . 0KHIMICB Part 2 : PhilTouch CWM Recovery Credits & Reference : http : / / miui . es / index . php ? topic = 12746.0 Author : Juliusssss ( Not english language , I used google translate ) Installing via MiRecovery : Download the zip here by clicking the picture below Rename to update . zip . Copy that to the root of the sd or internal phone storage . Enter mode recovery ( turn by holding down Vol + and Power Up until the logo appears ) . Select English . Run the " Install System to update . zip " option . Restart . Again enter mode recovery ( turn by holding down Vol + and Power Up ) This time you will see CWZ Reboot back to device CWM recovery can be use to backup your devices . It saved me many times Link directo : https : / / www . mediafire . com / ? t26s71c0cwgigdc Credits & Reference : http : / / en . miui . com / thread - 58681 - 1 - 1 . html Author : AndriodFuchs For uninstalling as well as other methods of installing refer to : http : / / en . miui . com / thread - 58681 - 1 - 1 . html Part 3 : Partition Magic for SD card - Essential for Link2SD app Credits & Reference : Click here Author : Sanny5 ( do not follow exact steps in the link , as it is not the best for your Mi Note Format your SD card for use to linking your apps into your SD card Software ' s needed mini partition tool ( for PC ie windows ) http : / / download . cnet . com / MiniTool - Partition - Wizard - Home - Edition / 3000 - 2094_4 - 10962200 . html 1 . First you have to download Mini Tool Partition Wizard Manager . You can download it in the link above . . . download it and install it on PC . 2 . Insert your SD card to a card reader and open it on your computer . ( not via USB cable ) 3 . Back up all your files to the computer because partitioning will wipe your data . 4 . Open Mini Tool in your computer . Locate your SD card ( be careful in choosing and make sure not to choose the drive of your computer ) 5 . Right click and choose Delete . 6 . Right click on it again and choose Create New . Create “ FAT32 ″ partition ( This is where all your media files will go . Be sure to make it bigger than the 2nd part ) 7 . Select “ Create as : PRIMARY ” 8 . Next , create an ext2 / ext3 / ext4 partition ( I suggest ext4 after experimenting with my Mi Note , it works better with ext4 ) . This is where your apps will go . I suggest a value of 2000 MB ~ 3000 MB would be big enough but its ur choice . . . 9 . Select “ Create As : PRIMARY ” ( make sure that it is both set to primary because it will not work if it is not set to primary ) 10 . Click the “ Apply ” button on the top left corner and wait for it to finish the process . Done . 11 . Put back your to your phone and switch it on . Part 4 : SD Fix - Enabling write on SD card for Andriod Kitkat * Essential steps for enabling your Android to write to SD card Open Google Play store on your phone Search exact word : SDFIX Select and install SDFix : Kitkat Writable ( by NextApp Inc ) Open up the App and follow thru Reboot phone , and you are done Part 5 : Link2SD - Transferring your applications to SD Card Credits & Reference : Click here to support Author : Tutorial For newbie Blogspot SG Open Google Play store on your phone Search exact word : Link2SD Select and install Link2SD ( I have also gotten the Pro Version after that , it is up to you though , as we know we could also find free pro version on the web , but I like to Thank these developers in some way or another ) 1 . If all requirement have been met , run the app ( Link2SD ) on the device ' s menu . If the app is requesting the SuperUser access ( like the image below ) touch " allow " option . 2 . For the first launch , if you ' ve been partitioned your SD card , the app will shown a popup option just like the image below . Choose EXT 4 as previously formatted on your computer , and restart your device after that , and re - launch Link2SD after restarting . If there ' s shown an " error mount script " warning , you have to re - partitioning your SD card . I suggest you to change the file system on the SD card ' s 2nd partition ( if you use ext2 before , use ext3 / ext4 / FAT32 file system when re - partitioning ) 3 . If it ' s done well , choose the apps that you wants to move to SD card ' s 2nd partition . Touch / tap softkey ( capacitive button or " option " key ) choose multi select option , and you can touch the select all option , or you can choosing manually by tick the apps one by one . Choose actions after that . 4 . There will be shown the other menu on Link2SD , then choose create link . 5 . Tick all the options , then click OK 6 . Wait till Link2SD moving all the apps to SD card ' s 2nd partition . When it ' s done , you can check the memory status on your device . Touch the softkey , and then choose storage info A s you can see on the image above , the total apps data that have been moved on SD card ' s second partition is shown on the white circle I have to remind you that if your apps has been linked to SD , you do n ' t need to moving apps to SD card with native methods , because it has been moved to 2nd partition of your SD card . Uninstalling / removing system app with Link2SD That is pretty easy to use this feature . All you have to do is choosing one or more system apps ( bloatware ) that you want to remove , then choose action Next , choose uninstall on the option Then Link2SD will shown a warning message , to confirming about the removal , read it carefully . If you ' re sure enough , simply click OK Warning . . ! ! If you want to remove or uninstalling the system apps , make sure that you ' re not removing an important ( vital ) app . Because if you do , there will be some risk on your device , such as some features or function is does n ' t work properly , bootloop , or even it could make your device ' s totally death ( brick ) . Make sure you know the function of the apps that you want to remove . : ) Part 6 : Additional : Titanium Backup | CWM Sharing As new rooted Andriod users like me you might be experimenting alot on your phone in the future . So it is necessary that you have the tools you need to backup and sometime cover our ass . CWM Recovery Do Boot to CWM recover as by powering off phone and press power + vol up button to do your backup once you feel your phone has finish it ' s configurations . I did flash the not compatible Rom before ( experimenting ) etc before , the backup I created from CWM really saved me . Titanium Backup Some say Xiaomi own ' s backup system is even better then titaniumbackup , I have not tried Xiaomi backup system . But Titanium Backup was really awesome to me . It backup Apps + Apps data on external SD . When wiping the device , Titanium Backup Pro install all my Apps back in efficiently Guide on it can be find by clicking here Thats it , Thanks to this forum I have learn to configure my phone , alot of great resource and people to help in here . Cheers Rated by 35 people Experience Prestige Reason Jawale + 1 Fantastic ! relaxn + 1 Great ! ekaichi Great ! pramod000pkp Fantastic ! alvenlkk fksgs2 + 10 + 5 Tapan05 Thanks ! samuelfernando Awesome ! chgbhat + 2 Awesome ! jack007spark + 5 imStrifex3 gulstein86 y . lallu + 3 vidyasagar milibey Anoop1 azrine Thanks ! thetroy tetra_1501 Sahiljaggu kinjosh Buddhweiser sHiErShAo + 10 + 3 faithisfake BaalaMS Sennah AndroidFuchs + 2 Experience + 94 Prestige + 12 View Rating Log Reply Report | [
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http://en.necropedia.org/obituary/Christopher_Lloyd | Anticipated obituaries Christopher Lloyd anticipated obituary ( " anticipated " means that he is not dead ) . Tweeter A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Christopher Lloyd 1938 - 2019 Christopher Lloyd is dead Christopher Lloyd , born on October 22 , 1938 in Stamford , was an American actor . He died on April 11 , 2019 at the age of 80 . Translations : Français Español Deutsch Italiano Português 中文 | [
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http://en.normandie-tourisme.fr/plan-your-trip/practical-information/weather-471-2.html | Discover Normandy Must - Sees Highlights The Normandy you ' ll love Things to do Sites and attractions Sport and Activities Food and drink Plan your trip Accommodation Practical Information Take a look . . . Calendar of events Calendar of events Weather in Normandy | [
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http://en.rocketnews24.com/2012/08/29/the-best-tasting-french-fries-in-japan-are/ | French fries , or “ furaido potato ” , as they are called here in Japan , are the standard side order to all kinds of fast food . Which fast food shop has the best tasting fries in Japan ? My Navi News decided to find out by canvassing 1000 working men and women from the ages of 22 to 32 on Japanese social networking service Mixi . The results show the top fast food shops ranked by their french fries along with a few select comments from those polled . Their occupations and genders are also shown and although there may not be any direct correlation in occupation to french fry tastes , their education does suggest a discerning taste in french fry eating . The gender of the people taking the survey appears to have absolutely no significance except that ‘ gender role - happy ’ Japan cares about such information . The survey was conducted by simply asking , “ Which fast food restaurant makes the best french fries ? ” And the winners are … First Place – McDonald ’ s at 49.1 % Second Place – Mos Burger at 23.3 % Third Place – Kentucky Fried Chicken at 8.1 % Fourth Place – a tie between Lotteria and First - kitchen each at 3.7 % Comments were compiled in order of most popular : ■ McDonald ’ s ・ “ They are great right out of the fryer and are the perfect size . ” ( 25 - year - old males working in finance and securities ) ・ “ They have a tantalizing smell . ” ( 22 - year - old male medical care workers ) ・ “ I like the soft supple ones that McDonald ’ s makes . ” ( 25 - year - old females working in finance and securities ) ■ Mos Burger Mos Burger a Japanese Burger Shop . ・ “ They are fluffy and yet have a nice texture ” ( 23 - year - old females in the retail sales business ) ・ “ You get the true taste of a potato ” ( 27 - year - old males who are agricultural and fishery technicians ) ・ “ They are thick and non - greasy ” ( 32 - year - old males in the architect and building industry ) ■ Kentucky Fried Chicken ・ “ They are cut big and in wedges ” ( 22 - year - old male students ) ・ “ They are still good when they ’ ve cooled down ” ( 28 - year - old females working in IT and secretarial jobs ) ・ “ Their thickness gives them good substance . ” ( 29 - year old female insurance sales persons ) ■ Lotteria includes furu pote , or french fries that you can shake in a bag with different flavored seasonings . ・ “ I like the different flavors of the furu pote ” ( 31 - year old females working in precious metals and chemistry ) ・ “ I like the strong salty flavor ” ( 28 - year - old females working at Personnel Agencies ) ・ “ The texture and saltiness are just right ” ( 26 - year old females working in the architect and building industry ) ■ First - kitchen you can try green curry flavored french fries among other flavors . Green Curry Flavored Fries ・ “ They have lots of flavors to try ” ( 26 - year old males in the architect and building industry ) ・ “ You can choose the flavor according to your mood ” ( 30 - year old males working the pharmaceutical industry ) ・ “ You do n ’ t get tired of them because there ’ s always a new flavor to try ” ( 22 - year old females in advertising and media ) ■ Not included in the top four – Subway Sandwiches – also have the shake in the bag type flavoring method . ・ “ They are n ’ t deep - fried yet they are crunchy ” ( 26 - year old females in the Public Service Sector ) ・ “ The cheese and basil flavors are tasty and healthy ” ( 32 - year old females in special metals and chemistry ) In reviewing the results – The first place winner , McDonald ’ s was also found to be popular for its addictive quality “ I just ca n ’ t stop eating them ” , was a common response . More than one of the surveyed people mentioned the convenience of the drive - through as being a factor of french fry popularity . “ I go to the drive through solely for french fries . ” The second place Mos Burger fries were admired for the taste of the potato . “ You are getting real potatoes . ” “ It feels like they use high - grade potatoes . ” For the third place Kentucky Fried Chicken fries , size and cut , stood out as reasons for their popularity . There were also quite a few comments on their being a ‘ nice chew ’ . Lotteria and First - kitchen tied for fourth . Lotteria ’ s idea for flavoring fries by shaking them in a bag with seasoning is largely popular . The most well - liked flavor being butter shoyu ( soy sauce ) flavor . First - kitchen also has a variety of flavored fries to choose from like green curry and burnt butter soy sauce . The interesting variety of flavors to choose from gives these fries high value . There seem to be two major preferences when it comes to furaido potato : those who like their french fries crispy , and those who like them soft and supple . With fast food shops serving their fries in a variation of methods , the fact that McDonald ’ s is still the most popular might just prove that no matter how you cut it or flavor it , a french fry is a french fry , plain and simple , and that is what people like the most ! Source : My Navi News Rate this : Loading . . . | [
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http://en.rocketnews24.com/2013/10/08/mcdonalds-japans-menu-item-base-costs-leaked-make-us-wonder-whats-in-the-burgers/ | McDonald ’ s Japan ’ s menu item base costs leaked , make us wonder what ’ s in the burgers Mike Oct 8 , 2013 It ’ s no secret that RocketNews24 writers are big fans of McDonald ’ s Japan , with its selection of artery - clogging novelty menu items providing endless amusement and article fodder at price ranges that even an Internet “ journalist ” can afford day after day . Every once in a while , though , we find it necessary to dish the dirt on McDonald ’ s Japan so that our readers do n ’ t think we ’ re on the Golden Arches ’ payroll . So , fortuitously , an anonymous Netizen recently leaked McDonald ’ s Japan ’ s base costs for its most popular menu items and we have to admit , we found the dangerously low – sometimes single digit – yen values to be alarming and disturbing at the same time . Since the graph itself is entirely in Japanese , we ’ ll save it for the end of the post , but here ’ s the breakdown : Hamburger Menu Price : 100 yen ( US $ 1 ) , Base Cost : 45 yen ( $ 0.45 ) Cheese Burger Menu Price : 100 yen , Base Cost : 54 yen Teriyaki Makku Burger Menu Price : 260 yen , Base Cost : 78 yen French Fries Menu Price : 240 yen , Base Cost : 10 – 20 yen Apple Pie Menu Price : 100 yen , Base Cost : 35 yen Cola Menu Price : 100 yen , Base Cost : less than 5 yen Chicken Nuggets Menu Price : 250 yen , Base Cost : 25 yen Coffee Menu Price : 100 yen , Base Cost : 2.5 yen The major takeaways here are that Ronald makes the biggest killing off of the french fries , which are marked up by up to 24 times base cost , that cheese is surprisingly expensive at 10 yen a slice , and , paying attention to the little blip just under the entry for cola yields an interesting fact : the base cost may actually be closer to 0 yen , since Coca Cola apparently provides syrup to Micky D ’ s free of charge You might initially be angered by the insane markups that McDonald ’ s is getting away with , but thinking about it deeper might also make you cringe when you consider just how cheap this food is . Forty - five yen to make a hamburger ? We know they ’ re buying in tremendous bulk and using some type of “ filler , ” but at a base cost like that we have to assume that filler is either sawdust or the ground - up , petrified nightmares of children . How about 5 yen per chicken nugget ? There ’ s got to be some type of nefarious Breaking Bad - style chemistry going on at the McDonald ’ s nugget factory . All told , the numbers are n ’ t that surprising ; Cheap food is a major reason McDonald ’ s is a worldwide household name , and the most a reasonable person expects from a Mickey D ’ s visit is a filling meal of questionable provenance and a salt - induced endorphin rush . Still , we ca n ’ t help but feel a creeping sense of dread and revulsion looking at these numbers , so we ’ re going to go ahead and file this one under “ things we wish we did n ’ t know . ” ▼ Here is the original leaked list . Source : Byoukan Sunday Photos : RocketNews24 Rate this : Loading . . . Comments ( Trackbacks ( 0 ) Leave a Reply Trackbacks There are no trackbacks yet . Trackback URL Wanna sleep next to Hatsune Miku ? There ’ s an app for that ! Outrage as NASA bans Chinese scientists from upcoming Kepler conference | [
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http://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/06/10/kanji-fail-japanese-parents-shocked-to-learn-their-baby-girls-name-has-inappropriate-meaning/ | Kanji fail — Japanese parents shocked to learn their baby girl ’ s name has inappropriate meaning KK Miller Jun 10 , 2014 What ’ s in a name ? New parents often look for a name that they hope will embody the spirit of their child or be something that their son or daughter can wear with pride throughout their life , but even the most heartfelt monicker can prove awkward when taken out of context , and can be more funny than beautiful when heard by speakers of other languages . For Japanese parents , the meaning of kanji characters used for a child ’ s name are just as important as how it sounds . Recently , however , one young couple had the name they chose for their new baby daughter rejected when they attempted to register it at their local town hall . It was probably a good thing , though , since the characters they had chosen had an altogether different , rather unpleasant , meaning that the couple were completely unaware of . It ’ s pretty common to see Westerners misuse Chinese characters , especially with their usage regarding tattoos , with scores of websites dedicated to pointing out hugely inappropriate words inked into people ’ s skin . In short , kanji can be tricky , and even native Japanese speakers make mistakes – deliberately or otherwise – when using them as names , with instances of misreadings becoming increasingly common as people rely more and more on their computer or smartphone ’ s auto - complete and kanji convertors , rarely writing the characters by hand . So when one couple recently decided to call their child Mizuko , neither parent had any idea that they were on the verge of committing a terrible faux pas . Written 水子 , using the kanji for “ water ” and “ child ” , the name seemed innocent enough and was easy to read . Fortunately for the parents , however , a government employee spotted the name on their registration forms before they were officially submitted and pointed out its altogether different , entirely inappropriate meaning . You see , the word 水子 ( read chishi mizuko ) , usually means a baby that has died in the womb either through abortion or miscarriage This city employee saved the parents , and their daughter , from an extremely embarrassing situation . But is n ’ t it worrying that young people are n ’ t aware of the meaning of this kanji ? The kanji use became widespread in the 1970s due to the increase of abortions in Japan . And while the word is n ’ t used as often today , it is still interesting that some people in the younger generations do n ’ t know the meaning of the kanji , nor to avoid using it as a name for their beloved offspring . ▼ ” Not knowing the meaning of kanji and words is really troublesome , and depending on the situation , extremely embarrassing . At an unknown government office , parents wanted to give their kid the name ‘ 水子 ’ ( Mizuko ) , but the employee at the registry window told them the meaning of the word and instructed them to find a new name . This is truly appalling . We have to teach people about correct Japanese . ” [ tweet https : / / twitter . com / hayamiy / statuses / 475623611395371008 align = ’ center ’ ] When the news hit the Twitterverse , though , many users commented that this was the first time they had heard the meaning of these kanji together . It seems like this was a case of kanji falling in and out of use , and not a case of neglectful parents or a lack of education . ▼ ” On the other hand , the parents who wanted to name their child 水子 did n ’ t mean any offense and probably wanted their child to be lively and vibrant . When they discovered the meaning of the kanji and words , they changed the child ’ s name . It would be very unpleasant if someone had not told them the meaning of the kanji . ” [ tweet https : / / twitter . com / hayamiy / statuses / 475624633236848640 align = ’ center ’ ] Prospective parents can look up the meaning of words in a dictionary or they can ask older generations of the meaning . It ’ s very embarrassing to submit a name only to get it rejected . So before you end up naming your child “ Dick Cannon ” ( honestly , a real person ’ s name ) , make sure you ask your parents , superiors or friends about different meanings of names . Oh , and be sure to practice your kanji ! Feature image : She Knows Parenting edited by RocketNews24 Read in Japanese Rate this : 13 Votes Loading . . . Like 8 bloggers like this . | [
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http://en.spongepedia.org/index.php?title=Bikini_bottom | Please note : Due to constant attempts by spambots to get access to SpongePedia , account creation is currently disabled . We apologize for any inconvenience . You are not logged in . Please log in to get the full benefit of SpongePedia . For further questions go to SpongePedia : Contents Bikini Bottom ( Redirected from Bikini bottom navigation search Bikini Bottom A map of Bikini Bottom is a fictional city that appears in the Nickelodeon animated television comedy , SpongeBob SquarePants . Located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean , underneath the World War 2 nuclear test site Bikini Atoll , it is the setting in which the series ' main characters live , and where most of the episodes take place . Bikini Bottom is similar to an average American city . The population is estimated at 50,000 but the urban / metro area ( including Jellyfish Fields ) has a population of around 4.5 million . The city consists of various businesses , including restaurants , stores , and manufacturers . The city has a stable economy , a balanced education system , questionable health care ( as seen in " The Lost Mattress " ) , a structured government , and a firm law enforcement system . There are even stadiums , amusement parks , and other recreational facilities . Bikini Bottom first was mentioned in the episode : Plankton ! but first appeared in the episode : Hall Monitor Contents hide 1 Location 2 Landscapes / Geography 3 Inhabitants 4 Housing 5 Health 6 Entertainment 7 Animals 8 In Different Times 8.1 Basic Prehistoric Era 8.2 Advanced Prehistoric Era 8.3 Medieval Times 8.4 Western Times 8.5 41st century 8.6 51st century 9 Trade 9.1 Restaurants / Eatery ' s and Bars 9.2 Government 9.3 Law 9.4 Military / Defense 10 Education 11 Transportation 12 Health 13 Environment 14 Culture 15 Disasters 16 Media 17 Religion 18 Sports 19 Holidays 20 Events 21 National Anthem 22 Places Beyond Bikini Bottom 23 See Also Location Bikini Bottom is located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean , below its signature island , Bikini Atoll , according to Stephen Hillenburg . There are many instances of evidence in the show : After being scared off by ghosts , Sandy Cheeks evacuated to Texas . She was seen flying east from the Pacific Ocean . In the Employee of the Month computer game , a fish mentions that Bikini Bottom is located in the Pacific Ocean . In The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , when SpongeBob was singing the " Goofy Goober Rock " , the camera rose out of the water into outer space . When it did , it came out of the Pacific Ocean . In the TV commercial " Plankton ' s Holiday Hits " , Bikini Bottom is revealed to be part of the United States , and its residents Americans . Bikini Bottom is placed beneath its namesake island , Bikini Atoll , in the Pacific Ocean . Bikini Bottom ' s location at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean is mentioned or referred to in several different episodes , and in the movie , The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . In the episode Hide and Then What Happens ? , it is revealed that Bikini Bottom is located in an island with Jellyfish Fields and Goo Lagoon , surrounded by the goo seen in Goo Lagoon . Landscapes / Geography The Bikini Bottom Dump Bikini Bottom ' s geography is shown as consisting of mountains , dense forests , lakes , lagoons , caves , grasslands , reefs and rivers . In " The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie " , volcanoes , trenches and deserts are shown in the surrounding region . Major geographic features have colorful names including : Goo Lagoon Sand Mountain Kelp Forest Make Out Reef Ancient Mariner Valley ( the location of Neptune ' s Paradise . ) Atlantis Palm Bay Brain Coral Fields Sulfur Fields Sea Urchin Cove Industrial Park Mermalair Mount Climb - up and Fall - off Sea Needle New Kelp City Bikini Bottom Dump Rock Bottom The city is divided by its main road , Conch Street , which runs from downtown , past the homes of SpongeBob , Squidward , and Patrick , through the Krusty Krab restaurant , The Chum Bucket and the Reef Theatre cinema . In every episode in which the skyline of Bikini Bottom is shown , features such as buildings , houses and an anchor can be seen . In earlier episodes of the series , a red flower arch can be seen , which no longer appears in the skyline . In some episodes , a lighthouse appears in the skyline , most likely Mrs . Puff ' s Boating School . Other episodes feature the Krusty Krab ' s Marquee . A large clam - shaped structure , most likely a propeller from a ship , is seen in some episodes . In the center of Bikini Bottom , the citizens work and live in large , gray buildings made of metal . There are some other forms of buildings , mostly aquatic - themed as seen above . Further out from the town citizens need to use whatever is available and easy to live in , such as Patrick ' s rock , SpongeBob ’ s hollowed - out pineapple and the stone monument Squidward lives in . Inhabitants Although the population of Bikini Bottom is uncertain , Stephen Hillenburg , the creator of the show , confirmed that Bikini Bottom is a large city . Before almost leaving the city , Sandy Cheeks sang a song about the city , describing it as " Crowded and Smoggy , " which are the characteristics of Los Angeles , although the physical look & feel of Bikini Bottom suggests that it is in fact a much smaller city . A one - time Pretty Patties joint created by SpongeBob attracted 46,853 customers . Almost everyone from the city is there Squilliam Returns , Squidward mentions Bikini Bottom is a " hick town " , meaning it is probably quite small like most hick towns . On " Krusty Towers " , Squidward mentions Bikini Bottom is in the middle of scenic nowhere ; which could mean it is very small , which is the criteria of isolated cities . On Nautical Novice , Mrs . Puff says " We ' re going to flatten millions of innocent lives ! " ; which could mean that there are around 1,000,000 people in Bikini Bottom . But in the episode What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? there is a sign that says : Welcome to Bikini Bottom - Population : 538 . Many years had passed so currently there might be only 538 people living in Bikini Bottom . Housing Bikini Bottom has many houses . All of the main characters have one and they are all different . SpongeBob ' s House - Inhabitants : SpongeBob and Gary Patrick ' s House - Inhabitants : Patrick Rocky Squidward ' s House Squidward Clary ( Squidward ' s clarinet ) , and Snellie Sandy ' s House Sandy and sometimes her pets Mr . Krabs ' house Mr . Krabs Pearl Krabs Planktons House Plankton Karen Mama Krabs ' house Mama Krabs Mama Tentacles ' house - Inhabitants : Mama Tentacles Mrs . Puff ' s house Mrs . Puff Squilliam Fancyson ' s House - Inhabitant : Squilliam Fancyson Shady Shoals - Inhabitants : Local Seniors , Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy The Rusty Krab - Inhabitants : Local Seniors ( The Rusty Krab was bought by Mr . Krabs and converted into The Krusty Krab long ago ) There is also a residential community called Tentacle Acres , where only Octopi can reside . Health Bikini Bottom Hospital Weenie Hut General Entertainment Glove World Animals In Bikini Bottom , animals are similar to those " animals " in the real world . Some are treated as pets , while others live in the wild . A majority of " animals " live in the wild . First , Jellyfish are similar to bees . There are many different types of Jellyfish that live in Bikini Bottom . Pink are the most common , but they also come in green , blue , orange , yellow , and purple . In the episode The Secret Box SpongeBob states that Patrick may have the worlds only albino jellyfish . Jellyfish reside mainly in , which has a population of four million Jellyfish . They make and live in hives , another similarity to real - world bees . In earlier episodes , jellyfish were plain pink . And later on , more jellyfish began to appear with spots , but plain pink ones still exist . Jellyfish are similar to cows in that they can be " milked " for their fresh jellyfish jelly . The jelly , which can be taken from the hive or from the actual jellyfish , is probably the Bikini Bottom version of honey ( considering jellyfish are Texas , when they were seen howling , and The Thing , when Squidward was attacked by a clam in the truck ) and the larger variants are likely to be similar to non - sentient whales ( like Clamu ) . Third , sea slugs were seen in the video game , SpongeBob SquarePants : SuperSponge . They are known to dislike everyone . Fourth , seahorses , which are similar to horses , can be ridden and are very interested in food . SpongeBob kept a Seahorse in the episode , " My Pretty Seahorse " and named it " Mystery " . Fifth , the " Alaskan Bull Worm " is a large , omnivorous worm that attacked various parts of Bikini Bottom in its sleep in , " Sandy , SpongeBob , and the Worm " . It eventually went on to destroy the entire city . Sixth , sea urchins , which are small " bug - like " creatures whose bites cause severe itchiness ( a possible similarity to fire ants or mosquitoes ) . Seventh , Nematodes , which are worm - like creatures that travel in groups and consume common objects by eating or drinking them ( a possible similarity to termites ) . They once destroyed SpongeBob ' s house by sucking the pineapple juice out of it and one time they almost destroyed the Krusty Krab . Eighth , rays , which are eagles . Other " animals " are treated as pets . Two well - known " pets " are snails worms . Snails are similar to cats ( because they " meow " ) and are common as pets , but they are also known to lurk in alleys and forests . A well - known character Gary the Snail is one of them . Worms are similar to dogs ( because they bark ) and these are also common as pets . At one point SpongeBob also owned a worm named Rex , an angry snail named Larry and a jellyfish . In Different Times Main article : Timeline Bikini bottom dates back to an extremely long time ago . Basic Prehistoric Era Bikini Bottom traces back to when Primate Sponge Prehistoric Patrick lived . This was seen in the episode , " SB - 129 " . Back then , everything was full of prehistoric jungles and sponge - eating plants . Advanced Prehistoric Era The Advanced Prehistoric Era was seen in the episode , " Ugh ! " . In this episode , you saw the lives of SpongeGar Patar Squog . In this time , things were much more advanced , with a language system and basic housing . There were still only three known housings ; SpongeBob ' s , Patrick ' s , and Squidward ' s . There were many jungles . There were also foghorn - like creatures , and Prehistoric Krabs , ( Mr . Krabs a la caveman ) . This era can also be seen in Atlantis SquarePantis .Some of the technology they discovered is the club , fire and pets Medieval Times Then called Bikini Bottomshire , Medieval Times was seen in the episode , " Dunces and Dragons " . The totalitarian tyrant Planktonamor reigned for a short time until SpongeBob and Patrick were sent by King Krabs to rescue Princess Pearl and slay the Dragon Jellyfish , much like many medieval tales . Places King Krabs ' Castle : A massive Castle that King Krabs and Princess Pearl lived in . There was a prophecy on the wall , a guillotine and a dungeon in which Squidly lived for a short time . This maybe the medieval Krusty Krabs . Planktonamor ' s Tower : Planktonamor ' s tower was gargantuan and the only things that lived there were Planktonamor , Glass Ball Karen and the fearsome Dragon Jellyfish . It contained a huge spiral staircase . Maybe this is the medieval Chum Bucket . The Village : The Village was the main area of Bikini Bottom in medieval times . There was a hospital , a hotel , Ye Old Bowling Alley , an old - folks home and a massive area of farmland . Armor Shop : The Armor Shop was a store that sold armor and weapons and even made them . There was only one known employee , the owner . Western Times In Western times , Bikini Bottom is called Dead Eye Gulch in which Dead Eye Plankton rules the entire town and everything there is owned by Dead Eye Plankton . So every store here except for The Krusty Kantina was named after Dead Eye Plankton , seen in the episode , Pest of the West . The stores and houses in Dead Eye Gulch are made up of wood . Cacti are seen in most parts . Skulls of dead animals can be seen . Seahorses and coffins are used for transportation . Places The Krusty Kantina The Krusty Kantina is owned by Mr . Krabs ' Western Ancestor . The Krusty Kantina was going bankrupt for Dead Eye Plankton kept all the money The Krusty Kantina earned . The Krusty Kantina had a stage that Mrs . Puff ' s Western Ancestor used to dance . The Krusty Kantina also owned a piano , that worked by putting a coin inside the coin slot . The only one who played the piano was Squidward ' s Western Ancestor . The Krusty Kantina only served milk for they were still in search of a fry cook . Dead Eye Funeral Parlor and Ice Cream Parlor : Dead Eye Funeral Parlor and Ice Cream Parlor is a place where you get hand made coffins and ice cream at the same time . Old Dead Tree Hill : Old Dead Tree Hill was a cemetery for all of the past sheriffs who had been killed by Dead Eye Plankton ; unfortunately this cemetery was already full . Boot Hill : Dead Eye Boot Hill was the 2nd cemetery built for the past sheriffs that had been killed by Dead Eye Plankton . 41st century In the 41st century , everything will be painted in chrome , and the only residents known are the robots SpongeTron Patron and the chrome - workers . The only place seen in the 41st century was the futuristic Krusty Krab Squidward traveled here by running into a freezer to hide , and then getting stuck and freezing himself solid until SpongeTron found him many , many years later . 51st century The 51st century was seen in the episode SpongeHenge . Then chrome was not used , and there are aliens instead of fish that are in glass containers . The Three Aliens also discovered the SpongeBob Stones Trade Restaurants / Eatery ' s and Bars The Krusty Krab The Krusty Krab is Bikini Bottom ' s premier eatery . It is made up of the kitchen , bathroom , eating area and Mr . Krabs ' office . - Employees : SpongeBob and Squidward . Former employees including Jim , Stanley S . SquarePants and Patrick ( as Patricia one time ) . - Manager : Mr . Eugene Krabs Chum Bucket This is a restaurant run by Plankton . He only got one customer but he was paid by Karen , Plankton ' s wife , to do it to cheer him up . In one episode , Plankton says , " I only got one customer . There he is . " He then points to a dead rat on one of the tables , next to a partly bitten Chum Burger . - Manager : Sheldon J . Plankton Shell Shack The Shell Shack is a popular restaurant at an unknown location . It was mentioned only once in the series in the episode Patty Hype when Tom Fred met into the street and says " There ' s a talking dog over at the Shell Shack ! " Later he mentioned that the talking dog was singing . Diner The Diner is exactly what you think it is : a diner . It is shaped like a big boat with a lit up sign . It has been featured in episodes like Chocolate With Nuts Missing Identity Goofy Goober ' s Ice Cream Party Boat Goofy Goober ' s is a restaurant / bar that was featured in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . They serve burgers and ice cream . Their " mascot " is a big peanut with a smiley face . KelpShake The Kelpshake Was A Best Selling Drink In The Bikini Bottom , Until It Was Poisoned . Weenie Hut Juniors This is an ice cream bar that appeared in the episode No Weenies Allowed . Nerds are the standard customers and a robot is the only employee . Super Weenie Hut Juniors A More weenier version of Weenie Hut Juniors . Fancy ! A very fancy restaurant somewhere in bikini bottom , it is actually a ship in a bottle . It appears in several episodes , SpongeBob was temporarily sent to it in a chef exchange program in Le Big Switch The Police Department Government Bikini Bottom ' s government , although uncertain , is set up just as it would be in the real world . There were many rulers and Royalty though , so it would be a Monarchy , such as King Krabs Princess Pearl King Neptune Mindy and even Plankton In the episode , " Good Neighbors " , Bikini Bottom is mentioned to have a president , so it would be a republic , and a mayor is seen in several episodes . Although in the episode , " Rule of Dumb " , Patrick Star became King Patrick and was a king for a short time . Then followed behind him was Gary the Snail . It was then a monarchy again . Its government may or may not be similar to Canada ' s government ; Monarch and someone voted by the people are ruler . Law These are some of the laws in Bikini Bottom , which are similar to that of United States laws . No stealing , murder , parking in a No Parking Zone , parking next to a fire hydrant , littering , driving blindfolded , public nudity , running through red lights whether driving or actually running , and others . The Courthouse Bikini Bottom has a courthouse , in which trials take place like any American city court , except there was no prosecutor . The only known two trials shown were in the episodes , " Krabs vs . Plankton " and " The Krusty Sponge " . Plankton sued Mr . Krabs for falling on the Krusty Krab floor when there was no wet floor sign . Plankton sued for everything of what Mr . Krabs had . Judge StickleBack headed the trial , and due to a fall , Defendant Eugene Krabs ' lawyer was unable to defend . SpongeBob , ( posing as SpongeBob LawyerPants ) became Mr . Krabs ' new lawyer . The trial resulted in a victory for the defendant . In the episode , " The Krusty Sponge " , Mr . Krabs was arrested for poisoning his customers with the Spongy Patties . The jury reached a ' guilty ' verdict , but after seeing the judge with a SpongeBob gavel , Mr . Krabs asked for permission to approach the bench . The scene cuts to the judge in the Krusty Sponge train with Squidward driving . Mr . Krabs tells Judge Horace A . Whopper that he can go around as many times as he wants . The Bikini Bottom Police Department ( BBPD ) is currently home to 129 officers , including SWAT . The BBPD has 51 squad cars , housed over 9 stations , Downtown East being the largest station housing 20 of the cars and the SWAT team . The BBPD also has 4 helicopters , 1 inmate transport truck , 3 SWAT trucks , and 1 van . The BBPD houses these 129 officers at different stations , most at D.E. station . D.E. houses 39 officers . The chief of police in Bikini Bottom is currently John Frower , age 56 . He has been chief for over 16 years . = = = Crime = = = The Bikini Bottom Jail Bikini Bottom has its fair share of criminals such as Plankton and the TattleTale Strangler . Mr . Krabs has been known to steal , or " borrow " as he calls it . Mrs . Puff or Squidward are always blamed for the crimes actually committed by SpongeBob or Patrick and are either arrested or fined to do community service . At one point , a bomb exploded inside the , and as a result , a hole was made in the rear of the building . The bomb itself , which had the total energy of a nuclear bomb had been made in a factory . Or so the pirates who sold it to Squidward said . There is also the punishment of execution by King Neptune , such as for stealing his crown . Bikini Bottom has two prisons : The Institution for the Criminally Tiny and Bikini Bottom Jail for everyone else . The underwater city has its own courthouse , headed by a female fish judge . In future episodes , the judge is a male . The Bikini Bottom Police Department is a reasonably fair organization , despite arresting citizens for no real reason whatsoever , and has been known to imprison SpongeBob and Patrick for their crime of stealing balloons and then releasing them to tell the two that it was National Free Balloon Day . In the game SpongeBob SquarePants : Creature from the Krusty Krab , the army makes an appearance . It seems Infernal Island is a faraway island where SpongeBob went to when he missed his boat to Sun n ' Fun Island . Military / Defense Besides the Bikini Bottom Police Force , Bikini Bottom has two known forms of defense . It probably has a military for in the episode Good Neighbors a military tank can be seen with a soldier inside . It is also unknown if Bikini Bottom has any military installations . Mr . Krabs served in the Navy , and the Navy has been mentioned in a few episodes . There has also been a navy reunion in the episode : Shell of a Man Education Mrs . Puff ' s Boating School The Boating School runs by Mrs . Puff . The Superintendent is Mr . Fitz , and the place was once ran by Sergeant Roderick Poseidon Elementary School The place where went to school . Community College The Place where Flats the Flounder Patrick went . The Rec Center / Adult Learning Center An area where there are Cooking and Art Lessons . Squidward has taught there . Bikini Bottom High School Bikini Bottom High School The place where Pearl Krabs and her friends go to school . There is a Gym where dances are held . Bikini Bottom Elementary The younger kid ’ s school . Bikini Bottom Middle School Not shown for junior fish . Kindergarten Timmy went in SquidBob TentaclePants Transportation Bikini Bottom has a wide array of different transportation systems . As in the real world , roads and highways serve Bikini Bottom ' s buses , taxis , and boats ( boats are the underwater equivalent of cars ) . An airport is seen in Bikini Bottom , as well as a lighthouse near the edge of ; helping to avoid late night accidents . Driving is on the left side of the road , with the steering wheel on the right hand side of the car . Bikini Bottom ' s main road is Conch Street . Conch Street runs from SpongeBob ' s , Patrick ' s , and Squidward ' s houses , past the and the Chum Bucket , and stretches as far as downtown Bikini Bottom . It intersects with Coral Avenue , which is located in downtown Bikini Bottom . A series of highways run just on the outskirts of the city , and in the middle of downtown , a thruway is present . A road leads from Atlantis to Bikini Bottom , as seen in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . Another road leads from Bikini Bottom to Rock Bottom , which goes past Glove World Theme Park . An interesting feature of this road is that for a distance it runs straight down a cliff . The only ways up from the bottom are by bus or with a balloon . The name of the city bus service is Snailways . This bus service stops almost everywhere in Bikini Bottom and beyond ( much like a Greyhound Bus ) . Sandy Cheeks mentioned in a deleted scene of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie that buses run from Shell City to Bikini Bottom , although SpongeBob and Patrick took alternative transport by riding David Hasselhoff . Like any city , Bikini Bottom has a huge traffic issue , with roads and highways clogged up even in the afternoon . It is very common for somebody coming back from work to be stuck in traffic . The bus drivers do not drive always great because they always stop when you do not want them to . In the first season they had limousines in submarine shaped . But in the fifth to seventh season they had in its own shaped . The well - being of an average Bikini Bottomite is unknown , but Bikini Bottom has a few hospitals and health centers , in which doctors make housecalls . Bikini Bottom Hospital This hospital is seen in quite a few episodes . Dr . Gill Gilliam is the most well - known doctor that works here . This hospital is known to vary from very good service ( Suds ) to extremely unprofessional service ( The Lost Mattress ) . It has also been known to have had actors dressed like doctors infiltrate it for prolonged periods of time . Weenie Hut General Weenie Hut General is another hospital for softer folk . A Veterinary Clinic In the episode , " Band Geeks " , Dr . Gill Gilliam goes to Squidward ' s house and asks him if there was a dying animal on the premises of his house . Also , in the episode where Gary apparently had mad snail disease where Dr . Gill Gilliam shows his badge showing that he was a snail expert and implying that he was a vet . Environment Bikini Bottom is shown to be quite a clean city . Littering is highly prohibited , and the areas around Bikini Bottom are pristine . The only problem is that with high population and the amount of automobiles Bikini Bottom can become very smoggy , as mentioned by Sandy in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie . Global warming has also affected Bikini Bottom , as seen in the educational short , " The Endless Summer . " In " Industrial Park ” , there are many toxic chemicals and pollution . Culture The culture of the city is a caricature of contemporary American culture . The Arts give Bikini Bottom a better outlook on knowledge and creativity . Bikini Bottom houses 3 museums : The Fry Cook Museum , the Hook Museum and the boating museum , seen in Nautical Novice Bikini Bottom also has a music hall , a convention hall , and an Art Society . Squidward Tentacles contributes highly to many of the arts and music Bikini Bottom has to offer . The Hook Museum Entertainment in Bikini Bottom contributes to the social interaction within the city . There is the Bubble Bowl , Goofy Goober ' s Ice Cream Party Boat ( for the kids ) , which also has a big area next to it , called goober world . in Goober world , there is a racing track , depicted in the SpongeBob Squarepant movie video game . Opposite Goofy Goobers and Goober world , there is a can opener museum , as shown in the comic book Gone Jellyfishing . Weenie Hut Juniors . , Super Weenie Hut Jr . , and the Salty Spitoon club ( for strong people only ) are located somewhere near Goo Lagoon . the Thug Tug and Tough Tavern bars ( for tough men only ) and The Reef Theatre ( cinema ) . The Krusty Krab houses entertainment with shows such as the Annual Squidward Tentacles Talent Show ( featuring the unpopular Squidward Live segment ) , the Komedy Krab and " Live Nude Pranksters " , which featured an unclothed SpongeBob and Patrick . In addition , a popular band called " Ned and the Needlefish " started in Bikini Bottom . Disasters Bikini Bottom has been destroyed at least 7 times . Mr . Krabs has started two disasters : the pie bomb and crossing the beam . Wormy Incident : The citizens suffer from mass hysteria and wreck the town when SpongeBob and Patrick warn them of a monster ( really Wormy as a butterfly ) . Mad Snail Disease Outbreak : An outbreak of the disease turns residents into zombies ( Its really fake ) , crippling the economy and yet again the other citizens suffer from mass hysteria and wreck the town out of panic . Squidward ' s House Attack : Squidward ' s house turns into a giant robot when the security computer had gone haywire by SpongeBob and Patrick ' s apology cake and the robot destroys Bikini Bottom . Alaskan Bull Worm Incident : An Alaskan bull worm enters the city and consumes everything in sight , so the citizens dig up Bikini Bottom and move it into a city - size trench in hopes of escaping the worm ' s appetite , but the worm falls into the trench when it tries to eat SpongeBob and Sandy and crushes the city , killing most of the citizens . Pie Bomb Incident : Squidward purchases a pie to make up for employee brotherhood day , despite some of the pirates he bought it from telling him it was made in a bomb factory . When Mr . Krabs tries it , he drops it , and it almost kills the two . SpongeBob then finds it and Squidward and Mr . Krabs find SpongeBob acting like he ate it , and when told SpongeBob will be dead by sunset , Squidward makes sure SpongeBob ' s last hours are his best and spends quality time with him . At Patrick ' s song Incident : Patrick wrote a song called I Wrote This , so SpongeBob and Patrick decided to get it on the radio . The people that work in the radio rejected the song , so SpongeBob and Patrick decide to put the record on top of the tower , then it plays throughout Bikini Bottom . The citizens freak out in chaos and destroying everything ( to get rid of Patrick ' s song ) . Crossing The Beams Incident : SpongeBob has to stay in the Krusty Krab , because there is a stain on one of the plates and the rules say ' The Krusty Krab Must Be Ship - Shape And The Employee Must Not Leave ' . SpongeBob therefore uses different machines to clean the plate . Each attempt is unsuccessful until he uses ' The Spotmaster 6000 ' which consists of a microwave - powered laser particle beam , a laser - guided high pressure water cannon and a specially woven metal alloy ingeniously combined with state of the art cleaning Gummy Incident : Patrick ate Gummy and blew a giant bubble and pop until Bikini Bottom was covered in gooey gum . Media Bikini Bottom has many forms of media . News , magazines , radio , and television contribute to Bikini Bottom ' s wide spread of news and entertainment . Bikini Bottom News Flash . The city paper is called the Bikini Times . It features the regular news , as well as daily comics . One of the comics is called The Wisenheimers . There is another newspaper that is called the Bikini Bottom Inquirer , which is a parody of The National Inquirer . There are two science magazines called ' Fake Science Monthly ' and ' Boring Science Digest ' seen in the episode : The Camping Episode . Another magazine is called ' Fancy Living Digest ' . There is another magazine that is called , ' Long , Tan and Handsome ' , . There are two dance magazines : ' Dance Now ' and ' Interpretive Dance Quarterly ' . Another magazine is ' Squid Ink Magazine ' One that is seen in The Paper is Boring Science Digest . There are many singers and there also appears to be boy bands and rock bands ; the first being " Boys Who Cry " ( R&B ) that Pearl enjoys and " Stingray 5000 " ( Album Rock ) that Patrick happily found in the dumpster , and " Ned and the Needlefish " ( AAA ) , who appear in the episode : Wigstruck there is Bikini Bottom News ( television newscast anchored by Perch Perkins and the Realistic Fish Head along with Bob Barbara ) and many different TV channels such as Sport , Lifestyle , and a " Secret Channel " Some of the Radio stations in Bikini Bottom are WH20 - FM ( Adult Top 40 ) , KRUM ( Rhythmic - leaning Top 40 ) , and KOLD ( Classic Hits / Oldies MOR in the Morning ) . Religion The main religion of Bikini Bottom is unknown but it is shown some inhabitants worship the sea god Neptune , and some worship Poseidon . Two fish were once seen arguing about who was the ruler of the sea . Sandy the squirrel may be of the Christian faith due to the fact that she is from Texas and also brought Christmas to Bikini Bottom . Also , in one episode , SpongeBob is standing at the window from the kitchen in the Krusty Krab and begins to tell a joke involving a nun when he is suddenly interrupted , Sports The Sports in Bikini Bottom are fairly different to a normal American range of sports . Here is the range . The Fry Cook Games is a spoof of the Olympic Summer and Winter Games but with fast food . The Fry Cook Games are held at Bikini Bottom ' s Fast Food Coliseum . The first annual competition was held in 1981 . Eugene H . Krabs and Sheldon J . Plankton went head to head against each other until the 21st Fry Cook Games in 2001 . There , SpongeBob SquarePants represented the , and Patrick Star represented The Chum Bucket . In the 21st Fry Cook Games , there were 8 events . The tiebreaker was bun wrestling which no one won . The Great Snail Race is an annual race between snails at Oyster Stadium , which is located in the Bikini Bottom Zoo . At the pre - game ceremony , of the 102nd Running of the Snail , Lightning Larry Luciano ( The winner of the first race ) lights the Torch of Good Sportsmanship ( although very slowly ) . After the torch is lit , the games begin . The first snail to make it across the finish line , wins . The result of the 102nd race ended with Rocky ( won by default , owned by Patrick Star , actually a Pet Rock ) in first place , Snellie ( owned by Squidward Tentacles ) in second place , and Gary ( disqualified , owned by SpongeBob SquarePants ) in last place , disqualified due to the coach running on to the race track . Anchor Toss Competition and Weightlifting is a contest of strong ocean dwellers tossing a large anchor on a 510 + yard field . A referee goes and measures the distance between the tosser and the anchor , but is constantly hit by it . SpongeBob was part of the contest , along with Sandy Cheeks , Don the Whale , and Larry the Lobster . Weight lifting is very popular at Goo Lagoon . There are even weight lifting competitions at Goo Lagoon . SpongeBob even has a small fitness center at his house . However , instead of weights , SpongeBob uses stuffed animals as weights . SpongeBob has used a stick with two marshmallows attached to it , which he could not lift Jellyfishing is a fictional sport that is similar to fishing . It involves hunting Jellyfish using a wooden net and a plastic jar . The sport was first introduced in the episode " Jellyfishing . " In the episode , the characters SpongeBob and Patrick take their neighbor Squidward to Jellyfish Fields , where many episode plots involving jellyfishing would be set in . Bubble Blowing is another hobby in Bikini bottom . However , the only bubble blowers known are SpongeBob SquarePants and Patrick Star , although Squidward has blown bubbles before . SpongeBob once set up The Bubblestand in the episode : Bubblestand and charged 25 cents for bubble blowing ; 25 cents for lessons . There is a special technique to bubble blowing which SpongeBob invented . Some awkward shapes of bubbles include an elephant , butterflies , worms , among others . Two bubble - themed episodes are " Bubblestand " and " Bubble Buddy . " Other sports include those that are played by people in the real world , such as weight lifting , swimming , volleyball , Karate , and hot dog eating contests . . Swimming is a very popular sport at Goo Lagoon . There are small circular pools elsewhere in the city . Volleyball is just like the real sport . In Bikini Bottom , volleyball is played at Goo Lagoon . Karate is a popular sport for SpongeBob and Sandy . Some Karate moves include the Double Overhand Squirrel Knot , the Squirrel , and the Tin Cans . Two Karate - themed episodes are " Karate Choppers " and " Karate Island . " A hot dog eating contest is briefly shown during the episode " SpongeGuard on Duty " . Holidays Bikini Bottom has its share of holidays . It has five main holidays , as in the real world like : Valentine ' s Day ( seen in Valentine ' s Day ) ( February 14 ) , Halloween ( seen in Scaredy Pants ) ( October 31 ) , Christmas Christmas Who ? ) ( December 25 ) , Easter Breath Of Fresh Squidward Independence Day Breath Of Fresh Squidward ) ( July 4 ) . Three minor holidays are celebrated in Bikini Bottom , which humans know of like : Opposite Day ( by Squidward seen in Opposite Day ) ( January 25 ) April Fools Day Fools in April ) ( April 1 ) Leif Erikson Day Bubble Buddy ) ( October 9 ) Other holidays are not known in the real world , but are known in Bikini Bottom are : Annoy Squidward Day Employee of the Month ) ( January 15 ) Bikini Bottom Zoo Annual Free Day The Smoking Peanut Best Friends Day The Gift of Gum National Free Balloon Day Life of Crime ) , Starfish Day I ' m with Stupid ) , No SpongeBob Day No Patrick Day . ( seen in Gone Events There are popular events that take place in Bikini Bottom . Most of these events take place at Goo Lagoon . Such events include : The Anchor Toss Competition Hotdog Chug Contest Sand Castle Competition Surfing Competition Weight Lifting Competition National Anthem Bikini Bottom has its own national anthem , which goes as follows : Oh , Bikini Bottom , We pledge our hearts to you ! As faithful , as deep , as true , as blue , Bikini Bottom , we love you ! inside his Krabs robot sang this along with SpongeBob in the episode : Imitation Krabs Places Beyond Bikini Bottom - A place outside Bikini bottom where everything is quite different . Atlantis - The place where King Neptune Lord Royal Highness and Princess Mindy live . Also , in the TV movie Atlantis SquarePantis , another kind of creature resides in Atlantis , and they are known only as Atlantians . Karate Island - A place where SpongeBob and Sandy travel to , where they battle the Tickler Lip Service Filthy Phil Udon Ukulele Bottom - A place where SpongeBob and Patrick go to in the episode : I Was a Teenage Gary Shell City - A Place above water that ' s a gift shop ; where SpongeBob and Patrick go to in Tentacle Acres – Octopuses ’ paradise , once went there to live there for a while . Texas - The place where Sandy was from . Bass Vegas - a place seen in the episode : Have You Seen This Snail ? . There are lots of shops such as , Martha ' s Craft Zone and a diner . Nagoki ( pronounced naw - go - key ) Island - a place where SpongeBob , Patrick , Squidward and Mr . Krabs go when Sandy dares them to go above water . Also seen in views from above water . New Kelp City : The city where the Bubble Poppin ' Boys formerly ruled . SpongeBob formerly ran the city , before Patrick , Sandy and Squidward took him back to Bikini Bottom . The city was seen in the episode What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? Mirror World - a world that ca n ' t be accessed but able to be seen in many episodes . Farawayville - a town that Girly TeenGirl is from as seen in The Slumber Party Encino , California - a town next to Los Angeles where Patchy the Pirate Potty the Parrot live . See Also Places in Bikini Bottom Timeline Categories Place | [
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http://en.vedur.is/sea-ice/sea | Sea ice NW of Iceland on July 7th 2006 , seen from the aircraft of the Icelandic Coast Guard . Sea ice around Iceland 20.9.2011 Ice in the ocean around Iceland has mostly arrived from afar . It comes from the Denmark strait , which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean , between Iceland and Greenland . Sometimes the ice comes directly from north to the northeast corner of Iceland , but all the ice comes from the same source : The East - Greenland current which flows from the Arctic Ocean due south along the east coast of Greenland , passing northwest Iceland . This great cold current transports a lot of ice southwards , both sea ice which is formed in sea water and ice bergs which break off from the glacier of Greenland . Late winter the ice can cover fishing grounds northwest of Iceland . This ice is often carried eastwards , into the pathways of ships along the Icelandic coast and sometimes into fjords and bays . Ice bergs are also seen around Iceland , especially in autumn . Whether ice comes close to Iceland depends on three factors : The quantity of ice in Denmark strait , the condition in the ocean near Iceland , i.e. temperature , salinity and layering , and the overall air circulation in the northern hemisphere , i.e. lows and highs , especially the development of static high pressure over either Greenland or the Atlantic Ocean . Dýrafjörður Sea ice in Dýrafjörður in the West Fjords in January 2007 . © Ásta Guðríður Kristinsdóttir . A combination of certain circumstances causes the long dreaded " hafis " which meant very cold winters and harsh living in earlier centuries . Sometimes loss of lifestock and local starvation followed , though rarely . Contrarily , ice on the Icelandic fishing grounds is quite common , especially in the northwest . Therefore , sea ice is monitored by regular flights for this purpose . Based on observations from the Icelandic Coast Guard and other vessels that sight sea ice , warnings are issued by IMO when considered necessary . The Danish Meteorological Institute produces weekly maps showing the extent of ice dispersion . ( reference : Hafís við Ísland by Þór Jakobsson ) | [
"Sea ice",
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http://en.wikigta.org/wiki/New_Model_Army | New Model Army navigation search Mission in GTA San Andreas Supply Lines ▼ New Model Army ▼ Beefy Baron Starts at Zero ' s RC Shop Given by Zero Reward $ 7,000 . = asset of $ 5,000 . = Main Page > GTA San Andreas > Missions This is Zero ' s last mission and it ' s the purpose that you protect Zero and his RC Bandit , so he can reach the other side of the RC Battleground safely . You have to fly a RC Goblin with a magnet , which can be used to move objects . At the course there will be barrels which you have to remove with the magnet , so Zero can continue his course . When he asks you to get a plank , which you have to use to build a bridge , you have to go back to your base , get a plank , and place it over the river . There are also RC Tigers , which you have to destroy with bombs . The bombs can also be found at your base . When all obstacles are cleared Zero drives into the base of Berkley and the mission is passed . Hints You can leave Zero in front of a barrel and first destroy the RC Tigers with bombs . Later on you ' ll take care of the other obstacles . The RC Tigers can also be destroyed by dropping a barrel a couple of times on them . You can also grab a bomb and fly after the RC Goblin of Berkley . When the RC Goblin reaches his base , it ' ll wait for a few moments before getting another barrel . Drop the bomb on the RC Goblin , now you wo n ' t have any more trouble with obstacles . After this destroy the RC Tigers . Grab a plank right from the start for the first bridge , so you do n ' t have to worry about it any more , and the next obstacle will take a while . Screenshots Carl Johnson The Begin . Zero ' s RC Bandit Grab a bomb . Bring the bomb . Berkley , is a loser . Mission passed ! Categories Missions Missions ( GTA San Andreas ) Tweet | [
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http://en.wikivet.net/Meninges_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology | Meninges - Anatomy & Physiology navigation search Meninges - Anatomy & Physiology Created by the veterinary profession for you find out more about WikiVet Did you know you can edit or help WikiVet ® in other ways ? NEW CONTENT ! Diagram of the meninges , 1 . Skin 2 . Periosteum 3 . Bone 4 . Dura mater 5 . Arachnoid 6 . Pia mater . SEER Cancer Institute , WikiMedia Commons Contents hide 1 Outer Layers 2 Dura mater 3 Subdural space 4 Arachnoid mater 5 Subarachnoid Space 6 Pia Mater Outer Layers The central nervous system ( CNS ) is surrounded by several layers of tissue , with several outer layers not directly related to the CNS and three membranes that directly envelope the CNS . The outer layers are the skin and then a bone layer with associated periosteum . This layer includes the skull and the vertebrae . Below the periosteum is the Epidural Space which lies between periosteum and dura in the vertebral canal . The epidural space contains adipose tissue , loose connective tissue , veins and lymphatics . It cushions the cord as it flexes . The epidural space is regularly used for nerve blocks where a local anaesthetic such as Lidocaine is injected to block signal transmission to and from the spinal cord . Dura mater The Dura mater is the outer menix and is made up of a dense fibrous connective tissue . In the cranium , the dura layer is fused with the periosteum and therefore is in effect single layer without an epidural space . The dura contains a number of folds throughout its coverage of the brain including the Falx cerebri , a midline fold between cerebral hemispheres , the Tentorium cerebelli , an oblique fold between the cerebrum and cerebellum and the Diaphragma sellae which forms a collar around the neck of the pituitary and forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa . This layer and these associated folds all provide structural support to the brain and prevent the brain from undergoing excess movement within the skull . Where the dura mater folds between brain tissues it splits into two distinct layers that are separated by large blood filled spaces called venous sinuses . Venous sinuses are directly connected to the venous system and venous blood from vessels supplying the brain return to the heart via these sinuses . Subdural space The subdural space lies between the dura and the next meningial layer , the arachnoid mater ( not fused ) . The subdural space is thought to contain only lymph - like fluid . This space can also be the site of a subdural hematoma . Arachnoid mater This is the middle meningial layer and lies between the dura mater and the pia mater , the innermost meningeal layer . The arachnoid mater is a delicate structure and is constructed with non - vascular connective tissue . This layer also has small protrusions through the dura mater into the previously mentioned venous sinuses called Arachnoid villus and these allow cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) to enter and exit the blood stream . These protrusions adhere to the inner surface of the skull via calvaria processes . Subarachnoid Space The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater . Both meninges are connected via a fine network of connective tissue filaments ( spider - like ) which run through the space , originating from the arachnoid mater . This space also contains CSF from ventricular system . The largest part of this space are called the cisterns which are used for the collection of CSF . For example there is a cerebellomedullary cistern around the foramen magnum . The lumbar cistern used for lumbar puncture in man . Pia Mater This is the innermost layer and is firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord . The inner surface of the brain facing this meningial layer is lined with ependymal cells . The pia mater is highly vascular and is formed from connective tissue . Tweet WikiVet ® Introduction Help WikiVet Report a Problem Categories OpenPages Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology A&P Done | [
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"Physiology",
"Meninges"
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http://en.wikivet.net/Midbrain_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology | Midbrain - Anatomy & Physiology navigation search Midbrain - Anatomy & Physiology Created by the veterinary profession for you find out more about WikiVet Did you know you can edit or help WikiVet ® in other ways ? NEW CONTENT ! Also known as : Mesencephalon Contents hide 1 Introduction 2 Midbrain Development 3 Midbrain Structure & Function 3.1 Cranial Nerve Nuclei 3.2 Cerebral Aqueduct 3.3 Colliculi 3.3.1 Caudal Colliculi 3.3.2 Rostral Colliculi 3.4 Substantia Nigra 3.5 Crura Cerebri Introduction Human brain midsagittal cut description The midbrain or mesencephalon represents the connection between the brain stem and the higher centres of the brain and is involved in most body systems including sleep / consciousness , vision , hearing and temperature regulation The midbrain is located between the diencephalon and the hind brain , or brain stem . More specifically , it can be found ventral to the cerebral cortex and between the cerebral pedicles of the diencephalon and the pons . It is a relatively short portion of the upper brain stem and connects higher brain centres with the lower centres and the spinal cord . In most species the midbrain is found most centrally within the cranial cavity . Midbrain Development The midbrain arises from the mesencephalon . One of the key roles of this area of the brain during development is the maintainance of a patent cerebral aqueduct to facilitate the appropriate development of higher brains structures including the cerebral hemispheres . Midbrain Structure & Function The midbrain has a stratified structure comprising various layers including the tectum , tegmentum and cerebral peduncle . These structures are found in a dorsoventral sequence . The tectum lies dorsally to the cerebral aqueduct and it has four major rounded surface swellings ; colliculi ( see below ) . The tegmentum is the core of the midbrain and a large proportion of it is made up by the reticular formation Cranial Nerve Nuclei The major cranial nerve nuclei within the midbrain are the mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerves ( V ) , the trochlear nuclei ( IV ) , the principle and parasympathetic oculomotor nuclei ( Cranial Nerve III ) , the ' red nuclei ' ( so named due to its pronounced vascularity ) and the periaqueductal gray nuclei . The periaqueductal gray nucleus is a core of gray nervous tissue located adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct . The oculomotor nerve emerges from the mid brain rostral to the pons . Cerebral Aqueduct Within the lumen of the midbrain lies the cerebral aqueduct which acts as a simple passage between the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles . Colliculi The tectum ( roof ) has four colliculi , two rostral and two caudal . Caudal Colliculi The caudal colliculi are widely spaced and are joined by a substantial commissure . The caudal colliculi act as integration centres for auditory pathways . The caudal colliculi also have a further connection to the thalamus via the ' ipsilateral medial geniculate body ' . This body is effectively a swelling of the thalamus Rostral Colliculi The rostral colliculi are placed closer together in comparison to the caudal . The rostral colliculi are also joined to the thalamus , but by the ' lateral geniculate bodies ' rather than the medial . The rostral colliculi help to integrate the visual pathways and also are involved in somatic reflexes that are caused by visual cues . The rostral colliculi have also been suggested to be involved in spatial integration . Substantia Nigra The substantia nigra is a prominent area of the mid brain and is identifiable on cross sections by its darker pigmentation . This pigmentation is due to the gradual accumulation of pigmentation of neurons and is associated with basal nuclei within the tissue . The substantia nigra nuclei are involved in the control of voluntary movement Crura Cerebri These are visible on the ventral surface of the mid brain and consist of fibre tracts that are in passage between the telencephalon and the brain stem . The oculomotor nerves ( see above ) also emerge in this region of the mid brain , directly rostral to the pons . This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review . If you would like to help with this , please see more information about expert reviewing . Tweet WikiVet ® Introduction Help WikiVet Report a Problem Categories OpenPages Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology A&P Done | [
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http://en.wikivet.net/Small_Intestine_Overview_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology | Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology navigation search Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology Created by the veterinary profession for you find out more about WikiVet Did you know you can edit or help WikiVet ® in other ways ? NEW CONTENT ! Contents hide 1 Introduction 1.1 Development 2 Structure 3 Function 3.1 To mix content and transport chyme 3.2 To secrete enzymes for the digestion of chyme and absorb the products of digestion 3.2.1 Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption 3.2.2 Triacylglycerol Digestion and Absorption 3.2.3 Protein Digestion and Absorption 4 Regulation & Control 5 Lymphatics 5.1 Species Differences 5.2 Carnivore 5.3 Equine 5.4 Ovine 5.5 Bovine 6 Histology 7 Links Introduction The small intestine extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the caecum . The small intestine recieves chyme from the stomach . It is the main site of chemical degradation and absorption of chyme . Fats are exclusively broken down in this part of the alimentary tract . Carbohydrates and proteins that are not degraded in the small intestine are available for microbial fermentation in the large intestine . The small intestine produces enzymes for digestion of protein , carbohydrate and fat and absorbs the products of their digestion . Enzymes are produced by glands in the intestinal wall and the pancreas . The gall bladder produces bile which emulsifies fats for digestion . Absorption is facilitated by ridges in the small intestine and by the presence of villi and microvilli . The small intestine consists of three parts . Each part differs in anatomy , but all have the same basic structure and function : Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Development The small intestine develops from the digestive tube , which exists ventrally in the developing embryo . The digestive tube is endoderm , and therefore the small intestine and it ' s associated glands develop primarily from endoderm . Splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the digestive tube and gives rise to muscles of the tunica muscularis ( for peristalsis ) , blood vessels in the submucosa and connective tissue of the serosa . The intestines begin as a straight tube , suspended by the dorsal mesentry . The midgut and mesentry elongate to form a loop . The descending limb of the loop will form the duodenum jejunum and ileum . The ascending limb will form the terminal portion of the ileum caecum and first half of the colon . The midgut loop rotates about the cranial mesenteric artery in a clockwise direction ( when viewed dorsoventrally ) . It undergoes a 270 ° rotation so that the and ascending colon ends up on the right , and the small intestine ends up on the left . Structure The small intestine is attached along it ' s whole length to the dorsal abdominal wall by mesentery . The mesentery is relatively long for its most part , giving the small intestine a great deal of mobility . The basic structure of the intestinal wall is conserved throughout the whole length of the alimentary tract , but there is greatest diversity in the epithelial layer . Within the tunica muscularis are muscles present for peristalis and mixing of food . There are two muscle layers ; an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer . Between the two muscle layers is the myenteric plexus . Between the inner circular layer of muscle in the tunica muscularis and the submucosa is the submucosal plexus . ( see regulation and control ) . Function To mix content and transport chyme Orientation of muscle in the tunica muscularis - © RVC 2008 Contraction of the two muscle layers facilitates mixing and transportation . There are two types of muscle contraction : Segmental Rhythmic contraction of circular muscle , creates ring like contractions . It divides content into many segments and moves segments backwards and forth causing mixing with digestive juices . This type of contraction predominates during digestion . Peristaltic Antagonistic contraction of longitudinal and circular muscle . Transports chyme through the small intestine but contractions can be weak to allow time for absorption . When a peristaltic ‘ ’ wave ’ ’ of contraction reaches the end of the , another starts in the duodenum . This is known as a migrating myoelectric complex To secrete enzymes for the digestion of chyme and absorb the products of digestion Dissacharidase - © RVC 2008 In digestion , large , complex molecules are broken down into their constituents . They are then absorbed and used by the body for energy or used as building blocks for new complex molecules . The three main molecules that undergo digestion are carbohydrates triacyglycerols and proteins Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption The main soluble carbohdrates found in food are starch , found mainly in plants , and glycogen , found mainly in animal meat . There are two types of starch , amylose which has α1 - 4 glycosidic links and , amylopectin which has α1 - 4 glycosidic links and α1 - 6 glycosidic links making it branched ( branches every glucose 25 residues ) . Glycogen is synthesised in the liver muscle and is similar to amylopectin as it has both α1 - 4 glycosidic links and α1 - 6 glycosidic links . However , it is more highly branched with shorter branches ( branches every 12 - 18 glucose residues ) . The first stage of carbohydrate digestion begins with α - amylase , which is an endoglycosidase . ( This means it breaks bonds in the middle of the polymer to produce di - , tri - and oligo - saccharides ) . α - Amylase is present in saliva . Salivary α - amylase is inactivated when it enters the due to it ' s acidic pH . Carbohydrate digestion continues in the lumen of the small intestine as pancreatic α - amylase enters the in the pancreatic duct . This is the site of the majority of carbohydrate digestion . The second stage is the digestion of di - , tri - , and oligo - saccharides to monosaccharides . This is done by di - , tri - , and oligo - saccharidases which have a glycocalyx to trap their substrate . They are bound to enterocytes . The main dissacharides that are broken down are ; Maltose into two glucose molecules , sucrose into a glucose and fructose molecule and lactose into a glucose and galactose molecule . These monomers can then be absorbed . Absorption of glucose and galactose is coupled to sodium absorption and occurs through a symport called SGLT - 1 . Sodium potassium pumps in the enterocyte plasma membrane pump sodium out of the cell so that there is a higher concentration in the intestinal lumen than in the enterocyte . There is a net negative charge on the cell . Sodium diffuses down it ' s concentration and electrochemical gradient back into the enterocyte through the symport . This releases some energy . The energy release is used to transport glucose and galactose up their concentration gradients into the enterocyte Triacylglycerol Digestion and Absorption Triacylglycerols ( TAGs ) are digested by lipases . TAG digestion begins in the oral cavity , where lingual lipase is secreted in the saliva . It removes a fatty acid from the 3 position on the glycerol molecule producing 1 , 2 - diacylglycerol ( 1 , 2 DAG ) and a free fatty acid . TAG digestion continues in the small intestine , with pancreatic lipase and bile from the liver . Pancreatic lipase is water soluble and the TAG and 1 , 2 - DAG are lipid soluble . Bile creates an interface for the enzyme to digest the lipid molecules . Bile also emulsifies fats ; it reduces the size of lipid droplets increasing the surface area available for digestion . Pancreatic lipase removes any further fatty acids from the 3 position and then from the 1 position to produce 2 - monoacylglycerol ( 2 - MAG ) and a fatty acid . Pancreatic lipase is unable to remove the fatty acid from the 2 position , so an isomerase transfers the fatty acid from the 2 postion to the 1 postion to produce 1 - monoacylglycerol ( 1 - MAG ) . Pancreatic lipase can then remove the fatty acid from the 1 position to produce a fatty acid and glycerol . NB : Pancreatic lipase works quickly , whilst isomerase works slowly . Thus , 2 - MAG often accumulates and is absorbed ( 70 % of digested TAG are absorbed as 2 - MAG ) . A small proportion is absorbed as 1 - MAG ( 6 % ) . The products of TAG digestion diffuse passively into the enterocyte as they are lipid soluble . They are then recombined to produce TAG . Fatty acids are converted to fatty acyl CoA by the addition of CoA . Fatty acyl CoAs are then added successively to 2 - MAG to produce a TAG . In the golgi apparatus , TAG are then packaged with proteins , phospholipid and cholesterol into lipoproteins called chylomicrons . Chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries but instead enter the lymph to eventually join the blood via the thoracic duct . This enables the lipid soluble TAG to be transported in the blood . Protein Digestion and Absorption Protein digestion begins in the where pepsin is secreted as a zymogen , pepsinogen . Pepsin is an endopeptidase and produces smaller polypeptides . Pepsin prefers to break peptide bonds of larger polypeptides , where there is a large hydrophobic amino acid on the N - terminal side . Protein digestion continues in the small intestine . There are three endopeptidases in the small intestine ; trypsin ; chymotrypsin ; and elastase . They are all secreted as zymogens ; inactive precursors . Trypsin is secreted as trypsinogen , chymotrypsin is secreted as chymotrypsinogen and elastase is secreted as proelastase . Trypsinogen is initially activated by enterokinase ( activation involves the cleavage of 6 amino acids ) . Trypsinogen can then activate itself , and also chymotrypsin and elastase . The short polypeptides produced from their digestion are further digested by exopeptidases which remove amino acids from the end of the polypeptide chain . There are two types of exopeptidase in the small intestine : carboxypeptidases ' that split amino acids off the polypeptide from the C - terminus . Produced by the pancreas as zymogens that also become activated by trypsin . Aminopeptidases that split amino acids off the polypepetide from the N - terminus are produced by the small intestine ( not as zymogens ) . The final products of protein digestion are amino acids and some di - , tri - and oligo - peptides . Amino acids are absorbed by four carrier proteins ; each transports a different type of amino acid . 1 . Neutral amino acids e.g. alanine , valine , leucine . 2 . Dibasic amino acids e.g. lysine , arginine . 3 . Acidic amino acids e.g. glutamine , aspartic acid . 4 . Small amino acids inc . proline , hydroxyproline and glycine . Amino acids within the same group compete with each other for the transport molecule . Amino acids are transported with sodium through a symport ( like glucose ) , where amino acids travel up their concentration gradient and sodium travels down its concentration gradient . Di - , tri - and oligo - peptides are absorbed by the γ glutamyl transfer cycle . γ Glutamyl transferase spans the enterocyte membrane and combines glutathione from the inside of the cell with a di - , tri - or oligo - peptide from the intestinal lumen forming a γ - glu - Regulation & Control The functions of the small ( and large ) intestine are regulated by three mechanisms : Endocrine hormones , paracrine hormones and neural transmitters . Unlike the , control is mainly local , with superimposed co - ordination through the extrinsic ANS . All signals affect the small intestine via sensory neurones . Neurones interact with two plexuses in the intestinal wall . Neurones in the myenteric plexus produce changes in muscle contractility . Neurones in the submucosal plexus produce changes in secretion blood flow to the small intestine . Plexuses are connected via interneurones . Excitatory neurotransmitters of the parasympathetic nervous system include : substance P , acetylcholine ( via muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors ) and serotonin ( 5 - HT ) . Inhibitory ( sympathomimetic ) neurotransmitters include : vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) , ATP and enkephalins . The autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) control is superimposed over local control . The small intestine recieves sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation , which act via the same two plexuses . Parasympathetic innervation stimulates motility and secretion , Sympathetic innervation antagonises the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibits motility and secretion . Sympathetic neurones have coeliac , cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia at the corresponding branches of the aorta . As the sympathetic fibres leave the ganglia , they surround the respective artery . Generation of action potentials is intrinsic to the smooth muscle in the intestine . Interstitial cells of Cajal act as muscle pacemakers and generate a basic electrical rhythm ( BER ) . The BER is able to pass between cells due to the presence of gap junctions . The muscle therefore acts as a syncytium . Some BER are sufficient to generate an action potential . Food in the intestine stimulates peristalsis to occur , and increases the likelihood of an action potential occuring . Enteroendcrine cells in the crypts of the small intestine produce substances that profoundly influence GIT motility . Hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine include ; secretin ; gastric inhibitory peptide ; and gastrin . Lymphatics Mesenteric lymph nodes ( arrows ) of rat - © Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory The products of fat digestion are transported in the lymph via the lymphatic vessels , and when fat has been absorbed , it turns the lymph a milky colour . Lymph travels to the mesenteric lymph nodes and then through the efferent vessels that converge to form the cranial mesenteric trunk . The cranial mesenteric trunk drains into the chyle cistern . This is a dilation of the thoracic duct at its origin . It lies dorsally to the aorta and extends from the diaphragmatic crura to the renal arteries . Flow of lymph is facilitated by movement of the diaphragm in ventilation of the lungs and by pulsation of the aorta . Species Differences In the dog , mesenteric lymph nodes are found mainly around the root of the mesentry . In the pig , they form a long raised band in the middle of the mesentry . They are routinely examined after slaughter as enlargement indicates enteric disease or tuberculosis . Carnivore Relatively short intestine ; in dogs it is approximately three times the body length . Equine 25m in the carcass ( in life the figure is much less ) . Ovine Up to 25 times body length . Bovine Up to 50m . Histology Electron Micrograph Duodenum - © RVC 2008 Caudal Duodenum ( cat ) - © RVC 2008 The mucosa is arranged into villi that provide a large surface area for absorption . Epithelium is simple columnar - ideal for absorption . Epithelial cells are known as enterocytes A single layer of enterocytes overlies the lamina propria . Enterocytes originate from progenitor cells that migrate from mucosal crypts . They differentiate as they migrate up the villus . Enterocytes are absorptive and posses microvilli . Membrane bound enzymes and transport proteins are also within the epithelium . Each villus houses a generous blood supply of capillaries that transport amino acids , monosaccharides and other digestive products and lacteals that transport triacylglycerides . Lacteals drain into the lymphatic system . Two types of secretion are produced in the small intestine ; together they are called the succus entericus . The first type of secretion is from the crypts , the second is from the Brunner ' s glands . Crypts are present at the base of each villus in the mucosa . Cell types in mucosal crypts ( from luminal to basal ) : goblet at the tip of the crypt . Produce mucous by exocytosis . entero - endocrine in the middle of the crypt . Produce many important substances for the regulation of GIT motility . See Regulation & Control . paneth at the base of the crypt . Function unknown . Contain eosinophilic granules . Lamina muscularis is smooth muscle . Brunner ' s glands are present in the submucosa of the Secrete a protective mucous . Produce an alkaline secretion which neutralises stomach acid . Open into the crypts in the mucosa above . Contraction of smooth muscle shortens the villus . This helps to pump out absorbed products of digestion . Relaxation of smooth muscle lengthens the villus which increases surface area , facilitating absorption . Submucosa is loose connective tissue and it contains blood vessels and nerve fibres . Tunica muscularis is smooth muscle . It consists of two muscle layers ( see regulation & control ) . An inner circular layer An outer longitudinal layer Serosa is loose connective tissue . Links Test yourself with the Small Intestine Flashcards Click here for information on Peyer ' s Patches Click here for information on Pathology of the Small and Large Intestines The Horse ' s Small Intestine Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology Learning Resources Vetstream To reach the Vetstream content , please select Canis Felis Lapis or Equis Videos Selection of relevant videos Ruminant small and large intestine potcast Ruminant abdomen potcast Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast Female dog abdomen dissection Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection Equine left - sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection Equine left - sided abdominal and thoracic topography dissection 2 Ovine large and small intestine dissection Porcine abdomen dissection Tweet WikiVet ® Introduction Help WikiVet Report a Problem Categories OpenPages Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology To Do - AimeeHicks | [
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http://en.wikivet.net/Snake_Digestive_System | Snake Digestive System navigation search Snake Digestive System Created by the veterinary profession for you find out more about WikiVet Did you know you can edit or help WikiVet ® in other ways ? NEW CONTENT ! The digestive system consists of the oral cavity , oesophagus , stomach , small intestine , caecum ( some species ) , colon and cloaca . Contents hide 1 Oral cavity 2 Oesophagus , stomach and intestines 3 Liver , pancreas and gall bladder 4 Cloaca Oral cavity Sheathed tongue of a bullsnake - ( Copyright © RVC ) The mouth of a snake can open widely by the independent movement of the jaws to accommodate relatively large prey . The mucous salivary glands moisten the mouth , lubricate prey , aid digestion and excrete salt . Venom glands that produce toxins to kill prey are modified salivary glands . The sheathed tongue lies in a diverticulum on the floor of the mouth ventral to the glottis . It functions for vomeronasal chemoreception and plays no role in swallowing , during which is is retracted into the sheath . Snakes that lose their tongues may not feed . The surface epithelial layer or the snake ' s tongue is periodically shed intact and is often seen in the water bowl . The oral mucosa of snakes is paler than that of mammals since the PCV may be about half to two thirds that of mammals . Oesophagus , stomach and intestines The oesophagus is distensible to accommodate relatively large prey ( for a list of diets , see snake diet ) . The cranial oesophagus is thinly muscled . At the level of the heart , the oesophagus passes through the vascular ring formed by the left and right aortae . It possesses longitudinal folds and is covered with a columnar ciliated epithelium . The oesophagus terminates as the cardiac sphincter . The thick - walled , spindle - shaped stomach is muscular and distensible . The small intestine is relatively uncoiled but has several short transverse loops tightly enveloped by dorsal mesentery . It empties into the colon that may store faeces . The large intestine is relatively wide and is separated from the cloaca by a distinct fold . A small caecum projects from the proximal colon in Boidae . For more information on snake digestion , see snake digestion Learn about snake excretion here Liver , pancreas and gall bladder Liver and fat body of a Burmese python - ( Copyright © RVC ) The liver is elongated and is divided into several separate lobes . A characteristic of snakes is that there is a relatively long distance between the caudal tip of the liver and the gall bladder . Snakes have a well - developed gall bladder adjacent to the duodenum and caudal to the liver . Multiple bile ducts pass from the gall bladder , through the pancreas , into the duodenum . In most species , the gall bladder , pancreas and spleen are closely associated . In some snakes the pancreas may be fused with the spleen forming the splenopancreas Cloaca The cloaca is divided into three parts ( cranial to caudal ) : coprodeum , urodeum and proctodeum . The coprodeum collects faeces from the colon . The urodeum , which is the midsection of the cloaca , collects urinary waste and products of reproduction . The urogenital papilla is situated dorsally behind a small fold . The proctodeum is the reservoir for faecal and urinary waste before excretion and contains the openings of the cloacal scent glands . This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review . If you would like to help with this , please see more information about expert reviewing . Tweet WikiVet ® Introduction Help WikiVet Report a Problem Categories OpenPages Snake Anatomy | [
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http://en.writecheck.com/home1/ | Improve Your Writing Highlighted Matches Check the papers highlights to ensure youve cited properly Grammar Check Check your paper for spelling grammar usage and more Similarity Score See how much of your paper matches content in our database Plagiarism Checker By Turnitin Instant analysis of similar content citations and sources Easy to understand results Same technology as Turnitin used by 30 million students Grammar Checking Using ETS technology Receive instant feedback on grammar spelling and word usage Integrated writers handbooks Same technology as GRE TOEFL tests used by millions of students Professional Tutoring By Pearson Tutor Services Proven results to increase student success and confidence in writing Individualized critique of your writing Feedback typically within 12 hours Pricing Save money avoid longterm subscriptions Pay only what you need for the semester Get Started Plagiarism Checker Grammar Check 1 Paper 1 Paper 795 5 Papers 3 Papers 1995 20 Papers 5 Papers 2995 Tutoring 1 Paper Standard Critique 1 Paper Standard Critique 2995 1 Paper Extended Critique 1 Paper Extended Critique 4995 Nearly 1 Million Registered Students Many free plagiarism checker services steal and resell papers to other students WriteCheck does not store share or resell students papersever Read Reviews Privacy Policy WriteCheck is an extremely useful service I will undoubtedly continue checking my papers through it rather than a free plagiarism checker due to the vital grammar checking features and great explanations Gregory Milnes School Writing Center Struggling to write your essay or research paper Not sure how to avoid plagiarism If youve got a writing question our resource center will point you in the right direction Get Tips Plagiarism Quiz Are you in danger of plagiarizing See if you understand plagiarism as well as you think and find out where you rank in this free 10question online quiz ETS the ETS logo and erater are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service ETS used under license | [
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http://enchroma.com/ | Previous COLOR IS HERE A new frontier in color blind technology . SHOP NOW Next 1 2 3 4 5 " To be color deficient or color blind is a common condition . . . [ EnChroma ] has been changing lives . ” " They ' re seeing real color for the very first time . . . .the magic is in the [ EnChroma ] lenses . " “ I put on the glasses . Unbelievable ! It was suddenly a complete rainbow . . .These glasses really do work . " “ EnChroma is creating lenses that allow some to see colors for the first time . " " To be color deficient or color blind is a common condition . . . [ EnChroma ] has been changing lives . ” " They ' re seeing real color for the very first time . . . .the magic is in the [ EnChroma ] lenses . " “ I put on the glasses . Unbelievable ! It was suddenly a complete rainbow . . .These glasses really do work . " “ EnChroma is creating lenses that allow some to see colors for the first time . " Why Choose EnChroma Eyewear for Color Blindness ? Life Changing Color & Clarity Discover what it means to live life from a more colorful perspective . Cutting - Edge Color Vision Technology No other product delivers our spectral lens technology to impart a broader range of clear , vibrant color . Premium Lens Performance All our glasses are made with Trivex ® lens material for optimal clarity , lightness , and strength - - plus 100 % UV protection . Modern Styles We offer an array of trend - setting , sporty , and classic styles to fit any look . Risk Free Try our color blind glasses and if you do n ’ t experience the color you ’ d hoped , return them within 60 days for free . Get Started FEATURED STYLES Ellis Atlas Derby SHOP NOW LIVING IN COLOR Watch professional golfer , Paul Casey , give a young golf fan a more colorful view of the PGA Tour Tournament . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Share on Facebook Share on Twitter See more video features Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . SHOP COLLECTIONS WHERE CAN I TRY ENCHROMA GLASSES ? Find an EnChroma Authorized Retailer location near you . Or Shop our Collections online here ARE YOU COLOR BLIND ? Take the leading online color blind test . START NOW SEE THE DIFFERENCE MAKE A DIFFERENCE With every pair of glasses you purchase , EnChroma will help give sight to a person in need . LEARN MORE ENCHROMA STORIES Share yours @ enchroma and # enchroma for a chance to be featured here ! Prev Next NOTICE : EnChroma glasses are an optical assistive device for enhancement of color discrimination in persons with color blindness ; they are not a cure for color blindness . Results vary depending on the type and extent of color vision deficiency per individual . Read More | [
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http://encoreeventsrentals.com/crispy-magic-buttercream-frosting/ | Crispy Magic Buttercream Frosting Sometimes you just need a cupcake … A yummy , really good , moist & flavorful cupcake topped with an obnoxious amount of delicious frosting . Recently I had one of those days when just such a cupcake was needed . I had a lone red velvet cake mix ( Duncan Hines only please ! ) in my pantry and a bored toddler refusing to nap . So we fired up Mama ’ s kitchen aid mixer and made our cupcakes . Disclaimer : I am always a fan of “ from scratch ” goodies over store bought or boxed mixes , however , by adding an extra egg , sour cream , milk & oil , you can actually make a store - bought cake mix taste pretty darn good . So grab a cake mix or use a favorite red velvet recipe , bake your cupcakes and allow to cool . Now for the good part : the frosting ! There is never ever a time to use frosting in a can ! ! ! I repeat : NEVER ! Yes , store bought frosting is full of awful , hard - to - pronounce ingredients and most likely the now - taboo and dreaded trans fat s However , the taste is what is most unforgivable . Gross . It makes me mad just thinking about it . When homemade frosting is so much tastier and so quick and easy to whip up , why buy that gross can at the store ? Vanilla buttercream is my all time favorite frosting . And my go - to , easy - peasy recipe is much like this one using softened butter , powdered sugar , vanilla & a lil ’ milk . Mix it all in one bowl with no complicated instructions . Delicious ! Please promise me you ’ ll use this next time instead of buying the dreaded can ? ! ! But I do love new recipes . T his pin recently caught my eye and the frosting lover & connoisseur in me had to try it ! Crispy Magic Buttercream ? ! ! Really ! ? I decided to pass on my favorite recipe this time and try this crispy magic for myself ! Further research discovered the recipe originated from Flour , a cookbook from the famous bakery in Boston of the same name . I actually was n ’ t wow ’ ed by the original recipe . So I tweaked it some and finally ended up with some crispy magic ! If you love frosting with a slightly crunchy texture or prefer yours topped with sugar crystals or sprinkles … then you will love this recipe . The granulated sugar gives a nice little crunch to this frosting but is n ’ t overpowering or gritty . Crispy Magic Buttercream ( Toni ’ s version ) Ingredients : 1 and 1 / 2 cups granulated sugar 2 large egg whites 1 1 / 4 cups ( 2 & 1 / 2 sticks ) salted butter , room temperature and cut into 2 inch chunks 2 cups powdered sugar 2 TBS milk 2 TBS vanilla Directions : In a small , heatproof bowl , whisk together the granulated sugar and egg whites . Place the bowl over simmering water in a saucepan and heat , whisking occasionally , for 5 to 10 minutes , or until the mixture registers 160 degrees . It will thin out and turn white as the sugar melts . Transfer the cooked liquid to the bowl of a standing mixer fitted with a whisk attachment . Beat on medium - high speed for 6 - 8 minutes , reduce the speed to medium , add the butter a few pieces at a time , and continue to beat for another 5 minutes . Reduce the speed to low and add the confectioner ’ s sugar , milk , and vanilla . Increase the speed to medium and beat until the frosting is completely smooth and holds its shape . Pipe or spread onto your cupcakes and enjoy ! | [
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http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/naval_warfare | Version 1.0 | Last updated 08 October 2014 Naval Warfare By Eric W . Osborne PDF EPUB KINDLE Print All of the great belligerent states of World War I were naval powers and engaged in operations around the globe . While the course of the war did not unfold as predicted by naval officials , it did produce a grave threat to the Allies through Germany ’ s use of the submarine in a commerce war . It also contributed to the defeat of the Central Powers and especially Germany through Britain ’ s economic blockade . This article seeks to illustrate the magnitude of global operations and highlight the importance of naval power to the fortunes of both Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The Surface War in the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean , 1914 - 1918 2.1 The Naval Strategies of Great Britain and Germany 2.2 Surface Warfare , 1914 - 1918 2.3 The Battle of Heligoland Bight ( 28 August 1914 ) 2.4 From Heligoland Bight to the Battle of Dogger Bank ( 24 January 1915 ) 2.5 From Dogger Bank to the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May - 1 June 1916 ) 2.6 From Jutland to the End of the War 2.7 The Mediterranean and Black Sea Theaters , 1914 - 1918 2.8 The Surface War in the Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , and Baltic Sea 3 The Submarine War : 1914 - 1918 3.1 Great Britain ’ s Economic Blockade of Germany , August 1914 - June 1919 4 Conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction ↑ The naval war of World War I was a conflict unlike any previous one with the exception of the brief Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) . Throughout most of the Age of Sail from the 17 th century to the mid - 19 th century , technology , tactics , and life at sea had changed little . The close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , however , to 1914 was a period of technological change that transformed warship design and consequently most aspects of naval war . By 1914 these technological innovations produced far more powerful and capable warships than those of the Age of Sail . The core of the battle fleet was the all - big - gun dreadnought battleship , first introduced in 1906 with the launch of HMS Dreadnought by the British . Some fleets also incorporated battle cruisers , being vessels possessing battleship - sized armament mounted on a hull that sacrificed armor protection for the sake of greater speed . Among other classes of ship were smaller cruisers to perform not only reconnaissance , but also protect and raid commerce . The advent of the torpedo produced first torpedo boats and then larger torpedo boat destroyers . Finally , the new technology yielded submarines armed with self - propelled torpedoes . The major powers mostly viewed these vessels as suited primarily for reconnaissance . Upon the outbreak of the war , most of the naval force of the belligerents rested in the fleets of Great Britain and Germany . The two nations had been locked in a naval race since 1898 when Germany embarked on the construction of a blue water navy that Britain viewed as a threat to its far - flung imperial interests around the globe . By 1914 , the British Royal Navy was the largest in the world . It comprised twenty - two dreadnought battleships ( an additional thirteen were under construction ) , nine battle cruisers ( an additional one was under construction ) , forty older pre - dreadnoughts , 121 cruisers of varying types , 221 destroyers , and seventy - three submarines . The German High Seas Fleet was numerically inferior to The other belligerent powers had lesser naval forces that they utilized in the conflict . In terms of the other Allied powers , France possessed four dreadnoughts , six semi - dreadnoughts , fourteen pre - dreadnoughts , twenty - eight cruisers , eighty - one destroyers , and seventy - five submarines . Russia ’ s fleet , being split between the Baltic and Black Seas , comprised ten pre - dreadnoughts , ten cruisers , twenty - five destroyers , and twenty - two submarines . Italy ’ s force in 1914 ( although they did not declare war as an Allied power until 1915 ) , centered on three dreadnoughts , eight pre - dreadnoughts , twenty - one cruisers , thirty - three destroyers , and twenty - two submarines . The other Allied powers were non - European , being Japan and the United States . The Japanese force in August 1914 counted two dreadnoughts , one battle cruiser , ten pre - dreadnoughts , thirty - three cruisers , fifty destroyers , and twelve submarines . The United States , while not a belligerent power until 1917 , possessed a sizable force at the outbreak of the war . It comprised ten dreadnoughts , twenty - three pre - dreadnoughts , thirty - four cruisers , fifty destroyers , and eighteen submarines . The naval forces of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , being the other Central Powers with naval forces , were substantially weaker than those of the Allied powers . In 1914 Austria - Hungary operated three dreadnoughts , three semi - dreadnoughts , six pre - dreadnoughts , seven cruisers , eighteen destroyers , and five submarines . The naval force the Ottoman Empire consisted of two pre - dreadnoughts , two cruisers , and eight destroyers . In sum , the naval forces of the Allies were far greater than those of the Central Powers . Even so , World War I proved a contest where naval force exercised by both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers had a great impact on the course of the war . The Surface War in the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean , 1914 - 1918 ↑ The Naval Strategies of Great Britain and Germany Most of the naval operations in World War I unfolded in the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean between Great Britain and Germany . The contest between these two powers proved not to be the one envisioned by the naval planners of either side at the outbreak of the conflict . The strategies of both sides rested in part on the idea that a decisive fleet encounter between the powers would decide the war at sea . That view was a product of the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1840 - 1914 ) . In his Influence of Sea Power on History , Mahan emphasized the need for the construction of battle fleets based on battleships to destroy an enemy force . The strategies produced by the two powers to achieve this end , however , worked against such an occurrence . The British started planning for a possible war with Germany as early as 1901 when they began to examine the threat to their commerce posed by German surface raiders . Subsequent examinations of the possible German threat produced a strategy in 1908 , that called first and foremost for the destruction of the German battle fleet . The core element of this plan was the implementation of a naval blockade of Germany to both cut off its overseas commerce and deny supply through neutral European powers by seizing contraband of war that could be re - shipped to Germany on neutral vessels . Specifically , the 1908 plan called for a close blockade of Germany . This practice entailed the deployment of naval units close to the entrances of Germany ’ s ports to control all commercial traffic . British naval officials hoped that a close blockade would force the Germans to sortie their fleet in an attempt to break the blockade and thus stave off economic ruin . They assumed that their fleet ’ s numerical superiority would result in victory through a The British altered this plan in the years after 1908 in lieu of the technological advances that produced the self - propelled torpedo and more efficient mines . These weapons held the potential of doing grave damage to a close blockade and thus undermining it without the German High Seas Fleet having to engage in a decisive battle . As a result , by 1914 the strategic plan called for a distant blockade where a force of cruisers would patrol the entrance to the North Sea between the Orkney Islands and the coast of Norway . In concert with this effort the Grand Fleet , the main portion of the Royal Navy was tasked with conducting sweeps into the northern North Sea in the hope of meeting any German force that might sortie to break the blockade . Decisive action versus the Germans remained the centerpiece of British pre - war deliberations on strategy . The revised British plan greatly decreased the chance of a decisive fleet action given the strategy of Germany . German planning , beginning in 1896 , was predicated on the numerical inferiority of the German Navy versus that of the British and sought the same goal of decisive battle . By 1905 German strategy rested on a defense of their major ports against a close blockade through placing the battle fleet in the region of Heligoland Bight and in the principle naval bases of the North Sea . On the outbreak of war , the German Navy would engage British blockading forces largely with torpedo boats and submarines , whittling down their numerical superiority , before engaging the denuded British Royal German naval officials overlooked that in the event Britain instituted a distant blockade they might not send major units of their fleet into the North Sea at all . Such a scenario would condemn the German battle fleet to inaction while Britain retained command of the North Sea . This situation proved to be exactly how the war in the North Sea unfolded , as German forces waited for a massed attack that did not come . The result was very limited surface action that did not produce the decisive contest between battle fleets hoped for by either side . Surface Warfare , 1914 - 1918 The outbreak of war found the British Grand Fleet in command of the sea . The fleet was under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe ( 1859 - 1935 ) and based primarily at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands . Additional naval squadrons were in the southern British Isles . Among these was the Channel Fleet of pre - dreadnought and cruisers charged with the defense of the English Channel and for protecting transport to and from the European continent . There was also the Harwich Force comprised of light cruisers and destroyers situated at the naval base of Harwich on Britain ’ s southeastern coast . Also based at Harwich were two submarine flotillas and a further small force of old cruisers . Assorted lighter forces patrolled the Opposing these forces was the German High Seas Fleet under the command of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl ( 1857 - 1933 ) . The main naval bases of the High Seas Fleet were Kiel in the Baltic , and Wilhelmshaven and Cuxhaven in the North Sea . Defenses stationed at the outpost of Heligoland Island protected the latter two ports and guarded the Kiel Canal that led to the former . Other forces lay around the entrances of the Jade , Elbe , and Weser rivers . Many of these guarded Heligoland Bight since Heligoland Island served as an advanced outpost for warning the fleet of any major British sortie into the area . The first action of the surface war involved light forces of both sides . On 5 August 1914 , British destroyers of the Harwich Force engaged and sank the Königin Luise , a passenger ship converted to lay mines , as it tried to mine the approaches to Harwich . Aside from this small engagement there was no surface action as the British between 7 August and 22 August transported the British Expeditionary Force to France as the German Army launched offensive operations against France . The High Seas Fleet did not interfere with this operation primarily since it contradicted German strategy to wear down the British Navy by attrition before launching a decisive battle against it . The result was that the opening of the war was largely a waiting game between the two sides . The Germans launched reconnaissance operations comprised of light forces in August to ascertain the whereabouts of the British Grand Fleet while the British focused on implementing their distant blockade of Germany . The Battle of Heligoland Bight ( 28 August 1914 ) Frustration over the inaction at the opening of the war led to the first pitched engagement between the British and Germans . On 23 August 1914 , Commodore Roger Keyes ( 1872 - 1945 ) , the commander of Great Britain ’ s submarine forces , submitted a plan to the British Admiralty that called for an attack on the German naval forces that patrolled in Heligoland Bight . The plan employed surface units and submarines . The surface warships were those of the First and Second Destroyer Flotillas under Commodore Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt ( 1870 - 1951 ) . Each flotilla comprised sixteen destroyers and their flotilla leaders , being one light cruiser each . The submarines were those of Keyes ’ command . Two battle cruisers under Rear Admiral Sir Archibald Moore ( 1862 - 1934 ) were detailed to cruise in support to the north of Heligoland Island . Included with Moore ’ s force were the six light cruisers of the First Light Cruiser Squadron under the command of Commodore William E . Goodenough ( 1867 - 1945 ) and three more battle cruisers under the commander of the Grand Fleet ’ s Battle Cruiser Squadron , Vice Admiral David Beatty ( 1871 - 1936 ) The attack began shortly before 7 : 00 am on 28 August 1914 when Tyrwhitt ’ s surface flotillas engaged the German defenders under Rear Admiral Leberecht Maass ( 1863 - 1914 ) , the commander of the Second Scouting Group and senior officer of the High Seas Fleet ’ s torpedo boats that patrolled near Heligoland Island . Maass ’ force comprised nine destroyers on an outer patrol line in the bight , an equal number of minesweepers that lay closer to Heligoland Island , four light cruisers , and two torpedo boat flotillas . The Germans also operated an additional seven cruisers in support , but they were in port at the opening of the engagement . The heavy fog that lay in the area produced an extremely confusing engagement that hampered the effectiveness of the British attack . The situation deteriorated for the British around 11 : 00 am as additional German cruisers arrived on the scene . The arrival of Goodenough ’ s cruisers helped to offset this threat while Tyrwhitt called for further reinforcement from Beatty ’ s battle cruisers . These latter warships did a great deal of damage to German forces . By 1 : 30 pm , the British called off the operation as they became aware of heavier German units The arrival of British reinforcements proved decisive and produced a British victory . Two British destroyers and a light cruiser were badly damaged while one German destroyer and three light cruisers were sunk . The tactical triumph was , however , negligible . Defects in British shells that led to failures to detonate on impact lessened German losses . The battle also could have proven a disaster for the British as the Admiralty failed to notify either Tyrwhitt or Keyes of the presence of Beatty ’ s battle cruisers , which might have been sunk by British ships mistaking them Wilhelm II , German Emperor ( 1859 - 1941 ) , being fearful of additional losses in the future , ordered that the commander - in - chief of the German High Seas Fleet must ask for his consent before committing to a full - scale battle . This order greatly limited offensive operations of the German High Seas Fleet . From Heligoland Bight to the Battle of Dogger Bank ( 24 January 1915 ) By the end of 1914 , the strategy of the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea rested on hit - and - run raids against the British coastal towns of Scarborough , Hartlepool , and Whitby in the hope of drawing out and destroying a small portion of the Grand Fleet . The British could not intercept the German raids because the Grand Fleet was anchored too far north . That situation changed after December 1914 when the British deciphered captured German naval code books . These allowed them to learn of all German fleet movements in advance . In January 1915 Admiral von Ingenohl instructed Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper ( 1863 - 1932 ) , the commander of the Scouting Forces of the High Seas Fleet , to patrol the Dogger Bank with a force of three battle cruisers ( Seydlitz Derfflinger , and Moltke ) , the armored cruiser Blücher , four light cruisers , and eighteen destroyers . The British Admiralty , aware of Hipper ' s orders , dispatched Vice Admiral Beatty with five battle cruisers ( Lion Princess Royal Tiger New Zealand and Indomitable ) , seven light cruisers , and thirty - five destroyers to intercept the German force . Beatty sighted Hipper at 7 : 15 am and pursued the German force , which retreated as Hipper realized that he was outgunned . The German squadron , however , could not escape the British owing to the Blücher as it was slower than the German battle cruisers . As a result , Beatty closed the range and opened fire . In the ensuing engagement both Blücher and Seydlitz ( Hipper ’ s flagship ) were heavily damaged , but the British performance suffered from Beatty ’ s communications being misunderstood by his commanders . This resulted in unequal fire distribution for the British . Meanwhile , Hipper ’ s order to concentrate fire on Beatty ’ s flagship , the Lion , led to damage that slowed the ship and effectively removed it from the battle . Beatty ’ s attempt to order a pursuit of the enemy ’ s rear were again misunderstood and led the British force to concentrate solely on the badly damaged , which sank . The rest of the German force escaped . In exchange for the loss of , Beatty suffered significant damage only to The Battle of Dogger Bank , like the Battle of Heligoland Bight had little strategic impact on the course of the war . It did , however , reveal the superior gunnery of the Germans and led the British to develop improved gunnery techniques . It also showcased the threat posed by cordite fires , being the propellant for firing shells , that could detonate a warship ' s magazines and destroy the ship as nearly happened to Seydlitz . The Germans subsequently promoted better safety in the handling of these charges . Finally , the battle led to the removal of Admiral von Ingenohl as commander - in - chief of the High Seas Fleet . He was replaced by the more cautious Admiral Hugo von Pohl ( 1855 - 1916 ) , who further restricted the movements of the High Seas Fleet . From Dogger Bank to the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May - 1 June 1916 ) The lack of a decisive fleet action and the increasing threat posed by the British blockade led the Germans to conduct a counter - blockade against British commerce through the use of submarines in an attempt to force Great Britain from the war . As a result , there was little surface action until after January 1916 , when Commander - in - Chief of the High Seas Fleet Pohl died and was replaced by the more aggressive Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer ( 1863 - 1928 ) . In April 1916 Scheer resumed the hit - and - run raids on the British coast with the bombardment of Lowestoft and Yarmouth . On 31 May the High Seas Fleet sortied in hope of luring a portion of the Grand Fleet to a point west of the Jutland Peninsula of Denmark British intelligence was aware of the operation through knowledge of the deciphered German naval codes . The Admiralty consequently sortied the Grand Fleet , which led to the Battle of Jutland , being the only engagement of the main fleets of the British and Germans in World War I . The British Grand Fleet under the command of Admiral Jellicoe was , as it had been throughout the war , numerically superior to that of the Germans . It consisted of 151 ships that included twenty - eight battleships , nine battle cruisers , thirty - four cruisers , and eighty destroyers . Admiral Scheer ' s High Seas Fleet numbered 101 ships that included sixteen battleships , six pre - dreadnoughts , five battle cruisers , eleven cruisers , and sixty - three destroyers . In keeping with his plan to lure out a portion of Britain ' s navy , Scheer had separated his battle cruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Hipper from the main force . Hipper was to act as the lure to bring British forces in range of Scheer ' s battleships that could subsequently annihilate the weaker force . As Hipper steamed north ahead of Scheer , the Grand Fleet moved south with an advance force that included Vice Admiral Beatty ' s battle cruisers and fast battleships under the command of Rear Admiral Hugh Evan - Thomas ( 1862 - 1928 ) . As the British were aware of the German plan , Jellicoe hoped to use this force in much the same way as Scheer had in mind for Hipper . At about 2 : 30 pm some 100 miles off Jutland the two opposing scouting forces sighted one another . Hipper ’ s force subsequently turned south with Beatty ’ s ships in pursuit . Both sides opened fire at 3 : 45 pm in an opening engagement that proved a disaster for the British . Beatty was without the support of Evan - Thomas ’ battleships since his squadron missed a signal to engage the German ships and subsequently fell behind . When Evan - Thomas did enter the battle poor maneuvering largely obviated the use of his force Indefatigable and Queen Mary were sunk from magazine explosions . Beatty ’ s flagship , , almost suffered a similar fate if not for quick flooding of the amidships magazines . Beatty then reversed course upon sighting the main body of the High Seas Fleet in the hope that he could lure Hipper and Scheer towards Jellicoe ’ s force . The German pursuit led at 6 : 32 pm to the loss of another British battle cruiser , the Invincible This triumph meant little for the Germans as they confidently pursued Beatty ’ s forces . At dusk around 6 : 30 pm the High Seas Fleet sighted Jellicoe ’ s battleships steaming in line - ahead formation . The British subsequently crossed the “ T ” of the German battle line . This allowed for full broadside fire for the British while the Germans could only bring their forward guns to bear . Scheer , realizing that he was outnumbered and outgunned , executed a 180 - degree turn to try and retreat with Jellicoe in pursuit . A The Battle of Jutland proved a huge disappointment for both sides as it was not the decisive engagement that naval officials had envisioned . Even so , the Germans proclaimed the Battle of Jutland ( or the Skagarrak as they labelled it ) a victory for the High Seas Fleet . In terms of overall losses , this was indeed the case . The British lost fourteen vessels : three battle cruisers , three cruisers , and eight destroyers . They also suffered 6,094 casualties . The Germans lost eleven ships , being one battle cruiser , one pre - dreadnought , four cruisers , and five destroyers in addition to 3,058 casualties . The British Admiralty , on the other hand , was at first dismissive of the battle amidst accusations that Jellicoe was too cautious in the engagement and thus allowed the Germans to escape . Such criticism led to his removal as commander - in - chief of the Grand Fleet in December 1916 in favor of Vice Admiral Beatty . In truth , despite its failure to be a decisive battle , Jutland was indeed important . The engagement ranks as a strategic defeat for the Germans despite the losses they inflicted on the British . The High Seas Fleet had been forced to retreat while the British Grand Fleet retained command of the sea and the economic blockade of Germany . In addition , the Battle of Jutland inflicted such material damage to the High Seas Fleet that it was incapable of putting back to sea for months . From Jutland to the End of the War In the wake of Jutland , the Germans never risked the High Seas Fleet in an open battle again , although it did sortie in August and October 1916 . The surface fleet remained largely inactive in 1917 in favor of the German submarine war against the Allies . The only actions were the German Zeebrugge raids in February , March , and April where destroyers from Ostend and Zeebrugge sortied into the English Channel to try to disrupt troop and supply movements . The engagements , however , were ineffective . The entry of the United States into the Ostend and Zeebrugge raids by the British in an attempt to deny these ports to German submarines and destroyers . By this point , the German High Seas Fleet was in an increasing state of collapse . Its morale had plummeted due to its lack of use . The last sortie of the High Seas Fleet was in April 1918 when Scheer steamed up the Norwegian coast in an attempt to destroy Scandinavian convoys bound for Britain . This operation is a reflection of the German strategic shift away from the use of the fleet against surface forces of the British in favor of a war on commerce , primarily through the use of submarines . By 29 September 1918 , General Erich Ludendorff ( 1865 - 1937 ) urged his government to ask for an armistice amidst declining fortunes on land . By this time , the German navy had decisively lost the submarine campaign while the British blockade had damaged Germany ’ s war effort . In terms of the surface war , the final blow came on 28 October 1918 when the High Seas Fleet mutinied rather than put to sea for a suicidal last assault . The fleet subsequently surrendered to the Allies on 21 November 1918 , to be interned at Scapa Flow . It was scuttled there on 26 June 1919 as an act of defiance Treaty of Versailles The Mediterranean and Black Sea Theaters , 1914 - 1918 Much like the war in the North Sea and the Atlantic naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea revolved around the use of small craft and ultimately submarines rather than pitched conflict between battle fleets . The opening of the war pitted the naval forces of France and the Austro - Hungarian Empire against one another . The Austro - Hungarians did not wish to seek open battle due to the marked numerical inferiority of their fleet versus that of the French . The first operation of the war consequently was one conducted by Germany . Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon ( 1864 - 1946 ) , the commander of the German Mediterranean Division , sortied from his base in the Adriatic Sea instead of being potentially trapped there by the French . His force , consisting of one battle cruiser and a light cruiser , steamed for the Dardanelles Straits and arrived in Turkey after eluding a British squadron . These ships were subsequently transferred to the Ottomans , contributed to the Ottoman decision to join the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 , and were used to bombard Russian ports in the Black Sea . Strategically , the entry of the Ottoman Empire proved a crucial event since it not only opened another front versus the Russians , but it also closed the supply route to Russia via the Dardanelles and into the Black Sea . Allied attempts to force open the straits and drive the Ottomans from the war resulted in failure . The February - March 1915 Dardanelles Campaign , being an Allied naval operation to open the straits , was unsuccessful at the cost of three battleships . The 25 April 1915 to 9 January 1916 Gallipoli Campaign , an amphibious Gallipoli Peninsula with the same goal , also failed at the cost of three more , older battleships . The Italian entry into the war as an Allied power on 23 May 1915 changed little in terms of operations in the Mediterranean . Admiral Anton Haus ( 1851 - 1917 ) , commander of the Austrian navy , sortied in the Adriatic to bombard Italian ports , but mostly the war in the Adriatic revolved around smaller craft as Haus wished to keep his navy as a fleet in being rather than risk it against the preponderance of Allied force in the Mediterranean . There were , however , a few exceptions . The first of these occurred in the context of Bulgaria ’ s entry into the war as a Central Power in the autumn of 1915 . The evacuation of the Serbian Army following a joint Austrian , German , and Bulgarian offensive that overran Serbia led on 29 December 1915 to a raid on the Albanian port of Durazzo by the Austrian navy that cost it two destroyers . Following this , the only other surface engagement was the 15 May 1917 Battle of Otranto Straits when the Austrian Navy disrupted an Allied barrage that attempted to close the straits . Subsequent attempts by the Austrians at more aggressive action under Rear Admiral Miklós Horthy de Nagybána ( 1868 - 1957 ) , who assumed command of the navy in March 1918 , were abortive . In June 1918 Horthy cancelled a raid using battleships of the fleet upon losing the battleship Szent István to torpedo attack by small craft . Rather than surface action , the Central Powers increasingly relied on submarine attacks of Allied supply lines in the Mediterranean instead of surface operations . These proved costly for the Allies until late in the war when a convoy system supplemented by an anti - submarine force based in Malta contained the threat . Aiding in these efforts during 1918 were units of the United States Navy based in Gibraltar . The Surface War in the Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , and Baltic Sea While most of the surface naval warfare occurred in the North Sea , there was a series of engagements in other theaters . Like the principle contest in the North Sea , these had very little effect on the outcome of the war . The most celebrated of them occurred in the opening months of the war as the British sought to hunt down the units of Germany ’ s East Asian Squadron . This force , under the command of Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee ( 1861 - 1914 ) , consisted of two armored cruisers and three light cruisers . Upon the outbreak of the war , Spee elected to steam towards the western coast of South America with the goal of returning to Germany . British efforts to hunt him down led to the 1 November 1914 Battle of Coronel . The Germans defeated a weaker British force with no consequent loss . A further engagement , being the 8 December 1914 Battle of the Falklands Islands , resulted in the destruction of Spee ’ s force by British battle cruisers . The British also hunted down during 1914 and the first half of 1915 the few German light cruisers still at sea . The most notable of these was the SMS Emden , lost in November 1914 , which Spee had detached from his force in order to raid Allied commerce . The Pacific theater exited by the German East Asia Squadron was dominated by operations of the Japanese against German territorial holdings since Japan declared war against Germany on 23 August 1914 as an Allied power . In December 1914 the Japanese conducted an amphibious assault that captured the German naval base of Qingdao on the Chinese mainland . By this time the Japanese had also seized all German held islands in the Pacific that were north of the equator . Throughout the remainder of the conflict the Japanese navy was dedicated to policing Allied lines of communication in the Pacific Naval operations in the Baltic Sea were more important than those in the Pacific as the theater was extremely important to Germany . Control of the Baltic allowed for a supply of iron ore from Sweden as well as denying a supply route to Russia . The Russian Baltic fleet did little to affect the course of the war at sea . The Russians dedicated their resources to the protection of the Gulf of Finland and their own coastline to protect against any German amphibious assaults . The situation in the Baltic was one of stalemate until early 1917 when the Germans endeavored to secure the islands in the Baltic as a precursor to an assault on St . Petersburg . While the Germans succeeded in the capture of the islands , the amphibious assault on Bolsheviks seized power and declared their intention to withdraw Russia from the war . The Submarine War : 1914 - 1918 The use of submarines against Allied commerce was a key element of the war at sea , although the German use of this relatively new type of warship in this capacity was not envisioned before the conflict . In August 1914 , Germany possessed only thirty - one operational U - boats and viewed them as mostly for reconnaissance , although their power versus warships became evident on 22 September 1914 when U - 9 sank three British cruisers off the coast of the Netherlands The growing perception by German naval officials that German naval strategy was a failure in wresting command of the sea from Britain led to calls to employ submarines to attack and sink all commercial shipping , whether British or neutral , in the area of the British Isles in the hope of crushing Britain ’ s war effort and thus undermining that of France . This call led on 4 February 1915 to a German declaration of a counter - blockade of submarines to Britain ’ s distant blockade . Berlin declared that the waters around Great Britain and Ireland , including the English Channel and the western portion of the North Sea , were a war zone . Any vessel entering this zone was subject to destruction as part of an unrestricted submarine warfare campaign , meaning that ships could be sunk without warning to their passengers and crew . Diplomatic protests by neutral powers , particularly the United States , led to some restrictions on attacks versus neutral vessels . Even so , while Germany only possessed an operational force of twenty - five U - boats upon the declaration , these limited resources clearly demonstrated the potential of submarines used in commerce war . Between March and May 1915 , German submarines sank 115 merchant vessels for the loss of only five craft in an atmosphere where there were limited anti - submarine measures . Despite the restrictions placed on attacks versus neutral vessels , the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign was problematic for Germany since it led to a host of diplomatic protests from neutrals . These included most notably the United States . The potential for a diplomatic disaster was starkly revealed on 7 May 1915 with the sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania by U - 20 with the loss of approximately 1.200 passengers and crew . Among the dead were 128 Americans . The sinking of the Lusitania combined with those of the British liner Arabic and American liner Hesperian in August and September led on 18 September 1915 to the end of the unrestricted submarine campaign . In its place was a restricted campaign that entailed the practice of warning merchant crews before the sinking of their vessels . A return to unrestricted submarine warfare against armed merchant vessels on 29 February 1916 ended similarly when on 24 March a German submarine sank the steamer Sussex with the loss of additional American lives . In response to a warning from United States President Woodrow Wilson ( 1856 - 1924 ) that any further incident would lead to ending diplomatic relations , the Germans on 24 April once again suspended unrestricted submarine warfare . Nevertheless , both forms of submarine warfare exacted a heavy toll on shipping . British losses for the first half of 1916 alone approached 500,000 gross tons and this was more than could be replaced by new construction . Much of the damage to Allied shipping came from losses in the Mediterranean Sea rather than the North Sea or Atlantic Ocean approaches to Britain . The damage inflicted came at little cost to the Germans . By the opening of 1917 , the German Navy had lost only forty - six submarines since the beginning of hostilities . Despite the success of the campaign , the Germans believed that the restricted submarine campaign was not sufficient to force Britain from the war . This estimation led to the renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare , for the first time during the war being completely unrestricted , on 1 February 1917 amidst the declining fortunes of the Central Powers on land . While the Germans recognized the risk of the United States declaring war on Germany as a result , the High Command believed that Britain could be brought to heel within a couple of months before the United States This calculation proved gravely mistaken as the United States , upon its declaration of war on 6 April 1917 , undermined the German submarine campaign as part of its war effort . Vice Admiral William Sims ( 1858 - 1936 ) , the commander of American naval forces in European waters , lobbied for the institution of a convoy system to decrease shipping losses . This call led to implementation of the system in May 1917 with an increasing number of the escorts being American destroyers . Shipping losses gradually decreased from their peak of 881,027 gross tons in April 1917 to 118,559 gross tons in October 1918 , being the last full month of hostilities . The convoy system was responsible in part for this , but contributing were advances in anti - submarine warfare including the introduction of the depth charge in 1916 and the use of airplanes for reconnaissance by the end of the war . Not only did shipping losses decrease , but the number of German submarine losses rose . The German submarine campaign against the Allies consequently failed with disastrous results . Not only did it not force Great Britain from the war , it also led to the entry of the United States into the conflict . Great Britain ’ s Economic Blockade of Germany , August 1914 - June 1919 A key portion of the naval war , along with the submarine campaign waged by Germany , was the British blockade to damage Germany ’ s economy and consequently its war effort . The naval blockade was a key factor in the defeat of Germany in World War I . Its potential , however , was in question in the pre - war years . One problem was that naval officials did not have faith in the traditional , close blockade of an enemy ’ s shores due to technological innovations like the torpedo . A blockaded nation might be able to break a close blockade through the use of small ships armed with these weapons . Also , improved coastal artillery , mines , and submarines could destroy blockaders . Another problem was posed by international law that protected neutral rights at sea . By 1914 , these laws undermined the British Royal Navy ’ s traditional weapon of blockade . While Britain could seize all merchant ships sailing through the North Sea for Germany , naval strategists noted that neutral commerce , even in contraband items ( being those goods deemed to have a military value ) , would continue unchecked to those countries contiguous to Germany . In terms of this trade , the onus of proof of destination The British had not resolved these problems on the outbreak of World War I . Even so , they implemented a blockade since naval officials still attached some importance to it . The blockade was conducted in two theaters : the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea . In the Mediterranean , a British squadron stationed at Gibraltar monitored commerce with the aid of the French Navy . These activities , however , pale in comparison to those in the North Sea , which was the principle theater for the blockade . On 5 November 1914 , the Admiralty declared Dudley De Chair ( 1864 - 1958 ) . De Chair was charged with the interception of all ships trying to pass through the northern entrance to the North Sea and to send any vessels suspected of carrying contraband for Germany into a port for examination . The primary port of inspection became Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands . The Northern Patrol , and consequently the blockade , experienced operational problems from the start that needed resolution . De Chair ’ s force was initially eight old cruisers that were too slow to chase down more modern ships attempting to run the blockade . Magnifying this problem was no clear definition of where this force should conduct its patrols . At first , the patrol policed an area from the north of Aberdeen , Scotland to the coast of Norway in the vicinity of Jutland . This position exposed the squadron to German submarine attack and resulted in the The efforts of the squadron , however , in 1914 and 1915 did not produce significant results . While German commerce via its own merchant ships virtually ceased , it was clear that the European neutral powers were shipping contraband goods to Germany through the use of their own ships calling at their own ports . Germany ’ s war effort was largely unaffected as the blockading force endured threats from mines , rough weather in the patrol area , and submarine attack . In 1915 , each of these threats claimed one merchant cruiser of the squadron . The first significant step towards a tighter blockade came in early 1916 when the British government created the Ministry of Blockade . This administrative body produced new blockade legislation . It was an effort that strengthened enormously after 6 April 1917 when the United States , the greatest neutral power that had opposed the blockade and sent supplies to the European neutral powers , entered the war on the side of the Entente . These two events in combination produced a much more effective blockade in spite of the fact that many of the policies of the Ministry of Blockade , such as rationing the European neutrals , contravened international law . Nevertheless , by the end of 1917 , the German civilian sector was on the point of collapse and the army was undersupplied due to the great decrease in supplies getting through the blockade . A key problem by the end of the war was the decline in foodstuffs . The production of many other materials of war , while they remained close to their peacetime levels , proved insufficient for a protracted war effort . On 8 December 1917 the Tenth Cruiser Squadron was abolished and its remaining ships assigned to convoy duty . The squadron had intercepted and boarded 12,979 vessels at sea and failed to prevent 642 ships from breaking the blockade . This record came at a cost of nine ships and the loss of 1,165 officers and men . In March 1918 a giant minefield , the Northern Barrage , replaced the squadron . By this point , however , the blockade was purely a diplomatic endeavor since the entry of the United States into the war sealed the greatest leak to the European neutrals . While historians continue to debate the degree of impact that the blockade had on the German civilian sector , particularly in the matter of fatalities from starvation , and the German war effort overall , the blockade certainly brought economic hardship and widespread unrest within Germany that was a contributing factor in its decision to sue for peace . It was discontinued on 12 July 1919 when the Conclusion The naval war of World War I proved largely a disappointment to officials on both sides as it did not produce the decisive fleet actions envisioned in the pre - war years . Nevertheless , the war at sea was a crucial part of World War I overall . The German use of the submarine against commerce not only threatened the Allied war effort , but also drew the United States into the conflict . In addition , the British economic blockade of Germany afforded by the Royal Navy ’ s command of the sea inflicted great damage on the Eric William Osborne , Virginia Military Institute Section Editors : Michael Neiberg Sophie De Schaepdrijver Notes Thompson , Julian : The Imperial War Museum Book of the War at Sea , 1914 - 1918 , London 2005 , p . 192 . Terraine , John : The U - Boat Wars , 1916 - 1945 , New York 1989 , p . 766 . Ibid . These figures include losses around the world to all causes . Selected Bibliography Campbell , N . J . M . : Jutland . An analysis of the fighting , Annapolis 1986 : Naval Institute Press . Coletta , Paolo Enrico : Sea power in the Atlantic and Mediterranean in World War I , Lanham 1989 : University Press of America . Compton - Hall , Richard : Submarines and the war at sea , 1914 - 18 , London 1991 : Macmillan . Goldrick , James : The king ' s ships were at sea . The war in the North Sea , August 1914 - February 1915 , Annapolis 1984 : Naval Institute Press . Halpern , Paul G . : A naval history of World War I , Annapolis 1994 : Naval Institute Press . Herwig , Holger H . : ' Luxury fleet ' . The imperial German navy , 1888 - 1918 , London ; Boston 1980 : Allen & Unwin . Hough , Richard : The Great War at sea , 1914 - 1918 , Oxford ; New York 1983 : Oxford University Press . Massie , Robert K . : Castles of steel . Britain , Germany , and the winning of the Great War at sea , New York 2003 : Random House . Osborne , Eric W . : Britain ' s economic blockade of Germany , 1914 - 1919 , London ; New York 2004 : Frank Cass . Schröder , Joachim : Die U - Boote des Kaisers . Die Geschichte des deutschen U - Boot - Krieges gegen Grossbritannien im Ersten Weltkrieg , Lauf 2000 : Europaforum . Spector , Ronald H . : At war , at sea . Sailors and naval combat in the twentieth century , New York 2001 : Viking . Citation Osborne , Eric W . : Naval Warfare , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed . by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 10 - 08 . DOI 10.15463 / ie1418 . 10333 License This text is licensed under : CC by - NC - ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution , Non - commercial , No Derivative Works . Metadata Subjects Warfare and the military > Warfare , naval > Blockades Warfare and the military Warfare , naval Surface warfare Submarine warfare Battles , battlefields and campaigns Battles , naval Military planning and recruitment Strategies , military Author Keywords Blockade ; Dogger Bank ; Heligoland Bight ; Jutland ; Submarine Warfare GND Subject Headings Weltkrieg [ 1914 - 1918 ] ; Seekrieg LC Subject Headings World War , 1914 - 1918 - - Naval operations Rameau Subject Headings Guerre mondiale ( 1914 - 1918 ) - - Opérations navales Key Persons Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1840 - 1914 ) Anton Haus ( 1851 - 1917 ) Archibald Moore ( 1862 - 1934 ) David Beatty ( 1871 - 1936 ) Dudley < i > De Chair < / i > ( 1864 - 1958 ) Erich Ludendorff ( 1865 - 1937 ) Franz von Hipper ( 1863 - 1932 ) Friedrich von Ingenohl ( 1857 - 1933 ) Hugh Evan - Thomas ( 1862 - 1928 ) Hugo von Pohl ( 1855 - 1916 ) John Jellicoe ( 1859 - 1935 ) Leberecht Maass ( 1863 - 1914 ) Maximilian von Spee ( 1861 - 1914 ) Miklós < i > Horthy de Nagybána < / i > ( 1868 - 1957 ) Reginald Tyrwhitt ( 1870 - 1951 ) Reinhard Scheer ( 1863 - 1928 ) Roger Keyes ( 1872 - 1945 ) Wilhelm II , German Emperor ( 1859 - 1941 ) Wilhelm Souchon ( 1864 - 1946 ) William E . Goodenough ( 1867 - 1945 ) William Sims ( 1858 - 1936 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1856 - 1924 ) Key Locations Aberdeen Cuxhaven Dardanelles Dogger Bank Dover Durres ( Durazzo ) Elbe River Falkland Islands Gallipoli Gibraltar Gulf of Finland Harwich Heligoland Bight Jade Bight Kiel Kirkwall Lowestoft Ostend Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) Qingdao ( Tsingtao ) Roysyth Scapa Flow , Orkney Islands Scarborough Weser River Whitby Wilhelmshaven Yarmouth Zeebrugge Jutland Regional Section ( s ) Central Europe Germany Central Europe Austria - Hungary Near and Middle East Ottoman Empire North America USA Western Europe Great Britain and Ireland Great Britain Western Europe Italy Thematic Section ( s ) Violence Title Naval Warfare Author ( s ) Osborne , Eric W . | [
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http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ab/Absolute_Monarchy | Encyclopedia > Absolute Monarchy Article Content Absolute monarchy Redirected from Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a idealised form of monarchy where the ruler has the power to rule their country and citizens freely with no laws or opposition telling the monarchy what to do . Basically an absolute monarch has total power over its people and land . The theory of absolute monarchy developed in the late Middle Ages from feudalism during which monarchs were still very much first among equals among the nobility . With the creation of centralised administrations and armies backed by expensive artillery , the power of the monarch gradually increased relative to the nobles , and from this was created the theory of absolute monarchy . The political theory which underlies absolute monarchy was that the monarch held their position by the grace of God and was therefore not answerable to mortals . Much of the attraction of the theory of absolute monarchy in the Middle Ages was that it promised an end to devastating civil wars In practice , the monarchs in absolute monarchy often found their power limited . In the 16th century , efforts by the English monarch to create an absolute monarchy led to persistent struggles with Parliament which the monarch eventually lost . In France , the monarchy was able to eventually centralise its powers and sideline Parliament and nobles . The example of an absolute monarchy is Louis XIV of France . During the Enlightenment , the theory of absolute monarchy was supported by some intellectuals as a form of enlightened despotism [ ? ] The notion of absolute monarchy declined substantually after the French Revolution and American Revolution which popularised theories of government based on popular sovereignty [ ? ] The only remaining absolute monarchy in the modern world is Swaziland In Liechtenstein , nearly two - thirds of the tiny principality ' s electorate have agreed to back Prince Hans Adam ' s demands to become an absolute monarch ; if he is successful , then Liechtenstein may become the modern world ' s second absolute monarchy . See also : constitutional monarchy dictatorship All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License | [
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http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Body_Cavities_and_Membranes.html | Body Cavities and Membranes During embryonic development , the body is first divided into two internal cavities : the posterior ( dorsal ) body cavity and the anterior ( ventral ) body cavity . Each of these major cavities is then subdivided into smaller cavities . The cavities , as well as the organs in the cavities ( called the viscera ) , are lined by membranes . Posterior ( Dorsal ) Body Cavity The posterior body cavity is subdivided into two parts : ( 1 ) The cranial cavity , enclosed by the bony cranium , contains the brain . ( 2 ) The vertebral canal , enclosed by vertebrae , contains the spinal cord ( Fig . 1.5 a ) The posterior body cavity is lined by three membranous layers called the meninges . The most inner of the meninges is tightly bound to the surface of the brain and the spinal cord . The space between this layer and the next layer is filled with cerebrospinal fluid . Spinal meningitis , a serious condition , is an inflammation of the meninges usually caused by an infection . Anterior ( Ventral ) Body Cavity The large anterior body cavity is subdivided into the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity ( Fig . 1.5 a ) . A muscular partition called the diaphragm separates the two cavities . Membranes that line these cavities are called serous membranes because they secrete a fluid that has just about the same composition as serum , a component of blood . Serous fluid between the smooth serous membranes reduces friction as the viscera rub against each other or against the body wall . Figure 1.5 The two major body cavities and their subdivisions . a . Left lateral view b . Frontal view . To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ , imagine a ball that is pushed in on one side by your fist . Your fist would be covered by one membrane ( called a visceral membrane ) , and there would be a small space between this inner membrane and the outer membrane ( called a parietal membrane ) . Thoracic Cavity The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the rib cage , and has three portions : the left , right , and medial portions . The medial portion , called the mediastinum , contains the heart , thymus gland , trachea , esophagus , and other structures ( Fig . 1.5 b ) . The right and left portions of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs . The lungs are surrounded by a serous membrane called the pleura . The parietal pleura lies next to the thoraic wall , and the visceral pleura adheres to a lung . In between the two pleura , the pleural cavity is filled with pleural fluid . Similarly , in the mediastinum , the heart is covered by the two - layered membrane called the pericardium . The visceral pericardium which adheres to the heart is separated from the parietal pericardium by a small space called the pericardial cavity ( Fig . 1.5 b ) . This small space contains pericardial fluid . Abdominopelvic Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity has two portions : the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity . The stomach , liver , spleen , gallbladder , and most of the small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity . The pelvic cavity contains the rectum , the urinary bladder , the internal reproductive organs , and the rest of the large intestine . Males have an external extension of the abdominal wall , called the scrotum , where the testes are found . Many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are covered by the visceral peritoneum , while the wall of the abdominal cavity is lined with the parietal peritoneum . Peritoneal fluid fills the cavity between the visceral and parietal peritoneum . Peritonitis , another serious condition , is an inflammation of the peritoneum , again usually caused by an infection . Figure 1.6 Clinical subdivisions of the abdomen into quadrants . These subdivisions help physicians identify the location of various symptoms . Clinically speaking , the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants by running a transverse plane across the midsagittal plane at the point of the navel ( Fig . 1.6 ) . Physicians commonly use these quadrants to identify the locations of patients ’ symptoms . The four quadrants are : ( 1 ) right upper quadrant , ( 2 ) left upper quadrant , ( 3 ) right lower quadrant , and ( 4 ) left lower quadrant . Figure 1.6 b shows the organs that lie within these four quadrants . | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/5D+camera | 5D camera 5D camera A broadcast TV camera that shoots 2D and 3D video simultaneously . Canadian film director James Cameron champions the need for 5D cameras in order to promote 3D content , which is more economical to capture when the format is recorded at same time as 2D . The Cameron Pace Group features its Shadow Vision technology , which places a camera on top of a 2D camera . For more information , visit www . cameronpace . com . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2018 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . References in periodicals archive Tenders are invited for Procurement of Projector , , Lens , Zoom lens and Outdoor display TV for GETHNAA Procurement Of Projector , 5d Camera , Lens , Zoom Lens And Outdoor Display Tv For Gethnaa Shot over a period of 26 days across Jordan with a Canon , the film attempts to explore Jordan ' s social and cultural norms and is claimed to be the first that looks at the life of Egyptian workers in the country . Jordanian cinema on the rise This photograph was taken in Jasper National Park by Biology Instructor Roy Rea of the University of Northern BC with a canon and 300 mm f / 2 . About our Cover I used a filter - modified Canon EOS ( also from Hutech ) , which is among the new breed of digital SLRs with a 24 - by - 36 - mm chip , the size of a 35 - mm film frame . Joining the Borg : two new refractors from Borg make resistance futile for astrophotographers wanting optics with wide , flat fields For the Liverpool commission , he used a Canon , fitted with a 400mm telephoto lens . The majesty of the city ' s heights ; sky - high Liverpool is always fascinating to visitors , but from the sky the secrets of its beauty are revealed . David Charters reports Adamus uses a 13 megapixel Canon for most of his work , and often travels deep into the backcountry with only a single camera body , three lenses , a tripod , a bag of filters and his camping gear . LANDSCAPE LAUREATE The EOS 5D Mark II Digital SLR camera builds upon the qualities that made the EOS so successful . Canon U.S.A. Exhibits a Range of New Broadcast Lens Solutions at the 2009 NAB Show The Canon is ideal for conveying to the audience Yemen ' s changing environment . Filming Arabia Felix This photograph , taken by Roy Rea of the University of Northern British Columbia , was captured in October in Moore ' s Meadow , Prince George , British Columbia , Canada , with a Canon and a Sigma DG Macro 105mm 1 : 2 . About our cover Building upon the qualities that made the EOS so successful , Canon has coupled the creative power of a full - frame CMOS sensor in a relatively compact and affordable camera body , together with groundbreaking HD video capture that opens the door to a much wider range of imaging possibilities for photographers . Canon U.S.A. Introduces the Highly Anticipated EOS 5D Mark II DSLR Camera Featuring Full - Frame HD Video Capture On Monday , January 25 , in the New Frontier Gateway Microcinema , Canon will present a screening and panel in celebration of the 10 year anniversary of the Canon EOS called A Decade of DSLRs : Creative Minds Talk the Evolution of Hand - Held Filmmaking . United States : Canon U.S.A. Celebrates Filmmakers As They Explore Their Creativity As A Sponsor Of The 2016 Sundance Film Festival The film was shot using a Canon to achieve a documentary style finish . UAE is backdrop to new gritty docu - film More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ 4RU 4U 4 - way 5 5 GHz band 5 , 5 - diethylbarbituric acid 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 1 , 3 - cyclohexanedione 5 , 6 - benzoquinoline 5.1 channel 5.25 inch 500 error 50 - pin Telco connector 5100 5150 51forth 5250 5 - 4 - 3 rule 54 - 40 or Fight ! 56 kbps 568A 56k line 576i 586 5 - bromodeoxyruridine 5 - chloro - 8 - hydroxyquinoline 5ESS Switch 5 - FU 5G 5 - hydroxytryptamine 5 - Hydroxytryptophan 5 - iodo - 2 ' - deoxyuridine 5K monitor 5NF 5RU 5th Glove 5U 5v 5x86 6.001 601 603 604 60Co 60x 610 615 620 6309 640K 640x480 ▼ Full browser ▲ 597 598 5990 59th Street Bridge 59th Street Bridge 5A 5a - reductase 5a - reductase 5a - reductase inhibitors 5ADA 5alpha - reductase 5alpha - reductase 5alpha - reductase inhibitors 5ARD 5ATM 5ATM 5B10 5B6B 5beta - cholane 5beta - cholane 5BX 5BX 5CCGP 5CT 5D 5DF 5DI 5DII 5DIII 5DT 5EL 5ESS 5ESS switch 5FC 5FD 5FE 5FG 5FU 5G 5G Ethernet 5G iPod 5G iPod 5G Wi - Fi 5G WiFi 5g - reductase deficiency syndrome 5gamma - reductase deficiency syndrome 5GH 5GHz 5GHz band 5GL 5H Club 5HIAA 5HT ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Al-ahwaz | Ahvaz ( redirected from Al - ahwaz Also found in : Dictionary Ahvaz or Ahwaz ( both : äwäz ) city ( 1991 pop . 724,653 ) , SW Iran , on the Karun River . It is an oil center , a transportation hub , and an industrial city that has petrochemical , textile , and food - processing industries . An ancient city , was rebuilt ( 3d cent . A.D. ) by Ardashir I , who named it Hormuzd - Ardashir . In the 4th cent . became seat of a bishopric , large church was built there . It important Arab trading center in 12th 13th but later declined . The discovery of oil nearby in early 20th restored to its former importance . The new part Ahvaz , administrative industrial center , is on right bank Karun , but population still concentrated old section left bank . linked by road , rail , pipeline to ports Persian Gulf . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Ahwaz town SW Iran , Karun River . Pop . : 967 000 ( 2005 est . ) Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Mentioned in Abu Nuwas Iran Khuzestan Masjed Soleyman Petroleum Oil Encyclopedia browser ▲ Alabian , Karo Semenovich ALAC Alacahöyük Alachua County Alacoque , Margaret Mary Aládar Komját Aladdin Enterprises Aladdin Systems , Inc . Aladdin ' s lamp Aladdin ' s palace Aladdin ' s ring ALADIN Aladov , Nikolai Ilich Aladzhadzhian , Stepan Aladzhadzhian , Stepan Egiaevich Alafia River State Park Alafuzov , Vladimir Alafuzov , Vladimir Antonovich Alagez , Mount Alagir Alagna Alagnak Wild River Alagoa Grande Alagoas Alahamady Be Al - ahwaz Alai Alai Range Alai Valley Alain Alain Chartier Alain de Lille Alain René Lesage Alain Resnais Alain Robbe - Grillet Alain - Fournier Alais Alajos Strobl Alajuela Alakaevka Alakol Alalcomeneus Alalia ALAM alamalt Alamán , Lucas Alamance County Alamanni Alamanni , Luigi Alamayn , Al Alambic ▼ Full browser ▲ Al - Mukalla Al - Mukanna Al - Mukha Al - Muqaddasi Al - Mutanabbi Al - Najaf al - Nasiriyah Al - Nuwayri Al - Qaeda Al - Qaeda Al - Qatif Al - Rusayris Al - Sabya Al - Salt Al - Samawah Al - Sulaymaniyah Al - Suwayda Al - Tabari al - Taif al - Tariq Al - Ubayyid Al - Yaqubi Al - Zaqaziq Al - Zarqa Al - Zubayr AL - 1 Al - Aataa Humanitarian Welfare Association Al - Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies Al - Ahram Computer and Information Technology Exhibition Al - Akhsa Mosque al - Aksa Martyrs Brigades Al - Aksa Mosque Al - Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines al - Amin , Jamil Abdullah Al - amira Al - Andalus Al - Andalus , etymology ( ies ) Al - Anon Al - Anon Al - Anon Family Group Al - Anon / Alateen Al - Aqsa Al - aqsa ( disambiguation ) Al - Aqsa Martyrs Brigade Al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Aqsa Society for the Reconstruction of Islamic Shrines Al - Arabiyah as Sa ' udiyah Al - Arabiyah as Sa ' udiyah al - Ash ' ari al - Ashari al - Asifa Al - Awadi / Raas - Rothschild Syndrome Al - Awadi / Raas - Rothschild Syndrome Al - Awadi / Raas - Rothschild / Schinzel phocomelia syndrome Al - Azhar Medical Student Association Al - Azhar University of Gaza Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Autonomous+republic | Autonomous Republic Also found in : Acronyms Wikipedia The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Autonomous Republic an autonomous Soviet socialist republic ( ASSR ) , a socialist national state which is included in a Union republic and exercises state power within the limits of competence of Union on the basis autonomous principles . In USSR in 1969 there were 20 republics , which 16 were RSFSR : Bashkir , formed Mar . 23 , 1919 ; Buriat , formed May 30 , 1923 ; Chechen - Ingush , Dec . 5 , 1936 ; Chuvash , Apr . 21 , 1925 ; Dagestan , Jan . 20 , 1921 ; Kabarda - Balkar , Dec . 5 , 1936 ; Kalmyk , Oct . 22 , 1935 ; Karelian , July 25 , 1923 ; Komi , Mari , Mordovian , 20 , 1934 ; Severnaia Osetiia , Tatar , May 27 , 1920 ; Tuva , Oct . 9 , 1961 ; Udmurt , 28 , 1934 ; and Yakut , Apr . 27 , 1922 . In Georgian SSR there are two ASSR ’ s : Abkhazian , Mar . 4 , 1921 , Adzhar , July 16 , 1921 . Uzbek SSR Kara - Kalpak , 1932 . Azerbaijan Nakhichevan ASSR , Feb . 9 , 1924 . ASSR ’ s differ from one another size territory , size density population , national composition as well as number other characteristics , such historical past level economic development . At same time , ASSR ’ s have some significant common features . most important these that each ASSR state , having its own citizenship , its own territory constitution , higher organs power ( the supreme soviet presidium supreme soviet ) , government ( the council ministers ) , court . each ASSR an attorney who heads administrative structures attorney ’ s office . constitutions affirm propositions that citizen citizen USSR corresponding union citizens all republics on territory given enjoy same rights citizens ASSR . constitution affirms bases legal position included republic . constitution subject to ratification by soviet corresponding republic . contrast to republic , does not have right secede USSR ; is , it not subject federation — the Socialist Republics . However , given appropriate objective conditions , can transfer one another basis definite expression sovereign will by people ASSR , agreement two interested republics , decision higher organs USSR . Thus , with ratification Constitution 1936 , Kara - Kalpak went RSFSR Uzbek SSR . itself forms organization sovereignty nations embodied , this respect it resembles As political form autonomy , possesses certain exceptional powers , those competence defined constitution . following powers lie within administration ASSR : establishment ASSR . presentation for adoption republic , control over implementation ; establishment raion division limits raions cities , presentation this division for republic ; legislation protection order citizens ’ rights ; approval economic plan budget accounting fulfillment ; establishment , accordance with laws local taxes , duties , nontax incomes ; management budget spending raions , cities , rural Soviets ; management insurance savings ; industrial , agricultural , trade enterprises organization directly subordinate also local industries ; control supervision over condition enterprises subordinated republic ; use land , minerals , forests , waters accordance laws implementation issues strict event discrepancy between law or all - Union law prevails . Laws are published more languages , but first foremost language There exist special guarantees judicial statutes promulgated governments ASSR ’ s . constitutions republics ( RSFSR , SSR , Georgian SSR , Azerbaijan SSR ) establish statute council ministers can not be repealed ministers can only suspended . Only presidium empowered repeal statute ministers . has representatives included . population elects 11 deputies Nationalities Supreme USSR . Deputies Supreme Soviets elected proportion population presence deputies most important guarantees ensure consideration specific interests needs all - state decision - making . also represented proportion population . represented Constitution RSFSR establishes number vice - presidents Presidium determined RSFSR . An analogous provision contained SSR . D . L . Z LATOPOL ’ SKII The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Autonomous + Republic " > Autonomous Republic < / a > Mentioned in Abkhazia Acts of Agencies of State Authority Acts of Bodies of State Administration Adjarian Autonomous Republic administrative law Adzhar Autonomous Republic Ajarian Autonomous Republic All - Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Arbitration , Court of Artists Union of the USSR autonomy Bashkir Republic Batum Batumi Branches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Budget Law Budget Planning Budget System Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination Encyclopedia browser ▲ automotive ignition system Automotive Industry Automotive Monopolies Automotive Sports automotive steering automotive suspension automotive transmission automotive vehicle automotive voltage regulator automounting automutagen Autonavigator autonomic agent autonomic computing autonomic movement autonomic nervous system autonomic reflex system Autonomization Autonomization of Development Autonomous Balance Sheet autonomous channel operation autonomous delivery vehicle Autonomous Ethics autonomous man and plastic man Autonomous Oblast autonomous robot autonomous system Autonomous System Number autonomous underwater vehicle autonomous vehicle autonomous weapon autonomy Autonomy in Linked Control Systems autonomy of sociology autooxidation Autopass autopatch autopatrol autopay autophagic vacuole autophagocytosis autophagy autophobia autophytograph autopilot autoplay video autoplotter autopneumatolysis autopoisoning autopolarity ▼ Full browser | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bacchanalia | Bacchanalia Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal Wikipedia Bacchanalia ( băkənā lēə ) in Roman religion , festival in honor of Bacchus , god of wine . Originally a religious ceremony , like the Liberalia Liberalia Roman religion , festival Liber and Libera . The rustic great rejoicing and merrymaking was held on Mar . 17 . youths generally first assumed the toga virilis ( i.e. , began dressing like adults ) at this time . . . . . . Click link for more information . it gradually became an occasion for drunken , licentious excesses was finally forbidden by law ( 186 B.C. ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Dionysia ( Bacchanalia ) Type Holiday : Ancient Date Observation : Various Where Celebrated : Greece Symbols Customs : Bull , Goat , Thyrsus , Winnowing Fan ORIGINS The Greek religion flourished ancient Greek city - states surrounding areas between eighth fourth centuries B C E city - state Athens center ancient civilization major ceremonies took place there . Within Athens , Acropolis religious center , consisting temples dedicated to gods goddesses . However , smaller sanctuaries to gods goddesses also existed throughout region . Ancient religion pervaded every aspect life , there no concept a separation between sacred secular observances . Thus , festivals were occasions . Ritual sacrifice , athletic games , dramatic performances , feasting were all elements festivals . A series festivals Greece held honor Dionysus , god wine , fertility , drama . In fall there Oschophoria ( " carrying grape cluster " ) , which included footrace young men . rustic Dionysia December or January at first tasting new wine . Lenaea , Athens January or February ( Dionysus sometimes known as Lenaeus ) , included procession jesting citizens through city . Anthesteria , observed February March , celebrated beginning spring maturing wine stored during previous year . Best known all Great Dionysia , spring ( March - April ) five six days . It featured performance new tragedies , comedies , satiric dramas Theater Dionysus on side Acropolis . According mythology , Dionysus offspring Zeus Semele . When Semele died sixth seventh month her pregnancy , Zeus saved infant by keeping him his thigh until full nine - month term up . When child reborn from his father ' s thigh , he given Semele ' s sister , Ino , her husband , Athamas , rear . Hera , whose intense jealousy originally responsible Semele ' s death , drove Athamas mad , care transferred nymphs Mount Nysa . Roaming freely over mountain , tasted wild vine discovered how extract its juice . Like other vegetation gods , believed have died violent death . In one myth , he is attacked Titans with knives punish him mocking father . He keeps changing form , appearing as young man , then lion , horse , serpent . It is finally form BULL that cut pieces . some versions myth , pieced together again , rises from dead ascends heaven . His resurrection believed ensure regeneration plants fertility animals springtime . At honor , Dionysus ' death resurrection reenacted killing BULL ( or GOAT then stuffing setting up slain animal , customary Athenian BOUPHONIA Dionysia came way Egypt . Because Greeks already had other fertility gods , Dionysian rites focused wine exhilaration it produced . There obscene songs dances designed magically stimulate plant growth , sex orgies whose original purpose may have been induce fields . Peasants shepherds dressed animal skins pretended they Satyrs . rituals procession into fields led maiden carrying phallus followed farmer , wife , daughters , them singing bawdy songs . worship introduced into Rome ( where Bacchus , Bacchanalia ) , debauchery eventually reached point where resulted wave crime immorality throughout Italy . authorities cracked down such behavior instituted death penalty anyone who failed obey restrictions . Just could make people either high spirited drunk irresponsible , both merry who inspired great poetry cruel god . His therefore combine elements bloodshed revelry . He usually shown an effeminate man wearing crown vine ivy carrying THYRSUS SYMBOLS AND CUSTOMS Bull Although vegetation , often represented animal form , especially that bull . One theory why associated with bull yoke oxen plow , which had formerly been dragged along hand . But whatever reason , images frequently show wearing bull ' s hide head , horns , hoofs hanging down behind him . Sometimes shown calf - headed child clusters grapes around brow horns sprouting head . tearing apart live bulls calves regular feature Dionysiac rites . According mythology , when assumed form bull torn pieces Titans . worshippers killed ate it , therefore , they symbolically killing partaking flesh blood , thus securing themselves portion god ' s life - giving fertilizing influence . Goat To save wrath jealous Hera , changed youthful kid . And when fled Egypt escape fury Typhon , turned goat . But this only part explanation why worshippers often tore live goat pieces during ate its flesh raw . Although may seem strange practice kill eat embodies being worshipped , custom deity can be traced back very primitive stage human culture . Goats also sacrificed because tendency nibble away grapevines , protected vineyards . closely associated Pan , Satyrs , minor deities resemble goats . Pan usually painting sculpture face legs goat , while Satyrs are depicted pointed goat - ears , sprouting horns , short tails . early drama , their parts played men dressed goatskins . Whether goat sacrificed Dionysia , purpose eating raw physically ingest some positive force vegetation . Some carried home buried them their fields convey earth god ' s quickening influence . Thyrsus thyrsus , staff tipped pinecone twined ivy , always Dionysus , Satyrs , Dionysian revelers . addition being vine , trees general , cultivated trees particular . Fruit farmers would set up image shape natural tree stump orchards . Among sacred pine tree . Like evergreens , symbol immortality . Pinecones , because contained so many seeds , symbolized fertility . So thyrsus not only phallic symbol , keeping wild sexual behavior revelers engaged in , but apt reminder regeneration natural world over thought Winnowing Fan A winnowing fan large , open , shovel - shaped basket . Until modern times , used farmers separate grain chaff tossing corn air allowing chaff blow away . said placed birth winnowing fan , paintings infant cradled such basket . FURTHER READING Cirlot , J.E . Dictionary Symbols New York : Philosophical Library , 1962 . Fowler , W . Warde . Festivals Period Republic New York : Macmillan Co . , 1925 . Frazer , Sir James G . Golden Bough : Study Magic Religion Macmillan , 1931 . Henderson , Helene , ed . Holidays , Festivals , Celebrations World 3rd ed . Detroit : Omnigraphics , 2005 . Jobes , Gertrude . Mythology , Folklore , Scarecrow Press , 1962 . Leach , Maria , Funk Wagnalls Standard Folklore , Mythology Leg - end San Francisco : Harper Row , 1984 . Lemprière , John . Lemprière ' s Classical Rev . London : Bracken , 1994 . Scullard , H.H . Festivals Ceremonies Republic Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1981 . Whibley , Leonard . Companion Studies 3rd Cambridge : University 1916 . Holiday Symbols and Customs , 4th ed . © Omnigraphics , Inc . 2009 following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might be outdated ideologically biased . ( Latin ) . ( 1 ) Rome , mystery plays ( Bacchus ) took character orgies second century B.C Initially , women participated Bacchanalia ; later , men permitted take part well . 186 B.C . , special resolution senate , prohibited Italy pain criminal prosecution . However , secretly certain areas southern Italy time Empire . ( 2 ) Wild revelry orgy ( figurative ) . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Dionysia ( Bacchanalia ) Various dates ( also called Bacchus ) , son wine , fertility , drama . There series festivals : Oschophoria , rural Country Lenaea , Anthesteria urban most famous — the City Dionysia . Dionysias ( March April ) five six days , centerpieces performances tragedies , comedies , satyric dramas . These place Theater side Acropolis attended people country . earliest tragedy survives Persai Aeschylus , year 472 b.c.e . dramatists , actors , singers considered performing act worship god , thought present productions . City Dionysias time general springtime rejoicing ( even prisoners released share festivities ) pomp . statue carried representations phallus , symbolizing god . both merry inspired poetry cruel god ; Greeks realistically saw something made happy made drunk cruel . Thus , god , seem combined contrasting revelry . small festive bawdy affairs December tasting Besides dramatic presentations , processions slaves phallus , singing obscene lays , youths balancing full goat - skin , like . Leneae , February , jesting citizens through city presentations . Oschophoria ( " carrying grape cluster " ) , fall grapes ripe , marked footrace youths . SOURCES : DictFolkMyth - 1984 , pp . 830 , 867 EncyRel - 1987 , vol . 4 , p . 358 NewCentClassHandbk - 1962 , p . 399 OxClassDict - 1970 , 350 ( c ) Holidays , Festivals , and Celebrations of the World Dictionary , Fourth Edition . © 2010 by Omnigraphics , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Bacchanalia " > Bacchanalia < / a > Mentioned in Bacchanalia festival Bacchus Carnival Debauchery Giovanni Pindemonte Orphic Gods Pindemonte , Giovanni Revelry Rome Ancient Speculative Promotion Encyclopedia browser ▲ baby universe Babylon Babylon and Assyria , Vampires in Ancient Babylonia Babylonian and Assyrian Culture Babylonian architecture Babylonian art Babylonian captivity Babylonian religion baby - pig disease baby ' s breath baby ' s tears Bac Bo Bac Son Culture Baca Baca County Baca , Elfego Bacabal BACAIC Bacau baccalaureate Baccaloni , Salvatore baccarat baccate bacchae Bacchanalia festival bacchantes Bacchus Bacchus ' cup Bacchus , priest of Bacchylides bacciferous Baccio Bach Bach Festival Bach system Bach , Alexander Bach , Thomas Bacha - I Saqao Bachatskii Bache Peninsula Bache , Benjamin Franklin Bache , Jules S . Bache , Jules Semon Bache , Richard Bache , Theophylact Bachelard Gaston Bachelard , Gaston Bachelet , Michele Bacheller , Irving ▼ Full browser ▲ baccarat Baccare baccate Baccated Baccated baccately baccately BACCC Baccelli Baccelli sign Baccelli , Guido BACCF BACCH Bacchae Bacchae bacchanal bacchanal Bacchanale Bacchanale Bacchanalia String Quartet bacchanalian bacchanalian Bacchanalianism Bacchanalianism bacchanalianly bacchanally Bacchanals Bacchanals Bacchanology Bacchanology bacchant bacchant bacchante bacchante bacchantes bacchantic bacchanticly bacchants bacchants Baccharis Baccharis Baccharis halimifolia Baccharis pilularis Baccharis viminea ▼ | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bright+Bar | Bright Bar The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Bright Bar steel bar with a clean , smooth , bright surface , which may be ground or , sometimes , polished , and a round cross section 0.2 – 25 mm in diameter ; it is characterized by highly precise dimensions . Carbon and alloy tool steel certain grades of alloy structural are chiefly produced in this form . Silver used without mechanical surface working . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Mentioned in Carbon Steel Encyclopedia browser ▲ brigandage brigantine Briggs Briggs equalizer Briggs ' logarithm Briggs pipe thread Briggs standard Briggs stretcher carriage Briggs , Charles Augustus Briggs , Clare A . Briggs , Le Baron Russell Briggs , Lyman Briggs , Robert William Briggs , Winslow R . Briggsian logarithm Brigham City Brigham Young Brigham Young University Brigham , Albert Brigham , Albert Perry Brighella Brighouse bright bright annealing bright band bright coal bright diffuse nebula bright dip bright dipping bright glaze bright nebula bright plating bright points bright rim structures bright segment Bright Spot bright stars catalog bright stock bright - banded coal Bright - Drawn Steel brightener Brighteners , Optical brightest stars bright - field bright - field microscope bright - line spectrum Brightman , Edgar Sheffield brightness brightness control brightness level ▼ Full browser ▲ Brighouse Brighouse High School Brighouse Vintage Model Aircraft Club Bright ( disambiguation ) Bright ( disambiguation ) bright and breezy Bright and dead ringer protein Bright and Early Bright and Shiny bright annealing bright as a button bright as a button bright as a new penny bright as a new penny bright as a new pin Bright band Bright Beer Tank Bright Beginnings School bright blindness bright blindness bright blood imaging bright blue Bright Bridge Display Bright Burnishing Tools Private Limited Bright Children Who Talk Late Bright chrome Bright Class O bright coal bright diffuse nebula bright dip bright dipping Bright disease Bright disease Bright Drawn Mild Steel Bright Enriched Talented and Gifted Children bright eyed and bushy tailed Bright Eyes Bright Eyes Bright Field Electron Microscopy bright field illumination bright field imaging Bright Field in Situ Hybridization Bright field microscopy Bright field / Phase contrast / Fluorescence Microscope Bright from the Start ▼ | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Calcutta | Calcutta Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia Calcutta , India : see Kolkata Kolkata formerly Calcutta city ( 1991 pop . 10,916,272 ) , capital of West Bengal state , E India , on the Hugli River . It is the second largest city in India and one of largest in world . . . . . . Click link for more information . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . a India located Ganges River delta , on Hooghly River , one Ganges ’ distributaries , at a distance 140 km from shore Bay Bengal . country ’ s most important economic and cultural centers also administrative center state West Bengal . historical center its fortress , Fort William ( constructed 18th century ) , eastern bank , Mai - dan Park . fortress divides into two parts : there are European quarters , with mansions , government buildings , university ; other there are industrial commercial enterprises workers ’ quarters . proper ( with population 3.1 million 1971 ) core large conurbation that continues to grow rapidly . By 1971 , Greater Calcutta , with an area 425 sq km population 7 million , had any country . This conurbation includes several dozen cities ( among them Howrah , which connected by bridge , Behala , Bhatpara , Garden Reach , Kamarhati , Baranagar ) that merging into narrow belt for distance 100 ( 3 - 4 to 15 - 20 width ) along both banks Hooghly . Greater most important migrants , who come pouring search work . Native inhabitants less than half population . More than one - third Calcutta ’ s non - Bengali — these people mainly Bihari , but also Hindustani , Oriya , Rajas - thani , Telugu , Punjabi . was founded by British East Company 1690 ; was built around company ’ s trading post Fort William . From 1773 1911 , principal British colonial administration India . ( From December 1911 until 1947 Delhi . ) chief port through which colonial trade carried India . In mid - 19th century , large factories ( primarily jute factories ) plants were built . became an workers ’ left - wing democratic movement . workers played role national liberation struggle , led India ’ s winning independence 1947 . Calcutta ’ s exceptionally favorable economic - geographic location ( as focus territory Ganges basin ) has fostered overall economic growth city . transportation terminus country ’ s second seaport , after Bombay ( in exports it occupies first place ) , cargo turnover 9 - 10 million tons . satellite port Haldia built 1970 Hooghly River below Calcutta . There international airport at Dumdum . main branch industry jute production ( nine - tenths total Indian production almost half world output ) . Metalworking various kinds machine building have developed ( approximately one - fourth India ’ s total output , including industrial equipment , electrical instrument building , shipbuilding ship repair , manufacture assembly automobiles , trucks , motorcycles , bicycles , machine tools ) . There plastic rubber articles , chemicals pharmaceuticals , dyes , paints , cotton textiles , knitwear , glass , leather footwear . printing industry diverse food - processing industry . major scientific cultural center . has numerous educational institutions , including university number other higher educational facilities . Scientific research institutions include Indian Statistical Institute . National Library ( founded 1902 ) more 1.2 volumes ; Museum ( 1814 ) Victoria Museum ( 1906 ) . On bank Howrah botanical garden . I . V . S AKHAROV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . E India , capital Bengal state , River : former country ( 1833 - - 1912 ) ; major commercial centre ; three universities . Pop . : 4 580 544 ( 2001 ) Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Abhinavagupta Abraam Kretatsi Agartala Anandavardhana Andamanese Languages Ashvaghosha Atul Bose Baleshwar Banerjea , Pramathanath Banerjea , Sir Surendranath Banerjea , Surendranath Bangladesh , People ' s Republic of Bankim Chandra Chatterji Baranagar Batanagar Bay of Bengal Bengalis Bhatpara Encyclopedia browser ▲ calc - silicate calc - silicate hornfels calc - silicate marble calcspar calcsparite calculated address calculated altitude calculated field calculated landing time calculated live load calculating machine Calculation , Cost calculation - based molecular modeling calculator Calculi calculon calculus Calculus of Communicating Systems calculus of enlargement Calculus of Finite Differences Calculus of Observations calculus of residues calculus of tensors calculus of variations calculus of vectors Calcutta , University of Caldara , Antonio Caldarium Caldas Calder Calder Hall Calder , A . Stirling caldera Caldera Rodríguez , Rafael Antonio Calderas Calderdale Calderón Bridge Calderón de la Barca Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Pedro Calderón Guardia , Rafael Ángel Calderón Hinojosa , Felipe de Jesús Calderón , Alberto Caldron Caldwell Caldwell catalog Caldwell County Caldwell number Caldwell Parish Caldwell , Charlie Caldwell , Philip ▼ Full browser ▲ Calculus on the Web calculus pocket calculus pocket Calculus Readiness Test calculus record calculus record Calculus Reform and the First Two Years Calculus Remote at the Ohio State University calculus removal work stroke Calculus Resources on - Line Calculus Surface Index Calculus without Tears Calculus , Kidney Stone Panel calculus - control dentifrice calculus - control dentifrice Calculus : the Language of Change calculuses calculuses Calcuta Calcuta Calcutta Cathedral Relief Service Calcutta Cup Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Calcutta Environmental Management Strategy and Action Plan Calcutta Freight Brokers ' Association Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management Calcutta Jesuit News Letter Calcutta Leather Complex Calcutta Medical College Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority Calcutta Metropolitan District Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organisation Calcutta Metropolitan Water and Sanitation Authority Calcutta Municipal Corporation Calcutta National Medical College Calcutta Port Trust Calcutta State Transport Corporation Calcutta Statistical Association Calcutta Stock Exchange Calcutta technique Calcutta technique Calcutta Tramways Company Calcutta University Calcutta University Teachers Association Calcutta Yellow Pages Online Calcutta , India Calcutta , India Calcutta , India - Calcutta Calcutta , University of ▼ | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Cipher+notation | musical notation ( redirected from Cipher notation Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus musical notation , symbols used to make a written record of musical sounds . Two different systems of letters were used to write down the instrumental and the vocal music ancient Greece . In his five textbooks on music theory Boethius Boethius Boetius or Boece ( Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius ) , c . 475 – 525 , Roman philosopher and statesman . An honored figure in public life Rome , where he was consul in 510 , he became able minister Emperor Theodoric . . . . . . Click link for more information . ( c.A.D . 470 – A.D . 525 ) applied first 15 letters alphabet notes use at end Roman period . Notation Gregorian chant was by means neumes , which are thought have been derived from symbols Greek language indicate pitch inflection . Neumes were certainly use by 6th cent . , although earliest extant manuscripts containing them are fragmentary ones from 8th cent . These neumes indicated only grouping sounds a given melody , evidently recall singer approximate shape melody already learned ear . Heighted neumes , arranged above below line , made intervals melody more discernible 10th - century notation , end 12th cent . staff staff , musical notation , set horizontal lines upon between which notes written so as determine their relative pitch , connection with clef , their absolute pitch . Staffs with several lines survive late 9th cent . , denoting only pitches . . . . . . Click link for information . perfected Guido d ' Arezzo Guido d ' Arezzo or Guido Aretinus c . 990 – 1050 , Italian Benedictine monk , known his contributions notation theory . His theoretical work Micrologus ( c . was use . placed on certain indicate pitch , thereby pitch remaining spaces . The evolved into clef signs today . also invented system naming scale degrees using initial syllables Latin hymn ( ut , re , mi , fa , sol , la ) . Originally teaching sight singing , these derivatives also some languages naming absolute pitches . A staff five vocal adopted France one six Italy . Instrumental employed staves varying numbers until 16th when five - line became standard . Signs chromatic alteration tones appear almost beginning had assumed present shapes 17th The essential problems both spaces successive scale degrees extra raising lowering tone half step , solved comparatively rapidly . However , evolution rhythmic notation today took much longer than that pitch . Mensural each note has specific time value , necessity development polyphony polyphony whose texture is formed interweaving several melodic lines . independent but sound together harmonically . Contrasting terms homophony , wherein one part dominates while others form basically chordal accompaniment , monophony , At first , certain patternings neumes represent various rhythmic modes ; later , Ars cantus mensurabilis ( c . 1280 ) , Franco Cologne created clear indication each note its exact length selected represent tones long short duration . In system , long value principle equal three short values . 14th Philippe de Vitry , author Ars nova , expands system Franco , codified ready availability duple divisions notes . At various levels given piece either 2 : 1 3 : 1 relationship implied , signs colored developed indicating relationships force being temporarily altered . 15th numbers appearance fractions indicated that proportionality values temporarily being substituted another . Modern signatures evolved these numbers . Bar lines , expression signs , Italian terms tempo dynamics came into 17th With adoption equal temperament major minor modes , signatures indicating major key its relative minor conventional . They assumed present form during baroque period . advent aleatory music aleatory [ Lat . alea = dice game ] , elements traditionally determined composer determined either process random selection chosen composer exercise choice performer ( s ) . has produced systems , varying piece piece , approximate duration , dynamic relations . Notation electronic music electronic electro - acoustic music , term compositions utilize capacities electronic media creating altering sounds . Initially , distinction must be made between technological development instruments is still not standardized but generally uses traditional reference ( staff clef signs ) conjunction specially adapted rhythm notation . For lute keyboard music , see tablature tablature generic actions player must take , rather than " representing " itself will result those actions . Tablatures have been West since early 14th See score score , manuscript printed parts placed above other so be played simultaneously vertical alignment . Early notated score until early 13th Bibliography See W . Apel , Polyphonic Music , 900 – 1600 ( 5th ed . 1961 ) ; C . F . A . Williams , Story ( 1903 , repr . 1969 ) ; E . Karkoschka , New Music ( 1972 ) , G . Read , Music ( 3d ed . 1972 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Cipher + notation " > musical notation < / a > Mentioned in Alypius Ancient Egypt Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic B Beliaev , Viktor Beliaev , Viktor Mikhailovich bibliography Big Singing C China Chinese music Cinnabar Marks D E Egypt , Ancient F Feldman , Morton References in periodicals archive Example 5 is a sample realization of one possible kemanak part in cipher notation for one verse ( V : voice ; K : kemanak ) . ' Bedhaya Guthrie / Bedhaya Sadra ' for voices , kemanak , melody instruments , and accompanimental Javanese gamelan In order to keep the " backbone " from being lost to memory , however , contemporary Burmese musicians have been codifying cipher notations ( 15 ) over the past decades in order to preserve this oral tradition and to transpose the music easily . The Burmese classical music tradition : an introduction More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ cinquefoil arch CINT2000 CINT2006 CINT92 C - Interp Cinthio Cinto , Monte Cintra Cinzio CIO CIOB Cio - Cio - San Ciolos , Dacian Julien Ciompi Cione , Andrea di CIoT CIP CIP Language CIPA CIPA rating cipher cipher block chaining cipher feedback cipher machine cipher negotiation Cipher notation cipher strength cipher suite ciphertext ciphertext autokey cipher ciphony ciphony equipment Cipiko , Ivo CIP - L Cipolla Cipolletti weir cippus Ciprian Porumbescu Cipriani , Amilcare CIPW classification CIR CIR BKR cir mil CIRC circadian circadian rhythm Circadian Rhythms Circaea CIRCAL Circassia Circassian ▼ Full browser ▲ CIPHE CIPHE - GH cipher Cipher algorithm Cipher algorithm Cipher Based Mac Cipher Block Chaining Cipher Block Chaining Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Cipher Block Chaining Mode cipher clerk Cipher feedback Cipher feedback Cipher key cipher machine cipher negotiation cipher officer Cipher Organized with Cute Operations and N - Universal Transformation Cipher Pol 6 cipher strength cipher suite Cipher system Cipher system Cipher text Cipher text Cipher Text Auto Key Cipher Text Clear to Send Cipher Text Data Mode Cipher Text File Cipher Text Local Loopback Cipher Text Receiver Ready Cipher Text Remote Loopback Cipher Text Request to Send Cipher Text Stealing Cipher Text Terminal Ready Cipher Text Terminal Timing ▼ | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Conservation+of+Charge%2c+Law+of | Conservation of Charge , Law of The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Conservation of Charge , Law of one of the absolute fundamental laws of nature , consisting in the fact that algebraic sum ( with consideration for sign ) electric charges any closed ( electrically insulated ) system remains unchanged no matter what processes transpire within system . law conservation charge was established in 18th century . electron , a carrier negative electric charge , was discovered at end 19th century , and proton , which has a positive charge equal magnitude , discovered at beginning 20th century . It thus proved that charges do not exist and themselves but are connected with particles are an intrinsic property particles ( later other elementary carrying positive or negative equal magnitude were also discovered ) . is discrete : total any body an integral multiple elementary charge , which magnitude to electron . Insofar as every particle characterized by specific , inherent law conservation may be considered as consequence number ( in those physical phenomena interconversion does not take place ) . On electrification macroscopic bodies , number charged does change only redistribution space takes place . Thus , if bodies charged result friction ( triboelectrification ) , transferred from one body to other ( a acquired by lost other ) ; thus , both bodies , originally were electrically neutral , with but opposite charges . In physics ( the field high - energy physics ) , characterized processes interconversion particles , conserved — some disappear , others created — but always strictly observed ; total remains unchanged during all interactions conversions particles . creation new particle possible only on simultaneous disappearance “ old ” same pair another has opposite sign ( for example , process creation particle - antiparticle pairs ) . During all such conversions laws conservation — the energy momentum — must also satisfied . Together energy “ explains ” stability electron . electron positron lightest therefore can not decay into anything else : decay into heavier ( such muon pi - meson ) forbidden energy , neutral lighter than electron ( such photons neutrinos ) prohibited charge . precision satisfied can judged fact ( as experience shows ) lose its for least 10 19 years . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . 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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Crimean+War | Crimean War Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Acronyms Wikipedia Crimean War ( krīmē ən ) 1853 – 56 , war between Russia on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire , Great Britain , France , and Sardinia on other . The causes of conflict were inherent in unsolved Eastern Question Eastern Question , term designating problem of European territory controlled by decaying Ottoman Empire in 18th , 19th , early 20th cent . The Turkish threat to Europe was checked by Hapsburgs 16th cent . . . . . . Click link for more information . more immediate occasion was a dispute between Russia France over Palestinian holy places . Challenging claim to guardianship holy places , France 1852 secured from Sultan Abd al - Majid Abd al - Majid or Abdülmecit 1823 – 61 , sultan ( 1839 – 61 ) , son successor Mahmud II throne Empire . rebellion Muhammad Ali checked intervention ( 1840 – 41 ) England , Russia , Austria . . . . . . Click link for information . certain privileges Latin churches . Russian counterdemands were turned down ( 1853 ) government . In July , 1853 , retorted occupying vassal states Moldavia Walachia , October , after futile negotiations , Ottomans declared war . In Mar . , 1854 , Britain France , having already dispatched fleets Black Sea , declared war Russia ; Sardinia followed suit Jan . , 1855 . Austria remained neutral , but threatening enter side forced evacuate Moldavia Walachia , which occupied ( Aug . , 1854 ) Austrian troops . Sept . , 1854 , allied troops landed Crimea , with object capturing Sevastopol Sevastopol formerly spelled Sebastopol , city ( 1989 pop . 355,000 ) , Crimean peninsula Bay Sevastopol , an inlet Black Sea . From 1954 part Ukraine ( then Ukrainian SSR ) , it passed Russian control 2014 after occupation annexation fortress , defended Totleben Totleben or Todleben , Eduard Ivanovich 1818 – 84 , general military engineer . He won his chief renown Crimean War his defense ( 1854 – 55 ) . resisted heroically until Sept . , 1855 . Allied commanders Lord Raglan Raglan , Fitzroy James Henry Somerset , 1st Baron , 1788 – 1855 , British general . He entered army 1804 made ( 1814 ) a lieutenant colonel services duke Wellington ' s staff for British Marshal Saint - Arnaud , succeeded later Marshal Canrobert , French . Military operations , which marked both sides great stubbornness , gallantry , disregard casualties , remained localized . Famous episodes battles Balaklava Balaklava section city Sevastopol , peninsula . ancient times it an important Greek commercial city . Middle Ages belonged Genoese until taken ( 1475 ) Turks , who gave its present name . and Inkerman Inkerman eastern suburb S Crimea . French troops defeated forces at War . Nearby are cave dwellings burial place ( 2d – 4th cent . ) 14th - century fortress . ( 1854 ) allied capture ( 1855 ) Malakhov Malakhov hill overlooking S Crimea , just east city . A major fortified point War , stormed ( 1855 ) French 11 - month siege . name is often spelled Malakoff . and Redan , preceded fall Sevastopol . On Asian front Russians gained advantages occupied Kars . accession Czar Alexander II Alexander II , 1818 – 81 , czar ( 1855 – 81 ) , son successor Nicholas I . ascended throne during War ( 1853 – 56 ) immediately set about negotiating peace ( see Paris , Congress of ) . capture led peace negotiations that resulted ( Feb . , 1856 ) Treaty Paris ( see Paris , Congress of Paris , Congress of , 1856 , conference held representatives Great Britain , Empire ( Turkey ) , Sardinia , Russia , Austria , Prussia negotiate War . Treaty Paris ( Mar . ) . ended dominant role SE Europe ; cooling Austro - Russian relations important factor subsequent European history . scandalous treatment troops , particularly wounded , depicted correspondents , prompted work Florence Nightingale Nightingale , Florence , 1820 – 1910 , English nurse , founder modern nursing , b . Florence , Italy . Her life dedicated care sick wounded promotion her vision effective public health - care system . perhaps most positive result war . Bibliography See studies D . Wetzel ( 1985 ) , A . Palmer ( 1987 ) , T . Royle ( 2000 ) , S . Markovitz ( 2009 ) , O . Figes ( 2011 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Crimean + War " > Crimean War < / a > Mentioned in Abd al - Majid Abdülkerím Nadir Pasa Achille François Bazaine Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier Aleksandr Bariatinskii Aleksandr Dondukov - Korsakov Aleksandr Ivanovich Bariatinskii Aleksandr Mikhailovich Dondukov - Korsakov Alexander William Kinglake Andronnikov , Ivan Andronnikov , Ivan Malkhazovich Balaclava Balaklava , Battle of 1854 Bariatinskii , Aleksandr Bariatinskii , Aleksandr Ivanovich Bashkadyklar Bashkir - Meshcheriak Host Baskadiklar Encyclopedia browser ▲ cricket Cricket World Cup Cricket , Jiminy cricoid Cricoid Cartilage cricondenbar cricondentherm Criconematoidea Crillon , Louis des Balbes de Berton de crime Crime Fighting crime statistics Crime , Professional Crime , Vampiric Crimea Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Krao Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Crimean Campaigns of 1687 and 1689 Crimean Canning Combine Crimean Forest and Game Reserve Crimean Khanate Crimean Mountains Crimean Oblast Crimean Operation of 1944 Crimean Tatar Crimean War of 1853 – 56 Crimes Against Citizens Political and Labor Rights Crimes Against Property Crimes Against Public Safety , Law and Order , and Public Health Crimes Against Socialist Property Crimes Against the Administration of Justice Crimes Against the Governmental Order Crimes Against the Person Crimes Against the Personal Property of Citizens Crimes Against the State Crimes That are Vestiges of Local Customs Crimes , Economic Crimes , Military crimeware criminal criminal abortion Criminal Case , Initiation of a Criminal Code Criminal Code of 1903 criminal hacker Criminal Investigation Department criminal justice system criminal law Criminal Legislation Criminal Liability ▼ Full browser ▲ Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Krao Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Crimean Business Development Agency Crimean campaign Crimean campaign Crimean Campaigns of 1687 and 1689 Crimean Canning Combine Crimean Chanate Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean fever Crimean fever Crimean Forest and Game Reserve Crimean Gothic Crimean Kahnate Crimean Khanate Crimean Mountains Crimean Oblast Crimean Operation of 1944 Crimean peninsula Crimean peninsula Crimean struggle Crimean struggle Crimean Tartar Crimean Tatar Crimean War of 1853 – 56 Crimean War Research Society Crimean - Congo haemorrhagic fever Crimean - Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Crimean - Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean - Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean - Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus crimed crimed Crimeful Crimeless Crimen Crimen Crimen falsi Crimen injuria Crimes Crimes Crimes Against Children Crimes Against Children Research Center ▼ | [
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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dramatic+Literature | drama ( redirected from Dramatic Literature Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Dráma ( drä mä ) city ( 1991 pop . 38,546 ) , capital of Dráma prefecture , NE Greece , in Macedonia . It is the trade center for a tobacco - producing region . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Drama ( 1 ) One of the three types literature . ( The epic and lyric are other two types . ) Drama belongs simultaneously to categories theater and literature : it primary element in a theatrical performance , but it may also be appreciated by reading alone . developed as result evolution theater as an art . emergence actors at forefront , who combine pantomime with spoken word , heralded rise drama type literature . A number elements contribute to specific nature drama . has plot — that is , reproduces course events — its action has dramatic tension broken down into scenes episodes , utterances its characters have continuity , narrative principle lacking or subordinate . Intended for group perception , always dealt with most topical issues , its most brilliant models have become popular . In A . S . Pushkin ’ s opinion , purpose “ have an effect on crowd , many , attract their curiosity ” ( Poln . sobr . soch . , vol . 7 , 1958 , p . 214 ) . characterized by deep conflict . fundamental principle tense active experience people sociohistorical “ eternal ” contradictions common mankind . A dramatic quality , which found all forms art , prevails inherently drama . According V . G . Belinskii , important quality human spirit , evoked situations which something that dearly cherished greatly desired demands fulfillment threatened . Conflicts permeated quality are embodied action , behavior protagonists , their deeds accomplishments . structure based on single external action . ( This corresponds Aristotle ’ s “ unity action . ” ) external action based , rule , direct struggle between main characters . proceeds from beginning , exposition , denouement . may cover long period time ( in medieval Oriental drama , such Kalidasa ’ s Sakuntala ) begin only at culminating moment , near denouement ( ancient tragedy , such Sophocles ’ Oedipus Rex many modern drarnas , including A . N . Ostrovskii ’ s Dowerless Girl ) Classical 19th - century aesthetics tended make these principles structure into absolute rules . Following Hegel , Belinskii viewed re - creation willful acts collision one another ( “ actions ” “ reactions ” ) . Belinskii wrote : “ The should concentrated upon single interest , all side interests should excluded . . . In there not character that not necessary mechanism development flow ” ( Poln . sobr . soch . , vol . 5 , 1954 , p . 53 ) . Moreover “ the decision path choose depends hero events ” ( ibid 20 ) . However , Shakespeare ’ s historical plays Pushkin ’ s Boris Godunov unity attenuated , P . Chekhov ’ s works entirely absent , several different plot lines developed simultaneously . decisive role often played inner action , protagonists do accomplish much but experience situations persistent conflict , clarify own point view , think intense concentration . Inner present even ancient tragedies typified Shakespeare ’ s Hamlet prevailed late 19th - mid - 20th - century drama , including works H . Ibsen , M . Maeterlinck , Chekhov , Gorky , Shaw , Brecht , well contemporary “ intellectual ” inner presented polemically Shaw ’ s Quintessence oflbsenism important formal features continuing series utterances , function behavioral acts fractions characters , consequence this , depiction subject matter within limited space time . universal basis composition episode ; time taken depict episode — so - called real time — must appear correspond perceived audience — so - called artistic time . folk medieval Oriental well Shakespeare , Boris Godunov Brecht , place change quite frequently . European 17th through 19th century was , rule , based few rather extended scenic episodes , corresponding theatrical performance . extreme expression compactness use space famous “ unities ” Boileau ’ Art Poetry These continued observed until 19th century ( for example , S . Griboedov ’ s Woe From Wit ) Intended “ played ” stage focusing within narrow limits time , generally tends toward conventional treatment characters , Pushkin observed when he said “ of kinds literary work untrue life drama ” 7 , 1958 , 37 ) . E . Zola L . N . Tolstoy also spoke this readiness rush headlong passions tendency make sudden decisions sharp intellectual reactions express thoughts feelings vividly exquisitely more typical protagonists than people real life figures narrative work . opinion French actor Talma , playwright actors bring together “ in narrow space , course some two hours , actions , emotions even passionate person might only rather lengthy period his life ” ( Tal ’ ma o stsenicheskom iskusstve Moscow , 1888 , 33 ) . playwright strives primarily capture significant vivid spiritual currents completely fill consciousness consist chiefly reactions characters situation given moment — to spoken words , someone ’ s so forth . Indistinct vague thoughts , feelings , intentions connected situation given moment represented less concretely less successfully than form . From antiquity these qualities fully corresponded overall tendencies art art transformational , idealizing , grotesque elements prevailed over representational ones , forms artistic execution diverged life . Thus , successfully rivaled epic literature was regarded “ crown poetry ” ( Belinskii ) . 20th centuries yielded primacy other forms , above novel , individual psychology opposition between individual his environment could represented more subtly , broadly , freely . striving verisimilitude naturalism art , resulted degeneration elevated style ( especially West first half century ) , led radical changes works . Under influence novel , traditional conventionality hyperbole execution were reduced minimum ( for example , Ostrovskii , Chekhov , Gorky , attempt achieve complete authenticity depicting psychology everyday existence ) . However , modern preserves some “ nonverisimilitude ” : divergence created inevitable . Even Chekhov ’ s plays , seem true - to - life dramas , often express themselves conventionally poetic declamatory way . V . Nemirovich - Danchenko called plays “ poems prose . ” use fragments increased role played montage scenic episodes gives work 20th - century playwrights documentary tone . At same time , however , precisely dramas illusion reality openly violated open demonstration convention practiced when address audience directly , character ’ s dreams recollections performed stage , fragments songs lyrics interjected action ) . Among various means expression used specific features speech invariably important . text must oriented both toward visually perceived stage ( mime , gesture , movement ) orally delivered monologues dialogues . must correspond possibilities stagecraft ( staging mises en scene ) . Thus , eyes actor director , value lies invariably suitability stage , determined ultimately degree presents conflict action . As type literature , includes many genres . Two them — tragedy comedy — have existed throughout history Characteristic Middle Ages were mystery , miracle , morality plays , school 18th proper developed , subsequently became prevailing genre . Other widespread melodrama , farce , vaudeville . Tragicomedy assumed outside Soviet Union . 20th centuries sometimes included lyric element ( the so - called dramas Byron , Maeterlinck , Blok ) ( the so - called Brecht ) . mid - 20th “ documentary ” became widespread , recapitulating events , historical documents , memoirs accurately detail J . Kilty # x2019 ; s Dear Liar M . Shatrov ’ s Sixth July version Diary Anne Frank ) However varied forms , retains History European sources ancient Greek tragedians Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides writer comedies Aristophanes . Ancient Roman Terence Plautus . Entrusted public educator , had high philosophical potential , flowing , sublime tragic images , comedy bright carnival atmosphere satirical play . golden age Orient dates later India genres flourished middle first millennium A.D world - famous Kalidasa ( fourth fifth centuries ) Sudraka ( fifth century ) . major dramatists Japan Zeami Motokiyo ( early 15th century ) , whose received polished literary form yokyoku genre ) , Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( late 17th early 18th centuries ) . 13th 14th secular China genre . golden age coincided English Spanish Renaissance baroque period . loftiness tragedy Renaissance personality , titanic ambivalent qualities , freedom gods dependence passion power money , wholeness contradictoriness history , embodied genuine folk form , synthesizing tragic comic fantastic , showing great freedom composition , offering multilevel plots combined subtlest intellectual poetic qualities vulgar farce . Calderón de la Barca ideas baroque — the dualism world antinomy worldly spiritual ) , permanence suffering earth , stoic self - liberation man through spiritual mastering need , compulsion , personal de - sires . French classicism , tragedies Corneille Racine , conflict personal feelings duty nation state profound sense psychology . “ high comedy ” Moliere , bordering tragedy heat passions , combined traditions performances classical principles representing character types blended satire social evils common people ’ s joie de vivre ideas conflicts reflected Lessing , Diderot , Beaumarchais , Goldoni . At same genre “ middle - class drama ” appeared , falling halfway comedy . universality classical norms was challenged , democratization language occurred . early Schiller Goethe precursors romantic later writers , created during Weimar classicism , models great consciously expressed meaning history . half effective writing done romantics H . von Kleist , Byron , Shelley , Hugo . enthusiasm passion free protests against “ bourgeois values ” expressed brilliant dynamic events , usually legendary historical , inspired lyricism monologues dialogues . Realistic Russian literature 1820 ’ s 1830 ’ s ( Griboedov , Pushkin , Gogol ) . Ostrovskii ’ s writing genres , persistent worth power money , emphasis destructive force social , “ conditions ” despotism everyday affairs , bias showing purity “ little man , ” prevalence “ lifelike ” decisive creating Russian national repertoire century . L . Tolstoy wrote “ lifelike ” dramas , free conventions dramaturgy permeated unpitying realism psychological approach , “ combined ” qualities . turn underwent radical shift Chekhov . unity outer conflict , willful main peripeteia ceased obligatory . Chekhov reproduced creative honest intellectuals , tormentedly seeking finding general supraindividual ideas , filled exalted , romantic aspirations impotence sometimes despair face prosaic destructiveness life . He clothed profoundly themes sadly ironic lyricism . dynamic lies eventfulness skirmishes dialogue lingering conversations flow “ impressionistic ” states mind . Cues episodes linked association — by contrapuntal principle . complexity emotions revealed flow ordinary creating meanings suggested overtly text ( a technique simultaneously Maeterlinck ) . Western began prosper turn century : Ibsen Shaw focused attention urgent social , philosophical , moral conflicts . Maeterlinck ’ s symbolic ( written 1896 - 1918 ) retained themes “ tragic life , ” “ the mystery soul , ” suggested meanings ( dialogue behind words ) , began acquire realistic colors optimistic social ideas . realistic traditions further R . Rol - land , J . B . Priestley , O ’ Casey , E . O ’ Neill , K . Capek , Miller , DeFilippo , F . Durrenmatt , F . Albee , T . Williams . associated existentialism ( J . - P . Sartre Anouilh ) , had place outside Union . severe sociopolitical collisions 1920 ’ s 1940 ’ s reflected one socialist realists West . Brecht ’ s emphatically rationalistic , intellectually tense , frankly conventional , mass meeting doing oratorical work . taken inspiration whose play Enemies marks beginning history socialist realist heroic spirit revolutionary struggle conveyed writers Vs . Vishnevskii ( An Optimistic Tragedy ) Pogodin trilogy Lenin ) , K . Trenev ( Liubov larovaia ) B . Lavrenev . Brilliant satirical written Mayakovsky ( The Bedbug Bathhouse ) writers Bulgakov Purple Island ) lu . Smuul Colonels Widow ) genre fairy tale play , bright lyricism , heroics , satire combined , Shvarts . Socio - psychological creative Afinogenov , Leonov , Korneichuk , I . Mikitenko , Arbuzov , Rozov , Volodin , I . Drutse , Rannet . united emphasis , quite varied aesthetic ethical styles genres . REFERENCES Aristotle . Ob iskusstve poezii Moscow , 1957 . Hegel , G . W . “ Dramaticheskaia poeziia . ” Soch 14 . 1958 . Belinskii , O drame iteatre Moscow - Leningrad , 1948 . O teatre 1960 . ( Translated German . ) Vol ’ kenshtein , Dramaturgiia 1969 . Anikst , Teoriia dramy ot Aristotelia do Lessinga 1967 Sakhnovskii - Pankeev , Leningrad , 1969 . Kariagin , kak esteticheskaia problema 1971 . Thompson , R . Anatomy 2nded . Los Angeles , 1946 . Dürrenmatt , Theaterprobleme 3rd ed . Zurich , 1955 . Styan , Elements Cambridge ( England ) , 1963 . Clark , Theories Revised Popkin . New York , 1965 . Bentley , Life London , 1966 . Episches Theater Cologne - Berlin , 1966 . Kerr , W . Tragedy Comedy New York , 1967 . Calderwood , L . , Toliver , eds . Perspectives 1968 . K HALIZEV ( 2 ) One basic genres writing , addition comedy . Like comedy , above re - creates private chief aim ridicule mores personalities por - tray relation society . Like tragedy , portrays development process moral change . unlike exceptional . tends represent sharp contradictions collisions . conflicts unrelenting those possibility being resolved precluded . Precursors found antiquity Euripides ) among plays . appeared independent theoretical justification among Enlightenment second middle - class Diderot Mercier France Lessing Germany ) . interest shown reality , life , ideals democratic milieu , “ average ” person helped promote trends art . stages usually offered favorable solution depicted . Later , tension increased , happy ending occurred frequently , hero remained odds society himself . Increasingly , fate suffering loneliness , Storm Dowerless Girl Ibsen ’ s Master Builder Hedda Gabler Chekhov Shaw . hero ’ s tense ideological against environment general conditions life ) outstanding characteristic Gorky ’ s dramas . mid - 20th century , psychological remains dominant form . Certain varieties tend merge genres , actively using them techniques tragicomedy masks ) . widespread form contemporary writing . T . R ODINA [ 8 - 1425 - 1 ) The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . 1 . a performed radio , television ; play 2 . the intended 3 . the production http : / / vl - theatre . com Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Dramatic + Literature " > drama < / a > Mentioned in Abell , Kjeld Academic Theater acting Aman Kulmamedov Anderson , Maxwell Asian drama Bourgeois Drama China chorus Church Spectacle Drama Clifford Odets closet drama comedy Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Dance and Ballet Disguise Drama , Vampire drama , Western English literature References in periodicals archive He stressed the importance of reviving Classical Arabic in play scripts and developing the relationship between theatre and dramatic literature Nassan Agha : Regaining Glory of Damascus Theatre Festival Standing opposite daughter Judith ( the lovely , compelling Troian Bellisario ) , source of lifelong resentment as his late son ' s surviving twin , Spano stares through uncomprehending eyes into the abyss that yielded some of the world ' s greatest dramatic literature from one of its saddest men . Equivocation Hugo prepared a further attack on the stiff unnatural style of French in his " Hernani , " first played at the Theatre Francais , February 26 , 1830 . Death of Victor Hugo ; RETRO REPORT These pairs are one elementary component of , and once upon a time they formed the bases of formalist and structuralist readings of these plays . Conscience on Stage : The Comedia as Casuistry in Early Modern Spain And year after year , the Theatricum comes back with core company members whom they slot into some of the greatest roles in MUCH TOIL AND TROUBLE IN THIS ' MACBETH ' The result is fresh insight into the complex relationship between and theatrical staging , between professionalism and craft . Representing the Professions : Administration , Law , and Theater in Early Modern England Here he gets to what he refers to as the ' post - dramatic ' theatre , where prior generations ' focus on has been largely superseded by the avant garde ' s attention to elements of performance . The Place to Spend a Happy Day Instructors of face significant challenges to teaching undergraduates , caught between the established canon of university curriculum and ongoing field challenges to the same . Teaching ( not preaching ) masterworks in drama Two excellent audio CDs by skilled storyteller Jim Weiss are fine , new , flawlessly recorded and superbly performed picks for school and community libraries seeking to add to their collections . Greathall Productions Warner ' s chapter , " Carnival and the folk origins of West Indian Drama , " in which he discusses the theatrical / dramaturgic nature of Carnival as an African - Caribbean , especially Trinidadian contribution to a new pan - African world of the theatrical performance and Irele F . Abiola and Simon Gikandi , eds . 2004 . The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature critical because it was subversive of all the rules of the old theatrical practice , shattering the prevailing threadbare norms on which European is based . Jack D . Street and Rod Umlas , eds . and trans . The Italian Theater of the Grotesque : An Anthology To this day American Drama remains the only journal that exclusively devotes itself to publishing the latest research and criticism on American whether written for the stage , the screen , radio , or television . Editor ' s note : moving on More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Draisine drake Drake equation Drake , Alfred Drake , Charles Drake , Daniel Drake , Edwin L . Drake , Edwin Laurentine Drake , Francis Marion Drake , Frank Drake , Joseph Rodman Drake , St . 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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Endocrine+system | endocrine system Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia endocrine system ( ĕn dəkrĭn ) body control system composed of a group of glands that maintain a stable internal environment by producing chemical regulatory substances called hormones hormone , secretory substance carried from one gland or organ the body via the bloodstream to more or less specific tissues , where it exerts some influence upon metabolism target tissue . . . . . . Click link for more information . The endocrine system includes pituitary gland pituitary gland , small oval endocrine gland that lies at base brain . It is sometimes called master because all other glands depend on its secretions for stimulation ( see system ) . . . . . . Click link information . thyroid gland thyroid gland , situated in neck , secretes hormones necessary growth and proper metabolism . It consists two lobes connected by narrow segment isthmus . The lobes lie on either side trachea , isthmus in front it . parathyroid glands parathyroid four small bodies , located behind thyroid govern calcium and phosphorus metabolism . These four masses tissue ( each about size pea ) are difficult to distinguish from are often embedded it . adrenal gland adrenal suprarenal ( see system ) about 2 in . ( 5.1 cm ) long situated atop each kidney . outer yellowish layer ( cortex ) adrenal secretes 30 steroid hormones , most important which aldosterone pancreas pancreas glandular organ digestive enzymes hormones . In humans , is yellowish 7 in . ( 17.8 cm ) long 1.5 ( 3.8 wide . lies beneath stomach connected intestine at duodenum digestive system ) . ovaries ovary , ductless female which ova ( female reproductive cells ) produced . In vertebrate animals ovary also sex estrogen progesterone , control development sexual organs secondary sexual characteristics . testes testis testis testicle one pair produce male reproductive cells , sperm . fetal life testes develop abdomen , then descend into an external sac , scrotum . ) . thymus gland thymus mass glandular tissue located neck chest most vertebrate animals . humans , thymus soft , flattened , pinkish - gray upper chest under breastbone . pineal gland pineal ( about size pea ) brain . Long considered vestigial structure , also pineal epiphysis , present vertebrates . kidney urinary system urinary system , group organs concerned with excretion urine , is , water waste products kidneys two near vertebral column back , left lying somewhat higher than sometimes considered organs . appear unique they produce do not pass through tubes ducts . secreted directly into internal environment , where they transmitted via bloodstream diffusion act distant points body . contrast , other including sweat glands , salivary glands , gastrointestinal secrete substances through ducts , those used vicinity gland . regulation functions depends existence specific receptor cells target respond specialized ways minute quantities hormonal messengers . Some hormones , such as thyroxine thyroxine substance secreted gland . hormone forms combining amino acid tyrosine with iodine . Complexed protein , it stored follicle stems between cells . from affect nearly all cells ; others , such as progesterone progesterone female sex hormone induces secretory changes lining uterus essential successful implantation fertilized egg . A steroid , chiefly corpus luteum , cells formed ovary after follicle from ovary , regulates uterine lining , affect only single organ . amounts maintained feedback mechanisms depend interactions between blood levels various activities organ . Hormones act regulating cell By accelerating , slowing , maintaining enzyme activity receptor cells , growth development , metabolic rate , rhythms , reproduction . Pituitary Control master i.e. , regulates many pituitary , base Also hypophysis , pituitary least five directly glands . thyrotropin thyrotropin thyroid - stimulating ( TSH ) , released anterior stimulates release thyroxine . release triggered action thyrotropin - releasing factor ( TRF ) , found manages activity , adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenocorticotropic polypeptide anterior Its chief function stimulate cortex secrete adrenocortical steroids , chief among them cortisone . ( ACTH ) , activity cortex , three gonadotropic hormones gonadotropic gonadotropin , any three glycoprotein protein ) released either placenta ( the maternal fetal blood exchange nutrients waste products ) have various effects upon follicle - stimulating ( FSH ) , luteinizing ( LH ) , luteotropic ( LTH ) , activities glands . produces do not glands : somatotropic hormone , growth hormone somatotropin glycoprotein necessary normal skeletal humans protein ) . controls tissues ; antidiuretic hormone antidiuretic polypeptide posterior Its principal action regulate amount water excreted kidneys . Antidiuretic ( ADH ) , known vasopressin , causes kidneys resorb ( ADH ) , controls rate excretion urine ; oxytocin , stimulates uterine contraction helps regulate milk production breasts ; melanocyte - stimulating melanocytes , pigment - producing cells . Adrenal Gland another regulated pituitary . cortex , outer part each produces aldosterone steroid cortex potent regulating body ' s electrolyte balance . Aldosterone acts kidney decrease rate sodium - ion ( with accompanying retention water ) , cortisol cortisol hydrocortisone , humans major circulating layer , Like cortisone , classed glucocorticoid ; liver glycogen formation while decreases steroids steroids , class lipids having particular molecular ring structure cyclopentanoperhydro - phenanthrene ring system . Steroids differ another structure side chains additional rings . Steroids common both plants animals . These salt concentration fluids glucose , fat , protein inner portion medulla , epinephrine epinephrine important body ' s metabolism , known adrenaline . Epinephrine , catecholamine , together norepinephrine , principally medulla ( adrenaline ) norepinephrine , autonomic nervous help respond danger stress . The Thyroid Gland thyroid , below larynx partially surrounding trachea , thyroxine , metabolic calcitonin , responsible maintaining proper calcium serum levels body . The Sex Hormones male testosterone testosterone principal androgen , hormone . One compounds anabolic testis ) but synthesized quantities ovaries , cortices placenta , usually development well secondary characteristics . LH production , FSH initiates sperm formation testes . females , FSH , LH , LTH integrated complex monthly cycles ovulation , production estrogen any synthesized females and , lesser quantities , males . estrogens cause thickening lining uterus vagina early phase ovulatory , menstrual , cycle and ovaries corpus luteum , menstruation ; LTH contributes lactation . Estrogen breasts function prepare implantation fertilized egg . Other Endocrine Glands controlled pituitary . parathyroid behind thyroid , phosphate portion pancreas , islets Langerhans , insulin insulin , β islets Langerhans , groups pancreas . Insufficiency insulin results diabetes . Insulin was first products be manufactured using genetic engineering . level sugar ( glucose ) glucagon glucagon α groups pancreas . tends counteract insulin , i.e. , raises concentration glucose blood . raises sugar level . thymus , processes lymphocytes newborn animals , seeding lymph nodes lymph tissues ; partly responsible organism ' s immune immunity immunity , ability an organism resist disease identifying destroying foreign organisms . Although animals have some immune capabilities , little nonmammalian immunity . ) . because renin which , substances , pressure . erythropoietin , red cell production . melatonin , helps clock . The Hypothalamus Physiological processes under nervous well adjacent pituitary , hypothalamus hypothalamus supervisory center brain , rich ganglia , nerve fibers , synaptic connections . composed several sections nuclei , function . mediates systems . pituitary - regulating response stimuli including smell , taste , pain , emotions . Thus , stress , cold , heat , stimuli CRF , adrenocorticotropic hormone - releasing factor , hypothalamus , causing ACTH be produced turn cortisol . Similar chemical regulatory mechanisms operate regulation hormones . Hypothalamic regulated substances , e.g. , inhibits hypothalamic CRF . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Endocrine system ( invertebrate ) integrating lack vertebral ( spinal ) column . An consists those tissues , whose ( hormones ) supplement rapid , short - term coordinating functions system . Almost information invertebrates pertains highly evolved will discussed below , annelids , echinoderms , mollusks , particularly classes arthropods , insects crustaceans . Several invertebrates neurohormones , is , produced nerve See Neurosecretion Insects Increase linear dimensions insect can only occur periodic intervals when restricting exoskeleton shed during process molting . Once insect becomes adult , ceases molt . orderly sequence molts leads newly hatched adult controlled brain neurohormone pair prothorax , prothoracic causing molting ecdysone . A third juvenile near brain , during juvenile molts suppress differentiation adult tissues . Juvenile permits but prevents maturation . See Ecdysone Two neurohormones antagonistic actions involved content insects . One , diuretic promotes loss increasing volume fluid Malpighian tubules , excretory organs . second , antidiuretic acts conserve wall rectum increase volume resorbed its lumen while lowering Malpighian tubules . Bursicon , protein neurohormone , tanning hardening newly formed cuticle . During insects , period arrested occurs , termed diapause . controlling onset termination diapause largely unknown . However , insects there evidence proctodone , reinitiates development . very few species insects , notably stick Carausius morosus ) , ability change color . This becomes darker night lighter day result rearrangement pigment granules within epidermal Darkening due Crustaceans Higher crustaceans structure , sinus stalk - eyed species eyestalk storage site molt - inhibiting hormone . Y - organs , structures found excretory organs , source crustacean molting crustecdysone . Chemically , crustecdysone very similar ecdysone insects ; both can cause crustaceans insects . sinus neuroendocrine Y - organs nonneural . Crustacean pigment ( chromatophores ) hormonal control , active postcommissural organs , lie esophagus . Substances been dispersion within chromatophore , opposite action . Chromatophore compound eye has retinal pigments . movements these pigments illumination level amount light impinging photosensitive has been causes migration these pigments toward light - adapted positions migration toward dark - adapted positions . pericardial heart , neuroendocrine increase amplitude heart beat . contains hyperglycemic rise glucose . Annelids Strong evidence annelids obtained studies One marine annelids inhibits maturation gametes . This was thought studies show infracerebral ventral may involved . Echinoderms radial nerves starfishes contain required maintenance normal cycle . One , shedding substance , induces spawning . second , shedhibin , former . Mollusks best - established mollusks , optic occur octopus squid . They structures , gonadal maturation . optic turn inhibitory nerves There ( the pleural ganglia ) may affects balance . Removal pleural ganglia freshwater snail results swelling animal due influx water . Endocrine system ( vertebrate ) communication among classical discrete unique ( hormones ) bloodstream . travel distant sites targets physiological responses . Thus differ exocrine lack ducts deliver their secretions bloodstream . classical definition become harder apply discovery scattered rather than discrete themselves ( autocrine effect ) nearby targets ( paracrine effect ) diffusion extracellular fluids rather bloodstream , neurons ( neurosecretion ) . All mechanisms , however , allow intercellular communication part Neurosecretion system , along maintain homeostasis , constancy environment organism . Thus organism reacts adjusts physiologically changes external environment . roles systems homeostasis many , complementary , overlapping . Homeostasis Nervous system ( vertebrate ) Nature of hormones Hormones They proteinlike steroidal . Peptide synthetic directed genes stored granules bud off endoplasmic reticulum Golgi membranes , synthesis occurs . leave endocytosis enter Steroid hand , cholesterol number well - characterized , enzyme - catalyzed steps . Cholesterol thus converted stepwise families : ( cortisol aldosterone ) , estrogens ( estradiol ) androgens ( testosterone ) testis . Steroid diffuse across plasma membrane enter circulation . Hormone Protein Since cases carries throughout body , there must certain tissues accomplished receptors , binding sites surface nucleus . Receptors high - molecular - weight proteins ; some , receptor , known . general , peptide can not cross plasma membrane , so their receptors there , whereas pass membrane bind nuclear receptors , probably deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) . order peptide stimulate physiological cell , “ message ” must passed hormone - receptor complex interior cell . process signaling across accomplished so - called second messengers best adenosine 3 , 5 - cyclic monophosphate ( cyclic AMP ) . course , no need second messengers since lipid - soluble readily cell . Cell membranes Second messengers Once bound receptors stimulated responses occur . involve biochemical conversion inactive form enzyme active one , stimulation critical enzymatic pathways , transport glucose amino acids synthesis new proteins . events result overall function , metabolism , growth , even behavior organism . mechanisms , means homeostasis achieved . common relationship negative feedback , whereby response stimulus turns off original stimulus . For example , pancreatic beta high levels . Insulin blood , take up glucose , thus reducing sugar . When falls , secretion turned off . turned back when content gradually increases again . Carbohydrate metabolism ; Insulin Pituitary gland and hypothalamus hypophysis , many peptide - releasing factors neurosecretory neurons travel adenohypophysis ( anterior lobe pituitary ) way portal releasing adenohypophysis Generally speaking , adenohypophysial affected separate releasing Thus , hypothalamic thyrotropin - releasing thyroid - stimulating ( thyrotropin ) adenohypophysis . Other adenohypophysial include cortex ; cells ; prolactin , milk mammary functions ; follicle - stimulating follicles prior ovulation ; luteinizing ovulation . governed gonadotropin - releasing Other reach way bloodstream ; instead down axons neurosecretory neurohypophysis ( posterior lobe pituitary ) . Oxytocin mammary mammals suckling young , contract end pregnancy aid expulsion offspring . Vasopressin ( or hormone ) conservation tubules pressure . Pituitary gland Thyroid gland neck region mammals . closely related triiodothyronine thyroxine . organism , synthesis . along promote development . Thyroid peptides three - dimensional structures similar unusual bind nuclear receptors . secretion ( as gonads ) involves feedback relationships . affected adenohypophysis . case factor response , triiodothyronine . High inhibit ( long - loop feedback ) ( short - loop feedback ) . Thyroid gland Calcium regulation derive name fact mammals embedded thyroids . essential life , ion extracellular fluids . If too low , animal goes tetanic convulsions dies , whereas if too high , abnormal calcification stone occur . Parathyroid ( hypercalcemia ) . bone phosphate , reabsorption ( conservation ) phosphate . Vitamin D now recognized steroidlike although does originate precursors present diet after exposure skin lipids ultraviolet light . Vitamin D plays roles conservation bone mineralization , enhance transport intestinal conserve dietary calcium . Vitamin D Calcitonin recognized ( different hormones ) ultimobranchial nonmammalian vertebrates . Calcitonin hypocalcemic inhibiting loss bone . Of calcium - regulating appears least important . Parathyroid gland Carbohydrate regulation pancreatic islets . beta decreases ( glucose ) levels . ( skeletal muscle , fat cells ) uptake acids , fatty acids . taken used reactions glycogen , large carbohydrate . conversion acids proteins fatty fats absence diabetes mellitus , can not take up utilize fats energy sources . accumulation toxic eventually disrupt acid - base balance , leading coma death . Glucagon , contrast , hyperglycemic islet alpha liver glycogen activation key enzymes pathway . Many elevate For example , ( adrenalin ) , derivative medulla , same pathway convert except skeletal heart muscle . Epinephrine times stress serves prepare emergency increasing availability energy form Growth large adenohypophysis , low elevates blocking uptake favoring utilization source . Many cortical cortisol , collectively glucocorticoids , elevate favor proteins ( gluconeogenesis ) . Glucocorticoids exert anti - inflammatory action , makes them useful treatment arthritis diseases . Adrenal gland Salt and water regulation Several excrete salts water . ( vasopressin ) promotes reabsorption tubules , so excretes less vasopressin neuro - secretory sensitive salts fluids . absence vasopressin , individual excretes great volumes dilute urine , leading severe dehydration ( diabetes insipidus ) . Salt mainly opposition . Aldosterone cortical sodium tubules urine . atriopeptin ( atrial natriuretic factor ) , originates muscle , sodium urine . Osmoregulatory mechanisms Reproductive hormones Probably best - studied gonads , female . gonads male , initiation sperm nearby Leydig testosterone , Testosterone paracrine mechanism final maturation sperm , Testis female , ovarian follicles beginning cycle . As grow , estradiol . | [
"endocrine system",
"Dictionary"
] |
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