url
stringlengths 15
784
| text
stringlengths 6
437k
| KeyPhrases
sequence |
|---|---|---|
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Fisheries+conservation | fisheries conservation fisheries conservation ′ fish · ə · rēz ‚ kän · sər ′ vā · shən ( ecology ) Those measures concerned with the protection and preservation of fish and other aquatic life , particularly in sea waters . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / fisheries + conservation " > fisheries conservation < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in endangered species References in periodicals archive There are 445 registered crocodile farms in Cambodia , according to In Hul , deputy director of the Fisheries Conservation Department at the Agriculture Ministry , but only about 5 percent have recognition from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( Cites ) . More crocodile farms given Cites recognition It has major responsibilities in flood management , water resources and quality , climate change , land quality , chemicals , pollution prevention and control , waste , conservation and biodiversity , , air quality and navigation . United Kingdom : Appointments to the Board of the Environment Agency 5 billion annually to fund and habitat restoration . New England matters : Marine National Monuments may deny citizens access to the wild It also lays down the guidelines on the enforcement of various measures . DA signs IRR of amended Fisheries Code Sharifullah said strengthening of and establishment of trout training Centre at Manshera was also in our priority list for which at least Rs 300 million would be required . 65 trout fish farms to be set up under 3 proposed projects for ADP 2015 - 16 in KPK 3 ) IUU fishing includes illegal activities that do not comply with national , regional , or global and management obligations and regulations . Too big to tackle ? The persistent problem of pirate fishing and the new focus on port state measures Austen , a professional with more than 30 years of fisheries and natural resource management experience in a variety of top - level positions , has become the new executive director of the American Fisheries Society ( AFS ) . Leading Fisheries Conservation Professional is the New Executive Director for the American Fisheries Society This operation is an example of the work we do with partners such as Merseyside Police and the Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority to tackle illegal immigration and immigration crime . Officers target cockle pickers FISHERIES conservation chiefs are cracking down hard on illegal commercial cockling in the Teesside / Hartlepool area by making a bylaw permanent . CRACKDOWN ON COCKLE PICKERS Norway follows EU measures and the quota system , but is not part of the Commons Fisheries Policy . Truth about what awaits outside EU ; Views of the North Lubchenco explained that , in the wake of the adoption by Congress , in 2006 , of the Magnuson - Stevens Act on and management , considerable improvements have been observed in fishery resources in US fishing zones . COMMON FISHERIES POLICY : CFP REFORM : DAMANAKI SUPPORTS AMERICAN MODEL The North West Inshore Authority ( NWIFCA ) closed the beds in Southport and Leasowe in Wirral because there were insufficient adult cockles to warrant keeping it open . Mersey cockle beds are closed by fisheries chiefs More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ fishbone antenna fish - bone antenna Fishburne , Larry Fish - Dressing Machine fished joint Fisher Fisher County Fisher Grove State Park Fisher King Fisher Poets Gathering Fisher , Andrew Fisher , Clarence Stanley Fisher , Donald G . Fisher , Dorothy Canfield Fisher , Frederick John Fisher , Geoffrey Francis Fisher , Irving Fisher , John Arbuthnot Fisher , John Arbuthnot Fisher , 1st Baron Fisher , M . F . K . Fisher , Ralph , Jr . Fisher , Ronald Aylmer Fisher , Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher , Terence fisheries Fisher - Irwin test fisherman Fisherman Island National Wildlife Refuge Fisherman ' s Island State Park Fishermen ' s Memorial State Park Fishers Hill Fisher ' s ideal index Fisher ' s inequality fishery Fishery Ice Drill Fishes Fishes , The fisheye fish - eye lens fish - eye stone Fish - Filleting Machine Fish - Finding Fish - Finding Equipment Fishguard fishing fishing boat Fishing Gear fishing grounds Fishing Industry Fishing Industry Institute ▼ Full browser ▲ Fishergirls Fishergirls fisheries Fisheries Administration Fisheries Administration Act 1991 Fisheries Agency of Japan Fisheries Alternative Program Fisheries and Aquaculture Act , 2001 Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Project Fisheries and Aquaculture Extension Program Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Program Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Collaborative Effort Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Society Fisheries and Environmental Management Fisheries and Habitat Conservation Fisheries and Mariculture Laboratory Fisheries and Oceans Canada Fisheries and Wildlife Fisheries and Wildlife Graduate Student Association Fisheries Assessment Working Group Fisheries Assessment , Monitoring and Ecology Fisheries Association of Newfoundland and Labrador Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program Fisheries Centre Research Reports Fisheries College and Research Institute Fisheries Conservancy Board for Northern Ireland Fisheries Conservation & Control Division Fisheries Conservation and Management Zone Fisheries Consultative Group Fisheries Council of British Columbia Fisheries Council of Canada Fisheries Department of Western Australia Fisheries Development Action Plan Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Fisheries Development Department Fisheries Development Donor Consultation Fisheries District Supervisor Fisheries Economics Research Unit Fisheries Economics , Research and Management Fisheries Expert Group Fisheries Field Technician Certificate Program Fisheries Finance Program Fisheries Global Information System Fisheries industry Fisheries industry Fisheries Information and Analysis System Fisheries Inventory Data Queries Fisheries Joint Management Committee Fisheries Legacy Trust Company Fisheries Liaison Officer Fisheries Loan Board Fisheries Management Act 1991 Fisheries Management and Ecology Fisheries Management Biologist Fisheries Management Organization Fisheries Management Plan ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"fisheries conservation"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Formatio+reticularis | Reticular Formation ( redirected from Formatio reticularis Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical reticular formation re ′ tik · yə · lər fȯr ¦ mā · shən ( neuroscience ) The portion of the central nervous system which consists of small islands gray matter separated by fine bundles nerve fibers running in every direction . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Reticular Formation a system nerve structures located in the central portions brain stem : medulla oblongata , mesencephalon , and thalamus . neurons that constitute reticular formation vary size , structure , and length axons have densely intertwined fibers . term “ reticular formation , ” introduced by German scientist O . Deiters , reflects only formation ’ s morphological characteristics . reticular formation is morphologically functionally related to spinal cord , cerebellum , limbic system , cerebral cortex . Both ascending ( afferent ) descending ( efferent ) entering impulses interact region formation . Impulses may also circulate through closed neuronal chains . Thus , there a constant level excitation neurons that maintains tone certain degree readiness various regions nervous system . This level excitation controlled cerebral cortex . Descending influences . Different areas inhibit or promote motor reactions spinal cord . A relationship between cerebrospinal reflexes stimulation various areas brain stem was first observed 1862 I . M . Sechenov . In 1944 – 46 , American neuroanatomist H . Magoun his associates demonstrated stimulation different medulla oblongata ’ s facilitates inhibits cord ’ s motor reactions . Electric medial part oblongata ’ s anesthetized decerebrated cats monkeys results complete cessation movements caused reflex action All inhibitory effects are bilateral , but on side stimulated such an effect often observed at lower threshold stimulation . Some manifestations inhibitory influences conform to Sechenov ’ s description inhibition . Stimulation periphery lateral region has an effect facilitates cord ’ s activity . has facilitory on cord not confined oblongata but extends forward embrace pons mesencephalon . can act different structures cord , for example , alpha motoneurons innervate main fibers muscles involved voluntary movements . latent periods motoneuronal responses are prolonged regions formation . This phenomenon suggests effects reactions accomplished interneurons possibly Renshaw cells as well . mechanism causes affect muscle tone was discovered Swedish neurophysiologist R . Granit . Granit demonstrated also affects activity gamma motoneurons , whose axons proceed intrafusal muscle help regulate organism ’ s posture its phase movements . Ascending influences . Various formation , extending from diencephalon oblongata , exert generalized excitatory influences cortex ; is , they involve all cortical process . In 1949 , Magoun Italian physiologist G . Moruzzi discovered , while studying brain ’ s bioelectric activity , stem ’ s changes slow synchronous high - voltage oscillations characteristic sleep into low - amplitude , high - frequency activity characteristic wakefulness . animals , change cortex ’ electric accompanied outward manifestations arousal . closely related anatomically classic media conduction excited exteroceptive interoceptive afferent ( sensory ) systems . Some investigators consequently regard as part brain ’ s nonspecific afferent system . However , research P . K . Anokhin led theory . Anokhin used pharmacologic substances study formation ’ s functions discovered chemical preparations act selectively effected with participation led him postulate specificity ascending activating always biological importance selectively sensitive pharmacologic substances . These views were presented 1959 1968 . Narcotics introduced into body inhibit neurons , thereby blocking their activating Hormonal factors , including catecholamines , carbon dioxide , cholinergic agents , help maintain its sensitivity chemical substances circulating bloodstream . thus helps regulate some autonomic functions . cortex , when it experiences tonic formation , may alter functional state structures . cortex change rate at which conducted influence functioning individual neurons ; is , cortex control , I . P . Pavlov ’ s words , “ blind force ” subcortex . discovery properties relations with other subcortical cortical helped elucidate neurophysiologic mechanisms pain , sleep , wakefulness , alertness , well integrated conditioned reflexes development variety motivations emotions . Research using pharmacological lead treatment number diseases means pharmacotherapy . Such research creating new approach anesthesia other major medicine . REFERENCES Brodai , A . Retikuliarnaia formatsiia mozgovogo stvola . Moscow , 1960 . ( Translated English . ) Rossi , J . F . , A . Zanketti . Retikuliarnaia formatsiia stvola mozga . Moscow , 1960 . ( Translated English . ) mozga . 1962 . H . Magoun . Bodrstvuiushchii mozg 2nd ed . 1965 . Anokhin , K . Biologiia i neirofiziologiia uslovnogo refleksa . 1968 . Granit , R . Osnovy reguliatsii dvizhenii . 1973 . Moruzzi , G . , W . Magoun . “ Brain Stem Reticular Formation Activation EEG . ” Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology vol . 1 . Boston , 1949 . V . G . Z ILOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Formatio + reticularis " > Reticular Formation < / a > Mentioned in Action Potentials Adaptation Syndrome Beritashvili , Ivan Beritashvili , Ivan Solomonovich central nervous system conditioned reflex Decerebrate Rigidity emotion Equilibrium , Organ of Extrapyramidal System Galvanic Skin Response Higher Nervous Activity Horace Magoun Ivan Beritashvili Ivan Solomonovich Beritashvili Magoun , Horace Medulla Oblongata Mesencephalon Encyclopedia browser ▲ formal sociology Formal System formal theory and formalization of theory formaldehyde formaldehyde sodium bisulfite formalin formalism Formalism , Mathematical formality Formalization formamidase formamide formamidinesulfinic acid Forman Forman , Lionel formanite Formant formant information Formariage format format effector Format Painter format program Formate FORMAT - Fortran Formatio reticularis Formation formation bombing formation damage Formation Energy formation factor formation fracturing formation gas formation level formation light formation microscanner formation pressure formation resistivity formation solubility formation tester formation water Formation , Naval formative formative evaluation formatted tape formatted text formatting Formatting Output Specification Instance Formby formed cutter Formed Elements of the Blood ▼ Full browser ▲ Format Synchronizer Format Variation Working Group FORMAT - Fortran Format - Preserving Encryption Format / Logo Licensing Corporation formate formate Formates Formates Formateur Accompagnateur en Insertion Professionnelle Formateur Associé Référent Formateur Consultant en Gestion de Patrimoine Formateur en Sûreté de l ' Aviation Civile Formateur Relais Anti - Drogue formatio formatio formatio alba formatio bulbaris formatio grisea formatio hippocampalis formatio vermicularis Formation à Distance Assistée Formation à la Préservation du Patrimoine Culturel Formation à la Recherche dans l ' Aire Océanienne Formation à la Recherche en Amérique Latine Formation à la Vie Associative Formation à Partir de la Pratique Formation Active en Sciences Formation Administrative des Non - Inscrits Formation Aéronautique Conseil Formation Alternative et Autogérée aux Arts du Cirque Formation Analysis Sheet Log Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems Formation and Safety Team Formation Animation Équitation Formation Antilles , École d ' Esthétique et de Coiffure Formation Appliquée aux Assurances Formation Assembly Ship Formation Assistée par Ordinateur Formation aux Économies d ' Energie dans le Bâtiment Formation Aux Particuliers Formation aux Techniques de Fonderie Formation aux Techniques du Commerce International Formation Avancée et Itinérante des Arts de la Rue ▼ | [
"Formatio reticularis"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Forward+slash | forward slash Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal Wikipedia The slash ) — technically known as a virgule but also called a slant solidus or stroke ( the common name in British English ) — serves number of purposes in writing , essentially standing for other words as quick and clear way of showing the connection between two things . A slash is conventionally used without spaces between it and the words it connects ( although is also common to see spaces used , especially if one or both things being joined contain multiple words ) . Continue reading . . . The Farlex Grammar Book © 2016 Farlex International . All rights reserved . forward slash The forward ( or simply slash ) character ( / ) divide symbol programming on calculator keyboards . For example , 10 7 means 10 divided by 7 . often used command line syntax to indicate switch . For example , DOS / Windows Xcopy statement xcopy * . * d : / s / s switch that tells program copy all subfolders . In Unix paths , which have become popular due Internet addresses , separates elements path www . company . com / news / previous / abc . html It Used Be Just Slash Before computers became ubiquitous , forward was simply " slash . " Since days DOS , which introduced horrid backslash , many people refer regular avoid confusion . See backslash Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / forward + slash " > forward slash < / a > Mentioned in backslash Classless Inter - Domain Routing DOS error messages invalid parameter minus sign oblique stroke pathname separator References in periodicals archive The plus symbol and the are based on points earned over the lifetime of the horse , specifically representing the Legion of Supreme Honor . From Banker to National Show Horse Champion ; U.S. Bank Employee Marni Lombardo Takes First Place at Canadian Nationals Note to Editors : In the product name code / lab , the should be a pipe symbol . Accelerated Technology ' s Nucleus RTOS and Development Tools Now Available for Networking Developers Using Freescale Semiconductor ' s ColdFire Processors More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ forward drop forward edge of the battle area forward engineering forward error analysis forward error correction forward extrusion forward fan engine forward line of own troops forward link forward oblique forward of the beam forward overlap forward pass forward path forward perpendicular forward propagation by ionospheric scatter forward propagation by tropospheric scatter forward quarter forward recovery time forward reference forward resistance forward scatter forward scattering forward scheduling forward shift operator forward slip forward swept wing forward tilt forward transfer function forward voltage drop forward wave forward welding forward wing forward - acting regulator forward - arming - and - refueling point forward - backward counter forward - curved fan Forwarder Forwarding Agency , Contract of forward - looking infrared forward - looking infrared imager forwards compatibility forwards compatible forward - scatter propagation FORWISS Fosbury , Dick Foscolo , Ugo FOSDIC II Fosdick , Fearless Fosdick , Harry Emerson ▼ Full browser ▲ Forward scatter Forward Scatter Characteristics Forward Scatter Radar Forward Scatter Site Forward Scatter System Forward scattering Forward scattering Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe Forward Schedule of Changes forward scheduling Forward Seamen ' s Union of India Forward Section Assembly Forward security Forward security Forward Security Element Forward Sensor Interface Control Forward Sequence Number Forward Sequence Number Expected Forward Sequence Number of the Last Message Signal Forward Sequence Number of the Last Signal Unit Forward Sequence Number of the Oldest Message Signal Forward Sequence Number Received Forward Service Support Element Forward Service Support Group Forward Shaped Charge Forward Shell forward shift operator Forward Sioux Falls Forward Site Modernization Forward Sited Depot Forward slip forward slope Forward Solenoid Valve Forward Sortation Area Forward Sorting Area Forward Space Support to Theater Forward Spread Forward Staging Base Forward Staging Location Forward start option Forward starting swap Forward starting swaps Forward State Metric Forward State Metric Calculation Forward State Metric Memory Forward Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Forward Stocking Location forward store forward store Forward Strategic Transportation Officer Forward Supplemental Channel Forward Supplemental Channel Assignment Mini Message Forward Supplemental Code Channel Type Forward Supply Location Forward Supply Point Forward Supply Support Forward Support ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"Encyclopedia",
"forward slash"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Gas-Fractionation+Plant | Gas - Fractionation Plant The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Gas - Fractionation Plant an installation used for the separation of mixtures of light hydrocarbons into individual , or industrially pure , substances . Gas - fractionation plants are part natural gasoline plants , gas refineries , and chemical and petrochemical processing plants . capacity gas - fractionation plants may be as high as 750,000 tons raw material per year , including natural gasolines ( which are produced from refinery gases ) , petroleum stabilization products , pyrolysis cracking gases . raw materials composed mainly hydrocarbons containing one to eight carbon atoms per molecule . separation the hydrocarbon mixtures is performed by fractional distillation in column distillers . method separating gasoline in a gas fractionation plant includes preheating a heat exchanger feeding it to propane column ( see Figure 1 ) . propane vapors , which condensed condenser - cooler fed reflux vessel , drawn off top part column . Some returned top reflux ; excess drawn off form finished product . After preheating , liquid bottom fed for further by same method into next column , where mixture butanes separated liquid form overflow , lower part . butanes isobutane normal butane , isopentane , normal pentane , hexanes , so on , performed similar manner . approximate pure - substance content after processing Figure 1 Diagram gas - fractionation installation : ( 1 ) column , ( 2 ) stabilization ( 3 ) isobutane ( 4 ) condenser - coolers , ( 5 ) preheaters bottom ( 6 ) heat exchangers , ( 7 ) coolers follows : 96 percent , 95 percent , butane 96 isopentane 95 stable 74 percent ( in commercial products with these names ) . Improvements technological system gasfractionation designed reduce capital expenditures power costs automate monitoring control systems means electronic computers installation chromatographic product quality analyzers on flow lines . REFERENCES Pererabotka i ispol ’ zovanie gaza Moscow , 1962 Chernyi , I . R . Podgotovka syr ’ ia dlia neftekhimii Moscow , 1966 . A . L . K HALIF The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Gas - Fractionation + Plant " > Gas - Fractionation Plant < / a > Encyclopedia browser ▲ gaseous discharge gaseous discharge lamp gaseous fuel gaseous nebulae Gases Gases in Metals Gases in Technology Gases in the Blodo Gases of the Earth ' s Crust GasFET Gas - Filled Cable gas - filled diode gas - filled lamp gas - filled porosity gas - filled radiation counter gas - filled rectifier gas - filled thermometer gas - filled triode gas - fired Gas - fired absorption chiller gas - fired water heater gas - flame brazing Gas - Flame Treatment gas - flow counter tube gas - flow radiation counter Gas - Generator Motor Vehicle gash fracture gash vein Gashford Gashinskii , Arkadii Gashinskii , Arkadii Evgenevich Gashmu Gashokov , Khusin Gashokov , Khusin Khanakhovich gasholder Gashouse Gang Gashunhu gasification Gasification of Coal , Underground Gasification of Fuels gasifier gas - injection well gas - input well gas - insulated substation Gaskell Gaskell , Elizabeth Gaskell , Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell , Walter Holbrook gasket gasket glazing Glazing ▼ Full browser ▲ Gas - discharge light source Gas - discharge light source Gas - Discharge Light Sources gas - discharge tube gas - discharge tube gas - drive reservoir gas - filled gas - filled gas - filled cable gas - filled diode gas - filled lamp gas - filled porosity gas - filled radiation counter Gas - Filled Recoil Isotope Separator gas - filled rectifier gas - filled thermometer gas - filled triode Gas - filled tube Gas - filled tube gas - fired Gas - fired absorption chiller Gas - Fired Combined Cycle gas - fired water heater gas - flame brazing Gas - Flame Treatment gas - flow counter tube gas - flow radiation counter Gas - gangrene sera Gas - gangrene sera Gas - Gas Heater Gas - Generator Motor Vehicle gas - guzzler gas - guzzler gas - guzzler tax gas - guzzling gas - guzzling Gas - holder Gas - holder Gas - Immersed Laser Doping gas - injection well gas - input well gas - insulated substation Gas - Insulated Switchgear Gas - Kinetic Theory gas - law constant gas - lift mandrel gas - lift valve Gas - liquid Chromatograph Gas - liquid Chromatograph gas - liquid chromatography gas - liquid chromatography gas - liquid partition chromatography gas - liquid partition chromatography ▼ | [
"Gas-Fractionation Plant",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Glide+ratio | glide ratio Also found in : Wikipedia glide ratio The ratio of the forward distance traveled to the vertical distance an aircraft descends when gliding without any power . Also called a gliding ratio An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / glide + ratio " > glide ratio < / a > Mentioned in gliding ratio Encyclopedia browser ▲ Glenview Gleser , Hilda Gleser , Hilda Andresovna glessite Gley Gleying Glezerman , Grigorii Glezerman , Grigorii Erukhimovich Glezos , Manolis Gliadenovo Kostishche glial cell glial cells glibc Glick , George Washington Glidden , Joseph glide glide angle glide bomb Glide Effortless glide fold glide mode glide path glide path indicator Glide PhotoShare glide plane glide rocket glide slope glide slope facility glide slope sector glide trajectory glide - path angle glide - path beacon glide - path transmitter glider glider train glide - slope glide - slope - intercept altitude Gliding gliding angle gliding bacteria gliding distance gliding joint gliding motility gliding range gliding ratio gliding speed gliding window Glière , Reinhold Glière , Reinhold Moritzovich Gligorov , Kiro ▼ Full browser ▲ glide catheter glide catheter Glide Effortless Glide Emulation for Dos glide fold Glide house glide mode Glide number glide path glide path indicator Glide Path Intercept Point glide paths glide paths Glide PhotoShare Glide plane Glide planes Glide Return to Landing Site glide rocket Glide Scope glide slope Glide Slope Deviation glide slope facility Glide Slope Indicator glide slope sector glide time glide time glide trajectory Glide wax Glide , Turn , Carve , Pump glide - bomb glide - path angle glide - path beacon glide - path transmitter glide - slope glide - slope - intercept altitude glided glided Gliden Glidepath Glidepath ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"glide ratio"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Goodell+sign | William Goodell ( redirected from Goodell sign Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Goodell , William ( go͝odĕl ) 1792 – 1867 , American missionary in the Middle East , b . Templeton , Mass . He went in 1823 , for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , to what is now Beirut , Lebanon , where he established Congregationalist mission . In 1831 he went to Constantinople and there established a mission Armenians of city . His translation Bible into Armeno - Turkish occupied 20 years . The success Congregational missions Turkey is largely founded upon his work . His memoirs were edited by E . D . G . Prime under title Forty Years Turkish Empire ( 1876 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Goodell + sign " > William Goodell < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Encyclopedia browser ▲ Good Ear for Music Good Earth , The Good Friday good geometry Good Guy Vampires Good Joe good luck plant good morning stairs Good Offices good oil Good Sam Recreational Vehicle Club Good Samaritan good seamanship Good Shepherd Good Soldier Schweik Good Thief Good Thing Good Times virus good user interface Good , James Isaac Goodale State Park Good - Deeds Goode , John Goode , John Paul Goode , Wilson Goodell sign Goodenough ' s Island Goodhue County Goodhue , Benjamin Goodhue , Bertram Grosvenor Gooding County Goodlad , John Goodman Goodman duckbill loader Goodman loader Goodman , Morris Goodman , Nelson Goodman , Paul Goodnaturedness goodness of fit Goodnight , Charles Goodnow , Frank Johnson Goodpasture ' s syndrome Goodrich , Annie W . Goodrich , Benjamin F . Goodrich , Chauncey Allen Goodrich , Leland Matthew Goodrich , Lloyd Goodrich , Samuel Griswold Goodricke , John GOODS ▼ Full browser ▲ Goodbye Cruel Nest Goodbye Cruel World Goodbye Cruel World goodbye cruel world ! Goodbye for Now Goodbye God Bless Goodbye kiss Goodbye kiss Goodbye Kisses Goodbye Yellow Brick Road goodbye ! goodbye , cruel world goodbyes goodbyes goodbys goodbys Goode Goode homolosine projection Goode ' s homolosine Goode ' s homolosine projection Goode , John Goode , John Paul Goode , Wilson Goodell Goodell dilator Goodell dilator Goodell ' s dilator Goodell ' s dilator Goodell ' s sign Goodell ' s sign Goodell , William Goodenia Goodenia family Goodeniaceae Goodenough draw - a - man test Goodenough ' s Island Goodenough , Florence L Goodenough , Florence L . Goodenough - Harris drawing test gooder Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning gooders goodfaced goodfella Goodfellas Goodfellas Goodfellow Goodfellow AFB Goodfellow Air Force Base Goodfellow Technical Training Center ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"William Goodell",
"American missionary",
"Middle East"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Granger+movement | Granger movement Also found in : Dictionary Legal Granger movement , American agrarian movement taking its name from the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry , an organization founded in 1867 by Oliver H . Kelley Kelley , Oliver Hudson , 1826 – 1913 , American agriculturist , b . Boston . He was a founder National Grange Patrons Husbandry , central influence in Granger movement 1870s . . . . . . Click link for more information . and six associates . Its local units were called granges and its members grangers . The grew slowly until after Panic 1873 , when it expanded rapidly , reaching membership peak 1875 . Although established originally for social and educational purposes , local granges became political forums increased number as channels farmer protest against economic abuses day . The sought to correct these abuses through cooperative enterprise . They were part successful with establishment stores , grain elevators , mills , but they met disaster their attempt to manufacture farm machinery . Through political activity grangers captured several state legislatures Middle West secured passage Illinois , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa so - called Granger laws , setting or authorizing maximum railroad rates establishing state railroad commissions administering new legislation . There was also legislation covering warehouses elevators . Railroads other interested parties challenged constitutionality these laws Cases . But U.S . Supreme Court , Munn v . Illinois Munn v . Illinois , case decided by U.S . Supreme Court 1876 . Munn , a partner Chicago warehouse firm , had been found guilty an Illinois court violating laws providing fixing maximum charges storage grain ( see movement ) . . . . . . Click link more information . ( 1876 ) , established as constitutional principle public regulation private utilities devoted public use . thus revealed farmer power forced older parties give attention his demands . Inadequacy regulation , plus weakening Munn v . Illinois ruling Wabash Case Wabash Case , popular name Wabash , St . Louis Pacific Railroad Company decided Court 1886 . decision narrowed earlier ones ( see ( 1886 ) , led demands national legislation . After 1876 Greenback party , Farmers ' Alliance , and , finally , Populist party expressed much agrarian protest , reverted their original role , purely social organizations . They continued exist East , especially New England , where they had been least active politically . Bibliography See studies J . D . McCabe ( 1873 , repr . 1969 ) S . J . Buck ( 1913 , repr . 1963 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Granger + movement " > Granger movement < / a > Mentioned in agriculture cooperative movement fraternal orders Fredonia Grangers Indiana Interstate Commerce Commission Iowa Kansas Kelley , Oliver Hudson Michigan Minnesota Munn v . Illinois Nebraska North Carolina Patrons of Husbandry Polk , Leonidas Lafayette Republican party References in periodicals archive In contrast , Buck ' s Granger Movement focuses on the intentions of farmers of the upper Mississippi River Valley during the creation of local Grange subsidiaries in the early 1870s . Indefinite foundings and awkward transitions : the Grange ' s troubled formation into an educational institution 16 ) The great task of the Granger movement was to eliminate the jealousy , envy , and discontent caused by class warfare , and this was to be accomplished through a " proper readjustment " of the classes . " Severing the connections in a complex community " : the grange , the patrons of industry and the construction / contestation of a late 19th - century agrarian identity in Ontario The rise of Greenback and Granger movements in the county after the war , for example , grew from older concerns about the power of capital over agriculture . A Generation at War : The Civil War Era in a Northern Community More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Grandidier , Alfred Grandin , Temple Grandison , Sir Charles grandite Grandma Moses Grandmaison , Louis Grandmarina grandmaster grandmaster key Grand - Mère Grandmother Grandparents ' Day grandrelle yarn grandsire Grandson grandstand Grandview Grandville Grane Brünnhilde ' s granellare Granet , François Marius grange Grange , Harold Grange , Red Grangemouth Granger , Clive William John Granger , David Arthur Granger , Francis Granger , James Grangers Granhamn Granicus Granida and Daifilio granin Granin , Daniil Granin , Daniil Aleksandrovich Granit , Ragnar granite Granite Bay State Marine Park Granite City granite cloth Granite County Granite Ghost Town State Park Granite Layer granite moss granite pegmatite granite porphyry granite series granite wash Granite - Gneiss ▼ Full browser ▲ Granen Graneodin Granet , François Marius granfer grange Grange ( disambiguation ) Grange ( disambiguation ) Grange League Federation Grange Mutual Insurance Company Grange Primary School Grange S Coffin Grange S . Coffin Grange , Harold Grange , Red Grangemouth Grangemouth Stadium Grangemouth Stadium Grangemouth , Scotland Grangemouth , Scotland GRANGENET granger granger Granger Community Church Granger line Granger projection Granger railroads Granger stocks Granger ' s World of Poetry Granger , Amedee Granger , Clive William John Granger , David Arthur Granger , Francis Granger , James Granger - Hunter Improvement District grangerisation grangerise grangerised grangeriser grangerises grangerising Grangerism Grangerite grangerization Grangerize grangerizer grangerizes grangerizing Granges Granges Grängesbergsbanornas Järnvägsmuseum Grangeville ▼ | [
"Granger movement",
"Dictionary ,"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hysteresis | hysteresis Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Wikipedia Related to hysteresis : Hysteresis loop hysteresis error Hysteresis loss Magnetic hysteresis elastic hysteresis hysteresis ( hĭs ' tərē sĭs ) phenomenon in which the response of a physical system to an external influence depends not only on the present magnitude of that influence but also on previous history system . Expressed mathematically , response to external is a doubled - valued function ; one value applies when is increasing , other applies when decreasing . Magnetic occurs permeable material like soft iron magnetized by being subjected an magnetic field . The induced magnetization tends lag behind magnetizing force . If field applied initially unmagnetized sample and then removed , sample retains residual magnetization ( it has become permanent magnet ) . The graph magnetic induction B versus field H called loop . area loop proportional energy dissipated as heat system goes through cycle ; this represents considerable energy loss in alternating - current machinery . Thermal occurs value given property body depends not only body ' s temperature but also whether temperature rising or falling . An example dielectric constant versus for certain crystals . Another kind common feature control or cybernetic systems . A familiar example thermostat controlling source heat and set at some T 0 When room falls through T 0 some lower 1 heating power switched on . When room rises higher 2 power switched off . Thus , for temperatures lower than 1 always on ; temperatures higher than 2 always off ; between may be off ( double - valued response ) , depending which two occurred most recently system ' s history . Unlike previous examples , this effect naturally occurring ; it designed into control prevent damage that would arise from switching off too frequently . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Hysteresis A phenomenon wherein two ( or more ) physical quantities bear relationship prior history . More specifically , Y takes different values increasing input X decreasing X If one cycles over appropriate range , plot Y gives closed curve referred as loop . appears be lagging input Hysteresis many fields science . Perhaps primary materials where variable H ( magnetic field ) variable B ( magnetic induction ) are traditionally chosen . For such choice conjugate variables , area loop takes special significance , namely conversion per unit volume per cycle . For mechanical hysteresis , it customary take variables stress strain , where density loss cycle related internal friction . Thermal characteristic many systems , particularly those involving phase changes , here loops are usually related loss . See Ferroelectrics McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . consists fact quantity characterizes state body ( for example , magnetization ) nonuniquely quantity characterizes conditions ( for example , field ) . observed cases state at given instant determined by conditions instant preceding instants . nonunique dependence quantities observed any process , since certain amount time ( the relaxation time ) required change body , reaction lags behind factors responsible change . slower change conditions , smaller lag . However , processes lag does diminish becomes slower . In these cases nonunique dependence called hysteretic relationship , itself hysteresis . various substances processes . Of greatest interest magnetic , dielectric , elastic hysteresis . Magnetic materials , such ferromagnets . main feature ferromagnets presence spontaneous magnetization . ferromagnet usually uniformly magnetized divided into domains — regions uniform spontaneous whose degree ( the moment unit volume ) identical , although directions different . Under effect number size domains along increase expense other domains . Moreover , moments domains may rotate direction field . As result moment increases . M ferromagnetic intensity curve ) shown Figure 1 . In sufficiently strong saturation ( as increases further , M remains virtually unchanged — point A ) . Here consists domain with saturation s oriented along As intensity reduced , will decline curve I primarily because appearance growth whose oriented against growth due movement domain walls . This movement hindered presence various defects ( such impurities inhomogeneities ) strengthen walls points ; very strong fields required displace them . Therefore drops zero , so - called residual r ( point retained . can completely demagnetized sufficiently opposite direction , coercive ( coercive force ) c ( point C ) . reverse orientation further increased , once again D ) . reversal ( from point D point A ) place II . Thus , undergoes cyclical change , characterizing forms changes cyclically with limits does reach saturation , nonlimiting produced ( curve III ) . By reducing extent zero , can completely demagnetized O reached ) . O proceeds IV . Figure 1 . ferromagnet : field , sample , c coercive field , r moment , s moment . nonlimiting shown dotted line . structure points schematically . different values correspond same This nonuniqueness due states precede ( that is , prehistory sample ) . shape size loops range within wide limits ferromagnets . pure iron , = oersted , magnico alloy = 580 oersteds . strongly affected processing material , during number defects changed ( Figure 2 ) . equal lost cycle change . ultimately used sample . Such losses losses . losses undesirable transformer cores stators rotors electrical machinery ) , magnetically soft materials low small used . On hand , magnetically hard high manufacture permanent magnets . frequency alternating reversal cycles time ) increases , caused eddy currents viscosity added losses . At high frequencies increases correspondingly . Such sometimes dynamic loop , contrast static described above . Many properties ferromagnet , electrical resistance mechanical deformation , depend moment . brings about these properties — for gal - vanomagnetic magnetostrictive hysteresis , respectively , observed . Dielectric Dielectric ferroelectrics barium titanate . polarization P E ferroelectrics ( Figure 3 ) similar ferromagnets polarization difficulty rearranging structure . make up large part dielectric ferroelectrics . Insofar characteristics deformation associated polarization , types piezoelectric 4 ) electrooptical effect , double 5 ) . fact phase transition involving rearrangement crystalline structure place under type closely during transitions . 2 . Effect thermal treatment form permalloy : ( 1 ) after cold hardening , ( 2 ) after annealing , ( 3 ) iron comparison ) 3 . ferroelectric : P sample , E 4 . reverse piezoelectric barium titanate : U deformation , 5 . Double 6 . Elastic loop : σ stress , u deformation Elastic hysteretic u stress σ any real great 6 ) . whenever plastic ( inelastic ) occurs . plastic results displacement defects , dislocations present real materials . Impurities , inclusions , defects , well crystal lattice itself , tend hold dislocation positions crystal . Therefore , stresses sufficient magnitude shift dislocation required . Machining introduction impurities lead pinning dislocations , result strengthening material occurs . Plastic elastic greater stresses . ultimately goes object . Losses contribute internal friction . case deformations there are , addition losses , those caused viscosity . losses , contrast frequency ( or ) .The concept sometimes used more broadly — for terms dynamic loop , includes all frequency . REFERENCES Kirenskii , L . V . Magnetizm 2nd ed . Moscow , 1967 . Vonsovskii , S . V . Sovremennoe uchenie o magnetizme Moscow - Leningrad , 1952 . Bozorth , R . Ferromagnetizm Moscow , 1956 . ( Translated English . ) Jona , F . , G . Shirane . Segnetoelektricheskie kristally 1965 . ( Translated English . ) Postnikov , S . Vnutrennee trenie v metallakh 1969 . Fizicheskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar ’ vol . 1960 . A . P . L EVANIUK D . G . S ANNIKOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ‚ his · tə ′ rē · səs ( electronics ) An oscillator wherein operating parameter multiple output frequency . ( electromagnetism ) magnetic hysteresis ( nucleonics ) temporary counting - rate - voltage characteristic radiation counter tube , its operation . ( physics ) its history , generally form lagging cause . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . between making change , increasing decreasing power , It typically refers turn - on turn - off points electrical , electronic systems . if thermostat set 70 degrees turns reaches 68 turns 72 , range 68 72 . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Mentioned in aftereffect Alternating - Current Motor Alternating - Current Resistance anhysteretic remanence B - H meter Bismuth Coil Capillary Condensation Charles Proteus Steinmetz Coercimeter Coercive Force coercivity core loss Demagnetization dielectric hysteresis Domains elastic hysteresis electric heating electric hysteresis Electromagnetic Clutch Encyclopedia browser ▲ Hypsometer hypsometric hypsometric formula hypsometric map Hypsometric Method hypsometric tinting hypsometric tints hypsometry hypsophobia hypural Hyracodontidae Hyracoidea Hyracotherium hyrax Hyrcania Hyrcanus Hyrum State Park Hyslop , James Hervey hyssop Hyssopus hyssopus officinalis Hystaspes hyster - hysterectomy hysteresimeter hysteresis clutch hysteresis coefficient hysteresis damping hysteresis error hysteresis heating hysteresis loop hysteresis loss Hysteresis Motor hysteretic damping hysteria hysteriaceous Hysteriales hysterical anesthesia hysterical paralysis hysterical reasons hysterics hysterochroic hysterogram hysterography hysteromania hystero - oophorectomy hysteropexy hysterorrhaphy hysterorrhexis hysterosalpingectomy ▼ Full browser ▲ hysterectomising hysterectomize hysterectomize Hysterectomized Hysterectomized hysterectomizes hysterectomizing hysterectomy Hysterectomy and Radiation Hysterectomy Education Resources and Services hysterectomy produced artificially reared pigs hysterectomy - derived piglet hysterectomy - derived piglet Hysterectomy - Produced and Colostrum - Deprived hystereses hystereses hysteresial hysteresimeter Hysteresis ( electric ) Hysteresis ( electric ) hysteresis clutch hysteresis coefficient Hysteresis Current Control hysteresis damping Hysteresis effect Hysteresis effect hysteresis heating Hysteresis loop Hysteresis loss Hysteresis losses Hysteresis losses Hysteresis Mcculloch - Pitts Neuron Model Hysteresis motor hysteresis pacing ▼ | [
"hysteresis"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/IDX | IDX Also found in : Dictionary Medical Acronyms Wikipedia IDX ( IDX Systems Corporation , South Burlington , VT , www . idx . com ) One of the largest healthcare information systems companies in the country , acquired in 2006 by GE Healthcare ( www . gehealthcare . com ) , a unit of General Electric Company . Founded 1969 , provides a broad range products for integrated delivery networks , group practices , management service organizations , hospitals and health plans . The company ' s software automates patient registration , billing , scheduling and data management functions . also sells hardware provides installation , maintenance , services . See EHR Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in extension I Encyclopedia browser ▲ Idomeneus Idoteidae IdP IDPF idrialite Idrija Idris Bazorkin Idris I Idris Murtuzovich Bazorkin Idris , Yusuf Idrisi Idrisi , Abu Abdallah Muhammad IBN Muhammad Al Idrisids Idritsa Idrus IDS IDS / I IDSA IDSN IDSS IDU Idumaea Iduna and Summer Finding IDUR iDVD idyl idyll Idyr Baimekov Idyr Bakhmutov Idzhevan IE IEC IEC 559 IEC 61131 IEC 61883 Iecava iEconomy IEE IEEE IEEE 1076 IEEE 1284 IEEE 1394 IEEE 488 IEEE 754 IEEE 802 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3u IEEE 802.3z ▼ Full browser ▲ IDVLS IDVOS IDVP IDVR IDVS IDVSA iDVT IDVU IDW Idwa IDWD IDWG IDWIC IDWIW IDWIYO IDWK IDWO IDWP IDWPT IDWR IDWS IDWSS IDWSSD IDWT IDWTK IDWTMAT IDWTP IDWTSTP IDWY IDWYB IDXP IDXS IDY IDYA IDYB IDYDC IDYF IDYG idyl idylist idyll idyllic idyllically idyllicly idyllist idylls idylls Idyllwild Arts Academy Idyllwild Fire Protection District Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts idyls idyls IDYM IDYNEV IDYP Idyr Baimekov Idyr Bakhmutov IdZ ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"IDX"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Juridical+Fact | Juridical Fact The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Juridical Fact a circumstance that , through a legal norm , establishes , changes , or terminates legal relations . In many cases , the basis for rights and duties is complex set of facts . Juridical facts are divided into two categories : events and acts . Events are circumstances occurring independently of human will , such as earthquakes the expiration time limit . Acts , on other hand , circumstances occurring through human will . Acts may be ( observance law by citizens , application law by state bodies , judicial decisions , transactions ) illegal ( crimes , administrative disciplinary violations , violations civil law ) . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Juridical + Fact " > Juridical Fact < / a > Mentioned in Acts of Bodies of State Administration References in periodicals archive They constitute an integral part of tradition , not juridical facts or events . L ' etica Ortodossa : Storia , Fonti , Identita More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Jupiter I - XVII Jupiter Pluvius Jupiter trojan Jupiter - crosser Jupiter ' s comet family Jupiter ' s rings Jupiter ' s satellites Juppé , Alain Jura Jura Soyfer Juraj Krizanic juran Jurassic Jurassic period Jurassic System Period Jurbarkas Jurchen Jurchens Jurgen Jürgen Habermas Jürgen Kuczynski Jurgen Wullenwever Jurgis Kazimirovic Baltrusaitis Juridical Commission Juridical Document Juridical World View Jurieu , Pierre Jurin rule Juris Alunans Juris Andreevich Alunans Jurisdiction jurisprudence jurist Jurjan Jurjanu , Andrejs Jurjo Esajas Emanuel Makelin Jurmala Jurong Industrial Estate juror Jurors Juruá Juruena jurupaite jury Jury Court jury rig jury rudder Jurymen ' s Court jury - rigged Jushab - hesed ▼ Full browser ▲ Jürgen Kuczynski Jurgen Stark Jürgen Stark Jurgen W Spranger Jurgen W . Spranger Jurgen Wullenweber Jürgen Wullenweber Jurgen Wullenwever Jürgen Wullenwever Jurgen , A Comedy of Justice Jurgis Kazimirovic Baltrušaitis Jurgis Kazimirovic Baltrusaitis jurgium JURHA Juri Gagarin Juri Gagarin juricial medicine juricial medicine juridic juridic juridical juridical Juridical Commission Juridical days Juridical days Juridical Document Juridical person Juridical Recording Unit Juridical scholar Juridical scholar Juridical system Juridical system Juridical World View juridically juridically Juridicial person juridicly juridicly juridification Juridische Bibliotheek Juridische Dienstverlening Juridisk Radgivning for Kvinner Juridiska Föreningen i Finland juried juried Juried Product Development Forum juries juries ▼ | [
"Juridical Fact",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Locarno+Treaties+of+1925 | Locarno Treaties of 1925 The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Locarno Treaties of 1925 a series of treaties on guarantees for the western borders of Germany and on arbitration . They were initialed October 16 at the Locarno Conference 1925 and signed in London Dec . 1 , 1925 . basic document Locarno Treaties was Rhine pact , a general guarantee treaty between Germany , Belgium , France , Italy , Great Britain . Britain France hoped to use this pact to create an anti - Soviet bloc with participation Germany , as shown by fact that eastern German borders did not come under system guarantees produced at Locarno . This pact stipulated maintenance territorial status quo ( including demilitarized Rhine zone ) inviolability German - French German - Belgian borders , as determined by Versailles Peace Treaty 1919 , well obligation France , Belgium not commit aggression against one another resolve disputes through peaceful settlements ( arbitration or judicial solutions ) . treaty was go into effect after Germany became member League Nations ( September 1926 ) received permanent seat in Council League great power . Arbitration treaties concluded separately with Belgium , Poland , Czechoslovakia supplemented pact . Additionally , Franco - Polish Franco - Czech were signed , under which France obligated itself aid these two countries event violation their borders , if Nations did solve issue adopting certain stipulated collective measures . adoption an indication definite weakening positions since after its main enemy — Germany — began be viewed West “ equal partner . ” A significant gain registered Britain , which tenaciously conducted its traditional policy creating two antagonistic forces European continent . After fascists came power , unilaterally abrogated Treaties ( Mar . 7 , 1936 ) moved forces into demilitarized zone . PUBLICATION Lokarnskaia konferentsiia 1925 g . : Dokumenty Moscow , 1959 . REFERENCES Istoriia diplomatii 2nd ed . , vol . 3 . Moscow , 1965 . Turok , V . M . Lokarno Moscow - Leningrad , 1949 . Karoi , L . Velikobritaniia i Lokarno 1961 . D . A SANOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Locarno + Treaties + of+ 1925 " > Locarno Treaties of 1925 < / a > Mentioned in Austen Chamberlain Chamberlain , Austen Eastern Pact Émile Vandervelde Four - Power Pact of 1933 Gustav Stresemann history League of Nations Little Entente Locarno Conference of 1925 Poland Stresa Conference of 1935 Stresemann , Gustav Vandervelde , Émile Encyclopedia browser ▲ localizer localizer course localizer mode , LOC mode localizer offset localizer usable distance localizer - type directional aid Localizing Diagrams locally arcwise connected topological space locally attached locally compact topological space locally connected topological space locally convex space locally euclidean topological space locally finite family of sets locally integrable function locally one to one locally trivial bundle local - oscillator injection local - oscillator radiation locals LocalTalk locant Locarno Conference of 1925 Locarno Pact locate locate mode located vector Locatelli , Pietro locating locating hole locating surface location location analysis location app location aware location block location broker location constant location counter location damages location dimension location fit location indicator location notice Location of Productive Forces location plan location principle location services location sharing ▼ Full browser ▲ LocalTalk LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LOCAM Locant Locant LOCAP LOCAPE LOCAR LOCAR locare locare LoCARNet Locarno ( Ticino ) Locarno ( Ticino ) Locarno Pact Locarno TI Locarno TI Locarno Treaties Locarno Treaties Locarno , Switzerland Locarno , Switzerland Locas Locas LOCAT locatable locatable Locatable Address Conversion System locate Locate & Destroy Locate Drum Address Locate in Scotland locate mode locate oneself Locate Stolen Vehicle Locate Target Remaining Oil Locate the Remaining Oil Locate , Access , Stabilize , Transport locateable located located ▼ | [
"Encyclopedia",
"Locarno Treaties of 1925"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Modernism+(art) | modern art ( redirected from Modernism ( art ) modern art , art created from the 19th cent . to the mid - 20th cent . by artists who veered away from traditional concepts and techniques of painting , sculpture , and other fine arts that had been practiced since Renaissance ( see Renaissance art and architecture Renaissance art architecture , works of structures produced in Europe during Renaissance . Art The Italian . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . Nearly every phase modern was initially greeted by public with ridicule , but as shock wore off , various movements settled into history , influencing inspiring new generations artists . See also photography , still photography , still , science making permanent images on light - sensitive materials . See also photographic processing ; motion picture photography ; motion pictures . . . . . . Click link for more information . Origins of Modern Art In second half 19th painters began to revolt against classic codes composition , careful execution , harmonious coloring , heroic subject matter . Patronage church state sharply declined at same time that artists ' views became independent subjective . Such artists as Courbet Courbet , Gustave 1819 – 77 , French painter , b . Ornans . He moved Paris in 1839 studied there , learning chiefly copying masterpieces Louvre . An avowed realist , Courbet was always at odds with vested authority , aesthetic or political . Corot Corot , Jean - Baptiste Camille 1796 – 1875 , French landscape painter , b . Paris . Corot one most influential 19th - century painters . The son shopkeepers , he worked textile shops until 1822 , when he began study painting . and others Barbizon School Barbizon school an informal school landscape painting flourished c . 1830 – 1870 . Its name derives village Barbizon , a favorite residence painters associated school . Manet Manet , Édouard 1832 – 83 , Paris . son a magistate , Manet went sea rather than study law . On his return Paris 1850 studied academic painter Thomas Couture . Degas Degas , Edgar ( Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas ) 1834 – 1917 , painter sculptor , Paris ; banker . Although prepared law , abandoned it painting , studying École des Beaux - Arts L . Toulouse - Lautrec Toulouse - Lautrec , Henri de 1864 – 1901 , lithographer , Albi . Son wealthy nobleman , Lautrec fell broke both legs when child . His permanently stunted growth has traditionally been seen result this accident , but recently chose paint scenes ordinary daily nocturnal life often offended sense decorum their contemporaries . Impressionism Monet Monet , Claude 1840 – 1926 , Monet founder impressionism . He adhered its principles throughout his long career is considered most consistently representative well one foremost Renoir Renoir , Pierre Auguste 1841 – 1919 , impressionist sculptor , Limoges . Renoir went work age 13 decorator factory - made porcelain , copying works Boucher . In 1862 entered M . C . Pissarro Pissarro , Camille 1830 – 1903 , impressionist St . Thomas , Virgin Islands . 1855 , came under influence Barbizon school . great masters impressionism impressionism , late - 19th - century generally characterized attempt depict transitory visual impressions , often painted directly nature , use pure , broken color achieve brilliance luminosity . painted café city life , well landscapes , working directly nature using new modes representation . While had always certain extent abstract formal considerations frequently primary importance , painters , beginning impressionists 1870s , took delight freedom brushwork . They made random spots color encrusted canvas strokes did not correspond object they were depicting formed coherent internal relationships . Thus definite separation image subject . impressionists exploited range spectrum , applying strokes pure pigment canvas rather than mixing colors on palette . sculpture , dynamic forms variations impressionism were created Rodin Rodin , Auguste 1840 – 1917 , 14 Petite École Antoine Barye , earning living working an ornament maker . 1863 work architectural sculptor A . E . Renoir , Degas , Italian Medardo Rosso Rosso , Medardo 1858 – 1928 , sculptor . A until 1883 , turned sculpture worked periodically lived mainly Milan . friend Degas Rodin , quarreled latter 1898 about which them introduced Nineteenth - Century Painting after Impressionism 1880s , Seurat Seurat , Georges 1859 – 91 , neoimpressionist painter . devised pointillist technique painting tiny dots pure color . His method , called divisionism , systematic refinement broken impressionists . and Signac Signac , Paul 1863 – 1935 , neoimpressionist painter . First influenced Monet , later associated Seurat developing divisionist technique . Interested science color , greater intensity broader Seurat . developed detailed systematic approach neoimpressionism , while Van Gogh Van Gogh , Vincent 1853 – 90 , postimpressionist Netherlands . Van Gogh ' s are perhaps better known generally those any other brief , turbulent , tragic life is thought epitomize mad genius legend . Gauguin Gauguin , Paul 1848 – 1903 , woodcut artist , Paris ; journalist French - Peruvian mother . Early Life Gauguin first sailor , then successful stockbroker 1874 paint weekends . using bold masses , gave unprecedented excitement emotional intensity ( see postimpressionism postimpressionism , term coined Roger Fry refer number active end who , although they developed their varied styles quite independently , united rejection impressionism . ) . At same time , Cézanne Cézanne , 1839 – 1906 , Aix - en - Provence . Cézanne leading figure revolution toward abstraction modern painting . painted subtler nuances tone sought achieve greater structural clarity . Flouting laws perspective , extracted geometrical forms nature radically spatial patterns landscapes still lifes . Other important innovations late can be seen starkly expressionistic paintings Norwegian Edvard Munch Munch , Edvard 1863 – 1944 , Norwegian graphic artist . Oslo under Bonnat Paris , traveled Europe , lived Berlin 1892 1908 . vivid fantasies Belgian James Ensor Ensor , James Ensor , Baron 1860 – 1949 , Belgian etcher . Ensor ' s imagery reflected bizarre powerful visions era . left native Ostend ( 1877 – 80 ) Académie de Bruxelles . 1890s Nabis Nabis [ Heb . , = prophets ] , group France active during 1890s . Sérusier Maurice Denis principal theorists group . Outstanding members Édouard Vuillard , Pierre Bonnard , Aristide Maillol , Félix Vallotton , developed pictorial ideas Gauguin , while sinuous linear decorations produced throughout Europe designers art nouveau nouveau decorative - art movement centered Western Europe . It 1880s reaction against historical emphasis mid - 19th - century art , did not survive World War I . The Isms of Early Twentieth - Century Art From early 20th reigned supreme invaded contours recognizable objects brilliant patterns fauvism fauvism [ Fr . fauve = wild beast ] , name derisively hurled cheerfully adopted group painters , including Matisse , Rouault , Derain , Vlaminck , Friesz , Marquet , van Dongen , Braque , Dufy . ( 1905 – 8 ) , dominated Matisse Matisse , Henri 1869 – 1954 , lithographer . Along Picasso , Matisse considered two foremost period . contribution 20th - century inestimably great . Rouault Rouault , Georges 1871 – 1958 , expressionist artist . First apprenticed stained - glass maker , Rouault after 1891 Gustave Moreau . exhibited several paintings fauves fauvism ) 1905 . in France , orphism orphism , short - lived movement founded 1912 Robert Delaunay , Frank Kupka , Duchamp brothers , Roger la Fresnaye . Apollinaire coined term orphism of Robert Delaunay Delaunay , 1885 – 1941 , painter ; husband Sonia Delaunay - Terk . By 1909 , Delaunay progressed phase cubism , applying cubist principles exploration color . Frank Kupka Kupka , or František 1871 – 1957 , Czech etcher , illustrator . Kupka illustrated Reclus Leconte Lisle edition Aristophanes ' Lysistrata . explosive hues German Die Brücke Brücke , Die [ Ger . , = the bridge ] , German expressionist movement , lasting 1905 1913 . Influenced Jugendstil ( the equivalent nouveau ) , Gogh , primitive sculpture Africa South Seas , Brücke which included such practitioners expressionism expressionism , used describe literature representation reality distorted communicate inner vision . transforms imitates it . as Kirchner Kirchner , Ernst Ludwig 1880 – 1938 , graphic Munich greatly impressed neoimpressionists . Kirchner Oceanic primitive Dresden Museum Ethnology 1904 . Nolde Nolde , Emil 1867 – 1956 , original Emil Hansen . After teaching Switzerland ( 1892 – 98 ) , Nolde traveled through 1906 joined expressionists . Kandinsky Kandinsky , Wassily Vasily 1866 – 1944 , Russian abstract theorist . Usually regarded originator art , Kandinsky abandoned legal career 30 moved Munich . transformed ( c . 1910 ) into completely absolutely divorced subject matter . fauvists expressionists shared appreciation simplified shapes various examples enthusiasm generated extended Picasso Picasso , Pablo ( Pablo Ruiz y Picasso ) 1881 – 1973 , Spanish artist , ceramist , who France . technical virtuosity , enormous versatility , incredible originality prolificity have Brancusi Brancusi , Constantin 1876 – 1957 , Romanian sculptor . Brancusi artists . 1904 Paris , where Mercié . declined Rodin ' s invitation studio . Modigliani Modigliani , Amedeo 1884 – 1920 , Livorno . after 1906 , Modigliani first sculptor influenced Constantin Brancusi , cubism , African art . Derain Derain , André 1880 – 1954 , short time Carrière . Derain ' s friendship Vlaminck led association c . 1905 fauves . others . Cubism About 1909 implications Cézanne ' s highly organized yet revolutionary spatial structures expanded Picasso Braque Braque , 1882 – 1963 , joined involved developing 1905 , l ' Estaque c . 1909 profoundly Cézanne . invented still lifes converted shifting volumes planes . Cubism movement , primarily originating c . 1907 . Cubist Theory intellectual revolt artistic expression previous eras . developed school of Paris center international World War II , mecca flocked there participate advanced aesthetic currents time . style ; describes many styles movements . through several stages enormous influence European American sculpture . its notable exponents included Duchamp - Villon Duchamp - Villon , Raymond 1876 – 1918 , sculptor ; brother Marcel Duchamp Jacques Villon . From tradition Rodin turned cubism 1912 . assemble machinelike touch fantasy . Lipchitz Lipchitz , Jacques 1891 – 1973 , Lithuania Chaim Jacob Lipchitz . 1909 , Lipchitz where became member Esprit Nouveau group . González González , Julio 1876 – 1942 , Spanish goldsmith González 1900 . There met taught him techniques iron welding turn certain Picasso ' s cubist ideas . Archipenko Archipenko , Alexander 1887 – 1964 , Ukrainian - American Kiev . Moscow 1906 1908 . There adapt technique sculpture . realize possibilities convex concave volumes . absorbed Italy exponents futurism futurism , literature flourished Filippo Tommaso Marinetti ' s manifesto futurism appeared , end I . ( c . 1909 – c . 1915 ) Germany Blaue Reiter Blaue Reiter , der [ Ger . , = the blue rider ] , lasting 1911 1914 . It took Kandinsky , Le cavalier bleu . group ( 1911 – 14 ) ; both these movements cut short advent Fauvism cubism introduced members Eight Eight , the , American New York City , formed 1908 exhibit paintings . They men widely different tendencies , held together mainly common opposition academism . to shocked audience Armory Show Armory Show , international exhibition held 1913 69th - regiment armory New York City . sensational introduction United States . estimated 1,600 representing avant - garde Europe . of 1913 , then Americans participate significantly development American art North colonies United States . are separate articles architecture , North Native pre - Columbian Mexican colonial Canadian Geometric Abstraction At roughly developing , Russia made extraordinary contributions current nonfigurative art . sculptors Naum Gabo Gabo , Naum 1890 – 1977 , Russian architect , theorist , teacher , brother Antoine Pevsner . Gabo Munich Norway revolution , returned Russia . Pevsner Pevsner , 1886 – 1962 , 1911 1913 . During I Norway Gabo . returned Moscow Revolution . joined known constructivism constructivism , founded c . 1913 Vladimir Tatlin , related suprematism . After 1916 brothers Pevsner gave impetus Tatlin ' s purely ( although politically intended ) constructions . ( c . 1913 – c . 1921 ) , Casimir Malevich Malevich , Casimir Kasimir 1878 – 1935 , Moving 1906 , involved avant - garde artistic circles . founded suprematism suprematism , ( 1913 ) Malevich Moscow , parallel constructivism . drew Aleksandr Rodchenko El Lissitzky revolutionary , nonobjective ( 1913 ) . Holland Stijl Stijl , [ Du . , = the style ] , Dutch nonfigurative called neoplasticism . 1917 artists , architects , poets organized Stijl , journal initiated . group ( 1917 – 31 ) , including Mondrian Mondrian , Piet 1872 – 1944 , Dutch academy Amsterdam passed early naturalistic phase . 1910 stimulated development geometric , nonobjective style , Theo van Doesburg Doesburg , Theo 1883 – 1931 , teacher , writer . Together Mondrian magazine De Stijl successfully proselytized abstraction , simplicity , clarity , harmony . disciplined , These developments second decade 20th applicable many varieties industrial design , converged teachings Bauhaus Bauhaus artists ' collective architecture Germany ( 1919 – 33 ) . revolutionized training combining teaching classic arts crafts . in 1920s . highly imaginative Klee Klee , 1879 – 1940 , Swiss theorist , near Bern . Klee ' s production ( more 10,000 paintings , drawings , etchings ) unique it represents successful combination sophisticated theories Lyonel Feininger Feininger , Lyonel 1871 – 1956 , illustrator , City . Feininger Berlin , Hamburg , illustrator caricaturist periodicals weekly comic page ( 1906 – 7 ) were among celebrated Bauhaus . Other Modes of Modern Art A fanciful sort Jean Arp Arp , Jean Hans , 1887 – 1966 , Arp connected Blaue Reiter Munich , groups surrealists , Dadaists Zürich . Marcel Duchamp , 1887 – 1968 , Raymond Duchamp - Villon half - brother Villon . noted cubist - futurist Nude Descending Staircase , Kurt Schwitters Schwitters , Kurt 1887 – 1948 , Hannover . Influenced Picasso ' s reliefs , Dada constructions , invented Merz [ trash ] constructions — arrangements diverse materials objects . irreverent manifestations Dada Dadaism nihilistic among European writers lasted 1916 1922 . Born widespread disillusionment engendered I , originated Zürich party Cabaret Voltaire movement . devised " ready - mades " collage collage [ Fr . , = pasting ] , consisting cutting pasting natural manufactured materials unpainted surface — hence , this medium . objects diverse bits material . linked Freudianism 1920s , producing wild imagery surrealism surrealism literary Freudianism dedicated expression imagination revealed dreams , free conscious control reason free convention . verism verism style photographic realism combined hallucinatory ironic images . Its practitioners , Salvador Dalí Yves Tanguy , make use concepts perspective academic conventions . Salvador Dalí Dalí , 1904 – 89 , futurism , 1924 came Chirico 1929 become leader surrealism . Yves Tanguy Tanguy , 1900 – 1955 , surrealist merchant seaman , saw picture Chirico 1923 instantly decided take up vast imaginary dream landscapes , float strange , amorphous , objects Max Ernst Ernst , Max 1891 – 1976 , I , founder surrealism . Apart medium collage , known , devices express fantastic vision . Joan Miró Miró , Joan 1893 – 1983 , surrealist studying Barcelona , Miró 1919 . 1920s contact 1920s saw beginning social protest new objectivity objectivity ( Ger . Neue Sachlichkeit ) , 1920s . chief George Grosz Otto Dix , sometimes verists . them George Grosz Grosz , 1893 – 1959 , German - American caricaturist , draughtsman , Berlin . Before I contributed drawings proletarian themes Illustration periodicals . time . Otto Dix Dix , Otto , 1891 – 1969 , draftsman . Dix fought Düsseldorf haunted horrors witnessed . 1924 published War , series 50 etchings , horrifying visions war ' s victims executed great clarity . Beckmann Beckmann , 1884 – 1950 , member Berlin secession 1908 1911 , impressionistic style . subsequent expressionistic altered c . 1917 savage objectivity Grosz . With rise fascism fascism totalitarian philosophy government glorifies state nation assigns control over every aspect national life . used party started Benito Mussolini , ruled Italy 1922 defeat Great Depression Great Depression , U.S . history , severe economic crisis have precipitated U.S . stock - market crash 1929 . Although shared basic characteristics such crises depression ) , Great Depression unprecedented 1930s , protest increased intensity . Mexicans Orozco Orozco , José Clemente 1883 – 1949 , Mexican muralist , genre lithographer , grad . National Agricultural School . architectural draftsman With Diego Rivera led renaissance Rivera Rivera , Diego 1886 – 1957 , mural youth Posada painters ; husband Frida Kahlo . native Mexico deeply | [
"modern art"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Olmec | Olmec Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia Olmec ( ōl mĕk ) term denoting the culture of ancient Mexican natives inhabiting the tropical coastal plain of contemporary states Veracruz and Tabasco , between 1300 and 400 B.C . The term is also used to refer to contemporaneous groups in highland regions Mesoamerica ( including states Oaxaca , Morelos , Guerrero , Federal District ) who possessed ceramic or sculptural designs similar those found in lowlands . The nature relationship between highland lowland groups remains unclear . largest best known sites are situated along rivers on coastal plain include San Lorenzo ( 1300 – 900 B.C. ) Tres Zapotes ( 1000 – 400 B.C. ) Veracruz , La Venta ( 1000 – 600 Tabasco . At time their apogee , these three settlements were probably most complex " ceremonial " sites found Mesoamerica . For this reason , are often considered be cultura madre ( mother culture ) later Mesoamerican civilizations . were renowned for their sculpting skills distinctive motifs , leaving numerous carved stelae , as well as freestanding jade basalt sculptures . Among more notable examples numerous sculptured heads basalt , weighing much 40 tons standing up 10 ft ( 3 m ) height . basalt used for these carvings came from up 50 mi ( 80 km ) away was floated riverine settlements on rafts . Earthen platforms pyramidal mounds also common features settlements . largest single pyramid , at La Venta , measures 459 ft ( 140 m ) diameter 98 ( 30 height . economy centered around agricultural production fertile floodplains , was supplemented by fishing shellfishing . By 400 B.C. , distinctive features culture disappeared region overshadowed by emerging central Mexican Mayan Maya indigenous people S Mexico Central America , occupying an area comprising Yucatán peninsula much present state Chiapas Mexico , Guatemala , Belize , parts El Salvador , extreme western Honduras . . . . . . Click link more information . civilizations . Bibliography See M . Coe R . Diehl , Land ( Vol . 2 , 1980 ) ; R . J . Sharer D . C . Grove , ed . , Regional Perspectives ( 1989 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Mentioned in altar American Indian languages creationism La Venta Maya Mesoamerican Astrology Mexico Mixtec Monte Albán Natives , Middle American numeral Olmec architecture Olmec Culture pre - Columbian art and architecture Toltec Villahermosa writing Xalapa Zapotec Encyclopedia browser ▲ Olivier , Laurence Olivier , Laurence Kerr , Baron Olivier of Brighton Olivier , Sydney Haldane Olivier , 1st Baron olivine olivine basalt olivine diabase olivine nephelinite olivine - bronzite chondrite olivine - hypersthene chondrite olivine - pigeonite chondrite Olivkov , Boris Olivkov , Boris Mikhailovich Oljato Olkhin , Aleksandr Olkhin , Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Olkhon Olkhovatka Olkusz Ollenhauer , Erich ollenite Oller , Francisco Ollier ' s disease Ollivant , Alfred Ollivier , Émile olm Olmec architecture Olmec Culture Olmedo , José Joaquin Olmert , Ehud Olminskii , Mikhail Olminskii , Mikhail Stepanovich Olmstead Place State Park Olmsted County Olmsted , Frederick Law Olmsted , Frederick Law , Jr . Olmsted , John Charles Olmütz Olmütz Punctation of 1850 Olney White Squirrel Count Olney , Jesse Olof Palme Olof von Dalin O - Logic Oloi Olokun Festival Olomouc Olompali State Historic Park Olonets Olonets Metallurgical Works Olonets Upland ▼ Full browser ▲ Ollivier , Emile Ollivier , Émile Ollnborg Ollnborg Ollo OLLS OLLT OLLU Ollulanus Ollulanus tricuspis OLLV Olly olly olly in - come - free Olly olly oxen free olly olly oxen free ! olm OLMA Olmaa Pastoralist Development Programme Olmaliq OLMAT OLMBA OLMC OLMCC OLMCP OLME Olmec civilization Olmec civilization Olmec civillization Olmec civillization OLMECO Olmecs Olmecs Olmedo , José Joaquin Olmert , Ehud Olmesartan Olmesartan Olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan medoxomil Olmetec Olmetec OLMF OLMH Olminskii , Mikhail Olminskii , Mikhail Stepanovich OLMIS OLMM Olmntz Olmntz Olmo OLMP OLMR OLMRM OLMS ▼ | [
"Olmec",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Phosphate+Ore | Phosphate Ore The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Phosphate Ore a natural mineral formation that contains phosphorus and phosphorus compounds in such concentrations that make it technically and economically feasible to process the ore in order to obtain phosphorus - containing products , such as mineral fertilizers , phosphate supplements , phosphate salts , for various industries . major useful component of ore is the form of phosphoric anhydride P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 content ores varies from 2 – 6 25 – 34 percent , depending on processing behavior , mining geological conditions , other factors . Phosphate ores are divided into two major groups natural formations — phosphorites apatites . Less often , aluminum phosphates , iron phosphates , guano serve as ores . components are apatite minerals , most common which fluorapatite ( in endogenous apatite deposits ) carbonate its modifications , francolite kurskite ( in exogenous phosphorite deposits ) ; hydroxylapatite sometimes occurs significant amounts . In addition minerals , also contain other which sometimes prove be valuable by - products , for example , nepheline , sphene , titanomagnetite , magnetite , aegirine , and , isomorphic impurities , strontium rare - earth rare elements . Phosphate may also contain harmful impurities , dolomite , calcite , quartz , chalcedony , glauconite , clay pyrite , iron hydroxides . A distinction made between endogenous exogenous on basis origin . Endogenous deposits include ( 1 ) magmatic ( late magmatic ) deposits , occur sheet lenticular deposits complex associated with nepheline syenites ( for example , at Khibiny USSR ) , ( 2 ) carbonatite ( magmatic metasomatic ) related ultrabasic alkaline masses ( for Kovdor Vostochnyi Saian USSR complex form stocks stockworks ) . Exogenous include ( 1 ) chemical biochemical sediments ancient shelves phosphorites interbedded with carbonate - siliceous , terrigenous glauconite , sedimentary complexes ( the Karatau , Egor ’ evsk , Chilisai USSR ) ( 2 ) residual infiltration formed a result erosion apatite - phosphorite - bearing rocks , usually carbonate composition , regolithic ( the Kovdor , Vostochnyi Saian , Belkino , Telek USSR ) . worked by open - pit underground - mining methods : friable phosphorites , those Baltic republics , worked by geotechnological methods . Various methods concentrating exist , selection particular method depends composition structure texture ore . Apatite Khibiny deposit ) concentrated flotation , yields high quantity rich concentrate ( 39.4 percent ) . Phosphorites Egor ’ - evsk , Chilisai , Viatka - Kama USSR Florida North Carolina USA ) concentrated sieving ; primary concentrate obtained subjected further concentration flotation , magnetic separation , or calcination ; last method finding increasing use . Some not subjected concentration before use , those used electrothermal production yellow thermal phosphoric acid . total world reserves ores , excluding socialist countries , estimated ( 1974 ) at 81 billion tons ( or about 18 – 19 billion tons ) . Most reserves located Morocco ( 40 tons ) United States ( 14.75 tons ) . Considerable found Australia ( 2.5 tons ) , Tunisia ( 1.2 tons ) , Western Sahara ( 3.0 Peru ( 1.5 Algeria ( 1.0 tons ) . estimated total ( 1976 ) 10.3 ( or 1.3 ) , including 5.4 ( 0.6 4.9 phosphorite ( 0.7 Large have been found Mongolian People ’ s Republic ( Khubsugul deposit ) , Vietnam ( Lao Cai deposit ) , China . annual world production 1974 was 110.8 million tons , 41.5 million was produced USA , 19.7 Morocco , 3.9 Tunisia , 2.6 Togo , 1.9 Senegal , 1.6 Jordan , 1.5 Republic South Africa . REFERENCES Gimmel ’ farb , B . M . Zakonomernosti razmeshcheniia mestorozhdenii fosforitov SSSR i ikh geneticheskaia klassifikatsiia Moscow , 1965 . Bushinskii , G . I . Drevnie fosfority Azii i ikh genezis Moscow , 1966 . Arsen ’ ev , A . A . , G . M . Virovlianskii , F . L . Smirnov . Geneticheskie tipy promyshlennykh mestorozhdenii apatita 1971 . Nauchnye osnovy prognoza poiskov fosforitov 1975 . Veshchestvennyi sostav fosforitnykh rud 1975 . A . S . S OKOLOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Phosphate + Ore " > Phosphate Ore < / a > Mentioned in Minerals , Useful Mining , Underground Natural Features Natural Phosphates Philippines , Republic of The Phosphates , Natural Sedimentary Deposits Texture and Structure of Rocks Underground Mining Useful Minerals Encyclopedia browser ▲ phony mine Phony War phorate Phorbia Phorcus phoresy Phoridae Phormio phorogenesis Phoronida Phoronidea Phororhacos Phoros phosgene phosgenite Phosmet Phosphatase phosphate anion phosphate buffer phosphate coating phosphate desulfurization Phosphate Feed phosphate fertilizer phosphate glass phosphate recovery process phosphate rock Phosphate Slag phosphated metal Phosphates , Natural phosphatic nodule phosphatide phosphatidic acid Phosphatidyl Serine Phosphating phosphatization phosphatizing phosphaturia Phosphene Phosphide Phosphine phosphinic acid Phosphite Phosphocreatine Phosphoenolpyruvic Acid phosphoferrite phosphofructokinase phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphoglucomutase phosphoglycolate ▼ Full browser ▲ phosphate calculus phosphate coating Phosphate conversion coating phosphate desulfurization Phosphate Development Works phosphate diabetes Phosphate Eliminating Enzyme Phosphate ester Phosphate ester Phosphate Feed phosphate fertilizer phosphate glass Phosphate group Phosphate group phosphate loading Phosphate Mineral Phosphate Mineral Phosphate minerals Phosphate minerals Phosphate nephropathy Phosphate nephropathy phosphate of potash Phosphate Organic Acid Technology Phosphate Per Liter Glomerular Filtration Rate phosphate potash phosphate recovery process Phosphate Resources Limited phosphate retention phosphate retention phosphate ridge phosphate ridge phosphate rock Phosphate rock island Phosphate rock island Phosphate Slag phosphate test phosphate tetany phosphate yielding endonucleases phosphate yielding endonucleases phosphate - bond energy phosphate - bond energy phosphate - bonded casting investment phosphate - bonded casting investment ▼ | [
"Phosphate Ore",
"mineral fertilizers",
"geological conditions"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pigments%2c+biological | pigment ( redirected from Pigments , biological Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical pigment , substance that imparts color to other materials . In paint , the pigment is a powdered substance which , when mixed in the liquid vehicle , imparts color to a painted surface . The pigments used in paints are nearly all metallic compounds , but organic compounds are also used ( see lake lake , dyeing , an insoluble formed by reaction between an organic dye and mordant . The of lake depends upon mordant as well as dye used . Generally , lakes not colorfast many inorganic dyes , but their colors more brilliant . . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . Most black pigments organic , e.g. , bone black ( animal or charcoal ) and lampblack . Some of metallic occur naturally . brilliant beautiful coloring rock soil some parts United States , especially Grand Canyon Colorado River , Painted Desert Arizona , Bryce Zion canyons Utah , is largely produced by such compounds , chiefly oxides . Yellow ocher , sienna , umber oxides iron . Litharge yellow oxide lead . Red lead also oxide this metal . Lead chromate , or chrome yellow , important yellow pigment . White lead , basic lead carbonate , long use ; it rendered durable mixture with zinc oxide . Cadmium sulfide cadmium . Ultramarine important blue pigment , Prussian blue ( ferric ferrocyanide ) . Green produced mixing Prussian chrome yellow . Vermilion ( mercuric sulfide ) red . Pigments occur plant animal bodies . bright colors plants , for example , result presence such substances chlorophyll ( green ) xanthophyll ( yellow ) , both which found some animals . Among others carotene , carrots certain other vegetables , anthocyanin , which blue , red , purple flowers . Blood receives its from hemoglobin red corpuscles . Coloration human skin caused presence ( see pigmentation pigmentation , name coloring matter found certain plant animal cells thereby . Pigmentation occurs nearly all living organisms . . . . . . Click link information . ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Pigment ( in biology ) , that incorporated into body tissues . Pigments colored intramolecular chromophores , atomic groups selectively absorb light visible part solar spectrum . play varied role life processes organisms , especially photobiologic processes . Occurrence . most widespread pigments , porphyrins carotenoids , majority plants animals . Porphyrins included chlorophyll molecules green plants , bacteriochlorophylls photosynthesizing bacteria , respiratory animals , example , hemoglobin , myoglobin , chlorocruorin . Cytochromes , which , like hemoglobin , contain iron - porphyrin complex heme , very common . Carotenoids , unsaturated isoprenoid hydrocarbons , their oxidized derivatives xanthophylls yellow , orange , red present green algae , fungi , bacteria . Blue - green algae contain auxiliary photosynthetic pigments , called phycobilins , whose nonprotein portion consists chain four pyrrole rings ; phycobilin phycocyanin , red — phycoerythrin . Structurally similar phycobilins phytochrome , animal - bile formed during decomposition hemoglobin . large group called flavonoids encompasses substances differ chemical structure , color , occurrence , an - thocyanins flavones . Flavonoids give flowers , fruits , leaves . eyes animals visual structurally complex . Other common tissues respiratory chromogens , derivatives quinone , melanins , skin , fur , hairs Fungal bacterial display wide variety chemical structures . identical close structure may be groups organisms phylogenetically distant each other . usually contained various cell structures and , less commonly , dissolved body fluids . For concentrated chloroplasts , carotenoids chromo - plasts chloroplasts , hemoglobin blood cells , flavonoids cell sap plants . combination with proteins lipids structural part biological membranes . Many species have specialized cells , chromatophores . Biological role . system links metabolic processes light environment . One most functions plants participation photosynthesis . absorption plays role growth , development , movement plants . function animals participation visual processes . Hemoglobin blood transport oxygen organs tissues . Cytochromes , chromogens , act enzymes tissue respiration . Carotenoids melanins protect organism against harmful effects sun ’ s ultraviolet light . account coloration , feature organism ’ s adaptation environment . Coloration serves attract insect pollinators birds who spread seeds ; it helps protect against enemies acts camouflage while stalks prey . Until second half 19th century , alizarin , indigo , carmine , were widely dyes . Some food - processing industry medicine , riboflavin , carotene , antibiotic pigments . A . A . K RASNOVSKII In man . Disruption any stage metabolism man results accumulation various metabolic products development diseases . A distinction made between hereditary acquired disturbances ; former caused hereditary defects synthesis synthesis precursors liver — cells . Acquired disturbances metabolism can follow prolonged feverish periods , deficiencies vitamins folic pantothenic acids , liver diseases , including hepatitis , hepatic tumors , obstructions biliary tract . They can result poisoning , Addison ’ s disease , diseases . Diseases at ages varying frequencies . forms generally seen children . Three main disturbances recognized : hemoglobinopathies , hyperbilirubinemias , porphyrias . I U K NIAZEV REFERENCES Tsvet , M . S . Khromofilly v rastitel ’ nom i zhivotnom mire . Warsaw , 1910 . Timiriazev , K . Solntse , zhizn ’ i khlorofill ( vol . 1 Izbr . soch . ) . Moscow , 1948 . Prosser , L . , F . Brown . Sravnitel ’ naia fiziologiia zhivotnykh . Moscow , 1967 . Chapters 8 19 . ( Translated English . ) Biokhimiia rastenii . 1968 . Chapters 24 , 26 , 28 . ( Translated English . ) Konev , S . V . , I . D . Volotovskii . Vvedenie v molekuliarnuiu fotobiologiiu . Minsk , 1971 . Lemberg , R . , J . W . Legge . Hematin Compounds Bile Pigments . New York - London , 1949 . Chemistry Biochemistry Plant Pigments . London - New York , 1965 . Photobiology Microorganisms . London , 1970 . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ pig · mənt ( cell molecular biology ) Any matter cells . ( materials ) A solid reflects wavelengths while absorbing wavelengths , without producing appreciable luminescence ; impart materials . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Pigment finely divided material contributes optical properties paint , finishes , coatings . insoluble coating material , whereas dyes dissolve coating . mechanically mixed coating deposited when dries . Their physical properties generally not changed incorporation deposition vehicle . may classified according composition ( inorganic organic ) source ( natural synthetic ) . However , useful classification ( white , transparent , colored ) function . Special include anticorrosive , metallic , luminous pigments . McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . finely ground inorganic powder dispersed liquid vehicle make paint ; provide , addition color , many essential paint — opacity , hardness , durability , corrosion resistance . 2 . Coloring matter , usually form fine powder , concrete , etc . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . occurring tissue producing characteristic colour , haemoglobin Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Pigments % 2c + biological " > pigment < / a > Encyclopedia browser ▲ pigeonhole principle pigeonhole sort pigeonholed wall pigeonite pigeonnier pigeons pigeon - toed Piggott Piggott , Lester Keith piggy piggyback piggyback board piggyback twistor piggybacking piglet Pigment Cell pigment epithelium pigment figure Pigment Paper pigment print pigment volume concentration pigmentation Pigmented Microorganisms Pigments , biological pigment - to - binder ratio Pigmy Pigmy Antelopes pignolia pignut hickory Pigou , Arthur Cecil Pig ' s Face Feast pigskin pigtail pigtail splice PIGUI Pigulevskaia , Nina Pigulevskaia , Nina Viktorovna pigweed Pigwiggin Pi - hahiroth PIHP PII Piip , Boris Piip , Boris Ivanovich Piipuu , Ellinor Piipuu , Ellinor Ianovna Pijper , Willem pika Pikalevo ▼ Full browser ▲ Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy pigmented part of retina pigmented part of retina pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatosis pigmented terminal hair cysts Pigmented Villonodular Bursitis pigmented villonodular synovitis pigmented villonodular synovitis pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis pigmented xerodermoid pigmenting pigmenting pigmentodermia pigmentolysin pigmentophage pigmentophore Pigmentos Vegetales Del Centro Pigmentos y Productos Quimicos Pigmentous Pigments Absorbing at 425 nm pigmentum nigrum PIGMI Pigmies Pigmies pigmobile pigmobiles pigmoid Pigmon Pigmy Pigmy Antelopes Pigmy falcon Pigmy hog Pigmy rattlesnakes Pigmy rattlesnakes pigmy talinum PIGN Pignataro Massive Krew pignerare Pignerate pigneration pigneration Pignerol Pignerolo Pignet formula Pignet , Maurice - C.J . Pignet , Maurice - CJ Pignet ’ s formula ▼ | [
"pigment",
"Dictionary",
"liquid vehicle"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Plant+morphology | Plant Morphology Also found in : Wikipedia The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Morphology , Plant ( also phytomorphology ) , the study of the structure and form development of plants in their individual and evolutionary - historical development . It is one most important branches botany . As plant morphology developed , following independent sciences were established : plant anatomy , which studies tissue cell structure organs ; embryology , which studies embryo development ; cytology , cell development . Thus , morphology , in narrow sense , primarily form development an organism ; however , it also concerned with regularities on population - species level , inasmuch as it deals with evolution form . Principal problems methods principal concerns morphology are identifying morphological diversity plants nature , studying regularities interrelated distribution organs their systems , analyzing changes a plant ’ s total its individual organs course its independent ( ontomorphogenesis ) , revealing origins during evolution world ( plant morphogenesis ) , investigating effects various external internal factors on Thus , does not limit itself to description certain types but also strives to explain dynamics structures origins . principles biological organization , that is , internal interrelationships all processes structures an organism , are manifested organism ’ s external form . Theoretical distinguishes between two interrelated complementary approaches interpretation morphological data . One approach reveals reasons for origin any given ( from point view factors immediately acting morphogenesis ) . other explains biological significance certain forms for life activity organisms ( from point view adaptability ) , leads preservation forms process natural selection . Morphological research conducted by three principal methods : descriptive , comparative , experimental . first consists descriptions systems ( organography ) . Comparative methods used classify descriptive material . They used study changes organism undergo as a result aging ( comparative - ontogenetic method ) , explain by comparing them different taxonomic groups ( comparative - phylogenetic method ) , influence environment ( comparative - ecological method ) . Experimental research involves creation controlled conditions ; reactions these artificial conditions studied . interrelationships between living examined means surgical intervention . Plant closely related other branches botany , such paleobotany , taxonomy phylogeny ( plant result long historical reflect plants ’ similarities ) , physiology ( the dependence function ) , ecology , phytogeography geobotany ( dependence environment ) , genetics ( inheritance acquisition new characters ) , horticulture . Brief historical survey beginnings morphology , botany general , go back early antiquity . terminology description was introduced principally 17th century , at time first theoretical generalizations were made Italian scientists A . Cesalpino M . Malpighi German scientist J . Jung . However , establishment science took place late 18th century publication 1790 J . W . von Goethe ’ s Essay Metamorphosis Plants Goethe introduced term “ morphology ” 1817 . He emphasized similarities diversity showed that all shoot , from cotyledon flower parts represent modifications ( metamorphoses ) same elementary lateral organ — the leaf ( type - leaf ) . cause metamorphoses , according Goethe , change nutrient intake newly formed leaves extent shoot apex moves away soil . Goethe ’ s works greatly influenced subsequent morphology . However , “ type ” concept organs , was Goethe absolutely real , lay possibility idealist approach , is , interpretation “ type ” “ idea ” organ embodied different forms . Indeed , many followers developed comparative spirit . Such conceptions phytonic theory , according higher aggregate foliar units , or phytons ( French scientist C . Gaudichaud - Beaupré 1841 ; German K . Schultze , 1843 ) , well theory three primordially existing “ ideal ” fundamental ( German botanist A . Braun , 1850 ’ s ) . Plant developed further half 19th century . Independently Goethe , P . De Candolle ( 1827 ) arrived at concept equality metamorphoses . R . Brown , ovule gymnosperms angiosperms , discovered archegonia spermatozoids conifers . Braun , who studied metamorphosed formulated , together K . Schimper , theory mathematical principles phyllotaxy , played important role comparative morphology . bases ontogenetic phylogenetic established half 19th century . botanist M . Schleiden ( 1842 – 48 ) active proponent ontogenetic method . Phylogenetic W . Hofmeister ( 1849 – 51 ) , who described alternation generations proved homology reproductive Lycopodiales , Filicales , Gymnospermae . As this work possible establish morphological , later evolutionary , connection spore seed plants . In late century early 20th , C . Darwin ’ s evolutionary greatly influenced Evolutionary , phylogenetic , further Russian botanists I . D . Chistiakov I . N . Gorozhankin ( and his school ) botanists N . Pringsheim E . Strasburger . These men demonstrated homology reproductive various groups cycles Of particular value Gorozhankin ’ s gametophyte fertilization gymnosperms , V . Beliaev ’ s investigations male gametophyte hetero - spores , S . G . Navashin ’ s discovery 1898 double fertilization flowering plants . work Czech L . Čelakovský ( 1897 – 1903 ) Velenovský ( 1905 – 13 ) great importance . Another trend evolutionary based primarily fossil British F . Bower ( 1890 – 1908 , 1935 ) , H . Potonié ( 1895 – 1912 ) , Frenchman O . Lignier ( 1913 – 14 ) shed some light cardinal problems concerning origin higher terrestrial These scientists showed two possible paths cormophytic structures ; ( 1 ) formation surface lateral outgrowths ( enations ) primary leafless axis ( 2 ) differentiation primary system branching cylindrical homogeneous organs , there occurred flattening concrescence parts branches , formation large , flat leaves . formulations predicted most ancient terrestrial plants — psilophytes — which not discovered until 1917 . ideas Bower , Potonié , Lignier served basis telome formulated 1930 Zimmerman . stelar evolution , based taxonomy proposed French P . van Tieghem ( 1870 ’ s ) American E . Jeffrey ( 1897 ) his school , played large role Some morphologists continued develop phytonic bodies , acquired materialist dynamic character ( the American Asa Gray , Italian F . Delpino , Czech Velenovský , Russian Beketov , Frenchman G . Chauveaud ) . subsequent reinterpretation phyton segment highly differentiated shoot - organ led purely phyton unit growth ( British Priestly , 1930 ’ s ; Swiss O . Schuepp , 1938 ; Soviet D . Sabinin , 1963 ) . Theories concerning flower constituted achievements British Arber Parkin formulated strobilar 1907 . pseudantic proposed Austrian R . von Wettstein 1908 . Kh . la . Gobi published classification fruits 1921 . Ontogenetic post - Darwinian period closely phylogenetic experimental Eichler studied history leaf ( 1869 ) , well structural ( 1878 – 82 ) . V . Deinega ontogeny monocotyledons dicotyledons ( 1902 ) . Highly metamorphosed method morphologists Kaufman ( cacti , 1862 ) , Kamenskii ( bladderworts , 1877 1886 ) , S . Rostovtsev ( duckweeds , 1902 ) . Beketov , considered physiological functions effects conditions be development , made major contribution experimental ( a phrase Timiriazev 1890 ) . Levakovskii one experimentally behavior shoots aquatic medium ( 1863 ) . physiologist H . Vöchting observed influence natural experimentally phenomenon polarity ( 1878 – 82 ) . Klebs ( 1903 ) Goebel ( 1908 ) dependence organ growth such light , moisture , food , they induced artificial metamorphoses . Goebel author multivolume Organography Plants ( 1891 – 1908 ) , he described ontogeny taking into account giving verification causes Austrian Wiesner ( 1874 – 89 , 1902 ) Dostal ( a series works shoot formation , 1912 ) did valuable Krenke ( 1928 , 1950 ) regeneration occur shootages , he “ cyclic aging rejuvenation ” ( 1940 ) . Ecological originated same time phytogeography ecology . One basic concerns life founders this branch Danes Warming ( 1902 – 16 ) Raunkiaer ( 1905 – 07 ) Schimper ( 1898 ) . botanical geographers geobotanists depth features adaptive regeneration reproduction botanical - geographical zones regions ( A . Krasnov , 1888 ; lanishevskii , 1907 – 12 , 1934 ; Vysotskii , 1915 , 1922 – 28 ; L . Kazakevich , 1922 ; B . Keller , 1923 – 33 ; Sukachev , 1928 – 38 ; Korovin , 1934 – 35 ; Alekhin , 1936 ) . Current trends Descriptive modern compilation floras , keys , atlases , reference materials . Comparative represented Troll ( Federal Republic Germany ) school . Troll author fundamental survey ( 1935 – 39 ) , number teaching manuals , multivolume inflorescences ( 1959 – 64 ) . Arber , discussion data , arrived unique “ incomplete shoot ” ; related telome theory . In 1952 Serebriakov investigated vegetative basis . Kaden 1947 ) Levina 1956 ) wrote classification fruits . Evolutionary enriched new series Zimmerman ( 1950 – 65 ) , had intimate connection “ elementary processes ” ontogeny . Meier summarized sporophyte spore - forming ( 1958 ) . He emphasizes value comparative - morphogenetic method — the juxtaposition extant differ levels construction morphogenetic ancestor - descendant but demonstrate paths transformation any given organ . angiosperms being Takhtadzhian , working interrelationship phylogeny developing botany Severtsov ’ s concepts modes evolution . B . Kozo - Polianskii has written monograph Basic Biogenetic Law From Botanical Point View ( 1937 ) . A summary flowering published 1961 Eames . continued French Bertrand ( 1947 ) Emberger ( 1950 – 64 ) . Many proponents have expressed contradictory views flower . 1940 ’ s 1950 ’ s argument flared up proponents classical strobilar ( Eames , Takhtadzhian , Corner ) representatives “ new ” discussion , extreme views subjected sharp criticism , positive aspects theory , convincingly portrays course vegetative clearly expressed . Much devoted origins unique features monocotyledons , including Gramineae ( A . Arber , Eames , lakovlev , Meier , Kudriashov , Jacques - Félix ) . trend has merged considerable extent experimental , being intensively physiology ( morphogenesis ) . 1960 extensive morphogenesis biologist Sinnott . Particularly numerous studying root apexes sources organogenesis histogenesis Important theoretical proposals field have been Swiss Schüepp ( 1938 ) , Americans Foster ( and colleagues , 1936 – 54 ) Esau ( 1960 – 65 ) , Guttenberg ( 1960 – 61 ) , Clowes ( 1961 ) . governing activity apex general organization been Wardlaw school ( 1952 – 69 ) . France arrangement Plantefol ( 1947 ) investigations Buvat ( 1950 ’ s ) study . number universities France scientific center Orsay ( R . Nozerand ) , laboratories conducting valuable research . Bunning ( Federal Republic Germany ) devoted endogenic rhythms morphogenesis . USSR morphogenesis conducted since 1940 ’ s Vasilevskaia her colleagues . Using broad application anatomic methods , they predominantly live under severe ecological conditions . Since 1950 ’ s , Kuperman colleagues stages organogenesis conditions . Skripchinskii colleagues herbaceous plants , particularly geophytes . Closely morphogenetic physiologists Sabinin ( 1957 , 1963 ) Kazarian ( since 1952 ) . Pervukhina , lakovlev , Savchenko , Danilova flowers fruits . A Serebriakov school aspects rhythms seasonal zones USSR . occur when go through lengthy cycle studied , basis age periodization T . Rabotnov ( 1950 ) , pupils associates Uranov . Ecological developing along lines regional Comprehensive adaptability extreme Pamir ( I . Raikova , Steshenko ) ; steppes , deserts , mountain regions Kazakhstan Middle Asia ( E . Korovin , M . Kul ’ - tiasov , Lavrenko , T . Nechaeva ) ; tundras forest - tundras ( B . Tikhomirov associates ) . Problems comprehensively elaborated ( 1952 – 64 ) , designated main arborescent herbaceous ones reduction life - span skeletal axes . His conducting specific taxonomic groups ; promising direction Meisel ( German Democratic Republic ) . Golubev ( 1957 ) did field . An evaluating general directions offered papers Corner ( 1949 – 55 ) Schmid ( 1956 , 1963 ) . Significance national economy data comparative , ecological , makes understanding only practical application . Research ontomorphogenesis ecological working out bases forestry grassland management , raising ornamental plants , recommendations rational use beneficial wild ( such medicinal plants ) regrowth . This control cultivated introduction species botanical gardens data and , yields material generalizations . Congresses , conventions , publications Problems frequently discussed international congresses , particularly fifth ( London , 1930 ) , eighth ( Paris , 1954 ) , ninth ( Montreal , 1959 ) , congresses . International symposia held ( for example , symposium London 1956 growth ) . Colloquiums take place regularly ( for example , inflorescences , Paris , 1964 ; forms , Montpellier , 1965 ; structural organization , Clermont - Ferrand , 1969 ; branching , Dijon , 1970 ) . USSR discussed conventions Botanical Society , All - Union Conference Morphogenesis ( Moscow , 1959 ) , All - Union Conference Higher Educational Institutions Morphology ( Moscow , 1968 ) . Papers international journal Phytomorphology ( New Delhi , 1951 ) . Institute Academy Sciences collections Morfologiia i anatomiia rastenii regularly since 1950 . Articles appear Botanicheskii zhurnal ( since 1916 ) , Biulleten ’ Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 1829 ) , Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly 1958 ) , journals . REFERENCES Komarnitskii , “ Morfologiia rastenii . ’ ” Ocherkipo istorii russkoi botaniki Moscow , 1947 . Serebriakov , Morfologiia vegetativnykh organov vysshikh rastenii Moscow , 1952 . Izbr . soch . po estestvoznaniiu 1957 . ( Translated [ from German ] . ) Meir , Morfogeniia vysshikh 1958 . Fedorov , A . , Kirpichnikov , Z . Artiushenko . Atlas po opisaternoi morfologii vols . 1 – 2 . 1956 – 62 . Serebriakov , Ekologicheskaia morfologiia 1962 . Eames , tsvetkovykh 1964 . ( Translated English . ) Osnovy evoliutsionnoi morfologii pokrytosemennykh Moscow - Leningrad , 1964 . Proiskhozhdenie i rasselenie tsvetkovykh Leningrad , 1970 . Goebel , von . Organographie der Pflanzen , 1 – 2 . Jena , 1928 – 33 . Troll , Vergleichende Morphologie der höheren Pflanzen vols . Berlin , 1935 – 39 . Troll , Praktische Einführung die Pflanzenmorphologie , Jena , 1954 – 57 . Wardlaw , Organization Evolution London , 1965 . S EREBRIAKOVA The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Plant + Morphology " > Plant Morphology < / a > Mentioned in Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fedorov Aleksandr Fedorov Andrea Cesalpino Augustin Pyrame De Candolle Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Biological Journals Botanical Institute Brongniart , Adolphe Théodore Candolle , Augustin Pyrame De Carpology Cesalpino , Andrea de Candolle , Augustin Pyrame East , Edward Murray Embryology , Plant Fedorov , Aleksandr Fedorov , Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Franz Unger References in periodicals archive The effect of selected sex steroids on plant morphology , flowering and sex expression in Cucumis sativus cultivar Kmicic F1 was investigated . ALTERATION OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF Cucumis sativus L . BY APPLICATION OF SEX STEROIDS in vitro All data were subjected to the Lilliefors test , to verify normality , and subdivided into four groups : plant morphology - - " Plant " ( PH , PW , TNC , NC1 , etc . Association of morphological and water factors with irrigated forage cactus yield / Associacao de fatores morfologicos e hidricos com a produtividade da palma forrageira irrigada Effect of diurnal temperature alternations on in some greenhouse crops - a mini review . Influence of Diurnal Temperature Range on the Development of Fiber Cells in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) This is mainly due to the unique function of GA as discussed in the literature ; that is , GA deficiency specifically decreases plant height without any undesirable side effects on other essential or physiology , which often happens when other dwarfing mechanisms are used . Engineering the lodging resistance mechanism of post - green revolution rice to meet future demands Bayer and Forschungszentrum Juelich , a member of the Helmholtz Association , have entered into a five - year strategic research collaboration named Phenotyping for Products ( P4P ) to use novel , state - of - the - art root and shoot phenotyping to study the impact of traits , improved germplasm and biologicals on and performance . Germany : Bayer and Forschungszentrum Juelich agree on research collaboration 2010 ) designed to interpret the differences in ( e . Combining photography and a geographic information system to measure winter browse use These glasses preserve from macro features all the way down to the micron scale . Helping store biodata for millions of years Chitwood ' s research aims to develop high - throughout phenomics approaches and the requisite statistics to describe natural variation in and determine its genetic basis . Leading Plant Science Society Recognizes Two Danforth Center Scientists In a penultimate chapter pointing toward the nineteenth - century non - Linnaean rethinking of , Kelley provides something of a reprise of the dialectics of her book in the debate between Goethe and Hegel over the nature of plants . Theresa M . Kelley . Clandestine Marriage : Botany and Romantic Culture Conserving natural enemies with flowering plants ; estimating floral attractiveness to parasitic Hymenoptera and attractions correlates to flower and The attraction of Lepidoptera to flowering plants also attractive to parasitoids ( Diptera , Hymenoptera ) Much like composing music for a symphony , lighting systems can be engineered to orchestrate and chemistry . The future life of plants : from berries to cannabis , the race is on for scientists and commercial lamp manufacturers to engineer the right light for producing the desired attributes in plants Plant morphology was just a lot of memorization that I was never good at . CPA career roots More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Plant evolution plant extract plant factor plant fermentation Plant Formation Plant Frost Damage Plant Genetics Plant Geography Plant growth Plant Growth Factor Plant Hairs Plant Helminth Plant Helminthology plant hormone Plant hormones Plant Immunity plant key plant kingdom plant layout plant louse Plant Management Plant metabolism Plant mineral nutrition plant mix Plant morphogenesis Plant Morphology Plant movements Plant Nutrition Diagnostics Plant organs plant pathology Plant phylogeny Plant Physiology Plant Physiology , Institute of plant propagation Plant Protection Plant Protection Service Plant Protection , Institute of plant respiration plant room plant societies Plant Systematics Plant taxonomy Plant tissue systems Plant transport of solutes plant virus Plant viruses and viroids Plant Wintering Plant , Hemiparasitic Plant , Parasitic Plantae Plantagenet ▼ Full browser ▲ Plant Load Factor plant louse Plant Machinery and Vehicles Plant Maintenance and Customer Service Plant Maintenance Order Plant Management Plant Management Network Plant Management System plant material plant material Plant Materials Center Plant Materials Release Committee Plant metabolism Plant Metabolism Research Center Plant Micromorphology Bibliographic Database Plant mineral nutrition Plant Miscellaneous plant mix Plant Modeling Consortium Plant Modeling System Program Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Plant Monitoring System Plant morphogenesis Plant movements Plant Mycotoxin Research Plant nutrition Plant Nutrition Diagnostics plant on Plant Operating Record Plant Operating Specification Plant Operation and Maintenance Plant Operational Data Management Plant Operations and Maintenance Branch Plant Operations and Maintenance Division Plant Operations Data System Plant Operations , Engineering and Maintenance Division Plant Operator Selection System plant or animal classification plant order plant organ Plant organs plant out plant out Plant Oversight Review Committee plant part Plant Patent Act Plant Patent Applied For Plant pathogen ▼ | [
"Plant Morphology",
"botany",
"Comparative morphological"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Polar+day | Polar Day Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Polar Day a day lasting more than 24 hours , occurring in polar regions north of the arctic circle and south of the antarctic circle . At points in northern hemisphere with a geographic latitude ϕ , sun does not drop below horizon at certain times year . This occurs whenever sun , its apparent annual motion along ecliptic , is located north parallel declination δ = 90 ° ϕ . At points on arctic and antarctic circles , sun will not set once each year . For circle this occurs on summer solstice ( June 21 or 22 ) , when at maximum declination δΘ = 23 ° 27 ′ ; for this winter solstice ( December 21 22 ) , when maximum south δΘ = 23 ° 27 ′ . length polar day increases with proximity to poles , poles themselves it six months long . This phenomenon complicated by refraction , which causes length to increase . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Mentioned in Altitudinal Zonality Arctic Chukchi Sea Kara Sea Laptev Sea Length of Day Murmansk Oblast Natural Features North Pole Polar Circle Polar Night South Pole Tundra Zones Encyclopedia browser ▲ Polanyi , John Charles Polar Air polar air mass polar air navigation polar angle polar anticyclone polar automatic weather station polar axis polar bear Polar Bear Swim Day Polar Body polar cap polar caps polar chart Polar Circle Polar Climate polar compound polar continental air polar convergence polar coordinates Polar Coordinates in the Plane polar covalent bond polar crystal polar cyclone polar desert polar developable polar diagram polar distance polar easterlies polar electrojet polar equation polar exploration Polar Fauna polar firn Polar Flora polar form polar front polar glacier polar high polar ice polar keying polar lake polar line polar low polar maritime air polar meteorology polar migration polar modulation polar molecule ▼ Full browser ▲ Polar compound polar continental air Polar Continental Shelf Project polar convergence polar coordinate polar coordinate Polar coordinate system Polar coordinate system Polar coordinate systems Polar coordinates Polar coordinates Polar Coordinates in the Plane Polar Coordinates Navigation System Polar coordinates system Polar coords Polar Cordinates Polar Coronal Holes Polar covalent bond Polar covalent bond Polar covalent bonds polar crystal Polar cyclone Polar DAAC Polar Data Processing Polar desert Polar desserts polar developable polar diagram polar diagrams Polar dial Polar distance Polar distance polar distances polar distances Polar Earth Observing Network Polar Earth Orbit Polar Earth - Observation Mission Polar easterlies polar electrojet Polar encoding Polar equation Polar equation Polar equation of a line Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface Polar expedition Polar Experiment Polar exploration Polar exploration Polar Fauna polar fibers polar firn Polar Flora Polar forces Polar form ▼ | [
"Polar Day",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Polynomials | polynomial ( redirected from Polynomials Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical polynomial , mathematical expression which is a finite sum , each term being a constant times product of one or more variables raised to powers . With only one variable the general form of polynomial is 0 x n + 1 x n − 1 + 2 − 2 + … + − 1 where positive integer and 0 1 2 , … , are any numbers . An example in variable 11 4 − 3 3 + 7 − 8 . The degree in the highest power appearing with nonzero coefficient ; example given above , degree 4 . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Polynomial an expression form Ax k y t w m + Bx u p w q + … + Dx r y s t where x , y , … , are variables , and A , B , D ( coefficients polynomial ) k , l , ( exponents , which nonnegative integers ) constants . Separate terms Ax k m said to be terms polynomial . Both order order factors each term can vary arbitrarily . Terms with zero coefficients may introduced eliminated , factors zero exponents may likewise introduced eliminated . A one , two , three called monomial , binomial , trinomial , respectively . Two said similar if exponents identical variables equal . similar A ’ x l + B ’ x l , … D ’ x can replaced by single ( reduction terms ) . Two polynomials equal if reduction all makes them identical ( except for order , coefficients ) . A all whose coefficients called an denoted by 0 . single always written P ) = - 1 + … - 1 , … , coefficients . sum any this term . If not identically zero , then there exists several nonzero ( it assumed that have been reduced ) largest degree . This largest polynomial . No assigned reduces ( nonzero constant ) . Examples : xyz z three ; − z ( a linear polynomial ) ; 5 − − 3 has no since it whose have same exponent homogeneous polynomial , form . Forms first , second , third degrees linear , quadratic , cubic . Forms two three binary ternary , for example , − xy yz xz ternary quadratic form . assumed belong given field , example , field rational , real , complex numbers . Addition , subtraction , multiplication polynomials , subject use commutative , associative , distributive laws , yield polynomials . Thus , set polynomials field forms ring , ring over field . This ring has no divisors , that is , product can not yield zero . Let P = Q = Q ) , ≠ 0 , two polynomials . If R R such QR , then divisible Q , divisor quotient . not divisible Q , there exist S such QR S less than ) . By repeated application this operation it possible find greatest common divisor — that is , common these represented lower reducible ( over field ) , opposite case , irreducible . Irreducible play role prime numbers theory integers . For theorem states PQ irreducible R , must R . Every greater than written as irreducible over field , factorization unique within zero . For 4 1 , rational numbers , factored into real numbers into complex In general , every factored real first second degrees , numbers , first ( fundamental theorem algebra ) . corresponding assertions more false . yz number field . we assign definite numerical values , complex , x , y , . . , w , will also definite numerical value . It therefore follows every considered as function corresponding variables . function continuous differentiable values variables . characterized entire rational function , obtained from specific constants ( coefficients ) performing finite number additions , subtractions , multiplications . Entire functions part larger class functions obtained constants performing additions , subtractions , multiplications , divisions . Any represented quotient Rational part class algebraic functions . One most important properties continuous approximated within preassigned accuracy ( the Weierstrass approximation theorem ; requires on closed set , closed interval on line ) . fact , proved means mathematical analysis , makes possible express approximately relationship between problem natural science engineering . Ways doing studied specialized branches mathematics . In elementary algebra , “ polynomial ” sometimes used denote algebraic expressions addition subtraction last operation , REFERENCES Kurosh , A . G . Kurs vysshei algebry , 9th ed . Moscow , 1968 . Mishina , A . P . , I . V . Proskuriakov . Vysshaia algebra , 2nd ed . Moscow , 1965 . I . M ARKUSHEVICH The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ¦ päl · ə ¦ nō · mē · əl ( mathematics ) quantities , … , involving sum bx p b some number , , … , integers . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . a . a consisting constant raised positive integral power . variable , general by : - - 1 + … + - - 1 etc . , b . any consisting 2 . Biology taxonomic name terms , Parus major minor minor designates subspecies Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 ( mathematics ) An arithmetic composed summing multiples powers some variable . P ( x ) = a_i x i i = . . N multipliers , a_i , known N , the highest power non - zero coefficient , known as the " degree " N = 0 P ( x ) constant , if N = 1 , linear x . N = 2 gives quadratic and N = 3 , " cubic " . ( complexity ) polynomial - time This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( foldoc . org Mentioned in algebra algebraic curve Algebraic Function Approximation and Interpolation of Functions Approximation of Functions of a Complex Variable Bernoulli polynomial Best Approximation binomial characteristic polynomial Charlier polynomials Chebyshev Polynomials Chebyshev , Pafnutii Chebyshev , Pafnutii Lvovich class NP problems Co - NP cubic polynomial cubic spline cyclic redundancy check cyclotomic polynomial Encyclopedia browser ▲ polymorphic typing polymorphic virus polymorphism polymorphonuclear leukocyte Polymorphosis polymorphous polymyarian polymyositis polymyxin Polymyxins Polynemidae Polynesia Polynesian Polynesian languages Polynesian Subregion Polynesians Polyneuritis Polynices Polynoidae Polynok polynomial equation polynomial function polynomial time polynomial trend Polynomials polynomial - time polynomial - time algorithm Polynosic Fiber Polynov , Boris Polynov , Boris Borisovich polynuclear hydrocarbon polynucleotide Polynya polyn ' ya Polyodontidae polyol polyolefin polyolefin fiber polyolefins polyoma virus polyomino polyopia Polyopisthocotylea polyorrhymenitis polyoxyalkylene resin polyoxyethylene stearate polyoxyl stearate polyoxymethylene polyp polyp and medusa ▼ Full browser ▲ Polynomial Modular Number System Polynomial Neural Network polynomial nomenclature Polynomial Phase Signal Polynomial remainder theorem Polynomial Root Finder Polynomial space Polynomial System Solving Polynomial systems of equations Polynomial systems of equations Polynomial Texture Map Polynomial Threshold Function Polynomial time Polynomial Time - Frequency Transform Polynomial Transform Computation polynomial trend Polynomial Wigner Ville Distribution Polynomial - time Polynomial - time algorithm Polynomial - time approximation scheme Polynomial - Time Many - One Reductions Polynomial - time solution Polynomial - time solutions polynomialism polynomially polynomially Polynosic Fiber Polynov , Boris Polynov , Boris Borisovich Polynoxylin polynuclear polynuclear Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Polynuclear Aromatics polynuclear hydrocarbon polynuclear leukocyte polynuclear leukocyte polynucleate polynucleate Polynucleolar polynucleosis polynucleosomes polynucleotidase polynucleotidase polynucleotidases polynucleotide ▼ | [
"polynomial"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Potato+Planter | Potato Planter The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Potato Planter a machine for planting potato tubers and simultaneously applying mineral fertilizers to the soil . Tubers ( either whole or cuttings ) weighing 30 – 50 , 50 – 80 , 80 – 120 grams can be planted in rows with interrow spacings of 60 and 70 cm . Ridges can formed ( ridge planting ) , level - field planting done . USSR produces two - row ( SRN - 2 ) four - row ( SN - 4B , SN - 4B - 1 ) planters . A six - row ( SKM - 6 ) planter has been built , as has the KSN - 90 planter , which makes 90 - cm interrow spacings . working parts of SN - 4B planter are bins , cup - disc planters , shares with disc elements for covering furrow , fertilizer spreading devices . Each bin potato an auger that feeds tubers to planter , an agitator , shakers . working parts are driven by a power takeoff shaft tractor . Productivity is 1.08 – 1.36 hectares ( ha ) per hr SN - 4B , 1.08 – 1.77 ha per hr SN - 4B - 1 , 1.51 – 2.05 ha SKM - 6 , 0.54 – 0.88 SRN - 2 . When operating , agitator shakers move along slanted bottom bin feeding scoop , where they caught by cups thrown into opener . At same time fertilizers from fertilizer spreader enter opener . From opener go into furrow , which then covered dirt covering devices ( twin discs ridge small harrows level - field planting ) . Two - row four - row planters various designs common abroad . Manual placement in pockets device widely used . Planters automatic placement also used . devices such planters usually take form moving chains cups vertical disc cup catches . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Potato + Planter " > Potato Planter < / a > Mentioned in Jerusalem artichoke Penza Oblast Potato Loader Ridge and Mound Cultivation References in periodicals archive Encyclopedia browser ▲ potassium thiocyanate potassium undecylenate potassium xanthate Potassium , K potassium - 40 potassium - 42 potassium - argon dating Potassium - Magnesium Sulfate Potato Bacillus potato barn potato bean potato beetle Potato Blossom Festival Potato Cellar Potato Cleaner Potato Creek State Park Potato Days Potato Digger Potato Digger - Windrower Potato Famine Potato Farming , Institute of Potato Grater Potato Harvesting Combine Potato Loader Potato Ring Rot Potato Riots Potato Sorter potato stone potato virus X group potato virus Y Potato Washer Potato - Sorter Assembly Potawatomi Potawatomi State Park potbelly potboiler pot - bound Potchefstroom poteaux - en - terre house poteaux - sur - solle house Potebnia , Aleksandr Potebnia , Aleksandr Afanasevich Potebnia , Andrei Potebnia , Andrei Afanasevich poteen Potekhin , Aleksei Potekhin , Aleksei Antipovich Potekhin , Ivan Potekhin , Ivan Izosimovich ▼ Full browser ▲ Potato Marketing Association of North America Potato Marketing Board potato mildew potato mildew potato mold potato mold Potato mop - top virus potato mosaic potato mosaic potato moth potato moth potato murrain potato murrain potato node potato nose potato nose potato pancake potato pancake Potato pancakes Potato pancakes potato peel potato peel Potato Peel Bandage Potato peeler Potato peeler potato peelings potato peelings potato poisoning potato poisoning potato potato potato potato ; potato Potato Products of Idaho potato race Potato Ring Rot Potato Riots Potato rot potato salad potato scab bacteria potato skin potato skin Potato Sorter potato soup Potato spindle tuber viroid potato stone Potato Sucrose Agar potato tree potato tuber moth Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease potato tuberworm potato tumor potato tumor of neck potato tumour Potato Variety Management Institute potato vine ▼ | [
"Potato Planter"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Rice+(crop) | rice ( redirected from Rice ( crop ) Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical rice , cereal grain grain , in agriculture , term referring to the caryopsis , or dry fruit , of a cereal grass . The term is also applied to the seedlike fruits of buckwheat and certain other plants and is used collectively for any plant that bears such fruits . . . . . . Click link for more information . Oryza sativa grass grass , any plant family Poaceae ( formerly Gramineae ) , an important widely distributed group vascular plants , having an extraordinary range adaptation . Numbering approximately 600 genera 9,000 species , grasses form climax vegetation ( see ecology ) in . . . . . Click link more information . family ( Graminae ) , probably native deltas great Asian rivers — the Ganges , Chang ( Yangtze ) , Tigris Euphrates . The annual , from 2 6 ft ( 61 – 183 cm ) tall , with a round , jointed stem ; long , pointed leaves ; edible seeds borne dense head on separate stalks . Wild rice wild rice , tall aquatic Zizania aquatica family Poaceae ( grass family ) , genus separate from common rice Oryza ) . Wild ( called also Canada Indian water oats ) hardy annual with broad blades , reedy stems , large is obtained different grass plant . Cultivation and Harvesting Methods growing differ greatly different localities , but most Asian countries traditional hand methods cultivating harvesting are still practiced . fields are prepared by plowing ( typically simple plows drawn by water buffalo , but motorized tillers ) , fertilizing ( usually dung or sewage ) , smoothing ( by dragging log over them ) . seedlings started seedling beds and , after 30 50 days , transplanted hand fields , which have been flooded rain river water . During growing season , irrigation maintained dike - controlled canals watering . fields allowed drain before cutting . Rice when it still covered brown hull known as paddy ; called paddy paddies . Before marketing , threshed loosen hulls — mainly flailing , treading , working mortar — and winnowed free chaff tossing it air above sheet mat . In United States many parts Europe , cultivation has undergone same mechanization at all stages cultivation harvesting as have other grain crops . Rice was introduced American colonies mid - 17th cent . soon became important crop . Although U.S . production less than that wheat corn , grown excess domestic consumption has been exported , mainly Europe South America . Chief areas United States California , Mississippi , Texas , Arkansas , Louisiana . world ' s leading rice - producing countries China , India , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Thailand . Total annual world production than half billion metric tons . Importance of Rice as a Food It estimated half world ' s population subsists wholly partially on rice . Ninety percent world crop grown consumed Asia . American consumption , although increasing , only about 25 lb ( 11 kg ) per person annually , compared 200 400 lb ( 90 – 181 kg ) per person parts Asia . only major crop primarily consumed humans directly harvested , wheat corn produced comparable quantity . Plant breeders at International Research Institute Philippines , attempting keep pace demand burgeoning population , repeatedly developed improved varieties " miracle rice " allow farmers increase yields substantially . Other varieties specialized characteristics , such one tolerates prolonged flooding , developed . Studies shown yields adversely affected warmer nighttime temperatures , leading concerns about effects global warming may crops . Brown greater food value white , since outer brown coatings contain proteins minerals ; white endosperm chiefly carbohydrate . As food low fat ( compared grains ) protein . miracle rices grains richer protein old varieties . In East , eaten foods sauces made soybean soybean , soya bean , soy pea , leguminous Glycine max , G . soja , Soja max Leguminosae ( pulse family ) , native tropical warm temperate regions Asia , where cultivated principal which supply lacking elements prevent deficiency diseases . Elsewhere , especially States , processing techniques produced breakfast snack foods retail markets . Deficient gluten , can not be used make bread unless its flour mixed flour made grains . Other Uses For feeding domestic animals , bran , meal , chopped straw useful , especially when mixed polishings given skim milk . polishings source furfural furfural furfuraldehyde [ Lat . , = bran ] , C 4 H 3 OCHO , viscous , colorless liquid pleasant aromatic odor ; upon exposure air turns dark black . It boils 160 ° C ; . and chemurgic products . straw , soft fine , plaited East Asia hats shoes , hulls supply mattress filling packing material . Laundry starch manufactured broken grain , distillers . A distilled liquor called arrack arrack strong spirits distilled chiefly Asia fermented fruits , grains , sugarcane . 19th cent . , Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) became quite noted palm toddy modern times , Indonesia makes best arrack . Other names rack , raki , arak . is sometimes prepared infusion , Japan beverage sake sake , alcoholic beverage fermentation . Although sake sometimes wine , can smooth body be quite aromatic , higher alcohol content unique manner similar how beer brewed . brewed rice . paper ginseng ginseng common name Araliaceae , tropical herbs , shrubs , trees often prickly grow climbing forms . true Panax family . History of Rice Cultivation cultivated China since ancient times was introduced India before time Greeks . Chinese records go back 4,000 years . classical Chinese words agriculture culture synonymous , indicating already staple time language taking form . several languages words identical . Many ceremonies arisen connection planting traditional motifs Oriental art . Thousands strains now known , both escaped , original form unknown . carried into all regions having necessary warmth abundant moisture favorable its growth , mainly subtropical rather hot cold . West Africa end 17th cent . thought slaves area who were transported Carolinas mid - 18th complex agricultural technology , thus playing key part establishment cultivation . Their labor then insured flourishing industry . Modern culture makes use irrigation , few may moderate water . Classification classified division Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta division kingdom consisting those organisms commonly flowering plants , angiosperms . angiosperms leaves , stems , roots , vascular , conducting , tissue ( xylem phloem ) . class Liliopsida , order Cyperales , Poaceae . Bibliography See Food Agricultural Organization , ( annual ) ; D . H . Grist , ( 6th ed . 1986 ) ; J . A . Carney , Black Rice : African Origins Cultivation Americas ( 2001 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / What does it mean when you dream about rice ? Rice , main staple many peoples this planet , symbol fertility good luck , evidenced being thrown over newlyweds wedding ceremonies . The Dream Encyclopedia , Second Edition © 2009 Visible Ink Press ® . All rights reserved . rīs ( botany ) sativa . An order Cyperales , source human carbohydrate - rich grain . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . newly married couples pelted connubial good luck . [ Western Folklore : Leach , 938 ] See : Marriage Allusions — Cultural , Literary , Biblical , and Historical : A Thematic Dictionary . Copyright 2008 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . 1 . an erect grass , sativa grows East wet ground drooping flower spikes yellow oblong edible grains become white polished 2 . the this www . riceweb . org www . virtualcities . com / ons / 0rec / 10rice . htm Elmer original name Elmer Reizenstein 1892 - - 1967 , US dramatist . His plays include Adding Machine ( 1923 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) , into musical Kurt Weill 1947 Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Mentioned in Alvin Amara Andrew Lloyd Webber Baharampur Baleshwar Barisal Battambang beriberi bobolink Boris Aleksandrovich Neunylov Boris Neunylov brown rice Burma Cabanatuan Cambodia Canada rice Cantho Chandler , Robert F . Chenchiang Encyclopedia browser ▲ ribut Ricarda Huch Ricardo Ricardo Fonseca Ricardo Güiraldes Ricardo Levene Ricardo Palma Ricardo , Ricky Ricasoli , Bettino , Barone Riccardo Drigo Riccardo , Martin V . Riccati Equation Riccati , Jacopo Francesco Riccati - Bessel functions Ricci equations Ricci identities Ricci tensor Ricci theorem Ricci , Matteo Ricci , Ruggiero Riccia Riccio , Andrea Riccio , David Riccioli , Giovanni Battista Rice ( crop ) rice bird Rice Blast rice box rice bran oil rice coal Rice County rice glue rice grains rice hulls Rice Institute Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge Rice Lake State Fish & Wildlife Area Rice Lake State Park Rice Nematode rice neutralization rice neutralizing circuit rice paper Rice Riots Rice University Rice Weevil Rice , Anne Rice , Condoleezza Rice , Dan Rice , Elmer Rice , Grantland ▼ Full browser ▲ Ricci tensors Ricci theorem Ricci , Matteo Ricci , Ruggiero Ricci , Vincenzo Ricci - Cacchi syndrome Riccia Riccio Riccio Riccio , Andrea Riccio , David Riccioli Riccioli , Giovanni Battista RICCMHO RICCO RICCO Ricco Deruta Napkin Holder Ricco Law Ricco ' s Law Ricco , Annibale RICCP RICCS RICD RICE ( rest , ice , compression , elevation ) Rice and beans Rice Avenue Community Public Library rice beer Rice bird Rice bird Rice black streaked dwarf virus Rice blast rice body Rice Bowl Rice Bowl Journal Rice Bowl Journals Podcast rice bowls rice box Rice bran Rice bran Rice bran oil Rice bran oil Rice Bran Protein Concentrate Rice Bran Protein Isolate Rice Broadcast Television Rice Bubbles Rice Bug Rice bunting Rice Business Plan Competition Rice Chex rice coal Rice Condoleezza Rice Condoleezza ▼ | [
"rice",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sarbanes-oxley | Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( redirected from Sarbanes - oxley Also found in : Financial Acronyms Sarbanes - Oxley Act Administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) starting in 2002 , the Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( SOX ) regulates corporate financial records and provides penalties for their abuse . It defines type of records that must be recorded for how long . It also deals with falsification of data . Affecting data storage capacities planning , Sarbanes - Oxley was enacted after Enron WorldCom scandals early 2000s . The bill was sponsored by Paul Sarbanes , Democratic Senator from Maryland additionally authored before passage Michael Oxley , Republican Senator from Ohio . See risk mitigation Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Sarbanes - oxley " > Sarbanes - Oxley Act < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in CCO COSO data longevity data protection management ISO 27000 ISO / IEC 27000 SOX References in periodicals archive Far from just adding to corporate costs , says MIT Sloan Assistant Professor Ryan LaFond , " our findings tell a very different but consistent story about Sarbanes - Oxley helps cost of capital : study These firms create opportunity to place a value premium on infrastructural improvements related to compliance . Sarbanes - Oxley compliance : benefits for the private firm They can detect violations of the Patriot Act , and satisfy requirements as they tally and verify financial data . Taming the cells : automated spreadsheet control can help insurers breeze through regulatory compliance standards While the role and responsibilities vary from company to company , in general , a CAO is responsible for tax , financial planning , corporate accounting and reporting , compliance , accounting policies and procedures , audit preparation , compliance and monitoring and maintaining internal controls over the financial reporting function . New kids on the block : more companies are hiring chief accounting officers To get a better sense of how is affecting American businesses , reason Senior Editor Brian Doherty asked four people familiar with the law ' s consequences to explain what the new rules mean in practice . You can be too careful : how the government ' s new corporate accounting rules impede efficiency and stifle innovation For instance , if you can document that you are compliant with requirements , you might save money on errors and omissions ( E&O ) insurance for directors and officers . Understanding the Sarbanes - Oxley Law : for Latin American companies , compliance offers competitive advantages Oxley ( R - Ohio ) , and reports : " There is not an interest nor an appetite for reopening , and that ' s probably good for business , because any time something like that gets reopened , you never know what the end result might be . The Sarbox blues The Act of 2002 is a major piece of legislation that has generated an enormous amount of attention by a wide range of businesses . Tape storage for Sarbanes - Oxley compliance By the time Europeans woke up to the spillover effects of the post Enron legislation , the comprehensive Act - - authored by Maryland Democratic Senator Paul Sarbanes and Ohio Republican Representative Michael Oxley - - was already on the U . Preventing European " Enronitis " : how European regulators are handling the spillover effects of Sarbanes - Oxley This goal of this publication is to aid readers in the development of programs and methods needed to ensure that their records and information management programs are a properly functioning component of compliance . Legal issues The FDIC has also issued guidance to insured depository institutions about selected provisions of the Act related to corporate governance , audits and reporting requirements . Federal banking regulators release updated internal audit policy statement , guidance on corporate governance , audits and reporting requirements TEI has sponsored more than a dozen telephone seminars on various topics over the past four years , but participation in the seminar on the Act set a new record , far eclipsing the old registration mark of on a perennially favorite topic : the research tax credit . 1,000 join telephone seminar on Sarbanes - Oxley Act , TEI builds toward 57th Annual Conference . ( Continuing Education ) More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Saratoga Saratoga campaign Saratoga County Saratoga Festival Saratoga Lake Marine Park Saratoga National Historical Park Saratoga Spa State Park Saratoga Springs Saratov Saratov Agricultural Institute Saratov Art Museum Saratov Conservatory Saratov Dramatic Theater Saratov Hydroelectric Power Plant Saratov Oblast Saratov Reservoir Saratov Theater of Opera and Ballet Saratov Young People ' s Theater Saratov , University of Saratovets , Vasilii Saratovets , Vasilii Frolovich Sarawak Sarazen Sarazen , Gene Sarbacane Sarbanes - oxley sàrca Sarcasm Sarcelles Sarcina sarcochore Sarcodina sarcoglia Sarcoidosis Sarcolemma sarcoleukemia sarcoma sarcoma botryoides Sarcomastigophora Sarcomere Sarcophagidae sarcophagus Sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcopside Sarcopterygii Sarcoptidae Sarcoptiformes Sarcosine sarcosoma ▼ Full browser ▲ Sarawakian sarawakianly sarawakianly Saray - Jük Saraybosna Saraybosna Sarazen Sarazen Gene Sarazen , Gene SARB SARB Sarb Hind Shiromani Akali Dal Sarb - ox Sarb - ox SARBA Sarbacane Sarbanes and Oxley Sarbanes and Oxley Sarbanes Cooperative Oxford Laboratory Sarbanes Oxley Sarbanes Oxley Sarbanes Oxley Act Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes - Oxley Advisory Services Sarbanes - Oxley Compliance Journal Sarbanes - Oxley Compliance Solution Sarbannes Oxley Act Sarbannes Oxley Act Sarbannes - Oxley Act Sarbannes - Oxley Act Sarbatoarea Blajinilor SARBC SARBD SARBE SARBI Sarbinowo Sarbó sign Sarbox Sarbox SARC sarc ( o ) - sarc - ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"Sarbanes-Oxley Act"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Saybolt+color | Saybolt color Saybolt color ′ sā ‚ bōlt ‚ kəl · ər ( engineering ) A color standard for petroleum products determined with a Saybolt chromometer . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Saybolt + color " > Saybolt color < / a > References in periodicals archive The Lovibond EComparator 3000 Saybolt Color ( for ASTM D 156 , ASTM D 6045 ) provides an easy way for users to measure the color of aviation fuels , kerosene , naphthas , white mineral oils , hydrocarbon solvents and petroleum waxes . Meter provides both digital , visual color confirmation 1 , Automatic apparatus for determining the - set . Checking and testing apparatus More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Saxon Dynasty Saxon Mirror Saxon shake Saxon Uprising of 1073 – 75 Saxonian Saxonian Switzerland saxonite Saxons Saxony Saxony , Duchy of Saxony - Anhalt saxophone Saxton , Joseph say say again say altitude say heading Say , Allen Say , Jean Baptiste Say , Thomas Saya San Uprising Sayama Sayan Mountains Sayat - Nova Saybolt chromometer Saybolt Furol viscosimeter Saybolt Furol viscosity Saybolt Seconds Universal Saybolt Universal viscosimeter Saybolt Universal viscosity Saybrook Platform Saye and Sele , William Fiennes , 1st Viscount Sayers Sayers , Dorothy Leigh Sayers , Gale Sayid Nurul Hasan Saying Sayles , John Sayreville Sayyid Sayyid Ahmad Khan Sayyid Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh Sayyid Movement Saz Sazandari Sazandarian , Tatevik Sazandarian , Tatevik Tigranovna Sazhen Sazhin , Mikhail Sazhin , Mikhail Petrovich ▼ Full browser ▲ Sayab sayable sayable Sayad Sayad Sayaji Nagari Sayaji Nagari Sayaka Setoyama Sayaka Setoyama SAYAL Sayam Sayam Sayama Sayama , Saitama Sayan Mountains Sayanci Sayanci Sayans Sayans Sayat Nova Sayat - Nova Saybolt chromometer Saybolt Furol viscosimeter Saybolt Furol viscosity Saybolt Seconds Furol Saybolt Seconds Universal Saybolt Seconds , Universal Saybolt Universal Seconds Saybolt Universal Seconds Saybolt Universal viscosimeter Saybolt Universal viscosity Saybrook Platform SAYC SAYCC SAYCO Sayd Sayda Sayda SAYDL Saye Saye Saye and Sele , William Fiennes , 1st Viscount Sayed Sayed SAYEN sayer sayer Sayer ’ s test ▼ | [
"Saybolt color"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Scandinavian+Peninsula | Scandinavian Peninsula Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Scandinavian Peninsula a peninsula in northwestern Europe . Scandinavian Peninsula extends approximately 1,900 km from north to south and is 800 km wide in places . With an area of approximately 800,000 sq km , it the largest peninsula Europe . bounded by the Baltic , North , Norwegian , and Barents seas . Its continental boundary drawn hypothetically northern part of Gulf Bothnia to Varangerfjord . occupied by Norway , Sweden , northwestern Finland . southern part forms two extensions — one occupied southern Norway other Sweden — that are separated Skagerrak , Bohus Bay , Oslofjord . Kattegat Øresund separate Denmark . southernmost tip Scandinavian Peninsula called Skåne Peninsula . coastline north west greatly dissected fjords . Numerous islands archipelagoes lie off coast , including Lofoten , Vesterålen , Magerøy , Sorøya ; they are separated an intricate system straits . A low , narrow , relatively flat coastal plain ( strandflat ) stretches along shore . In east south low gently sloping banks frequently broken shallow bays . Numerous small islands underwater cliffs ( skerries ) found near coasts , greatly complicating navigation . western northern regions Mountains , whose highest peak , Galdhøpiggen , highest point on ( 2,469 m ) . In east , Mountains adjoin extensive low Norrland Plateau , which descends steps Gulf Bothnia . south , this plateau becomes central Swedish lake lowlands , which have hilly morainal topography . Still farther dome - shaped Småland Upland , whose elevations rise 377 m surrounded coastal lowlands on west , east , south . basic topographic features related position within Baltic Shield Caledonian folded structures that have experienced significant vertical displacements planation through glacial exaration accumulation Neogene - Anthropogenic times . Glaciers Peninsula , was center European continental glaciation , were more than 1,500 m thick places . last ice sheet retreated area near Stockholm about 10,000 years ago shore Bothnia some 7,000 or 8,000 years ago . primary deposits useful minerals related ancient tectonic structures magmatic intrusions that penetrated structures . Iron - ore deposits found at Kiruna , Gällivare , Kirkenes , Grängesberg , there copper , titanium , lead elsewhere peninsula . Petroleum North Sea shelf adjacent Peninsula , at Ekofisk elsewhere . Most temperate zone , although extreme subarctic zone . climate extremely varied because Mountains act as a barrier against moist air masses coming Atlantic Ocean because extends for such great distance south . Because intensive cyclonic circulation warming effect North Atlantic Drift , western has marine climate : winters mild , with mean January temperatures 4 ° C 2 ° C south ; summers cool , with mean July temperatures 6 ° C 14 ° C south ; precipitation abundant relatively evenly distributed through year average 1,000 3,000 mm annually . higher zone Mountains , January temperature 16 ° C , July 6 ° C 8 ° C ; about 5,000 sq this covered ice sheets mountain - valley glaciers . climate eastern temperate transitional climate ; range 15 ° C 3 ° C south , 10 ° C 17 ° C Precipitation east ranges 300 800 mm annually , but rate evaporation means moisture here adequate excessive almost everywhere ; land quite swampy . has dense river network . rivers primarily short , turbulent , high water level , greatest hydroenergy reserves Western largest rivers Glåma , Klarälven , Torneälven , Daläl - ven . There many lakes tectonic basins reworked ancient glaciers , being Vänern , Vättern , Mälaren . Approximately 43 percent forested . Taiga forests pine spruce growing podzols peat - marsh soils predominate especially typical eastern regions peninsula . Heaths peat bogs occupy large areas west . there mixed forests broadleaved forests , humus - podzol soils nonpod - zolized forest soils . Tundra far north , mountain tundra mountain zone . animal world represented primarily forest species , such as elks , foxes hares ; lemmings tundra . Deer live north , bird colonies inhabit cliffs islands . waters rich cod , herring , mackerel , other fish . REFERENCES Eramov , R . A . Fizicheskaia geografiia zarubezhnoi Evropy . Moscow , 1973 . Zanina , A . Klimat Skandinavskogopoluostrova . Leningrad , 1964 . O ’ Dell , Scandinaviia . Moscow , 1962 . ( Translated English . ) Chabot , G . [ et al ] . L ’ Europe du Nord et du Nord - Ouest . Vol . 1 . Paris , 1958 . R . E RAMOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Scandinavian + Peninsula " > Scandinavian Peninsula < / a > Mentioned in Baltic - White Sea Canal Brömsebro , Peace of Bullace Caledonian Folding Carboniferous System Period Cenozoic era Coldness Danish Sounds Denmark Europe Fennoscandia Finnmark Fjeld Glåma Greenland Grigorii Istoma Gulf Stream Iberian Peninsula Ice Sheets References in periodicals archive Yes , this Northern European country in the Eastern region of the is racking up points for more than just Swedish meatballs . Coming in from the cold : warm and inviting Swedish cuisine She learned how to perform for Chicago by watching co - star Catherine Zeta Jones and endured a gruelling training regime of vocal coaching and dance trainingShe studied English at the University of Texas at AustinShe worked as a cocktail waitress in a topless bar while trying to catch her big breakHer Norwegian mother , Kjellfrid Irene Andreassen , is of sami origin ( a minority originating mainly from the northern parts of the Scandinavian peninsula often referred to as Lapland ) . Keeping up with the Jones ; Alison Jones discovers why Renee Zellweger has a soft spot for disastrous dater Bridget Jones Visiting the Baltic states and inevitably involves transit via the sea ; the cruise ship , therefore , offers the perfect mode of transportation . Father and daughter travel far , but end up a little closer The young scientist was bound for Lapland , in the north of the , which was then an unknown wilderness . Linnaea borealis Stretching almost 2,000 kilometers along the western coast of Europe ' s Scandinavian peninsula is Norway , a country known for its rich and colorful Viking history . In the land of the midnight sun More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Scamozzi , Vincenzo SCAMP scan Scan Checking scan converter scan design scan head scan line scan path scan period scan rate scan register scan technology scan type scandal scandent Scanderbeg scandia Scandinavia Scandinavia , Vampires in Scandinavian art and architecture Scandinavian Languages Scandinavian Literary Theory and Criticism Scandinavian Mountains Scandinavian Philology Scandinavian Union Scandinavianism ScanDisk scandium scandium halide scandium oxide scandium sulfate scandium sulfide Scan - EDF scanf Scania Scan - In , Scan - Out scanistor ScanJet scanner scanner selector Scanning scanning acoustic microscope scanning circuit scanning disc scanning electron microscope scanning frequency scanning head scanning HEED ▼ Full browser | [
"Scandinavian Peninsula",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Single-family+detached+home | detached ( redirected from Single - family detached home Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia detached Ophthalmol ( of the retina ) separated from the choroid layer of eyeball to which it is normally attached , resulting in loss of vision in affected part Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Single - family + detached + home " > detached < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in abyss Accessory building Aldiss Back building bas - relief Belik , Petr Belik , Petr Alekseevich blastophore blown - boundary - layer control bog house bottle graft breakaway phenomenon breakoff phenomenon break - off phenomenon bungalow court calf campanile chasovnya cirrus cloud References in periodicals archive Laurel by Irvine Pacific will include three contemporary single - family detached home designs ranging from approximately 2,170 to 2,631 square feet . Irvine Pacific Debuts Two New Neighborhoods This Weekend in Cypress Village Sales of previously owned , single - family detached homes in California totaled 420,550 in June , the association said . STATE HOME SALES UP 18 % REAL ESTATE : LOWER PRICES DUE TO FORECLOSURES HAVE MADE HOUSES MORE ATTRACTIVE TO BUYERS According to the results , a standard single - family detached home in Tokyo ' s Suginami Ward cost the most at 114 . Tokyo home costs 4 times more than one in Paris Closed escrow sales of existing , single - family detached homes in California amounted to 624,490 for third - quarter 2003 at a seasonally adjusted annualized rate , a 17 . California median house price sets new record San Marcos by Irvine Pacific - Three designs range from approximately 1,824 to 2,077 square feet , with 3 - 4 bedrooms and 2 . New Village of Stonegate Set to Grand Open April 9 Los Angeles , and Real Estate Solutions , the median price of an existing , in California hit a new record during the fourth quarter of 2002 , rising 21 . California median price posts 21.4 percent gain . ( Business Alert ) Statewide , the median price of an existing , in California hit a new record in spring , rising 15 . COST OF AN A.V. HOME SPIKED IN SPRING MEDIAN PRICES SURGED 16 % TO 24 % SINCE LAST YEAR Los Angeles , and Sacramento , California - - based Transamerica Intellitech , a real estate information service , the median price of an existing , in California during the first quarter of 2000 was $ 232,620 , the highest on record . C.A.R. REPORTS HIGHEST - EVER MEDIAN HOME PRICE ; HOUSING AFFORDABILITY CONTINUES DOWNWARD Statewide during the first quarter of 2003 , the Realtors group said the median price of an existing in California hit a record : $ 337,780 , up 14 . HOME PRICES GO HIGHER AVERAGE COST HAS DOUBLED SINCE ' 99 Statewide , the California Association of Realtors said the median price of an existing , in California increased to $ 336,740 , a 17 . STILL CLIMBING A.V. HOME PRICES SURGE IN JANUARY WITH NO LETUP IN SIGHT The median price of an existing , in California during March 2009 was $ 253,040 , a 39 percent decrease from the revised $ 414,520 median for March 2008 , C . C.A.R. Reports March Home Sales Increased 63.8 Percent , Median Home Price Declined 39 Percent When it debuts , The Gardens at 9th Street will be the only for - sale community in the downtown area . Warmington Closes Escrow on Single - Family Home Community in San Jose More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Single - Commodity Specialization single - compound explosive single - crib barn single - crystal turbine blade single - current transmission single - cut file single - cycle mountain single - decker single - degree - of - freedom gyro single - disc brake single - drift flight single - duct system single - duplex single - edged push - pull amplifier circuit single - effect evaporation single - electron transistor single - end amplifier single - ended single - ended ferry single - ended Q machine single - ended signal single - ended spread Single - Entry Bookkeeping System single - entry compressor single - event upset Single - family detached home single - family dwelling single - framed roof single - frequency approach single - frequency duplex single - frequency simplex single - gun color tube single - hand drilling single - heading flight single - hop transmission single - hub cartridge single - hub pipe single - hung window single - impulse welding single - instruction - stream , multiple - data - stream single - instruction - stream , single - data - stream single - J groove weld single - keyboard point - of - sale system single - lap tile single - layer bit single - layer solenoid single - length single - line diagram Single - line Digital Subscriber Line single - lock welt single - loop feedback ▼ Full browser ▲ Single - ended signaling single - ended spread Single - Ended , Cyclindrical Boiler single - energy X - ray absorptiometry Single - Engine Instrument Flight Rules Single - Engine Power Available single - engined single - entry Single - entry accounting system single - entry bookkeeping single - entry bookkeeping Single - entry bookkeeping system single - entry compressor Single - Error - Correcting Code Single - Event Burnout Single - Event Disturb Single - Event Hard Error Single - Event Latchup Single - Event Phenomena Single - Event Snapback Single - event upset Single - Excitations - Adapted Molecular Orbitals Single - Exposure On - Line Single - Face Laminate Single - factor model Single - Factor Models single - families single - family Single - Family and Multi - Family Single - Family Detached Dwelling Single - Family Detached Housing Single - Family Detached Residential single - family dwelling single - family housing Single - Family Low Single - Family Owner - Occupied Rehabilitation Single - Family Rehabilitation Program Single - Family Residential Single - Feed Circular Microstrip Antenna Single - Feed element with Hybrid Feeding Single - Fiber Action Potential single - fibre electromyography single - figure single - file Single - Fire / Dual Purpose Single - Flared Eyelet Single - Flux Quantum single - focusing mass spectrometer single - foot single - foot Single - foot plow single - footed single - footed single - footer single - footer single - footing single - footing single - foots single - foots Single - Frame Majority - Decision ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"detached"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sportsmen | sport ( redirected from Sportsmen Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal sport , in biology : see mutation mutation , in biology , a sudden , random change a gene , or unit of hereditary material , that can alter an inheritable characteristic . Most mutations are not beneficial , since any change the delicate balance of an organism having high level adaptation to its environment . . . . . Click the link for more information . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / sport individual or group recreational activities , usually physical , which involve interpersonal intergroup competition , contests with nature ( e.g . hunting ) , more general exercise physical skills . While sports often take form of ‘ games ’ , not all games are sports ( e.g . card games , various games chance and strategy ) . Sport occurs most societies . However , most modern forms organized have their origins latter half 19th century , although some these , such as horse racing , boxing , cricket and football have much longer history . In modern societies role including spectator televised is significant one . See also SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT PLAY LEISURE Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2000 What does it mean when you dream about sports ? Dreaming participating may suggest that dreamer is excellent physical condition needs some exercise recreation . The Dream Encyclopedia , Second Edition © 2009 Visible Ink Press ® . All rights reserved . Biology a . an animal plant differs conspicuously one aspects from other organisms same species , usually because mutation b . an anomalous characteristic such organism Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Sport ( dreams ) Playing may represent aspects way we run our lives , refer to internal struggles where one part dreamer ’ s psyche personality attempting “ win ” over another . At times life like challenging sport . We compete , try win , attempt develop our abilities so we will succeed . In dream , outcome game say something about how well doing . Do feel competent successful , playing fair , competitive than what comfortable with ? order understand dream , consider details attempt identify what daily life creates similar emotions . All specific rules boundaries . Your performance within this framework represent struggle against inner conflicts individual fears weaknesses , be referring pragmatic problem situation at work your relationships . Bedside Dream Dictionary by Silvana Amar Copyright © 2007 by Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Acrobatics , Sports Aircraft Modeling Arledge , Roone Pinckney , Jr . Automotive Sports Avangard Aviation Sports blood sport Burevestnik Central Aviation Club of the USSR Central Sports Club of the Army Combined Events Coubertin , Pierre de dynamo Equestrian Sports extreme sport Fire Fighting , Sport of Fizkultura i Sport General - purpose Hall for Entertaining and Sports Gliding Encyclopedia browser ▲ Sportivnaia Zhizn Rossii Sportivnye Igry Sports Acrobatics Sports Camp sports car Sports Club Sports Committee of Friendly Armies Sports Competition Sports Craft Sports Equipment Sports Federation Sports Insignia and Awards sports medicine Sports Motorcycle Sports Officiating Sports Palace Sports Plane Sports Psychology Sports Records Sports School Sports Societies Sports Structures and Facilities Sports Titles sports watch Sportsmen sporty Sporulating Bacteria sporulation spot spot beam spot blight spot blotch spot board spot carbon spot cementing spot check spot color spot drilling spot elevation spot facing spot film spot finishing spot gluing spot ground spot group spot height spot hover spot jammer spot jamming spot level ▼ Full browser ▲ Sportsese Sportsinteractive . com Sportski Auto Moto Savez Srbije Sportski Centar Sportsklubben Brann sportsman sportsman Sportsman Klass Oval Racers Sportsman of the Year sportsman ' s groin Sportsman ' s Insurance Agency , Inc . sportsman - like sportsman - like sportsmanlike sportsmanlike sportsmanlikely sportsmanlikely sportsmanly sportsmanly sportsmans groin sportsmanship sportsmanship sportsmanships sportsmanships sportsmassage Sportsmen United for Sensible Mining Sportsmen ' s Association for Firearms Education , Inc . SportsNet New York Sportsnet World sportspeople Sportspeopleship Sportsperson sportspersons Sportsplane Sportsreader SportSuparKlubben Kamraterna sportswear sportswear sportswears sportswoman sportswomanship sportswomanships sportswomen sportswriter Sportswriters sportswriting Sportula Sportulary Sportule Sportverbindung Hohenneuffen Sportverein Ahlerstedt / Ottendorf SportVerein Wahnebergen Sportvereniging Zulte Waregem ▼ | [
"sport"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/States'-rights+doctrine | states ' rights ( redirected from States ' - rights doctrine Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal states ' rights , in U.S . history , doctrine based on the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution , which states , " The powers not delegated to United States by Constitution , nor prohibited by it States , are reserved States respectively , or people . " The term embraces both doctrine of absolute state sovereignty that was espoused John C . Calhoun Calhoun , John Caldwell 1782 – 1850 , American statesman and political philosopher , b . near Abbeville , S.C. , grad . Yale , 1804 . He was an intellectual giant of political life in his day . Early Career Calhoun studied law under Tapping Reeve at Litchfield , Conn . . . . . . Click link for more information . and that so - called strict constructionist interpretation U.S . which reserves state governments all powers not specifically granted document federal government . A states ' rights controversy is probably inherent federal structure United government . In the Early Days of the Union Immediately after adoption controversy arose as how interpret enumerated granted Alexander Hamilton Hamilton , Alexander , 1755 – 1804 , American statesman , b . Nevis , West Indies . Early Career He illegitimate son James Hamilton ( of a prominent Scottish family ) and Rachel Faucett Lavien ( daughter a doctor - planter on Nevis estranged . . . . . Click link for more information . and Federalist party Federalist party , history , faction favored strong Origins Members In later years Articles Confederation there much agitation stronger union , crowned with success when favored broad interpretation , meant strong central government deriving its authority from implied as well express contained Constitution . Thomas Jefferson his followers , " strict constructionists , " insisted all specifically government be reserved states . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Kentucky Virginia Resolutions , resolutions passed opposition Alien Sedition Acts , were enacted Federalists 1798 . Jeffersonian Republicans first replied Kentucky Resolutions , adopted legislature Nov . written Jefferson James Madison , represent first formulation states ' rights . second important manifestation rights occurred New England among Federalists opposition , curiously enough , Jefferson . His party , while power , brought about ( 1803 ) Louisiana Purchase , passed Embargo Act 1807 other nonintercourse measures , later declared war against Great Britain . All these actions met with resistance New England , War 1812 finally led calling Hartford Convention Hartford Convention , Dec . 15 , 1814 – Jan . 4 , 1815 , meeting consider problems England War 1812 ; held at Hartford , Conn . Prior war , ( see Federalist party ) had opposed Embargo Act 1807 other measures ; of 1814 – 15 , Englanders officially expressed their hostility fight over constitutionality Bank made central states — Pennsylvania , Maryland , Ohio particular — the next defenders rights . points issue here were settled McCulloch v . Maryland McCulloch v . Maryland , case decided 1819 Supreme Court , dealing constitutionality Congress - chartered corporation , generally dispersion power between governments . by decision Supreme Court , dominated Marshall Marshall , John , 1755 – 1835 , jurist , 4th chief justice ( 1801 – 35 ) , Virginia . Life eldest 15 children , Marshall born log cabin Virginia frontier ( today Fauquier co . , Va . whose broad interpretation Constitution laid foundations revived conflict between Georgia had jurisdiction over Native tribes within Georgia ' s boundaries , Georgia time defied administration . Even acute situation developed South Carolina opposition tariff acts 1828 1832 , when , under leadership C . Calhoun , Caldwell 1782 – 1850 , statesman philosopher , near Abbeville , S.C. , grad . Yale , 1804 . an intellectual giant life day . studied law Tapping Reeve Litchfield , South Carolina its ordinance nullification nullification , expounded advocates extreme It held states have right declare null void any they deem unconstitutional . Calhoun ' s absolute sovereignty most extreme theories . A Justification for Secession Although proslavery forces are usually identified position , legislature Wisconsin adopted ( 1859 ) resolutions defending after Court overruled Wisconsin courts upheld conviction abolitionist editor violating fugitive slave law . Ultimately proslavery states used doctrines justify their secession secession , science , formal withdrawal from association group discontented actions or decisions association . term is generally used refer withdrawal entity ; such usually occurs when territory Eleven Southern seceded 1860 – 61 formed Confederacy Confederacy , name commonly given Confederate America ( 1861 – 65 ) , established Southern secession Union . which , fittingly , upheld such governors Joseph E . Brown Brown , Joseph Emerson , 1821 – 94 , public official , Pickens District , S.C . As governor during Civil War , Brown quarreled Davis conscription suspension writ habeas corpus despite common secessionist stand . Zebulon B . Vance Vance , Zebulon Baird , 1830 – 94 , leader , Confederate governor North ( 1862 – 65 ) Civil War , Buncombe co . , N.C . A lawyer Whig , he served ( 1854 ) Congress ( 1858 – 61 ) . This undoubtedly contributed defeat just disposition some Thirteen Colonies act complete independence Continental Congress hampered Revolution . In the Twentieth Century Although Union victory definitively ended possibility nullification secession , did die . In second half 20th cent . it vigorously revived opponents civil - rights civil rights , nation ' s inhabitants enjoy law . broader than " political rights , " refer only devolving franchise only citizen , unlike " natural rights , " civil have legal well program . presidential election 1948 , party ( the Dixiecrats ) organized J . Strom Thurmond Thurmond , Strom ( James Thurmond ) 1902 – 2003 , senator ( 1954 – 2003 ) , Edgefield , S.C . read while teaching school ( 1923 – 29 ) admitted bar 1930 . of candidate , carried four states . desegregation 1950s , 60s , 70s engendered many statements leaders Gov . George Wallace Wallace , George Corley , 1919 – 98 , Alabama ( 1963 – 67 , 1971 – 79 , 1983 – 87 ) , Clio , Ala . Admitted bar 1942 , he active Alabama Democratic serving assembly ( 1947 – 53 ) district court judge Alabama . 1962 , troops Univ . Mississippi enforce court ruling ordered admission black student university . associated wing Democratic exclusive any particular section party . vast increase expense states , resulting incapacity deal complex problems modern industrial civilization , has led renewed interest 1980s 90s , proponents , banner " federalism " " the Federalism , " attacked great increase occurred since New Deal Deal , domestic reform program administration Franklin Delano Roosevelt ; Roosevelt speech accepting party nomination President 1932 . On taking power both houses 1994 elections , conservative Republicans proclaimed beginning process " devolution , " much reverting states ; several years later , however , clear reality met this prediction . State has been affirmed expanded , however , recent , often narrowly decided , decisions Court . Bibliography See Warren , Court Sovereign ( 1924 ) ; F . L . Owsley , State Rights Confederacy ( 1925 , repr . 1961 ) ; A . T . Mason , Rights Debate ( 2d ed . 1972 ) ; R . E . Ellis , Union Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Nullification Crisis ( 1987 ) ; F . McDonald , States ' Union : Imperium Imperio , 1776 – 1876 ( 2001 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / States % 27 - rights + doctrine " > states& # 39 ; rights < / a > Mentioned in Andrew Jackson Arkansas Barry Morris Goldwater Calhoun , John C . Carter Glass civil war Clay , Clement Claiborne Constitution of the United States Cooper , Thomas Curry , Jabez Czech Socialist Republic Daniel Webster Davis , Jefferson Diplomatic Document Emancipation Day federal government federalism Federalist party Encyclopedia browser ▲ Statehood Statehouse Stateinye Spiski stateless Stateless Persons stateless societies stately home statement statement editor statement function statement of probable construction cost State - Monopolistic Control of Agriculture State - Monopoly Capitalism Staten Island state - of - the - art Stater stateroom States of Aggregation states of matter States of the Church states ' rights Statesboro States - General States ' - rights doctrine State - Supported Student Statesville state - variable filter statF statfarad statH stathenry static static ad static address static algorithm static analysis static attribute static balance static bed static bending static breeze static cable static characteristic static charge static check static column memory static content static contraction Static Control System ▼ Full browser ▲ States rights States rights States Rights Democratic States Rights Democratic Party States Rights Party States to Be Achieved States United for Biomedical Research States United to Prevent Gun Violence States with name Clinton States with name Clinton States ' Highway Alliance for Real Equity states ' righter states ' righter States ' Rights Democrat States ' Rights Democratic Party States ' Rights Democratic Party States ' rights doctrine States ' rights doctrine States ' Rights Party States ' Rights Party States , Papal States , Papal States - General States / Commonwealth Research Issues Forum Statesboro Statesboro High School Statesboro Regional Library System Statesboro , Georgia Statesboro , Georgia - Municipal Statesboro - Bulloch County Parks and Recreation Department Statesgeneral Statesgeneral stateside Stateside Spouse Education Assistance Program Statesman ( politics ) Statesman ( politics ) Statesman News Service Statesman ' s Year - Book statesman - like statesman - like statesmanlike statesmanlike ▼ | [
"states ' rights",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Streamflow | streamflow Also found in : Wikipedia streamflow ′ strēm ‚ flō ( hydrology ) A type of channel flow , applied to surface runoff moving in a stream . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in dendrohydrology Dneprodzerzhinsk Reservoir earth flood routing flow regime groundwater depletion curve Hydrologic Maps Lvovich , Mark Lvovich , Mark Isaakovich Mark Isaakovich Lvovich Mark Lvovich ponded stream ponding Regulation of Rivers Regulation of Streamflow river standard project flood streamflow routing water year Encyclopedia browser ▲ stream frequency stream function stream gage Stream Gradient stream landing stream load stream morphology stream of consciousness stream order stream piracy stream profile stream robbery stream segment stream shingle stream slope stream stage stream takeoff stream terrace stream tin stream transport Stream Tube stream - built terrace stream - channel form ratio streamer streamer chamber streamflow routing stream - gradient ratio streaming streaming audio streaming current streaming DAC streaming data streaming DSD device streaming encoder streaming media streaming motion streaming player streaming potential streaming server streaming service Streaming SIMD Extensions streaming stick streaming tape streaming video streaming video games streaming video service stream - length ratio streamline streamline flow Streamline Modern ▼ Full browser ▲ stream - of - consciousness stream - of - consciousness stream - oriented stream - oriented file Stream - Oriented Turbo Code streambed streambed streamed streamed Streamed media streamer streamer chamber streamer fly streamer fly streamered Streamers Streamers STREAMES Streamflow Reduction Activity Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation streamflows Streamful Streamfunction Streaminess Streaminess streaming Streaming ( education ) Streaming API for XML Streaming audio Streaming audio Streaming Audio Manager Streaming Audio Player streaming box Streaming cipher Streaming Clock Proxy Streaming current Streaming current / potential streaming DAC Streaming data Streaming Data Procedure Streaming Data Request ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"streamflow"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Streptococcus | streptococcus Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Wikipedia Related to streptococcus : strep throat staphylococcus Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pyogenes streptococcus ( strĕp ' təkŏk əs ) any of a group of gram - positive bacteria , genus Streptococcus , some which cause disease . Streptococci are spherical and divide by fission , but they remain attached and so grow in beadlike chains . The incidence severity streptococcal diseases decreased dramatically after the introduction antibiotics antibiotic , any a variety substances , usually obtained from microorganisms , that inhibit the growth or destroy certain other microorganisms . Types Antibiotics . . . . . Click link for more information . ( penicillin , erythromycin , selected cephalosporins are all effective against organisms ) , but medical community was shaken by arrival in late 1980s several severe forms streptococcal infection emergence several drug - resistant strains ( see drug resistance drug resistance , condition which infecting bacteria can resist destructive effects drugs such as antibiotics sulfa drugs . Drug resistance has become serious public health problem , since many disease - causing bacteria no longer susceptible to previously . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . Types of Streptococci Streptococci classified into alpha , beta , or gamma groups , according to their action on blood cells . alpha group ( e.g. , viridans S . pneumoniae cause some destruction ( hemolysis ) red blood cells . The beta destructive red cells ; they also produce toxic substances that affect white cells clotting properties blood . Members these two groups sometimes called hemolytic ( red cell – destroying ) streptococci . beta - hemolytic streptococci often further classified into lettered groups , called Lancefield groups R . C . Lancefield , scientist who originated scheme 1930s . Group A hemolytic streptococci responsible most human disease ; B can serious problems , such as septicemia meningitis , especially newborns . gamma group , nonhemolytic group , does not affect Enterococci ( usually harmless inhabit intestines ) lactococci ( bacteria used starter cultures production fermented dairy products ) used be considered part Streptococcus genus now placed their own genera . S . pneumoniae and Viridans Infections viridans normal inhabitants body usually harmless ; however , contribute tooth decay . Streptococcus pneumoniae is most common otitis media children . It also meningitis pneumonia . S . diseases sometimes referred pneumococcal diseases . development drug - resistant strains pneumococci has caused concern medical community . Vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia is recommended very young children older persons ; vaccine inoculates prevalent pneumoniae . Group A Streptococcal Infections Group A over dozen diseases , including pneumonias , erysipelas erysipelas acute infection skin characterized sharply demarcated , shiny swelling , accompanied high fever feeling general illness . causative agent streptococcus , often enters body through break skin . ( a generalized infection ) , upper respiratory infections , wound infections , puerperal fever . Scarlet fever scarlet fever scarlatina , an acute , communicable infection , caused ( see streptococcus ) produce an erythrogenic toxin . is streptococcal , strep , infection ; rash response toxin toxin , poison produced living organisms . Toxins either exotoxins endotoxins . Exotoxins diverse soluble proteins released surrounding tissue living bacterial Exotoxins have specific reaction sites host ; e.g . produced strep throat . Rheumatic fever rheumatic systemic inflammatory disease , extremely variable its manifestation , severity , duration , aftereffects . It frequently followed heart disease , especially when there repeated attacks . Rheumatic affects children . follows initial infection : proteins cells stimulate antibody formation immunity immunity , ability organism resist disease identifying destroying foreign substances organisms . Although all animals have immune capabilities , little known about nonmammalian immunity . ) , these antistreptococcal antibodies believed react with damage many tissues body , heart muscle . Kidney disease ( acute glomerulonephritis ) another complication infections . Some extremely infections began emerge reemerge late 1980s . Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome rapidly progressing infection , similar septicemia invasion bloodstream virulent multiply discharge products . disorder , fatal , commonly known poisoning . or toxic shock syndrome shock syndrome ( TSS ) . acute , fatal , characterized high fever , nausea , diarrhea , lethargy , blotchy rash , sudden drop pressure . Staphylococcus aureus , infects people 20s 30s . causes pressure fall rapidly organs fail . Necrotizing fasciitis necrotizing fasciitis , quickly progressing skin spreads along fascia , tissue covers muscles . ( Necrotizing infections spread along outer layers necrotizing cellulitis . is quickly spreading flesh muscle toxins released pyrogenes . Such popularly " flesh - eating bacteria . " Group B Streptococcal Infections B common babies , pregnant women , elderly , immunologically compromised adults . They newborns , whom sepsis , meningitis , pneumonia . present people who show no symptoms disease ; said be " colonized . " Many infants colonized before during birth mothers unknowingly carry bacteria . small percentage develop life - threatening lead lifelong neurological problems . Bibliography See M . P . Starr et al . , ed . , Prokaryotes : Handbook on Habitats , Isolation Identification Bacteria ( 1981 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / large spherical ovoid characteristically arranged pairs chains resembling strings beads . Many constitute part normal flora mouth , throat , intestine , harmless commensal forms ; other highly pathogenic . gram - positive grow either anaerobically aerobically , although can not utilize oxygen metabolic reactions . Glucose carbohydrates serve sources carbon energy growth . All members lack enzyme catalase . isolated from humans animals . pyogenes well its participation infections . throat may followed complications rheumatic fever , glomerulonephritis , scarlet fever . Other beta - hemolytic participate similar types not associated with glomerulonephritis . streptococci , beta - hemolytic , newborns ( such meningitis ) well adults . Among alpha - hemolytic nonhemolytic streptococci , important pneumonia respiratory Vaccines protect prevalent capsular serotypes available . comprise number species commonly isolated mouth throat . Although normally low virulence , capable causing ( endocarditis , abcesses ) . McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might outdated ideologically biased . bacterium ( 0.6 – 1 microns diameter ) reproduces cell division one plane , resulting chain different lengths . nonsporeforming , nonmotile , agarculture mediums . They ferment sugars alcohols . Some species practical importance ; example , lactis ferments lactose form lactic acid , obtain clabber sour - milk products . form polysaccharide dextran , substitute . Pathogenic may tonsillitis , erysipelas , suppuration , capable dissolving erythrocytes ( hemolysis ) . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / streptococcus " > streptococcus < / a > Mentioned in acquired immune deficiency syndrome Acriflavine Hydrochloride acute glomerulonephritis acute rheumatic fever alpha hemolysis Anaerobes angina Antibiotics Antisepsis antistreptolysin Bacterial physiology and metabolism beta hemolysis biofilm breast Buttermilk carbuncle Cephalosporins Cervicitis Encyclopedia browser ▲ strengite strength strength design strength of current strength of ebb strength of enemy forces strength of flood Strength of Materials Strength of Solids strength reduction Strength , Physical strength - of - ebb interval strength - of - flood interval strepaster Strepetova , Polina Strepetova , Polina Antipevna strepogenin Strepsiceros Strepsiptera streptobacillary fever streptobiosamine Streptocarpus Streptocide Streptococcaceae Streptococceae streptogenin streptokinase streptolysin Streptomyces Streptomycetaceae streptomycin Streptostyly streptothricin Stresa Stresa Conference of 1935 Stresemann Stresemann , Gustav Streshin stress Stress Accent stress amplitude stress analysis Stress and strain stress axis stress birefringence Stress Concentration stress concentration factor stress corrosion stress corrosion cracking stress crack ▼ Full browser ▲ streptococcal sore throat streptococcal sore throat Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome streptococcal toxin streptococcal toxin streptococcally streptococcally Streptococceae streptococcemia streptococcemia streptococcic streptococcic streptococcicosis streptococcolysin streptococcosis Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus and Diphtheria Reference Unit Streptococcus anginosus Streptococcus anginosus Streptococcus anginosus group Streptococcus anhemolyticus streptococcus beta - hemolytic streptococcus beta - hemolytic Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus canis ( canus ) Streptococcus canis ( canus ) Streptococcus constellatus Streptococcus durans Streptococcus dysgalactiae Streptococcus dysgalactiae Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp . equisimilis Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp . equisimilis Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi Streptococcus equi subsp . equi Streptococcus equi subsp . equi ▼ | [
"streptococcus"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tagalog | Tagalog Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Acronyms Wikipedia Tagalog ( təgä ləg , tägä lŏg ) or Tagal ( tägäl ) dominant people of Luzon , the Philippines , and the second largest ethnolinguistic group in Philippines . They number about 16 million . Most of population is Christian . Tagalog , a Malayo - Polynesian language that had a written standard form before coming Spanish , is legal national language Philippines , where it called Pilipino . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . people in Philippines . live on central and southern Luzon on Mindoro , Marinduque , several smaller islands , inhabiting primarily coast , river valleys , lake areas ( hence their name , literally meaning “ living by water ” ) . They number more than 8 million ( 1975 , estimate ) . speak have rich literature . literary variant their language , Filipino , is , along with English , major Most are Catholics . are apparently descended from bearers Iron Age culture , remains which have been found at Novaliches . opinion Spanish missionary Suñiga , based linguistic data , that American descent not shared by most researchers . engage farming , raising rice , tobacco , sisal , coconut , fishing . also proficient at wickerwork weaving . REFERENCE Narody lugo - Vostochnoi Azii . Moscow , 1966 . ( Bibliography . ) ( since 1959 , Filipino language ) , Tagalog , one major nationalities Philippine archipelago . persons speaking approximately 10 million ( 1975 , estimate ) . Tagolog served as lingua franca together with Spanish 17th to 19th century has fulfilled same function together English 20th century . One Indonesian languages , has eight local dialects . It an agglutinative well - developed system word formation , including affixation , reduplication , compounding . There few inflections , particularly nouns . word formation verbs syncretic . Conjunctions principal means syntactic bonding . vocabulary contains many borrowings Sanskrit , Chinese , Spanish , English . national literary based Manila dialect late 17th to early 18th century . written Latin ; mid - 18th century it replaced original syllabic writing , which originated Dravidian writing system . REFERENCES Krus , M . , L . I . Shkarban . Tagal ’ skii iazyk . Moscow , 1966 . Makarenko , V . A . Tagal ’ skoe slovoobrazovanie . 1970 . Krus , M . , S . P . Ignashev . Tagal ’ sko - russkii slovar ’ . 1959 . S . P . Ignashev . Russko - tagal ’ skii slovar ’ . 1965 . Blake , F . R . A Grammar Language . New York , 1967 . Ward , J . H . A Bibliography Philippine Linguistics Minor Languages . Ithaca , N.Y. , 1971 . Gonzalez , A . B . , T . Llamzon , E . Otanes , eds . Readings Linguistics . Manila , 1973 . V . M AKARENKO The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . 1 . a member living chiefly region around Manila 2 . the this people , belonging Malayo - Polynesian family : official Philippines Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Bikol Felicisimo Macapagal Filipino Hukbalahap Indonesian Languages Infix Leonard Bloomfield Macapagal , Felicisimo Macario Sakay Malayo - Polynesian languages Merry Christmas and Happy New Year Misa de Gallo Pangasinans Philippine Languages Philippines Philippines , Christmas in the Philippines , Republic of The Philippines , The Encyclopedia browser ▲ Tafilalet Tafilalt Tafilelt Taforalt Tafoya , Margaret Taft Taft , Helen Taft , Lorado Taft , Robert A . Taft , Robert Alphonso Taft - Hartley Act Taft - Hartley Labor Act tafy joint tag Tag closed - cup tester tag converting unit tag field tag format tag image file format tag name tag RAM tag sale tag singulation tag sort tag switching Tagalog language Taganai Taganrog Taganrog , Gulf of Tagantsev , Nikolai Tagantsev , Nikolai Stepanovich Tagar Culture Tagarskoe Tagaya , Shinnen tag - based language Tage Fritjof Erlander Tage Gillis Torsten Carleman Tager , Pavel Tager , Pavel Grigorevich tagetes tenuifolia Taggard , Genevieve Tagged Image File Format tagged molecule tagged queueing tagged text tagged tweet tagged types tagger Tagging of Animals Taghri - Birdi , Ibn ▼ Full browser ▲ Tag Virtual Circuit tag you in tag you out Tag ' s Broadcasting Services tag - along tag - along Tag - Along Right Tag - Along Rights tag - and - rag Tag - based language Tag - based language Tag - Out Users Manual Tag - rag Tag - Robinson colorimeter Tag - Switched Controller Tag - Switched Path Tag - team Tag - team Tag - team ( profession wrestling ) Tag - team ( professional wrestling ) tag - teamed tag - teaming tag - teams TAG / MRTD Tag / Value Transfer Master Record Tape TAG1 Taga Tagal Tagalic Tagalog ( language ) Tagalog language Tagalog Words of Foreign Chart Tagalog Words of Foreign Origin Chart Tagalogs Tagalogs tagalong Tagalongs Tagalophone Tagamet Tagamet Tagamet HB Tagamet HB Tagamet HB 200 Tagamet HB 200 Tagamet HB200 Tagamet HB200 Tagamotchi Tagan Silence Control Technology Taganai Taganrog Taganrog Avtomobily Zavod Taganrog State University of Radio Engineering Taganrog , Gulf of Taganrog , Russia Taganrog , Russia Tagantsev , Nikolai Tagantsev , Nikolai Stepanovich TAGAP ▼ | [
"Tagalog",
"dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tenside | surfactant ( redirected from Tenside Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical surfactant sər ′ fek · tənt ( materials ) surface - active agent McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . A chemical wetting agent ; added to water to improve its penetration into a material ; often useful in reducing the amount of water required in removing a material from the surface on which it has been applied . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Additive adsorption alkaline flooding amended water aqueous micelle benzalkonium Bogdan Szyszkowski builder carbohydrate cellosolve Cetyl Alcohol Chemical - Mechanical Treatment cytochrome Depressors of Hardness detergent Electrocapillary Phenomena Electrode Potential Electrodeposition Emulsification References in periodicals archive Bangash , Tenside Surfactants Detergents , 2 , 134 ( 2011 ) . Removal of Murexide from Aqueous Solution Using Pomegranate Bark as Adsorbent Tensides are surface - active substances which change the respective boundary surface characteristics . Cleaning quality and economy - - which cleaning agent ? Choosing the right cleaning agent is a tricky business - - finishing has a look through the available choices Tenders are invited for 1 ) Alcohole - Resistance Film Forming Fluro Protein Foam Concentrate ( Fffp - Ar ) Suitable For Extinguishing Flamable Hydro Carbon And Polar Solvent Liquid Fires , Conforming Ul - 162 , It Should Be Based On Hydrolysed Protien , Flurosurfactants , Hydro - Carbon Tensides , Floropolymer And Glycol Others . 1 ) alcohole - resistance film forming fluro protein foam concentrate ( fffp - ar ) suitable for extinguishing flamable hydro carbon and polar solvent liquid fires , conforming ul - 162 , it should be based on hy Non - ionic tensides ( alkyl polyglycosides and amphoteric tensides ) can be produced from , for example , starch and glucose syrup on the basis of betaines or sultaines . Economic pre - treatment : Finishing looks at efficient and sustainable pre - treatment solutions that are available before painting The skin is simultaneously cleansed with sugar - based from the dried pulp and sugar of the coconut plant . Weleda ' s new Birch Body Scrub features natural ingredients , all gentle enough to be used on sensitive skin Aircraft de - icers still contain some additives such as triazoles Ca corrosion inhibitor ) , ( that enable the liquid to spread out more easily ) , food colourings ( so that the user can see the areas it has covered ) and polyacrylates ( thickening agents ) , which account for less than 1 % of the total . Dealing with de - icing More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ tennis elbow Tenno Tennyson Tennyson , Alfred Tennyson , 1st Baron Tenochtitlán Tenojoki Tenon tenon saw tenon - and - slot mortise Tenoning Machine tenor Tenorio , Don Juan Tenorite Tenos tenosynovitis tenpin bowling tenpins tenrec Tenrecidae Tenri City ten ' s complement Tensas Parish Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge tense Tense , Grammatical Tensift tensile bar tensile load tensile modulus tensile specimen tensile strain tensile strength tensile stress Tensile structures tensile test tensile - frame construction tensimeter tensiometer method tensiometry tension tension bar tension crack tension device tension failure Tension Fault tension fracture tension headache tension jack tension joint tension member ▼ Full browser ▲ tenseness tenser tenser tenses tenses tenses up tensest tensest Tenshi na Konamaiki Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto Ryu Tenshingoso Tensho Daijin Tensho Daijin Tensho Shubun Tenshô Shûbun Tensibility Tensible Tensible strength Tensible strength tensibleness tensibly Tensift tensile tensile tensile bar Tensile Energy Absorption Tensile Energy to Break Tensile force Tensile force tensile load Tensile Modulus Tensile Modulus Tensile Plasticity tensile specimen Tensile Standard tensile strain tensile strength Tensile Strength Ratio tensile strengths ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"surfactant",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Texture+and+Structure+of+Rocks | Texture and Structure of Rocks The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Texture and Structure of Rocks the nature of the makeup of rocks from minerals and mineral aggregates . Texture is determined by dimensions , shape , and interrelationships minerals ; structure depends on general features spatial arrangement larger components rock ( mineral aggregates ) . Texture structure igneous rocks texture igneous depends on composition magma conditions surrounding magma ’ s cooling . textures are different in intrusive , vein , extrusive rocks . Intrusive are characterized by a holocrystalline texture , in which all rock material crystallized . presence volatile components magma lowers crystallization temperature viscosity magma , thereby improving crystallization . Thus , crystallization acidic at considerable depths with slow cooling retention volatile give granular holocrystalline rocks , for example , granites . A distinction made between with phaneritic texture , which crystalline constituents can be seen unaided eye , aphanitic constituents discernible only under a microscope . Phaneritic textures subdivided according to grain size into finegrained ( crystals less than 1 mm ) , medium - grained ( 1 – 5 mm ) , coarse - grained ( 5 – 10 very coarse - grained ( more than 10 mm ) . also shape crystals component minerals . In some cases , minerals have crystallo - graphic shapes form idiomorphic crystals , while others lack distinctive form called allotriomorphic , or xenomorphic . A mineral may idiomorphic relation to some xenomorphic relation others . Given idio - morphism most minerals , intrusive described as panidiomorphic - granular ( pyroxenites , peridotites , dunites ) . Textures resulting combination major rock - forming differing degrees idiomorphism called hypidiomorphic - granular ( granites , syenites , diorites ) . Rocks anhedral result crystal growth that prevents assumption outward crystal form . Simultaneous melt feldspar quartz produces pegmatitic , graphic , texture intergrowths minerals . Depending relative size crystals , distinction made between equigranular inequigranular textures , latter type there an additional porphyritic por - phyro - aphanitic textures . porphyro - aphanitic one fine - grained medium - grained groundmass contains large porphyritic insets separate ( porphyritic phenocrysts ) . In classifying structures intrusive rocks , first category applies massive , homogeneous , structures , uniformly distributed having approximately same composition throughout . Heterogeneous ( taxite ) structures also very common . Banded fluidal oriented particular fashion arise under conditions movement crystallizing magma . Taxite may result nonuniform distribution colored ( hornblende , biotite ) alternating arrangement segments different granularity . Vein extrusive characterized brought about rapid related cooling loss components . This sometimes observed around edges bodies . It results presence dense ( aphanitic ) groundmass containing large insets — phenocrysts . not containing phenocrysts described as aphanitic . Depending ratio glass crystals ( microlites ) , classified glassy ( or vitrophy - ric ) , semicrystalline ( for example , hyalopilitic texture ) , micro - litic . degree crystallinity geological magma ’ s crystallization . On earth ’ s surface , lava cools rapidly loss components . Acidic intermediate lavas ( rhyolite , andesite lavas ) semicrystalline glassy contains fine ( tenths hundredths mm ) microlites . Basic , more liquid lavas solidify earth ’ s surface rocks . classified massive fluidal exhibiting flow banding , results parallel variously colored bands volcanic glass , phenocrysts , microlites . quantity gas bubbles lava , distinctions porous , vesicular , pumiceous structures . Amygdaloidal formed upon filling cavities secondary ( quartz , opal , zeolites , carbonates ) . sedimentary relationship genesis more pronounced sedimentary Clastic consist detrital ( clastic ) grains various sizes shapes . grains , can angular , subrounded , rounded , sometimes lie freely without attachment one another any binder ( cement ) , while other cases grains greater lesser extent cemented silica ( opal , chalcedony ) , phosphates , calcium carbonates , magnesium carbonates , other clastic rock , mutual grains , random , laminar , fluidal . With random structure , particles do not have an ordered arrangement . This characteristic such gravel , shingle , sands , but encountered certain fine - grained random arises regions sedimentation abundant continuous supply homogeneous detrital material continuous roiling precipitate . With laminar structure , individual layers distinguished another particles . secondary destruction original laminar precipitate underwater ( and terrestrial ) landslides , strong wave action , collapse caused burrowing animals . Fluidal rare . biogenic especially varied most common carbonate rocks — limestones dolomites . Where remains organisms , chiefly composed , well preserved , will depend entirely type organism . Textures this biomorphic whole - shell . remains organisms usually separate another , gradually bound together cement having mineralogical texture . difference seen oyster , brachiopod , la - mellibranch coquinas . cases , there buildup organisms , growth results . Structures this characteristic corals , bryozoans , calcareous algae , hydrac - tinians . buildup organisms produces either flat body lying along bottom gently undulating surface ( stromatolite ) small , oval mass resembling concretion ( oncolite ) . Bodies that grow shape hills high knolls bioherms . Coral reefs usually combination stromatolites , oncolites , bioherms , predominance last . Biogenic clastic , detrital , clearly differentiated biomorphic when biogenic composed angular rounded fragments organisms . Detrital formed shallow areas wave action , destroys shells . Predators feed shellfish crush shells their prey play role formation textures . recrystallization metasomatism Recrystallization accompanied brightening individual segments imparts mottled brecciated character ( pseudobreccia ) . metasomatism , part calcic cement shells replaced dolomite chalcedony , process patchy appearance . chemogenic development crystalline various sizes . For sizes less ü . 0ü1 mm , visible even microscope ; such amorphous colloidal . Ma - croscopically , homogeneous dense has conchoidal fracture . Grains ranging 0.001 0.01 mm discernible microscope ( micro - grained texture ) , but external appearance conchoidal fracture retained . For grain 0.01 0.1 mm , fine - grained , still visible macroscopically . 0.1 0.5 medium - grained , 0.5 1.0 coarsegrained ; for greater 1 coarse - grained . If sizes , inequigranular . common chemogenic oolitic , massive , laminar . oolitic rounded aggregates typical carbonate ( limestones , dolomites ) , iron , manganese , phosphate ores bauxites . massive observed ( dolomites , limestones , gypsums , anhydrites ) . alternating layers either varying mineralogical layer - forming ( anhydrites , gypsums , salt , potassium salts ) . metamorphic metamorphic arise during recrystallization solid state primary magmatic occurs action lithostatic pressure , temperature , abyssal solutions ( fluids ) , often deformation , leads ordered gneissic schistose structures . referred crystalloblastic , ( crystalloblasts ) solid plastic medium . Irregular ( xenoblasts ) predominate ; crystallographic shapes ( idioblasts ) frequently . uniformly granular ( homeoblastic ) nonuni - formly ( heteroblastic ) special case heter - oblastic porphyroblastic ( porphyroblasts ) within mass rock . according granoblastic ( quartzites , marbles ) , lepidoblastic foliated , category foliated ( mica schists , phyllites ) , lepidogranoblastic granular - foliated . If retain relicts initial receives name primary prefix “ blasto - , ” blastoporphyritic blastopsammitic . relicts original retained . REFERENCES Polovinkina , Iu . I . Struktury i tekstury izverzhennykh i metamorficheskikh gornvkh porod parts 1 – 2 ( vols . 1 – 2 ) . Moscow , 1966 . Botvinkina , L . N . Sloislosl ’ osadochnykh porod . ( Tr . Geol . in - ta AN SSSR fasc . 59 ) . Moscow , 1962 . A . A . M ARAKUSHEV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Texture + and + Structure + of + Rocks " > Texture and Structure of Rocks < / a > Encyclopedia browser ▲ TEXT . OUT textalyzer text - based textbook text - editing system texter textile Textile and Light Machine Building Textile Fibers Textile Industry textile microbiology Textile mill textile oil textile printing textile softener Textile Yarn textiles texting codes TEXTML text - to - speech text - to - speech synthesizer Textual Criticism Textual User Interface Textulariina texture brick texture map texture mapping texture memory Texture of Polymers Texture paint textured paint textured yarn Textured Yarns texture - finished paint texturized food Teza Tezcatlipoca Teziakov , Nikolai Teziakov , Nikolai Ivanovich tf TFDL TFE TFS TFT TFT display TFT LCD TFTP tg TG&B ▼ Full browser ▲ textually harass textually harassed textually harasses textually harassing textuaries Textuarist textuary Textuel Textuist Textulariida Textulariina textural textural textural gradient texturally texturally Texture ( computer graphics ) Texture ( food ) Texture ( food ) Texture Analyser Texture and Modeling , a Procedural Approach Texture Batcher texture brick Texture Coated Double - Thin Head Texture Coordinate Index Texture Coordinate System in 3D Environments Texture Element Texture Engine Texture Management Unit Texture map Texture map Texture mapped Texture mapping Texture mapping Texture mapping unit Texture Masking Function Texture memory Texture Memory Unit Texture Miss Ratio Texture of Polymers Texture paint Texture Profile Analysis texture - finished paint Texture - Free Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test Texture - mapped textured textured ▼ | [
"Structure of Rocks",
"holocrystalline texture",
"allotriomorphic"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Virtual+manufacturing | virtual manufacturing Also found in : Acronyms virtual manufacturing ‚ vər · chə · wəl ‚ man · ə ′ fak · chər · iŋ ( industrial engineering ) The modeling of manufacturing systems using audiovisual or other sensory features to simulate or design an actual manufacturing environment , the prototyping and manufacture of a proposed product mainly through effective use computers , used to predict potential problems and inefficiencies in product functionality manufacturability before real occurs . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Virtual manufacturing The modeling systems using audiovisual other sensory features simulate design alternatives for an actual environment , the prototyping manufacture a proposed computers . motivation for virtual is enhance people ' s ability predict potential problems inefficiencies in functionality manufacturability before real occurs . See Manufacturing engineering Model theory concepts underlying virtual include reality , high - speed networking software interfaces , agile manufacturing , rapid prototyping . Virtual reality is broadly defined as ability create interact cyberspace , that is , simulated space that represents environment very similar environment . subset reality used commonly known as environment . perceived visual space three - dimensional rather than two - dimensional , human - machine interface multimodal , user immersed computer - generated environment ; screen separating user computer becomes invisible user . environment simulated through immersion computer graphics coupled with acoustic interface , domain - independent interacting devices such wands , domain - specific devices such steering brakes cars earthmovers instrument clusters airplanes . See Virtual reality High - speed networking software interfaces are concerned with computer - aided - design ( CAD ) model portability among systems , trade - offs high - detail models versus real - time interaction display , rapid prototyping , collaborative over distance , use Web small - medium - business manufacturing , qualitative information ( illumination , sound levels , ease supervision , handicap accessibility ) systems , intelligent autonomous agents environments , validity versus reality . Agile integrates organization ' s people technologies innovative management organization , knowledgeable empowered people , flexible intelligent technologies . Virtual provides model making changes products processes based on customer requirements , agile system attempts implement it . Rapid area which has made impact processes stereolithography , selective laser sintering , fused deposition modeling . A CAD drawing part processed create layered file part . part built one layer at time , precisely depositing layer upon material . Global extends definition include Internet intranets ( global communications networks ) component sourcing , collaborative testing environments by multiple organizations sites . McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / virtual + manufacturing " > virtual manufacturing < / a > References in periodicals archive Today the portal features content dedicated to ESI ' s Virtual Manufacturing applications , including : the Casting Simulation Suite - ProCAST and QuikCAST ; the Sheet Metal Forming Simulation Suite - PAM - STAMP 2G ; and , the Welding & Assembly Simulation Suite . ESI Launches Its Customer Portal " myESI " They need to identify critical quality parameters ( CPPs ) and key performance indicators ( KPIs ) , and employ real - time monitoring and controls across the network . Managing CMO networks : process understanding through shared data Virtual manufacturing has also been successfully implemented in the following areas : Virtual manufacturing tools : special software permits factory floor adjustments , potentially saving capital investments Ford drives compatibility between the product design and the assembly plant process through tools . Mass producing ergonomics : two of the world ' s largest automakers are also two of the biggest success stories when it comes to ergonomics and worker safety Southwestern Pennsylvania is preparing to launch a enterprise , called the Doyle Center for Manufacturing Technology , named for U . ' Virtual supply chains ' could help bridge manufacturing gaps The aims of the project were to demonstrate and educate SMEs and universities about the capabilities of rapid prototyping and by conducting pilot studies , establishing a network of SMEs and experts , and providing workshops for academics and business people . Asia gets tips from Cardiff According to Cheng , the tool deployed by Ford Powertrain is based on E Manufacturing software from Tecnomatix Technologies Ltd . Head games : 3 - valve cylinder heads are just the beginning as Ford institutes its flexible powertrain manufacturing strategy This gave engineers the opportunity to create an assembly plant in virtual - reality to prove out processes prior to the investment in costly robots and equipment . Saloon is result of pounds 1 bn development His company is considered to be one of the major providers of software for digital factory , or , applications . Planning a plant : a digital factory runs just like a real one , only on a computer Now we are entering the area of Virtual Manufacturing and product simulation models . Industrial Machinery Its solution , the Suite encompassing " NC Verify " enables the user to simulate their CNC machining operation on the PC , utilizing powerful 3D graphics to avoid potentially costly errors and also to optimize their NC toolpath for productivity gains . LIGHTWORK DESIGN ACQUIRES SIRIUS SYSTEMS By joining with LightWork , it will ensure = that NC Verify and the rest of the Suite continues to address our customers needs . LIGHTWORK DESIGN ACQUIRES SIRIUS SYSTEMS More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Virtual Home Environment virtual host virtual hypertext virtual image virtual instrument virtual IP address virtual ISP virtual job virtual keyboard virtual kidnapping virtual LAN virtual leak virtual level virtual library Virtual Loadable Module Virtual Local Area Network virtual machine Virtual Machine Environment Virtual Machine Manager virtual machine monitor virtual machine snapshot Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System Virtual Machine / ESA Virtual Machine / System Product Virtual Machine / XA virtual marketplace virtual memory Virtual Memory System virtual mentoring virtual meridian virtual monitor virtual network virtual newscaster virtual object virtual observatory Virtual office virtual operating system virtual orbital virtual OSE virtual particle Virtual Particles virtual path Virtual PC Virtual PC for Mac virtual peripheral virtual phone number virtual point of presence virtual PoP virtual PPI reflectoscope virtual pressure ▼ Full browser ▲ Virtual Machine / Interactive File Sharing Virtual Machine / Programming in Logic Virtual Machine / Real Time Monitor Virtual Machine / System Extension Virtual Machine / System Product Virtual Machine / XA Virtual machines Virtual machines Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages Virtual Madness Virtual Magic Kingdom Virtual Magic Kingdom Forums Virtual Magnetic Dipole Virtual Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Virtual Magnetospheric Observatory Virtual Mail Identifier Prefix Virtual Mail Manager Interface Virtual Mail Server Virtual Mail Transport Agent Virtual Mailer Over Telnet Virtual Maintenance Performance Aid Virtual Major Force Program Virtual Makeover Virtual Mall Virtual Malls Virtual Managed Object Virtual Managed Object Class Virtual Management Conference Virtual Manipulatives Virtual Manufacturing and Rapid Prototyping Virtual Manufacturing Network Virtual Manufacturing System Virtual Map Virtual Map Counter Virtual Marine Concepts Virtual Marine Technology Virtual Maritime Career Centre Virtual Marketing Officer virtual marketplace Virtual Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Virtual Master Stock Item Record Virtual Matching Utility Virtual Material Group Virtual Math Co - Processor Driver Virtual Matrix Encryption Virtual Media Access Control Virtual Media Center Virtual Media Technologies Virtual Media Tour Virtual Medical Campus Virtual Medical Centre Virtual Medical Exhibition Virtual Medical World Solutions Ltd . Virtual Medical Worlds Virtual Medical Worlds Community Virtual Medicinal Products Virtual Meet Me Room Virtual meeting ▼ | [
"virtual manufacturing",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Yamasee+Indians | Yamasee ( redirected from Yamasee Indians Also found in : Dictionary Yamasee , Yamasi ( both : yăm əsē , yäm – ) or Yemasee ( yĕm – ) Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Muskogean branch of the Hokan - Siouan linguistic stock ( see Native American languages Native American languages , languages of native peoples Western Hemisphere and their descendants . A number American languages that were spoken at time European arrival in New World in late 15th cent . . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . In late 16th cent . , when Spanish missions were established among them , Yamasee lived S Georgia and N Florida . They remained under Spanish rule until 1687 , when they revolted fled to South Carolina . The initially friendly toward English , but 1715 war broke out they massacred more than 200 white settlers . Driven out South Carolina , returned Florida , where became allies against English . In 1727 their village near St . Augustine was attacked destroyed by English . Their population declined , eventually assimilated with Seminole Seminole , North Americans whose language belongs Muskogean branch Hokan - Siouan linguistic stock ( see languages ) . They separated ( their name means " separatist " ) from Creek early 18th cent . . . . . . Click link for information . and Creek Creek , confederacy . The peoples forming it mostly languages ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Yamasee + Indians " > Yamasee < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Indian wars South Carolina Encyclopedia browser ▲ Yalta Conference of 1945 Yalu Ya - lung Yalung Chiang yam Yam Festival at Aburi Yamada Bimyo Yamada Isuzu Yamada Kosaku Yamagata Yamagata Aritomo Yamagata , Aritomo Yamaguchi Yamaha Yamal Yamal - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Area Yamamoto Isoroku Yamamoto Satsuo Yamamoto Senji Yamamoto , Gombei Yamanaka , Shinya Yamanashi yamase Yamasee Indians Yamashiro Uprising Yamashita , Tomoyuki Yamato Yamato - E Yambol Yamburg Yamen Yamgurchei Yamhill Yamhill County YAML YAML Ai n ' t Markup Language Yammer Yamoussoukro Yampa River State Park Yamuna Yanacuna Yanam Yanan Yan ' an Yanbu Yancey County Yancey , William Lowndes Yáñez , Agustín Yáñez , Enrique ▼ Full browser ▲ Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture Yamamoto Satsuo Yamamoto Senji Yamamoto , Gombei Yamamoto , Isoroku Yamamoto , Isoroku Yamamoto - Miyakawa Yamanaka , Shinya Yamanashi Yamanashi Broadcasting System Yamanashi Chuo Bank Yamanashi Gakuin University Yamanashi Industry Support Organization Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences Yamanashi International Association Yamanashi Jewelry Association Yamani Yamani Yamanouchi Iguana Laboratory Yamaraja Yamaraja Yamasaki Yamasaki Yamasaki Associates Yamasaki , Minoru Yamasaki , Minoru yamase Yamasees Yamasees Yamashina Institute for Ornithology Yamashiro Uprising Yamashita Yamashita , Tomoyuki Yamashita - Shinnihon Steamship Co . , Ltd Yamasi Yamassoukro Yamassoukro Yamata no Orochi Yamate Baptist Church of Yokohama Yamatji Land and Sea Council Yamatji Marlpa Barna Baba Maaja Aboriginal Corporation Yamato Yamato ( disambiguation ) Yamato Colony Elementary School Yamato Global Express Yamato Net Club Yamato prefecture Yamato Transport Europe Yamato Youth Arts Association Yamato - e Yamatoe Yamba Yamba Drift Team Yamba Waters Holiday Park Yamba Welding Engineering Yambean ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"Yamasee",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/alkyl+group | alkyl group Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia alkyl group ( ăl kĭl ) in chemistry , group of carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from an alkane alkane any of a group aliphatic hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single bonds ( see chemical bond ) . Alkanes have the general chemical formula C n H 2 n + 2 . . . . . Click the link for more information . molecule by removing one hydrogen atom ( see radical radical , in chemistry , atoms that are joined together some particular spatial structure and that take part most reactions as a single unit . Important inorganic radicals include ammonium , NH 4 carbonate , CO 3 chlorate , ClO 3 . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . The name alkyl is derived from name its by replacing ane suffix with yl , e.g. , methyl , CH methane , CH 4 ethyl , C 2 H 5 ethane , 6 In some cases different alkyl groups can be formed same removing different atoms ; groups are then distinguished adding prefix , e.g. , 1 - propyl or n - propyl , 2 - propyl or isopropyl , CH ( CH both formed propane , When functional group functional group , organic within molecule is responsible certain properties molecule reactions which it takes part . Organic compounds frequently classified according to functional they contain . is joined with an group , replacing was removed , compound whose characteristics depend largely on group . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / alkyl + group " > alkyl group < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in alcohol alkyl halide alkylamine alkyloxonium ion amino group analog analogue aryl group carbonyl group carboxyl group Chlorination Color Photography cyano group dealkylate dialkyl dialkyl amine Disproportionation Reaction ester ether References in periodicals archive Only few reports are published regarding to the inclusion of long alkyl / non substituted viologens into CD cavity [ 7 ] . Inclusion Complexation of Benzyl Viologen by b - Cyclodextrin in DMF - H2O Mixed Solution Siliconates can be thought of as " silane salts , " where a metal replaces one or more of the alkyl groups attached to oxygen . Practical considerations for making low - VOC Silicon - based water repellents The grafted density was calculated based on the carboxyl group density ( Table 1 ) and the grafting reaction efficiency ( Table 2 ) . Mechanical reinforcement of polyethylene using n - alkyl group - functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes : effect of alkyl group carbon chain length and density EHEC , MEHEC and HM - EHEC are naturally derived multifunctional polymers with unique properties , including high surface activity , wide molecular weight range and various degrees of ethoxylation and alkylation , and size . Applications for sustainable cellulose derivatives in personal care : an AkzoNobel researcher details the benefits of a new family of water - soluble cellulose derivatives . These ingredients provide rheology modification , improve the aesthetics of personal care formulations , deliver beneficial properties and enable the formulation of differentiated consumer products This is attributed to the order of electron deficiency in polymer chain or the order of inductive effect of the pendant Thermal and sonochemical degradation kinetics of poly ( n - butyl methacrylate - co - alkyl acrylates ) : variation of chain strength and stability with copolymer composition This trend shows dependence of antibacterial activity on number and nature of attached to tin [ 35 ] . Synthesis , Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Potential Bioactive Organotin ( IV ) Dithiocarboxylates It seems that the type of in the alkyltriethoxysilane used in this system has no effect on the particle size . Sol - gel process of alkyltriethoxysilane in latex for alkylated silica formation in natural rubber 0 % of a C8 to C10 alkylpolyglucoside wherein the is substantially C8 alkyl , substantially C10 alkyl , or a mixture of substantially C8 and C10 alkyl ; 0 . Low residue cleaning solution The salt of organic sulfonic acid comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of alkali salts of alkyl sulfonic acid with with 6 - 22 carbon atoms , alkali salts of alkyl aryl sulfonic acid with with 2 - 22 carbon atoms and alkali salts of sulfo fatty acid ester with with 2 - 22 carbon atoms . Laminated Polyolefin Films And Methods Of Production Thereof By Coextrusion : No . 6,958,193 ; Yukiyasu Itaya , Michiya Hiei and Toshiya Kamei , assignors to Takemoto Yushi Kabushiki Kaisha , Aichi , Japan 3 ] independently denote an having 1 to 4 carbon atoms , m denotes an integer of 1 to 5 , and n denotes an integer of 0 to 5 . Method for producing conjugated diene polymer , conjugated diene polymer and polymer composition Cabot Corporation has received a patent for a pigment composition comprised of at least one pigment and at least one dispersant composition comprised of at least one anionic surfactant and at least one polymer comprised of at least one salt of a carboxylic acid group , wherein the pigment is a modified carbon product comprised of a carbon product having attached at least one organic group , and wherein the organic group is comprised of at least one aromatic group or at least one C1 - C12 and further it is comprised of at least one anionic group or salts thereof . BASF patents kaolin pigments The reason for this may be the low diffusivity caused by the long ( [ Eta ] 6 - N - alkylcarbazole ) ( [ eta ] 5 - cyclopentadienyl ) iron hexafluorophosphate salts in photoinitiated and thermal epoxy polymerization More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Alkanet alkannin alkanolamine alkaptonuria Alkar process alkene alkenones Alkhanchurt Valley Al - Khawarizmi Alkhimov , Vladimir Alkhimov , Vladimir Sergeevich Al - Khowarizmi Alkino Alkio , Santeri Alkmaar Alkonost alkoxide alkoxy Alksnis , Adams Eduards Alksnis , Iakov Alksnis , Iakov Ivanovich alkyd paint alkyd resin Alkyd Resins alkyl halide alkylamine alkylaryl sulfonates alkylate alkylate bottom alkylated gasoline alkylation alkylbenzene sulfonates alkylene alkyloxonium ion alkyne all optical All Power to the Soviets ! All Quiet on the Western Front all rights All Saints Bay All Saints ' Day All Saints ' Day and All Souls ' Day all Sastroamidjojo All Souls ' Day all stations All Yata Alla Konstantinovna Tarasova Alla Tarasova Allaberdy Khodzhaniiaz Ogly Mollamurt ▼ Full browser ▲ ALKS ALKS Alksnis , Adams Eduards Alksnis , Iakov Alksnis , Iakov Ivanovich alky alky alkyd alkyd Alkyd Molding Compound alkyd paint alkyd resin Alkyd Resins alkyds alkyds Alkyl Ammonium Compound Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate Alkyl chloride Alkyl chloride Alkyl Cobalt Dicarbollide Extraction Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Alkyl Guanine Transferase Alkyl halides Alkyl halides Alkyl iodide Alkyl iodide Alkyl Ketene Dimer alkyl lead alkyl lead alkyl mercury poisoning Alkyl nitrile Alkyl nitrile Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylate Alkyl Polyglycoside alkyl radical alkylaryl sulfonates alkylate alkylate bottom alkylated alkylated alkylated gasoline alkylates ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"alkyl group",
"dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/auralization | auralization auralization ‚ ȯr · əl · ə ′ zā · shən ( engineering acoustics ) virtual acoustics McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / auralization " > auralization < / a > Mentioned in virtual acoustics Encyclopedia browser ▲ Aulus Gellius Aulus Vitellius Auly A ' UM Aum Shinrikyo Aumann , Robert John aumbry Aung San Aung San Suu Kyi Aunis auntie Auntie Litter ' s Annual Earth Day Parade and Celebration AUP AUP / IUP Aur aura Aurae aural Aural Decoration aural masking aural null Aural Prosthetics aural radio range aural signal aural transmitter auramine hydrochloride Aurangabad Aurangzeb aurantia aurantiin Auray aureate Aurel Baranga Aurél Bernáth Aurel Jiquidi Aurel Stodola aurelia Aurelian Aurelian , Petre Aurélian - Marie Lugné - poe Aurelio Saffi Aurelius Dorigen ' s Aurelius Victor , Sextus aureofacin aureole aureothricin aureusidin Auri auric auric oxide ▼ Full browser ▲ aural nystagmus aural nystagmus aural plaque aural plaque aural polyp aural polyp Aural Prosthetics aural radio range aural rehabilitation aural rehabilitation Aural Resuscitation Unit aural scotoma aural signal Aural skills aural surgery aural surgery aural transmitter Aural User Interface aural vertigo auralcephalosyndactyly aurality aurally aurally Auramine auramine hydrochloride Auramine O auramine O fluorescent stain Auramine - rhodamine stain Auran Aurangabad Aurangabad ( city ) Aurangabad ( city ) Aurangabad ( district ) Aurangabad ( district ) Aurangabad District Aurangabad District Aurangabad Jalna Gramin Bank Aurangabad , India - Chikkalthana Aurangazeb Aurangazeb Aurangezeb Aurangezeb Aurangzeb Aurangzeb Alamgir Aurangzeb Alamgir Aurangzib Aurangzib Auranitis ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"auralization"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/blood | blood Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Acronyms Idioms Wikipedia Related to blood : Blood groups Blood cells Blood donation Blood Types blood , fluid pumped by the heart that circulates throughout the body via arteries , veins , and capillaries ( see circulatory system circulatory system , group of organs that transport blood and substances it carries to from all parts of body . The circulatory system can be considered as composed two parts : systemic circulation , which serves body as a whole except for lungs , . . . . . Click link for more information . heart heart , muscular organ pumps to all parts body . The rhythmic beating is a ceaseless activity , lasting from before birth end life . Anatomy Function human is pear - shaped structure about size fist . . . . . . Click link more information . ) . An adult male average size normally has about 6 quarts ( 5.6 liters ) blood . carries oxygen nutrients tissues removes carbon dioxide other wastes . colorless fluid blood , or plasma , red white cells , platelets , waste products , various other cells substances . Erythrocytes ( Red Blood Cells ) erythrocytes , or red cells , make up largest population numbering 4.5 million 6 million per cubic millimeter blood . They carry out exchange oxygen carbon dioxide between lungs tissues . To effectively combine with oxygen , erythrocytes must contain normal amount protein pigment hemoglobin hemoglobin respiratory protein found in cells ( erythrocytes ) vertebrates some invertebrates . A molecule composed group , known globin , four heme groups , each associated with an iron atom . amount which in turn depends on iron level A deficiency therefore leads anemia anemia condition concentration circulating below normal . Such condition caused by deficient number erythrocytes ( red cells ) , an abnormally low level individual both these conditions and poor oxygenation tissues . Erythrocytes are constantly developing stem undifferentiated , self - regenerating give rise both leukocytes bone marrow bone marrow , soft tissue filling spongy interiors animal bones . Red marrow principal organ forms mammals , including humans ( see blood ) . In children , bones contain only marrow . In fetus , are produced spleen spleen , soft , purplish - red lies under diaphragm on left side abdominal cavity . spleen acts filter against foreign organisms infect bloodstream , also filters out old bloodstream decomposes them . As they mature , lose their nuclei , become disk - shaped , begin produce hemoglobin . After circulating 120 days , wear undergo destruction spleen . Although essentially similar , certain structures their surfaces vary person person . These serve basis classification into blood groups groups , differentiation type , classified according immunological ( antigenic ) properties , determined specific substances surface cells . There four major whose compatibility incompatibility important consideration successful blood transfusion transfusion , transfer one person another , one animal another same species . Transfusions performed replace substantial loss supportive treatment certain diseases disorders . Leukocytes ( White Blood Cells ) leukocytes , white defend against infecting organisms foreign agents , tissues bloodstream itself immunity immunity , ability organism resist disease identifying destroying organisms . Although animals have some immune capabilities , little known nonmammalian immunity . ) . Human contains 5,000 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter ; number increases presence infection . An extraordinary prolonged proliferation leukemia leukemia cancerous disorder blood - forming ( bone marrow , lymphatics , liver , spleen ) characterized excessive production immature mature ( white cells ; see blood ) consequently crowding - out platelets . This overproduction suppresses production normal cells . Conversely , sharp decrease ( leukopenia ) strips its defense infection equally serious condition . dramatic fall levels occurs persons AIDS AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , fatal disease caused rapidly mutating retrovirus attacks immune system leaves victim vulnerable infections , malignancies , neurological disorders . It was first recognized 1981 . Leukocytes well formed stem bone marrow . They have nuclei classified into two groups : granulocytes agranulocytes . Granulocytes granulocytes form marrow account 70 % Granulocytes include three types cells : neutrophils , eosinophils , basophils . Neutrophils constitute vast majority granulocytes . travel ameboid movement can surround destroy bacteria particles . eosinophils , ordinarily 2 % granulocyte count , increase presence allergic disorders parasitic infestations . basophils account 1 % granulocytes . release chemicals such histamine play role inflammatory response infection . Agranulocytes agranulocytes include monocytes lymphocytes . Monocytes derived phagocytic line many vascular lymph channels , called reticuloendothelial system . Monocytes ordinarily 4 % 8 % move areas infection , where they transformed macrophages , large phagocytic trap destroy left behind lymphocytes . diseases long duration tuberculosis tuberculosis ( TB ) , contagious , wasting any several mycobacteria . most common form lungs ( pulmonary consumption , phthisis ) , but intestines , bones joints , skin , genitourinary , lymphatic , malaria malaria , infectious parasitic be either acute chronic frequently recurrent . Malaria common Africa , Central South America , Mediterranean countries , Asia , many Pacific islands . typhoid typhoid fever acute , generalized infection Salmonella typhi . main sources contaminated water milk and , especially urban communities , food handlers who carriers . monocytes act main instrument defense . Lymphocytes , under conditions , make up 20 % 35 % but proliferate rapidly face There basic types lymphocytes : B lymphocytes T B lymphocytes tend migrate connective tissue , where develop plasma produce highly specific antibodies antigens . Other act memory ready subsequent same organism . Some T kill invading directly ; others interact regulating response . Other Constituents of Blood also contains platelets , thrombocytes , at least 15 factors active blood clotting clotting , process coagulates solid masses , clots . minor injuries , small oval bodies called thrombocytes , tend collect plugs vessel openings . Platelets tiny plate - shaped cytoplasmic bags blood - clotting chemicals produced megakaryocytes ; if hindered , chemotherapy , there increased risk bleeding . Also plasma hormones endocrine glands secrete directly bloodstream . addition , essential salts ( such those sodium potassium ) , essential proteins albumin albumin [ Lat . , = white egg ] , member class water - soluble , heat - coagulating proteins . Albumins widely distributed plant tissues , e.g. , ovalbumin egg , myogen muscle , serum lactalbumin milk , legumelin peas , leucosin globulins globulin , any large family proteins spherical globular shape widely distributed throughout plant kingdoms . Many them been prepared pure crystalline form . fibrinogen ) , metabolic wastes ( such urea urea organic compound principal end product nitrogen metabolism most mammals . Urea was first metabolite isolated crystalline form ; its crystallization described early 18th cent . circulate plasma . Serum , straw - colored liquid , essentially without fibrinogen , makes liquid component separates clot . Serum separated whole centrifuging serve various medical uses . Normal human serum sometimes used treat shock loss resulting severe burns . Bibliography See D . Starr , Blood ( 1998 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Blood circulates vessels consists floating within it . derived extravascular sites then enter system . frequently leave vessels enter extravascular spaces , them may transformed connective tissue part equilibrium fluids nutrients thus important means maintaining homeostasis It hormones sites origin body , thus transmitter chemical integrators bodies several components formation clots . Finally , transports waste products excretory organs elimination Because basic composition ( cells surrounded matrix ) , development , ability modify forms tissues , regarded special tissue . See Connective tissue Formed elements vertebrates , except nearly mammals , corpuscles nucleus cytoplasm rich hemoglobin . nearly mammals nucleus has been extruded during developmental stages . adult men 5,000,000 corpuscles millimeter ; women , 4,500,000 . Human 8 micrometers diameter 2 μm at thickest biconcave shape . hemoglobin , imparts color , possess envelope . When vessels , not evenly dispersed . capillaries often distorted . conditions may densely aggregated . This sludge . respond changes osmotic pressure surrounding swelling hypotonic fluids shrinking irregularly hypertonic fluids . Shrunken referred crenated average life mature surprisingly long , having span 120 days . Hemoglobin humans fewer number . 5000 – 9000 / mm 3 general , there varieties , agranular granular . agranular small , medium , illustration ) . small spherical , diameter little larger , constitute 20 – 25 % medium relatively scarce . occupies volume cell , cytoplasm surrounds it thin shell . typical monocyte commonly lymphocyte ( 12 μm ) , constitutes 3 – 8 % relatively small , eccentric , oval kidney - shaped . larger volume than Diagrammatic representation granular three varieties : neutrophil , eosinophil , basophil . Their structure varies somewhat different species , following applies those humans . neutrophils 65 – 75 % leukocytes . highly variable nucleus , consisting five lobes joined together threads chromatin . numerous minute granules stain neutral dyes eosin . eosinophils ( also acidophils ) neutrophils less numerous , constituting 1 % leukocytes . commonly lobes joined thin thread chromatin . granules fill larger than stain acid dyes . basophils granular appear elongated constrictions . moderately large , dyes , water - soluble . functions while not known . However , when leave tissue , part defense mechanism repair mechanism . Many actively engulf debris bacteria . Lymphocytes major kinds , involved formation antibodies cellular immunity . platelets spindle - shaped rodlike 3 μm long occur numbers suitably stained specimens consist central portion ( chromomere ) embedded homogeneous matrix ( hyalomere ) . change shape contact injured surfaces take clot formation . platelets regarded thought cytoplasmic bits broken off origin megakaryocytes . Plasma Plasma residual after removal cellular elements . Serum obtained after allowed clot removed . differ only content fibrinogen minor components removed clotting process . constituents proteins . total concentration approximately 7 g / ml , mammals show similar levels . By methods demonstrated heterogeneous mixture constituents . Only few present higher concentrations , majority being present trace amounts . More 60 identified characterized . Albumin makes one - half total molecular weight 69,000 . Because molecular high concentration , contributes 75 – 80 % colloid osmotic pressure plasma . immunoglobulins , represent approximately one - sixth protein , largely γ - globulin fraction . immunoglobulins therefore humoral antibodies . great importance organism ' s infectious agents , well substances . Immunoglobulin addition proteins , classes compounds circulate Most these smaller molecules diffuse freely through cell membranes are , therefore , similarly characteristic terms function , electrolytes important . primary factors regulation plasma , contribute control pH . chief cations sodium , potassium , calcium , magnesium . chief anions chloride , bicarbonate , phosphate , sulfate , organic acids . compounds transported synthesis molecules incorporated , shifted products metabolic breakdown excretion Coagulation When mammalian shed , congeals gelatinous enmeshed fibrin threads trap serum . Modern theories envision succession reactions leading insoluble fibrin soluble precursor , fibrinogen ( factor I ) . clots when touches glass negatively charged surfaces , through reactions described intrinsic pathway . Several steps this process dependent upon calcium ions phospholipids , latter principally platelets . coagulation induced snake venoms either promote thrombin directly , accounting toxicity . Platelets , besides furnishing phospholipids clotting process , help stanch flow injured accumulating point injury , forming plug . Platelets participate phenomenon retraction , shrinks , expelling liquid serum . function retraction unknown , individuals whom this impaired bleeding tendency . Hereditary deficiencies function each protein - clotting described , notably classic hemophilia Christmas disease , disorders males clinically indistinguishable . hereditary functional deficiencies associated bleeding tendency inexplicable exception . Acquired factors , sometimes great complexity , recognized . Therapy due often includes transfusion fractions rich particular patient lack . Human genetics Clinical tests coagulability ( 1 ) determination time , is , time elapsing until shed clots ; ( 2 ) prothrombin time , time elapsing until clots thromboplastin ( and measure extrinsic pathway clotting ) ; ( 3 ) partial thromboplastin crude phospholipid ( and measure intrinsic pathway clotting ) ; ( 4 ) enumeration platelets ; ( 5 ) crude quantification retraction protein - clotting factors . Heparin , polysaccharide – sulfuric acid complex found particularly liver lungs , impairs coagulation ; disputed . Both coumarin heparin used clinically impede coagulation thrombotic states , including thrombophlebitis coronary disease . Fibrinogen McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Popular culture folk tradition us gentle pastelcolored Easter symbols , such Easter Bunny , baby chicks , colored eggs . Alongside mild images resides lesser - known religious symbol vivid somewhat frightening . symbol addition celebrating Jesus ' resurrection year Sunday , Christians commemorate Jesus ' death cross Good Friday . What ' s more , churches remember Jesus ' willingness sacrifice himself his followers every week ceremony Eucharist . ceremony worshipers partake bread wine , presented imagery strike people gruesome , originally intended emblem spiritual liberation renewal . exploration religious significance ancient Jews Christians illuminates meaning symbol . Symbolism among Ancient Jews Hebrew scriptures Old Testament teach creature ' s life force contained ( Leviticus 17 : 11 ) . belief turned powerful source potential physical spiritual contamination . association violence death inspired belief power contaminate . power could turned good purposes , however . Jewish scripture relates instances seal covenant , agreement , between God his faithful people . For example , Book Exodus recounts how Jewish families enslaved Egypt obeyed Lord ' s command , relayed prophet Moses , sacrifice lamb God smear over doorways . mark identify homes pass over wreaking vengeance Egyptians cruelty disobedience . still commemorate events yearly Passover festival . After escaped Egypt Moses informed God ' s new rules them . Then Moses signified Jews ' agreement plan scattering sacrificed bulls people altar ( Exodus 24 : 3 - 8 ) . ancient sacrificed animals occasions . made sacrifices reasons , way showing reverence , offering thanks , asking reconciliation God . Bible refers reconciliation redemption . passage Hebrew scripture explains role offerings gaining God ' s forgiveness . book Bible Leviticus , informs " . flesh I given you upon altar atonement your souls : atonement , reason life " ( Leviticus 17 : 11 ) . Animal sacrifices entailed sprinkling slain altar . represented force animal , so scholars believe context served symbolic substitute group making sacrifice . Thus offering slain God , faithful period were symbolically own lives God . Other researchers contend believed sins dirtied temple could restore house state purity . Symbolism among First Christian religion grew Judaism , did recreate custom sacrifice . Instead grew understand Jesus ' death one - time - only behalf followers world . Nevertheless , interpreted Jesus ' sacrifice terms symbolism already established culture . Jesus himself instructed do so . On night before Jesus died he shared meal twelve disciples see Maundy Thursday ) . During meal he passed bread wine followers , telling wine represented Matthew ' s version story identifies " the covenant , poured forgiveness sins " ( Matthew 26 : 28 ) . Jesus , aware will soon die , interpreting own death followers . He describes will establish new relationship , humanity . Moreover , just sacrificial confer forgiveness sins , freely offered behalf cleanse sins . thereby became vehicle reconciles God , say , re - establishes good harmony Christian records indeed suffered bloody cross following day . terrible event year Good Friday . honor words deeds Last Supper Eucharist , celebrated | [
"blood"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/bremsstrahlung | bremsstrahlung Also found in : Dictionary Medical Wikipedia bremsstrahlung ( brĕm shträ ' ləng ) see X ray X ray , invisible , highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength ( higher frequency ) than visible light . The wavelength range for X rays is from about 10 − 8 m to about 10 − 11 . . . . . Click the link for more information . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Bremsstrahlung In a narrow sense , the electromagnetic radiation emitted by electrons when they pass through matter . Charged particles radiate when accelerated , and in this case electric fields of atomic nuclei provide force which accelerates electrons . The continuous spectrum x - rays from an x - ray tube is that bremsstrahlung ; in addition , there a characteristic x - ray spectrum due to excitation target atoms by incident electron beam . major energy loss high - energy ( relativistic ) electrons ( energy greater than MeV , depending somewhat upon material ) occurs emission bremsstrahlung , and this major source gamma rays high - energy cosmic - ray shower . See Electromagnetic radiation In broader sense , emitted any charged particle accelerated any force . To great extent , as source photons ultraviolet soft region investigation atomic structure ( particularly solids ) , tubes has been replaced synchrotron radiation . Synchrotron an analog bremsstrahlung , differing that force which accelerates electron macroscopic ( large - scale ) magnetic field . McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . brem - shtrah - lûng ) ( literally : ‘ braking radiation ’ ) Electromagnetic arising rapid deceleration vicinity atom or ion . It has continuous spectrum . See synchrotron emission thermal emission Collins Dictionary of Astronomy © Market House Books Ltd , 2006 following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Bremsstrahlung ( or braking radiation ) , charged particle it deflected retarded electric field . related term “ magnetobrak - ing radiation ” sometimes applied relativistic particles moving macroscopic magnetic fields in , example , accelerators outer space ; more common term such radiation , however , “ synchrotron radiation . ” According classical electrodynamics , describes basic regularities rather accurately , intensity proportional square acceleration see RADIATION , ELECTRO MAGNETIC ) . Since acceleration inversely proportional mass m particle , lightest Figure 1 . Theoretical energy spectra photons , screening being taken into account , lead ( four upper curves ) aluminum ( lowest curve ) : E δ ) photon energy , I intensity arbitrary units , T C initial kinetic electron ; numbers on curves indicate T r units rest t C 2 ≈ 0.511 MeV particle , is , electron , will be millions times intense proton same For reason , most often observed most frequently used practical applications resulting deflection electrostatic nuclei electrons . particular , generated X - ray tubes gamma fast during their passage through substance are nature . photons continuous ; it breaks off at maximum possible energy , equal initial electron . square number Z nucleus whose field retarded . This circumstance can explained reference Coulomb ’ s law Newton ’ s second law : according Coulomb ’ s law , f interaction between nucleus charge Ze where e elementary charge ; according Newton ’ s second law , = f / m When with greater some critical E 0 moves substance , slowed primarily generation bremsstrahlung . For example , 0 = million volts ( MeV ) lead ≈ 200 MeV air . At lower energies , losses as result excitation ionization atoms predominate . deflection field purely process accurately described quantum electrodynamics QUANTUM FIELD THEORY ) . energies are not extremely high , good agreement between theory experiment can obtained considering only Coulomb nucleus . According quantum electrodynamics , within there definite probability transition state lower with emission of , generally , single photon ( the probability number low ) . Since photon ’ s equal difference final energies electron , ( Figure 1 ) sharp boundary at kinetic e during elementary event Z 2 consequently , targets made materials high Z , such platinum , used increase yield beams . angular distribution depends strongly on nonrelativistic case ≤ c where mass c speed light ) , similar dipole perpendicular plane trajectory . At high > > ) , direction forward motion concentrated within cone angle opening order θ radians ( Figure 2 ) . This property Figure 2 . Angular distribution r > > made use obtain intense beams accelerators . partially polarized . theory further refined taking into account screening Coulomb Corrections substantial M < < These corrections decrease since effective weaker nucleus . properties produced passage substance affected phenomena associated structure medium multiple scattering If > > 100 MeV , multiple scattering shows up another way : time required emit photon , travels considerable distance may experience collisions other atoms . Generally speaking , amorphous substances results decrease widening beam . crystals results interference phenomena : sharp maxima appear spectrum , degree polarization increases 3 ) . 3 . Polarization ( upper curve ) ( lower curve ) function δ units total = + 1 gigaelectron volt : P polarization , I arbitrary Thermal motion hot rarefied plasma ( with temperature 50 60 higher ) produce substantial sometimes called thermal bremsstrahlung . events due collisions making up plasma . Cosmic rays , became observable advent artificial earth satellites , apparently are , some extent , thermal Indeed , discrete X - ray sources may consist entirely X - and gamma - ray regions widely technology , medicine , biological , chemical , physical research . REFERENCES Akhiezer , A . I . , V . B . Berestetskii . Kvantovaia elektrodinamika 3rd ed . Moscow , 1969 . Baier , V . N . , M . Katkov , S . Fadin . hluchenie reliativislskikhelektronov . Moscow , 1973 . Bogdankevich , O . V . , F . A . Nikolaev . Rabota s puchkom tormoznogo izlucheniia . 1964 . Sokolov , A . , I . M . Ternov . Reliativistskii elektron . 1974 . E . AGIROV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ brem ‚ shträ · ləŋ ( electromagnetism ) Radiation accelerated its collision atom . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / bremsstrahlung " > bremsstrahlung < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Accelerator , High - Voltage Annihilation and Creation of Particle - Antiparticle Pairs Arkadii Beinusovich Migdal Arkadii Migdal Arnold Sommerfeld Aurora Beta particles cascade shower Cerenkov radiation Charged particle beams Cherenkov radiation Colliding - Beam Machine continuous spectrum Controlled Fusion cooling time cosmic rays Electromagnetic Interaction electromagnetic radiation electron gun References in periodicals archive i ] are correction factors for the effects of ion recombination , humidity , air attenuation , electron loss , photon scatter , fluorescence reabsorption , reabsorption , and the initial - ion production ( mentioned above ) within the FAC , and for the effects of scatter from the defining diaphragm . New national air - kerma standard for low - energy electronic brachytherapy sources Other important upgrades for our model should be the use of Maxwellian distribution for the electron initial energy , the inclusion of losses and the self - consistent computation of the electron motion , taking into account the deceleration due to the energy losses by radiation . Analysis of the cyclotron radiation from relativistic electrons interacting with a radio - frequency electromagnetic wave Tape is an even better use as an X - ray source than we thought , " says Putterman , who in May in Applied Physics B : Lasers and Optics identified radiation as the X - ray source . Electrons tell a tale of the tape : adhesive produces X - rays by mimicking particle accelerator X - ray beams are often generated through the process , German for " braking radiation , " which works as follows . Chapter 1 . Nuclear weapons and materials : signatures and detection The application of the proton beams with the energy of 1 - 2 MeV produces the yield of - radiation identical with the electron beam of 30 - 50 keV ( Table 1 ) , but the background is approximately halved and , consequently , it is not necessary to use filters or monochromator . Design of a source of quasi - monochromatic x - ray radiation on the basis of a proton accelerator , fitted with an X ray - optical system The larger resin - filled pores produce an EDS spectrum consisting of the X - ray continuum together with the K [ alpha ] chlorine peak , as will the resin in much smaller pores in the matrix , but in this instance kaolin present within the pore or adjacent matrix will generate aluminium and silicon spectral lines which will be superimposed on the continuum ; the chlorine K [ alpha ] peak will persist ( Fig . Properties of regolith beneath lateritic bauxite in the Darling Range of south Western Australia They write primarily for graduate students , and so emphasize classical and semi - classical aspects of the process , but also summarize and discuss theoretical work in original literature in case the odd practicing physicist wanders through . The Elementary Process of Bremsstrahlung The Monte Carlo simulation gives us a glimpse of what happened when the a - Si detector was exposed to radiation : event counts for Compton scattering , photoelectric absorption , pair production , , annihilation , Moller and Bhabha scattering , and fluorescence events respectively . Grid and cluster computing for radiotherapy : Monte Carlo simulations bring much - needed accuracy to benefit cancer patients from a 20 MeV electron pulsed LINAC incident upon a thick tungsten converter . Studies of superlattice structure of opals as compared to other rocks by use of positron annihilation , x - ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy methods 3 , purity testing gave the expected low - energy internal emissions from the electron capture decay of [ sup . [ sup . 41 ] Ca and accelerator mass spectrometry to monitor calcium metabolism in end stage renal disease patients Los fotones secundarios de radiacion , fotones fluorescentes y fotones por aniquilacion del positron son incluidos como fotones de la fuente . Calculo por el metodo Monte Carlo de un [ sup . 60 ] Co de terapia utilizando el codigo FOTELP This is referred to as ( from German , meaning " breaking radiation " ) , an electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle changes its velocity due to such an interaction . Electron beam processing of elastomers More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Breisach Breisgau Breit , Gregory Breitenfeld breithauptite Breitmann , Hans Breitner , George Hendrik Breitovo Breed Breitscheid , Rudolf Breit - Wigner formula Breit - Wigner theory Brekhov , Konstantin Brekhov , Konstantin Ivanovich Brekhovskikh , Leonid Brekhovskikh , Leonid Maksimovich Brelka Bremen Bremen Soviet Republic Bremer County Bremer , Edith Terry Bremer , Fredrika Bremer , Paul Bremerhaven Bremersdorp Bremerton Bren , Donald L . Brendan Behan Brendan T . Byrne State Forest Brendan , Saint Brendel Brendel , Alfred Brenna , Vikenti Brenna , Vikenti Frantsevich Brennan Brennan monorail car Brennan , Walter Brennan , William J . , Jr . Brenner Pass brennschluss Brennus Brent Brent , Margaret Brentano , Clemens Brentano , Franz Brentano , Lujo Brentidae Brenton Brenton Point State Park Brentwood Brenz , Johannes ▼ Full browser ▲ Bremerhaven Bremerhaven , Germany Bremerhaven , Germany Bremersdorp Bremerton Bremerton Electronic Commerce Resource Center Bremerton Freight Car Ferry Bremerton Metal Trades Council Bremerton School District Bremerton Symphony Orchestra Bremerton Symphony Youth Orchestra Bremerton Yacht Club Bremerton , WA , USA - Municipal Bremerton , Washington Bremerton , Washington Bremerton - Kitsap Access Television Brêmes Bremgarten Bremgarten Dietikon Bahn Bremische Landesmedienanstalt Bremmer , Lorenz , Frielinghaus Planungsgesellschaft Bremmerhaven , Germany Bremmerhaven , Germany BREMS BREMSS Bremsstrahlung effect Bremsstrahlung effect Bremsstrahlung Isochromat Spectroscopy Bremsstrahlung radiation Bremsstrahlung radiation Bremsstralung Bremsstralung Bremstrahlung Bremstrahlung Bren Bren Bren gun Bren guns Bren light machine gun Bren , Donald L . Brenau University Learning and Leisure Institute Brend Brend Brenda Brenda Brenda Mehling Cancer Fund Brendan Behan Brendan Francis Behan Brendan Fraser Film Consortium Brendan T . Byrne State Forest ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"bremsstrahlung",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/catalpa | catalpa Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia catalpa ( kətăl pə ) see bignonia bignonia common name for the family Bignoniaceae , a family of chiefly woody vines of the American tropics and also a few shrubs and trees . The trumpet creeper ( of genus Bignonia trumpet flower , or vine ( of genus Campsis . . . . . Click link for more information . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Tree with large oval leaves up to 10 inches ( 25cm ) long . Clustered whitish flowers with 2 orange stripes lots purple spots inside . Cigar - like winged seedpods , used as sedative tea asthma bronchitis . Bark tea used to expel worms , antiseptic , laxative , sedative . Edible Plant Guide © 2012 Markus Rothkranz The following article is from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Catalpa plants Bignoniaceae , consisting deciduous trees broad leaves . flowers , which are white spotted insides , are gathered into large racemes panicles . corolla is campanulate two - lipped . fruit an elongated pod , measuring up 40 cm long ; it has numerous seeds bearing tufts soft hair at each end . Eleven species distributed from East Asia North America . In southern European region USSR , southern catalpa , Indian bean ( Catalpa bignonioides ) most frequently cultivated plant this genus . species C . Bungei , C . speciosa ovata also grown there . Catalpa propagated seeds , cuttings , roots . It grows well in moist soils . photo - philic plant . wood these trees light , soft , durable . oil obtained seeds contains eleostearic acids ( approximately 30 percent ) ; when it placed in light , dries quickly hardens . All ornamentals . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . any bignoniaceous tree North America Asia , having leaves , bell - shaped whitish flowers , long slender pods Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Mentioned in Bignoniaceae Burchfield , Charles Devoy , John Encyclopedia browser ▲ Catalan conjecture Catalan forge Catalan language Catalan literature Catalan numbers Catalan School Catalani , Angelica Catalano , Eduardo Catalans Catalase Catalaunian Fields catalectrotonus catalepsy Catalexis Çatalhöyük Catalina Island Catalina State Park catalog catalog equinox catalog number cataloged procedure catalog - order device catalogue Catalonia Catalonian Mountains catalysis catalyst catalyst carrier Catalyst Poisons catalyst selectivity catalyst stripping Catalysts Catalysts , Biological catalytic activity catalytic antibody catalytic converter catalytic cracker catalytic cracking catalytic cracking unit catalytic hydrogenation catalytic ignition catalytic polymerization catalytic reforming catalytic site catalytically cracked gasoline catalytically - blown asphalt catamaran Catamarca Catamnesis catamount ▼ Full browser ▲ Cataloguing Upgrade cataloguise cataloguist cataloguist cataloguize Catalonia Catalonia ( autonomous community ) Catalonia ( autonomous community ) Catalonia ( Catalunya ) Catalonia ( Catalunya ) Catalonia Free Country Catalonian Catalonian CATalonian AIR Catalonian Mountains Catalonians Catalonians Catalonic Catalonic catalos Catalpa bignioides Catalpa species Catalpa species Catalpa speciosa Catalpa tree Catalpa tree catalpas catalpas catalufa catalufas Cataluña Cataluña Cataluña Autonomous Community Cataluña Autonomous Community Cataluna Autonomous Community , Spain Cataluna Autonomous Community , Spain Cataluña Autonomous Community , Spain Cataluña Autonomous Community , Spain Cataluna Shotokan Karate Association Catalunia Catalunia Catalunya Catalunya Catalunya Lliure Catalunya , Spain Catalunya , Spain Catalysator Catalysator ▼ | [
"catalpa"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/chemical+reaction | chemical reaction Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia reaction , chemical : see chemical reaction chemical reaction , process by which one or more substances may be transformed into one or more new substances . Energy is released is absorbed , but no loss in total molecular weight occurs . . . . . . Click the link for information . chemical reaction , process by which substances may be transformed into new substances . Energy released absorbed , but no loss in total molecular weight occurs . When , for example , water decomposed , its molecules , each of consists of atom oxygen and two hydrogen , are broken down ; the hydrogen atoms then combine pairs to form hydrogen molecules and oxygen atoms to form molecules . In a chemical reaction , lose their characteristic properties . Water , example , a liquid neither burns nor supports combustion , decomposed yield flammable combustion - supporting oxygen . In some reactions heat given off ( exothermic reactions ) , others heat absorbed ( endothermic reactions ) . Furthermore , formed differ from original energy they contain . Chemical reactions are classified according kind change that takes place . When compound , consists two elements groups elements , broken down its constituents , reaction called simple decomposition . When compounds react with another compounds , reaction called double decomposition . so - called replacement place elements compound taken another element reacting with compound . combine compound , termed combination . Oxidation and reduction oxidation reduction , complementary characterized gain , respectively , electrons an atom molecule . Originally term oxidation . . . . . Click link information . reactions extremely important . Reversible those change taking place paralleled back original The rates at proceed depend upon various factors , e.g. , upon temperature , pressure , concentration involved and , sometimes , use catalyst catalyst , substance that can cause rate without itself being consumed reaction ; changing rate use catalyst catalysis . some reactions , such as photographic film , light an important factor . The changes taking represented chemical equation equation , group symbols representing reaction . Basic Notation Used Equations equation 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H O represents water . An element ' s activity , i.e. , tendency enter compounds , varies from element another . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . Reaction , Chemical transformation substances , differing composition structure . Both number any given making up remain unchanged during reaction . this regard , distinguished nuclear reactions . Chemical brought about interaction effect such external influences as temperature , pressure , electric magnetic fields . During course these reactions , certain substances — the reactants — are changed — the products — and expressed equation . Each characterized stoichiometric relationship between rate . series steps constituting either determined experimentally derived theory , entire series known mechanism . Every reversible , although rates forward reverse differ markedly . equal , system said equilibrium . behavior system at near equilibrium described laws relationships thermodynamics . study mechanisms both reversible practically irreversible whole constitutes subject kinetics , when also account physical processes diffusion transfer system , subject macrokinetics . investigation on level involves concepts describing interaction molecules collision each other , electrons , other particles , transformations occur absorption emission photons . This approach based , rule , on quantum theory connected study elementary event is , individual wherein involved collide other . quantum - mechanical description elementary event based approaches . According temporal approach , regarded dispersion subsystems ( atoms , molecules , ions ) collision . accordance stationary approach , motion configuration point ( representing nuclear configuration entire reaction ) studied along potential surface . This surface determined subsystems substances , particular , nuclei neutralized field electrons . development stationary approach began introduction concept activated complex . A comparative especially organic chemistry , usually employs concepts most probable mechanisms activity specific classes reactions . These include reactivity , orientation rules , nucleophilic electrophilic reagents , principle preservation orbital symmetry . highly dependent nature external conditions . Many possible only action sources energy , thermal energy , energy electromagnetic waves ( photochemical reactions ) , electric ( electrochemical reactions ) . Furthermore , itself can serve source energy . quantitative experimental has established number basic laws , reflect both stoi - chiometry energetics Examples law definite proportions Hess ’ law . classified according various characteristics , method classification differs field chemistry being studied . Thermodynamic classification employs characteristics energetics ( exothermic , is , proceeding liberation heat , endothermic , proceeding absorption heat ) phases ( homogeneous heterogeneous For occurring bulk distinguished those occurring boundary between phases . Kinetic selects characteristics forward reverse ( reversible irreversible interrelated ( simple single , practically complex subdivided several simple molecularity ( the whose simultaneous brings about transformation ) , order reactant whole . Complex depending relationship side , consecutive , coupled , broad class involving catalysis forms separate group . Depending particles grouped categories molecular , ionic , photochemical considered involving radicals chain There also detailed based mechanism . A widely used inorganic chemistry depends type compounds part nature interactions these compounds . These interactions include formation decomposition , hydrolysis , neutralization oxidation - reduction forming complex constitute large group large groups organic divided heterolytic , where breaking bond molecule proceeds asymmetrically electrons remain paired , homolytic , where bond breaking symmetrical leads formation radicals . Heterolytic either nucleophilic ( denoted symbol N electrophilic ( symbol E ) , depending type attacking reactant . three main classes substitution ( symbol S subscripts N E ) , addition elimination ) . Depending mechanism , proceed nucleophilic , electrophilic , radical process . Cycloaddition special class Reactions classed uni - molecular , S 1 , bimolecular , 2 , when molecularity limiting step considered . Aside above , addition substitution occur result oxidation - reduction reactants . Many involve consecutive steps , including steps . General reversibility characteristic metalation aromatic sulfonation . Reactions intermediate enter side reactions ; this leads mixture products . Among numerous transformations processes that , while not effecting composition , alter structure compound . types isomerization , rearrangements , tautomeric transformations . concept certain extent arbitrary . For do not usually associated solutions electron excitation even excitation causes marked geometric equilibrium configuration . REFERENCES Emanuel ’ , N . M . , D . G . Knorre . Kurs khimicheskoi kinetiki 2nd ed . Moscow , 1969 . Kurs fizicheskoi khimii 2nd ed . , vol . 2 . Editor chief , Ia . I . Gerasimov . Moscow , 1973 . Mathieu , J . , R . Panico . teoreticheskikh osnov organicheskoi khimii 1975 . ( Translated French . ) N . F . TEPANOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ kem · i · kəl rē ′ ak · shən ( chemistry ) substance ( or substances ) changed substances ; there only minute change , Δ m mass system , Δ = Δ mc emitted absorbed c speed light . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / chemical + reaction " > chemical reaction < / a > Mentioned in accelerator catalyst acid reaction acid - resistant actinochemistry Activated Complex activation energy adiabatic calorimeter aeronomy affinity alkali - aggregate reaction analytical chemistry battery , electric Bimolecular Reactions calorimeter calorimetry catalysis catalytic antibody Cell metabolism References in periodicals archive But Hore and colleagues ' simulations of cryptochromes show that a little bit of quantum deterioration can actually enhance the strength of the magnetic field ' s effect on the chemical reactions Quantum fragility may help guide birds : magnetic field ' s effect on retinal chemistry could aid navigation Deduce that new substances are formed during chemical reactions by rearranging atoms rather than creating or destroying them . Try this : steel wool fireworks Our result not only validates the idea , but it really allows us to start thinking about from an entirely different perspective . Light Absorption : How Molecules Move Energy Muthucumaraswamy and Ganesan [ 6 ] studied the effects of first order homogeneous on the flow past an impulsively started semi - infinite vertical plate with uniform heat flux and mass diffusion . MHD and chemical reaction effects on moving semi - infinite vertical plate with uniform heat flux The between the chromium and chlorine tends to occur in areas where there are stress risers and where the chromium in the steel is at its highest . Fight hidden corrosion in stainless - steel molds In a series of in the cell , a single glucose unit from glycogen is partially broken down , resulting in a net yield of three ATP molecules and two lactic acid molecules . Nutrition , training , & energy metabolism Think of a living entity as a set of ( powered by a flow of energy from outside sources ) that is " orderly " in the sense that the same kinds of chemicals , in roughly the same proportions , are produced over time from an external supply of basic " food " molecules . At Home in the Universe : The Search for the Laws of Self - Organization and Complexity We wanted to see what the liquid motion would look like in such a self - stirred , " said Michael Rogers , who led the experiment . Physicists create supernova in a jar Chambre and Young [ 2 ] have analyzed a first order in the neighborhood of a horizontal plate . Chemical reaction effects on MHD flow past an impulsively started isothermal vertical plate with uniform mass flux THE Chemical Reaction experience for me was great and helped me learn a lot . My Chemical Reaction was an enjoyable experience During this drying process , the resin substance undergoes a and links molecules within the denim fibers , durably bonding them to one another . Denim 101 : without chemistry , your favorite pair of jeans would be singing the blues The new microreactor , which has multiple microchannels , 200 microns in both width and depth , can complete a by simply injecting two different solutions . National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ( AIST ) Develops Multistage Impinging Microreactor for Pharmaceutical Intermediate Production More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ chemical kinetics chemical laser chemical machining chemical meningitis chemical metallurgy chemical microscopy chemical milling Chemical Monopolies Chemical Nomenclature chemical operations chemical pathology Chemical Physics chemical plaster chemical polarity chemical polishing chemical porcelain Chemical Potential chemical precipitates chemical pressurization chemical process industry Chemical Projector chemical pulp chemical pulping chemical pump chemical purity chemical reactivity Chemical Reactor Chemical Reagent Chemical Reclamation Chemical Reconnaissance chemical relaxation chemical remanent magnetization Chemical Research Institutes chemical reservoir chemical resistance chemical rock Chemical Rocket Engine chemical sense Chemical senses chemical shift chemical shim chemical shutdown chemical similitude Chemical Societies and Unions Chemical Society Chemical Sources of Electric Current chemical species chemical spray chemical stabilization chemical staining ▼ Full browser ▲ chemical property chemical property chemical prophylaxis Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Chemical Propulsion Information Analysis Center Chemical Propulsion System Chemical Protection Unit Chemical Protective Clothing Chemical Protective Clothing Performance Index Chemical Protective Cover Chemical Protective Footwear Cover Chemical Protective Over Garment Chemical Protective Overgarment Chemical Protective Undergarments chemical pulp chemical pulping chemical pump chemical purity Chemical Quality Assurance Plan Chemical Quality Assurance Report chemical ray chemical ray Chemical reactant Chemical reactant Chemical Reaction by Isotope - Selective Laser Activation Chemical Reaction Engineering Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory Chemical Reaction Hazard Forum Chemical Reaction Interface Mass Spectrometer Chemical Reaction Interface Mass Spectrometry Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions Documentation Service Chemical reactivity Chemical reactivity chemical reactor chemical reactor Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre Chemical reactors Chemical reactors Chemical reagent Chemical reagent Chemical Reclamation Chemical Reconnaissance Chemical Reconnaissance Detachment Chemical Recovery Association Chemical Recycling Association Chemical reduction Chemical reduction ▼ | [
"chemical reaction"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/chromosome | chromosome Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Acronyms Wikipedia Related to chromosome : centrosome gene genome chromosome ( krō məsōm ' ) structural carrier of hereditary characteristics , found in the nucleus of every cell and so named for its readiness to absorb dyes . The term is usually reserved for the structure when it is condensed and readily visible during cell division ( see mitosis mitosis process nuclear division in a living by which carriers hereditary information , or chromosomes , are exactly replicated two copies distributed to identical daughter nuclei . . . . . . Click link more information . ) . At other times appears as a fibrous structure , called chromonema , consisting accumulations ( called chromomeres ) chromatin , dye - absorbing material . During nuclear division , when each splits , each duplicate chromosomes called chromatid . A certain number chromosomes characteristic species plant animal ; e.g. , human has 46 chromosomes , potato has 48 , fruit fly Drosophila 8 . Each these numbers so - called diploid number , i.e. , number found somatic ( body ) cells germ cells that give rise gametes , or reproductive cells . When germ divide two - step process meiosis meiosis living by which reduced half original number . Meiosis occurs only gametogenesis , i.e. , gametes , sex ( ovum sperm ) , are being formed . . . . . . Click link more information . separated such way that daughter receives haploid ( half diploid ) chromosomes . Fusion male female gametes fertilization restores diploid fertilized egg , zygote , thus contains two sets homologous one from parent . The principal constituents nucleoproteins containing deoxyribonucleic acid , DNA ( see nucleic acid nucleic acid , any group organic substances viruses play central role storage replication information expression this information through protein synthesis . ) . Chromosomes appear microscopically as linear arrangement genes , factors determine inherited characteristics all organisms . very large salivary gland Drosophila other insects have furnished valuable material study genetics genetics , scientific study mechanism heredity . While Gregor Mendel first presented his findings on statistical laws governing transmission certain traits from generation generation 1856 , it was not until discovery detailed The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Chromosome Any organized components carry individual ' s material , deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) . Chromosomes all organisms with nucleus ( eukaryotes ) located within nucleus . Each contains single extremely long DNA molecule packaged various proteins into compact domain . A full set , complement , carried sperm ovum animals pollen grain ovule plants . This constitutes haploid n genome organism complete set genes characteristic organism . Sexually reproducing organisms both plant animal kingdoms begin their development fusion thus ( 2 n ) , with sets body cell . These carry virtually thousands genes cell , exception tiny mitochrondria ( in animal ) , few chloroplasts . See Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) Gene can change their conformation degree compaction throughout cycle . During interphase , major portion cycle , not visible under light microscope because , although they very long , they extremely thin . However , during ( mitosis meiosis ) , become compacted into shorter thicker structures can be seen under microscope . At this time appear paired rods defined ends , telomeres , remain joined at constricted region , centromere , until beginning anaphase division . See Cell cycle Meiosis Mitosis distinguished one another length position centromere . They metacentric ( centromere middle chromosome ) , acrocentric ( centromere close end ) , telocentric at end , telomere ) . centromere usually lies between arms , contain regulatory regions , well sequences have no known function . In many species , regional differences base composition time replicated serve basis special staining techniques make series distinctive bands on arm , these be used identify chromosome . Compaction human mammal some 6 billion base pairs which , if stretched out , would form thin thread about 6 ft ( 2 m ) long . This packaged within much smaller than printed dot ( Fig . 1 ) . single length comprising specific portion genetic material organism . Tiny stretches DNA , about 140 pairs long containing acidic phosphate groups , individually wrapped around an octamer consisting molecules four basic histone proteins H2a , H2b , H3 , H4 . arrangement produces small structures nucleosomes results sevenfold compaction strand . Further achieved binding histone protein H1 several nonhistone proteins , resulting supercoiled structure shortened 1600 - fold interphase 8000 - fold metaphase anaphase , where genetic must fully compacted transport cells . point maximum compaction , range size 2 10 micrometers length , is , less than 0.0004 in . Nucleosome Organization Number and size organism body ( somatic ) cell , vary nematode worm species ant , hundreds some butterflies , crustaceans , plants . includes set parent . Many one - celled throughout most life cycle . 46 . There relationship between size . Some classes large numbers tiny , been microchromosomes . In birds reptiles , there 30 – 40 microchromosomes addition 5 – 7 so regular - sized macrochromosomes . microchromosomes constant any carrying them , only size distinguishes them widespread macrochromosomes . least seven birds been shown contain genes , thought to . insects , plants , flatworms , snails , rarely vertebrates ( such fox ) , vary because presence variable accessory B chromosomes . It clear what role , if any , B play , but made primarily neither functional nor much effect animal even present multiple copies . Structure telomere caps end every binds specific protect being digested enzymes ( exonucleases ) present same cell . Most important , telomere permits replication continue end chromosome , assuring its stability . also involved attachment ends membrane pairing homologous meiosis . telomeric similar virtually eukaryotic except fruit fly One strand rich guanine oriented toward chromosome , strand rich cytosine oriented toward centromere . most organisms , consists multiple copies short repeat . centromere responsible proper segregation pair division . chromatids pair held together anaphase , separate move spindle poles , distributed kinetochore , attachment site microtubules guide movement poles , organized around molecular centromeres still unclear . repetitive making up surrounding heterochromatin because remains condensed cycle hence stains intensely . One region secondary constriction does stain well . region transcribe , nucleolus , ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . active rRNA may regulated , an too few rRNA may develop abnormally survive . Ribosomes Staining Staining quinacrine mustard produces consistent , bright less bright fluorescence bands ( Q bands ) along arms differences relative amounts CG ( cytosine - guanine ) AT ( adenine - thymine ) pairs . distinctive Q - band pattern makes possible identify genome . Quinacrine fluorescence also reveal difference amount type heterochromatin members heteromorphism polymorphism . Such used parental origin such extra individuals who trisomy 21 . Two methods involve treating various ways before staining Giemsa . Giemsa G - band patterns essentially identical Q - band patterns ; reverse Giemsa R - band patterns reverse , reciprocal , those seen Q G banding . humans , mammals , ( macrochromosomes only ) , Q - , G - , R - banding individually identified , making possible construct karyotype , array ( Fig . 2 ) . identified basis banding patterns , arranged numbered order , often based length . karyotype , autosomes numbered 1 through 22 , sex X Y . short arm p arm , arm q arm ; assigned band arm . Thus , band 1q23 refers 23 1 . G - banded metaphase karyotype male Imprinting carries same complement whether transmitted father mother , functionally same . However , small mammalian functionally different depending whether were transmitted egg sperm . phenomenon known imprinting . It appears caused inactivation sperm ova , probably methylation cytosine residues regulatory ( promotor ) imprinted gene . As result imprinting , normal development mammalian embryo requires presence both maternal paternal Parthenogenesis , formation normal individual maternal therefore mammals . Sex chromosomes mammals , individual determined Y Y carries male - determining SRY gene . Thus XX rare XO individuals female , while XY uncommon XXY male . contrast , depends balance autosomes ( non - sex chromosomes ) X Thus , diploids , XX rare XXY flies female , while XY XO flies male . mammals flies , males heterogametic sex , producing gametes either chromosome ; females homogametic sex , producing X . butterflies , however , females heterogametic males homogametic sex . Other sex - determining systems classes organisms , determined gene even environmental factors temperature ( some turtles alligators ) nearby female Bonellia marine worm ) rather chromosome - mediated mechanism . More 900 loci mapped chromosome . If were fully expressed cells , then cells , X , would exhibit half product dosage compensation achieved , expressed , additional inactivated . inactivation randomly occurs early stage embryonic development , unchanged Mammalian therefore mosaics types those active maternally derived paternally derived X . Species mammals do show type dosage compensation mechanism sex - linked show none all . smallest species . Usually high proportion heterochromatin , does Very located concerned either determination production sperm . insects invertebrates , no present , X : autosome balance ( XX male ) . Cell nucleus Genetics Human genetics Sex determination Sex - linked inheritance McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might outdated ideologically biased . Chromosome organoid nucleus . aggregate determines main characteristics organisms . complete given karyotype . animals plants , represented twice . received father mother nuclei fuse fertilization . Such homologous , termed set . dioecious differ morphological characters according sex ; autosomes . determine localized whereas ratio autosomes , concept expressed theory determination . first description was made 1888 German geneticist W . von Waldeyer - Hartz , who described them solid bodies stain strongly basic dyes . later became apparent , however , external appearance changes substantially different stages As compact formations morphology , clearly distinguished light microscope division — in meiosis . elements stages cycle chromonemata , is , threadlike tightly coiled division , causing spiralization but remain uncoiled ( despiralized ) nondividing After completed , moved cells ’ poles disintegrate become surrounded membrane . period divisions — the interphase — the despiralization continues longer microscope . morphology eukaryotes differs substantially prokaryotes viruses . Prokaryotes viruses generally linear circular supramolecular separated cytoplasm membrane . concept applied prokaryotes provisionally : concept , formulated eukaryotic assumes complex biopolymers ( nucleic acids proteins ) well supramolecular structure . Consequently , described below . changes external appearance cellular life cycles caused chromosomes ’ functional characteristics . principles underlying chromosomes ’ organization , individuality , continuity over several generations unaltered , shown biochemical , cytological , studies These studies served theory heredity . Molecular structure . significance cellular organoids capable storing , reproducing , effecting results constituent biopolymers . molecular model devised 1928 N . K . Kol ’ tsov , hypothesized principles chromosome ’ s organization . Hereditary recorded acid ( DNA ) molecule code . Approximately 99 percent concentrated remaining organoids determines cytoplasmic inheritance . combined ( histones ) nonhistone proteins . effect complex assemblage regulate DNA ’ s transcription , DNA ’ s ability synthesize ribonucleic ( RNA ) . interphase . Since perform main functions — reproduction transcription — interphase , stage cell ’ s particular interest . barely discernible interphase since euchromatin , comprises many areas completely uncoiled owing synthesis RNA . involved RNA synthesis continues retain solid euchromatin elementary deoxyribonucleoprotein ( DNP ) threads , ribonucleoprotein particles 200 – 500 angstroms diameter ribonucleoprotein ( RNP ) granules , intergranules , perichromatin granules . particles , represent assemblage synthesized combined protein , aid messenger transfer cytoplasm . Interphasic studied biochemical methods isolating chromatin — the chromosomal nucleus — separating euchromatin heterochromatin . studied electron microscopy intact nuclei isolated chromatin . Giant lampbrush oocytes animals , multifilamentous ( polytene ) dipterous insects , models interphasic lampbrush inactive regions tightly coiled structures . chromomeres , somatic particularly prophase mitosis . chromomeres believed morphological , perhaps functional , units regions actively synthesize RNA , chromomeres form lateral loops . loops molecules combine ribonucleoproteins ( RNP ) . particles represent products ; lateral loops differ morphological characters . Polytene tissues dipterous plants owing repeated ( doubling ) original without subsequent disjunction inactive parts polytene disklike shape , whereas parts swellings puffs . Like puffs RNP 200 – 500 angstroms diameter . Electron microscopy biochemical indicated structural unit chromatin isolated intact nuclei , giant DNP 100 – 200 diameter . Studies polytene tissues demonstrated puffs individualized according tissue species . Consequently , although multicellular arranged linearly differs development . That euchromatic heterochromatic others . Certain heterochromatic types generally frequently repeating sequences DNA . nucleolus organizer — the where ribosomal concentrated — functions constantly nucleolus , regarded independent organoid , formed site precursors ribosomes formed . interphasic cytoplasm attached membrane places , mainly means telomeres centromeres , consequently believed occupy replicate preparing divide interphase . creates own copy semiconservative DNA . eukaryotes starting ending points replication , starting point ending point . permits nonsimultaneous regulates activity When begin divide , ceases amount increases . For example , chain 160 mm becomes contained volume 0.5 × 10 micrometers . disintegrates , align themselves cell ’ s equator . They accessible observation analysis time . unit metaphasic like DNP 100 – 200 diameter tight spiral . Several researchers discovered strands second level strands approximately 2,000 metaphasic Every consists chromatids , produced use labeled modified precursors facilitated precise identification differentially stained chromatids mitosis . led discovery sister often exchange segments replication — a phenomenon crossing over . traditional cytology , matrix considered great importance regarded essential chromosomal component spiralized chromonemata embedded . Modern cytologists believe matrix residual disintegrating nucleolus . completely indiscernible . formation plants accompanied unique Meiotic mitotic ways . meiosis , receive usual complement conjugation prophase result successive divisions mitosis , hand , remains same . addition , meiotic there temporary interruption meiotic return state actively synthesizing RNA . period analysis Finally , larger material . Although extensive research devoted organization urgent tasks modern biology . perform highly functions intricate resisted elucidation . 1960 ’ s 1970 ’ s , great progress achieved understanding genetics . progress brilliantly confirmed substantiated REFERENCES Wilson , E . Klelka i ee rol ’ v razvitii i nasledstvennosti vols . 1 – 2 . Moscow - Leningrad , 1936 – 40 . ( Translated English . ) Kol ’ tsov , N . K . Organizatsiia kletki . Moscow - Leningrad , 1936 . Prokof ’ eva - Bel ’ govskaia , A . A . “ Stroenie khromosomy . ” Ionizi - ruiushchie izlucheniia nasledstvennost ’ . ( Itogi nauki : Biologicheskie nauki , fasc . 3 . ) Moscow , 1960 . Kiknadze , I . I . Funktsional ’ naia organizatsiia khromosom . Leningrad , 1972 . DeRobertis , E . , V . Nowinski , F . Saez . Biologiia kletki . Moscow , 1973 . ( Translated English . ) Levitskii , G . Tsitologiia rastenii : Izbr . trudy . 1976 . Darlington , C . D . Recent Advances Cytology , 2nd ed . London , 1937 . Geitler , L . Chromosomenbau . ( Protoplasma - Monographien , vol . 14 . ) Berlin , 1938 . Ris , H . , D . F . Kubai . “ Chromosome Structure . ” Annual Review Genetics , 1970 , vol . 4 , pp . 236 – 94 . Handbook Molecular Cytology . Edited Lima - de - Faria . Amsterdam - London , 1969 . Structure Function . New York , 1974 . K IKNADZE The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ krō · mə ‚ sōm ( genetics ) ( usually ) circular ( DNA ) complexed proteins , centromere , end , linear . animals , mitotic divisions . unique linearly genes . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . microscopic rod - shaped nucleoprotein units ( genes ) responsible transmission Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? | [
"chromosome",
"hereditary characteristics",
"genetics"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/civil+rights | civil rights Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal Acronyms Wikipedia civil rights , rights that a nation ' s inhabitants enjoy by law . The term is broader than " political rights , " which refer only to rights devolving from the franchise and are held usually only by a citizen , and unlike " natural rights , " civil have legal as well as philosophical basis . In the United States civil are usually thought of in terms of specific guaranteed in Constitution : freedom religion , speech , press , to due process law equal protection under law . Civil Rights in the United States Since Civil War Civil War , U.S . history , conflict ( 1861 – 65 ) between Northern states ( the Union ) Southern states that seceded from Union formed Confederacy . . . . . . Click link for more information . much concern over United States has focused on efforts extend these fully African Americans . The first legislative attempts assure African Americans an equal political legal status were Civil Rights Acts 1866 , 1870 , 1871 , 1875 . Those acts bestowed upon Americans such freedoms right sue be sued , give evidence , hold real personal property . 1866 act was dubious constitutionality was reenacted 1870 after passage Fourteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment , addition U.S . Constitution , adopted 1868 . amendment comprises five sections . Section 1 Section 1 amendment declares all persons born or naturalized American citizens citizens their state . . . . . Click link for more information . fourth Rights Act attempted guarantee those social were still withheld . It penalized innkeepers , proprietors public establishments , owners public conveyances discriminating against accommodations , but invalidated Supreme Court 1883 on ground these not properly hence not field federal legislation . After Act 1875 there no federal legislation this field until Acts 1957 1960 , although several passed their own civil - rights laws . 20th - century struggle expand involved National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Association Advancement Colored People ( NAACP ) , organization composed mainly American blacks , but with many white members , whose goal is end racial discrimination segregation . Congress of Racial Equality Congress Racial Equality ( CORE ) , civil - rights organization founded ( 1942 ) Chicago James Farmer . Dedicated use nonviolent direct action , CORE initially sought promote better race relations end racial discrimination States . Urban League Urban League , National , voluntary nonpartisan community service agency , founded 1910 , whose goal help segregation States , especially toward Americans , help economically socially disadvantaged groups share Southern Christian Leadership Conference Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , 1957 Martin Luther King , Jr . , headed him until his assassination 1968 . Composed largely African - American clergy South an outgrowth Montgomery , Ala . others . movement , led especially Martin Luther King King , Luther , Jr . , 1929 – 68 , clergyman leader , b . Atlanta , Ga . , grad . Morehouse College ( B.A. , 1948 ) , Crozer Theological Seminary ( B.D. , 1951 ) , Boston Univ . ( Ph . D . , 1955 ) . late 1950s 60s , executive leadership provided President Lyndon B . Johnson Johnson , Lyndon Baines , 1908 – 73 , 36th President ( 1963 – 69 ) , b . near Stonewall , Tex . Early Life Born into farm family , he graduated ( 1930 ) Southwest Texas State Teachers College ( now Southwest Texas State Univ . ) , San Marcos . encouraged passage most comprehensive legislation date , 1964 ; it prohibited reason color , race , religion , or national origin places accommodation covered interstate commerce , i.e. , restaurants , hotels , motels , theaters . Besides dealing with desegregation schools , act , Title VII , forbade employment . Title VII also prohibited basis sex . In 1965 Voting passed , which placed observers at polls ensure voting rights . 1968 dealt housing real estate discrimination . addition congressional action rights , there action other branches government . most notable Supreme Court decisions 1954 1955 declaring segregation schools unconstitutional court ' s rulings 1955 banning publicly financed parks , playgrounds , golf courses ( see Brown v . Board of Education of Topeka , Kans . Brown v . Board Education Topeka , Kans . , case decided 1954 . Linda Brown denied admission her local elementary school Topeka because she black . ) . 1960s women began organize around issue ( see feminism feminism , movement political , social , educational equality women men ; movement has occurred mainly Europe States . It its roots humanism 18th cent . Industrial Revolution . ) . Equal Pay passed 1963 , early 1970s over 40 had pay laws . 1972 Senate Equal Amendment ( ERA ) intended prohibit all based sex , after failing win ratification sufficient number states , ERA abandoned . Since 1970s number gay - rights groups have worked , local state levels , prevents housing employment gay - rights movement gay - rights movement , organized efforts criminalization homosexuality protect homosexuals . While some organized activity behalf homosexuals mid - 19th through first half 20th cent . further extension protection , Americans with Disabilities Act Disabilities Act , law , enacted 1990 , forbids various sorts against persons physical mental handicaps . Its primary emphasis enabling enter job market remain employed , it also ( 1990 ) barred disabled employment provided improved access facilities . Bibliography See W . E . Nelson , Fourteenth Amendment ( 1988 ) ; R . Berger , Bill ( 1989 ) ; L . W . Levy , ( 1989 ) ; T . Branch , Pillar Fire ( 1997 ) ; F . M . Wirt , " We Ai n ' t What We Was " ( 1997 ) ; A . Fairclough , Better Day Coming : Blacks Equality , 1890 – 2000 ( 2001 ) ; D . McWhorter , Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama : Climactic Battle Revolution ( 2001 ) ; C . Polsgrove , Divided Minds : Intellectuals Movement C . Carter et al . , ed . , Reporting Rights : Journalism 1941 – 1973 ( 2 vol . , 2003 ) ; J . Rosenberg Z . Karabell , Kennedy , Johnson , Quest Justice : Tapes ( 2003 ) ; J . Carrier , Traveler ' s Guide Movement ( 2004 ) ; N . Kotz , Judgment Days : Baines King Laws That Changed America ( 2005 ) ; T . Branch , At Canaan ' s Edge : America Years , 1965 – 68 ( 2006 ) ; L . F . Litwack , How Free Is Free ? Long Death Jim Crow ( 2009 ) ; B . Ackerman , We People , Vol . 3 : Revolution ( 2014 ) ; S . Purdum , An Idea Whose Time Has Come ( 2014 ) ; Risen , Bill Century ( 2014 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / civil rights due CITIZEN virtue citizenship alone , protected Thus can be distinguished human rights , may may protected law , belong people whether they enshrined US makes human rights . UK , absence written bill normal refer liberties . See CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ( S ) CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2000 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / civil + rights " > civil rights < / a > Mentioned in Abernathy , Ralph D . Abzug , Bella affirmative action African American Day Parade African - American History Month Ames , Jessie Daniel Asa Philip Randolph Benjamin Lawson Hooks Berry , Mary Frances Biko Birmingham riots Birthday Martin Luther King Jr . Black History Month black power movement B ' nai B ' rith Bond , J . Max Jr . Bond , Julian Boudin , Leonard B . Bridge Crossing Jubilee Encyclopedia browser ▲ Civil Aviation Civil Aviation , Higher Educational Institutions for Civil Aviation , Scientific Research Institute of Civil Case Civil Code civil commitment civil day Civil Defendant civil defense Civil Defense Protective Installations civil disobedience civil engineer civil engineering Civil Engineering , Institute of civil inattention civil law Civil Liability civil liberty civil list civil marriage Civil Plaintiff Civil Procedural Law Civil Procedure Civil Procedure , Code of civil religion civil rights movement civil servant civil service civil society Civil Suit in Criminal Procedure civil time Civil Turnover civil twilight Civil Typeface civil war Civil War and Military Intervention , of 1918 – 20 Civil War in France , The Civil War in the United States , 1861 – 65 , and the Reconstruction of the Civil War Preservation Trust civil year Civiletti , Benjamin R . Civilian Conservation Corps Civilian Population Civilis Civilis , Claudius Julius civilization civilizing process Civitali , Matteo Civitavecchia CIW ▼ Full browser ▲ Civil Protection Committee Civil Protection Financial Instrument civil protection officer Civil Rail Lines Important to National Defense Civil Registrar - General Civil Registration System Civil Registry and Migration Department Civil Rehabilitation Law Civil Relations Service , Armed Forces of the Philippines Civil religion Civil religions Civil Remedies Civil Remedies Division Civil remedy Civil remedy civil requirements Civil Reserve Air Fleet Civil Reserve Air Fleet Civil Reserve Air Fleet Aeromedical Evacuation Shipsets Civil Reserve Auxiliary Fleet Ships Civil revolt Civil revolt civil right civil right Civil Right Act of 1964 Civil Right Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act ( 1866 ) Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1871 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act , 1964 Civil Rights Act , 1964 Civil Rights Action Team civil rights activist civil rights activist Civil Rights Acts Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity Civil rights and liberties Civil rights and liberties Civil Rights Cases Civil Rights Congress Civil Rights Counselor Civil Rights Data Collection Civil Rights Day ▼ | [
"civil rights",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/columnar+jointing | columnar jointing columnar jointing kə ′ ləm · nər ′ jȯint · iŋ ( geology ) Parallel , prismatic columns that are formed as a result of contraction during cooling in basaltic flow and other extrusive and intrusive rocks . Also known as columnar structure ; prismatic jointing ; structure . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / columnar + jointing " > columnar jointing < / a > Mentioned in columnar structure pillar prismatic jointing prismatic structure References in periodicals archive These are examples of , solid rock divided into prismatic columns by contraction as the lava flow solidified ( Devil ' s Postpile is the greatest example in the West ) . Photo : Fractured block of basalt lava along Burton Creek trail shows Geology lessons as you hike . . .5 Tahoe choices More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ column curve column density column development chromatography column drill column footing column formation column guide column head column matrix column move column operations column order column pipe column printer column rank column side column space column splice column strip column vector columna cochlis columna rostrata columna triumphalis columnar epithelium columnar ionization columnar resistance columnar section columnar stem columnar structure Columniation columnist colure Colure , Equinoctial Colure , Solstitial colures Coluria Colusa County Colusa National Wildlife Refuge Colusa - Sacramento River State Recreation Area colusite Colutea Colville Colville National Forest Colville , Wilberforce Juvenal Colvin , Sir Sidney Colwyn Bay coly Colydiidae colymbethra Colyn , Alexander ▼ Full browser ▲ columnar columnar alteration with prominent snouts and secretions Columnar basalt Columnar basalt columnar cell columnar cell Columnar Cell Change Columnar Cell Variant of Papillary Carcinoma Columnar disposition Columnar epithelia Columnar epithelia columnar epithelial cell columnar epithelial cell columnar epithelium Columnar Epithelium - Lined Oesophagus columnar ionization columnar layer columnar layer columnar resistance columnar section columnar stem Columnar structure Columnar structure Columnar Water Vapor Columnar Zone Radius columnar - lined esophagus columnar - lined oesophagus columnar - lined oesophagus Columnar - to - Equiaxed Transition in Solidification columnaris disease Columnarity columnarly columnarly Columnated Columnated columnea columned columned columnedly ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"columnar jointing"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/combustion+chambers | combustion chamber ( redirected from combustion chambers Also found in : Dictionary combustion chamber kəm ′ bəs · chən ‚ chām · bər ( aerospace engineering ) That part of the rocket engine in which the combustion of propellants takes place at high pressure . Also known as firing chamber . ( engineering ) Any chamber in which a fuel such as oil , coal , or kerosine is burned to provide heat . ( mechanical engineering ) The space at head end an internal combustion engine cylinder where most takes place . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Combustion Chamber a space for gaseous , liquid , solid fuel . Combustion chambers may be intermittent - operation type for two - cycle and four - cycle reciprocating internal - combustion engines continuous - operation type gas - turbine engines , turbojet engines , air - breathing and liquid - propellant rocket engines . In reciprocating internal - combustion engines chamber usually formed by interior surface cylinder head piston head . gas - turbine most often part engine ; it may annular , cannular , tubular . A distinction made between direct - flow reverse - flow chambers , depending on direction flow air products ; reverse - flow chambers are seldom used because strong hydraulic resistance . products pass from into gas turbine , but some ( augmented turbojet liquid - propellant engines ) products generate jet thrust they accelerate nozzle behind chamber . basic requirements all continuous - operation include stability process , high thermal stress , maximum completeness combustion , mini - mum heat loss , reliable operation during rated service life engine . structural materials used manufacture depend on temperatures to developed them : temperatures upto 500 ° C , chrome - nickel steels are used ; up to900 ° C , chrome - nickel steels with an admixture titanium ; above 950 ° C , special materials . Continuous - operation major elements aerospaceengines specialized transportation assemblies , widely power engineering , chemical industry , railroad transportation , river - oceangoing vessels . I . I . A KOPOV [ 11 – - 1 ] The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Combustion chamber end internal where place . See Combustion In spark - ignition engine , initiated mixture fuel air by electrical discharge . resulting reaction moves radially across zone active burning , known flame front . velocity flame increases nearly proportion speed so that distance shaft turns during burning process not seriously affected changes speed . See Internal combustion engine Spark plug Occasionally burning rate , too rapid change rate , gives rise unusual noise vibration called roughness . Roughness reduced using less squish shaping control area front . short time helpful eliminating knock because last charge burned before it has time ignite spontaneously . compression - ignition ( diesel ) injected late compression stroke into highly compressed air . Mixing must take place quickly , especially smaller high - speed if find oxygen burn while piston remains near top center . After short delay , injected ignites contact with hot cylinder . There no front travel limit rate . If mixing too thorough delay period , rates pressure rise result , operation rough noisy . To avoid this condition , auxiliary compression - ignition operates temperature so that ignites soon after injection begins . This reduces amount present degree mixing ignition High rates pressure can also reduced keeping separated until delay period . Rapid must then take ensure efficient while near top center . Diesel engine McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . i section gas turbine burned . results very temperatures , expands flowing through directs onto turbine uniform speed temperature . large amount passes around walls protect them . three main types layouts systems multiple chamber , turbo - annular cannular chamber , annular Also burners combustors can - type combustor ii engine , above dead clearance volume An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / combustion + chambers " > combustion chamber < / a > Mentioned in aerospike engine aerothermodynamic duct air cell Air - Breathing Jet Engine air - release valve Alphameter annular combustion chamber aspirating burner autoignition auxiliary fluid ignition barometric draft regulator bipropellant blast chamber Boiler Unit burners bypass duct bypass engine Bypass Turbojet Engine cannular Encyclopedia browser ▲ combine - harvester combiner circuit combing Combing Machine combining glass combining network combining weight combining - volumes principle combo combo box combo card combo chip combplate Combray Combs , Bert Combs , Moses Combust combustibility combustible combustible gas combustible loss combustible shale Combustible Shales combustion chambers combustion deposit combustion efficiency combustion engine combustion engineering combustion furnace combustion instability combustion knock combustion liner combustion liquid combustion nucleus combustion rate combustion shock combustion starter combustion train combustion tube combustion turbine combustion wave combustion - chamber liner combustion - chamber volume combustor combustor drain valve combustor efficiency combustors combwork Comcast HD ▼ Full browser ▲ combustibly combustibly combusting combusting Combustio domorum Combustion Air Combustion Air Combustion Air Flow Combustion Air Handling Unit Combustion analysis Combustion and Engine Research Laboratory Combustion and Laser Diagnostics Research Complex Combustion Appliance Zone Combustion By - Product Combustion Chamber Outer Casing Combustion Chamber Volume Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition Combustion Control Engineers combustion deposit Combustion Developments Ltd Combustion Efficiency Combustion Efficiency Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document Combustion engine Combustion Engineering Combustion Engineering Combustion Engineering Inc . Combustion Engineering , Inc Combustion Engineering / General Atomics Combustion engines Combustion Engines and Fuels Group combustion equivalent combustion furnace Combustion Gas Combustion Gas Combustion Gas Turbine Combustion Gas Turbine Generator Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown combustion instability Combustion Institute Combustion Integrated Rack combustion knock Combustion Life Improvement Package combustion liner ▼ | [
"combustion chamber",
"Dictionary ."
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/compelling | Compel ( redirected from compelling Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal Idioms Wikipedia Compel COMpute ParallEL This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( foldoc . org Mentioned in Æthelwulf Alarcón , Juan Ruiz de Andreev , Ivan Andreev , Ivan Ivanovich arbitration , industrial Artsrunids Bette Davis Bigot , François Bloch , Ernst Bogdan Burt Lancaster Bury St . Edmunds Byzantine Empire Carlist Wars Carranza de Miranda , Bartolomé de Charles Louis Eugène Protot Chesnut , Mary Chita Operations of 1920 Civil War and Military Intervention , of 1918 – 20 Encyclopedia browser ▲ compass roof compass rose compass saw compass survey compass swinging compass timber compass track compass transmitter compass variation error compass window compass work Compasses compass - headed arch compatibility compatibility conditions compatibility mode compatibilizer compatible compatible color television system compatible discrete four - channel sound compatible materials compatible monolithic integrated circuit compatible single - sideband system Compatible Timesharing System compelling compendium Compendium Maleficarum compensated amplifier compensated gyro compensated ionization chamber compensated neutron logging compensated pendulum compensated semiconductor compensated volume control compensated winding compensated - loop direction finder compensating capacitor Compensating Devices compensating eyepiece compensating impurity compensating leads compensating magnets compensating network compensating plate Compensation compensation balance Compensation Currents compensation depth compensation effect Compensation Payments ▼ Full browser ▲ compeling compeling compellable compellable compellably compellably compellare compellation compellation Compellative Compellatory compelled compelled compelledly compeller compeller compellere Compelling Execution of Documents Compelling governmental interest compelling quality Compelling Reason to Act compellingly compellingly compels compels COMPEN compend compend compendia compendia Compendiarious Compendiate compendious compendious compendiously compendiously Compendiousness Compendiousness compendium Compendium Insurance Group ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"Compel",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/cryptogenic+infection | infection ( redirected from cryptogenic infection Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical infection , invasion of plant or animal tissues by microorganisms , i.e. , bacteria bacteria [ pl . of bacterium ] , microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms characterized by the lack a membrane - bound nucleus and membrane - bound organelles . Once considered a part the plant kingdom , were eventually placed in separate kingdom , Monera . . . . . . Click link for more information . viruses virus , parasite with noncellular structure composed mainly nucleic acid within protein coat . Most viruses are too small ( 100 – 2,000 Angstrom units ) to be seen with light microscope and thus must be studied electron microscopes . . . . . . Click link for more information . viroids viroid , microscopic infectious agent , much smaller than virus , that infects higher plants such as potatoes , tomatoes , chrysanthemums , cucumbers , causing stunted or distorted growth sometimes death . It can transmitted pollen , seed , farm implements . fungi Fungi kingdom heterotrophic single - celled , multinucleated , multicellular organisms , including yeasts , molds , mushrooms . The organisms live as parasites , symbionts , saprobes ( see saprophyte ) . rickettsias rickettsia any an order ( Rickettsiales ) very small microorganisms , many disease - causing , that live in vertebrates are transmitted bloodsucking parasitic arthropods such fleas , lice ( see louse ) , ticks . protozoans protozoan informal term unicellular heterotrophs kingdom Protista . Protozoans comprise large , diverse assortment near - microscopic single cells simple colonies show no differentiation into tissues . The invasion body tissues parasitic worms worm , common name various unrelated invertebrate animals soft , often long slender bodies . Members phylum Platyhelminthes , flatworms , most primitive ; they generally flat - bodied include free - living planarians ( of class and other higher is commonly referred to infestation . Invading produce toxins toxin , poison produced living organisms . Toxins classified either exotoxins endotoxins . Exotoxins diverse group soluble proteins released into surrounding tissue living bacterial cells . Exotoxins have specific reaction sites host ; e.g . that damage host interfere normal metabolism ; some toxins actually enzymes that , breaking down host tissues , prevent localization infections . Other bacterial substances destroy host ' s phagocytes . Viruses retroviruses retrovirus , type RNA virus that , unlike other RNA viruses , reproduces transcribing itself DNA . An enzyme called reverse transcriptase allows retrovirus ' s act template this RNA - to - DNA transcription . are on cells , causing cellular degeneration , rabies rabies hydrophobia acute viral infection central nervous system dogs , foxes , raccoons , skunks , bats , animals , humans . virus is from an animal person , from one another , via infected saliva , most often poliomyelitis poliomyelitis polio , infantile paralysis , acute viral infection , mainly children but also affecting older persons . There three immunologic types one which was eradicated 1999 ; exposure type produces immunity AIDS AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , fatal disease caused rapidly mutating retrovirus attacks immune system leaves victim vulnerable infections , malignancies , neurological disorders . It was first recognized disease 1981 . cellular proliferation , warts wart , circumscribed outgrowth skin caused filterable readily transmitted . Warts may appear anywhere on skin but common hands . and cold sores . Some have been associated development certain cancers cancer , medicine , term neoplasms , tumors , malignant . Like benign tumors , malignant tumors do not respond body mechanisms limit cell growth . Substances produced many invading cause allergic sensitivity host ; immune response has been implicated some diseases allergy allergy , hypersensitive reaction certain individuals substances similar amounts circumstances , innocuous persons . Allergens , allergy - causing substances , can airborne ( e.g . ) . Infections may spread via respiratory droplets , direct contact , contaminated food , vectors , insects . They also sexually sexually transmitted diseases sexually ( STD ) venereal disease , infections acquired through sexual contact . Five diseases were traditionally known venereal diseases : gonorrhea , syphilis , less granuloma inguinale , lymphogranuloma venereum , mother fetus . Immunity immunity , ability organism resist identifying destroying foreign organisms . Although all animals capabilities , little known about nonmammalian immunity . is used describe capacity respond infection . Drugs help fight infections include antibiotics antibiotic , any variety substances , usually obtained inhibit growth destroy microorganisms . Types Antibiotics antiviral drugs antiviral drug , several drugs used treat infections . drugs act interfering virus ' s ability enter cell replicate itself cell ' s DNA . See specific diseases , diseases of plants plants . Most fungi , bacteria , viruses . Although usually only destruction plants , action dry rot rotting harvested crops storage transport similar rots Bibliography See J . Waller , Discovery Germ ( 2003 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Infection A considered mean entrance , growth , multiplication microorganism ( pathogen ) host , resulting establishment process . Others define presence microorganism whether not it evolves detectable pathologic effects . bacterium , plant , animal , human being , infecting agent viral , rickettsial , bacterial , fungal , protozoan . A differentiation made between infestation . Infestation worms . Epidemiology Medical bacteriology Medical mycology Medical parasitology Opportunistic infections Pathogen Virus McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might outdated ideologically biased . Infection penetration pathogenic parasite human organism state being infected . concept applied one - celled ( bacteriophages ) . On hand , there tendency distinguish between concept parasitism , including invasion . Upon entering body , causative agent concentrates organs tissues . For example , course evolution itch mite adapted parasitizing epithelial layer skin ; causative typhus , Rickettsia prowazekii wall arterioles arterial capillaries ; influenza mucous membrane upper respiratory tract . After enters body , complex interaction takes place host — an infectious process . process ( dynamics pathological changes ) includes agent ’ s adaptation new conditions existence its reproduction , dissemination process , metastasis , intoxication host . process functional disturbances its reflex reactions constitute pathogenetic essence disease . An manifested chronic form carrier state . development particular form depends , hand , properties agent — its infectiousness , invasiveness , capacity exotoxins endotoxins — and number parasites entering organism . On condition degree susceptibility predisposition given very important factor . presence agents does provoke pathological unless conditions exist . Such agents said conditionally pathogenic . They large group wound infections , Escherichia species , herpesvirus . exist long time without producing symptoms skin , mucous membranes , intestine until injury , chill , factor enables them manifest their pathogenic properties . infected carriers sources Every has own mechanism transmission . In intestinal dysentery typhoid fever , eliminated feces urine way another enters mouth healthy individual . In tract , eliminated drops mucus during sneezing , coughing , talking penetrates healthy individual inhaled air ( the droplet mechanism transmission ) . typhus , malaria , bubonic plague , diseases , trasmitted blood - sucking insects — lice , mosquitoes , fleas — parasitizing first sick then individual . scabies fungal direct contact diseased knowledge mechanisms transmission basis prevention diseases . REFERENCES Mechnikov , I . I . Newspriimchivost ’ k infektsionnym bolezniam 2nd ed . Moscow , 1947 . Gromashevskii , L . V . Obshchaia epidemiologiia 4th ed . Moscow , 1965 . Pages 29 – 45 . E LKIN The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . What does it mean when you dream about an infection ? dream about being might represent anything absorbing ( being “ infected by ” ) negative attitudes others concerns one ’ s health . Possibly , dream represents negative thoughts feelings . ( See Illness ) . The Dream Encyclopedia , Second Edition © 2009 Visible Ink Press ® . All rights reserved . in ′ fek · shən ( medicine ) Invasion organism , without manifestation . Pathologic condition resulting pathogen . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . invasion microorganisms 2 . the 3 . an Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / cryptogenic + infection " > infection < / a > Mentioned in Abortive Infection acquired immune deficiency syndrome adenoids African Swine Fever amphotericin B Anaerobic Infection animal virus antibiotic blastomycosis candidiasis carbuncle chicken pox Chickenpox and shingles chlamydia Clostridium common cold concurrent infection crown gall Encyclopedia browser ▲ Cryptobranchidae Cryptobranchoidea Cryptocephalus Cryptocerata Cryptochaetidae cryptochannel cryptochromes cryptoclastic cryptoclimate cryptoclimatology Cryptococcaceae cryptococcal meningitis Cryptococcales cryptococcosis Cryptococcus cryptocoin cryptocrystalline cryptocurrency cryptocurrency exchange cryptocurrency mining cryptocurrency tumbler Cryptodepression Cryptodira cryptogam Cryptogamae cryptogenic infection cryptogram cryptographic algorithm cryptographic bitstream cryptographic coprocessor cryptographic hash function cryptographic key cryptographic module cryptography cryptohalite cryptojacking Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri cryptolite cryptology cryptomedusa cryptomelane cryptomitosis Cryptomonadida Cryptomonadina cryptonephridic cryptopart cryptoperthite Cryptophagidae Cryptophyceae Cryptophyta cryptophyte ▼ Full browser ▲ cryptogamic cryptogamic Cryptogamic plants Cryptogamic plants cryptogamicly cryptogamicly Cryptogamist cryptogamous cryptogamous cryptogamously cryptogamously Cryptogams Cryptogams cryptogamy cryptogenetic cryptogenetic Cryptogenetic Multifocal Ulcerous Stenosing Enteritis cryptogenic cryptogenic cryptogenic cirrhosis cryptogenic epilepsy Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia cryptogenic pyemia cryptogenic pyemia cryptogenic septicemia cryptogenic septicemia cryptogenic tetanus cryptogenic tetanus cryptogenous cryptogenous cryptoglioma cryptogram Cryptogram Version Number Cryptogramma Cryptogramma acrostichoides Cryptogramma crispa Cryptogrammataceae cryptogrammic cryptogrammic Cryptograms Cryptograms cryptograph cryptograph ▼ | [
"infection"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/cutaneous+tuberculosis | tuberculosis ( redirected from cutaneous tuberculosis Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical tuberculosis ( TB ) , contagious , wasting disease caused by any of several mycobacteria . The most common form of the disease is the lungs ( pulmonary consumption , or phthisis ) , but intestines , bones and joints , skin , and genitourinary , lymphatic , nervous systems may also be affected . There are three major types tubercle bacilli that affect humans . The human type Mycobacterium ) , first identified in 1882 by Robert Koch Koch , Robert 1843 – 1910 , German bacteriologist . He studied at Göttingen under Jacob Henle . As a country practitioner in Wollstein , Posen ( now Wolsztyn , Poland ) , he devoted much time to microscopic studies bacteria , for which he devised not only a method . . . . . Click link for more information . is spread people themselves . It most common one . bovine type M . bovis spread infected cattle but no longer threat areas where pasteurization milk health cattle are strictly supervised . avian M . avis carried infected birds can occur humans . tubercle bacillus can live considerable period time air or dust . means acquiring inhalation respiratory droplets . Course of the Disease Tuberculosis lungs usually results no minimal symptoms its early stages . In persons primary infection contained body ' s immune system , lesion , called tubercle , becomes calcified . In many infection permanently arrested . others may break out again become active years later , usually when body ' s immune defenses low . Untreated , progress until large areas lung other organs destroyed . Symptoms include cough , sputum , bleeding from lungs , fever , night sweats , loss weight , weakness . Incidence incidence lungs , " white plague " that formerly affected millions people , declined United States from 1950s until 1984 ; sanatoriums were closed routine screening was abandoned . Then , between 1984 1992 , incidence increased 20 % , chiefly because immigration countries where it because AIDS AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , fatal caused rapidly mutating retrovirus attacks system leaves victim vulnerable to infections , malignancies , neurological disorders . It was first recognized as 1981 . . . . . . Click link more information . which leaves people particularly vulnerable disease . Renewed efforts at control advances treatment have been rewarded with declines since 1993 . Worldwide outlook has been far less encouraging . 1993 World Health Organization ( WHO ) declared TB global health emergency . Approximately one third world ' s population infected ; an estimated 1.3 million died 2012 , making one deadly infectious diseases . vast majority new cases occur sub - Saharan Africa . Spread TB especially rapid with poor public services crowded living conditions . homeless shelters prisons , crowded conditions inadequate treatment often go together . Areas living conditions disrupted wars , famine , natural disasters also heavily affected . Especially alarming has drug - resistant strains TB . By late 1990s scientific experts international officials warned drug - resistant strains were spreading faster than had anticipated . Bacteria survive become drug resistant patients whose not properly monitored seen completion . Multidrug resistant ( MDR ) two commonly prescribed first - line drugs , while extensively drug ( XDR ) three classes toxic second - line drugs . Some believe unless major new strategies initiated source countries , will eventually epidemic even good control programs , such as Europe America . 2011 , WHO estimated there than 80,000 cases , many them undiagnosed , Europe . Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis made tuberculin skin test . be confirmed X rays X ray , invisible , highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation much shorter wavelength ( higher frequency ) visible light . wavelength range X rays about 10 − 8 m about 10 − 11 of chest sputum examination . Ideally , begins after skin test signals exposure before active developed . choice prevention cases antimicrobial isoniazid isoniazid used treat tuberculosis . Also known isonicotinic acid hydrazide , effective antituberculosis currently available . inhibits kills bacilli cause disease . ( INH ) , available since 1956 . individuals it now used combination other antituberculosis drugs such rifampin , pyrazinamide , ethambutol . Bedaquiline treat multidrug extensively TB . Tuberculosis drugs have taken regularly , typically 6 12 months . Many patients abandon their when they feel better ; similarly , preventive often abandoned inconvenience . Such noncompliance believed main reason upsurge bacilli , drug . Drug - resistant difficult higher death rate ; especially worrisome essentially untreatable . combination rifater ( rifampin , isoniazid , pyrazinamide ) simplified administration . Directly observed treatment , health - care workers watch take each dose medicine , proved effective eliminating problem noncompliance United States , monitoring less parts world . Prevention of Tuberculosis Preventive measures include strict standards ventilation , air filtration , isolation methods hospitals , medical dental offices , nursing homes , prisons . If someone believed contact another person who TB , preventive antibiotic given . Infected persons need identified soon possible so they isolated others treated . An vaccine , bacille Calmette - Guérin , BCG vaccine , developed France 1908 . Although there conflicting evidence its efficacy ( it appears 50 % those vaccinated ) , given over 80 % world ' s children , mostly countries common ; generally given States . Federal officials States stated ( 1999 ) vaccine essential prevention . hoped determination complete DNA ( genome ) sequence Mycobacterium tuberculosis , achieved 1998 , will hasten development an vaccine . Bibliography See R . Dubos , White Plague ( 1955 ) ; S . A . Waksman , Conquest ( 1964 ) ; K . Lougheed , Catching Breath : Making Unmaking ( 2017 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / An infectious bacillus primarily any organ system susceptible , so manifestations varied . Effective therapy methods prevention developed , remains cause mortality morbidity throughout world . complicated emergence organisms , including multiple - drug - resistant tuberculosis , those HIV infection . See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) transmitted airborne droplet nuclei produced individual coughs , speaks , sneezes . When inhaled , droplet nuclei reach alveoli lung . susceptible individuals organisms then multiply through lymphatics lymph nodes , through bloodstream sites lung apices , bone marrow , kidneys , meninges . development acquired immunity 2 weeks results halt bacterial multiplication . Lesions heal individual remains asymptomatic . Such said tuberculous without disease , show positive tuberculin test . risk developing clinical symptoms positive cultures diminishes never occur , lifelong risk . Only 5 % tuberculous progress Progression occurs mainly 2 years after infection ; household contacts newly thus risk . Many whether pulmonary extrapulmonary disease , nonspecific . Fatigue tiredness , weight loss , fever , loss appetite present months . A fever unknown origin sole indication acute influenzalike illness . Erythema nodosum , lesion , occasionally associated location focus flare into acceleration growth organisms . There complaints cough , produce sputum containing mucus , pus - and , rarely , blood . Listening disclose rales crackles signs pleural effusion ( the escape fluid into lungs ) consolidation if present . many , small infiltration , physical examination chest reveals abnormalities . Miliary variant blood - borne dissemination great number organisms resulting simultaneous seeding organ systems . meninges , liver , bone marrow , spleen , genitourinary involved . term miliary refers lesions being size millet seeds ( about 0.08 in . mm ) . These lesions present bilaterally . Symptoms variable . Extrapulmonary pulmonary However , AIDS , extrapulmonary predominates , particularly lymph node involvement . Fluid manifestations AIDS . portal entry , focus , seeded infection , breaks down occurring . Development renal result burning on urination , blood white cells urine ; asymptomatic . meningitis nonspecific , acute chronic headache , irritability , malaise . A pleural effusion without obvious involvement . Fever pain upon breathing symptoms . Bone joint involvement pain fever joint site . complaint chronic arthritis localized joint . Osteomyelitis present . Pericardial inflammation fluid accumulation constriction heart chambers secondary pericardial scarring two forms principal diagnosis test ( an intracutaneous injection purified protein derivative performed , injection site examined reactivity ) , smear culture , x - ray . Culture biopsy important making diagnosis initial therapy Drug combinations lessen chance surviving . preferred regimen both 6 - month regimen antibiotics isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide months , followed rifampin 4 Because problem cases , ethambutol included initial susceptibility studies known . Once started , improvement occurs almost all individuals . Any failure relapse due organisms . Drug resistance community depends on reporting all suspected case contacts evaluated treated appropriately indicated . Individual compliance medication essential . Furthermore , measures enhance compliance , directly observed therapy , necessary . Mycobacterial diseases McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might outdated ideologically biased . animals man tends causes inflammatory changes , form small tubercles located mainly nodes . man concern medical discipline known phthisiology . Descriptions found ancient Egyptian papyri Indian manuscripts , works Hippocrates physicians , writings ancient priests classical poets . Traces found Egyptian mummies dating 3000 2000 B.C. . Avicenna ( tenth - llth centuries A.D. ) noted extensive occurrence 17th - 18th - century London , mortality reached 700 870 per 100,000 inhabitants annually . rates comparable Hamburg , Stockholm , large European cities , accounted approximately 20 40 percent deaths . prerevolutionary Russia , Moscow St . Petersburg 467 607 per 100,000 inhabitants , respectively ( 1881 ) . Factory workers susceptible “ the cellar - dweller called . among St . Petersburg 1910 1916 five times higher among city ’ s well - to - do population . sharp increase rates occurred everywhere during socioeconomic crises wars . well morbidity mortality , declined economically developed owing improved sanitation use treatment . However , extent decline varies country different age , sex , social groups within same country . For example , population 1969 – 70 60.3 German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , 71.9 France , 81.5 Federal Republic Germany ( FRG ) , 199.0 Japan . 1970 5.4 GDR , 8.2 France , 15.3 Japan , 36 Hong Kong , 82 Philippines . USA , Negroes , Indians , Puerto Ricans , nonwhite groups four times whites . Among whites , highest unskilled laborers low - salaried employees . five miners , sailors , fishermen engaged professions , highly paid government employees , industrial managers . Paris , risk contracting 25 immigrant Portugal Yugoslavia native Parisians , 30 50 Africans ( 1969 – 70 ) . Incidence high New Zealand aborigines Australian aborigines relocated regions northern western parts country , unfavorable . No statistics existed developing Africa , Asia , Latin America mid - 1970 ’ s . Medical examinations inhabitants some these conducted personnel World Health Organization ( WHO ) 1951 . these examinations revealed high forms including severe progressive forms . India alone , according approximate calculations , 7 million bacillary tuberculosis . According WHO estimates , holds third fourth place main causes death countries , compared eighth ninth place economically countries . USSR , indexes children adolescents , sharply owing standard implementation nationwide scale . 1972 , USSR had factor compared 1960 levels . Disability factor almost five . USSR exhibits pattern typical countries : sharpest decline indexes children , adolescents , young adults , females males . age differences result use vaccine BCG , drugs , children adolescents . sex differences lower women harmful habits alcohol abuse smoking . Mechanisms pathogenesis . Long before Common Era , 1865 French physician J . A . Villemin proved agent . 1882 , R . Koch discovered causative agent , bacillus — a sometimes granular shape straight slightly bent rod 1.5 – 3 micrometers long . filtrable atypical forms . L - shaped isolated ; partly completely lost their cell wall capable reproducing and , under favorable conditions , reverting classical bacillus . All mycobacteria human , bovine , avian varieties . human variety , var . hominis infects man . bovine variety , var . bovis pathogenic well , commonly infects animals . avium poultry . causative agent isolated , variety excretions 90 95 percent cases ; variety remaining 5 cases . somewhat nonpulmonary frequency depends extent domestic animals poultry , prevailing sanitary conditions . transmitted airborne droplets saliva containing mycobacteria ; droplets discharged person coughs , sneezes , laughs . bacteria disseminated distance 0.5 – 1.5 m , remaining 30 60 minutes , enter nearby persons . Droplets remain clothing underwear person , floor , furniture , rugs , walls . dry up , mycobacteria contain environmental factors remain viable long time . When clothing shaken , surrounding contaminated minute particles dried if room thoroughly cleaned . Mycobacteria enter body drinks raw milk eats incompletely cooked meat , well scratch skin , example , dairymaid milks cow udder . Important factors modes duration contact source infection , number entering body — that is , infection . If brief , likely develop ; far prolonged , close who discharges mycobacte - ria - containing following rules personal hygiene . Drug - resistant develop body incorrect irregular modern antituberculotic agents , infect come him . only rarely great majority do develop activity body ’ s defense mechanisms . body ’ s innate resistance reinforced specific immunity vaccination BCG recovery mild case Factors favoring extensive repeated low resistance insufficient high - quality animal proteins vitamins , particular , vitamin C . Other contributing unfavorable working occupational hazards , inhaling dust amounts suicide fluorine . had , presently suffering from , diabetes mellitus , bronchitis , alcoholism . Age important factor : young insufficiently mechanisms , susceptible , whose nervous endocrine systems unstable during puberty . Also middle - aged elderly , suffer functional impairment various organs . marked formation single multiple tubercles larger foci inflammatory areas , both site penetrate organs tissues conveyed blood inhalation . Under influence bacterial toxins , tissue elements undergo caseous degeneration , influence enzymes formed leukocytes , tissue elements partially completely liquefy . adequate , foci sometimes resorbed . connective - tissue capsule separate surrounding generally around foci , scar over deposited caseous masses calcium salts , ossification focus . Under unfavorable conditions , caverns form . pass cavern bronchi tissue ; swallowed , conveyed intestine . penetrate mucous membrane larynx pharynx , help foci . Both streptococci staphylococci multiply cavern , aggravating patient ’ s condition . Similar changes take find favorable reproduction pleura , nodes , eyes , bones , kidneys , meninges . Generalized simultaneous successive involvement rare . marked rapid connective liver , spleen , myocardium , kidneys . Consequently , die underlying complications concurrent diseases . even widespread cavernous curable treated promptly correctly . tubercles , foci , caverns then undergo scarring , exúdate pleura , abdominal cavity , meninges resorbed . Symptoms . varied . Some appear soon infection ; this primary course individual ’ s resistance , age changes internal slight can not detected thorough examination . ( tuberculosis intoxication ) manifested reaction tuberculin , followed elevated temperature , night sweats , insomnia , appetite , fatigability , tearfulness , irritability . This increasingly rare , now uncommon adolescents adults . bronchadenitis , endotho - racic course bronchadenitis relatively benign formed nodes small . More severe bronchadenitis accompanied dry , hacking cough labored breathing . ( and occasionally multiple ) relatively entered , chiefly endothoracic nodes . complex diagnosed presence single focus endothoracic nodes resulting pleurisy , clinical manifestation Mycobacteria cervical , axillary , subman - dibular , inguinal enlarge tender immobile . gradually becomes thin inflamed . As progresses , liquefy , pus them flows | [
"tuberculosis",
"mycobacteria",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/dielectric+susceptibility | Dielectric Susceptibility dielectric susceptibility ‚ dī · ə ′ lek · trik sə ‚ sep · tə ′ bil · əd · ē ( electricity ) electric susceptibility McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Dielectric Susceptibility a quantity characterizing the capability of a dielectric to be polarized . Quantitatively dielectric susceptibility equals the proportionality coefficient K in relationship P = kE where E is intensity of electric field and P polarization ( the dipole moment per unit volume dielectric ) . properties substance are characterized by susceptibility , as well as by its constant ∊ . relationship between these two properties ∊ = 1 + 4πk . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Dielectric + Susceptibility " > Dielectric Susceptibility < / a > Mentioned in Crystal Physics Dielectrics electric susceptibility Electrical and Magnetic Induction Induction , Electrical and Magnetic Nonlinear Optics Polarizability Schmidt number 3 References in periodicals archive Figure 3 shows the real ( [ chi ] ' ) and imaginary ( [ chi ] " ) parts of the complex dielectric susceptibility [ chi ] of polymer 2 at room temperature over a frequency range of 100 Hz to ~ 3 x [ 10 . Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of side - chain liquid crystal polymers Figures 2 to 4 show the behavior of the real and imaginary parts of the ( [ chi ] ' and [ chi ] " respectively ) of the complex susceptibility [ [ chi ] . The dielectric properties of a substance can be represented in the most basic form by the complex function [ chi ] ( [ omega ] ) in the frequency domain . Dielectric spectroscopy of a polyethylene in the frequency range of 0.00001 Hz to 100000 Hz More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ dielectric ellipsoid dielectric fatigue dielectric field dielectric film dielectric fitting dielectric flux density dielectric gas Dielectric Heating dielectric hysteresis dielectric imperfection levels dielectric leakage dielectric lens Dielectric Loss Dielectric Loss Angle dielectric loss factor dielectric matching plate dielectric material Dielectric materials Dielectric Measurements dielectric phase angle Dielectric Polarization dielectric power factor dielectric shielding dielectric soak Dielectric Strength dielectric test dielectric vapor detector dielectric waveguide dielectric wedge dielectric wire dielectric - lens antenna dielectric - rod antenna Dielectrics dielectronic recombination dielectrophoresis Diels , Ludwig Diels , Otto Paul Hermann Diels - Alder reaction Diemen , Anton van Dien Bien Phu Dienas Lapa Dienbienphu Diencephalon diene diene resin Diene Synthesis diene value Dienes dienophile Dientzenhofer ▼ Full browser ▲ dielectric material Dielectric materials Dielectric measurements Dielectric media Dielectric media Dielectric medium Dielectric medium Dielectric Metal Dielectric Dielectric Midgap Energy Model dielectric phase angle dielectric polarization dielectric power factor Dielectric relaxation Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy Dielectric Resonating Oscillator Dielectric resonator Dielectric Resonator Antenna Dielectric Resonator Oscillator Dielectric Rod Waveguide dielectric shielding dielectric soak Dielectric spectroscopy Dielectric strength Dielectric Tapered Rod Antenna dielectric test Dielectric Thermal Analysis Dielectric Thermal Analyzer Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrator dielectric vapor detector Dielectric waveguide Dielectric Waveguide Model dielectric wedge Dielectric Wedge Antenna dielectric wire Dielectric Withstanding Voltage Dielectric - Barrier Corona Discharge Dielectric - Cap Quantum Well Disordering Dielectric - Constant Gas Thermometer Dielectric - Filled Parallel Plate dielectric - lens antenna Dielectric - Loaded Accelerator Dielectric - Resonator - On - Patch dielectric - rod antenna Dielectric - Type Heating dielectrically dielectrically Dielectrically Isolated Integrated Circuit Dielectrically - Consistent Reference Interaction Site Model Dielectrically - Isolated Field Effect Transistor ▼ | [
"Dielectric Susceptibility"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/direct+cause | cause ( redirected from direct cause Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal cause 1 . a . a ground for legal action ; matter giving rise to a lawsuit b . the lawsuit itself 2 . ( in the philosophy of Aristotle ) any of four requirements for a thing ' s coming to be , namely material ( material cause ) , its nature ( formal cause ) , an agent ( efficient and purpose ( final cause ) Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 any immediate , or more indirect , factor precipitating an outcome . See also CAUSALITY AND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2000 The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Cause phenomenon that directly determines gives rise another phenomenon , the effect . In real world all phenomena and processes are in state universal connection interaction . concept “ cause ” presupposes singling out particular group phenomena system , within framework which causal relation is established between particular processes . Every phenomenon grounded in several others determined by them , its causes . In process cognition researcher inevitably goes beyond mere description facts turns investigation laws their origin , development , functioning , seeking causes that determine corresponding properties object . movement thought from description causal explanation movement cognition outer inner , essence . As basis essence effect , functions as originating determining element relationship between phenomena . interconnection mutual conditioning take innumerable variety forms . Accordingly , types causes are extremely diverse . modern science classified by most varied criteria . Thus , depending on nature relations , classified as ideal material , informational energetic energeticheskie ) dynamic statistical , simple compound , single - factor multiple - factor , systemic nonsystemic , external internal , primary nonprimary , objective subjective , so on . It customary distinguish circumstances operation . social sciences , distinguished reasons — the processes contributing formation manifestation causes . Consideration diversity gives conception causality fundamental feature reality . I . I . L IAKHOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Actions , omissions , events , conditions , combination thereof , which led accident incident investigation ( ICAO ) . An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in act of God Addison ' s disease allergy amnesia anemia anthrax antibiotic Aristotle asphyxia Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiation Blastomogenic Effect of Radiation blight blindness blister Calhoun County candidiasis causality cerebral palsy chlamydia Encyclopedia browser ▲ Dirac sea Dirac spinor Dirac theory Dirac wave function Dirac , Paul Adrien Maurice Dirae Dirce Dire Dawa DirecPC direct direct access direct access method direct action direct address direct air cycle direct allocation direct approach direct attached storage direct audio radio service Direct Bank Crediting direct bearing direct broadcast radio satellite direct broadcasting satellite system Direct broadcasting satellite systems direct carrier billing direct cause direct cell Direct Circuit Direct Client to Client Protocol direct code direct cold - water supply Direct Combine Harvesting direct command guidance Direct component direct connect modem Direct Connection direct control direct control function direct conversion receiver direct cost direct coupling direct cross - connection direct current direct cycle direct cylinder direct data entry direct digital control Direct digital controls direct distance dialing direct drive direct dumping ▼ Full browser ▲ Direct Buy Program Direct Buyer Only Direct by Owner Direct Cable Connect Direct cable connection direct calorimetry direct calorimetry direct capitalization Direct Capture direct capture ELISA mastitis test direct capture ELISA mastitis test Direct Capture of Objectives Direct Carbon Fuel Cell direct care direct care Direct Care Staff Adjustment Direct Care Worker Direct Care Workers Association direct carrier billing direct causal association Direct Cd direct cell direct cell division direct cell division Direct Cell Mediated Lympholysis Direct Cell - Mediated Cytotoxicity Direct Centrifugal Flotation - Lane Method direct cerebellar tract direct cerebellar tract Direct Channel Assignment Direct Charitable Activity Direct Chemical Oxidation Direct Chill Direct Chip Attach Direct Chip Attach Module Direct Circuit Direct Circuit Control Exchange Direct Cite Authorization Direct Claim Direct Class Coupling Direct Client Connection Direct Client to Client Direct Client to Client Protocol direct clinical care direct clinical care ▼ | [
"cause",
"causal relations"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/fiducial+marks | fiducial marks fiducial marks Any marker built into an aerial camera that registers its image on an aerial photograph as a fixed reference mark in the form of image is called a fiducial mark . These are usually four fiducial marks on photograph and are used to define the principal point of photograph . Their appearance permits various calibrations , such as determination degree enlargement needed to fit picture rectification grids . Fiducial marks also in any instrument that define axes whose intersection fixes principal point and fulfills requirements interior orientation . These also usually four number . See collimating marks An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / fiducial + marks " > fiducial marks < / a > Mentioned in collimating marks fiducial axis fiducial mark Optical Caliper principal point Encyclopedia browser ▲ Ficus ficus carica FID Fidai fiddle fiddleback fiddlehead fern fiddler crab fiddley Fideal Fideicommissum Fideism Fidel Castro fidelity Fides FIDIL fidley FIDO FIDO Alliance FidoNet Fiducia fiducial axis fiducial inference fiducial limits fiducial mark fiducial point fiducial temperature fiduciary fiduciary point Fiedler , Arthur Fiedler , Franciszek Fiedler , Fred E . Fiedler , Konrad Fiedler , Leslie fiedlerite Fiedler ' s myocarditis fief field field alignment error Field Artillery field artillery observer field artillery trainer field bending field bindweed field brightness field capacity field changes field check field circus field coil ▼ Full browser ▲ Fiduciaire d ' Expertise Comptable de Belgique Fiduciaire d ' Expertise Comptable Nationale Fiduciaire de Contrôle et d ' Expertise Comptable de Cannes Fiduciaire de Distribution Internationale Fiduciaire de la Tour Maine Montparnasse Fiduciaire des Bords de Marne Fiduciaire des Centres Comptables Fiduciaire du District de Paris Fiduciaire du Val de Marne Fiduciaire Geiser Nicolas Fiduciaire Générale d ' Expertise Comptable Fiduciaire Gestion Organisation Fiduciaire Ile de France et Loiret Fiduciaire Ile de France Méditerranée Comptabilité SA Fiduciaire Jean Marc Faber Fiduciaire l ' Entente de Comptabilité et Gestion Fiduciaire Nationale de Révision Comptable Fiduciaire , Revision et Informatique SA Fiduciaire , Révision et Informatique SA Fiducial edge Fiducial inference Fiducial Lights Assemblies fiducial limits Fiducial line fiducial point Fiducial probability fiducial temperature fiducially Fiducian Portfolio Services fiduciaries fiduciaries fiduciarily fiduciarily fiduciary fiduciary abuse fiduciary abuse Fiduciary Abuse Specialist Team Fiduciary and Field Examination Fiduciary and Investment Risk Management Association Fiduciary Assessment & Retirement Plan Analysis Fiduciary Bond Fiduciary Bonds ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"fiducial marks",
"dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/filial+generation+(first) | generation ( redirected from filial generation ( first ) Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical generation 1 . the act or process of bringing into being ; production or reproduction , esp of offspring 2 . a . a successive stage in natural descent organisms : the time between when an organism comes into being and when it reproduces b . the individuals produced at each stage 3 . normal average time between two such generations a species : about 35 years for humans 4 . a phase form in the life cycle a plant animal characterized by particular type reproduction 5 . production electricity , heat , etc . 6 . Physics set nuclei formed directly from preceding set chain reaction Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 body people who were born same period , variously defined . period birth such group and birth their children , which , for demographic purposes , is usually accepted as 30 years . MANNHEIM distinguished as location ( a cohort ) , actuality , where there is sense belonging to group because shared experience feeling , e.g . Sixties Generation , Vietnam Generation . See also AGE SET AGE GROUP AGEING LIFE COURSE Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2000 The following article from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Generation biology , individuals with same degree kinship relation to their common ancestors ; immediate offspring preceding generation . longevity corresponds average reproductive age an aggregate given species . Generation demography , term referring people born year . ( The term “ cohort ” also used . ) interaction succession generations constitute age structure society . “ generation ” applied step descent common ancestor ( grandfather , father , son , so forth ) , with interval steps usually reckoned at 30 years . A society ’ s structure relationships that develop are biological , social , historical character . They are biological that alternation linked natural life cycle , social division functions among groups criteria this division depend on socioeconomic society . They historical because each begins particular time . members united by certain lifetime experiences , therefore , unique unrepeatable . In demography , generational analysis makes it possible discover long - range trends population dynamics , well changes patterns reproduction population length productive life , example . Among problems studied sociologists ethnologists relationship groups social structure , labor , methods socialization education young people . relationship other factors may be rigid direct fairly flexible indirect . In primitive society there was inflexible , formal system ( sometimes called classes ethnologists ) . Membership them was formalized associated certain specific rights obligations . modern society formal boundaries have been partially erased have become indefinite . Nonetheless , remains important psychological characteristic . research on cultural history , concept “ generation ” has primarily symbolic meaning . It associated less than common , meaningful experiences who participated lived important events ( for example , “ the October Revolution , ” “ the Great Patriotic War ” ) . concept applied linked intellectual orientations attitudes ( for example , “ lost generation ” ) . “ life span ” conventional conditional chronologically loose , designations purely descriptive . problem often discussed connection problems young youth movement . non - Marxist literature been attempts make basis universal periodization works J . Ortega y Gasset J . Marias Spain ) represent “ conflict generations ” universal moving force history ( L . S . Feuer USA , example ) . Marxist sociology rejects so abstract approach . any closely its socioeconomic class structure . Therefore , actual relationships among representatives different generations , including parents children , may understood only context more general situation ( the pace development , character conflicts , level ideological cohesiveness society , example ) . REFERENCES Urlanis , B . Ts . Istorih odnogo pokoleniia . ( Sotsial ’ no - á emograficheskii ocherk . ) Moscow , 1968 . Preemstvennost ’ pokolenii kak sotsiologicheskaia problema Moscow , 1973 . Eisenstadt , S . N . From 2nd ed . New York , 1966 . Riley , M . W . , A . Foner . Aging Society vols . 1 – 3 . New York , 1968 – 72 . I . K ON The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ‚ jen · ə ′ rā · shən ( biology ) A organisms having parent parents comprising single level line descent . ( computer science ) Any one three used historically classify computers according electronic hardware components , logical organization software , programming techniques ; computers thus known first - , second - , third - generation ; computer possess characteristics all simultaneously . One family data sets , related one another modification next most recent data set . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . An attempt classify degree sophistication of programming languages . See First generation language - - Fifth generation language This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( foldoc . org An instance version something regard past occurrences . For second product second version item , implication some changes made . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / filial + generation+ ( first ) " > generation < / a > Mentioned in 3G phone 3G / 4G 3GL 4GL A5 Adelgidae Alternation of Generations apospory Apple TV baby boom beat generation Breed Purity breeding Chromecast Computational Fluid Dynamics computer generations Desert Locust digital computer Embryobionta Encyclopedia browser ▲ file viewer file viewing file virus file wipe File - AID file - based streaming filed en route delay filed flight plan file - handling routine FileMaker FileMaker , Inc . FileMan filename extension Filene , Edward A . Filene , Edward Albert FileNet file - oriented system Filer files vs . folders FileSize metric Filesystem Hierarchy Standard filet lace Fili filial filial generation filial generation ( first ) filiation filibuster Filicales Filicineae Filicollis Anatis Infection Filicornia filiform filiform corrosion filiform lapilli filiform papilla filigree Filimon Isaevich Koridze Filimon Koridze Filimon , Nicolae Filimonov , Ivan Filimonov , Ivan Nikolaevich Filimonovo Filin , Fedot Filin , Fedot Petrovich filing system Filip Filipovic Filip Kutev Filip , Jan Filipchenko , Anatolii Filipchenko , Anatolii Vasilevich ▼ Full browser ▲ Filho de Amparo À Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Filhos Aliançados Pela Herança Fili fili - filia Filiae Amatissimae FILIAHO filial Filial cruelty Filial cruelty filial duty filial duty filial generation filial generation ( second ) filial generation ( second ) filial love Filiale Filiale Filiale de Cardiologie Pédiatrique et Congénitale Filiale Immobilière Commune des Organismes Sociaux d ' Indre et Loire Filiales Peugeot Paris Entreprises filiality filially filially filialness filialness filiate filiate filiated filiated filiates filiates filiating filiating filiation ▼ | [
"Dictionary",
"generation"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/fissure | fissure Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia fissure 1 . Anatomy a narrow split or groove that divides an organ such as the brain , lung , or liver into lobes 2 . a small unnatural crack in the skin mucous membrane , as between toes at anus 3 . a minute crack in surface of a tooth , caused by imperfect joining of enamel during development Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 ′ fish · ər ( geology ) A high , narrow cave passageway . An extensive rock . ( metallurgy ) A small cracklike discontinuity with slight opening displacement fracture surfaces . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Abducens Nerve abyssal injection Arabian - Indian Ridge artesian spring Atlantic series Basic Rocks brain Burow ' s Solution calcarine fissure calcarine sulcus caudate lobe Chink Chinking cleft cleft palate closed - circuit grouting Coloboma composite vein contact vein Encyclopedia browser ▲ fission barrier fission bomb fission chamber fission counter fission cross section fission detector fission fraction fission fragments fission fuel fission fungi fission isomer fission neutron fission product fission reactor fission spectrum fission spike fission threshold fission yield fissionable fission - fusion bomb fission - product poisoning fission - track dating fissiped Fissipeda fissium fissure spring fissure system fissure vein fissured soil Fissurellidae fistula Fistula , Artificial Fistuliporidae Fistulography fistulous withers fit fit out fit up Fita fitch Fitch , Aubrey Fitch , Clyde Fitch , James Marston Fitch , John Fitch , Thomas Fitch , Val L . Fitch , Val Logsdon Fitchburg Fitelberg , Grzegorz Fitema ▼ Full browser ▲ fissura prepyramidalis fissura prima cerebelli fissura pterygoidea fissura pterygomaxillaris fissura pterygopalatina fissura pudendi fissura pudendi fissura secunda cerebelli fissura sphenopetrosa Fissura sylvii Fissura sylvii fissura transversa cerebelli fissura transversa cerebri fissura tympanomastoidea fissura tympanosquamosa fissura umbilicalis fissurae cerebelli Fissural Fissural fissural angioma fissural cyst fissural cyst Fissuration Fissuration fissure bur fissure caries fissure eruption fissure for ligamentum teres fissure for ligamentum venosum fissure for round ligament of liver Fissure for the Ligamentum Teres Hepatis fissure fracture fissure fracture fissure in ano fissure in ano fissure lines fissure lines Fissure needle fissure of Bichat fissure of Bichat fissure of ligamentum venosum fissure of Morgagni fissure of Rolando fissure of Rolando ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"fissure"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/free+verse | free verse Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia free verse , term loosely used for rhymed or unrhymed verse made free of conventional and traditional limitations and restrictions in regard to metrical structure . Cadence , especially that of common speech , is often substituted for regular metrical pattern . Free verse is a literal translation the French vers libre , which originated in late 19th - century France among poets , such as Arthur Rimbaud Rimbaud , Arthur 1854 – 91 , French poet who had a great influence on the symbolists subsequent modern poets , b . Charleville . A defiant precocious youth , Rimbaud at 16 sent some poems to Verlaine , who liked his work invited him Paris . . . . . . Click link more information . and Jules Laforgue Laforgue , Jules 1860 – 87 , symbolist poet . He was one first poets write free verse . The revolutionary form Les Complaintes ( 1885 ) Derniers Vers ( 1890 ) influenced later poets as well such foreign T . S . . . . . . Click link more information . sought poetry from regularity alexandrine alexandrine prosody , line 12 syllables ( or 13 if last syllable unstressed ) . Its name probably derives from fact that some poems 12th 13th cent . about Alexander Great were written this meter . The term has also been applied by modern literary critics King James translation Bible , particularly Song Solomon Psalms , certain Matthew Arnold Arnold , Matthew , 1822 – 88 , English poet critic , son educator Dr . Thomas Arnold . Arnold was educated at Rugby ; graduated Balliol College , Oxford 1844 ; fellow Oriel College , Oxford 1845 . irregular poetry Walt Whitman Whitman , Walt ( Walter Whitman ) , 1819 – 92 , American poet , b . West Hills , N.Y . Considered by many be greatest all American Whitman celebrated freedom dignity individual sang praises democracy brotherhood man . ' s Leaves Grass . form also closely associated with English 20th cent . sought greater liberty structure , including Ezra Pound Pound , Ezra Loomis , 1885 – 1972 , poet , critic , translator , Hailey , Idaho , grad . Hamilton 1905 , M.A . Univ . Pennsylvania , 1906 . An extremely important influence shaping 20th - century poetry , he one most famous controversial T . S . Eliot Eliot , ( Thomas Stearns Eliot ) , 1888 – 1965 , American - British St . Louis , Mo . One most distinguished literary figures 20th cent . , Eliot won 1948 Nobel Prize Literature . He studied Harvard , Sorbonne , Oxford . William Carlos Williams Williams , William Carlos , 1883 – 1963 , physician , Rutherford , N.J. , educated Geneva , Switzerland , Univ . Pennsylvania ( M.D. , 1906 ) , Leipzig , where he studied pediatrics . Carl Sandburg Sandburg , Carl , 1878 – 1967 , journalist , biographer , Galesburg , Ill . son poor Swedish immigrants , left school age 13 became day laborer . Marianne Moore Moore , Marianne , 1887 – 1972 , St . Louis , grad . Bryn Mawr 1909 . She lived mostly New York City , working first librarian then editor Dial magazine ( 1925 – 29 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Free Verse ( vers libre ) system versification whose principles have not been fully elucidated . various types differ prose only virtue their arrangement into lines resulting interlinear pauses . Free distinguished traditional forms alternation lines varying length , absence rhyme , relative irregularity accent intervals between accents . On other hand , syllabic composition , accentual system , syntactic unity it forms national syllabotonic tonic Russia , France , Knittelverse ( national tetrameter ) German hexameter Germany . generally used epic works , works dealing with philosophic problems , works devoted reminiscences . Factors influencing development have included colloquial speech , folk poetry , biblical liturgical verse , an increasingly limited rhyme repertoire , need renew verse . Foreign played role through translations , imitations , quest native metric rhythmic equivalents . “ vers libre ” introduced G . Kahn 1884 , although had written since second half 18th century Goethe , J . C . F . Hölderlin , Heine Germany , Blake England USA , respectively , A . P . Sumarokov Russia . During 19th century , isolated examples were Russia V . A . Zhukovskii , Del ’ vig , F . N . Glinka , M . Iu . Lermontov , Fet , M . L . Mikhailov ; Mikhailov translated Heine ’ s free - verse cycle North Sea into Russian . became popular 1870 ’ s , increasing importance century Rimbaud , J . Laforgue , H . de Régnier , E . Verhaeren , G . Apollinaire , P . Eluard , Marinetti , Eliot , R . Becher , Pablo Neruda , Nazim Hikmet Ran . In late 19th early centuries , many examples Russia Dobroliubov , Blok , Kuzmin , V . Khlebnikov , artist N . K . Roerich . Contemporary Russian verse , which important particularly after 1950 ’ s , has E . Vinokurov , Soloukhin , D . Samoilov . In other literatures represented Mezhelaitis , I . Drach , Tank . principles are subject continuing study specialists . REFERENCES Zhovtis , L . “ O kriteriiakh tipologicheskoi kharakteristiki svobodnogo stikha ( Obzor problemy ) . ” Voprosy iazykoznaniia 1970 , no . 2 . Mamonov , I . Svobodnyi stikh v iaponskoi poezii Moscow , 1971 . Baevskii , “ O prirode russkogo svobodnogo stikha . ” his book Stikh russkoi sovetskoi poezii Smolensk , 1972 . “ Ot chego ne svoboden svobodnyi stikh ? ” Voprosy literatury 1972 , no . 2 . Hrushovski , B . “ On Rhythmus Modern Poetry . ” Style Language New York - London , 1960 . Czerny , Ł . “ Le Vers libre français et art structural . ” collection Poetics , Poetyka , Poetika Warsaw , 1961 . B AEVSKII S APOGOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . free verse unrhymed without pattern Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Ai Ching Ai Ch ' ing Albania Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Blok Aleksandr Blok Aleksandr Chak Aleksandr Ianisovich Chak Allen Ginsberg American literature Ammons , A . R . Amy Lowell Anthony Phelps Antonín Sova Aruz Benelli , Sem Black Poetry Day Blaga , Lucian Blok , Aleksandr Blok , Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Encyclopedia browser ▲ Free Software Foundation free software license free software movement Free Soil Party Free Soilers free space free space optics Free State free streamline free stuff free surface free symbol free symbol sequence free tenon Free test Free Time free to air TV free trade free tree free turbine free turbine turboprop engine free ultrafilter free variable Free Variant free vector free vibration free volume free vortex free wage labour free wall free water free wave free will free wing Free World free zone free - air anomaly free - air gravity anomaly free - air ionization chamber free - air temperature Freebase freeboard freeboard deck Freebooter Freeborn County free - bound emission FreeBSD free - burning coal Free - Cutting Brass Free - Cutting Steel ▼ Full browser ▲ Free Triiodothyronine Free Triiodothyronine free trip Free Trumpet Press West Free Tuition Universities Guide free turbine Free Turbine Governor free turbine turboprop engine free ultrafilter Free Unit Packs Free Unity Consulting Fridays Free Universal Access free university Free University of New York Free Unix Users of New Mexico Free Unlimited Email Address free up free up free up cap space free us up Free Use Permit Free Utah from Mormon Oppression Free variable Free variables and bound variables Free Variant Free Vascularized Fibular Graft free vector Free vector space free vectors Free Vehicle Grab Respirometer free vibration Free Video on Demand Free Vietnam Alliance Free Vietnam Revolutionary Group free villus Free Virtual Galaxy Free Virtual Window Manager Free Voice Host Free Voice of America Free VoIP Network Free Volatile Fatty Acid free volume free vortex Free vote free votes free wage labour Free Wales Army free walk free walk free wall Free Wall Segment Length free water Free water clearance Free water clearance ▼ | [
"free verse",
"metrical structure"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/gas+solubility | gas solubility gas solubility ¦ gas ‚ säl · yə ′ bil · əd · ē ( physical chemistry ) The extent that a gas dissolves in a liquid to produce homogeneous system . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / gas + solubility " > gas solubility < / a > Mentioned in gas - solubility factor Encyclopedia browser ▲ gas pocket gas port gas pressure regulator gas producer Gas Purification gas refrigeration Gas Refrigerator Gas Regulator Point gas reservoir gas reversion gas rig gas room Gas Safety Measures gas sand gas scattering gas scintillation proportional counter gas scrubbing gas seal gas sendout Gas Separation Gas Separator gas service piping gas service - line valve gas slippage gas sniffer gas spurt Gas station gas sterilization gas stimulation Gas Storage Gas Supply Gas Survey gas tank gas tetrode Gas Thermometer gas thermometry gas thermostatic switch gas tracer gas trap gas tube gas turbine gas turbine engine gas turbine numerology gas vacuole gas vacuum breakdown gas valve Gas Vane gas vent gas viscosity Gas Welding ▼ Full browser ▲ Gas Safety Action Council Gas Safety Engineering Section Gas Safety Inspection Gas Safety Installation and Use Regulations Gas Safety Management Regulations Gas Safety Measures Gas Sales and Purchase Agreement Gas Sampling System Gas Sampling Value gas sand gas scattering gas scintillation proportional counter gas scrubbing gas seal gas sendout Gas sensor Gas sensors Gas separation gas separator gas service gas service gas service piping gas service - line valve gas shell gas shell Gas Shrinkage Factor Gas Shut Off Gas Shut Off Valve gas slippage gas sniffer Gas Source Control Equipment Gas Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy gas spurt Gas Staffs and Senior Officers Gas State Gas State gas station gas station Gas Station Advertising Gas Station Mini Mart Gas station restroom Gas station restroom Gas stations Gas stations gas sterilization gas stimulation Gas stoichiometry Gas stoichiometry Gas storage gas stove ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"gas solubility",
"mean"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/glomerular+membrane | membrane ( redirected from glomerular membrane Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical membrane , structure composed mostly of lipid lipids , a broad class of organic products found in living systems . Most are insoluble in water but soluble nonpolar solvents . The definition excludes the mineral oils and other petroleum products obtained from fossil material . . . . . . Click the link for more information . and protein protein , any group highly complex organic compounds found all living cells and comprising most abundant class all biological molecules . Protein comprises approximately 50 % cellular dry weight . . . . . . Click link for more information . that forms external boundary cells cell , biology , unit structure function which plants animals are composed . The cell is smallest unit organism that is capable integrating essential life processes . There many unicellular organisms , e.g . and major structures within cells . Membrane organization based on a sheet two molecules thick — a double layer lipids aligned with their long hydrocarbon tails tucked inside — studded with protein molecules , some which extend completely through lipid bilayer . basic function membrane to provide integrity cell — e.g. , to separate outside from inside . While water few substances , such as carbon dioxide oxygen , can diffuse across membrane , most molecules necessary cellular functions traverse by means transport mechanisms . There several such mechanisms they rely upon interactions between transportable molecule specific membrane . Among these Na + - K + pump , by sodium ions within cell exchanged potassium ions without . Such transport functions permit selective entry particular materials into into structures cell . Information can also be transmitted across membrane . In this case , specific proteins called receptors bind hormones or other informational subsequently transmit signal interior cell . Endocytosis endocytosis biology , process substances taken When comes contact suitable food , portion cytoplasm surges forward meet surround material depression forms wall . also allows bulk materials The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Membrane A thin , flexible surface as net or form fabric surface , supported tension cables an air system . Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Copyright © 2012 , 2002 , 1998 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . thin , flexible film that placed under tension external forces thus exhibits property elasticity . A plate , whose elastic properties depend on its material thickness , should distinguished Examples membranes skin stretched over drumhead thin metal foil acts moving diaphragm condenser microphone . Depending shape contour along applied , several types membranes distinguished : example , rectangular , circular , elliptical . normal modes vibration represented systems standing waves various types nodal lines separate parts vibrate oppo - site displacements ( see Figure 1 ) ; contour fastened always nodal line if attachment there no displacement perpendicular plane Different vibration frequencies , aggregate determines discrete spectrum natural frequencies correspond different systems standing waves . undergoes forced vibrations at frequency when subjected concentrated distributed periodic forces ; when this frequency coincides one natural frequencies resonance occurs . In engineering , plate whose flexural rigidity equal zero also called usually fastened along its contour , being placed under thus ensuring will operate an elastic system . maximum deflection action uniformly distributed load having intensity p per area W covered determined approximate formula z = K ( p W / s ) , where s applied per length K factor depends shape = 0.080 square 0.078 circular 0.063 triangular membrane ) . Membranes undergo large deflections designed longitudinal deformations taken account ; circular maximum deflection determined formula z Q . 665r ) , where r radius E Young ’ s modulus material , h thickness may made various materials . Metal ( phosphor bronze , beryllium bronze , foil , chrome - nickel steel ) used aneroid barometers , measuring instruments operate at high temperatures , telephone receivers , sound recorders ( dictaphones ) . Nonmetallic ( made substances rubber , leather , cord , plastic , cotton , rubberized fiber , polycaprolactam fiber , silk fiber ) used sensing elements transform pressure variations linear displacements differential manometers , automatic pneumatic devices , diaphragm pumps ; nonmetallic load - carrying elements actuating mechanisms pneumatic control valves . plant cells , nonprotoplasmic component produced protoplast . determines cell , protects protoplast injury , participates transpiration , excretion , absorption conduction matter . It consists predominantly carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) . many fungi it contains chitin ; pollen grains spores higher plants it contains highly stable substance sporopollenin . stroma made up compact parallel groups polymerous cellulose — microfibrils — which immersed amorphous mass ( matrix ) pectins hemicelluloses . heterogeneity anisotropy birefringence . One differentiates primary , secondary , and , sometimes , tertiary membranes . thin exterior primary vitreously transparent , has loose network microfibrils , capable stretching . Stretching causes intussusception new microfibrils meristem , mesophyll , collenchyma have primary middle separates contiguous pectins , solution causes maceration cells . Sometimes term “ middle membrane ” designate two intercellular matter separates them . secondary rigidity elasticity high cellulose content , lies inside Thickening secondary occurs result apposition dense layers parallel microfibrils . some conductive xylem takes form ring spiral twisted ribbons . thickness entire wall depends has pores through matter exchanged between means plasmodesmata , penetrate intercellular matter . Functional specialization large degree associated changes chemical composition Thus , lignification conditioned appearance lignin ( especially wood sclerenchyma ) . lignin increases hardness growth ceases . Suberization occurs result infiltration suberin , not permeable fluids gases . This leads atrophy protoplast ( cork cells , exodermis ) . Cutin cutinization forming film — cuticle — on surface cuticle protects tissue overheating evaporation . Accumulation calcium salts ( in red algae , lilies ) silica ( in diatomaceous algae , epidermis horsetails cereals ) mineralization Conversion pectins cellulose mucilages , hold back moisture , occurs . Mucilages occurring seed coats facilitate sprouting . When there injury surfaces trunks cherry , almond , acacia , plants , gums excreted chemically similar mucilages medicinally manufacture glue . REFERENCES Razdorskii , V . F . Anatomiia rastenii Moscow , 1949 . Frey - Wyssling , A . , K . Mülethaler . Ul ’ trastruktura rastitel ’ noi kletki Moscow , 1968 . ( Translated English . ) Biokhimiia rastenii 1968 . ( Translated English . ) Esau , K . Anatomiia 1969 . L . I . L OTOVA animal specialized layer surface . consists proper plasma plasmalemma , submicroscopic about 100 Å thickness . plasmalemma , plays important role exchange environment ( it selective permeability ) , movement linkage proteins lipids , and , depending nature their physiological state , outgrowths ( microvilli ) invaginations ( pinocytosis ) . itself not present animal distinguished great variability : may perform skeleton ( the pellicle protozoans , chitin cuticle arthropods ) play protective role ( the multilayer egg wall cyst ) . mainly carbohydrates compounds proteins , inorganic substances . secreted itself surrounding same tissue . T . B . IZENSHTADT The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ mem ‚ brān ( building construction ) built - up roofing , weather - resistant ( flexible semiflexible ) covering consisting alternate layers felt bitumen , fabricated continuous covering surfaced aggregate asphaltic material . ( chemical engineering ) medium fluid stream passed purposes filtration . ion - exchange medium dialysis , diffusion , osmosis reverse osmosis , electrophoresis . ( histology ) Athin tissue surrounding part body , separating adjacent cavities , lining cavities , connecting adjacent structures . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . built - up roofing , weather - resistant ( flexible semiflexible ) consisting alternate felt bitumen ; fabricated continuous surfaced asphaltic McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . a pliable sheetlike usually fibrous covers , lines , connects plant organs 2 . Biology double lipid , containing proteins , surrounds biological internal 3 . Physics two - dimensional entity postulated fundamental constituent superstring theories particle physics 4 . a skin parchment forming part roll Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / glomerular + membrane " > membrane < / a > Mentioned in absorption acetylcholine receptor Action Potential amnion anisotropic membrane ankyrin area divider axolemma axoneme Basal Membrane Bioelectric Polarization Bioelectric Potentials Biological Membranes Biopotentials and ionic currents black membrane Bruch ' s membrane carrier protein catarrh Encyclopedia browser ▲ globin zinc insulin Globino globoside globular globular cluster globular deoxyribonucleic acid globular projection globular protein Globular Proteins globular star cluster globular transfer globule Globules globulin Globulins globulite globulomaxillary cyst G - LOC glocalization glochid Glochidia glochidium glockenspiel glockerite gloea glomerular membrane Glomerule glomerulonephritis glomerulosclerosis glomerulus Glomma glomus glomus aorticum glomus caroticum GLONASS gloom Gloominess Gloomy Gus Gloria Dei Church National Historic Site Gloria in excelsis Gloria Steinem Gloria Swanson Glorioso Islands Glorious Appollers , the Glorious Revolution Glorious Twelfth glork glory glory hole glory hole system glory lily ▼ Full browser ▲ Glomerular filtration Glomerular filtration glomerular filtration barrier glomerular filtration barrier glomerular filtration rate glomerular filtration rate Glomerular Grade 1 glomerular hematuria glomerular hematuria glomerular hilum glomerular hilum Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure Glomerular kidney disease glomerular layer of olfactory bulb glomerular lipidosis glomerular lipidosis Glomerular mesangium glomerular nephritis glomerular nephritis Glomerular pattern Glomerular pattern glomerular permeability glomerular permeability Glomerular podocytes glomerular proteinuria glomerular proteinuria glomerular rickets glomerular sclerosis glomerular sclerosis Glomerular Surface Area to Body Surface Area glomerular syndrome Glomerular Visceral Epithelial Cell Glomerular Volume Variation Glomerular - Tubular Protein Ratio glomerularly glomerularly glomerulate glomerulate glomerule glomerule ▼ | [
"membrane"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/heterogeneous+nucleation | heterogeneous nucleation Also found in : Medical heterogeneous nucleation ‚ hed · ə · rə ¦ jē · nē · əs ‚ nü · klē ′ ā · shən ( physical chemistry ) The formation of vapor bubbles on cavities or scratches of a surface bounding a superheated liquid . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / heterogeneous + nucleation " > heterogeneous nucleation < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . References in periodicals archive The variation of n values of nanocomposites with MWCNTs concentration is ascribed to the complicated crystallization mechanism and of SPU in presence of MWCNTs [ 33 ] , As shown in Table 3 for all the samples the values of [ Z . Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of carbon nanotubes containing segmented polyurethane elastomer e predominance of sulphate emissions at maximum load modes further ratifies the argument that , it is actually which increases both nuclei mode NP as well as sulphate emissions . Role of biodiesel - diesel blends in alteration of particulate matter emanated by diesel engine Calcium phosphate / calcium oxalate crystal association in urinary stones : implications for of calcium oxalate . Pathogenesis of renal calculi / Renal tas hastaligi patogenezi Difference Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation S . Metastable flow inside capillary tubes : a critical review Lebron and Suarez ( 1996 ) developed a precipitation rate model which considers the effects of DOC on both crystal growth and Sodic soil reclamation : Modelling and field study It is widely accepted that for the multiphase polymer systems , such as the semi - crystalline polymers [ 17 - 20 ] , polymer nanocomposites [ 21 - 24 ] , and polymer blends [ 25 , 26 ] , the low energy barrier for cell nucleation at interface accounts for the increase in cell density according to the classical theory [ 27 - 29 ] . Promoting effect of crystallization on the foaming behavior in polypropylene homopolymer / polypropylene block copolymer blends This will strongly improve our understanding of the basic phenomena which control from liquid - phase precursor . NOC2D : Nucleation of Organic Crystals onto 2D materials The purpose of those reactive elements is to combine with S and O in the iron and form potent sites for graphite . Inoculation Material Improves Graphite Formation in Ductile Iron . ( Technology in Progress ) Heterogeneous Nucleation and Initial Microstructure Evolution in Alloys and Colloids . Research and Markets : TMS 2010 139th Annual Meeting and Exhibition : Supplemental Proceedings , Volume 2 , Materials Characterization , Computation , Modeling and Energy The addition of small amounts of PCL increased the cell density , indicating a effect of the PCL phase [ 9 , 26 ] . Microcellular injection molded polylactic acid / poly ( [ epsilon ] - caprolactone ) blends with supercritical C [ O . sub . 2 ] : correlation between rheological properties and their foaming behavior It is based on leading edge research into the and growth in aluminium alloys , and its promotion by dispersed oxides . UNITED KINGDOM - High Shear Processing of Recycled Aluminium Scrap for Manufacturing High Performance Aluminium Alloys . ( RECYCAL ) earlier nucleation of pores in modified melts is due to an influence of modification on the inclusions that play an important role in the of porosity . Enhancing Mechanical Properties More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ heterodyne interference heterodyne measurement heterodyne modulator heterodyne oscillator heterodyne reception heterodyne repeater Heterodyne Resonance Indicator heterodyne wavemeter heterodyne whistle heterodyning heteroecious heteroerotism heterogamete heterogametic sex Heterogamety heterogamous Heterogamy heterogeneity heterogeneous heterogeneous catalysis heterogeneous chemical reaction heterogeneous environment heterogeneous fluid heterogeneous network heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein heterogeneous radiation Heterogeneous Reactor heterogeneous reservoir heterogeneous ribonucleic acid heterogeneous strain Heterogeneous System Heterogeneratae Heterogenerataephyceae Heterogenesis heterogenetic antigen heterogenite Heterogenization heterogenous heterogenous vaccine Heterognathi Heterogony heterograft heterohemolysin heterojunction heterojunction bipolar transistor heterojunction field - effect transistor Heterokaryon heterokaryosis heterokaryotype heterokont ▼ Full browser ▲ Heterogeneous Lan Management Heterogeneous matter Heterogeneous matter Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility Heterogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Heterogeneous Multicast Heterogeneous Multiple Channel Environment Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Heterogeneous network Heterogeneous Network Computing Environment Heterogeneous Network Research Group Heterogeneous Networks of Workstations Heterogeneous nouns heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonuclear Protein U heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Complex Protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein P2 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein P2 heterogeneous nuclear RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA Heterogeneous Packet Flow Heterogeneous Parallel Computing Environment Heterogeneous Parallel Virtual Machine Heterogeneous quantities heterogeneous radiation Heterogeneous reaction heterogeneous reactor heterogeneous reservoir heterogeneous ribonucleic acid heterogeneous strain Heterogeneous surds heterogeneous system heterogeneous system Heterogeneous System Management Domain Heterogeneous Systems Architecture Heterogeneous Unmanned Reconnaissance Team Heterogeneous Urban RSTA heterogeneous vaccine heterogeneous vaccine Heterogeneous Value Difference Metric Heterogeneous Vancomycin - Intermediate Staphylococcus Aureus Heterogeneous View Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Resource Management and QoS Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks heterogeneously ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"heterogeneous nucleation",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/homology | homology Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia homology ( hōmŏl əjē ) in biology , the correspondence between structures of different species that is attributable to their evolutionary descent from a common ancestor . For example , the forelimbs of vertebrates , such as wing bird or bat , and foreleg an amphibian , are homologous ; there is an almost identical number bones in limbs , and pattern construction identical . Homologous structures do not necessarily have to have same function ; wings birds forelegs a horse are homologous through they clearly serve different functions . Analogy analogy , biology , similarities function , but differences evolutionary origin , body organisms . For example , wing bird analogous insect , since both used for flight . . . . . . Click link for more information . is functional similarity between that do not common origin ; wings birds those insects analogous . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Homology similarity organs constructed same way developing identical embryonic rudiments animals plants ; such homologous organs may be dissimilar appearance perform functions . determination its juxtaposition analogy were proposed by English scientist R . Owen ( 1843 ) , who distinguished specific serial homology . He defined specific as correspondence organ one animal organ another , terms position relationship with other parts body ( for human arm , cetacean flipper , avian wing ) . Serial homology , homodynamy , he understood animal parts located along longitudinal axis ( for human arm leg ) . commonality origin organisms was first given natural - historical explanation by C . Darwin ( 1859 ) . German anatomist C . Gegenbaur ( 1898 ) distinguished complete incomplete homology . In complete according their position connections with other disrupted variations form size ; incomplete certain may disappear through evolution ( defective homology ) , new appear ( augmentative homology ) . combination loss some new formation others called imitative ( German biologist M . Fürbringer ) . morphological criteria similar structure presence transitional forms . ontogenetic criterion development similar embryonic rudiments . An example plants leaves been modified due results various functions converted into flower petals , stamens , one several kinds thorns . Specific instances homodynamy , homonomy , homotypy . REFERENCES Shmal ’ gauzen , I . I . Osnovy sravnitel ’ noi anatomii pozvonochnykh zhivotnykh 2nd ed . Moscow , 1935 . Darwin , Proiskhozhdenie vidov putem estestvennogo otbora : Soch . , vol . 3 . Moscow - Leningrad , 1939 . Bliakher , L . la . “ Analogiia i gomologiia . ” In collection Ideia razvitiia v biologii Moscow , 1965 . Haeckel , E . Generelle Morphologie der Organismen vols . 1 – 2 . Berlin , 1866 . Gegenbaur , Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere Leipzig , 1898 . Owen , R . On Archetype Homologies Vertebrate Skeleton London , 1847 . L . I A B LIAKHER Homology ( in mathematics ) . ( 1 ) projective geometry , one - to - one transformation projective plane onto itself , which linear distribution points preserved all points given straight line — the axis homology — remain fixed . ( 2 ) A concept topology . simplest case refers property which closed curve on surface boundary certain part surface . curve l on surface torus boundary part 5 this surface ; it said zero . λ zero since it any surface ; cut along will result piece torus falling out ( see Figure 1 ) . Figure 1 The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . hə ′ mäl · ə · jē ( biology ) fundamental processes organisms usually results having descended ancestor . ( chemistry ) relation among elements group , family , periodic table . ( organic chemistry ) That state , series organic compounds differ each CH 2 methane series C n H 2 n + 2 there compounds graded change properties . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . Chem similarities chemical behaviour shown members 2 . Zoology measurable likenesses animals , used grouping them according theory cladistics Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Mentioned in acyclic agronomy algebraic topology analogy Analogy in Biology Anatomy , Comparative Andrea Cesalpino archetype Augustin Pyrame De Candolle axis of homology axis of perspective Betti group Candolle , Augustin Pyrame De Cesalpino , Andrea cohomology group cohomology theory coincidental evolution comparative anatomy connectivity number Encyclopedia browser ▲ homoiothermal Homoistela homojunction bipolar transistor homokaryon homokaryosis homokaryotype Homoki Nagy , István homolateral homolecithal Homolecithal Eggs Homolle , Théophile homolog homologation homological algebra homologous chromosomes homologous motion Homologous Organs homologous recombination Homologous Series Homologous Series , Law of homologous serum jaundice homologous stimulus homologous transformation homologous tumor homology group homology theory homolosine Homolovi Ruins State Park homolysis homolytic cleavage homometric pair homomorphism homomorphous transformation homomorphs Homomorphy Homoneura homonomous hemianopsia Homonomy homonuclear molecule homonym Homonyms Homonymy homopause homopetalous homophobia homophone Homophones homophony homoplastic ▼ Full browser ▲ homologous tumor homologous vaccine homologous vaccine homologously homologously homolographic homolographic projection Homologs Homologs homologue homologue Homologues Homologues homologumena Homology ( biology ) Homology ( biology ) Homology ( mathematics ) Homology Database Homology group homology of chains homology of dictyostelium scar 1 homology of strands homology r homology r Homology Region 2 Homology theories Homology theory Homology , Homotopy and Applications Homology - Dependent Gene Homology - Dependent Gene Silencing Homology - Derived Secondary Structure of Protein Homology - Facilitated Illegitimate Recombination homolosine homolosine projection Homolovi Homolovi Ruins Homolovi Ruins State Park homolysin homolysis Homolytic ▼ | [
"Homology"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/information+retrieval | Information Retrieval Also found in : Dictionary Acronyms Wikipedia information retrieval ‚ in · fər ′ mā · shən ri ‚ trē · vəl ( computer science ) The technique and process of searching , recovering , and interpreting information from large amounts of stored data . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Information Retrieval the process locating in a certain set texts ( documents ) all those devoted to a requested subject or that contain facts information necessary to the user . Information retrieval is accomplished by means an retrieval system performed manually with use mechanization automation . Human beings are indispensable in retrieval . Depending on character contained texts output by system , can be documentary , including bibliographic , factual . Information must distinguished logical processing , without which direct replies questions posed human being impossible . In retrieval , only that was input system sought — only can found . Before input into an system , basic semantic content ( theme subject ) text ( document ) determined , which then translated into recorded language . This entry termed form text . same procedure also followed when recorded specific form are system . A processed request also translated language , forming instruction . Since forms instructions one same language , whose expressions permit only one interpretation , it possible compare them formally , ignoring meaning . Specific rules ( match criteria ) given for this establish at what degree formal coincidence with instruction text should considered correspond request subject output . technical efficiency characterized two relative indicators — the precision coefficient ( the ratio number answering total number given output ) recall coefficient ( the ratio answering total such contained systems ) . permissible values these indicators depend on specific features requirements . For example , patent descriptions aim examining patent ’ s claim innovation , 100 percent completeness necessary output ; oriented toward ordinary researcher engineer , precision about 80 percent completeness about 50 considered very good . may two types — selective ( or addressed ) dissemination retrospective retrieval . In selective dissemination information , carried out according constant demands certain users ( subscribers ) ; it performed periodically ( usually weekly biweekly ) body entered during this time . An efficient feedback established between subscriber : subscriber reports what degree corresponds his whether he needs copy complete text , as well as correspondence his requirements . This feedback allows requirements made more precise , permits react quickly changes these requirements , allows work optimized . retrospective searches throughout whole stored body for containing required answer single requests . further development directed toward its mechanization automation makes use punched cards manual handling ( edged - notched , slotted , visual selection cards ) , keypunch machines , digital computers , well special technical methods — microphotographic , magnetic , videotape recording . REFERENCES Mikhailov , A . I . , A . I . Chernyi , R . S . Giliarevskii . Osnovy informatiki 2nd ed . Moscow , 1968 . Pages 244 – 620 . Bourne , C . P . Methods Handling New York , 1963 . Vickery , B . C . On Retrieval System Theory 2nd ed . London , 1965 . I . C HERNYI The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Information + Retrieval " > Information Retrieval < / a > Mentioned in ANSI Z39 . 50 Applied Linguistics association trail CBIR CKO classification Classification by Subject Computer Technology computer vision concept coordination content analysis content - based information retrieval Control System , Automated coordinate indexing CWIS cyberlibrarian cybernetics Data Retrieval database management system Encyclopedia browser ▲ information interchange information island Information Language Information Languages information link information management Information Management System Information Mapping information network information operations information outlet information overload information owner information precedence relation information process analysis chart information processing information processing cycle Information Processing Language information rate information redundancy information request information requirements Information Resource Management information resources information resources management Information Retrieval Language Information Retrieval System Information Science information security information selection systems information separator information service information services information signs displayed at airports information society Information Source Information Storage information storage and retrieval information superhighway information system information system architecture Information Systematization Information Systems information systems engineering Information Systems Factory information technology Information Technology Infrastructure Library information theory information unit information utility ▼ Full browser | [
"Information Retrieval",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/intradermal | intradermal Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Financial Acronyms Wikipedia intradermal ¦ in · trə ′ dər · məl ( anatomy ) Within the skin . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / intradermal " > intradermal < / a > Mentioned in Desensitization Echinococcosis Epithelioma infant injection intradermal nevus lepromin Mantoux Test Pirquet Reaction Schick test Schultz - Charlton test Skin Reactions Toxoplasmosis Encyclopedia browser ▲ intrabeam viewing intracartilaginous ossification intracavernous aneurysm intracavity absorption spectroscopy intracellular intracellular canaliculi intracellular digestion intracellular enzyme intracellular signaling protein intracellular symbiosis intracervical intracistron complementation intraclast intracloud discharge intracluster medium Intracoastal Waterway Intracoastal Waterway charts intracortical intracranial intracranial aneurysm intracranial angiography intracratonic basin intracrystalline intracytoplasmic Intrada intradermal nevus intradermopalpebral Intrados intraductal intradural intraembryonic intraepidermal intraepidermal epithelioma intraepithelial intraesophageal Intrafactory Planning Intrafactory Profitability Accounting Intrafactory Turnover intrafascicular intraflow intraformational breccia intraformational conglomerate intraformational fold intraframe coding intrafusal fiber intragenic intragenic recombination intragenic suppression Intrageoanticline intrahepatic ▼ Full browser ▲ intracytoplasmic Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Intracytoplasmic sperm injection intrad Intrada Intrada Records Intrada Records intraday intraday Intraday High Intraday Highs Intraday Indicative Value Intraday Intensity Index Intraday Limit Intraday Limits Intraday Low Intraday Lows Intraday Tick Data at End of Day intradays intradays intradepartmental intradepartmental Intradepartmental Council on Native American Affairs intradepartmentally intradepartmentally Intradermal Allergy Test Intradermal Dilutional Testing intradermal injection intradermal injection intradermal injection , intracutaneous injection intradermal injection , intracutaneous injection intradermal naevus Intradermal Purified Protein Derivative intradermal reaction intradermal suture ( 3 ) intradermal suture ( 3 ) intradermal test intradermal test intradermal vitamin C test intradermally intradermally intradermic intradermic ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"intradermal"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/intramedullary+nail | nail ( redirected from intramedullary nail Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Acronyms nail , in anatomy , the horny outgrowth shielding the tip of finger and toe in humans and most other primates . The nail consists of dead cells pushed outward by dividing cells root , a fold epidermis at base ( see skin skin , flexible tissue ( integument ) enclosing body vertebrate animals . In humans other mammals , skin operates a complex organ numerous structures ( sometimes called integumentary system ) serving vital protective metabolic functions . . . . . . Click link for more information . ) . The hard material is tough protein material , keratin . If root is destroyed , ceases to grow . Otherwise , growth from root to tip achieved about four months . small - celled relatively bloodless tissue near base forms white , crescent - shaped spot called lunula , or moon . No pigment occurs cells , but since they are translucent , their appearance pink because blood vessels beneath . A painful inflammation ( paronychium ) fingertip may result from infection starting hangnail . Pressure improperly fitting shoes may cause large toenail cut into along its edges ( the so - called ingrown toenail ) . Horny derivatives integument , homologous primate nail , have evolved into various structures animals , e.g. , hooves horses cattle claws birds reptiles . metal pin driven by force applied at one end pieces material , usually wood , join them together . strength nailed joint depends on properties wood , type number nails used , type loads applied joint . When subjected side loading , strength itself also becomes important . Generally speaking , holds better when driven across grain wood than parallel with it better hardwood than softwood . However , since softwood has less tendency split hardwood , more nails can be it . Various means , such as texturing surface or coating it with high - friction materials are used increase its withdrawal resistance . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Nail A slender piece metal pointed one end for driving wood flat striking hammer ; used as board fastener . size indicated term “ penny ” letter “ d , ” which refers length ranging 2d ( 1 inch ) 60d ( 6 inches ) . Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Copyright © 2012 , 2002 , 1998 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Nail horny protective formation that covers dorsal aspect terminal phalanx lemuroids , simians , man . modified claw . plate , lies on bed , which formed connective layer skin . bed fused periosteum phalanx abundantly supplied blood vessels nerve endings . One differentiates distal free protrudes over pad digit ; body nail ; root , proximal section nail . bound fold fold . At groove , constantly grows an average rate 3 mm per month man . Pathological changes diseases classified onychias — diseases itself — and paronychias — diseases fold . Changes can congenital . For example , plate too thick too thin , shape otherwise altered . More rarely , incompletely developed , plate completely absent . causes acquired pathological changes include vitamin deficiency , neurotropic disorders , diseases . most common infectious diseases fungal , example , tinea , ringworm . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . What does it mean when you dream about a nail ? holds binds objects together that need fixed repaired . To “ get nailed ” get caught something . Another slang expression , “ hit head , ” indicate an accurate appraisal repair problem relationship . This symbol seen fingernail toenail . If fingernail pointing something , new direction viewpoint being created . stubs toenail , carelessness have caught up person . The Dream Encyclopedia , Second Edition © 2009 Visible Ink Press ® . All rights reserved . nāl ( anatomy ) epidermal derivative covering dorsal aspect terminal each finger toe . ( design engineering ) slender , usually pointed fastener head , designed insertion impact . ( engineering ) To drive manner will position hold two members , desired relationship . ( medicine ) metallic rod blunt sharp end , surgically anchor bone fragments . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Types straight , small , rigid , slender shaft metal , pointed ; has head hammer ; fastener join separate pieces attach tiles sheathing roof , so on . Nails were hand - wrought until invention machines their manufacture early 19th century . See cut nail dog nail hand - wrought nail wire nail wrought nail McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . a fastening device made round oval wire , having point head 2 . the covering part surface fingers toes 3 . the claw mammal , bird , reptile 4 . a unit length , formerly measuring cloth , equal two quarter inches Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Nails ( dreams ) Hammering dream might represent feelings anger hostility , symbolize hard work honorable endeavors . Additionally , some sexual connotations . man expressing some repressed anxiety about sexual potency while woman expressing her unconscious abhorrence sex . Bedside Dream Dictionary by Silvana Amar Copyright © 2007 by Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / intramedullary + nail " > nail < / a > Mentioned in annular nail asphalt - shingle nail back nailing back - nailing blind nailing boarding joist box nail box up brad brad punch brad set brad setter carpenter ' s punch casing nail cement - coated nail center nailing clamp nail clasp nail clench nail Encyclopedia browser ▲ intraepidermal epithelioma intraepithelial intraesophageal Intrafactory Planning Intrafactory Profitability Accounting Intrafactory Turnover intrafascicular intraflow intraformational breccia intraformational conglomerate intraformational fold intraframe coding intrafusal fiber intragenic intragenic recombination intragenic suppression Intrageoanticline intrahepatic intrajugular process intralaminar nuclei intraLATA intraline distance intraluminal intramarginal intramedullary intramedullary nail intramembranous intramembranous ossification Intramolecular Respiration intramural intramuscular intranet intranet computer intranet server intranet toaster IntranetWare IntranetWare for Small Business intransitive intranuclear cascade model intraocular intraocular pressure intraoptical light sighting system intraparietal intrapartum intraperitoneal intrapetiolar intrapreneur intraprocedure metric Intraproduction Reserves intrapulmonic Intrasector Competition ▼ Full browser ▲ intramammary infusion additive intramammary infusion additive Intramarginal Intramarginal Intramarket sector spread Intramarket Sector Spreads intramastoiditis intramaxillary anchorage intramaxillary anchorage intramaxillary elastic intramaxillary elastic intramedullary intramedullary administration intramedullary administration intramedullary anesthesia intramedullary arthrodesis Intramedullary Hip Screw intramedullary pin intramedullary pin intramedullary pinning intramedullary pinning intramedullary reamer intramedullary rod Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor intramedullary tractotomy intramedullary transfusion intramembraneous bone intramembraneous bone Intramembranous Intramembranous intramembranous bone intramembranous bone intramembranous bone formation intramembranous membrane intramembranous membrane Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification intramembranous , formation bone intramembranous , formation bone ▼ | [
"nail"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/kame | kame Also found in : Dictionary Acronyms Wikipedia kame ( kām ) low , steep , rounded hill or ridge of layered sand and gravel drift , developed from glacial deposits . Kames were probably formed by streams of melting glacial ice that deposited mud and sand along the ice front . The subsequent retreat the glacier left them as more or less isolated hills ridges , ranging in height from a few feet to 100 ft ( 30 m ) more . Kames generally occur in clusters are situated directly behind a mass rock soil called terminal moraine moraine formation composed unsorted unbedded rock soil debris called till , which was deposited by glacier . The till that falls on sides valley glacier bounding cliffs makes up lateral moraines , running parallel to valley sides . . . . . . Click link for more information . They are common glaciated valleys Scottish Lowlands , where name originated . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / kām ( geology ) A low , long , steep - sided mound drift , commonly stratified gravel , as an alluvial fan delta at terminal margin melting glacier . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in Accumulative Relief Africa Batman Byelorrussian Soviet Socialist Republic Courland Elevation crevasse deposit drift Esker Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Europe Finland Fluvioglacial Drift Glacial Morphosculpture Hegenbarth , Josef Josef Hegenbarth kame terrace Kames , Henry Home , Lord Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Encyclopedia browser ▲ Kamal Jumblatt Kamal Khujandi Kamal , Galiaskar Kamal , Sharif Kamalov , Foma Kamalov , Foma Georgievich Kamanin , Nikolai Kamanin , Nikolai Petrovich Kamarhati Kamarovskii , Leonid Kamarovskii , Leonid Alekseevich Kamasintsy Kama - Sutra Kamba Kamban , Gudmundur Jónson Kambarka Kamberi Kambuja Kamchadaly Kamchatka Kamchatka Current Kamchatka Gulf Kamchatka Oblast Kamchatka Sea Kamchiia kame terrace Kamehameha Kamehameha Celebration Kamehameha I Kamelik Kamen Kalchev Kamen Zidarov Kamen , Martin David Kamenets Kamenetskii Kamenets - Podolskii Kamenev , Lev Kamenev , Lev Borisovich Kamenev , Lev Lvovich Kamenev , Sergei Kamenev , Sergei Sergeevich Kamenka Kamenka Gorodishche Kamenka - Bugskaia Kamenka - Dneprovskaia Kamen - Kashirskii Kamennaia Mogila Kamen - Na - Obi Kamennoe Kamennogorsk ▼ Full browser ▲ Kambuja KAMC Kamchadal language Kamchadaly Kamchatka Kamchatka Current Kamchatka Gulf Kamchatka League of Independent Experts Kamchatka Oblast Kamchatka Peninsula Kamchatka Peninsula Kamchatka Province Kamchatka Sea Kamchatka Trench Kamchatkan Kamchatkan sea eagle Kamchatkan sea eagle Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team Kamchatska Kamchatska Kamchatska Peninsula Kamchatska Peninsula Kamchatskaya Oblast ' , Russia Kamchiia KAMCO KAMD Kamdhenu Ispat Limited Kame Hame Ha kameez kameezes KAMEG Kamehameha Kamehameha ( disambiguation ) Kamehameha Celebration Kamehameha Day Kamehameha High School Kamehameha I Kamehameha I of Hawai ' i Kamehameha I of Hawai ' i Kamehameha I of Hawaii Kamehameha I of Hawaii Kamehameha I , King of Hawai ' i Kamehameha I , King of Hawai ' i Kamehameha I , King of Hawaii Kamehameha I , King of Hawaii Kamehameha Schools Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate Kamehameha the Great Kamehameha the Great kamelaukion Kamelik Kamen Kalchev Kamen Rider Kamen Zidarov ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"kame",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/lapilli | Lapilli Also found in : Dictionary Wikipedia lapilli lə ′ pi ‚ lī ( geology ) Pyroclasts that range from 0.04 to 2.6 inches ( 1 to 64 millimeters ) in diameter . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Lapilli small rounded or irregularly shaped pieces of lava between the size of a pea and a walnut , ejected together with volcanic bombs and ash during volcanic eruptions . They are chunks lava that have solidified in flight fragments wall rock through which the eruption passed which solidified earlier . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Mentioned in accretionary lapilli filiform lapilli lapilli - tuff Pele ' s hair pisolitic tuff Rocks Stratovolcano Tephrite Tuff , Volcanic Volcanic Tuff volcano Volcanogenic Sedimentary Rock Encyclopedia browser ▲ lap weld lap winding LAP4 lapachoic acid lapachol Lapakahi State Historical Park laparoscopic surgery Laparoscopy Laparotomy LAPB Lapcevic , Dragiša Lapchick , Joe Lapchinskii , Aleksandr Lapchinskii , Aleksandr Nikolaevich LAPD lapdog Lapeer County lapel microphone Lapel Pins Lapham - Patterson House State Historic Site Laphystius lapidary lapidicolous Lapidoth lapies lapilli - tuff Lapin , Albert Lapin , Albert Ianovich Lapin , Artur Lapin , Artur Ianovich Lapin , Petr Lapin , Petr Ivanovich Lapin , Sergei Lapin , Sergei Georgievich LaPine State Park lapis lapis lazuli Lapitskii , Iosif Lapitskii , Iosif Mikhailovich Laplace Laplace Azimuth Laplace Invariant Plane Laplace irrotational motion Laplace law Laplace Nebular Hypothesis Laplace Operator Laplace Point Laplace Theorem Laplace Transform Laplace , Pierre Simon , marquis de ▼ Full browser ▲ Lapidary Style Lapidary Style Lapidary ' s lathe lapidate lapidate lapidation lapidation lapidator lapidator Lapideous Lapidescence Lapidescent lapidicolous Lapidific Lapidification Lapidification lapidified lapidify lapidify lapidist lapidist Lapidoth Lapidus bunionectomy lapidus procedure Lapies Lapies Lapillation lapilliform lapillus lapillus lapin Lapin Yliopisto Lapin Yliopiston Ylioppilaskunta Lapin , Albert Lapin , Albert Ianovich Lapin , Artur Lapin , Artur Ianovich Lapin , Petr Lapin , Petr Ivanovich Lapin , Sergei Lapin , Sergei Georgievich Lapindo Brantas , Inc . lapine canker lapine canker LaPine State Park lapinised vaccine lapinization lapinize lapinized Lapinlahti lapis ▼ | [
"Lapilli"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/less+than+symbol | less than symbol Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Legal less than symbol The " less than " symbol ( < ) is used to express a lower value . For example , if ( x < 10 ) means " if X is less than 10 . " See greater than symbol Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / less + than + symbol " > less than symbol < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Joint Bi - level Image Experts Group tag - based language References in periodicals archive In reflecting upon this lesson , I could not help but ponder what I would do differently next time : I would use more than three pictures in my initial diagram to avoid a skip count interpretation of the greater than and less than symbols ; I would allow students time to explore and discuss their own ideas for greater than and less than symbols before providing the formal signs ; and so on . What do the signs say ? Learning to teach mathematics notation : Bryony Heath discusses the importance of establishing meaning for mathematical notation rather than simply focusing on naming symbols Bonnie Fuller , from the Huffington Post , sees the well - toned arms as nothing of the audacity of hope . Michelle Obama ' s toned arms inspire new gym workout trend Years ago , I read in Reader ' s Digest about a second - grade teacher who was introducing the greater than and to her class . Reader ' s Exchange More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Leslie Morris Leslie Patrick Abercrombie Leslie , Alexander , 1st earl of Leven Leslie , Charles Robert Leslie , David Leslie , Frank Leslie , John Leslie , Miriam Florence Lesmian , Boleslaw Lesnaia Lesnaia Promyshlennost Lesnea , George Lesnoi Lesnye Poliany Lesogorsk Lesogorskii Lesopilnoe Lesotho Lesotho Independence Day Lesozavodsk Lesozavodskii lespedeza L ' Esperance , Elise Lespinasse , Julie Jeanne Éléonore de less than Lesse lessee Lesseps Lesseps , Ferdinand Marie , vicomte de Lesseps , Vicomte Ferdinand Marie de Lesser Antilles Lesser Black - Backed Gull Lesser Caucasus lesser celandine lesser circulation Lesser Dog lesser ebb lesser flood Lesser Himalayas Lesser Horde Lesser Kestrel Lesser Khingan Lesser Lion lesser omentum Lesser Panda Lesser Rorqual Lesser Slave Lake Lesser Soviet Encyclopedia Lesser Spotted Dogfish Lesser Sunda Islands ▼ Full browser ▲ Less than Container Load Less Than Container Loads Less Than Expected Therapeutic Effect Less Than Fair Value Less Than Fair Value Less Than Full Time Less than full time training less than full - time training Less Than High School Graduate Less Than Jake Less Than Legendary Journeys Less than lethal Less Than Lethal Optical Technologies Less Than Major Less than Minimum less than necessary less than no time Less Than Nothing Less Than or Equal Less than or equal to Less than or equal to Less Than Perfect less than pleased Less than sign Less than sign Less than three Less than Total Load Less Than Truck Load Less than truckload Less Than Truckload Lot Less Than Truckloads Less Traumatic Jaw Closing less valuable Less Widely Used and Less Taught less , fewer , or reduced Less - developed countries less - developed country Less - Developed Rural Area Less - experienced Less - experienced Less - lethal weapon Less - lethal weapon Less - Severe Proliferation Group Less - than Less - than Less - than sign Less - than sign less - than - carload less - than - freehold estate Less - than - Pallet - Load ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"less than symbol"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/literary+criticism | Literary Criticism Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia Worshipers praying in front of lingam , snake stones , and a figure of Ganesa in southern India , from Omens and Superstitions Southern India by Edgar Thurston , 1912 . Fortean Picture Library . Literary Criticism / Historical Critical Method ( religion , spiritualism , occult ) It ' s a shame the words " critical " " criticism " carry such negative baggage . Or it ' s shame better words could n ' t have been chosen to describe method scriptural study that has been around for hundreds years , but became recognized as science only the nineteenth century . In this context , " criticism " does n ' t mean " to criticize " negative sense , although that ' s exactly how many lay people interpret it when first confronted by published results biblical scholars . And to narrow definition literary criticism , or historical critical method , biblical research is mistake as well . Any document can be subject this method analysis . But it is field research that literary criticism achieves perhaps its biggest popular audience . At face value , idea behind process simple one . It boils down single question : Is Bible be read like other books , or does stand alone , above field human analysis ? Until pioneers criticism , Karl Heinrich Graf Julius Wellhausen ( it did n ' t help any they were from Germany lived just before World War I ) , suggested Bible could studied just like any other work literature , most people accepted without question was class itself was read at face value . If first five books were attributed Moses , then that ' s who wrote them . The books Daniel Isaiah each must have written person whose name appeared at top page . If book Colossians bore Paul ' s name , than Paul wrote it . Throughout history , scholars known better . Even committees who put together ( see Bible ) used critical analysis determine which made final cut . But process somehow , universal consent , ignored vast majority believed uniquely work God . they acknowledged too much human intervention occurred , might detract power God ' s word . Even today , many are ignorant about how came be , do n ' t really want know . once scholars began subject same methods analysis used examine ancient texts , secret leaked out . The could not stopped . And academic discipline historical criticism born . Its premise is , root , Bible , not God . They may guided inspired God , but authors times vocabulary which lived . Every scrap evidence , including used , literature written same time , archaeological evidence , techniques known prevalent their day , must studied shed light on why form is . People study such things are trying discover truth . People do n ' t afraid might undercut uniqueness Bible . Since evidence almost always interpretation , debate will no doubt continue . Like all sciences , there conservative liberal approaches . There can no doubt some findings found almost universal acceptance . today ' s " publish perish " environment , extravagant claims made justify new book ensure for its author reputation criticism . Let ' s examine an illustration shed light on each these two points view : first , traditional belief held some author one section person gives his name section ; second , scholarship points evidence multiple authors section , view finds wide , certainly universal , acceptance . Pentateuch , five Hebrew Bible , what Christians refer Old Testament , is , Bibles , referred Books Moses . That because Moses has historically credited with their composition . Of course there small problem with final chapter Deuteronomy , describes Moses ' death . minor problem usually explained away saying either Moses prophesied his own death aide de camp , Joshua , completed Moses ' farewell speech . analyzing writing style content , began detect layer upon layer additions " redactions , " editorial corrections . Literary fingerprints appear . Pentateuch seemed so much single blanket one cloth , patchwork quilt sewn together hands . oldest strand woven into quilt attributed an named " J , " " the Yahwist . " " J " English transliteration German " Y . " This calls God YHVH ( often spelled Yahveh ) or , English , Lord , Jehovah . Although corroborating very technical , suffice say consensus come believe " J " lived Judah , southern kingdom ( see Judaism , Development of ) sometime after reign King David . A second refers God employing Elohim . This often referred " E , " seems very appreciative Moses , may Levite priest , probably little later than " J , " perhaps around 900 - 800 BCE . so about Aaron Aaron ) , high priest , priesthood followed him . pages laws rituals found Leviticus parts Exodus come " P , " " priestly source . " He edited " E , " molding into present form we know today , while adding own commentary time time . " P , " instance , gives us Genesis 1 story creation seems bit aloof , building universe step step , " decently order , " good priest goes work . us Genesis 2 , different account getting right down dirt create Adam Eve . It ' s interesting " P " never once uses Hebrew word " mercy . " " P " kind two - thousand - year - old Puritan . detected named " D , " " Deuteronomist . " Deuteronomy , stand own , distinct style . It purports farewell address Moses . Some see hand Jeremiah here . Others sure . Some link Deuteronomy Joshua , Judges , 1 2 Samuel , 2 Kings , forming " Deuteronomistic history . " Others buy it . Besides these four authors , think various editors , redactors , work , molding product , even putting editorial " spins " stories make them fit whatever interpretation vogue time redactor . For instance , if redactor King David , considered patriotic " politically correct " prepare way David ' s reign shading Saul ' s reputation bit . After all , Saul David ' s predecessor . Thus we two conceptions came be . says it , working himself . second says " JEPD , " " R , " redactor , contributing well . " illustration Pentateuch . whole undergone kind academic debate . Biblical take pains point out multiple authorship does imply deceit . These trying " put something over " future generations , conspiracy going on . perfectly normal practice former times before development modern attitudes . Sometimes wanted humbly credit famous people . Sometimes simply doing what modern editors do today . Almost certainly none them thought writing would someday considered scripture . They history saw point scholarship , using proven textual applied everything Shakespeare Aristotle , discovered written . Their results do necessarily eliminate God ' s inspiration , though deductions allow strictly approach , free divine inspiration . Many academics accepted findings , even conservative concluded least conclusions probably true . go further liberal academics will accept . happened when Harold Bloom David Rosenberg published Book J , concluded woman . out lot women , unusual patriarchal society . She cast women lighter , playful , role authors . more telling , easy intimate knowledge calls " the manner women , " menstruation . There wonderful story , 31 : 30 - 35 . Rachel , leaving home her new husband , stolen household idols she felt uncomfortable leaving behind . When her father begins searching them , she eludes search placing under camel ' s saddle sitting then tells father having period . He , course , immediately backs off . Bloom Rosenberg wonder : " Does sound story man would tell ? " feminist critics , however , backed away possibility woman those patriarchal ever allowed write Bible . questions observations raised good ones . simply enough convince jury . Another discipline captured lot ink public press concept " demythologizing . " To understand principle , let ' s begin wellknown myth . Every Christmas , Santa Claus flies North Pole deliver presents all little boys girls world . We know myth , embellished reindeer sleighs elves all . Only young among accept history . tells story , television producer newspaper editor , begins disclaimer . When you go movie theater see latest incarnation Tim Allen ' s Santa Clause , opening statement : " Warning ! true story . In way taken fact ! " We myth accept that . belabor point . suppose culture existing thousand years now digs up copy Rudolph , Red - Nosed Reindeer ? At value , assume telling historically true because nowhere claim anything different that . future readers going choose believe actually happened . invent " Santa Claus " religion . try demythologize story . words , try get meaning myth after fantasy removed . decide reindeer , ca n ' t really fly . produce statistical tables proving improbability getting billion homes evening . homes had chimneys . remove obvious embellishments , still faced fact . Their archaeologists , having discovered Christmas trees presents , deduce children did get Christmas presents Eve various locations world . So demythologizing forced decide Claus explain reality , buried under layers myth . actually happened portrayed metaphor . Will still Christmas ? Absolutely . stories say happened ? Probably not . unless write fun our friends discover our writing , assume primitive did n ' t better . Here ' s point . A happens shall say , ordinary . Jesus walks sea changes water wine . brought back dead . Red Sea parts . talks burning bush . Did things happen ? Or myths encapsulating truth ? Is kernel history heart myths ? so , more important — the truth convey ? Demythologizing attempt " disprove " attempt recapture original meant convey within context ( or her ) times . These examples illustrate scholarship not , detractors claim , conspiracy destroy religion . serious science that , science , convince majority colleagues stands test time . conclusions pass cut . not . Wild assumptions sell books , takes quite persuasive piece disciplined become " gospel truth . " works literature most Shakespeare lovers care if someone Bard works . believers care portrayed another piece ancient times . As long those feelings present , continue disputed discipline . The Religion Book : Places , Prophets , Saints , and Seers © 2004 Visible Ink Press ® . All rights reserved . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . outdated ideologically biased . Literary Criticism ( literaturnaia kritika ) , evaluation interpretation works ; exposure affirmation creative principles given movement ; creativity . Literary proceeds general methodology ( literaturovedenie ) bases itself literature . contrast history , deals primarily contemporary movements interprets classical heritage viewpoint contemporary social artistic concerns . closely related era ’ s life social struggle philosophical aesthetic ideas . word “ criticism ” derives Greek kritike , art analyzing judging . Critical judgments arose simultaneously itself , originally opinion respected learned readers . Already professional pursuit classical Greece Rome India China , nevertheless long “ applied ” comparison creative genres , intended only overall evaluation work , encouragement discouragement author , recommendation readers . theoretical definition approached historically . For example , 17th 18th centuries , accordance neoclassical aesthetics , demanded dispassionate based common sense , indication individual “ faults ” “ beauties . ” 19th century evolved special genre literature , writer relation society . West , closely related schools movements development scholarship , directly indirectly expresses relationships contradictions significant Western critics writers advanced programs formulated aesthetic principles ( for example , Diderot Lessing early 18th century de Staël , Heine , Hugo , Zola 19th ) . half 19th century , Europe won place profession . Critics influential included C . A . Sainte - Beuve , H . Taine , F . Brunetière ( France ) , M . Arnold ( England ) , G . Brandes ( Denmark ) . USA , notable achievements belong half 20th associated names V . L . Parrington Van Wyck Brooks . Russia critics writers mid - 18th century : M . V . Lomonosov , A . D . Kantemir , K . Tredia - kovskii . range possibilities expanded N . Karamzin , lent character . Decembrist ( A . Bestuzhev others ) , proceeding revolutionary - romantic standpoint , upheld idea narodnost ’ ( the reflection people ’ s ideals desires , art ) uniqueness Russian literature . N . I . Nadezhdin , ways predecessor G . Belinskii , approached recognition realistic criticism . high models Russian appeared prose S . Pushkin Gogol , subtle judgments purposes realism , satire nature aims Belinskii , advanced concept realism , based artistic whole , unity ideas images ; writer ’ s viewed relation Not satisfied evaluating author ’ s concept , Chernyshevskii Dobroliubov main task life processes types , truthful testimony artist revealed work . fundamental innovation approach , expanded lay interpreting realistic reveal genuine depth true - to - life content . revolutionary - democratic 1860 ’ s 1870 ’ s ( such Chernyshevskii , Dobroliubov , D . I . Pisarev , E . Saltykov - Shchedrin ) , continued traditions succeeded blending activity ardent protests against serfdom autocracy freedom people . forged ideological struggle tendencies “ aesthetic criticism ” ( represented Druzhinin , P . Botkin , others ) , attempted sever art life . also struggled nonsocial literature ’ s narodnost ’ , pochvenniki ( “ grassroots movement , ” exemplified Grigor ’ ev Strakhov ) . Many works aestheticians pochvenniki possessed undoubted virtues gave worthwhile individual works , whole represented negation progressive movement revolutionary - democratic critics . new , genuinely scientific methodological basis provided K . Marx F . Engels teachings revealing fundamental laws sociohistorical statements questions Marxist West , arose century , represented outstanding men letters Mehring ( Germany ) P . Lafargue ( France ) , treat problems standpoint materialism . stage thought begun Marxist late early 20th centuries took over developed best traditions criticism ; forged populist ( represented Mikhailov - skii ) decadent ( A . Volynskii ) . Plekhanov both set forth carried through principle historical - materialist approach class standpoint . articles speeches Lenin incalculably important cycle articles L . Tolstoy , Lenin expounded “ theory reflection ” applied creation . Lenin ’ s principle literature ’ s partiinost ’ , party - mindedness ( which he article “ Party Organization Party Literature , ” 1905 ) , attitude toward cultural heritage , defense greatly influenced formation Russia . Its associated names Vorovskii , Lunacharskii , Gorky . Lenin ’ s cornerstone methodological basis Soviet After October Revolution 1917 Russia particularly result mid - century growth socialist camp , became leading international movement ; total body socialist countries bourgeois states West East — for R . Fox C . Caudwell . examines aspects qualities viewpoint combining sociology , aesthetics , ethics . creation itself , means both perceiving acting upon life , part humanities , “ the man . ” Thus live up lofty responsibilities medium ideological education . Criticism virtues failings writer , thus helping him broaden intellectual horizons improve technical mastery . Addressing himself reader , critic elucidates him also actively engages reader mutual apprehension level understanding . critic able view place perspective development . Modern variety genres , including article , review , survey , essay , profile , polemical statement , bibliographical annotation . genre , be , political thinker , sociologist , psychologist , well historian aesthetician . possess talent similar , identical , talents artists scholars . partiinost ’ pronouncements soundness critic ’ s Marxist - Leninist education growing importance . guided realism — the basic Central Committee CPSU resolution On Criticism Literature Art ( 1972 ) noted critic ’ s obligation , while profoundly process , contribute every strengthening Leninist partiinost ’ narodnost ’ , level art , consistently combat bourgeois ideology . alliance fraternal countries capitalist countries , takes active part international combats formalist conceptions exclude society | [
"Literary Criticism",
"Historical Critical Method"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/longlining | longline phishing ( redirected from longlining longline phishing A spear phishing attack that sends out huge numbers of targeted email messages to the same person . See phishing Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2018 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / longlining " > longline phishing < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . References in periodicals archive There is a lack of information specific to the Indian Ocean on longlining despite the global landings of sharks on the order of 90,000 metric tons ( t ) ( Indian Ocean Tuna Commission [ IOTC ] Online Data Querying Service , website ) . Effects of leader material on catches of shallow pelagic longline fisheries in the southwest Indian Ocean Longlining is considered a relatively " clean " form of fishing compared to other techniques such as bottom trawling , which can damage seafloor habitat and kill non - target species such as crab . Shipyards for Alaska modernizing the fleet : Alaskans , as builders and owners , help launch powerful new class of fishing vessels Some relief for severely overfished bluefin tuna may be coming soon as NOAA moves toward a complete prohibition on surface in the Gulf of Mexico . On the conservation front news and commentary from the environmental battlegrounds To facilitate the process of decoy placement and retrieval , divermen often use a technique called Surefire duck spreads ; duck spreads that do n ' t disappoint Longlining , hook - and - line fishing , and trap fishing are much gentler on the sea bottom . Sustainable seafood : all fish dishes are not created equal Implementing a moratorium on industrial and creating a network of Marine Protected Areas on the high seas of the Pacific would be a boon to local coastal economies . Fishing : the new resource war For example , since early 2004 , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Fisheries has been advocating the use of " circle hooks " ( which are claimed to reduce the number of sea turtles that are hooked internally ) as a technological fix so that they can reopen areas once closed to U.S. gutting protections from destructive gillnet and longline fishing He has been actively revolved in many of the major fisheries issues of the past two decades , including tuna / dolphin purse seining , sea turtles / shrimp trawling , mercury in seafood , and the impacts of the growing fleet on a number of target and bycatch species . Voices poses the greatest single threat to seabirds worldwide . Appeal to save albatross The main purpose of this paper was to identify and analyze temporal and spatial patterns in Atlantic marlin bycatch as reflected in the Japanese pelagic database , which is the longest - running , most spatially - extensive of its kind ( Myers and Worm , 2003 ) . Atlantic blue marlin , Makaira nigricans , and white marlin , Tetrapterus albidus , bycatch of the Japanese pelagic longline fishery , 1960 - 2000 Our efforts have resulted in the closure of Hawaiian waters to since 1999 , and we are currently engaged in efforts to ban from U . Letters To measure the decline in open - ocean ecosystems , they gained access to Japanese data . Predatory fish levels reduced by 90 percent More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ longitudinal quadrupole longitudinal recording longitudinal redundancy check longitudinal reinforcement longitudinal resistance seam welding longitudinal section longitudinal separation longitudinal sequence longitudinal shear longitudinal stability longitudinal strain longitudinal stream longitudinal study Longitudinal Valley longitudinal vibration Longitudinal Wave longitudinal - mode delay line Longjumeau long - life items long - life lamp long - line current long - line effect Longline Fishing long - lines engineering Longman , Evelyn Beatrice Longmeadow Longmen Longmont long - nose pliers Longo , Luigi long - oil alkyd long - oil varnish long - period tide long - period variable long - period variables long - persistence screen long - pillar work long - playing long - playing record long - radius elbow Long - Range and Short - Range Order Long - Range Aviation long - range bomber aircraft long - range chart long - range communication system Long - Range Fire long - range forecast long - range materiel requirements long - range navigation chart ▼ Full browser ▲ Longjump Longjump Longjumper Longjumper Longkang Gang Longkong Longkong LONGL LONGLAB longleaf longleaf Longleaf Neuro - Medical Treatment Center longleaf pine longleaf pine longleaf pines longleaf pines Longleat Longleat House longlegs longlegs Longley Park Sixth Form College longline Longline fishing longlines longlines longlist longlisted longlisting longlists longlivedness Longly Longman Active Study Dictionary Longman Dictionary of American English Longman Dictionary of Business English Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs Longman Essential Activator Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Longman Handbooks for Language Teachers Longman Interactive English Dictionary Longman Language Activator Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus Longman Welcome to English Longman , Evelyn Beatrice Longmeadow Longmeadow , Massachusetts Longmen Longmire Longmire anastomosis Longmire operation Longmire , William P Longmire , William P . Longmont ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"longline phishing"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/malingering | Malingering Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Malingering the feigning of sickness or certain disease symptoms . may be premeditated pathological . Premeditated malingering is usually characterized by mercenary motives , including the obtaining of disability benefits evasion military service . Pathological malingering brought on by a diseased state and is , in essence , a symptom such diseases as hysteria . should not confused with autosuggestion , aggravation , maiming . In cases autosuggestion , an individual , usually mentally disturbed person , sincerely convinced that he has severe somatic ailment , for example , cancer . Aggravation an exaggeration symptoms existing disease . Maiming artificially produced injury illness . Dissimulation premeditated suppression , concealment , attenuation disease , for example , purpose passing medical upon applying job admission to academic institution . Under Soviet law , punishable criminally if it used as means evading regular call to active military service ( art . 17 Law Criminal Responsibility State Crimes ; art . 80 Criminal Code RSFSR ) evading performance duties ( art . 13 Law Responsibility Military Crimes ; art . 249 Code RSFSR ) . Dissimulation not punishable criminally but may entail specific legal consequences , being fired from work . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Malingering " > Malingering < / a > Mentioned in malinger MK - ULTRA Mutilation Vestiges of the Past Encyclopedia browser ▲ malignant glaucoma malignant hypertension malignant malaria malignant pustule malignant rhabdomyoma Malignant Tumors Malik Kaiumov Malik Kaiumovich Kaiumov Malik Muhammad Jayasi Malik Shah , Abul Path Jalal Al - Din Malik , Adam Malik , Charles Habib Malika Abdurakhimovna Sabirova Malika Sabirova Maliki , Nuri Kamal al - Malikov , Kubanychbek Malikov , Kubanychbek Imanalievich Malikshah Malin Malin 1 Malina , Judith Malindi Malindidzimu Hill Malines malinger Malinin , Mikhail Malinin , Mikhail Sergeevich Malinina , Praskovia Malinina , Praskovia Andreevna Malinov , Aleksandr Malinovka Malinovoe Ozero Malinovskii , Mark Malinovskii , Mark Prokhorovich Malinovskii , Mikhail Malinovskii , Mikhail Sergeevich Malinovskii , Rodion Malinovskii , Rodion Iakovlevich Malinovskii , Roman Malinovskii , Roman Vatslavovich Malinovskii , Vasilii Malinovskii , Vasilii Fedorovich Malinovsky , Rodion Yakovlevich Malinowski Malinowski Bronislaw Malinowski , Bronislaw Malinowski , Bronislaw Kasper Malipiero , Gian Francesco Malírova , Helena Maliseet ▼ Full browser ▲ Malindi Malindi , Kenya Malindidzimu Hill maline maline Malineni Lakshmaiah Engineering College malines malines malinger rotational test malingered malingered malingerer malingerer Malingerer ’ s rotational test malingerers malingerers malingers malingers Malingery Malinin , Mikhail Malinin , Mikhail Sergeevich Malinina , Praskovia Malinina , Praskovia Andreevna Malinka language Malinke Malinke Malinké Malinké Malinkes malinois malinois Malinov , Aleksandr Malinovka Malinovoe Ozero Malinovskii , Mark Malinovskii , Mark Prokhorovich Malinovskii , Mikhail Malinovskii , Mikhail Sergeevich Malinovskii , Rodion Malinovskii , Rodion Iakovlevich Malinovskii , Roman Malinovskii , Roman Vatslavovich ▼ | [
"Malingering",
"disease symptoms",
"mercenary motives"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/metamorphic+rock | metamorphic rock Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia metamorphic rock ¦ med · ə ¦ mȯr · fik ′ räk ( petrology ) A rock formed from preexisting solid rocks by mineralogical , structural , and chemical changes , in response to extreme changes in temperature , pressure , and shearing stress . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Rock which has been altered appearance , density , crystalline structure ( and some cases mineral composition ) by high temperature and / or high pressure ; e.g. , slate is a metamorphic rock derived from shale . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / metamorphic + rock " > metamorphic rock < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in ACF diagram acmite AKF diagram albite allothimorph almandine amphibole Amphiboles Amphibolite andalusite anthophyllite augen banded structure Basegi blastoporphyritic calcareous schist Calciphyre calc - silicate calc - silicate hornfels References in periodicals archive On the other hand , garnet porphyroblasts with sigmoidal inclusion trails are not a common feature of regional metamorphic rocks Ocurrencia e historia de crecimiento de granate con zonacion textural sectorial y sigmoidal en los esquistos de San Lorenzo en el Macizo Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( Colombia ) METAMORPHIC : Formed when heat and pressure change sedimentary , igneous , or other metamorphic rocks Facing the cliffs : elite rock climbers discuss the geology of their favorite climbing sites Metamorphic rocks are well known for their variable microstructure with respect to the degree of foliation . Microstructure of selected metamorphic rock types - - application of petrographic image analysis These grains with constituent minerals showing straight to sutured contacts resembling " stretched quartz " , indicate derivation from ( Blatt , 1967 ) . Petrography of sandstones of Thekopili Formation , Jaintia Hills district , Meghalaya A Tropeptic Haplorthox formed on , with high Depreciation Index , was incubated for 3 months in the laboratory at field moisture content , with powdered basalt rock at a rate of 50 t / ha . An analytical tool for understanding the properties and behaviour of variable charge soils Sedimentary rock with heat and pressure forms Rocks and geology Gneiss and marble are two examples of ( Figure 2 - 4 ) . Chapter 2 Soil geography and genesis The ( mica schist and impure quartzites ) are a part of a roof pendant that has a north - south trend and is surrounded by granodiorite and quartz diorite . The Baumann prospect Chickencoop Canyon , Tulare County California We do not know whether it resides primarily in the flooded fractures of the park ' s or only in the saturated overburden above the bedrock , or both . Endemic amphipods in our nation ' s capital They expected abalone aragonite to resemble the aragonite found in in Aragon , Spain . Natureworks ; making minerals the biological way The study by Jalal and Ghosh ( 2012 ) showed that the meta - sedimentary and very low - grade fragments were sourced to the Lesser Himalayan domain , whereas the medium - to high - grade metamorphic fragments were sourced to the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline . Petrografia y proveniencia de las areniscas del Grupo Siwalik desde la region del limite principal de cabalgamiento , area del Rio Samari , Nepal Central , sub - Himalaya The occurrence of some clasts of high - grade stratigraphically below this interval may record the progressive emergence of the new source , prior to its effective blockage of former drainage . Stratigraphic evolution of provenance in a thick conglomerate - dominated Carboniferous succession in the southern Isle Madame area , Nova Scotia , and paleogeographic implications More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ metal - rich star Metals Metals , Return of metal - slitting saw metal - to - metal tap metalwork Metalworking Lubricant Metamagnet metamail Metamathematics metamer metamere Metameres Metamerism metamict Metamict Minerals Metamora - Hadley Recreation Area Metamorpbo metamorphic metamorphic aureole metamorphic breccia metamorphic differentiation Metamorphic Facies metamorphic facies series metamorphic overprint metamorphic rock reservoir metamorphic zone metamorphism Metamorphism , Dynamic Metamorphogenic Deposits metamorphosis metamyelocyte Metanalysis Metanauplius Metanephridia metanephridium metanephrine Metanephros Metanilic Acid metanillic acid metanitricyte meta - nitroaniline meta - nitrotoluene Metaphase metaphase plate metaphloem metaphone metaphor Metaphor , Dreams as ▼ Full browser ▲ Metamict Minerals metamictisation metamictisation Metamictization Metamictization Metamizole Metamizole Metamod Metamodel Framework for Interoperability Metamora - Hadley Recreation Area Metamorpbo Metamorphasis Metamorphasis metamorphic aureole metamorphic breccia metamorphic differentiation metamorphic facies metamorphic facies series Metamorphic Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Metamorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor metamorphic overprint Metamorphic Ritual Theatre Company metamorphic rock reservoir Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic Studies Group Metamorphic Technique Metamorphic Technique metamorphic zone metamorphically metamorphicly metamorphicly Metamorphisis Metamorphisis Metamorphisized Metamorphisized metamorphism Metamorphism ( geology ) Metamorphism ( geology ) Metamorphism , Dynamic Metamorphist Metamorphize Metamorphogenic Deposits metamorphopsia metamorphopsia ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"metamorphic rock"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/methodology | methodology Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia methodology the branch of philosophy concerned with the science of method and procedure Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 philosophical evaluation investigative techniques within a discipline ; a concern with conceptual , theoretical and research aspects knowledge . techniques strategies employed within discipline to manipulate data acquire knowledge . Used in this narrow sense , simply refers to RESEARCH METHODS used by an investigator does not question validity or appropriateness undertaking research . Used in sense l is an aspect EPISTEMOLOGICAL concern scientific status sociology . Methodology was central Durkheim , Marx Weber , who , respectively , attempted demonstrate that they had developed distinctive approach study society therefore By demonstrating validity new investigative techniques , they contributed development sociology as distinctive discipline . In sociology , central aspect l has been comparison between sociology natural sciences . Natural science is often associated EXPERIMENTAL METHOD whereby one variable ( the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE manipulated carefully controlled way . If consistent results are obtained , scientist may draw conclusions about cause effects involved , or conclude that previously made HYPOTHESIS confirmed denied . Since experimental method usually inapplicable social sciences , sociologists , therefore , have developed new achieve degree VALIDITY which corresponds natural sciences . DURKHEIM for example , advocated use COMPARATIVE METHOD although this entails attempting control large number variables . Alternatively , have sought develop methods which do not seek emulate goal scientific laws , but are more appropriate nature social reality . Collins Dictionary of Sociology , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2000 The following article from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Methodology study structure , logical organization , methods , means activity . Methodology , broad definition , necessary part any activity , insofar as latter becomes object consciousness , learning , rationalization . Normative deals directions norms determine nature sequence specific kinds activity ; descriptive concerned description completed activities . In both cases basic function organize regulate process cognition serve control practical transformation object . modern literature on subject , usually understood narrower sense method , is , structure , forms , means inquiry . describes components research — its object , subject matter analysis , tasks problems research , complete set research methods necessary for solving given problem . also deals sequence procedures problem - solving process . most important applications lie formulation problem ( it here researchers most often commit methodological errors lead pseudo - problems considerably hamper achieving results ) , precise determination subject investigation , formulation theory , verification achieved result from standpoint its truth , is , correspondence between result investigation . rudiments methodological knowledge can be observed even early stages cultural development . For example , ancient Egypt geometry took form directions determined measuring procedures division redistribution land . Ancient Greek philosophy first dealt problem conditions gaining knowledge ; Aristotle , who considered logical system he created organon — a universal instrument acquiring true knowledge — made significant contribution analysis problem . On whole , however , problems did occupy independent place system knowledge until modern times ; these were considered part logic . father proper was English philosopher F . Bacon , who first proposed idea equipping elaborated view his Novum organum His inductive , empirical approach also great importance subsequent development methodology . Since time has become one philosophy . Initially , it wholly coincided conditions achieving truth , its discussion severely burdened concepts philosophy . Adhering thesis , correct itself , only true leads knowledge , many philosophers tried discover method . They assumed only simply hidden direct observation needed discovered , clarified , made generally accessible . structure did yet present them . next step taken by French thinker Descartes . After formulating cognition relation object , Descartes raised question specific thought irreducibility simple direct reflection reality ; thus arose special systematic discussion cognition , how can achieved — on what intellectual grounds what reasoning . began serve philosophical foundation cognition . Another direction specialization associated English empiricism , chiefly studies Locke , advanced sensualist theory knowledge , Hume , substantiated empiricism criticizing theoretical standpoint skepticism ; here intensified search applicable experimental given support . Until German philosopher Kant , however , were interwoven theory Kant substantiate special status making distinction constitutive regulative principles cognition , distinction objective content form it organized into system . This gave rise analysis activity own particular forms internal organization . Work direction continued J . Fichte , whose attempt construct universal activity . idealistic philosophy , culminated Hegel ’ s system , essentially rationalized activity absolute spirit derivative , according Hegel , human cognition . objectively important obtained German classical idealism consisted emphasis placed on role dialectic intellectual general . It precisely retained fundamentally materialist interpretation Marxist - Leninist Dialectical materialism last stage formation foundations method . Dialectical materialism arose during period widespread progress , when had begun rid itself speculations ; based concrete basic forms motion matter . type philosophy — the general laws governing nature , society , thought , and , such , general investigation . Marxist - Leninist instrument gaining but provides revolutionary transformation reality based principles communism . Hence , Marxism - Leninism embody ideal attaining governing socially man . Its dual orientation toward practice enables Marxism - Leninism play ever increasing role practice spiritual cultural life , assuming methodology . rapid growth expanding inquiry been characteristic 20th century . There two reasons this . First , assimilated increasingly complex objects reality . This raised level abstraction decreased purely descriptive science ; consequently , investigating ways approaching under became assumed relatively independent place cognitive Second , technological revolution , endeavor became mass profession required detailed regulation work researchers at different levels ensure results standard form . These two circumstances stimulated both depth — that toward more thorough elucidation fundamental thought — and breadth — in scrupulous construction sum , at disposal powerful arsenal extremely diverse designed solve varied problems . turn rise situation methodology : beginning his research , scientist faced necessity choosing efficient combination some set means . Finally , particular group related arises relation practice — which so typical technology — in solution major complex problems , such space projects environmental protection measures . case call specialists many fields , done constructing appropriate ( a composite synthetic model ) . With information about basically incomplete undetermined , unite single concepts solutions achieved through practical intuition . Thus , whereas previously primarily basis now internally differentiated , highly specialized branch emphasis distinguishes investigates cognitive whole and , especially , substantive foundation differs other branches orientation internal mechanisms logic organization advancement essence remain dispute because still ambiguous : hierarchical organization higher level abstraction performs functions respect concrete ( for cybernetic control , information , feedback play postulates neurocybernetics , bionics , computer technology ) . Moreover , itself essentially society . dialectic interaction end becomes manifest : end another . However , current exhausted ends ends means , since specially intended perform functions become diversity evident existence several classifications . One widely accepted , though somewhat arbitrary , divisions into substantive formal . includes such structure particular ; laws origin , function , change theories ; conceptual framework individual disciplines ; characteristics explanatory schemata used historical these schemata ( in particular , transition completely determinist mechanist era functional , structural , genetic explanatory widely science ) ; approaching under ( for elementarist integral systemic approaches ) ; operational equipment methods ; fall scope science ; limits applicability means ; synthesizing various study . formal related language formal explanation ; description formalized methods , particular , formulate theories truth theories ; typology systems precisely established field neopositivists , applied logic significant contribution However , their philosophical - methodological interpretation obtained , neopositivists greatly exaggerated methodology , ignoring Research field now very closely science . division different levels fundamental importance . general , Philosophical does exist philosophy — the entire performs functions . As shown , dialectical historical provides adequate basis As general , equally important , dialectical function human society . Because directs investigator discovery objective dialectics , expresses categories , heuristic role . world - view weltanschauliche results , materialism , very great significance . On rigid norms “ recipes ” technical procedures — such would inevitably lead dogmatization knowledge — but rather premises guidelines These include premises ( the world - view foundations thought , “ picture world ” ) ( that those pertain thinking historically defined categorical structure ) . One cardinal arise connection determination various fields humanities comparison must take account fact humanities values , class , party affiliations directly affect must recognize necessity correctly interpretating purposeful results ) . Modern philosophical - methodological led discoveries concerning functioning include continuous succession theories correspondence principle ) ; discovery “ paradigm ” thinking ( that aggregate inexplicitly assigned regulatory principles ) each era development ; features artificial languages kinds explanation ; formulating ( such deductive , hypothetical - deductive , genetic methods ) ; characteristics number approaches ( such systemic approach , structuralism , cybernetic probabilistic thinking ) . 1950 ’ s , generation succession systems occupied prominent science . logician K . Popper tried explain process falsifiability criterion , systematic refutation existing theories . T . Kuhn , American historian science , viewed progress terms revolutions radical change paradigms ( a term he proposed ) thought . I . Lakatos , mathematician philosopher , proposed progress advancement implementation programs . An work other extensive criticism narrowness neopositivist concept matter . regard , certain Soviet foreign specialists worked out concept principle sought represent activity ; criticized Popper ’ s falsifiability criterion one - sided Kuhn ’ s denial continuity sciences divided several levels : trends ; individual sciences ; techniques . level , far uniform content , rapidly latter half 20th century . rapid growth due universalization easier formulate generalized way desire synthesis — a trend becoming dominant Among trends problem - content type , directly describe existing phenomena well - defined principle W . I . Vernadsky ’ s noosphere cybernetics ) ; conceptual L . Bertalanflfy ’ s systems ) seek discover categories thought through itself ; ( in narrow word ) disciplines structuralism , structural - functional analysis , analysis ) either disciplines applied mathematics relatively rigidly organized sets broad range phenomena , combination both . trends twofold : either give orientation , contributes construction objects ( until now , performed noosphere dealing interaction society environment ) provide effective mathematical apparatus analysis . By virtue their character , quite closely methodology , although do any coincide it . limited directing definite object providing specialized analytical apparatus ; invariably includes results . closeness broad , character stress placed premises . For lies treatment entirety . structuralist requires thorough examination history . Therefore , plays dual role : hand , makes possible bases conflict ideas ; hand , raises requires further interdisciplinary closeness occasionally give unjustified tendency universalize elevate them even ideological concepts . tendency universalization lies incorrect identification specifically aspects attempts interpret definitions applicable all phenomena regard aims single trend absolute goal all Inparticular , attempts occurred history structuralism humanities ; found some interpretations approach . constructive materialist demonstration unfoundedness ability determine potential limits each ( including science ) REFERENCES Marx , K . , F . Engels . “ Sviatoe semeistvo . ” Soch . , 2nd ed . , vol . 2 . Marx , K . Nishcheta filosofii . Soch . , vol . 4 . “ Ekonomicheskie rukopisi 1857 – 1859 godov . ” 46 , 1 . Engels , “ Dialektika prirody . ” 20 . Lenin , V . Materializm iempiriokrititsizm . Poln . sobr . soch 5th ed . , 18 . Lenin , V . “ Filosofskie tetradi . ” Poln . sobr . soch 29 . “ O znachenii voinstvuiushchego materializma . ” 45 . Frank , P . Filosofiia nauki Moscow , 1960 . ( Translated English . ) Frank , P . FormaVnaia logika i metodologiia nauki Moscow , 1964 . ( Translated English . ) Logika nauchnogo issledovaniia 1965 . Lakatos , DokazateVstva i oproverzheniia 1967 . Shvyrev , S . Neopozitivizm problemy empiricheskogo obosnovaniia 1966 . Popovich , M . O filosofskom analize iazyka Kiev , 1966 . Kopnin , Logicheskie osnovy Kiev , 1968 . Zinov ’ ev , A . A . Osnovy logicheskoi teorii nauchnykh znanii 1967 . Frolov , T . Ocherki metodologii biologicheskogo issledovaniia 1965 . Mamardashvili , M . Formy soderzhanie myshleniia 1969 . Rakitov , Kurs lektsii po logike 1971 . Rakitov , Filosofiia , metodologiia , nauka 1972 . Metodologicheskie osnovy nauchnogo poznaniia 1972 . Shtoff , Vvedenie v metodologiiu poznaniia Leningrad , Blauberg , V . , E . G . ludin . Stanovlenie sushchnost ’ sistemnogo podkhoda 1973 . Popper , R . Logic Scientific Discovery London [ 1959 ] . Boston Studies Philosophy Science 8 vols . New York - Dordrecht [ 1963 – 71 ] . G . S PIRKIN E . I UDIN The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ( programming ) An organised , documented procedures and guidelines phases software life cycle , design . Many methodologies include diagramming notation documenting of the procedure ; step - by - step " cookbook " carrying out procedure ; ( ideally quantified ) set of criteria determining whether the procedure acceptable quality . example Yourdon methodology ( 2 ) A pretentious way saying " method " . This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( foldoc . org A performing operation implies precise deliverables stage . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / methodology " > methodology < / a > Mentioned in Ach , Narziss Aleksandr Alekseev Aleksandr Emelianovich Alekseev Aleksandr Matveevich Peshkovskii Aleksandr Peshkovskii Alekseev , Aleksandr Alekseev , Aleksandr Emelianovich Alfred Hettner Avebury best practices Boris Evgenevich Raikov Boris Raikov Bridgman , Percy William Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method Business Systems Analyst Classification by Subject Coad / Yourdon Comparative Historical Method Comparative - Historical Linguistics References in periodicals archive This is a flip of quantitative which sets pre - defined variables to be measured on participants . Experience design methodology : the four questions Like the first study of large urban libraries , this project is designed to develop , apply , and disseminate a to value and communicate the economic benefits of library services , this time in mid - sized and smaller public libraries . Measuring outcomes : applying cost - benefit analysis to middle - sized and smaller public libraries . ( Public Libraries ) For this reason , the revised , which more closely approximates many investors ' approach to pricing , should be welcomed in the marketplace . Revision of DIV model considered a good sign Hence , it is easier to teach them to apply a specific than it is to teach new methods to people who may already be experts in developing systems , either by their own efforts or by using a given Requirements specification : learning object , process , and data methodologies Unlike the DATTA , where the responses undergo statistical analysis , the RAND has established four definitions of agreement and disagreement that function to turn the varying responses into " appropriateness " criteria . Expert opinion ' s role in assessment In the foregoing example , it is clear that the transfer pricing was not set in an abusive manner , since the cost - plus was well within the range of reason and below that of any potential comparables . Advance pricing agreements : practical issues to consider in determining whether to pursue one For nearly two years , we have worked with our customers and our partners in the EDA and IP communities to develop a standard way to protect and use IP in their design flow and we are pleased the International Engineering Consortium has recognized the potential market impact this will have for ASIC and FPGA designers . Synplicity ' s Open IP Encryption Methodology Wins 2007 DesignVision Award Best will consider feedback from any interested parties prior to publishing its A.M. Best Requests Public Comment on Draft Bank Rating Methodology The high marks for our were especially pleasing , " Mr . Memetrics Ranked # 1 Multivariate Testing and Site Optimization Vendor by JupiterResearch Across Service Offering , Methodology and Partner Integration We believe this approach creates a best - of - breed approach for implementing client - specific requirements without affecting the process , and fuses TAS ' Dealmaker prospect relationship management system ( PRM ) with the latest version of their TAS The TAS Group Launches TAS Select ( TM ) for Siebel CRM ; Ground - breaking Sales Effectiveness Solution Available Immediately Nasdaq : SYNP ) , a leading supplier of software for the design and verification of semiconductors , and the VSI Alliance ( VSIA ) , the leading IP standards body for the electronics industry , today announced that Synplicity has joined the VSIA and is donating its Open IP Encryption to the organization . Synplicity Donation to VSIA Drives IP Encryption Standardization com ( NYSE : CRM ) , the market and technology leader in on - demand business services , today announced at Dreamforce ' 06 the extension of The TAS Group ' s Dealmaker for AppExchange to support the world ' s leading sales , Target Account Selling . The TAS Group Adds Support for Target Account Selling Methodology To Dealmaker for AppExchange More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ methidathion methide methine group methionic acid methionine method of bisectors method of exhaustion method of images method of infinite descent method of joints method of mixtures method of moments method of moving averages method of semiaverages Method , Artistic methodenstreit Methodism Methodist Methodists Methodius Methodius , Saint methodological bracketing methodological individualism methodological pluralism Methods methods design methods engineering methods study Methorizis methotrexate methoxide methoxy - methoxy DDT methoxychlor methoxyethylmercury chloride methoxyl Methuen Methuen Treaty of 1703 Methusael Methuselah methyl methyl abietate methyl acetate methyl acetoacetate methyl acetone methyl acetophenone methyl acrylate methyl alcohol methyl allyl alcohol ▼ Full browser ▲ Methodological reductionism Methodological reductionism Methodological rigor Methodological rigor methodologically methodologically methodologies methodologies Methodologies and Best Practices Methodologies for Integration of Knowledge Areas Methodologies for Jitter and Signal Quality Methodologies in Low Power Design methodologist methodologist methodologists methodologists Methodology Deliverable Methodology for Art Reproduction in Color Methodology for Engineering Systems of Software Agents Methodology for Generating Efficiency and Effectiveness Measures Methodology for Implementation with Lowest Effort and Resources Methodology for Product Service Systems Methodology for the Assessment of Procurement Systems Methodology for the Introduction of Computer - Integrated Manufacturing Methodology for the Total Force Methodology in a Box Methodology in Fish Diseases Research Methodology Manager Methodology of Associated Process Development Methodology of Knowledge Acquisition Methodology of Test Suites Methodology Research Core Methodology Technical Implementation Methodology , Naming , and Design Rules Methodology , Tools and Techniques Methodone Methodone Methods Methods & Materials Methods & Procedures Methods and Models for Integrated Assessment ▼ | [
"methodology",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/nitrogen+trichloride | nitrogen ( redirected from nitrogen trichloride Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia nitrogen ( nī trəjən ) gaseous chemical element ; symbol N ; at . no . 7 ; interval in which at . wt . ranges 14.00643 – 14.00728 ; m.p . − 209.86 ° C ; ; b.p . − 195.8 ° C ; ; density 1.25 grams per liter at STP ; valence principally − 3 , + 3 , or + 5 . Nitrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless diatomic gas . It is found in Group 15 of the periodic table periodic table , chart of the elements arranged according to periodic law discovered by Dmitri I . Mendeleev and revised by Henry G . J . Moseley . In table elements are arranged columns and rows according to increasing atomic number ( see table entitled . . . . . Click link for more information . It does not burn , does not support combustion , only slightly soluble water . relatively inactive chemically , but many its compounds display marked reactivity . At high temperatures it reacts with some other form nitrides . Nitrogen has several oxides . Nitrous oxide nitrous oxide or ( I ) oxide , chemical compound , N 2 O , a colorless gas with sweetish taste odor . Its density 1.977 grams per liter at STP . soluble water , alcohol , ether , other solvents . . . . . . Click link for more information . N 2 O , gas used as an anesthetic ; it often called laughing gas . Nitric oxide , NO , used manufacture sulfuric acid ; air forms dioxide , NO poisonous reddish brown trioxide , O 3 unstable ordinary temperatures . pentoxide , O 5 forms nitric acid when dissolved water . Important compounds include nitric acid nitric acid , compound , HNO 3 colorless , highly corrosive , poisonous liquid that gives off choking red yellow fumes moist air . miscible water all proportions . ammonia ammonia , NH colorless that about one half as dense air ordinary temperatures pressures . has characteristic pungent , penetrating odor . many explosives explosive , substance undergoes decomposition combustion great rapidity , evolving much heat producing large volume The reaction products fill much greater volume than occupied original material exert an enormous pressure , which can be cyanides cyanide compound containing cyano group , - CN . Cyanides are salts esters hydrogen cyanide ( hydrocyanic acid , HCN ) formed replacing hydrogen metal ( e.g. , sodium potassium ) radical ( e.g. , ammonium ethyl ) . fertilizers fertilizer , organic inorganic material containing one nutrients — mainly nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , essential required plant growth . proteins protein , any group highly complex organic found all living cells comprising most abundant class biological molecules . Protein comprises approximately 50 % cellular dry weight . Many contain nitrogen . industrial use produced largely fractional distillation liquid air . some extent filling light bulbs , thermometers , generally anywhere relatively inert atmosphere needed , production electronic parts such transistors , diodes , integrated circuits , food storage packaging prevent spoilage . manufacture stainless steel coolant immersion freezing food products , transportation foods , preservation bodies reproductive cells ( sperm eggs ) , storage biological samples . However , chief importance element lies its compounds , among them ammonia ammonia , NH about half dense pressures . characteristic pungent , penetrating nitric acid HNO corrosive , gives off choking red yellow fumes moist miscible water proportions . compound cyano group , - CN . Cyanides salts esters ( hydrocyanic HCN ) formed replacing metal sodium potassium ) radical ammonium ethyl ) . The expression " nitrogen fixation " refers extraction element from atmosphere combination form compounds . This accomplished commercially several ways . In Haber process Haber process commercial process synthesis Pure gases mixed appropriate proportion , heated between 450 ° C ; 600 ° C ; , compressed 1,000 atmospheres pressure , passed over catalyst . reacted ammonia ; cyanamide process , reacted calcium carbide high calcium cyanamide ; arc process , oxygen electric arc oxides . abundant atmosphere ; 78 % ( by volume ) dry present living things ; necessary continuation life ( see nitrogen cycle cycle , continuous flow through biosphere processes fixation , ammonification ( decay ) , nitrification , denitrification . vital matter , both plant animal ; essential constituent amino acids , ) . also foods important human diet . were known alchemists early Middle Ages , but formally considered have been discovered Daniel Rutherford 1772 , who called noxious phlogisticated ( air from oxygen had been removed , usually combustion ) . was also studied same time Carl Wilhelm Scheele , Henry Cavendish , Joseph Priestley , who referred burnt dephlogisticated was well known these late 18th century chemists there fraction did support combustion . Antoine Lavoisier first treat oxygenless separate element , he azote , meaning without life . term first J . A . Chaptal 1790 . This early " nitrogen " later shown John Strutt ( Lord Rayleigh ) , William Ramsay contain argon ; Cavendish had shown 1785 there unreactive than present The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . might be outdated ideologically biased . ( in Russian , azot ) , N ; Group V Mendeleev ’ s table , atomic number 7 weight 14.0067 ; odorless , tasteless ga History compounds — saltpeter , ammonia — were long before prepared free state . 1772 , Rutherford burned phosphorus substances glass bell jar showed remaining after combustion , he “ suffocating air , ” respiration combustion . 1787 , A . Lavoisier established “ vital ” “ suffocating ” gases constituents proposed name “ azote ” “ suffocating ” 1784 , H . Cavendish demonstrated component saltpeter ; this origin name “ nitrogen ” ( from Late Latin nitrum “ niter ” “ saltpeter , ” Greek gennao “ I give birth , I produce ” ) , proposed 1790 Chaptal . By beginning 19th century , inertness free extraordinary role fixed become known . From time on , “ fixation ” atmospheric become most important technological problems chemistry . Natural occurrence on earth ; basic mass ( about 4 ξ 10 15 tons ) state atmosphere . ( in molecules ) constitutes 78.09 percent ( or 75.6 percent weight ) , ignoring negligible admixtures average content lithosphere 1.9 x 10 − 3 weight . Naturally occurring chloride ( NH 4 C1 ) various nitrates . Large nitrate deposits desert climates ( Chile , Middle Asia ) . Nitrates were long main source industrial use ( at present , commercial synthesis atmospheric primary importance fixation ) . Small amounts bound occur coal ( 1 – 2.5 percent ) petroleum ( 0.02 – 1.5 percent ) , well river , sea , ocean accumulates river , sea ocean accumulates soils ( 0.1 percent ) organisms ( 0.3 percent ) . Although azote means “ not supporting life , ” actually life processes . Animal human protein contains 16 – 17 nitrogen . bodies carnivores , protein proteins herbivores plants they consume . Plants synthesize assimilating nitrogenous substances , primarily inorganic ones , occurring soil . Considerable amounts enter soil means nitrogen - fixing microorganisms capable converting into compounds . nature cycle nitrifying , denitrifying , nitrogen - fixing , microorganisms play main role . However , result extraction enormous amount bound soil plants ( especially cases intensive cultivation ) , soils show depletion . A deficiency characterizes agriculture almost countries observed animal usbandry ( “ protein starvation ” ) . Plants develop poorly deficient accessible fertilizers supplementary feeding animals raising agricultural production . Man ’ s economic activity disturbs cycle . Thus , combustion fuel enriches nitrogen , fertilizer factories bind atmostpheric shipment agricultural products redistributes on surface earth . fourth solar system after hydrogen , helium , oxygen . Isotopes , atom , molecule Naturally consists two stable isotopes , 14 ( 99.635 ( 0.365 percent ) . isotope biochemical research tracer atom . Among artificial radioactive isotopes 13 longest half - life T ½ = 10.08 min . ) , whereas others very short - lived . upper layers atmosphere , 14 converted action cosmic - ray neutrons into radioactive carbon isotope C . nuclear reactions produce C . outer electron shell atom consists five electrons ( one unshared electron pair three unpaired electrons , give configuration s p ) . Most commonly , covalence virtue unpaired electrons ( as existence unshared pair can lead formation covalent bond , then assumes covalence ( as ion + oxidation states vary + 5 0 5 - 3 Under conditions , molecule atoms connected three covalent bonds . very stable : energy dissociation atoms 942.9 kilojoules mole ( 225.2 kilocalories mole ) , therefore even approximately 3300 ° C degree dissociation only 0.1 percent . Physical properties somewhat lighter air ; 0 ° C 101,325 newtons m 760 mm Hg 1.2506 kg / m melts − 209.86 ° C boils − 195.8 ° C . difficult liquefy ; critical temperature quite low ( − 147.1 ° C ) critical pressure ( 3.39 meganewtons m [ MN / m 34.6 kilogram force cm 808 kg / m less oxygen — at 0 C C , 23.3 g dissolve 1 H 0 . hydrocarbons Only such active metals lithium , calcium , magnesium react during moderate heating . With reacts temperature presence catalysts . 0 , NO , N0 have thoroughly studied . Of these , oxide NO upon direct interaction 4000 ° C ; upon cooling , readily oxidizes further dioxide air , oxides during discharges . They produced action ionizing radiation mixture oxygen . When nitrous anhydride ( N anhydride ( N dissolve water , acid ( HN0 ( HN0 respectively formed ; they nitrites nitrates . With hydrogen , combines presence catalysts ( NH addition numerous known — for example , hydrazine ( H N — NH ) , diimide ( HN ═ NH ) , hy - drazoic [ HN ( — N ═ N ≡ N ) ] , octazone 8 H ) ; isolated derivatives . react directly halogens , therefore halides prepared indirectly ; example , trifluoride ( NF interaction fluorine ammonia . As rule , halides unstable ( except NF ) ; oxy - halides ( NOF , NOCI , NOBr , N0 F , C1 ) stable . directly sulfur ; sulfur nitride S reaction sulfur ammonia . Cyanogen ( CN ) incandescent coke Hydrogen ( HCN ) heating acetylene ( C 1500 ° C . metals leads formation nitrides , Mg During electric discharges ( at pressure 130 – 270 N / m 1 – 2 mm Hg ) decomposition nitrides boron , titanium , magnesium , calcium , discharges air , active may form ; this mixture molecules increased energy content . contrast molecular vigorously oxygen , vapors , phosphorus , metals . constituent great compounds , including amines , amino acids , nitro Preparation easily laboratory heating concentrated solution nitrite : = + 2H 0 . method preparing based separation preliquefied then distilled . bulk production considerable converted fertilizers , explosives , so on . addition direct elements , cyanamide method , developed 1905 , fixation Calcium carbide ( prepared lime coal furnace ) 1000 ° C nitrogen : CaC CaCN cynamide decomposed superheated steam release CaCN 3H CaCO 2NH Free branches industry — as inert medium various metallurgical processes , filling empty space mercury thermometers , pumping flammable liquids , so on . Liquid cooling devices . stored shipped steel Dewar flasks , while cylinders compressed gaseous Many widely used . fixed began develop rapidly World War I now reached REFERENCES Nekrasov , B . V . Osnovy obshchei khimii vol . 1 . Moscow , 1965 . Remy , G . Kurs neorganicheskoi khimii vol . 1 . Moscow , 1963 . ( Translated German . ) Khimiia i tekhnologiia sviazannogo azota [ Moscow - Leningrad , ] 1934 . Kratkaia khimicheskaia entsiklopediia 1961 . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ nī · trə · jən ( chemistry ) A element , symbol N , 7 , weight 14.0067 ; gas , diatomic under normal conditions ; 78 % combined proteins . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . a . a colourless odourless unreactive 78 cent ( by volume ) occurs nucleic acids : chemicals refrigerant . Symbol : no . : 7 ; wt . : 14.00674 ; valency : 5 ; density : 1 / 2506 melting pt . : - - 210.00 ? C ; boiling pt . : - - 195.8 ? C b . modifier ) : cycle Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / nitrogen + trichloride " > nitrogen < / a > Mentioned in aeroembolism air pollution Air separation alkaloid amino group amino nitrogen argon Azines bacteria birdsfoot trefoil Birkeland , Kristian Blast - Furnace Gas Boussingault , Jean Baptiste Carbon Ammoniate carbon cycle carbon - nitrogen cycle References in periodicals archive Effects of nitrogen trichloride stripping on air quality in indoor swimming pools . Chemical off - gassing from indoor swimming pools Changes of serum pneumoproteins caused by short - term exposures to in indoor chlorinated pools . Chlorinated pool attendance , atopy , and the risk of asthma during childhood The team also analysed blood samples from 16 children aged 5 - 14 years and 13 adults aged from 26 - 47 before and after a session in an indoor pool to see how quickly had taken effect . Asthma linked to pool chlorine Now the cause is known - a build - up of the acrid gas , , from a combination of chlorine in the water and nitrogen in the air . WELL BEING ; Hammer home the rule . . . be as SAFE AS HOUSES 6 % Pollution - ( NCl3 ) no more than 20 mg / kgPollution - mercury ( Hg ) no more than 0 . Supply of chlorine More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ nitrocotton Nitroesters nitroethane Nitroform Nitrofurans nitrogelatin nitrogen acid anhydride nitrogen balance Nitrogen Case Hardening Nitrogen Chlorides nitrogen cycle nitrogen dioxide nitrogen fixation Nitrogen Fluorine Compounds Nitrogen in Living Things nitrogen monoxide nitrogen mustard nitrogen narcosis nitrogen oxides nitrogen pentoxide nitrogen peroxide nitrogen sequence nitrogen solution nitrogen tetroxide nitrogen trifluoride nitrogen trioxide nitrogenase nitrogenated oil nitrogen - fixing bacteria Nitrogen - Fixing Microorganisms nitrogenous base nitrogenous fertilizer Nitrogenous Fertilizers nitroglycerin nitroglycerin powder nitroglycerine Nitroglycol nitroguanidine nitromagnesite nitrometer Nitromethane Nitron Nitronaphthalenes nitronium nitroparaffin nitrophenide Nitrophenols Nitrophos Nitrophoska ▼ Full browser ▲ Nitrogen oxides nitrogen partition Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrogen Permease Regulator 2 nitrogen peroxide Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector Nitrogen Physiology of Forest Plants and Soils Nitrogen pollution Nitrogen pollution Nitrogen Pressure Valve Nitrogen Purge Control Nitrogen Purge Unit Nitrogen Rejection Unit Nitrogen Response Factor 1 Nitrogen Risk Assessment Model for Scotland Nitrogen Saturation Experiments nitrogen sequence nitrogen solution nitrogen sparer nitrogen sparer Nitrogen Tank Assembly Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen Tillage - Residue Management Nitrogen to Phosphorous Ratio Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trihydride Nitrogen trihydride nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen Use Efficiency Nitrogen Wash Unit Nitrogen Wash - Out Delay nitrogen washout nitrogen washout nitrogen washout curve nitrogen washout test nitrogen washout test nitrogen washout test , single breath nitrogen washout test , single breath nitrogen wasting Nitrogen ( II ) oxide Nitrogen ( II ) oxide Nitrogen ( III ) chloride Nitrogen , Carbon , Hydrogen , Oxygen , Phosphorus , and Sulfur Nitrogen , Oxygen , Carbon and Ash Nitrogen , Oxygen , Carbon , Ash , Sulfur , Hydrogen Nitrogen , Phosphorous , Potassium Nitrogen - 15 nitrogen - bearing ▼ | [
"nitrogen"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ore | ore Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Acronyms Wikipedia ore , metal - bearing mineral mass that can be profitably mined . Nearly all rock deposits contain some metallic minerals , but in many cases the concentration of metal is too low to justify mining mining , extraction of solid mineral resources from the earth . These resources include ores , which contain commercially valuable amounts metals , such as iron and aluminum ; precious stones , such as diamonds ; building stones , granite ; and solid fuels , coal . . . . . Click link for more information . the ore . Ores are usually found concentrated in deposits with a definite gradation metal concentration from ore to surrounding rock . The often occurs veins , which are ore - filled fissures rock . The veins vary thickness only fractions an inch several hundred feet . Minerals with no commercial value , called gangue minerals , usually found mixed vein . Some veins buried deep within ground , but others lie close surface . Veins exposed weathering often eroded redeposited placers alluvial deposits , e.g. , ore - bearing stream lake gravels or beach sands . Some ores simple chemical compounds , while others chemically complex minerals mineral , inorganic substance occurring nature , having a characteristic homogeneous chemical composition , definite physical properties , and , usually , crystalline form . A few minerals ( e.g . . . . . . Click link for more information . Important ores aluminum aluminum called British countries aluminium metallic element ; symbol Al ; at . no . 13 ; at . wt . 26.98154 ; m.p . 660.37 ° C ; ; b.p . 2,467 ° C ; ; sp . gr . 2.6989 at 20 ° C ; ; valence + 3 . iron iron , element ; symbol Fe [ Lat . ferrum ] ; no . 26 ; wt . 55.845 ; m.p . about 1,535 ° C ; ; b.p . about 2,750 ° C ; ; sp . gr . 7.87 at 20 ° C ; ; valence + 2 , + 3 , + 4 , or + 6 . Iron is biologically significant . manganese manganese [ Lat . , = magnet ] , Mn ; 25 ; 54.93805 ; 1,244 ° C ; ; 1,962 ° C ; ; 7.2 7.45 , depending on form ; principally + 2 , + 4 , + 7 . Manganese pinkish - gray , chemically active metal . tin tin , Sn [ Lat . stannum ] ; 50 ; 118.710 ; 231.9681 ° C ; ; 2,270 ° C ; ; 5.75 ( gray ) , 7.3 ( white ) ; + 2 + 4 . Tin exhibits allotropy ; above 13 . are oxides ; important antimony antimony antimoneum ] , semimetallic Sb stibium , = a mark ] ; 51 ; 121.760 ; 630.74 ° C ; ; 1,750 ° C ; ; ( metallic form ) 6.69 0 , + 3 , − 3 , + 5 . copper copper , Cu cuprum = copper ] ; 29 ; 63.546 ; 1,083.4 ° C ; ; 2,567 ° C ; ; 8.96 + 1 + 2 . Copper some its alloys have been used by humanity since Bronze Age . lead lead , Pb plumbum 82 ; 207.2 ; 327.502 ° C ; ; 1,740 ° C ; ; 11.35 + 2 + 4 . mercury mercury quicksilver [ from Roman god Mercury ] , Hg hydrargyrum = liquid silver ] ; 80 ; 200.59 ; − 38.842 ° C ; ; 356.58 ° C ; ; 13.55 + 1 + 2 . nickel nickel , Ni ; 28 ; 58.6934 ; 1,453 ° C ; ; 2,732 ° C ; ; 8.902 25 ° C ; ; 0 , + 1 , silver silver , Ag argentum 47 ; 107.8682 ; 961.93 ° C ; ; 2,212 ° C ; ; 10.5 zinc zinc , Zn ; 30 ; 65.38 ; 419.58 ° C ; ; 907 ° C ; ; 7.133 25 ° C ; ; Zinc lustrous bluish - white metal . It Group 12 periodic table . are sulfides . metals , native occur uncombined nature , e.g. , copper , gold gold , Au aurum = shining dawn ] ; 79 ; 196.96657 ; 1,064.43 ° C ; ; 2,808 ° C ; ; 19.32 + 3 . platinum platinum Pt ; 78 ; 195.084 ; 1,772 ° C ; ; 3,827 ± 100 ° C ; ; 21.45 silver . recovery metals their one area field metallurgy metallurgy science technology metals their alloys . Modern metallurgical research concerned preparation radioactive obtaining economically low - grade ores , obtaining refining rare hitherto not used , The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Ore natural formation containing compounds concentrations that make industrial use technically economically feasible . term “ ore ” sometimes also used refer certain types nonmetallic sulfur , barite , graphite , asbestos , various agronomy . A distinction made between monomineralic consist single mineral , polymineralic several valuable other , associated no industrial value . As rule , occur together associated vein minerals . ratio between vein varies greatly , depending on given deposit . For example , gold - bearing quartz amount gold relative mass quartz thousandths 1 percent . On other hand , types consist entirely ( magnetite , hematite ) . content different depends , turn , ores ’ composition varies quite broadly . For example , pyrolusite contains 63.2 percent Mn , whereas rhodonite has 32 – 41.9 percent Mn . Based composition predominant following distinguished : silicate , siliceous , oxide , sulfide , carbonate , mixed . Texture defined spatial arrangement aggregates make up an ore . texture may described massive , banded , spotted , veined , impregnated , cellular , spheroidal , reniform , loose . By “ ore structure ” meant shape size rock waste spatially distinct aggregates way waste combined these aggregates . According structure , classified equigranular , inequigranular , oolitic ( with concentric circular accumulations minerals ) , porphyritic ( with distinct large grains equigranular mass ) , divergent . According way distributed , distinction made even , uneven , extremely uneven distribution . Ores extracted contained bedrock original ores . accumulate loose river , lake , sea after being washed there by water placers placer deposits . physical properties very important mining processing . These properties include hardness , strength , jointing , porosity , specific weight , melting temperature , well magnetic , electromagnetic , conducting , radioactive , sorptive solubility . quality processed determined content harmful components . components , high - grade low - grade Minimum reserves , components , maximum harmful impurities permissible determine qualities qualities vary according conditions techniques extract process divided into basic grades according composition , texture , structure equipment processing . REFERENCES Magak ’ ian , I . G . Rudnye mestorozhdeniia 2nd ed . Yerevan , 1961 . Smirnov , V . I . Geologiiapoleznykh iskopaemykh 2nd ed . Moscow , 1969 . V . S MIRNOV The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ȯr ( geology ) naturally occurring material can extracted . Specifically , natural compound elements , one element least More loosely , all metalliferous rock , though it contains free state . Occasionally , compound nonmetallic substances , sulfur McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . any naturally aggregate constituents , esp extracted Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Agronomic Ores Anatolii Betekhtin Antimony Ore Arsenic Ores Autogenous Grinding Bacterial Lixiviation Bean Ore blast furnace bog iron ore bog - mine ore Bushveld Complex Chrome Ore Cobalt Ores Colorado Plateau Deposits Complex Ore Concentration of Minerals copper Copper Ores developed reserves Encyclopedia browser ▲ Ordin - Nashchokin , Afanasii Ordin - Nashchokin , Afanasii Lavrentevich ordnance ordnance service ordnance stores ordnance supplies Ordnance Survey ordnance troops Ordo Strigoi Vii Ordonnances Ordos Ordos Plateau Ordovician Ordovician period Ordovician System Period Ordu Ordubad Ordubady , Mamed Said Ordynskoe Ordzhonikidze Ordzhonikidze Peak Ordzhonikidze , Grigorii Ordzhonikidze , Grigorii Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidzeabad Ordzhonikidzevskii ore bed ore bin ore block ore blocked out Ore Body ore bridge ore car Ore Carrier ore chimney Ore Chute ore cluster ore control ore crusher Ore Deposit Ore Deposits , Zoning of ore developed Ore District ore dressing ore expectant ore faces ore flotation promoter ore grader Ore Heat - Treating Furnace ore in sight ore intersection ▼ Full browser ▲ ORDS ORDSER ORDT ORDTA ORDTASK ORDTYP Ordu Ordu Belediyesi Karadeniz Tiyatrosu Ordu Kaynakta Ayristirma Projesi Ordu Yardýmlaþma Kurumu Ordubad Ordubady , Mamed Said ordure ordure Ordures Ménagères Résiduelles Ordurous ORDVAC ORDW Ordway Center for the Performing Arts Ordway Circle of Stars ORDY Ordynskoe Ordzhonikidze Ordzhonikidze Peak Ordzhonikidze , Grigorii Ordzhonikidze , Grigorii Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidzeabad Ordzhonikidzevskii Ordzhonikidzevsky Öre Öre Øre Øre Ore and mineral deposits Ore and mineral deposits ore bed ore bin ore block ore blocked out Ore Body Ore Body Knowledge ore bridge ore car ore carrier ore chimney ore chute ore cluster ore control ore crusher Ore deposit Ore deposit ▼ | [
"Ore",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ova | ovum ( redirected from ova Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Acronyms Wikipedia ovum ( ō vəm ) in biology , specialized plant or animal sex cell , also called the egg , or egg cell . It is the female sex cell , female gamete ; male gamete is sperm sperm spermatozoon in biology , male gamete ( sex cell ) , corresponding to organisms that reproduce sexually . In higher animals produced testis of male ; it much smaller than and consists primarily of a head , . . . . . Click link for more information . The study included science embryology . The development a new individual from an unfertilized called parthenogenesis parthenogenesis [ Gr . , = virgin birth ] , form reproduction which develops into new individual without fertilization . Natural has been observed many lower animals ( it characteristic rotifers ) , especially insects , e.g . . . . . . Click link for more information . In higher differs from that it larger and nonmotile , smooth sphere oval lacking flagellum sperm . Like sperm , its nucleus contains chromosomes , which bear hereditary material parent . A gamete , sperm , contains half number chromosomes found body cells parent , i.e. , haploid . animals , ova contain stored food yolk , amount varies different species , depending on length time required embryo to become self - sufficient obtaining nourishment outside egg . term usually restricted single but term egg , its common use indicate bird ' s refers complex structure , only part produced ovary bird . such an egg cell swollen with yolk material . rest egg — e.g. , jelly mass surrounding amphibian eggs , shell , membranes , white , albumen , bird eggs — is not cellular secreted around as passes down oviduct . Animal Ova Oogenesis Ova are ovary ovary , ductless gland ( female reproductive cells ) are produced . vertebrate also secretes hormones estrogen progesterone , control development sexual organs secondary sexual characteristics . of female ; they formed reproductive cells ( called primordial germ cells ) process oogenesis . this maturation process germ cell builds up food supply then undergoes series divisions ( called meiosis meiosis nuclear division living by number chromosomes reduced half original number . Meiosis occurs only gametogenesis , i.e. , when gametes , ( ovum sperm ) , being formed . ) , by mature reduced half . oogenesis one four formed meiotic division functional . this all yolk original collected ; three other , yolkless , polar bodies never develop further . Maturation occurs formation ( spermatogenesis ) , but spermatogenesis , contrast oogenesis , all four meiotic functional . Fertilization and Maturation union mature ovum , each bearing normal chromosomes , results single ( the zygote ) with full chromosomes . zygote undergoes series divisions ( see mitosis mitosis nuclear living carriers hereditary information , exactly replicated two copies distributed identical daughter nuclei . producing multicellular embryo name developing young animal plant . widest definition , young moment fertilization until has become structurally complete able survive as separate organism . and finally individual . sexually reproducing production maturation ovum , fertilization fertilization , reproduction both plants animals , involving union two unlike ( gametes ) , followed joining their nuclei . early embryonic essentially identical . Plant Ova plants reproduce sexually pattern similar animals . mosses ferns , however , special organs archegonia fertilized commonly flagellated motile like those animals . flowering situated base pistil pistil one basic parts flower , central structure around arranged stamens , petals , sepals . usually organ flowering plant , although actual structures microscopic . of flower . After contained pollen grain , zygote develops into embryo , contained seed . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Ovum cell . Strictly speaking , refers when ready fertilization , often applied earlier later stages . Confusion avoided using qualifying adjectives such immature , ripe , mature , fertilized , developing ova . generally spheroidal large . at time varies different millions many marine spawn surrounding sea water about dozen less mammals adaptations internal nourishment care highly developed . Section mammalian immature associated follicle through receives material growth . mammals , matures , these arrange themselves structure known Graafian , vesicular , follicle , consisting large fluid - filled cavity surrounded several layers cells , projects layer follicle constitutes inner wall ( see illustration ) . fluid estrogenic hormone secreted intermediate layer follicular wall . Yolk , deutoplasm , essentially reserve form small spherules , present greater lesser extent eggs . It accounts largely differences size eggs . Eggs classified according distribution yolk . isolecithal type there nearly uniform distribution through cytoplasm , most small telolecithal eggs increasingly concentrated toward pole , large eggs fish , amphibians , reptiles , birds . Centrolecithal , centrally located , insects cephalopod mollusks . See Gametogenesis Oogenesis McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Ovum An egg - shaped ornamental motif , used ornamental bands found Classical architecture Classical Revival styles . Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Copyright © 2012 , 2002 , 1998 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved ′ ō · vəm ( cell molecular biology ) A gamete . Also known egg . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . classical architecture derivatives , egg - shaped motif . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . unfertilized gamete ; Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in abdominocyesis activation animal pole antifertility agent Baer , Karl Ernst von Balfour ' s law Bird Egg Bischoff , Theodor Ludwig Blastema Blastocyst Blastodisc Blastokinesis Blastomeres Botflies and Warble Flies Caryophyllaeidea Centrolecithal Ovum Ceyhan conception conjoined twins Encyclopedia browser ▲ Outsiders outsourcing outstanding leg outstation out - to - out measurement out - tray out - turn cost outward outward bound Outward Bound USA outwash outwash apron outwash cone outwash drift outwash fan outwash plain outwash terrace outwash train outwindow ouvarovite Ouwe , Hartmann von Ou - Yang Hsiu Ou - Yang Shan ouzel ouzo Oval oval of Cassini oval window ovalbumin Ovaloid Ovambo Ovanes Abelian Ovanes Abgarovich Adamian Ovanes Adamian Ovanes Artemevich Abelian Ovanes Draskhanakertsi Ovanes Erznkatsi Ovanes Gevorkovich Zarifian Ovanes Imastaser Ovanes Shiraz Ovanes Tadevosovich Tumanian Ovanes Tatevosovich Shiraz Ovanes Tlkurantsi Ovanes Tumanian Ovanes Vorotnetsi Ovanes Zarifian Ovanesova , Arsha Ovanesova , Arsha Ambartsumovna Ovanisian , Nar Ovanisian , Nar Mikhailovich ▼ Full browser ▲ Ouyang Xiu OUYC OUZ Ouze ouzel ouzels ouzels Ouzir Ouzir OUZIT ouzo ouzos ouzos OV OV ov ( o ) - ov - ov - OV - FLIR Ov / Br septinv OV / D OV / TA Ova & Parasites Ova ( disambiguation ) Ova ( disambiguation ) ova and parasite examination ova and parasites test Ova and Parasites , Stool Ova Cysts Parasites OVA66 OVAA OVAAA OVAAO OVAB OVAC OVAC Visual Systems Ovace Ovace Wash OVACWH Ovada Ovada Ovadya Ovadya Ovadyah Ovadyah Ovadyoh Ovadyoh Ovae OVAG ▼ | [
"ovum",
"parthenogenesis",
"Oogenesis"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/packet+switching | packet switching Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia packet switching ′ pak · ət ‚ swich · iŋ ( communications ) packet transmission McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Packet switching A software - controlled means of directing digitally encoded information in a communication network from a source to destination , in which information messages may be divided into smaller entities called packets . Switching and transmission are the two basic functions that effect communication on demand from one point to another network , an interconnection of nodes by transmission facilities . Each node functions as switch addition having potentially other nodal such as storage or processing . Switched ( or demand ) can be classified under two main categories : circuit - switched and store - and - forward communication . Store - and - forward communication , turn , has principal categories : message - switched ( message switching ) packet - switched ( packet switching ) . In circuit switching , an end - to - end path fixed bandwidth ( or speed ) is set up for the entire duration or call . The bandwidth circuit switching may remain unused if no is being transmitted during call . In store - and - forward switching , message , either whole parts , transits through nodes network one node at time . The entire message , part it , stored at each then forwarded next . message switched message retains its integrity whole each during its passage through network . For very long messages , this requires large buffers storage capacity ) node . Also , constraint receiving very last bit before forwarding first bit next result unacceptable delays . Packet switching breaks large into fixed - size , small packets then switches these packets if they were individual messages . This approach reduces need for nodal buffers “ pipelines ” resources so that number can active same time long reducing significantly transit delay . One important characteristic packet resources are consumed only when data actually sent . All public packet networks require terminals computers connecting use standard access protocol . Interconnection public others carried out by using another standardized protocol . Packet - switched networks using satellite terrestrial radio medium known satellite radio networks , respectively . Such especially suited covering areas mobile stations , applications benefit availability several locations simultaneously . Asynchronous transfer mode ( ATM ) type uses short , fixed - size ( called cells ) transfer information . ATM cell 53 bytes long , containing 5 - byte header address destination , followed fixed 48 - byte field . rather short size ATM , compared conventional represents compromise between needs data those voice video communication , where small delays low jitter critical most applications . Data computer communication ) has been primary application networks . Computer traffic characteristics fundamentally different those voice traffic . Data traffic usually bursty , lasting several milliseconds minutes hours . holding time also widely different application another . These characteristics make ideal choice most applications . principal motivation ATM devise unified transport mechanism voice , still image , video , communication . See Data communications McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ( communications ) A communications paradigm which packets ( messages fragments messages ) individually routed between nodes , with no previously established communication path . Packets routed their destination the most expedient route ( as determined some routing algorithm ) . Not all travelling between same two hosts , even single will necessarily follow route . destination computer reassembles their appropriate sequence . Packet used optimise the use available to minimise latency X . 25 international standard packet network . Also called connectionless Opposite circuit switched or connection - oriented See also virtual circuit wormhole routing This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( foldoc . org digital technology breaks up smaller chunks ( packets ) transmission . Unlike traditional telephone networks , requires establishment dedicated point - to - point connection , packet - switched contains address . Thus , all single do not have travel path . As conditions change , they dynamically via paths network , even arrive out order . reassembles their proper sequence . Data , Voice Video always excelled handling messages lengths , well priorities , providing attributes quality service ( QoS ) were included design However , was originally created data . Today , global standard IP protocol ( see TCP / IP ) , have become norm video well ( see IP on Everything ) . First Switches first international wide area was X . 25 , defined when circuits analog susceptible noise . Subsequent technologies , such frame relay , designed almost - error - free digital lines . uses cell - switching technology provides bandwidth - sharing efficiency with guaranteed switching . X . 25 frame relay Contrast circuit switching From FDM TDM IP IP - based become transport nearly everything , including video . For conversations especially , analog digital - based waste much 75 % due pauses speech person listening while other talks . Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright © 1981 - 2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc . All Right reserved . THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY . All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / packet + switching " > packet switching < / a > Mentioned in 2G / 3G architecture Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Ain AOLS ARPAnet Asynchronous Transfer Mode BGAN blackholing BPSS CCIS circuit switching concert connection oriented connectionless protocol connection - oriented cut - through switching Cyclades data communications data packet Encyclopedia browser ▲ packer fluid packer test Packet Assembler / Disassembler packet cellular packet classification packet conversion packet data packet driver packet filter packet gland packet header Packet in Plastic Grid Array Packet InterNet Groper packet logger packet loss packet network packet over SONET packet overhead packet radio packet scheduler packet sniffer packet sniffing packet switch Packet Switch Node packet telephony packet transmission packet writing packet writing software packetized voice Packet - Type Switch packhorse Packing packing density packing fraction packing house packing house pitch packing index packing industry packing piece packing proximity packing radius packing ring packing routine PackIt packsand packstone Pacolet ' s horse Pacquiao , Manny ▼ Full browser ▲ packet sniffers Packet sniffing Packet Storage Manager Packet Stream Packet Success Rate Packet Summary Markup Language Packet switch Packet switch Packet Switch Design Packet Switch Host / Trunk Interface Packet Switch Interface Unit Packet Switch Module Packet Switch Node Packet Switch Service Module Packet Switch Stream Packet Switch Unit Packet switched Packet switched Packet Switched Backplane Packet Switched Data Packet Switched Data Network Packet Switched Interface Packet switched network Packet switched network Packet Switched Public Data Network Packet Switched Service Packet Switched Streaming Activity Group Packet Switched - Core Network Packet Switching ASIC Packet Switching Capability Packet Switching Capable Interface Packet Switching Cluster Packet Switching Exchange Packet Switching Interface Packet Switching Network Packet Switching Node Packet Switching Protocol Packet Switching System Packet Switching Technology Packet Switching Unit Packet Sysops of Northern California Packet Telecommand Decoder Packet telephony Packet telephony Packet Telephony Center Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Packet Terminal Packet Time Packet Time Slot Packet Timed Token Service Discipline Packet Timeout Packet Tmsi Packet trade Packet transfer delay Packet Transfer Mode Packet Transfer Mode - Transmission Convergence Packet Transmission Rate ▼ | [
"Packet switching",
"DEFINITION"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/percutaneous+renal+biopsy | biopsy ( redirected from percutaneous renal biopsy Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical biopsy ( bīäp sē ) examination of cells or tissues removed from a living organism . Excised material may be studied in order to diagnose disease or to confirm findings of normality . Preparatory techniques depend on the nature the tissue and kind study intended . Incisions may be made and total partial lesions removed in form wedges cylindrical pieces , scrapings surface membranes internal organs collected . Needlelike instruments used pierce tissues remove soft inner material . Once tissue specimen has been obtained it is fixed , i.e. , membrane proteins enzymes are stabilized chemical histologic analyses are carried out by pathologists . Tumors routinely biopsied order determine whether they malignant . Fine needle aspiration is a technique more readily used for certain tumors lesions because it less expensive damaging than traditional surgical biopsy . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / ′ bī ‚ äp · sē ( pathology ) The removal examination tissues , cells , fluids from living body for purposes diagnosis . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . examination , esp under microscope , body determine cause extent disease 2 . the sample taken such an Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / percutaneous + renal + biopsy " > biopsy < / a > Mentioned in Alzheimer ' s disease bone marrow breast cancer Cancer Cervical Erosion chorionic villus sampling Cirrhosis of the Liver colon cancer Cystoscopy Cytological Diagnosis diagnosis embryo biopsy embryo screening endoscope Endoscopy Epstein - Barr virus Erosion , Cervical Esophagoscopy esophagus Encyclopedia browser ▲ percolation leaching percolation limit percolation network percolation problem percolation test percolation zone Percomorphi Percopsidae Percopsiformes percussion percussion bit percussion drill Percussion Drilling Percussion Figure percussion fire percussion firing mechanism percussion hammer firing mechanism percussion instrument percussion mark percussion powder percussion side - wall sampling percussion table percussion welding percussionist percussive maintenance percutaneous renal biopsy Percy Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Quin State Park Percy Warner Park Percy William Bridgman Percy , George Percy , Thomas Percy , Walker percylite Percys and Douglases Perdiccas Perdido Perdido Key State Park Perdita perdition Perdue , Frank Père David ' s deer Père Lachaise Pere Marquette State Park Perechin Pereda , José María de Peredelskii , Georgii Peredelskii , Georgii Efimovich Perederii , Grigorii Perederii , Grigorii Petrovich ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"biopsy",
"dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pistil | pistil Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Wikipedia pistil ( pĭs tĭl ) one of the four basic parts of a flower flower , name for the specialized part a plant containing reproductive organs , applied to angiosperms only . A flower may be thought as modified , short , compact branch bearing lateral appendages . . . . . . Click link for more information . central structure around which are arranged stamens , petals , and sepals . The is usually called female reproductive organ flowering plant , although actual structures are microscopic . The has bulbous base ( the ovary ) containing ovules , which develop into seeds after fertilization egg cell ( s ) in ovule . A is composed one or more highly modified leaves ( carpels ) , each or ovules . may have simple pistils , each separate organ , or , in higher orders , compound pistil , formed several fused carpels . Usually , there above ovary stalk ( the style ) bearing on its tip stigma , where pollen grains land and germinate ( see pollination pollination , transfer pollen from male organ ( stamen staminate cone ) to female ( pistil pistillate cone ) same another cone . . . . . . Click link information . ) . stigma often sticky hairy , retain pollen . Evolutionary relationships can often be inferred from location ovary relation other parts flower . If stamens , petals , sepals attached beneath ovary , hypogynous superior ; if they attached above , inferior epigynous ; if located receptacle at outer edges other parts , it called superior half - inferior perigynous . that has pistils but no stamens ( or nonfunctional ones ) pistillate , female , as distinguished staminate , male , flower , nonfunctional absent . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . Pistil flower . pistil , located center typically consists hollow enlarged inferior part — the ovary , slender usually cylindrical style stylodium , stigma . stigma crowns style stylodia . If stylodia reduced , sits directly on ovary . contains ovules , seeds develop after fertilization . pericarp develops walls ovary . Thus , whole participates formation fruit . Many botanists consider term “ pistil ” superfluous because it synonymous with apocarpous gynoecium ( a simple formed single carpel several free carpels ) with cenocarpous gynoecium ( a compound two united carpels ) . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ pist · əl ( botany ) ovule - bearing angiosperms ; consists an style , stigma . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . part consisting separate fused carpels ; Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in Acyclic Flower Aleksandrov , Vasilii Aleksandrov , Vasilii Georgievich angiosperm anther anthophore Archegoniatae Bee Pollination Beefwood Bignoniaceae Bromeliaceae Camerarius , Rudolph Jacob Capitulum Carolus Linnaeus carpel Castration of Plants Chenopodiaceae Cleistogamy cocklebur Encyclopedia browser ▲ pishtaq Pisidia Pisidium Pisionidae Pisistratus Piskarev Letopisets Piskarevskoe Cemetery Piskorskii , Vladimir Piskorskii , Vladimir Konstantinovich Pismo State Beach Piso pisolite pisolith pisolitic pisolitic tuff pisoparite Pispah Pissarides , Christopher Antoniou Pissarro Pissodes pistachio Pistacia pistacia lentiscus piste Pistia pistillate Pistillate Hemp Pistoia pistol pistol lanyard Pistol River State Scenic Viewpoint Pistol Star Pistole Pistolkors , Aleksandr Pistolkors , Aleksandr Aleksandrovich piston piston attenuator piston blower piston corer piston displacement piston drill piston engine piston flow piston gage piston head piston meter piston pin piston pump Piston Ring Piston Rod ▼ Full browser ▲ Pistacite Pistacite pistareen pistareen Pistazite piste Piste basher Piste en Sable Fibré Piste groomer pisted Pistel pistes pistes pisti pistia pistia Pistia stratiotes Pistia stratiotes Pistia stratoites Pistia stratoites Pistic Pistillaceous pistillar pistillary Pistillate Flower Abscission Pistillate Hemp pistillately pistillately Pistillation Pistillidium Pistilliferous pistillode Pistillody Pistils Pistils Pistoia Pistoia and Prato Pistoia and Prato Pistoia , Italy Pistoia , Italy Pistoia , Toscana pistol ▼ | [
"pistil",
"Dictionary ,"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pronation | pronate ( redirected from pronation Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia pronate ′ prō ‚ nāt ( anatomy ) To turn the forearm so that the palm of hand is down or toward back . To turn sole of foot outward with lateral margin foot elevated ; to evert . ( control systems ) orient a robot toward a position in which back or protected side manipulator faces up and is exposed . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in pronator tonic postural epilepsy References in periodicals archive For instance , Yung and colleagues ( 4 ) reported that one patient had a pronation and supination loss , and six patients had residual radial or ulna angulation . Single - Bone Intramedullary Nailing of Pediatric Both - Bone Forearm Fractures : A Systematic Review Abnormal compensatory ( amount & speed ) will occur at heel strike and continue until heel rise . Pathomechanics of the Foot However the wrist is capable of only three sets of distinct movements : flexion and extension , supination and and , ulnar deviation and radial deviation . On The Classification of Hand Movements with Electromyogram Signals Obtained From Arm Muscles for Controlling Hand Prosthesis The importance of avoiding undue midfoot while performing classical ballet technique is very well known . Height of the medial longitudinal arch during classical ballet steps Even in just the arm structure , muscles hold and transmit signals for distinct and independent movements of fingers , for making fist , for supination and , for elbow flexion extension . DEVELOPMENT , CONTROL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BIONIC ELBOW JOINT For supination and evaluations by goniometer , a pen was gripped in the subject hand to detect the axis better and the fixed arm was located on this axis . Smartphone and universal goniometer for measurement of elbow joint motions : a comparative study Compared with their study , the present study reports no significant difference between the two stances , and the AG showed a significantly higher moment at impact than did the IG . Comparison of ball - and - racket impact force in two - handed backhand stroke stances for different - skill - level tennis players A consensus prevails that the vast majority of diaphyseal fractures of both bones forearm causing loss of radial bowing and angulation resulting in restriction of supination and if they are treated conservatively . A clinical study of management of fracture both bones forearm with internal fixation by two different methods This rotation ft continues down the legs , resulting in at the feet , shifting the distribution of weight to the big toe instead of spreading it evenly across the foot . Can crunches fix bunions ? How cross - training your core , hips and calves can help feet ' s abnormal leads to generation of internal rotation and a pelvis lateral anterior tilt in a one - sided form that , this may cause increase of strain on some pelvis muscle such as iliopsoas , piriformis and gluteus . The relationship between stress urinary incontinence in women and flat foot by using two methods The terms and supination describe normal positional changes in the foot and ankle . Oh , my aching feet These values were comparable with those of the uninjured side in radial deviation , ulnae deviation , et supination . Is minimally invasive application by intramedullary osteosynthesis in comparison with volar plating real benefit in the treatment of distal radius fractures ? More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ promoter Promotion Pro - MPEG Forum prompt prompt box prompt critical prompt neutron prompt radiation prompter prompter ' s box Prompton State Park Promulgation promyelocyte Promyshlennaia Promyshlennaia Energetika Promyshlennoe Stroitelstvo Promyshlennovskii Promyshlennyi Promyshlennyi Transport Promysla Promyslov , Vladimir Promyslov , Vladimir Fedorovich pron Pronaos pronator Pronchishchev Coast Pronchishchev Ridge Pronchishchev , Vasilii Pronchishchev , Vasilii Vasilevich Pronchishcheva Bay Pronephros Pronet prong prong reef pronghorn Pronia Pronoia pronormoblast pronoun Pronsk Pronucleus Pronunciamento pronunciation prony brake proof proof by contradiction proof by descent proof firing proof load ▼ Full browser ▲ pronaoi pronaoi pronaos pronaos PRONAPLUCAN Pronase and Inositol Hexaphosphate pronasion pronatalism pronatalist pronatalistic pronated pronated pronates pronates pronating pronating pronatio pronatio Pronation External Rotation pronation of foot pronation of forearm pronations pronations pronatis pronator ( muscle ) pronator drift pronator drift pronator muscle pronator muscle , quadrate pronator muscle , quadrate pronator muscle , round pronator muscle , round Pronator quadratus Pronator quadratus pronator quadratus ( muscle ) Pronator quadratus muscle Pronator quadratus muscle pronator reflex pronator ridge ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"pronate"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/rabies | rabies Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia rabies ( rā bēz , ră – ) or hydrophobia ( hī ' drəfō bēə ) acute viral infection of the central nervous system in dogs , foxes , raccoons , skunks , bats , and other animals , and in humans . The virus is transmitted from an animal to a person , or from one animal to another , via infected saliva , most often by biting but also by the contact of torn skin with infected saliva . The virus travels bite contact location spinal cord brain . In humans incubation period ranges 10 days a year more . Symptoms are fever , uncontrollable excitement , pronounced spasms throat muscles . Salivation is extreme , despite great thirst victim can not swallow water ; hence misnomer hydrophobia ( fear water ) . Once symptoms develop , death ( caused convulsions , exhaustion , paralysis ) usually inevitable . Following bite rabid possibly rabid animal , preventive treatment involves administration immune globulin for passive immunization followed vaccinations over several weeks for active immunization . only treatment after symptoms appear rest sedation . Dogs have been immunized time Louis Pasteur Pasteur , Louis 1822 – 95 , French chemist . He taught at Dijon , Strasbourg , Lille , Paris at École normale supérieure Sorbonne ( 1867 – 89 ) . . . . . . Click link more information . demonstrated successful vaccine 1885 . Since then , human has become rare United States other industrialized countries due comprehensive vaccination programs domestic animals . Mass vaccination susceptible animals wild with vaccine - laced bait has been used an effort stem increase cases United States Canada that began late 1980s . A similar wild program used some success parts Europe . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Rabies An acute , encephalitic viral infection . Human beings are animal , usually dog . Canine can infect all warm - blooded animals , death results . See Animal virus believed move saliva - infected wound through sensory nerves central nervous system , multiply there destruction brain cells , thus produce encephalitis , severe excitement , throat spasm upon swallowing ( hence hydrophobia , fear water ) , convulsions , death — with paralysis sometimes intervening before death . All bites should immediately be cleaned thoroughly soap water , tetanus shot should be considered . decision administer antibody , vaccine , both depends on four factors : nature biting animal ; existence area ; manner attack ( provoked unprovoked ) severity contamination saliva animal ; recommendations local public health officials . Diagnosis human made observation Negri bodies ( cytoplasmic inclusion bodies ) brains animals inoculated person ' s saliva , person ' s brain after death . A dog which bitten person isolated watched 10 days signs rabies ; if none occur , was absent . If signs do appear , killed examined Negri bodies , antigen testing fluorescent antibodies . See Viral inclusion bodies Individuals high risk , such as veterinarians , must receive preventive immunization . If exposure believed have dangerous , postexposure prophylaxis undertaken . antibody immunogenic vaccine administered promptly , can prevented invading system . An inactivated available States . It made grown monkey cell cultures free proteins that were present earlier Pasteur - type vaccines . This material sufficiently antigenic only four six doses need given obtain substantial antibody response . Vaccination McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . Rabies hydrophobia , acute infectious disease caused neurotropic affects system . Animal known since ancient times ; it mentioned Democritus , Aristotle , others . Pasteur showed through his investigations causative agent concentrated In 1887 Rumanian scientist V . Babes , 1903 Italian physician A . discovered brains dead victims special inclusion bodies measuring 1 – 27 microns . nature these inclusions — Babeş - Negri bodies — has not fully clarified , but their detection absolute diagnostic significance . When person bitten dog suspected carrying rabies , must isolated further observation . does not die within ten days , precluded . it does die within this period , discovery Babeş - Negri its confirms diagnosis rabies . Although proportion among infectious diseases great , infections found all over world . Mammals , mainly members canine family , affected under natural conditions . Among domestic most numerous those cattle ( up 55 percent ) , dogs ( 27 percent ) , sheep goats ( 11 pigs ( 5 horses ( 2 percent ) . USSR majority cases occur early months year ( January May ) . Wild carnivores play important role spreading among agricultural animals . Infection occurs as result entry saliva breaks skin mucous membrane , bite . latent period lasts one two months ( in up 90 percent cases ) , more rarely up six months . Its duration depends mainly on age ( the younger shorter latent period ) site , size , depth ( with deep , numerous , extensive wounds bites head area incubation shortened ) . five clinical forms commonly distinguished ( 1 ) abortive , which recovery occurs initial typical symptoms ; ( 2 ) relapsing , dies temporary improvement ; ( 3 ) atypical , chronic accompanied emaciation ; ( 4 ) furious ( most typical ) , aggressiveness manifested there perversion appetite ( ingestion inedible objects ) paralysis pharynx ; ( 5 ) quiet , characterized less expressive excitement . proceeds typically dogs . cats illness proceeds its furious form ; cattle , sheep , goats , quiet forms ; pigs , sharply expressed violent form . Treatment prohibited ; they immediately destroyed . Prophylaxis directed toward immunizing destroying stray dogs cats , shooting trapping make reservoirs rabies . Infection man lick mucous membranes whose contains causative agent Especially dangerous man head , face , neck ; such disease shortened illness special virulence . Having penetrated body wound inflicted ( or licked scratch ) , spreads along nerve trunks toward system , affecting nerve centers cerebral cortex . following distinguished clinical history man : ( 1 ) stage depression lasting several hours 48 hours ; ( 2 ) stage hallucinations , motor agitation ( from seven days ) ; ( 3 ) ( from hours two three days ) , ending patient . ( incubation ) calculated moment lick first manifestations lasts 15 55 days . At first dull aching pain begins site bite , continuing even when closed . patient ’ s mood depressed , his sleep restless . Various hallucinations appear — visual , auditory , olfactory — usually menacing character . After comparatively short depression , motor excitement noisy breathing develop , patient excited alarmed complains lack air . Then muscular convulsions mostly musculature pharynx ; mere sight glass water sound running water patient develops reflex spasms pharyngeal musculature , making ingestion food drink impossible . All senses , including vision hearing , significantly sharpened ; any stimuli ( a light breeze blowing , touching patient ’ s body ’ , effects bright light loud sounds ) lead development muscle convulsions pharyngeal musculature . Beginning second third day illness , speech becomes incoherent , hallucinations intensified , thrashes around bed , tries run away , so on . Convulsive attacks become frequent progresses . Abundant salivation noted . Soon upper lower extremities occurs ; dies heart . temperature remains normal slightly elevated ( 37.3 ° – 37.4 ° C ) duration disease . Treatment consists symptomatic measures prevent act analgesics somnifacients . Feeding done artificially . Prophylaxis consists injection who antirabies vaccine ; started early possible without fail before 14th day moment infection , since produces nonsusceptibility no earlier than three weeks beginning injection . Given good time , injections reliable means preventing development REFERENCES Rudnev , G . P . Zoonozy , 2nd ed . Moscow , 1959 . Bunin , K . V . Diagnostika infektsionnykh boleznei . Moscow , 1965 . Nazarov , P . Beshenstvo zhivotnykh . 1961 . K . B UNIN The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ rā · bēz ( veterinary medicine ) acute , encephalitic infection transmitted humans animal . Also known hydrophobia . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Pathol system esp dogs . characterized excessive salivation , aversion water , Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Mentioned in alyssum Antirabic Unit Bats , Vampire Belgium communicable diseases Desmodontidae Edmond Nocard Egypt : full name , the Arab Republic of Egypt ; Gumhuria Misr al - Arabia encephalitis Encephalomyelitis Epizootiology Exotic viral diseases Explanations of Vampirism Feast of St . Hubert de Liège first aid foam Fracastoro , Girolamo froth Encyclopedia browser ▲ rabbit fever Rabbit Hole rabbit job rabbit lights rabbit sequence rabbit tobacco rabbitbrush Rabbith rabbit ' s foot rabble rabbling Rabboni Rabchinskii , Ivan Rabchinskii , Ivan Vasilevich Rabe , David Rabearivelo , Jean - Joseph Rabelais Rabelais , François Rabemananjara , Jacques Rabghuzi Rabi Rabi oscillation Rabi , I . I . Rabi , Isidor Isaac Rabin Rabindranath Tagore Rabinovich , Adolf Rabinovich , Adolf Iosifovich Rabinovich , Isaak Rabinovich , Isaak Moiseevich Rabinowich , Sholem Rabl , Karl Rabochaia Gazeta Rabochaia Mysl Rabochee Delo Rabochee Dvizhenie v Rossii v XIX Veke Rabochee Znamia Raboche - Krestianskii Korrespondent Rabocheostrovsk Rabochii Rabochii i Soldat Rabochii i Teatr Rabochii Put Rabotnichesko Delo Rabotnik Rabotnitsa Rabotnov , Iurii Rabotnov , Iurii Nikolaevich Rabotnye Liudi ▼ Full browser ▲ rabicidal Rabid Conspirator Update Society Rabid Dog Rabid Dog Rabid Fan Syndrome Rabid Inuyasha Fan Rabid Neurosis rabidity rabidity rabidly rabidly rabidness rabidness Rabies Challenge Fund rabies immune globulin rabies immune globulin rabies immune globulin ( human ) rabies immune globulin human Rabies Immune Globulin of Human Origin rabies immunoglobulin rabies inhibiting substance rabies inhibiting substance Rabies Neutralising Antibody Titre Test Rabies Post - Exposure Prophylaxis Rabies Tissue Culture Infection Test rabies vaccine rabies vaccine Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed rabies vaccine , Flury strain egg - passage rabies vaccines rabies virus rabies virus ▼ | [
"rabies"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/rheostat | rheostat Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia rheostat ( rē əstăt ' ) device whose resistance to electric current depends on the position of some mechanical element or control in the device . Typically a consists of a resistance element equipped with two contacts , or terminals , by which it is attached to circuit : fixed contact at one end and sliding contact that can be moved along element . Electric current enters and leaves through contacts . By moving sliding toward away from fixed contact , length through which travels can be decreased increased . In this way circuit increased decreased . Rheostats are widely used for such purposes as controlling speed electric motors dimming lights , but they have been replaced in many applications by systems based on semiconductor devices that waste far less power . See potentiometer potentiometer . 1 Manually adjustable , variable , electrical resistor . It has is attached circuit three contacts , terminals . The ends are two input voltage conductors circuit , third . . . . . Click link for more information . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / Rheostat An electrical device vary amount change amount flowing through . Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Copyright © 2012 , 2002 , 1998 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved The following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . Rheostat an controlling limiting voltage an circuit . principal component conducting with variable resistance . magnitude this may varied smoothly discrete steps . When it necessary vary within narrow limits , connected series ; done , example , when starting machines limited . Potentiometer - connected rheostats used over wide range , zero maximum value ; case , variable divider . According their purpose , rheostats may divided into such types as starting , starting - and - controlling , loading , field rheostats . With respect method heat dissipation , air - cooled , oil - cooled , water - cooled types distinguished . Depending material conductive element , classified metallic ( most widely used ) , liquid , carbon . simplest metallic sliding - contact devices . In design , varied moving finger along turns wire made material high resistivity , manganin , constantan , nichrome , iron - chromium - aluminum alloy , steel . wire wound cylindrical form made insulating material , porcelain steatite . A liquid consists vessel filled electrolyte electrodes placed . electrolyte 10 – 15 percent solution Na 2 CO 3 K 2 CO 3 water . changing distance between electrodes changing depth immersion electrodes . Carbon constructed form piles thin carbon disks . pressure applied piles . REFERENCE Chunikhin , A . A . Elektricheskie apparaty . Moscow , 1975 . T . N . D IL ’ DINA The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ rē · ə ‚ stat ( electricity ) A resistor constructed so its value changed without interrupting connected . Also known resistor . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . An having adjusted ; control flow current , as , example , one type dimmer McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction . Copyright © 2003 by McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . resistance , usually consisting coil terminal at end moves coil tap off Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Mentioned in Accelerated - motion Photography Adjustable - Voltage System Azizbekov Boris Iakobi Boris Semenovich Iakobi Caliper Charging Generator Constantan Copper Alloys Cupronickels cybernetics dimmer Direct - Current Motor Dolivo - Dobrovolskii , Mikhail Dolivo - Dobrovolskii , Mikhail Osipovich drive electric control Electric Device Electric Locomotive Encyclopedia browser ▲ Rhenish brick Rhenish Confederation of 1806 – 13 Rhenish Palatinate Rhenish Prussia Rhenish Slate Rhenish Slate Mountains rhenium rhenium halide Rheobase rheocasting rheoelectroencephalograph Rheoencephalography rheogoniometry Rheography rheoignimbrite rheology Rheometer rheomorphic intrusion rheomorphism rheopectic fluid rheopexy rheophile Rheophile Animal rheophilous bog rheoplankton Rheostatic Braking rheostatic control rheostriction rheotaxial growth Rheotaxis rheotron rheotropic brittleness Rheotropism rhesus blood group rhesus factor rhesus macaque rhesus monkey Rheticus rhetoric Rhetoric , School of Rhetorical Devices Rhetorician Rhett , Robert Barnwell rheum rheumatic arteritis Rheumatic Carditis Rheumatic Diseases , Institute of rheumatic encephalopathy rheumatic endocarditis rheumatic fever ▼ Full browser ▲ rheometry rheometry rheomism rheomorphic rheomorphic rheomorphic intrusion rheomorphism Rheomotor rheononia rheopectic fluid Rheopecty Rheopecty Rheopexy Rheopexy rheopheresis rheophil Rheophile Rheophile Rheophile Animal Rheophilic Rheophilic rheophilous bog Rheophore rheophoresis rheoplankton rheoreceptor Rheoscope rheostat pedal rheostat pedal rheostatic rheostatic Rheostatic brake rheostatic braking rheostatic control rheostosis rheostriction rheotactic rheotactic rheotaxial growth Rheotaxial Growth and Thermal Oxidation rheotaxis rheotaxis Rheotome rheotron Rheotrope rheotropic rheotropic rheotropic brittleness rheotropism ▼ | [
"rheostat",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/saline | saline Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Wikipedia saline 1 . of , concerned with , consisting of , or containing common salt 2 . Med of or relating to a 3 . of , concerned with , consisting of , containing any chemical salt , esp a metallic salt resembling sodium chloride 4 . Med an isotonic solution of sodium chloride in distilled water Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in Achnatherum Aeluropus albumin suspension test Albuminoid Aleksandr Alekseevich Bobrov Aleksandr Bobrov Anabasis Aphylla Arrow Rock State Historic Site Atriplex bacteriorhodopsin Bad Kissingen Bar Kol Benton Biiurgun Black Sea Bobrov ' s Apparatus Borovye Lakes Bosporus Brine , Underground References in periodicals archive All future cases labelled ' Bleeding and Salines ' and ' Salines Only ' incorporated the mixture ( with other treatments ) . Prisoners ' veins : failures and advances in the treatment of cholera 5 ounces of has been dripping into an individual ' s forehead for about two hours , a finger is pressed into the large welt , giving it the appearance of a bagel or doughnut . Are Bagel Heads , The Bizarre New Body Modification Fad , Dangerous ? [ VIDEO ] 70,173 hectares of and salt affected lands in Sargodha , Jhang and Hafizabad districts in Northern Punjab were reclaimed under Bio - II Project . Drip , sprinkler irrigation Punjab plans big Results : The analysis indicates that nausea severity in group C ( hypertonic 5 % ) was significantly less than other groups . Comparison of the effect of preoperative administration of Ringer ' s solution , normal saline and hypertonic saline 5 % on postoperative nausea and vomiting : A randomized , double blinded clinical study Most previous experiments to study effect of salinity stress on germination of different plant use artificial water with NaCl and Ca [ Cl . Evaluation barley germination in NaCl + Ca [ Cl . sub . 2 ] solution , natural saline water and saline soil The charges relate to the alleged tampering of ampoules , bags and medical products . Hospital deaths : trial set Highly underground waters are often the only water available to miners in inland Australia , ' says Dr Aral . Mining industry turns to saline water The flow of solution through nasal passages flushes pollutants and airborne allergens and loosens and thins built - up mucus . Nasal products come in variety of forms 9 % , unless there was a specific indication ( such as hypochloraemia ) . Multidisciplinary education improves prescription of balanced crystalloids : a pilot study Control prawns were injected with 20 [ micro ] L sterile Effect of injected astaxanthin on survival , antioxidant capacity , and immune response of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii ( De Man , 1879 ) challenged with Lactococcus garvieae Saline instillation into the endotracheal or tracheostomy tube prior to ETS is commonly used as it is thought to help loosen mucus from the tracheal wall so that more can be removed during the suctioning procedure . Endotracheal suctioning and saline instillation : a systematic review of the literature The antibacterial properties of hypertonic are under review . Surfing the wave of hypertonic saline therapy in cystic fibrosis More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ salient angle salient corner salient point salient pole Salientia salient - pole field winding Salieri saliferous stratum Saligenin saligenol Salih Salihli Salii Salikh Battal Salim , Jawad salimeter Salina Salina Cruz Salinas Salinas de Gortari , Carlos Salinas Grandes Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge Salinas River State Beach salinastone Saline County Saline County State Fish & Wildlife Area saline soil Saline Soils saline - alkali soil salinelle saline - water reclamation Salinger Salinger , Jerome David saliniferous stratum salinity salinity current salinity logging salinity of ocean water salinity - temperature - depth recorder salinization Salinometer salinon Salisbury Salisbury Beach State Reservation Salisbury dark box Salisbury Plain Salisbury , Harrison Salisbury , Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne - Cecil , 3d marquess of Salisbury , Robert Cecil , 1st earl of ▼ Full browser ▲ Salina Cruz , Oaxaca Salina Human Resource Management Association Salina period Salina Regional Health Center Salina , KS , USA - Salina Municipal Salinas Salinas de Gortari , Carlos Salinas Grandes Salinas High School Salinas Municipal Airport Salinas Owners and Pilots Association Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge Salinas River State Beach Salinas Valley Builders Exchange Salinas Valley Federation of Teachers Salinas Valley Memorial Healthcare System Salinas Valley Psychiatric Program Salinas Valley Solid Waste Authority Salinas Valley State Prison Salinas Valley Water Coalition Salinas Valley Water Project Salinas Valley Youth Soccer League salinastone salinate salinate Salination Saline ( medicine ) Saline ( medicine ) Saline abortion saline agglutinin saline agglutinin Saline Agriculture Research Centre Saline Antibiotic Saline Heparin saline antibody saline antibody Saline Area Soccer Association saline bath saline bath Saline bridge saline cathartic saline cathartic Saline County Saline County History and Heritage Society , Inc . Saline County State Fish & Wildlife Area Saline County State Fish and Wildlife Area Saline County , AR Saline County , Arkansas Saline County , IL Saline County , Illinois Saline County , Kansas Saline County , KS Saline County , Missouri ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"saline"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/sonar+transducer | sonar transducer sonar transducer ′ sō ‚ när tranz ‚ dü · sər ( engineering acoustics ) A transducer used under water to convert electrical energy to sound energy and sound electrical energy . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / sonar + transducer " > sonar transducer < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Mentioned in dipping sonar dome Hydroacoustic Installation potassium phosphate slewing sonar array sonar boomer transducer sonar dome sonar transmitter sonar window References in periodicals archive Contract Awarded for Repair Sonar Transducer Assembly Repair sonar transducer assembly When paired with a DownScan , Vulcan offers sailors a unique perspective on what ' s beneath the boat , thanks to Cruise Sonar - - a picture - like representation of bottom structure . Gear& gadgets : from sails to safety , autopilots to tenders , the Sydney International Boat Show has sailors covered Argotec develops and manufactures products and components for the US Navy , and provides aftermarket servicing . Sparton Unit Acquires Argotec We made an automatic approach to a 70 - foot hover into the wind to a position we believed would give us an excellent chance of detecting the target once we lowered our Out for a dip : life , liberty , and the pursuit of submarines SIDUS has the ability of directing any camera , , antenna or sensor that requires a positioning device precisely where the target is . Singapore based IPS Securex Pte Ltd and Sidus Solutions LLC of San Diego Sign Distribution Agreement Class A Mishaps Date Type Aircraft Command 01 / 23 / 2010 T - 34C VT - 6 Aircraft crashed into water during instrument approach 02 / 18 / 2010 MH - 60S HSC - 26 Aircraft impacted ground Class B Mishaps Date Type Aircraft Command 11 / 13 / 2009 SH - 60F HS - 14 Sonar transducer unseated and detached while transiting between dips 12 / 01 / 2009 FA - 18E VFA - 136 Port and starboard engines damaged during defensive fight 12 / 18 / 2009 KC - 130J VX - 20 In - fight refueling pod lost in fight . Mishaps : flight , flight - related , and ground Class A and B When I lower my into a hole and mark a broken bottom , or lower my jig to bottom and lose it on my flasher display ( meaning , my jig falls two or three feet beyond " bottom " on the sonar ) , I reel up and move on . Sunken treasure : endless success on offshore humps On 27 October 2008 an MH - 60R Seahawk of HSM - 71 suffered a Class A mishap when it separated during dipping operations from Preble ( DDG 88 ) off southern California . Airscoop In the production of its systems , BAE Systems has traditionally operated an ultrasonic cleaning regime using Trike to eliminate contamination before final assembly , but environmental and quality concerns led it to seek an alternative solution . 3M cleans up for BAE : adoption of new - generation hydrofluoroether ( HFE ) fluids delivers a host of environmental and performance benefits in the production of advanced defence electronics An acoustic window is an acoustically transparent housing that surrounds the array used for detection , navigation and ranging . Providing high frequency acoustic windows for submarines The freestream procedure involves climbing vertically at 100 - to - 350 feet per minute until the clears the water . Standby for freestream During night hover in starboard delta , lost while being Mishap stats : flight , flight - related , and ground mishaps More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Son son file Son My Son of Man Son of Many Beads So - Na Sona Muradova Sonant sonar sonar array sonar attack plotter sonar beacon sonar boomer transducer sonar capsule sonar countermeasures sonar detector sonar dome sonar navigation sonar projector sonar receiver sonar resolver sonar self - noise sonar set sonar target Sonar Techniques sonar transmission sonar transmitter sonar window sonata Sonata Form Sonatina Sonchus sonchus asper sondage sonde Sønderborg Sonderbund Sondershausen Sondhauss tube Sondheim Sondheim , Stephen Sondheim , Stephen Joshua Sondrio Sone SONET SONET ring SONET / SDH song Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army Song and Dance Ensembles ▼ Full browser ▲ Sonar Control Room Sonar Countermeasures Sonar Countermeasures Sonar Countermeasures and Deception Sonar Data Recorder sonar detector Sonar Dome Rubber Window SONAR Enroute Forecasting Sonar In - Situ Mode Assessment System Sonar Information Center Sonar Missile Impact Location System sonar navigation Sonar Ocean Acoustic Response sonar projector sonar receiver Sonar Research & Development sonar resolver sonar self - noise sonar set Sonar Tactical Decision Aid sonar target Sonar Technician Sonar Technician First Class Sonar Technician Second Class Sonar Technician Submarines Senior Chief Sonar Technician Surface Sonar Technician Third Class Sonar Techniques SONAR Trainer Workstation Sonar Transducer Reliability Improvement Program sonar transmission Sonar Transmitter - Receiver Sonar Transmitter Receiver Acoustic Processor Sonar Underwater Signal Sonar - Environment Prediction & Display System Sonar / Environmental Group Simulator Sonar / Lunar Almanac Program Sonar / Sensor Accuracy Check Site sonarman Sonarman First Class Sonarman Second Class Sonarman Third Class Sonarman , Harbor Defense Sonars Sonars SONAS sonata Sonata ( Music ) Sonata ( Music ) Sonata ( term ) Sonata ( term ) Sonata allegro form ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"sonar transducer"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/space+exploration | space exploration Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia space exploration , the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars , planets , and other celestial bodies through the use of artificial satellites satellite , artificial , object constructed by humans placed in orbit around earth or other celestial body ( see also space probe ) . The satellite is lifted from earth ' s surface by a rocket and , once placed orbit , maintains its motion without further rocket propulsion . . . . . . Click link for more information . ( spacecraft that orbit earth ) , space probes probe , vehicle carrying sophisticated instrumentation but no crew , designed to explore various aspects solar system ( see exploration ) . Unlike an artificial satellite , which is more or less permanent around earth , a probe . . . . . Click link for information . ( spacecraft that pass through solar system may may not another body ) , spacecraft with human crews . Satellites and Probes Although studies from earth using optical radio telescopes telescope , traditionally , lenses , mirrors , both , used to gather light distant object form an image it . Traditional optical telescopes , which are subject this article , also are used magnify objects on astronomy ; types had accumulated much data nature bodies , it was not until after World War II development powerful rockets rocket , any vehicle propelled ejection gases produced combustion self - contained propellants . Rockets fireworks , as military weapons , scientific applications such as exploration . made direct exploration technological possibility . The first Sputnik I , was launched USSR ( now Russia ) Oct . 4 , 1957 , spurred dormant U.S . program into action , leading international competition popularly known " space race . " Explorer I , first American launched Jan . 31 , 1958 . Although earth - orbiting satellites have far accounted great majority launches program , even information moon , planets , sun has been acquired probes . Lunar Probes In decade following Sputnik United States USSR between them about 50 probes explore moon moon , natural satellite planet natural ) dwarf planet , particular , single natural earth . Earth - Moon System moon earth ' s nearest neighbor space . probes were intended either pass very close ( flyby ) crash into it ( hard landing ) . Later made soft landings with instruments intact achieved stable orbits moon . Each these four objectives required increasingly greater power precise maneuvering ; successive launches Soviet Luna series were accomplish each objective . Luna 2 made hard lunar landing Sept . , 1959 , 3 took pictures moon ' s far side probe flew Nov . , 1959 . 9 soft - landed Feb . , 1966 , 10 orbited Apr . , 1966 ; both sent back many television pictures earth . Beginning 16 , Sept . , 1970 , sent several either returned lunar soil samples deployed Lunokhod rovers . In addition 24 program , Soviets five circumlunar its Zond program . Early American successes generally lagged behind Soviet accomplishments several months but provided detailed scientific U.S . program did bear fruit until 1964 , when Rangers 7 , 8 , 9 transmitted thousands pictures , many taken at altitudes less than 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) just before impact showing craters only few feet diameter . Two years later , Surveyor series began soft landings moon . Surveyor 1 touched down June , 1966 ; addition television cameras , carried instruments measure soil strength composition . established moon ' s surface solid enough support spacecraft carrying astronauts . Aug . , 1966 , United States successfully Lunar Orbiter , took both sides well vicinity . Orbiter ' s primary mission locate suitable landing sites Apollo Lunar Module , process discovered mascons , regions large concentration mass surface . Between May , Nov . , 1968 , seven Surveyors five Orbiters . Clementine , 1994 , engaged systematic mapping surface . 1998 , Prospector orbited low polar investigating possible polar ice deposits , controlled crash near south pole detected no water . Reconnaissance Orbiter , 2009 , designed collect data can be prepare future missions moon ; information has been produce relatively detailed , nearly complete topographic map China became third nation send when Chang ' e 1 , 2007 , mapped crash - landed 2009 . Chang ' e 2 mapped ( 2010 – 11 ) later conducted flyby asteroid ( 2012 ) . Dec . , 2013 , 3 landed deployed rover , Yutu , Jade Rabbit ( 2013 – 16 ) . Interplanetary Probes While bulk exploration initially directed at earth - moon system , focus gradually shifted members system . Mariner studied Venus Mars , two planets closest earth ; Venera studied Venus . From 1962 1971 , these confirmed high temperature thick atmosphere Venus , discovered signs recent volcanism possible water erosion Mars , investigated Mercury . Between 1971 1973 Union six successful part Mars program . Exploration Mars continued Viking Martian Two Viking arrived 1976 . Their mechanical arms scooped up samples automated tests searched photosynthesis , respiration , metabolism any microorganisms might be present ; one test suggested least possibility organic activity . Phobos missions unsuccessful 1988 . Magellan succeeded orbiting Venus 1990 , returning complete radar map planet ' s hidden Japanese Sakigake Suisei European Space Agency ' s Giotto rendezvoused Halley ' s comet Halley ' s comet Comet Halley periodic comet named Edmond Halley , who observed 1682 identified one observed 1531 1607 . Halley did live see return 1758 , close time he predicted . in 1986 , Giotto came within 125 mi ( 200 km ) nucleus Grigg - Skjellerup 1992 . Ulysses returned about poles sun 1994 , ESA Solar Heliospheric Observatory SOHO put 1995 . Launched 1996 study asteroids comets , Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous NEAR flybys asteroids Mathilde ( 1997 ) Eros ( 1999 ) began orbiting latter 2000 . Pathfinder Global Surveyor , reached 1997 , highly successful , former analyzing Martian latter mapping it . ESA Express , 2003 , later year , although Beagle lander failed establish contact , orbiter back data . Spirit Opportunity , NASA rovers , landed successfully 2004 , NASA rover Curiosity 2012 . Messenger , NASA , became Mercury 2011 ; mission ended 2015 . 2014 ESA ' s Rosetta ( Comet 67P , then two years ) ; prior rendezvous had flybys asteroids . Space have aimed outer spectacular results . One such probe , Pioneer 10 , passed asteroid belt 1973 , then human beings move beyond orbits planets . 1974 , Pioneer 11 photographed Jupiter ' s equatorial latitudes moons , 1979 direct observations Saturn . Voyagers 2 , 1977 , advantage rare alignment Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune all four planets . Passing 3,000 ( 4,800 each planet ' s surface , Voyagers new rings , explored complex magnetic fields , detailed photographs outer planets their unique moons . They subsequently moved toward heliopause , boundary between influence sun ' s magnetic field interstellar field , 2013 reported Voyager most likely crossed heliopause 2012 entered interstellar space , becoming do so . Launched 1989 , NASA ' s Galileo followed circuitous route enabled return ( 1990 ) , ( 1992 ) , 951 Gaspra ( 1991 ) 243 Ida ( 1993 ) before Jupiter ( 1995 – 2003 ) ; Jupiter ' s atmosphere largest moons ( Io , Ganymede , Europa , Callisto ) . Jupiter 2016 Juno ( launched 2011 ) ; examine nature properties planet . joint U.S. - ESA Cassini mission , 1997 , explored Saturn , rings , some moons upon arrival 2004 crashed planet 2017 . It Huygens , Saturn ' s moom Titan early 2005 . Human Space Exploration Human spaceflight progressed simple complex , starting suborbital flights ; subsequent highlights included launching single astronaut orbit , launching astronauts capsule , rendezvous docking spacecraft , attainment televised astronaut person cosmonaut , Yuri Gagarin Gagarin , Yuri Alekseyevich 1934 – 68 , Russian ( cosmonaut ) , b . near Gzhatsk , RSFSR . He history rocketed orbital flight . His flight Apr . 12 , 1961 , lasted hr . 48 min . circled once . Vostok Apr . 12 , 1961 . Mercury had orbital success Feb . , 1962 , John Glenn Glenn , John Herschel , Jr . , 1921 – 2016 , politician , b . Cambridge , Ohio . On Feb . 20 , 1962 , he third person earth , circling globe three times Friendship 7 , circled three times ; flight 22 achieved May , 1963 . Oct . , 1964 , cosmonauts Voskhod spacecraft . During second Voskhod Mar . , 1965 , cosmonaut left capsule make " walk space . " launch Gemini astronauts , occurred few days after spacewalk . spacewalk during Gemini 4 , subsequent flights established techniques docking space . actual craft Mar . , 8 docked crewless vehicle . Oct . , 1967 , Cosmos performed automatic crewless docking . followed Apollo Soyuz programs , respectively . The Apollo Program 1961 , President Kennedy committed goal astronauts bringing them safely end decade . resulting largest technological undertaking history . 8 craft ( Dec . , 1968 ) ; July 20 , 1969 , Neil A . Armstrong Armstrong , Neil Alden , 1930 – 2012 , astronaut , Wapakoneta , Ohio , grad . Purdue Univ . ( B.S. , 1955 ) , Univ . Southern California ( M.S. , 1970 ) . A Navy fighter pilot during Korean War , Armstrong test pilot what National Advisory and Edwin E . ( " Buzz " ) Aldrin Aldrin , Buzz ( Edwin Eugene Aldrin , Jr . ) , 1930 – , astronaut , Montclair , N.J . After graduating West Point ( 1951 ) , Aldrin joined air force flew 66 combat Korean War . His doctoral thesis Massachusetts Inst . Jr . , stepped out onto while Michael Collins , command ship . all , there 17 6 ( 1969 – 72 ) . 15 marked use Rover , jeeplike vehicle . centered automated geophysical laboratory , ALSEP ( Apollo Surface Experimental Package ) . Much learned physical constitution early history including fields , heat flow , volcanism , seismic activity . total rock sample weighed nearly 900 lb ( 400 kg ) . flights three - stage Saturn V rocket , developed 7.5 million lb ( 3.4 million kg ) thrust liftoff . At launch , total assembly stood 363 ft ( 110 m ) high weighed than 3,000 tons . itself 44 tons stood 60 ft ( 20 m ) high . It composed sections : command , service , modules . module ( LM ) freed protective compartment docked nose command module . Once transferred LM , detached module descended After exploration , descent stage LM remained while ascent stage jettisoned returning module . service jettisoned just reentering atmosphere . Thus , huge left only cone - shaped returned . The Soyuz Program Until late 1969 appeared working toward cosmonauts 1968 , cosmonaut Soyuz participated manual approach sequence 2 . 4 5 Jan . , 1969 , transferred 5 4 transfer crew members separately vehicles . But July , power exploded , destroying entire launch complex , abandoned goal concentrate flights . suffered further setback June , 1971 , 11 accidentally depressurized reentry , killing all cosmonauts . July , 1975 , carried out internationally crewed spaceflight , orbit . Later ferry crew Salyut , Mir , International Station . Space Stations geophysical via completed , continued Skylab , earth - orbiting station served workshop living quarters astronauts . main capsule booster ; crews arrived Apollo - type main capsule . Skylab operational lifetime eight months , three - astronaut crews remained station periods month , months , months . reached Skylab 1972 . ' s alternated predominantly astrophysical research study resources ; addition , evaluated their response prolonged conditions weightlessness . observatory contained eight high - resolution telescopes , different part spectrum spectrum , arrangement display light form radiation separated according wavelength , frequency , energy , some property . Beams charged particles can separated spectrum according mass spectrometer spectrograph ) . ( e.g. , visible , ultraviolet , X - ray , infrared light ) . Particular attention given flares chromosphere chromosphere [ Gr . , = color sphere ] , layer rarefied , transparent gases atmosphere ; measures 6,000 ( 9,700 thickness lies photosphere ( the sun ' s visible surface ) corona ( its atmosphere ) . ) . applications , involved remote sensing resources , relied visible infrared technique called multispectral scanning space science science , body knowledge relates exploration ; sometimes called astronautics . science draws conventional sciences physics , chemistry , biology , engineering , well requiring specific research own . ) . collected helped scientists forecast crop timber yields , locate potentially productive land , detect insect infestation , deserts , measure snow ice cover , mineral deposits , trace marine wildlife migrations , detect dispersal patterns air water pollution . addition , radar studies yielded roughness electrical properties sea global basis . fell 1979 ; despite diligent efforts , large pieces debris fell land . time continuing presence humans Salyut Mir stations , worked periods ranging 14 months . conducting remote sensing gathering medical data , microgravity environment produce electronic medical artifacts impossible create preparation International Station ( ISS ) — a cooperative States , Russia , Japan , Canada , Brazil , ESA — astronauts Afghanistan , Austria , Britain , Bulgaria , France , Germany , Japan , Kazakhstan , Syria , worked Mir alongside Russian counterparts . Assembly ISS Dec . , 1998 , linking space station platform , usually manned , fixed serve base astronomical observations ; zero - gravity materials processing ; assembly , refueling , repair ; or , possibly , weapons Once ISS manned 2000 , maintaining longer necessary decay 2001 . The Space Shuttle 1979 , resume sending 1981 , space shuttle shuttle , reusable ( 1981 – 2011 ) . Developed National Aeronautics Administration ( NASA ) officially known Transportation System ( STS ) , world ' s reusable beings capable ferrying people equipment launched . shuttle itself hypersonic delta - wing airplane size DC - 9 . Takeoff powered liquid - fuel engines fed external tank solid - fuel engines ; last recovered parachute . shuttle controlled glide , California Florida . put payload up 25 tons ( 22,700 kg ) below 600 ( 970 km ) ; payload boosted final own attached rocket . Galileo investigate upper atmosphere , shuttle . Astronauts retrieve repair satellites , experiment construction techniques needed permanent station , conduct experiments extended At hoped could operate monthly basis , schedule pressures contributed explosion Challenger 1986 , cold led failure rubber O - ring , resulting flame ruptured fuel tank . suspended years , entire redesigned . fleet subsequently operated approximately bimonthly schedule . A second accident occurred 2003 , Columbia lost reentry because damaged heat shielding wing , damaged insulation shed external fuel tank , failed prevent superheated gas entering wing ; hot gas structurally weakened wing caused break up . Shuttle resumed 2005 , new problems tank insulation led suspend year . last 2011 . 2004 , President George W . Bush 2020 establishment base there would support Mars . following year unveiled $ 104 billion plan expedition resembled respects , except rockets would lander separately . SpaceShipOne , privately financed utilizing somewhat similar concept shuttle , suborbital Mojave Desert California . Unlike SpaceShipOne aloft jet mothership ( White Knight ) 46,000 ( 13.8 km ) , where released fires engine . Bert Rutan Rutan , Burt ( Elbert Leander Rutan ) 1943 – , aerospace engineer , Portland , Oreg . , grad . Polytechnic ( B.S . 1965 ) . From 1965 1972 Rutan and built his company , SCALED Composites . vehicle ' s 90 - minute successful nongovernmental spaceflight . SpaceShipTwo , based SpaceShipOne , being developed commercial tourist flights ; powered 2013 . Another privately Exploration Technologies , SpaceX , coordination NASA . company ' s Falcon launch , Cape Canaveral , 2010 . 2010 , SpaceX Dragon capsule , using Falcon almost | [
"space exploration",
"artificial satellites",
"space probes"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/spike+potential | Spike Potential Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Potential , Spike a large and sudden change in electrical potential that accompanies excitation in nerve and muscle cells fibers . In physiology , the term “ spike potential ” is often used as a synonym for action potential . In clinical electroencephalography spike potential refers to gross potentials reaching 10 milliseconds duration that are outwardly similar to the action of nerve . These potentials are detected an electrocorticogram taken with certain pathological disturbances , particularly epilepsy . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Spike + Potential " > Spike Potential < / a > Mentioned in afterpotential Potential , Spike References in periodicals archive The P - 1 ' potential often merged with the spike potential or divided the negative initiation potential into two waves , N - 1 and N - 1 ' ( see Figure 2 , a , b ) . Presaccadic brain potentials in conditions of covert attention orienting But no spike potentials ever appeared , even after termination of a hyperpolarizing DC current injected into the heart muscle ( e . Myogenic heartbeat in the primitive crustacean Triops longicaudatus More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ Spiedie Fest and Balloon Rally Spiegel , Der spiegeleisen Spiegelman , Art Spieghel , Hendrick Laurenszoon Spiegler ' s test Spielberg Spielhagen , Friedrich Spielhagen , Friedrich Von Spielmann spier Spier , Leslie Ephraim spiffy spigot spigot joint spigot mortar spigot - and - socket joint spike spike antenna spike grid spike knot Spike Lee spike microphone spike nozzle spike oil Spike Potential spike - and - ferrule installation spiked core spiked - and - linked chain spikelet spikenard spike - tooth harrow spile spiling Spilite Spilite - Keratophyre Formation spill spill box Spill light spill pit spill ring spill shield spill stream Spillane spillikin spillikins spilling spilling breaker spillover spillover positions Spillway ▼ Full browser ▲ spike lavender oil spike lavender oil Spike Lee spike microphone spike mike spike mike Spike Milligan Spike Milligan spike moss spike moss spike my drink spike my guns spike nozzle spike oil spike our drink spike our guns spike out spike out Spike pepper Spike pepper spike poison spike poison spike rush Spike shell spike somebody ' s drink spike somebody ' s guns spike someone ' s drink spike someone ' s guns Spike Spiegel spike suppressor Spike team Spike the Punch spike their drink spike their guns Spike timing dependent plasticity Spike train Spike train Spike Wave Discharge spike your drink spike your guns Spike ' s All - Stars Band spike - and - ferrule installation spike - and - wave complex Spike - moss spike - rush Spike - Timing Dependent Plasticity spike - tooth harrow Spikebill spikeboard spiked ▼ | [
"Spike Potential",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/standardization | Standardization Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Acronyms Wikipedia standardization ‚ stan · dər · də ′ zā · shən ( analytical chemistry ) A process in which the value of a potential standard is fixed by a measurement made with respect to standard whose value is known . ( design engineering ) The adoption of generally accepted uniform procedures , dimensions , materials , or parts that directly affect the design product or facility . ( engineering ) The process establishing by common agreement engineering criteria , terms , principles , practices , materials , items , processes , and equipment parts and components . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated ideologically biased . Standardization establishing applying standards . defined International Organization for as “ the formulating applying rules for an orderly approach to specific activity benefit with cooperation all concerned , in particular promotion optimum overall economy , taking due account functional conditions safety requirements . ” can be applied specific products , as well to , example , norms , requirements , methods , terms , designations commonly used international trade science , engineering , industry , agriculture , construction , transportation , culture , public health , other spheres national economy . has significant influence on rate development level production . Based on latest achievements science , technology , practical experience , standardization not only determines large part level production attained but also serves one stimuli progress science technology . USSR In USSR , closely linked system planning management national economy . It one elements state policy field technology . Under planned socialist economy , plays an active role management This role reflected activities state bodies , enterprises , organizations concerned establishment application regulations , norms , requirements aimed at accelerating scientific technical progress , raising labor productivity , improving product quality . Soviet government ’ s first document was decree Sept . 14 , 1918 , from Peoples ’ Commissars RSFSR On Institution International Metric System Weights Measures . On Sept . 15 , 1925 , Peoples ’ Commissars USSR adopted resolution setting up committee under chairmanship V . V . Kuibyshev , which was placed under Council Labor Defense . May 7 , 1926 , this committee adopted first all - Union standard , OST - 1 Wheat : Breeding Strains Grains : Nomenclature , assumed force law . In years 1936 – 40 , peoples ’ commissariats were also developing adopting standards ; July 1940 this work taken over All - Union Committee USSR , 1948 became part State Committee Council Ministers Introduction Advanced Technology into National Economy ( Gostekhnika SSSR ) . years 195Í - 53 , Administration Ministers country ’ s central organ standardization , function taken over 1953 – 54 Administration State Planning ( Gosplan ) USSR . 1954 became work Standards , Measures , Measuring Instruments 1970 reorganized Standards ( Gosstandart SSSR ) USSR . network agencies departments Gosstandart SSSR includes republic administrations , centers metrology , scientific research institutes , laboratories inspectorate standards . As 1975 , there were more than 600 main organizations various branches economy concerned standardization , including research institutes shipbuilding , aerospace , electrical - engineering , electronics , radio - engineering industries . has System that coordinates being done at all managerial levels system ’ s rules guidelines set forth primary objectives tasks proper organization , planning , methodology procedures developing , introducing , circulating , updating normative technical documents , procedures followed inspectorate control boards seeing documents are introduced followed . system concerns itself condition use measuring equipment , objects categories types ensures structuring , wording , drawing up standards are uniform . planning coordinated plans research , testing design work , experimental projects . number tasks . establishes quality requirements manufactured goods , raw semifinished products , assembly components ; it sets requirements , methods govern production manufactured goods ensure optimal quality eliminate needless multiplicity varieties , brands , sizes . seeks develop standardized units assembly industrial products key specialization full mechanization automation processes increase interchangeabili - ty , efficiency , repairability articles . ensures uniformity reliability measurements throughout country , it creates refines standards physical units highly precise methods devices measurements ; addition , establishes uniform systems documentation systems classification codification economic information . terms designations used important areas science technology certain branches economy provides labor safety sets guidelines environmental protection improving use natural resources favorable conditions foreign trade cultural , scientific , ties . Socialist based advanced integrated standardization . principle advanced involves setting norms higher than presently attained levels ; assumption here these norms will , according forecasts , optimal ensuing period . Depending actual conditions , indexes , characteristics established prospective ( graduated ) form steps differentiated introduction dates . principle integrated involves matching indexes interrelated components standardized object coordinating times introduction Integration ensured developing programs include articles , subassemblies , parts , semifinished items , raw processed devices , organizing preparing production . Integrated encompassing aspects manufacture permits coordination between different provides complete satisfaction enterprises concerned . As early 1975 , there more 20,000 effect compared approximately 6,000 1940 , covering most important types industrial agricultural products . addition , 6,000 republican standards , 15,000 application particular branch industry , 100,000 specifications recorded Gosstandart SSSR . Interindustrial importance include Uniform Design Documentation , Uniform Technological Preparation Production , Classification Codification Technical Economic Information . order ensure steady increase products have been introduced whereby items given ratings highest , first , second , Mark Quality placed goods high quality . SSSR develops adopts documentation evaluating sees certification met . within Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON ) . within COMECON coordinated objectives Comprehensive Program Further Extension Improvement Cooperation Development Socialist Integration CMEA Member Countries . Work done Standing Commission Standardization , specialized standing commissions , Institute Standardization , department secretariat . work , seeks create normative documents , resulted automated information control metrology , documentation , tolerances fittings . Another goal creation traded among countries . conform international Jan . 1 , 4,900 recommendations 120 had been adopted . 28th session ( June 21 , 1974 ) ratified Statute Standard approved convention direct ( immediate ) standards , turn ratified Presidium Supreme decree dated 17 , 1974 . development had decisive influence socialist economic integration division labor , production , competitive position world markets ; have pronounced effect . each member states brought about harmonization standardization . capitalist countries National carry out capitalist countries . most industrially developed countries , nongovernmental associations , societies , institutes whose members firms , companies , corporations , private individuals . many cases , receive financial support government . Japan , Italy , Mexico , certain other countries , governmental overwhelming majority do not force law ; exceptions pertaining equipment public health environmental protection . Firms companies develop take into account demand competition domestic foreign markets . coming wider use . here linked multilateral scientific , technical , cooperation . 1970 ’ s witnessed intensive addition organizations , 300 regional ( 1975 ) working questions Major UN Commission Europe , Organization Electrotechnical Commission . recommendations developed these establish indexes corresponding current regarding quality , reliability , safety , crucial features characteristics exchanged trade . stipulate devices testing certifying materials goods . promotes broader technical , economic , ties . extensively permits significant reduction time cost pronounced effect . REFERENCES Krzhizhanovskii , G . M . , Kuibyshev , P . S . Osadchii . Perspektivy standartizatsii i rekonstruktsiia narodnogo khoziaistva Moscow , 1929 . Boitsov , Standart i kachestvo Moscow , 1966 . Standartizatsiia v narodnom khoziaistve SSSR , 1917 – 1967 1967 . Standartizatsiia sotsialisticheskaia ekonomicheskaia integratsiia 1974 . GOST1 . 0 – 68 GOST1 . 5 – 68 GOST 1.9 – 67 GOST1 . 20 – 69 GOST 1.11 – 75 1.13 – 75 GOST1 . 19 – 75 v SSSR , 1925 – 1975 1975 . B ORRSOV technology , reduction rational minimum number sizes , makes , shapes , properties characterizing articles means articles ’ basic purpose eliminate diversity among articles serve same purpose attain high degree uniformity manufacture , assembly , articles . trend modern encompassing aspects design , production , operation machines , mechanisms , apparatus , devices . With technological revolution , principles applied only industry but areas human endeavor . common machine building instrument - making , where same type different types . Examples type screw - cutting lathes tapered centers various heights lathes tapered height differ regard operating features , carriages , ability perform threading facing operations . can such diverse planomillers , planers , piano - type grinders . continuity standarization ; is , maximum extent possible , new article will subassemblies already proved themselves use . Designers will make properties ( especially basic mounting dimensions ) new compatible those similar articles , thus ensuring interchangeability adaptability . preceded articles ’ typification , is , adoption designs apply series accommodate themselves latest advances processes preceded technology manufacture similar either components finished type . Simplification , variety consists reducing kinds quantity sufficient satisfy time . contrast simplification does concern itself technological improvements . A series includes ( and their subassemblies parts ) derived may may intended basis principles design , makes possible apply unitizing , single producing having modifications , and , using identical subassemblies , produce identical regard dimensions . unitizing widely lines machine tools , construction , road - building , agricultural machinery , chemical facilities , equipment . These underlie unified automation . When assortment brands kinds goods , makes possible reduce variety rational number , shorten time needed resetting equipment , run . When processes , manufacturing practices , control , testing , leads tools , instruments , fixtures . industry plant , sector , group sectors . With type , covers produced single enterprise , example , heavy dump trucks Byelorussian Automobile Factory . Sectoral covers several plants given sector . Examples tractors produced Kharkov Volgograd works television many plants . Intersectorial applies several sectors gears , variable - speed drives , lubricating building . result intersectorial replace approximately 100 models tower cranes eight models having superior operating characteristics . comprehensively machines , instruments , reduce substantially volume length period , shorten necessary creating lower costs incurred introducing raise degree mechanization automation processes . These benefits derive larger runs , lower inputs , increased specialization . improves quality , reliability , durability owing attention effectiveness reduces required assortment spare parts , simplifies maintenance lowers maintenance costs ; improves indicators both enterprises produce consume them . cases , culminates issuance plant , sectoral , intersectorial all - Union extend education , science . Thus , 1950 ’ s through 1970 ’ s , played construction where designs proved necessary large - scale housing construction . area documentation , made content form documents minimum volume accelerate completion reproduction aid business machines . guaranteed unified including Design Documentation , Technological Office Procedures . reflected Certification Quality Industrial Products . effectively level , they act promote specialization cooperation . Among member states Mutual Assistance , measures covering computers adopted , computers built circuits introduced . Measures dealing railroad tracks , communication lines , electrical internationally . REFERENCES narodnom khoziaistve 1917 – 1967 Edited Boitsov . 1967 . Kubarev , A . I . Unifikatsiia mashinostroenii : Obosnovanie riadov tiporazmerov 1969 . Metodika praktika standartizatsii 3rd ed . 1971 . Vzaimozameniaemost ’ tekhnicheskie izmereniia mashinostroenii 1972 . Iakushev , A . I . Vzaimozameniaemost ’ , standartizatsiia tekhnicheskie izmereniia 4th ed . 1975 . O . V LADIMIROV P ARKHOMENKO The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / Standardization " > Standardization < / a > Mentioned in administration of the construction contract aebi Alexinic unit Allen - Doisy unit Almquist unit amboceptor unit American Society of Mechanical Engineers ammonium acetate androgen unit Ansbacher unit Anson unit Architectural Scientific Institutes architecture Armour unit Arthur unit Association of American Publishers Association of Contemporary Architects Atom syndication format available - chlorine method Encyclopedia browser ▲ Standard TCP / IP Port standard temperature and pressure standard terminal arrival standard terminal arrival chart standard terminal arrival route standard test - tone power standard time Standard Time in the Ussr standard tolerance standard ton standard trajectory standard visibility standard visual range standard volume standard waveguide Standard Weight of Agricultural Products Standard Widget Toolkit standard wiggler standard wire gauge standard wire rope Standard , Magnetic standard - bearer Standardbred horse standard - frequency signal standard - hour plan Standardization Institute of standardize Standardized Coefficient Standardized Contracts , Law of standardized mortality ratio standardized product Standardized Rolled Product standardized test statistic standardized units standards - character codes standards - communications & networking standards - DBMSs standards - file management systems standards - graphics systems standards - hardware interfaces standards - Internet standards - machine languages standards - multimedia documents standards - operating systems standards - programming languages standards - storage media standards bodies standards of professional practice Standarty I Kachestvo ▼ Full browser ▲ standardisers standardisers standardises standardises standardises on standardises on standardising standardising standardising on standardising on standardizable standardizable Standardization & Data Management Standardization & Interoperability Standardization Administration of China Standardization Agreement Standardization and Control of Industrial Tools Standardization and Evaluation Assistance Team Standardization and Evaluation Program for Weather Operations Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology Standardization and Interoperability standardization artifact standardization artifact Standardization Evaluation Flight Examiner Standardization Evaluation Group Standardization Evaluation Liaison Officer Standardization Evaluation Package Standardization Field Panel for Artillery & Naval Gunfire Support Standardization Flight Engineer Instructor Standardization Flight Evaluation Standardization for Long Haul Communications Standardization in Europe on Semantical Aspects of Medicine Standardization Initiative for Glycated Haemoglobin Scheme Standardization Institute of Standardization Instructor Pilot Standardization Maintenance Working Group Standardization Management Activity Standardization Management Working Group standardization objective standardization of a test Standardization of Genome Amplification Techniques ▼ | [
"Standardization",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/symmetry | Symmetry Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Wikipedia symmetry , generally speaking , a balance or correspondence between various parts of an object ; the term symmetry is used both in the arts and in sciences . In art and design , it is often used a somewhat loose sense , to mean kind of balance which corresponding parts are not necessarily alike but only similar . A symmetrical design should produce pleasing effect ; if there too close correspondence , effect may be monotonous . Ancient Greek architecture particularly distinguished for its symmetry . In modern art , Dutch artist M . C . Escher achieved number striking effects his works exploring mathematical symmetry . A mathematical operation , or transformation , that results same figure as original figure ( or its mirror image ) called symmetry operation . Such operations include reflection , rotation , double reflection , translation . The set all operations on given that leave unchanged constitutes group group , mathematics , system consisting set elements binary operation + b defined for combining two elements such following requirements are satisfied : ( 1 ) The closed under operation ; i.e . . . . . . Click link more information . for figure . groups three - dimensional figures special interest because their application fields such as crystallography ( see crystal crystal , solid body bounded by natural plane faces external expression regular internal arrangement constituent atoms , molecules , ions . formation crystal by substance passing from gas liquid to solid state , going out solution ( by . . . . . Click link more information . ) . general , operation on defined with respect given point ( center symmetry ) , line ( axis symmetry ) , plane ( plane symmetry ) . biology , studied correspondences between different organism , left right halves human body various segments starfish ( see symmetry , biological symmetry , biological , similarity an organism so when straight cut made through point along line , equal , mirror - image halves formed . Symmetry shapes related lifestyles organisms . ) . physics , basic symmetries nature underlie conservation laws conservation laws , physics , basic laws together determine which processes can can not occur nature ; each law maintains total value quantity governed law , e.g. , mass energy , remains unchanged during physical processes . For example , space time with respect translation rotation means experiment should yield same results regardless where it performed , what direction equipment pointing in , when performed . These three symmetries can be shown imply laws conservation linear momentum , angular momentum , energy , respectively . Bibliography See G . E . Martin , Transformation Geometry ( 1987 ) ; B . Bunch , Reality ' s Mirror ( 1989 ) ; M . C . Escher , Escher ( tr . 1989 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / exact correspondence forms similar size arrangement parts , equidistant opposite sides dividing line about center axis . bilateral symmetry balanced identical similar about central axis . radial symmetry Balanced radiate from central point . Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Copyright © 2012 , 2002 , 1998 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved following article Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . ( in biology ) . phenomenon nature was studied early fifth century B.C ancient Greece Pythagoreans , who relation development doctrine harmony . 19th century was plants French scientists A . P . De Candolle A . Bravais , animals German scientist E . Haeckel , biogenic molecules French scientists Béchamp , L . Pasteur , others . 20th biological objects have been standpoint general theory Soviet Iu . V . Vul ’ f , V . N . Beklemishev , B . K . Vainshtein , Dutch physical chemist F . Jager , group English crystallogra - phers headed J . Bernal . Biological objects have also been basis dextrorotation levorotation I . Vernadskii , Alpatov , G . F . Gauze German scientist W . Ludwig . This research led establishment 1961 new specialization known biosymmetry . structural biological has most extensively . Research molecular supramolecular structures standpoint structural makes possible detect advance types possible and , consequently , number types modifications possible . An accurate description also made external shape internal structure any three - dimensional object . As result , concepts extensively zoology , botany , molecular biology . Structural manifested primarily form some kind regular repetition . classical theory developed S . Fedorov , J . Hessel , others , object ’ s symmetrical type described aggregate elements , geometric ( points , lines , planes ) relation object ordered . For example , type exhibited phlox , fivefold axis passes through center flower : after rotation 72 ° , 144 ° , 216 ° , 288 ° , 360 ° axis , flower has appearance did beginning . butterfly ’ s characterized single divides butterfly into left right halves . involved this case maps half butterfly onto half onto way that , after beginning . exhibited ra - diolarian Lithocubus geometricus characterized addition axes planes reflection . Any straight drawn within radiolarian unique meets “ identical ” ( corresponding ) points at equal distances both sides figure . here reflection point , radiolarian appearance did Because limitations , significantly fewer usually found than theoretically possible . plants animals lower stages development representatives all classes punctuate including organisms having spheres polyhedrons . Plants higher levels evolution principally axial ( type ri actinomorphic ( type nm ( in cases n may value 1 00 ) . Biological axial only axis order n . actinomorphic single order n planes m intersect each other along nature , most common = 1 ( asymmetry ) m = ( bilateral symmetry ) . Asymmetry characteristic leaves majority plant species , bilateral characteristic certain degree form vertebrates , including man , many invertebrates . mobile organisms bilateral apparently associated differences up - down forward - backward movements , at time left - right movements same . disruption inevitably leads inhibition movement one side transformation forward motion into circular motion . Dissymmetric intensively since 1950 ’ s , primarily USSR . They exist least two modifications — in original original ’ s mirror image ( antipode ) . One these forms ( either one ) called right , D - form ( from Latin dextro ) , other left , L - form ( from Latin levo studying structures D L - biological objects , dissymmetrizing factors developed , demonstrated possibility modifications any D - - object simultaneously contained formulas determining modifications . This led discovery isomerism , different having composition . studying objects , established some cases - forms predominate , others , - forms ; cases , D - - forms equally represented . 1840 ’ s , Béchamp Pasteur 1930 ’ s Gauze others demonstrated cells constructed predominantly - amino acids , - proteins , - deoxyribonucleic acids , - sugars , - alkaloids , - terpenes . very fundamental feature living cells , Pasteur protoplasmic dissymmetry , ensures cell ( as established 20th century ) active metabolism . Protoplasmic dissymetry maintained complex physicochemical mechanisms , arisen process evolution . research conducted 1952 204 species vascular plants , Alpatov 93.2 percent species were helical thickenings vascular walls , 1.5 percent were - form , 5.3 racemic type , - vessels approximately equal - vessels . - biological equality many instances disrupted because differences their physiological , biochemical , properties . dissymmetry life . Thus , stimulating influence - amino acids movement plasma plant cells tens hundreds times greater than effect - forms . antibiotics , penicillin gramicidin , bactericidal containing acids . commonly found spiral - roots sugar beet 8 – 14 ( depending variety ) heavier contain 0.5 – 1 sugar - roots . study inheritance characteristics shown dextrorotation levorotation hereditary nonhereditary character prolonged modification . signifies that , least cases , dextrotation changed action mutagenic non - mutagenic chemical compounds . Specifically , - strains ( according morphology colonies ) microorganism Bacillus mycoides grown agar - sucrose , - digitonin , - tartaric acid converted - strains , - strains grown agar - tartaric acid acids converted - strains . nature , interconversion occur without human intervention . Changes occurred during evolution not dissymmetric , result , numerous evolutionary arisen specific particular branches tree life . systems general color similitude , antisymmetry . Further studies will increase our knowledge properties functions well origin essence REFERENCES Gauze , Asimmetriia protoplazmy Moscow - Leningrad , 1940 . Vainshtein , K . Difraktsiia rentgenovykh luchei na tsepnykh molekulakh Moscow , 1963 . Beklemishev , N . Osnovy sravnitel ’ noi analomii bespozvonochnykh 3rd ed . , vols . 1 – 2 . Moscow , 1964 . Urmantsev , Iu . Simmetriia prirody i priroda simmetrii 1974 . Ludwig , W . Das Rechts - Links - Problem im Tierrich und beim Menschen Berlin - Heidelberg - New York , 1970 . Bentley , R . Molecular Asymmetry Biology vols . 1 – 2 . New York , 1969 – 70 . I U U RMANTSEV chemistry , property manifested geometrical configuration molecules affecting chemical properties isolated state , field , interactions atoms molecules . Most simple possess spatial equilibrium configuration axes planes . Thus , molecule ammonia ( NH 3 possesses triangular pyramid , while molecule methane ( CH 4 possesses tetrahedron . complex molecules , equilibrium whole usually absent , although great extent individual fragments ( local symmetry ) preserved . complete description nonequilibrium configurations obtained concept dynamic groups , is , groups include spatial nuclear but involving transposition identical nuclei configurations . dynamic NH 3 includes inversion this molecule : transfer N atom one side formed H atoms other . nuclei determines wave functions states molecule . relationship permits classification states according types . transition related absorption emission light ; depending states , transition either will seen spectrum else forbidden , case band corresponding absent spectrum . transitions affect intensity polarization spectral lines bands . homonuclear diatomic transitions electronic parity , electronic wave behave identically upon inversion , forbidden do appear spectra . Also , benzene analogous compounds , nondegenerate forbidden . rules selection according complemented selection rules spin these states . paramagnetic centers , environment centers leads anisotropy g - factor ( Landé splitting factor ) ; anisotropy affects structure electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum . possessing nonzero spin , individual local fragments distinct splitting energy projections nuclear spin ; affects magnetic resonance approximate methods quantum chemistry , make use concept orbitals , classification function whole orbitals . If containing nuclei , orbitals fall classes , being either ( σ ) antisym - metrical ( π ) relative reflection plane . Molecules orbitals highest ( with energy ) , occupied specific classes unsaturated conjugated compounds properties . Knowledge local localized permits evaluation readily undergo excitation strongly altered course transformations , photochemical reactions . concepts great importance theoretical analysis structure , properties , behavior reactions compounds . Crystal field ligand field postulate mutual occupied vacant compound basis data compound ’ s theories postulate degree energy levels upon change ligand field . Knowledge very often qualitative evaluation complex ’ s 1965 , R . Woodward Hoffmann proposed principle orbital reactions . principle confirmed experiment had impact branch organic chemistry dealing preparation substances . Known Woodward - Hoffmann rule , steps reaction proceed orbitals , orbital greater violation particular step , difficult reaction proceed . Consideration important selecting materials producing lasers rectifiers , building models organic superconductors , analyzing carcinogenic pharmacologically active substances . REFERENCES Hochstrasser , Molekuliarnye aspekty simmetrii 1968 . ( Translated English . ) Bolotin , B . , Stepanov . Teoriia grupp i eeprimeneniia v kvantovoi mekhanike molekul 1973 . Woodward , R . , Hoffmann . Sokhranenie orbital ’ noi 1971 . ( Translated English . ) S TEPANOV mathematics : ( 1 ) narrow sense , α space plane . Such transformation takes every M M ’ segment MM ’ perpendicular α divided symmetry ; Figure Plane symmetric AB ; AB carries M M ″ example orthogonal contrast direct motion , changes orientation . Any orthogonal carried out successively performing finite reflections ; fact plays important role investigation geometric figures . ( 2 ) Symmetry , broad property Φ characterizes regularity shape Φ , invariance Φ under motions . More precisely , symmetric , if there exists nontrivial maps itself . transformations map itself Φ ; transformations themselves sometimes symmetries . mapped itself symmetric line , ( Figure 1 ) . consists elements . Suppose rotations O angle 360 ° / where integer ≥ 2 , map itself ; then said - fold O Regular polygons ( Figure 2 ) examples figures ; here , cyclic circle infinite - fold since mapped angle . addition produced reflections , simplest translational ( central inversion ) successive reflections three mutually perpendicular planes . words , midpoint segment joining points 3 ) . Figure 2 Star - shaped polygon possessing eightfold - fold angle 360 ° / AB threefold threefold axis , cube , CD fourfold fourfold 3 ) . general , semiregular polyhedrons lines . location , number , multiplicity play role crystallography . said rotatory combination 360 ° / 2 k line . B 2k - fold rotoflection k - fold 4 ) . twofold rotatory equivalent inversion . translational translation translation . infinite carried successive reflections 5 ) . Figures several play investigation lattices . Cube : ( CD ) ( O ) symmetry ; M ’ AB , CD art , widely device making composition harmonious . Works decorative applied art exhibit do works architecture . indispensable quality details — for plan , facade , columns , capitals . device making borders ornament , figures have , respectively , several combined reflections . Reflections rotations generate figures . Combinations generated reflections , rotations , translations subject fields natural science . twist , involves followed botanical application phyllotaxy ( literally , “ leaf arrangement ” ) . characteristics importance theoretical analysis compounds , behavior compounds crystals lattices sciences already mentioned ; addition , sense importance . space - time , expressed homogeneity isotropy see RELATIVITY , THEORY OF ) , makes establishment laws . Generalized plays formation atomic spectra elementary particles . 4 Polyhedron symmetry : rotoflection ( 3 ) Symmetry , means invariance object object . relativity determined Lorentz transformations . determination leave relations object — that is , determination G object ’ s automorphisms — has become guiding contemporary mathematics physics . deeply . Since represented P structure , induce P representation G ( or simply obtained , reduces action search invariants action . like manner , control described equations satisfied determined equations . 5 Figures upper infinite vertical twofold equation linear remains invariant then element g corresponds T g R solutions equation . → T known representation representations solutions ( on considerations ) assistance finding themselves . fact , particular , explains need mathematics physics well developed representations groups . Shubnikov , Simmetriia ( Zakony ikh primenenie v nauke , tekhnike prikladnom iskusstve Moscow - Leningrad , 1940 . Coxeter , H . S . Vvedenie geometriiu 1966 . Weyl , H . 1968 . Wigner , Etiudy o 1971 . I . Voitsekhovskii logic , binary ( two - place , two - term ) indicates holds pair regardless pair . words , R if , x y domain definition , xRy implies yRx Examples relations equality type — identity , equivalence , similarity — and weak relations — for resemblance proximity . These weak tolerance relations . It follows definition “ symmetry ” above complements above symmetric ; example inequality relation . antisymmetric yRx ( the negation follows xRy x ≠ y — that = invariably Examples antisymmetric ( with magnitude ordering criterion ) numbers inclusion sets . With logical logico - mathematical operations , commutativity , permuta - bility . multiplication numbers , union intersection sets , disjunction conjunction propositions see ALGEBRA OF LOGIC independent terms , factors , so on . commutativity naturally extend arbitrary objects . physics . establish quantities characterizing system determine variation quantities change certain operations , transformations , subjected . When situation occurs , symmetric , invariant , | [
"Symmetry",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/tidal+volume | tidal volume Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Acronyms Wikipedia tidal volume ′ tīd · əl ′ väl · yəm ( physiology ) The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during a single normal respiratory cycle . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / tidal + volume " > tidal volume < / a > Mentioned in Lung Volumes Spirometry Encyclopedia browser ▲ tidal difference tidal energy tidal epoch tidal excursion tidal flat tidal force tidal frequency tidal friction tidal glacier tidal harbor tidal inlet tidal lights tidal lock Tidal Marsh tidal platform ice foot tidal pool tidal potential Tidal Power Plant tidal prism tidal quay tidal radius tidal range tidal scour tidal stand tidal theory tidal water tidal wave tidal wind tidal - current chart tidal - current tables tidalite tiddler tiddlywinks tide tide amplitude tide bulge tide crack tide curve tide cycle Tide Gage tide gate tide hole tide indicator tide lock tide machine tide mill tide notes tide pole tide prediction tide race ▼ Full browser ▲ tidal platform ice foot tidal pool tidal potential Tidal power Tidal power Tidal Power Plant Tidal power plants tidal prism tidal quay tidal radius Tidal range tidal river tidal river Tidal scour tidal stand tidal stream tidal stream Tidal stream power Tidal stream turbine Tidal Stream Vector Tidal Study Group Tidal surge Tidal surge Tidal Thames Habitat Action Plan Tidal theory Tidal theory Tidal Volume Peritoneal Dialysis Tidal Volume / Body Weight Ratio tidal water tidal wave Tidal Wave Task Force Tidal waves Tidal waves tidal wind tidal zone tidal zone Tidal , Residual , and Intertidal Mudflat Model tidal - current chart tidal - current tables tidalite tidally tidally tidally locked rotation TIDAR TIDAS TIDAT TIDB TIDBF tidbit ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"tidal volume",
"respiratory cycle",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+fracture | fracture ( redirected from transverse fracture Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal fracture , breaking of a bone . A simple fracture is one in which there is no contact of the broken bone with the outer air , i.e. , overlying tissues are intact . In a comminuted bone splintered . In greenstick ( common in children ) one side fractured and other side bent . multiple there more than break . A compound which broken contact with air because wound through skin ; may project through wound . The bones older people are especially liable to fracture , although no age exempt . Fractures caused most often by injury , although certain pathological conditions may predispose to fracture . Osteoporosis , leaching calcium from bone , can cause spontaneous fractures , as can malnutrition and cancer . person should not be moved unless has been splinted or otherwise immobilized ( see first aid first aid , immediate temporary treatment victim sudden illness or injury while awaiting arrival medical aid . Proper early measures be instrumental saving life ensuring better more rapid recovery . . . . . . Click link for information . ) . Proper setting bones application cast should performed by doctor . X rays aid repositioning as well determining state healing . Surgery that involves implanting metal pins screws join necessary ; certain cases traction devices used align fragments . Skull jaw fractures require special treatment . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / The following article from Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might outdated ideologically biased . Fracture ( in medicine ) , disruption anatomical integrity result injury . Fractures extremely rare during intrauterine life fetus . Spontaneous fractures involve history disease , while traumatic do not ; latter type either closed open , depending on whether an external wound . Traumatic further classified occurring without displacement fragments being oblique , transverse , comminuted . usually arise because extreme mechanical stress at moment trauma . Chronic fractures , due slight , prolonged stress , less common . Half all occur upper extremities , fourth lower extremities , total incidence three four times greater men than women . symptoms severe local pain , deformation , abnormal mobility , functional impairment extremity . X - ray diagnosis must used determine site type displacement fragments , method treatment . destruction injury surrounding soft tissues cause internal bleeding closed external bleeding open ones . Traumatic shock follow multiple severe open large bones . integrity mechanical function restored first forms central callus then definitive one . time required for heal affected presence other injuries severity soft that surround fracture ; factors extent fragments victim ’ s general physical condition . First aid calls immobilization zone using special splints improvised materials . traumatic shock , prompt medical attention required . Severe wound arrested tourniquet . juxtaposed closely possible immobilized throughout healing period ; this usually effected plaster cast skeletal traction . Complications include large blood vessels nerves , suppuration zone , failure unite ; all these conditions require With age , become increasingly fragile , this explains high incidence after slight elderly . Because greater flexibility their bones , children often suffer subperiosteal close joint . children mostly treated juxtaposition application plaster cast ; less commonly , skeletal traction used , surgery therapeutic recourse very rare . REFERENCES Kaplan , A . V . Zakrytye povrezhdeniia kostei i sustavov 2nd ed . Moscow , 1967 . Watson - Jones , R . Perelomy kostei i povrezhdeniia sustavov Moscow , 1972 . ( Translated English . ) V . F . P OZHARISKII The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . ′ frak · shər ( geology ) crack , joint , fault rock due failure stress . Also known rupture . ( medicine ) breaking bone , cartilage , teeth . ( mineralogy ) break mineral along cleavage plane . ( science technology ) act , process , state being broken . surface appearance freshly material . break produced fracturing . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . Med a . the cracking tearing cartilage b . the resulting condition 2 . Mineralogy a . characteristic appearance surface freshly mineral rock b . way naturally breaks Collins Discovery Encyclopedia , 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / transverse + fracture " > fracture < / a > Mentioned in Abyssal Fractures a - c fracture acid - fracture base fracture b - c fracture brittle fracture Brittleness calcite streak cannel coal catachosis closed reduction Cold - Shortness Colles ' fracture compound fracture concentric fractures conchoidal concrete cancer concussion fracture Corrosion Fatigue Encyclopedia browser ▲ Transvaal Transvaal jade transversal transverse transverse arch transverse axis transverse baffle transverse bar transverse basin transverse chromatic aberration transverse colon Transverse Compensation transverse cyclindrical orthomorphic chart transverse cylindrical orthomorphic map projection transverse cylindrical orthomorphic projection transverse Doppler effect transverse dune transverse electric mode transverse electric wave transverse electromagnetic mode transverse electromagnetic wave transverse equator transverse fault transverse flow effect transverse fold transverse fracture transverse frame transverse gallery transverse graticule transverse interference transverse joint transverse latitude transverse load Transverse loading transverse magnetic mode transverse magnetic wave transverse magnetization transverse magnetoresistance transverse mass transverse Mercator chart transverse Mercator map projection transverse Mercator projection transverse meridian transverse metacenter transverse parallel transverse piezoelectric effect transverse pole transverse prestress transverse ray aberration transverse recording transverse reinforcement ▼ Full browser ▲ Transverse fissure Transverse fissure transverse fissure of cerebellum transverse fissure of cerebrum Transverse fissure of liver Transverse fissure of liver transverse fissure of the right lung Transverse flow effect transverse flute transverse flute transverse flutes transverse flutes Transverse Flux Machine Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet transverse fold transverse fold of rectum transverse fold of rectum Transverse Folded Cabinet Technology transverse folds of rectum transverse foramen transverse foramen transverse fornix transverse frame Transverse Friction Massage transverse gallery transverse genicular ligament transverse graticule transverse head transverse hermaphroditism transverse hermaphroditism transverse horizontal axis Transverse humeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament transverse interference transverse intermesocolic fossa Transverse Isolation Module transverse joint transverse lamina transverse lamina transverse latitude transverse lie transverse lie Transverse ligament Transverse ligament ▼ | [
"fracture",
"broken bone"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/tropical+zone | tropics ( redirected from tropical zone Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia tropics , also called tropical zone or torrid zone , all the land and water of the earth situated between Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer , parallel latitude at 23 ° 30 ' north equator ; it is northern boundary tropics . This parallel marks farthest point north at which sun can be seen directly overhead noon ; sun appears less than 90 ° . . . . . Click link for more information . at lat . 23 1 - 2 ° N and Tropic of Capricorn Tropic Capricorn , latitude 23 ° 30 ' south equator ; it is southern boundary tropics . This marks farthest point south which can be seen directly overhead noon ; appears less than 90 ° . . . . . Click link for more information . at lat . 23 1 - 2 ° S . Every within tropics receives perpendicular rays noon on least one day year . The 1 - 2 ° N on June 21 or 22 , summer solstice , 1 - 2 ° S Dec . 21 22 , winter solstice . Since entire tropical zone receives rays areas in higher latitudes , average annual temperature higher seasonal change temperature in other zones . The seasons are not marked by but by combination trade winds taking water from oceans creating seasonal rains called monsoons over eastern coasts . Several different climatic types distinguished within belt , since only one many factors determining climate Distance from ocean , prevailing wind conditions , elevation are all contributing elements . contain world ' s largest regions rain - forest climate ( Amazon Congo basins ) . These lush rain - forest regions , whose immense vegetation growth attributed to monsoon rains , contain some most prolific widely speciated regions earth a wide variety flora fauna . Toward northern southern limits low - latitude savanna savanna savannah subtropical grassland lying margin trade wind belts . a characterized rainy period during summer when area covered grasses , dry winter when grasses wither . steppe steppe temperate grassland Eurasia , consisting level , generally treeless plains . It extends over lower Danube broad belt S SE European Central Asian Russia , stretching E to Altai S Transbaykal Manchurian plains . desert desert , arid region , usually partly covered sand , having scanty vegetation sometimes almost none , capable supporting only limited specially adapted animal population . climates ( with decreasing rainfall ) . Tropical highland climates , have characteristics temperate climates , also occur where high mountain ranges lie zone . High temperatures rainfall make rubber , tea , coffee , cocoa , spices , bananas , pineapples , oils nuts , lumber leading agricultural exports countries zone . Progress medicine , advancing technology , pressure increasing populations have led recent years cultivation settlement some areas . Such population growth has led deforestation forest , believed contribute greenhouse effect global warming global warming , gradual increase earth ' s lower atmosphere as result increase greenhouse gases since Industrial Revolution . Global warming its effects , such as intense storms , referred elimination numerous unique species . Bibliography See P . Gourou , Tropical World ( 4th ed . 1966 ) ; B . W . Hodder , Economic Development Tropics ( 1968 ) ; P . W . Richards , Life Jungle ( 1970 ) ; F . Bourliere , Savannas ( 1983 ) . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ™ Copyright © 2013 , Columbia University Press . Licensed from Columbia University Press . All rights reserved . www . cc . columbia . edu / cu / cup / ′ träp · iks ( climatology ) Any portion characterized climate . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Mentioned in Africa Albizzia Antiaris antitrades arum Atlantic Ocean Balanophoraceae banana begonia bignonia Bipolar Distribution of Organisms birthwort bombax boswellia boswellia carterii boswellia serrata Bottle Gourd Cabbage Palm Caeciliidae Encyclopedia browser ▲ tropical finish Tropical Forests tropical front tropical life zone tropical medicine tropical meteorology tropical monsoon climate tropical month tropical myositis Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission tropical rainforest tropical rainforest climate tropical rainy climate Tropical Region tropical savanna tropical savanna climate tropical scrub Tropical Signs tropical sprue Tropical Vegetation tropical wet and dry climate tropical wet climate tropical woodland tropical year Tropical Zodiac tropical zone tropicalize Tropic - Stable Material Tropinin , Vasilii Tropinin , Vasilii Andreevich Tropiometridae tropism tropocollagen tropometer Tropomyosin troponin tropopause tropopause chart tropopause fold tropopause inversion Tropophyte tropophytia troposcatter troposphere troposphere , tropopause tropospheric duct tropospheric ducting tropospheric propagation tropospheric scatter Tropospheric Scatter Communication ▼ Full browser ▲ Tropical Vegetable Information Service Tropical Vegetation tropical veterinary medicine tropical veterinary medicine Tropical Warfare Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment Tropical wave Tropical Weather Discussion Tropical Western Pacific tropical wet and dry climate tropical wet climate Tropical Wind , Energy Conversion and Reference Level Experiment tropical woodland tropical year tropical years tropical years Tropical Zodiac tropical zones Tropicale Tropicale tropicalisation tropicalisation tropicalise tropicalise tropicality tropicality tropicalization tropicalization tropicalize tropically tropically Tropicamide Tropicamide Tropicana Orange Juice Rail Cars tropicbird tropicbird Tropicbirds tropicly tropicly ▼ | [
"tropics",
"Dictionary"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/typhlitis | Typhlitis Also found in : Dictionary Medical Wikipedia The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Typhlitis ( also cecitis ) , inflammation of the cecum . results from failure of the cecum to empty itself its contents — for example , because lengthening or prolapse intestine in case a tumor — or because prolonged retention and excessive fermentation putrefaction its contents . Less frequently , typhlitis is a complication acute appendicitis occurring when inflammation moves vermiform appendix to intestinal wall . symptoms typhlitis are pain in right abdomen , swelling cecum , alternating constipation and diarrhea , increased body temperature . condition may be acute chronic . patient ’ s stools , which are analyzed for diagnostic purposes , may contain mucus sometimes pus blood . Treatment same as for colitis . A spare diet enemas prescribed . Surgery performed some cases . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . © 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . References in periodicals archive as a complication of alemtuzumab therapy . Chemotherapy - induced Neutropenic Necrotizing Enterocolitis : A Review The symptoms do not fit the typical picture of necrotizing inflammation of the caecum seen in leukemia patients ( Lancet 355 [ 9200 ] : 281 - 83 , 2000 ) . Chemotherapy - Related Colitis Appendicular abscess or mass , ileocaecal tuberculosis , carcinoma caecum , mesenteric adenitis , iliac nodes , , Crohn ' s disease , actinomycosis , distended gallblader , ovarian cysts , fibroid uterus , tubo - ovarian mass , occasionally intussusception , amoeboma , diverticular disease . Evaluation of right iliac fossa mass - a retrospective study Necropsy examination revealed congested liver , hypertrophied kidneys , peritonitis , severe suggestive of coligranuloma , pneumonia , and airsacculitis , which are typical signs of colisepticemia . Avian Dis . : Characterization of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolated from a peacock ( Pavo cristatus ) with colisepticemia The gastrointestinal system must also be carefully examined as or neutropenic enterocolitis is a common cause of severe infection . Febrile neutropenia in childhood cancer : improved outcomes in childhood cancer have been achieved largely through more intensive and toxic treatment regimens These opportunistic pathogens include mycobacteria ( tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare ) , viruses ( CMV ) , parasites ( Cryptosporidium ) and , in the setting of neutropenia , ( neutropenic colitis , Figure 19 ) . Imaging the obstructed bowel and other intestinal emergencies On gross pathologic examination , the geese were found to have hemorrhagic - to - necrotic inflammation of the large intestine ( colon and rectum ) and fibrinonecrotic accompanied by severe degeneration . Avian Pathol : Typhlocolitis associated with spirochetes in goose flocks However , on day 12 neutropenic developed , and a fight hemicolectomy was performed . Legionellosis from Legionella pneumophila serogroup 13 More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ typed lambda - calculus TypedProlog type - DWV tubing typeface typeface family type - in traffic type - M carcinotron typematic type - O carcinotron typeover mode type - S fuse types of compliance types of social action Types , Theory of typesetting typesetting language Typesetting Machines type - ß leader typewriter typewriter terminal type - X gypsum lath type - X gypsum wallboard Typha Typhaceae Typhales Typhlopidae Typhloscolecidae typhlosole Typhoeus typhoid typhoid fever Typhoid Mary typhoid vaccine Typhon typhoon typhoon wind Typhula Blight typhus typhus fever Typhus , Epidemic typical typification typing typo typo domain typo squatter Typogenesis Typographic Measurement typographical error typography ▼ Full browser ▲ Typha angustifolia Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia Typha latifolia Typha Orientalis Typhaceae typhaceous Typhales Typhaon Typhaon typhemia typhic TYPHIM VI typhinia typhinia typhl ( o ) - typhl - typhlectasis typhlectomy typhlenteritis typhlenteritis typhlitic typhlitic typhlo - typhloappendicitis Typhlocoelium typhlocolitis typhlodicliditis typhloempyema typhloenteritis typhloenteritis typhloid typhlolithiasis typhlology typhlology typhlomegaly typhlon typhlon typhlopexia typhlopexy typhlophile typhlopid Typhlopidae Typhlopina Typhlopina Typhlopoidea Typhlopoidea typhloproctostomy Typhlopsidae Typhlopsidae typhlorrhaphy ▼ | [
"Typhlitis",
"mean"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/vapor+blasting | vapor blasting vapor blasting ′ vā · pər ′ blast · iŋ ( metallurgy ) Cleaning the surface of a metal with a fine abrasive suspended in water and propelled at high speed by air or steam . Also known as liquid honing ; vapor honing . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / encyclopedia2 . thefreedictionary . com / vapor + blasting " > vapor blasting < / a > Mentioned in liquid honing vapor honing References in periodicals archive Astronomers had been astonished in 2005 to learn of the giant plumes of ice and water from the " tiger stripe " cracks in Enceladus ' southern hemisphere , and the detection of organic compounds in the gassy mix suggested the moon could support life . Gassy Geysers : Cassini surveys Saturn ' s moon More results ► Encyclopedia browser ▲ va n ' t Hoff formula va n ' t Hoff isochore va n ' t Hoff isotherm Vant Hoff , Jacobus Hendricus va n ' t Hoff , Jacobus Hendricus va n ' t Hoff ' s law Vant Hoff ' s Law of Osmotic Pressure Vant Hoff ' s Principle Vantaa vanthoffite Vantsevichius , Genrikas Prano Vanua Levu Vanuatu Vanuatu Custom Chiefs Day Vanuatu Father Walter Lini Day Vanuatu Independence Day Vanuatu Unity Day Va - Nu - Pieds Vanvitelli , Luigi Vanzetti , Bartolomeo VAP Vaphio cups Vapniarka Vapor Vapor barrier vapor concentration Vapor condenser vapor cycle vapor degreasing vapor deposition Vapor diffusion vapor heating system vapor honing vapor lamp vapor lock vapor lock device vapor migration vapor permeance vapor pressure Vapor profile vapor rate vapor relief vent vapor resistance Vapor retarder vapor suppression vapor trail vapor trails vapor transmission vapor vent vapor volume equivalent ▼ Full browser ▲ vapidness VAPIHCS vaping vaping VAPL VAPLD Vapniarca Vapniarka vapocoolant vapocoolant sprays VAPoN Vaponefrin vapor Vapor Axial Deposition Vapor Balance System Vapor barrier Vapor Barrier Liner Vapor barrior vapor bath vapor bath Vapor burner Vapor Cloud Expansion Vapor cloud explosion Vapor Combustion Unit Vapor Compression Cycle Vapor Compression Distillation Flight Experiment Vapor Compression Distillation Subsystem Vapor compression refrigeration Vapor Compression Sistillation Vapor Compression Vacuum Distillation vapor concentration Vapor condenser Vapor Control Valve Vapor Cooled Current Leads Vapor Cooled Shield Vapor Corporation Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor Vapor Crystal Growth Vapor Crystal Growth System Vapor cycle Vapor Cycle Cooling System Vapor Cycle Machine vapor degreasing vapor densities vapor density vapor density ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"vapor blasting"
] |
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/weak+interaction | Weak Interaction Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia weak interaction ′ wēk ‚ in · tər ′ ak · shən ( particle physics ) One of the fundamental interactions among elementary particles , responsible for beta decay of nuclei , and for the decay elementary particles with lifetimes greater than about 10 - 10 second , such as muons , K mesons , and lambda hyperons ; it is several orders magnitude weaker than strong electromagnetic interactions , fails to conserve strangeness or parity . Also known as beta interaction . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms , 6E , Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . It might be outdated or ideologically biased . Weak Interaction one four known fundamental interactions between particles , other three being electromagnetic , gravitational , strong interactions . weak interaction much weaker electromagnetic much stronger gravitational interaction . Characteristics strength an interaction can be assessed from rates processes that brings about . rates processes are usually compared with each other at energies order 10 8 9 electron volts ( eV ) . Such energies are characteristic particle physics , since masses , in energy units , most particles precisely this order magnitude — for example , mass pion , π - meson , 1.4 × 8 eV , mass proton 9.4 × eV . At such energies , a process due to occurs in ~ 10 - 24 sec ; during this time , a hadron , strongly interacting particle , moving at speed speed light ( 3 cm / sec ) traverses distance hadron ’ s dimensions ( ~ - 13 cm ) . An process under same conditions lasts approximately - 21 sec . Weak processes , occurring result weak interaction , have greater characteristic time : ~ l0 - 10 sec . Thus , world extremely slow . Another an mean free path particle matter . Strongly interacting usually retarded by iron plate few tens centimeters thick . By contrast , neutrino , which has only interaction , could pass through iron plate billion kilometers thick without undergoing single collision . gravitational even weaker . At energy ~ 9 eV , it 33 times weaker — that is , by 33 orders magnitude — than In everyday life , however , role more prominent role reason circumstance that like has infinite range . Consequently , body on earth ’ s surface experiences attraction all atoms which earth consists . By contrast , range so short not yet been measured . It surely less - 14 cm may less - 15 cm , value two magnitude range As result , between , example , nuclei two adjacent atoms – 8 cm apart negligible . Nonetheless , despite its small short - range character , plays very important nature . If were possible “ turn off ” sun would extinguished , since transformation proton ( p ) into neutron ( n ) , positron ( e + ) , neutrino v would impossible . “ burning ” hydrogen sun occurs through process : four protons transformed into helium nucleus consisting protons neutrons . This constitutes source most stars . Weak involving emission neutrino general appear play exceptionally important evolution stars . Such processes , may account losses very hot stars mechanisms supernova explosions involving formation pulsars . Another illustration importance presented muons ( μ ) , π - mesons , strange particles . If did not exist , these three types stable widely encountered ordinary matter . In actuality , strange non - strange millionths billionths second . because does obey number prohibitions obeyed interactions . contrast interactions , violates law conservation strangeness . also violates another symmetry nature — reflection symmetry see SPACE INVERSION ) ; decays maximally violate law conservation space parity charge parity see CHARGE CONJUGATION ) . Some decays long - lived neutral kaons , K - mesons , violate combined COMBINED INVERSION time reversibility microprocesses TIME REVERSAL ) . relative frequencies tenths percent . ( See below further details . ) intensities increase rapidly energy . For released neutron , 1 million electron volts ( MeV ) , small compared rest hadrons ; free neutron lifetime about 3 sec , 13 lifetime Λ - hyperon . cross section nucleons ( protons neutrons ) approximately 1 million times neutrinos having 100 gigaelectron ( GeV ) neutrinos MeV . yet what cross section continues increase increasing energy . cross - section growth continue up 1,000 GeV center - of - mass system colliding particles . On hand , cease lower energies . Beta decay ; Fermi ’ s theory widely encountered β - decay radioactive atomic nuclei . phenomenon radioactivity was discovered 1896 A . H . Becquerel . During first third 20th century spectra β - radioactive nuclei were experimentally investigated scientists E . Rutherford , J . Chadwick , L . Meitner . A result research was hypothesis advanced 1931 W . Pauli that , addition ( e ) , another light particle , now neutrino , emitted β - decay . Although experimentally detected until 1956 , E . Fermi 1934 put forth , on basis Pauli ’ s hypothesis , seminal theory β - decay . With some modifications , Fermi ’ s underlies present - day According theory , ( more accurately , antineutrino ) emitted β - radioactive nucleus do exist prior but appear moment decay . This phenomenon analogous emission low - energy photons ( visible light ) excited high - energy photons ( γ - quanta ) excited nuclei . Light when undergoes transition one atomic level another , lower level . same way , γ - quanta nucleons move higher , levels levels . electric charges field principal cause these processes . moving charged particle — an proton — disturbs field , transferred field quanta , photons . charge creates current , we speak current . quantum electrodynamics , between photon described expression form e ψ̄ψ A Here , e electric charge , coupling constant ( the strength characterized dimensionless constant α = 2 / ħc ≈ 1 / 137 , where ħis Planck ’ s c light ) , ≈ ψ annihilation operator initial state , ψ̄ creation operator final state , photon creation operator . Thus , instead initial appear : state ( of energy ) photon . described more accurately expression ( 1 ) ψ̄γ μ ψ μ subscript quantity takes values 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 indicates quantity transformed four - dimensional vector under Lorentz transformations . recalled four - vector formed , four - dimensional coordinates x ( x 0 = ct , x x , 2 = y z particle ’ s momentum p ( p 0 E / c , p y z where E particle ’ s components three - dimensional momentum ) . scalar product four - vectors given equation summation carried out over identical subscripts μ ; brevity , summation sign omitted . Since vector field , quantum field — the photon — is spoken particle . ψ̄γ called current . ( 1 ) Lorentz - invariant , current must also four - vector , current must given scalar product four - vectors — the repetition subscript indicates product . Dirac matrices γ introduced so four - vector can constructed operators ψ̄ ψ , four - component spinors respect Lorentz transformations . significance operators now indicated precisely . These describe only ( electrons ) but antiparticles ( positrons ) . annihilates creates positron , annihilates positron . describes both annihilation photons , photon , truly neutral its own antiparticle . eψ̄ψA describes absorption electrons positrons production electron - positron pairs pairs resulting photons . exchange ( γ ) charged leads each other . For scattering occur ; scattering event schematically represented Feynman diagram , Figure 1 , a . When Figure goes transition level another , production electron - positron pair ( Figure 1 , b ) . β - decay fact analogous processes . Fermi based his currents . These currents , however , interact contact rather distance exchange ( the case interaction ) . present - day notation , contact form Here , G Fermi , weak - interaction , constant , whose experimental value G - 49 erg - cm G / ħ c dimension length squared ; units ħ 1 , M proton . As symbols ( 2 ) , ̄ ( antiproton annihilation ) operator , n ( antineutron creation ) operator , ē ( positron annihilation ) v ( antineutrino creation ) operator . ( Here below designated symbols corresponding boldface type . ) P̄γ n , transforms proton , subsequently came nucleonic , nucleon , current , ēγ termed leptonic , lepton , leptons ) . postulated currents , like four - vectors . therefore called ( Fermi ’ s original notion nucleonic P̄ ēγ n P̄γ leptonic . ) nucleonic leptonic had equal standing he wrote it , subsequent development increasingly emphasized equal standing . Like pair , diagram ( Figure 2 , a ) . ( In present article , antiparticles , exception positrons , indicated tilde [ ̃ ] above corresponding particles . ) follows what been said regarding currents should produce processes — for reaction ṽ + → 2 , b ) pairs , ñ → 2 , c ) P̄ + ṽ . An difference changes does not . transforms leaves leaves electron . reason , currents p̄n ēv currents . According terminology , conventional ēe ( Neutral type v̄ ̄ discussed below . ) based results investigations different areas : experimental studies proper ( β - decay ) , led hypothesis existence neutrinos ; research ( nuclear reactions ) , led discovery neutrons understanding consist particles ; theoretical investigations laid foundation theory . subsequent development physics , especially recent years , repeatedly shown interrelation strong , weak , fruitful . over 20 years concern theoretical question whether During period , found responsible slow unstable After discovery muons , pions , kaons , hyperons late 1940 ’ s early 1950 ’ s , universal character causing formulated . Parity violation 1956 , Tsung Dao Lee Chen Ning Yang USA advanced , investigation Kmeson decays , conserve space parity . nonconservation soon detected several Chien - Shiung Wu co - workers , USA , found nonconservation Americans R . Garwin L . Lederman scientists muon . fall D . Landau and , independently , Lee , Yang , R . Ohme advanced P ( C ) well . violation , should occur way two — combined CP parity ) — is conserved . invariance respect combined inversion mean “ mirror images ” antiparticles . angular distribution electrons negative muons ( μ angular distribution positrons positive ( μ 3 . Violations inversion have observed , Kmesons violation invariance inversion , illustrated decays : ( a ) ṽ μ , ( b ) + boldface arrow direction spin muon “ circle ” arrowhead shows direction “ rotation ” spin . arrow shows momentum positron broken represents reflection spin — the “ rotation ” — does change reflection ) . conserved — that is , if reflection existed — then probabilities angles θ π θ spin μ . identical . invariant conjugation , then look same . actuality , situation observed . manifested following : probability angle ( a ) probability angle π ( b ) . V - A numerous data generalized M . Gell - Man , Feynman , Marshak , Sudarshan USA 1957 universal V - A theory . theory , theories differ points . First , whereas new consists part V axial part ( An axial constructed means matrices γ 5 5 iγ Under transformations , both behave identically , conventional four - vectors . Under reflections , behave differently , they different result , definite property reflected Second , new has , addition terms p̄n ēv terms — a muonic strangeness - changing hadronic muonic μ̄v muon muon . ( The discovered 1962 , occurring reactions together [ positron ] came symbolized strangeness - changing hadronic ( K - mesons hyperons ) . becomes strangeness - conserving Hadronic ( strangeness - changing strangeness conserving ) complex number leptons ± ± hadrons reaches hundred . assumed , all hadrons built up quarks — the quark quark γ , antiquarks . consist quarks : ppn nnp ∧ - hyperon contains , p - n - quarks , quark : Λ pn λ . Mesons antiquark : ñ , = p̃n , K λ p̃ λ , λ̃ , ̃ ñ̃λ . well accounts broad phenomena pertaining properties classification hadrons . hypothesis , when pair Similarly , Λ transformation λ - quark p - quark : λ here written ( 3 ) P̄ncos p̄λsin p - quark ( P̃ - quark n - quark ( ñ - quark λ - quark ( λ̃ - quark Caoibbo angle . Experiment shown 15 ° . evident sin < cos θ . significance fact change suppressed — that occur probability — relative conserved . Λ → suppressed comparison → p assertion regarding relative taken too literally , determined amount released decay . proportional fifth power smaller Λ - hyperon . smallness sin means although Λ - hyperon ten faster neutron , Λ - hyperon 20 slower if had total designated j w ( 4 ) j w μ̄v P̄ncos p̄λsin then ( or accurately , Lagrangian density L ) acquires form : constant , superscript Hermitian adjoint current : Each terms represents sum vector — for ( 1 ) v except applies classified according couple generate them . Each process , term term + , Table 1 . Direct inverse located positions table symmetric diagonal . Table 1 . ̄p λ̄p v̄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p̄λ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 ( v̄ e ) ( ēv elastic e . observed , accuracy experiments used necessary measure theoretically predicted magnitude . ( v̄ e ) ( μ̄v well studied excellently ( P̄n ) ( ēv ) — the 3 — is β - decays type second predicted Ia . B . Zel ’ dovich S . S . Gershtein 1955 basis analogy ( on conserved current ) ; experiments confirmed prediction . leads reaction n , 1956 F . Reines C . Cowan antineutrino beam nuclear reactor . ( P̄λ ) ( ēv ) — the 4 — is β - decays changes — for Λ → Σ characterized selection rules follow confirmed : first , ∆ S ∆ S participating ( ∆ S S decaying hadron appearing decay ) ; second , ∆ Q ∆ Q hadrons ; third , T 1 / 2 , ∆ T difference hadron ’ s isotopic spins final states . μ ) ( μv involved here + high - energy interacts Coulomb nucleus . theoretically limit attained search process . ( P̄n ) ( μ̄v 6 — is capture Underlying capture studied detail large primary channel π - mesons ( π addition , reactions observed beams formed π - K - mesons bombarded energetic accelerators . beams produced laboratories . When energetic collides nucleon , there quasi - elastic inelastic ( ṽ nucleon nucleon mesons . fraction small , π - mesons principally ( P̄λ ) ( μ̄v 7 — leads strangeness . Examples Σ obey selection rules ( number 4 ) . single produced . ( P̄n ) ( n̄p ) , nuclear forces that , contrast ordinary forces , do P P - odd forces , predicted , Soviet Iu . G . Abov , P . A . Krupchitskii , V . M . Lobashev , V . Nazarenko . ( p̄λ ) ( n̄p ) — the 9 — is multiparticle nonleptonic particles : Ξ Ω Ω Ξ decays , ∆ T 1 / 2 . ( P̄λ ) ( λ̄p ) — the 10 — contributes P - odd forces . considered above explain phenomena : CP invariance , 1964 experiment J . Christenson , Cronin , Fitch , Turlay USA ; 1973 European Center Nuclear Research ( CERN ) . CP - noninvariant effects investigated K - mesons π - mesons , πev πμv conclusion CP - noninvariant either ( that factor 1,000 interaction ) extremely ( a billion interaction ) . To clarify nature useful find some particular , search dipole moment great interest . Neutral currents ; Weinberg - Salam model Neutral antineutrinos nucleons : n ( p ) ( p ) hadrons . sections 0.2 0.4 , respectively , sections action necessitated substantial modification weak - interaction developed 1957 . modified model including proposed 1967 Weinberg 1968 Salam Pakistan . provided considerable stimulus original various later versions represent accomplished intermediate bosons W heavy bosons carriers makes complete analogy convinced fact , sufficient compare Figures 1 , b , 2 , a , 4 . intermediate 1 , b filled boson Win 4 . Because uncertainty principle , requires boson M large . virtual travels ħ / M notion common nature underlies Weinberg - Salam model . Weinberg Salam assumed W - boson ( or , same ) cases , determined secondary expressed α makes use bosons — two bosons , W boson , Z calculations , tens heavier proton : ≳ 40 ≳ 80M obtained fine - structure 1 / 137 , characterizes ( M α / reflects circumstance unified needed consistent . W . Heisenberg | [
"Weak Interaction"
] |
http://endangeredprimatespecies.blogspot.com/2012/12/northern-sportive-lemur.html | Monday , December 3 , 2012 Northern Sportive Lemur Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Primates Family : Lepilemuridae Genus : Lepilemur Species : L . septentrionalis Location : The Northern Sportive Lemur is native to a minuscule region near the northern edge of Madagascar . The species ' population is restricted to the remnants of forest north of the Irodo River , near villages ( Ankarongana and Madirobe ) and a small mountain . Physical Characteristics : This species of Lemur is nocturnal , and therefore has large front - facing brown eyes similar to that of a Tarsier . They are also arboreal ( tree based ) , and move by jumping around from tree to tree . The " Sportive " aspect of their name is derived from their " boxing " stance when they feel threatened . They have pale brownish - grey backs , including a dark line that travels across its spine . Their undersides tend to be grey . Social Behaviors : Not much is known about these species as there are so few left to study . The Northern Sportive Lemur is believed to reprocess their food a second time in order to gain nutrients in the same process rabbits use . The bacteria contained in their bodies help ferment their food in their bodies , allowing it to have nutritional value when it is reprocessed . The males live alone as hermits until the mating season . Females will raise the child alone in a separate region . Threats : The Northern Sportive Lemur is a niche species . Simply put : the species has several very specific conditions that must be met in order to survive or call their perfect habitat . While they may have survived as a highly specialized species before , it is now their own downfall as their precious small habitat is destroyed through deforestation . A native species of Boa is also known to take some Northern Sportive Lemurs from their daytime resting places . These threats , in addition to a specific diet , would n ' t be so bad were it Remaining Northern Sportive Lemurs : 18 Conservation : At this point not much can be done to save this species . The changes needed are in Madagascar ' s policies and enforcements against logging and bushmeat hunting . One can help organizations that are getting involved by visiting their local zoo or protesting wooden products emerging from Madagascar . Accreditations : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org / details / 11622 / 0 http : / / www . arkive . org / northern - sportive - lemur / lepilemur - septentrionalis / http : / / www . iucn . org / ? 11259 / Primates - in - peril - - conservationists - reveal - the - worlds - 25 - most - endangered - primates http : / / www . cnn . com / 2012 / 07 / 13 / world / africa / madagascar - lemurs - threatened / index . html http : / / www . cokesmithphototravel . com / Madagascar . html Posted by Anonymous at 7 : 13 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Blog Archive ▼ 2012 ( 7 ) ▼ December ( 1 ) Northern Sportive Lemur ► November ( 6 ) | [
"Northern Sportive Lemur",
"Madagascar"
] |
http://endanimalcloning.org/factsaboutanimalcloning.shtml | Background Fast Facts Animal Welfare Ethics Food Safety Environment Public Concern Legislation FAQs Point / Counterpoint Recent Developments Action Alerts Spread the Word News Resources Media Inquiries Fast Facts About Animal Cloning Just Because We Can Cloning Animals for Food The FDA has approved the sale of food products from cloned animals and their offspring , saying that it will not require labels . However , the American public does not support animal cloning , and the technology is riddled with problems that cause animal suffering . Our government must act to address the public ’ s concerns and keep these products off of grocery store shelves . Cloning causes severe animal suffering . Despite years of research , over 95 % of cloning attempts fail , even with extensive veterinary intervention . Birth defects , physiological impairments , illness , and premature death continue to be the norm , not the exception , with cloning . Seemingly healthy clones have unexpectedly developed problems . Problems occur with cloning far more often than with any other method of reproduction . Large Offspring Syndrome , a typically fatal condition associated with a host of abnormalities , occurs in over 50 % of cow clones , but in fewer than 6 % of conventionally bred animals . Hydrops , another typically fatal condition in which the animal swells with fluid , occurs in 28 % of cow clones , but very rarely otherwise . A high rate of late - term pregnancy loss , pregnancy complications , painful labor , and surgical intervention is unique to clone pregnancies . Consumers are opposed to animal cloning . 67 % of Americans disapprove of cloning animals for food . Disapproval increases to 88 % when respondents learn that animal suffering is involved . The majority of Americans think it is morally wrong to clone animals , and 63 % would not buy cloned food even if it were labeled as “ safe . ” Numerous dairies , organic foods producers , and retailers have declared that they do not want to use products from cloned animals or their offspring . The dairy industry has said that there is no consumer benefit in cloning . The public is worried about the moral and ethical implications of animal cloning Cloning affects animal welfare and promotes intensive farming practices and the commodification of animals . Many feel that cloning is “ not natural , ” or is “ playing God . ” Animal cloning technology can be used to clone humans or produce transgenic animals . Americans want their government to consider their ethical concerns about cloning . Nearly 90 % of adults think the government needs to ensure that the ethical issues related to animal cloning are publicly discussed before allowing cloned animals to be sold as food . Governments around the world are debating the ethics of cloning animals for food . The expert European Group on Ethics concluded that there is no ethical justification to clone animals . | [
"Animal Cloning",
"FDA",
"Hydrops"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Chemtrails",
"Geoengineering"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Earth 's atmosphere .",
"barium toxicity"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Chemtrails",
"aerial operation"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Earth 's atmosphere .",
"barium toxicity"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Chemtrails"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Chemtrails",
"aerial operation"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Chemtrails",
"Geoengineering"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Earth 's atmosphere .",
"barium toxicity"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Chemtrails"
] |
http://endgeoengineering.com/geoengineering.html | What is Geoengineering ? Typical examples of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering ( SAG ) , commonly known as " Chemtrails " . Chemtrails " is the popular name given to plumes emitted by aircraft in the sky . Geoengineering " is the name used to define the intentional process of altering - or " engineering " - the Earth ' s atmosphere . A rapidly - growing number of people and organizations in numerous industrialized countries now believe chemtrails ( those visible lines that jets leave in the sky ) are visible artifacts of current geoengineering programs . In November 2010 , the U.N. attempted to ban geoengineering . An example of " White Bark Syndrome " . Test samples show extremely high aluminum . Mounting evidence suggests that the millions - of - tons of aluminum and barium particulates purportedly used in geoengineering programs explains the dramatically - increasing aluminum and barium levels in sampled water and soil tests . Scientists in several countries have linked recent plant and animal die - offs to aluminum and / or barium toxicity drawing even more attention to global geoengineering programs . Demonstrations around the world are bringing friends together from dozens of countries . Although scientists and activists are calling chemtrails " The issue of the century " , mainstream news has only brushed upon this subject leaving the public generally unaware of — what is now called — " The world ' s largest aerial operation in history " If you agree that spraying heavy metals on humans , animals , agriculture , and public water supplies is a dangerous and irresponsible act , then consider joining with us to educate others about this unprecedented event . We urge to you learn more about geoengineering by taking a few minutes to follow the links below . Please share this critical information with your friends and family . It ' s vital that you learn to protect yourself now against increasing levels of heavy metals being discovered in soils , foods , and water supplies . Learn More Learn more about geoengineering by watching one of the documentaries ( below ) that have been created to help the you become educated about this critical subject . Watch the Documentary What In the World are They Spraying " has been viewed by millions and subtitled into several languages . It is the essential introduction to geoengineering . Watch the Documentary New Followup Documentary Why In the World are They Spraying " is the epic followup documentary that answers the most often - asked question about global geoengineering . | [
"Geoengineering",
"Chemtrails",
"aerial operation"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.