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http://gingergarner.com/the-hip-flexor-hip-labrum-injury/ | The Hip Flexor & Hip Labrum Injury Ginger , in a pose that stretched the hip flexor of the top leg . Ginger in dancer ’ s pose © 2004 Why the Hip Flexor is Important in Hip Labrum Injury The post discusses the hip flexors ( known as the iliopsoas ) and their importance in the hip cartilage ( acetabular labrum ) injury . This post will inform you of important anatomy that will help you make more informed decisions about your health care . In my previous two posts , I have discussed The Postpartum Hip and Labral Tear Risk and The Importance of Early Intervention in Labral Tears . Today I want to highlight the importance of the iliopsoas and its potential contribution to intraarticular injury sequelae at the hip joint . A recent collaborative paper including Harvard University ’ s Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , New York ’ s Hospital for Special Surgery and the Midwest Bone and Joint Institute in Illinois took on the task of a 3 - D cross - sectional analysis of the iliopsoas in order to explain its relationship to the acetabular labrum . The findings are important not only for athletes , the targeted population who most frequently experiences labral tears , but also for the postpartum population I discussed in a previous blog post , The Postpartum Hip . This study represented the first attempt of 3 - D analysis of the iliopsoas musculotendinous unit , and here is what the study found from dissection of 8 joints : The iliopsoas is found anterior to , and at the level of , the anterosuperior capsulolabral complex at the 2 - 3 o ’ clock position , or slightly lateral . The iliopsoas is comprised of about 44.5 % tendon and 55.5 % muscle belly at the exact level of the anterior labrum . An inflexible , not just a snapping , iliopsoas could possibly increase labral tear risk and prevalence in athletes . A labral tear associated with FAI ( femoroacetabular impingement ) is typically found at the 11 : 30 - 1 o ’ clock position , as opposed to an iliopsoas - induced tear , which is found at the 2 - 3 o ’ clock position . The researchers were led to study the iliopsoas ’ contribution because the 2 - 3 o ’ clock position labral tear was being found with similar frequency as the typically expected 11 : 30 - 1 o ’ clock position during hip arthroscopy . The acetabular labrum is responsible for not only maintaining joint congruity but also for pressurization . This means that In the absence of an intact labrum , contact forces are greatly increased in the hip joint , leading to premature aging of the hip and early osteoarthritis . In addition , repeat hip arthroscopy can be reduced and hip labral injury prevented or even mediated by addressing the iliopsoas length / tension relationship conservatively . The option also exists to release the tendon surgically at the level of the labrum ( rather than the trochanter ) , and for athletes If you missed them , read Ginger ’ s previous posts on the hip labrum : New Moms at Higher Risk for Hip Labral Tear s The Importance of Early Care in Labral Tears For Health Care Professionals : Ginger Garner ’ s new Hip Labrum Injury course emphasizes evidence - based assessment and management of the hip in an interdisciplinary educational environment . Her courses are known for their interprofessional focus on partnership in medicine and welcome physical therapists , physicians , physician assistants , midwives , physical therapy assistants , nurses , and anyone who works with populations where hip labral injury could be a concern . The course will address differential diagnosis and assessment of extra - articular factors that implicate hip labral injury . Ginger will discuss both conventional rehabilitation and integrative medicine techniques for management and preservation of the hip . Learn more Share this : Reddit More Filed Under : EudeMOMia | From Recovery to Discovery Hip & Pelvic Health The Informed Patient Tagged With : hip health hip labral tear hip pain orthopaedic injuries pelvic health Pelvic Physical Therapy physical therapy for the hip Leave a comment . . . | [
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http://girightshotline.org/en/military-knowledge-base/topic/truth-in-recruiting | Before You Join Home Resources Before You Join Do you know enough to enlist ? Military Recruiters and advertisements promise job training , money for college , adventure , and leadership skills . Do you know enough to enlist ? Before you join , it can be helpful to take a good look at what you ' re getting into . The following information are recommendations from the American Friends Service Committee Youth and Militarism Program , adapted from their pamphlet “ Do you know enough to enlist ? ” . AFSC has worked for years with people considering military enlistment . Contents Will enlistment help me to achieve my goals ? Am I trying to escape my own problems ? Am I willing to give up control ? Am I willing to kill … and be killed ? Do I have other options ? If you talk with a recruiter If you decide to enlist Already signed up for the DEP ? Will enlistment help me to achieve my goals ? Many people enlist hoping to get job training and work experience . But you may find that military experience hurts , rather than helps , your search for a good job . Going into the military may not be the best or only way to get money for college or vocational training . Before you enlist , look carefully at what you will actually be doing — not just your job title . You may find that your job is n ' t exactly what you thought it would be . * The military may not give you the job training and work experience you expect . Jobs with fancy sounding titles often are low - skill and non - technical . * Many military jobs are so different from civilian jobs that you may not be able to use your training after you leave the military , or you may have to be retrained . * The military is not required to keep you full - time in the job for which you are trained or for the entire time you are in the military . The amount of military education benefits that you can receive ( Post 9 - 11 GI Bill ) is based on your time in the military and requires an honorable discharge . This money also comes at a cost — spending years of your life in the military , the likelihood of deployment , and a higher incidence of injury or death than most jobs . Am I trying to escape my own problems ? If you are thinking about joining the armed forces in order to get out of a bad personal or family situation , do n ' t to rush to enlist . Do n ' t make this important decision when you are upset , confused , unsure about your future , or pressured by your family . Many people discover that their problems get worse , not better , in the military . Others find after enlisting that their situation at home improves or that they do n ' t want to be in the military after all . Do n ' t enlist unless you ' re sure . If you change your mind after you join , it is very difficult to get out . Am I willing to give up control ? If you enlist , the military will be part of your life for at least eight years , including time in the Reserves . A lot could happen during those years . The United States is currently engaged in combat in four countries ( Afghanistan , Pakistan , Iraq , and Libya ) . If you ' re in the Reserves , the military could call you away from your home , job , or school . What if you do n ' t like military life ? You ca n ' t just quit , and the military considers it a crime for you to leave your unit or disobey an order . A recruiter may tell you that you can give the military a try and automatically get out after six months if you do n ' t like it . This is not true . There is no such thing as a period of adjustment in the military during which you can just opt out . Am I willing to kill … and be killed ? The military prepares for war . This purpose guides everything it does . Are you willing to kill another person if ordered to do so ? Would you destroy peoples ' homes or food ? Would you help others who are fighting , even if you ' re not in combat ? Would you risk your life in a fight for someone else ' s cause ? Even soldiers who believe in fighting to defend their country have found themselves ordered to fight when they felt it was wrong . Once you enlist , you ca n ' t choose . If you answer “ no ” to these questions , you ' re not alone and you ' re not unpatriotic . You do n ' t have to join the military to serve your country . Do I have other options ? Even though it may be hard , you may be able to find a job or go to school . Talk with employed friends or neighbors to find out how they got their jobs . A school guidance counselor , nurse , or social worker may have resources and connections that you can use to find a job or job - training program , get money for school , or get help with a bad situation . Organizations — such as a neighborhood job counseling programs , church groups , city and state employment and union training programs — also can help you find a job . If you want to earn money for college , find adventure , or travel , do n ' t assume you must enlist . The pamphlet It ' s My Life : A Guide to Alternatives After High School can walk you through many options for thinking about jobs and careers , serving your country , seeing the world , and paying for training or college If you talk with a recruiter Do n ' t rely only on the recruiter . Military recruiters are salespeople : their job is to “ sell ” you on enlistment . To keep their jobs and advance their careers , most recruiters must sign up a specific number of people each month . They stress the benefits of the military — not the problems . Your decision about enlistment will affect your life and the lives of others . Do n ' t rush . Talk with recently discharged veterans — both those who had good experiences and those who did n ' t — about the questions raised on this website . Also talk with a civilian counselor who can help you think about the military or suggest other options . * Take along a relative or a friend . You have a lot to think about when you talk to a recruiter . A family member or friend can take notes , ask questions , and watch out for your best interests . Also take along a relative or friend if you discuss job selection with a military “ guidance counselor ” at a Military Entrance Precessing Station ( MEPS ) . * Never give false information or cover up anything . Be honest about police records , health problems , and school . If you lie to a recruiter , you will suffer when the truth comes out . It ' s wrong , and in some cases illegal , for a recruiter to tell you a lie . Report any recruiter who does this to your Congress members , school officials , or The National Youth and Militarism Recruiter Abuse Hotline at 1 - 877 - 688 - 6881 . You will be protecting yourself and others . If you decide to enlist Do not sign any papers until you take them home for a parent , teacher , or someone else whom you know and trust to review . You have every right to request time to read the paperwork before signing . If a recruiter is pressuring you to sign without reading everything carefully , they are not looking out for your best interests . Check out Sgt . Abe — the Honest Recruiter for a detailed description of the enlistment contract . Make sure to get all the recruiter ' s promises in writing in your enlistment agreement . Spoken promises will not protect you . Find out whether you need to pass a special test , get a security clearance , or do anything else before you can get the job or options that you want . Make sure you keep a complete copy of everything you sign . Do n ' t rely on a recruiter ' s promise to provide you a copy at a later date . Already signed up for the DEP ? If you ' ve already signed up for the Delayed Enlistment Program ( DEP ) and are having second thoughts , it ' s not too late to get out . Call the GI Rights Hotline at 877 - 447 - 4487 . This is a free , nonprofit , and nongovernmental service . | [
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http://girlandthekitchen.com/greek-whole-roasted-branzino/ | October 23 2017 20 Comments Greek Whole Roasted Branzino 30 Minute Meals Healthy Main Entrees This recipe for Greek roasted branzino is perfect for a simple and healthy weeknight meal that requires almost zero clean up Full of bright lemon and earthy oregano this dish will transport you to a seaside taverna in Greece The best part about food is the story that it tells That of course is one of my reasons for blogging Anyone can write up a recipe and tell a person how to make itbut the story the story gives food heart We all connect with each other through the power of delicious food but the storythat story is what bonds us Whether it is a warm Italian red wine sipped along the Tuscan hillsides fresh lobsters eaten oceanside of a Caribbean hut or classic New York style pizza eaten at one of many of the New York pizzerias the stories make food nostalgic This particular roasted branzino has a great story It features a very good friend of mine Chrissy Chrissy colors my hair We chat and catchup for 23 hours at a time every 46 weeks and gab about everything from pop culture to love to politics and food One of those times I came by and her mom fed me her delicious Greek chicken that inspired my very popular One Pot Greek Chicken and Potatoes Chrissy happens to be Greek Born here in the states but as all first generation Greeks that I know is fluent in Greek and travels to her home land at least once a year She is also extremely well travelled She has been all over Europe Dubai and hit almost every part of North America there is Chrissy loves traveling on a whim One day she is expertly and lovingly blonding up my hair and the very next day she texts me that she is flying to Jamaica in 2 days and needs hotel recommendations After her travels Chrissy always We were chatting up waiting for the blond to take over my brunette roots and Chrissy started reminiscing about her trip to Greece last summer and as always we ended up talking about the food We were sitting for hours in this little seaside restaurant for hours Mila in Mykonos just eating salads sipping wine and inhaling the fish Oh the fish It was amazing Mila Lavraki She said lavraki in her typical Greek pronunciation pausing to reminisce the flavor that this fish must have left on her palette and forever ingrained her mind Chrissy what the hell is lavraki Is this a fish straight out of Zeus pond or something I questioned her sarcastically OMG you have never had lavraki What Thats it we are going now Its in season and I know a little Greek place that serves it Get your bag we are getting Greek food Of course she knows a little Greek place that happened to be serving this fish The Greeks are similar to the Russians we always know someone We showed up to a hole in the wall basically that is the back of a fish warehouse Turned out this Greek someone was the someone that distributed fresh fish and seafood to most of the restaurants in Chicago And he happened to serve this exact same fish in this tiny restaurant with paper napkins communal seating chalkboard menus and free garlic aromas The place was packed It was 3 pm on a Saturday afternoon and there was a line out the door and not an empty seat to be seen Naturally as soon as the owner saw that one of their own ahem a Greek Chrissy was standing in line he came over greeted her in Greek nodded at me and ushered us in to the front of the line leaving us with evil glares being thrown like daggers at our backs Oh wellsometimes the early bird gets the wormsometimes the Greek bird gets the fish Chrissy chatted with the owner and they both pointed to the menu nodded in agreement and ordered I was not consulted in this decision making process and I was glad because regardless how picky I am I doubted there was anything on this menu I would not find enjoyable We sat down and were almost immediately greeted with Greek bread fruity olive oil and a flaming order of saganaki the Greek flaming cheese Next we were served a gigantic Greek salad and our entrees I sat and stared at the feast laid out in front of us chrissy_har says 34greek style or no style34 amazing fresh fish and seafood for a alfresco lunch saturday diningout restaurant delicious healthy nomnom foodie foodpics foodporn A photo posted by Mila girl_and_the_kitchen_ on Mar 26 2016 at 220pm PDT Chrissy This is roasted Branzino I exclaimed when I saw the gorgeous fish No Mila its Lavraki Its Greek Chrissy its a Mediterranean sea bass its not Greek The Italians call it Branzino and the Greeks clearly call it Lavrakibut its all the sameits sea bass Whatever Greek style is best Mila Greek Style or no Style Now eat We both giggled and dug in I can still so clearly remember the sigh of enjoyment that escaped our bodies as we sat in this sun filled room full of incomprehensible chatter and for a moment I felt like I had escaped Chicago and was transported to the salt scented beaches of Greece I have found this Branzino Lavraki at a local supermarket and purchase it frequently for our weeknight dinners and dinner parties It is extremely mild in flavor and has a very sweet flesh due to the shrimp that it feeds on But the most important part about this fish is that it truly is best roasted whole Which helllllllo How great is that for cleanup Choosing Fresh Fish When purchasing and preparing roasted branzino or any whole fish there are a few important things to remember When choosing fresh fish it should smell like the seawater anything fishier smelling and you do not want it Trust me The eyes should be clear never foggy or falling our of the socket yuck The flesh should be firm not slimy or super spongy Ask the fish monger to leave the head and tail on clean the scales trim the fins and completely clean the inside Before roasting the fish slice into the skin a bit careful not to go too deep into the flesh This will help the skin crisp up and it will allow for some seasoning to permeate the inside Keep it simple The best fish tastes pretty great on its own and just needs to be enhanced with simple and classic flavors Sometimes salt pepper and lemon is all you will ever need Do NOT over cook the fish I typically broil these fish about 15 pounds each for 18 minutes and the bones pull away super easily from it and the flesh flakes just so perfectly When fish is cooked perfectly the bones peel away from it and there are minimal bones left behind in the flesh See those little slats that are puffed up Thats what happens when you slice into in the skin Perfect nesting place for extra garlic and lemons I made roasted branzino just last night and was compelled to finally share it I paired it with a super simple sautéed garlic and lemon spinach adorned with a few sprinkles of feta cheesehow Greek am I now huh Chrissy It honestly could not have been easier to prepare this roasted branzino It was all done on a sheet pan covered in parchment paper so the mess was practically non existent I quickly sliced the fish with little slits on the outside drizzled both the sides and the inside with super fruity extra virgin olive oil stuffed the cavity with some oregano stems from my garden a few cloves of minced garlic plenty of salt and pepper and some lemon slices Thats it Into the oven it went to broil for 18 minutes In the meantime I sautéed some garlic So my darling friend Chrissy thank you for reminding me of this wonderfully delicious fish introducing me to an incredible hole in the wall and most importantly importantly being a dear friend Greek Whole Roasted Branzino This recipe for Greek roasted branzino is perfect for a simple and healthy weeknight meal that requires almost zero clean up Full of bright lemon and earthy oregano this dish will transport you to a seaside taverna in Greece Course Seafood Cuisine Greek Prep Time 5 minutes Cook Time 12 minutes Total Time 17 minutes Servings 4 servings Calories 516 kcal Author Mila Furman Ingredients For the fish 2 branzino about 3 pounds total lavraki or sea bass 3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil fruity kind 4 garlic cloves minced finely on a microplane 4 sprigs of fresh oregano 1 lemon you want the slices to be half moons so they fit into the fish easily cut in half and sliced thinly salt and pepper to taste For the spinach 1 tbsp olive oil 1 bag of spinach an 8 oz package 3 garlic cloves minced on the microplane juice of half a lemon 12 cup of water or chicken broth 3 tablespoons feta cheese salt and pepper to taste Instructions For the fish Place the oven on highest broil setting Place parchment paper onto a sheet pan large enough to fit the two fish Slice 34 slits into the fish parallel to the fishs head going with the direction of the scales Pour the olive oil all over the fish ensuring both sides and the insides are covered Slather the garlic mixture into the cavity of the fish evenly Place the oregano stems into the cavities of the fish Place the lemon wedges into the cavity of the fish Place the sheet pan into the preheated oven for 1820 minutes or until the fish flesh is flaky and white Serve with extra lemons For the spinach Right when the fish has come out of the oven place a large pan over medium heat Add olive oil and garlic to the pan Allow to sweat about 2 minutes without getting any color on the garlic Add the spinach water and lemon juice to the pan and toss with tongs until the spinach is wilted This will take about 2 minutes Season with salt and pepper Sprinkle with feta and serve alongside the fish Recipe Notes When purchasing and preparing branzino or any whole fish there are a few important things to remember When choosing fresh fish it should smell like the seawater anything fishier smelling and you do not want it Trust me The eyes should be clear never foggy or falling our of the socket yuck The flesh should be firm not slimy or super spongy Ask the fish monger to leave the head and tail on clean the scales trim the fins and completely clean the inside Before roasting the fish slice into the skin a bit careful not to go too deep into the flesh This will help the skin crisp up and it will allow for some seasoning to permeate the inside Keep it simple The best fish tastes pretty great on its own and just needs to be enhanced with simple and classic flavors Sometimes salt pepper and lemon is all you will ever need Do NOT over cook the fish I typically broil these fish about 15 pounds each for 18 minutes and the bones pull away super easily from it and the flesh flakes just so perfectly When fish is cooked perfectly the bones peel away from it and there are minimal bones left behind in the flesh I like using a very fruity and fragrant olive oil for this recipe It just gives it an incredible flavor profile Typically Greek olive oils tend to be a bit more fruitier But as long as you get an extra virgin olive oil that is first press you should be golden As the garlic cooks inside the fish a chemical reaction may occur and it may turn bluish green This is totally normal and just a reaction of the sulphur compounds Regardless of the color its delicious none the less Do not put the garlic or the lemons into the slits you have made on the fish This may prevent the skin of the fish from crisping up If you want a truly crispy skin on both sides feel free to roast this on a roasting rack However I am perfectly fine with one side crispy without adding on a second pan for me to clean Nutrition Facts Greek Whole Roasted Branzino Amount Per Serving Calories 516 Calories from Fat 144 Daily Value Total Fat 16g 25 Saturated Fat 4g 20 Cholesterol 371mg 124 Sodium 454mg 19 Potassium 1210mg 35 Total Carbohydrates 4g 1 Sugars 1g Protein 82g 164 Vitamin A 92 Vitamin C 193 Calcium 147 Iron 226 Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet Like this Loading Instant Pot Stuffed Cabbage One Pan Roasted Pork Tenderloin with Veggies 30 Minute Meal Trackbacks Roasted Branzino Thinking About says November 10 2017 at 1249 pm A few weeks ago OK maybe 6 weeks ago I was lazily watching cooking shows on PBS and a French chef who has restaurants in Las Vegas Hubert Keller was making a poached Branzino It looked really good though to be honest I didnt have the equipment to poach it and thought I might prefer to roast it instead So I poked around the Internet and found a recipe that looked good on a blog Girl and the Kitchen here Cooking 101 Branzino Best Market says August 15 2018 at 1023 am Try This Greek Whole Roasted Branzino With Sauteed Spinach Feta by Girl And The Kitchen This site uses Akismet to reduce spam Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://girlandthekitchen.com/how-to-cook-basmati-rice/ | June 7 2017 How to Cook Basmati Rice Cilantro Garlic Rice Cooking Basics Healthy Meat Free Side Dishes With this ridiculously easy method I will teach you how to cook basmati rice perfectly each time without each rice grain sticking together This particular basmati rice is loaded with cilantro and garlic flavors that goes perfectly as any side dish or even as a main entree I have been in love with basmati rice since I first tried it back at the wee age of 10 at our favorite Persian restaurant Rezas I speak of this restaurant on the blog frequently because frankly as a family we celebrated practically every occasion there when I was growing up We all loved the comforting and flavorful food and never could get enough of it In fact many recipes right here on this very blog are dedicated to those meals that we had at Rezas Persian Lentil Soup Koubideh Kebobs Jujeh Kebob Persian Lemon Butter Mushrooms For years I attempted to recreate their signature fragrant basmati rice I would pull up Google and type in How to Cook Basmati Rice Certainly several pages would pop up telling me how to cook it authentically And while I am a huge stickler for the authentic recipes I realized that these traditional Persian recipes dictating how to cook basmati rice properly just did not work for me because of the insane amount of time and effort it took On to the next plan In my typical Mila fashion I researched the heck out of basmati rice recipes on the look out for an easy recipe that is still loaded with flavor and most importantly not clumpy stuck together rice Because I think we can all agree that is the absolute worst Finally I found a recipe that was simple stupid And most importantly it rendered the most perfect basmati rice where all the rice grains came apart one by one THE TECHNIQUE TO HOW TO COOK BASMATI RICE The Cooking Method Essentially this is the method that it all boiled down to pun intended Rinse the basmati rice until the water runs clear Grab a pot for water and fill it with about 56 cups of water Bring the pot of water to a boil Once the water is boiling add in 1 cup of basmati rice Cook the basmati rice for 12 minutes UNCOVERED This is the secret here folks Let it just boil away while you prep any other fixins for the rice Once the 12 minutes has passed drain the rice in a colander I actually really happen to love this one because it fits right over my sink If using the rice immediately place it back into the pot with some butter and salt or any other fixins If using the rice later rinse it in cold water to cool it down and stop the cooking process and refrigerate Other Rice Types Once I realized how truly simple it was to cook basmati rice I realized that this method works for ALL types of rice The only difference was the amount of time that the rice grains are cooked for differ based on the type of rice But this can all be very simply determined just by tasting the rice while it cooks and adding on one minute at a time to finish cooking it I would always start with 8 minutes for just classic short grain white rice and for from there adding on one minute at a time Instant Pot Rice You all know that I am a huge fan of my Instant Pot I have made rice in there several times That being saidI find it WAY easier to make rice with this method because I do not need to reach for my clunky Insant Pot and instead just grab any old pot and boil away I know that within 20 minutes at the very most I will have perfect rice Ever Single Time While my rice boils away I always like to make little fixins for the rice to boost the flavor This time I just added minced garlic tons of chopped cilantro minced shallots and lime juice to some butter in a small pot while the rice boiled away I just let it lightly simmer over low heat and infuse the butter with oodles of flavor Alternatively if you were going for a one pan meal you could use the same pot for the herb mixture Once the basmati rice is in the strainer just use that same pot to cook up the herb mixture And then place the rice right back in the pot mix and serve Feel free to use parsley red pepper flakes dill anything your heart desires But I guarantee you that when you cook basmati rice with this method you will have perfect rice Every Single Time There you have it folks the true secret on how to cook basmati rice How to Make Basmati Rice With this ridiculously easy method I will teach you how to cook basmati rice perfectly each time without each rice grain sticking together This particular basmati rice is loaded with cilantro and garlic flavors that goes perfectly as any side dish or even as a main entree Course Appetizer or Side Cuisine International Prep Time 5 minutes Cook Time 12 minutes Total Time 17 minutes Servings 4 people Calories 329 kcal Author Mila Ingredients Rice 1 cup basmati rice 6 cups water salt and pepper to taste 2 tbsp butter unsalted Herb Mixture 4 tbsp butter 1 shallot 3 garlic cloves minced and peeled 4 tbsp cilantro finely chopped 1 each lime juiced salt and pepper to taste Instructions Cooking the Rice Rinse the rice in a strainer thoroughly Bring the water up to a boil Once the water reaches a boil add in the rice stir and allow to boil UNCOVERED for 12 minutes EXACTLY Drain the rice Place the rice back into the pot add in butter and season with salt and pepper Flake with a fork Herb Mixture While the rice is draining place all the ingredients of the herb mixture into the pot and cook over medium heat for 5 minutes Add rice back into the pot mix to combine carefully with a spatula then fluff with a fork Serve immediately Recipe Notes This rice is extremely freezer friendly Simple place into a zip lock bag or a freezer proof container and freeze away When working with the finished rice make sure to gently fluff with a fork or mix with a spatula carefully as to not to smooth the rice together 1 cup uncooked white rice makes 3 cups cooked white rice 1 cup uncooked brown rice makes 4 cups cooked brown rice The nutritional information should be used for guidance only Nutrition Facts How to Make Basmati Rice Amount Per Serving Calories 329 Calories from Fat 153 Daily Value Total Fat 17g 26 Saturated Fat 11g 55 Cholesterol 45mg 15 Sodium 174mg 7 Potassium 83mg 2 Total Carbohydrates 38g 13 Protein 3g 6 Vitamin A 112 Vitamin C 15 Calcium 32 Iron 25 Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet Like this Loading Macerated Summer Berry Salad Beer Battered Crispy Fish Tacos This site uses Akismet to reduce spam Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://gis.ctuir.org/ | Welcome to the Geographic Information Systems GIS Program of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation The CTUIR GIS Programs mission is to promote and facilitate the collection maintenance and beneficial use of geographic information within the tribal government The GIS Program focuses their efforts on providing training in the use and management of GPS and GIS information development of reporting and analytical tools as well as cartographic data and products which inform decisions The GIS Program manages the implementation of ESRI ArcGIS desktop and server software Our goals include Encourage the beneficial use of geographic information systems by other tribal programs Pursue methods for providing tribal members with both digital and analog access to geographic data and analysis Provide a set of highquality cartographic products that can be produced for tribal employees and tribal members Seek out tasks performed by the tribal government that could be improved or enhanced through the efficient use of geographic information andor geographic analysis tools and techniques This may include the integration of spatial and nonspatial databases Provide expert analysis of geographical problems using statistical geocomputational and visual methods | [
"Geographic Information Systems"
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http://gis.mahoningcountyoh.gov/161/GIS | Home Government Departments GIS GIS WEB APPLICATIONS JAVASCRIPT MAP VIEWER Parcel Information Last Updated 4 - 1 - 2019 The Street View Widget is no longer available . This is due to the Google Application Policy . News Flash Calendar Public GIS Classes Training classes for the new GIS site are available at no cost to the individual . Registration information for these training classes is available by contacting the County GIS Department . The schedule varies , but usually occurs the first week of every month . Please see the Calendar above . Seating is limited so please register with the GIS Department at 330 - 740 - 2455 as soon as possible . On - Site training available for 10 + ( continuing education credit can be arranged ) . County employees / agencies can call GIS to schedule as needed ( does not have to coincide with the Public schedule ) . Dates : Thursday , November 1 , 2018 10 - 12 AM Tuesday , December 4 , 2018 10 - 12 AM Tuesday , January 8 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Thursday , February 7 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Tuesday , March 5 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Thursday , April 4 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Tuesday , May 7 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Thursday , June 6 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Tuesday , July 2 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Thursday , August 1 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Tuesday , September 3 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Thursday , October 3 , 2019 10 - 12 AM Tuesday , November 5 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Thursday , December 5 , 2019 2 - 4 PM Contact Us Geographical Information System Email Phone : 330 - 740 - 2455 Hours Monday - Friday 8 a.m. - 4 : 30 p.m . Physical Address View Map 21 W Boardman Street Youngstown OH 44503 Directions FAQs Geographical Information System About the Office Data Downloads Documents Highway Maps Map Services Manuals FAQs Map Viewer Address Portal Sanitary Permit Locator Web Application Revisions | [
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"Training classes"
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http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/34033/measuring-the-distance-between-lines-and-points-in-qgis | Measuring the distance between lines and points in QGIS Ask Question 5 3 Using QGIS - I have a vector of fault lines . I have point data in the form of a csv which I have also loaded into QGIS . I need to know how far each point is from the nearest fault line then enter this distance in a new column in the csv file . Any ideas ? qgis vector map - point share improve this question asked Sep 22 ' 12 at 10 : 45 jojo 26 1 1 2 add a comment 5 Answers active oldest votes 6 You can do this easily using the GRASS plugin with the v . distance module . Import both the fault lines ( v . in . ogr in GRASS ) and the csv file ( v . in . ascii ) , then run v . distance with the " upload = dist " parameter . share improve this answer answered Sep 22 ' 12 at 11 : 52 Micha 11.1k 14 21 add a comment 2 Staying in QGIS , use the mmqgis plugin . Install the plugin , then use the hub distance tools . http : / / michaelminn . com / linux / mmqgis / Be aware though , that it may only return the distance of the point from centre of the ( fault ) line . Explore your results to determine this effect . improve this answer answered Sep 23 ' 12 at 10 : 52 Willy 2,859 18 34 The NNJoin plugin is an alternative for small datasets . Sep 24 ' 14 at 14 : 11 Håvard Tveite 1,369 9 16 you can do it by going firstly to the " measure line " in the upper status bar as you can see in the image below . then you can select points of your interest what you want to measure . Also you can add a new column to the csv file by double clicking on the layer > fields > toggle editing mode on > field calculator > create a new field . Good luck ! Jan 25 ' 15 at 7 : 25 user45501 19 I do n ' t see the image you ' ve referred to . Perhaps you did n ' t have enough points to add it ? BradHards Jan 25 ' 15 at 8 : 04 I doubt the question author is looking for a manual way of measuring distances . underdark ♦ Jan 25 ' 15 at 10 : 18 - 1 try Closest - point plugin for QGIS as the attribute table of the point layer provide you with the distance to the closest line . Just have to save provide resulting table as a csv in QGIS . edited Jan 31 at 9 : 57 Oct 11 ' 17 at 15 : 04 Jean - Christophe Baudin 49 Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged qgis vector map - point or ask your own question | [
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http://gisbornegardensupplies.com.au/ | Welcome to Gisborne Garden and Building Supplies Established over 40 years ago we are the largest landscape and building supplier throughout Gisborne and surrounding suburbs Our business operates across 4 divisions Sand Soil Rock Garden and Lawn Hardware Equipment Hire and Concrete Mini Mix Gisborne Garden and Building supplies is very much a part of the community The longevity growth and success of the business can be attributed to the fact it is highly tuned to the needs of local residents and has evolved accordingly Operating 7 days a week and delivering throughout the Macedon Ranges you will regularly encounter the easily identifiable fleet of vehicles operated by our staff of 10 | [
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http://gizmodo.com/5908206/did-scientists-really-just-break-the-speed-of-light | Physics Did Scientists Really Just Break the Speed of Light ? Jamie Condliffe 5 / 07 / 12 1 : 20pm Filed to : Science 204 2 Today , you might read that scientists have developed a way to produce faster - than - light travel . But steady , there : we ' ve been burnt once recently , so let ' s not let it happen again . Did scientists really manage to break the speed of light ? Ridiculous : A Loose Cable Caused Those ' Faster - Than - Light ' Particles We know that Einstein always has the last laugh , but this is hilarious : the faster - than - light … Read more According to Einstein ' s special theory of relativity , light traveling in a vacuum is the universal speed limit . That ' s a well - established rule — but it is one that scientists like to flirt with the idea of breaking . Faster Than Light . . . That group includes researchers at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , who have been trying to exploit a loophole in the rule , that could see something travel faster than light . That thing is information , and the loophole relies on forcing one pulse to propagate through a second one . If the second pulse is moving at a speed close to the speed of light , it should in theory be possible to make the first one travel faster than the speed of light . Advertisement Which is , pretty much , exactly what the researchers from NIST have done , if you read their paper in Physical Review Letters . They ' ve taken that concept — which is itself old and done before , but so badly that the results were really rather scrappy — and given it another go . The NIST scientists used a concept called four - wave mixing . That sounds complex , but it ' s really just a way of combining signals of different frequencies in such a way as to produce a new signal containing four separate frequencies . In fact , they took 200 - nanosecond - long " seed " pulses of laser light and aimed them into a heated cell containing rubidium vapor . Then , they pumped in a second beam at a different frequency . The two beams interacted with each other , and the vapor , to produce . . .But Besides the Point Wait , no . Not that great . The pulse is incredibly short - lived — it takes next to no time for it to propagate the length of its carrier pulse — and it can never really do anything . It starts , then stops . In fact , it ' s little more than a little mathematical trick . What the scientists are observing here is the propagation of a small scrap of information — so nothing with any matter — moving slightly faster than the speed of light . Advertisement While it ' s tempting to say that this could represent the dawn of data that can move faster than light , that ' s not really true either . You see , this in fact quantum data : it ' s not a neat binary bit , a one or a zero , but a blurry mess that could take any value . What ' s more , we have no control over it . So yes , something did move faster than the speed of light and it was , this time , real . And , yes , it is impressive in a very abstract physical science kinda way . But it ' s not going to turn Einstein ' s theory on its head , nor revolutionize physics . So I would n ' t get too excited . [ Physical Review Letters via The Register Image by Reha Mark / Shutterstock Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/5978933/what-would-really-happen-if-an-unstoppable-force-met-an-immovable-object | What Would Really Happen if an Unstoppable Force Met an Immovable Object ? Andrew Liszewski 1 / 25 / 13 9 : 24am Filed to : watch this 82 Save The Joker thought he had found the answer while dangling at the end of The Dark Knight , but have you ever really wondered what would happen when an unstoppable force meets an immovable object ? The folks at Minute Physics did , and as usual brought a mountain of entertaining science to explain how such an interaction would unfold . The short and spoiler filled answer is : not much at all . The laws of physics would require both to have an infinite amount of mass and energy , but would not allow their velocities to change , so in theory they would simply just pass right through each other . Yawn . No catastrophic universe - ending explosions or anything like that , which is probably for the best . [ YouTube Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/how-leather-is-slowly-killing-the-people-and-places-tha-1572678618 | How Leather Is Slowly Killing the People and Places That Make It Andrew Tarantola 6 / 03 / 14 4 : 23pm Filed to : Giz Explains 45 9 Though we may consider ourselves intellectually and technologically superior to our cave - dwelling ancestors , we still adorn our bodies , transports , and homes with the skin of conquered animals . But unlike the wholly organic methods used by our forebears , the modern leather industry is simultaneously killing the local environment and the people that work there with a toxic slurry of chemicals . The current worldwide market for leather is booming : The 23 billion square feet produced annually is worth more than $ 77 billion ( US ) , according to recent estimates published in the Scribes Guild Journal . Leather footwear is far and away the largest outlet for the stuff , valued at at $ 47 billion — over 60 percent of the world total trade in the 2009 / 10 period — while the next largest outlet , leather goods and products ( including gloves ) were worth about $ 12.3 billion and constituted 15.9 percent of the total world trade . Leather clothing , auto upholstery , home furnishings , and miscellaneous other uses rounded out the remaining outlets with between 8 and 14 percent shares . As for processed leather exports , the Chinese and Indian industries are among the world leaders with 6.6 billion square feet and 2 billion square feet , respectively , in 2013 . However , the dirt cheap labor rates ( and generally nonexistent workplace or environmental safety regulations ) prevalent throughout poorer nations in Southeast Asia have attracted a large amount of the work tanning leather and turning it into goods for Western markets . Where Leather Comes From The type of leather produced in a given region depends largely on the dominant source available . In the Americas , it ' s cattle skin supplemented by goat , lamb , deer , ostrich , buffalo , and even yak . Advertisement More exotic leathers are also becoming more common . Kangaroo is often employed for bullwhips and motorcycle leathers , given its lightweight and abrasion - resistant nature . Snake , alligator , and crocodile skins are all popular as well . Even stingray skin can be made into leather — and often is , in places like Thailand where stingrays are plentiful . The Tanning Process The tanning process is essentially one designed to mummify a hide and stabilize the resulting material so that it will not rot or harden into an unusable form . The process for doing so first involves preparing the hide — scraping it clean of meat , fat , and hair ; and optionally applying debilitating lime pastes , bleaching , or pickling the skin as well . Advertisement You can tell the difference between a tanned hide and a rawhide based on their reactions to heat and water . Rawhide will harden in the heat and , when rewetted , putrefies . Tanned leather , on the other hand , remains flexible in heat and will not putrefy when wetted . There are a number of different tanning methods available , depending on what the final product ' s attributes and uses will be . These methods include : Vegetable - tanned leather utilizes tannins found in vegetables , tree bark , and other naturally plant - derived sources . These chemicals produce a soft brown leather that is ideal for leather carving and stamping but is very unstable in water . When bathed in hot water , vegetable - tanned leather will shrink and harden drastically , which is why it was once used as both an early form of plate armor as well as for book binding . Synthetic - tanned leather , on the other hand , uses aromatic polymers like Novolac , Neradol , and Melamine . Invented during WWII , when vegetable tannins were being rationed as part of the war effort , it ' s easy to spot this kind of leather by its creamy white color . Alum - tanned leather and Rawhide are not generally considered " tanned materials " as they both turn putrid in water . Alum leather is produced using aluminum salts mixed with natural binding agents like flour or egg yolks . Far lighter color shades are possible with Alum than vegetable tannins , though the resulting product will be far less supple . Rawhide is created by simply scraping the skin , soaking it in lime , and stretching it as it dries . The stiff , brittle result is often employed in drum heads , shoelaces , and as doggie chew toys . Aldehyde - tanned leather is the primary alternative to the most popular form of tanning , which uses chromium , instead leveraging glutaraldehyde or oxazolidine . Like synthetic - tanned leathers , Aldehyde leather is white in color . It is also very water absorbent , soft , and can be machine washed , making them perfect for use in chamois . Chromium - tanned leather is the most popular form of producing leather these days , and one of the most noxious . It relies on a toxic slush of chromium salts and tanning liquor to produce a supple and often light blue colored product . The prepared hides are first pickled in a vat of chromium until the material ' s pH drops to 2.8 - 3.2 , then they ' re transferred to a secondary vat filled with tanning liquor which penetrates the leather . Once the liquor has been thoroughly and evenly absorbed , the pH of the vat is increased to Once the tanning operation proper has been completed , the leather is allowed to dry . Then the " crusting " procedure begins . The leather may be thinned , retanned , and lubricated before being colored , softened , and shaped . Leather Is Killing the Environment Image : Apurva Madia The tanning industry poses many dangers to both the environment and those that work within it . The primary environmental threat involves the dumping of solid and liquid waste that contains leftover chromium and other hazardous compounds . This is commonplace in regions without strong environmental protection standards , which also happen to be the primary regions where leather is tanned , such as China , India , and Bangladesh . Even in fully modernized and carefully managed facilities , it is nearly impossible to reclaim all of the pollutants generated by the tanning process . As a rule of thumb , tanning one ton of hide typically results in 20 to 80 cubic meters of wastewater with Chromium concentrations around 250 mg / L and sulfide concentrations at roughly 500 mg / L , not to mention the offal effluence from the preparation phase and the pesticides often added to keep mold growth down during transport to the facility . Hell , 70 percent of an untreated hide is eventually Sure , there are ways to mitigate these impacts . As the United Nations Industrial Development Organization ' s report Chrome Management in the Tanyard PDF ] points out , using industry - proven techniques such as direct recycling — which uses the same chromium bath for both the initial tanning and subsequent re - tanning stage — can reduce chromium levels in wastewater by 21 percent . Additionally , by reclaiming chromium , either by rapidly precipitating it out of the acid bath using sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate or slowly pulling it out with magnesium oxide , one can recapture at least 25 to 30 percent of the bath ' s chrome content . And , as a 2002 study performed in 540 Indian tanneries suggests , a mix of 70 percent new chrome and 30 percent recaptured chrome produces nearly identical results as using 100 percent new chrome . However , as the UNIDO study authors wrote , " even though the chrome pollution load can be decreased by 94 percent on introducing advanced technologies , the minimum residual load 0.15 kg / t raw hide can still cause difficulties when using landfills and composting sludge from wastewater treatment on account of the regulations currently in force in some countries . " What ' s more , all of these advanced recovery techniques cost heaps of money , effort , and time — but mostly money — to implement properly . And what do n ' t many developing Wastewater pollution is primarily a byproduct of the initial preparation ( or " beamhouse " ) stage , wherein bits of flesh , hair , mold , poop , and other animal byproducts are mixed into wash water and discarded . Minute doses of chromium are needed by many plants and animals to regulate metabolic functions . However , in large doses , such as when chromium - laced waste is dumped into regional water systems , it can damage fish gills , incite respiratory problems , infections , infertility , and birth defects . It can also instigate a It ' s Also Killing Its Makers Work within the tannery itself is fraught with dangers — often the result of inadequate or non - existent worker protections . These includes slips and falls on improperly drained floors ; exposure to lime , tanning liquor , acids , bases , solvents , disinfectants , and other noxious chemicals ; injury from heavy machinery or flaying knives ; drowning , being boiled alive , or buried in lime , are all terrifyingly real hazards . Still , the most dangerous part of modern tanning is handling chromium . In humans , chromium causes a myriad of ailments depending on how it is absorbed . When inhaled , chromium acts as a lung irritant and carcinogen , affecting the upper respiratory tract , obstructing airways , and increasing the chances of developing lung , nasal , or sinus cancer . Chromium normally is absorbed this way as fine particulate dust that is produced when both raw and tanned leathers are buffed , smoothed , and ground up . Chromium has been linked to increased rates of asthma , bronchitis , polyps of the upper respiratory tract , pharyngitis , and the enlargement of the hilar region and lymph nodes . Additionally , the raw hides are also a breeding ground for anthrax , which can easily make the leap to humans by mixing with aerosolized pollution , though this has been virtually eliminated in the Western tanning industry now that hides are disinfected before being shipped for processing . It does n ' t play well with your skin either . Once absorbed through unprotected handling , chromium can cause dry , cracked , and scaled skin ; as well as erosive ulcerations that refuse to heal known " chrome holes . " And should one become sensitive to Chromium exposure , contact with it will result in swelling and inflammation known as allergic dermatitis . And Then There ' s the Cancer Back in 1980 , nobody outside of the tanning industry had any inkling that the work they were doing might be making them sick . In fact , a 1981 study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) found no link between the tanning process and nasal cancer in tannery workers . However , over the next few years additional case reports and studies began uncovering a link not just to nasal cancer but bladder and testicular cancer as well , which was associated with the dyes or solvents employed in the finishing process . By cancers you might survive — were associated with leather dust and tanning . By the start of this century , researchers had uncovered another link between Hexavalent Chromium or Cr ( VI ) compounds and increased risk of respiratory cancer . Hexavalent Chromium is the + 6 oxidation state of the element , a purely manufactured form of the ore that is not found in nature and inherently more unstable than the natural + 3 oxidation state . Once common throughout the tanning industry , as well as the automotive industry , Cr ( VI ) has been labeled as a known human carcinogen by the EPA , the US Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) , the IARC , and the WHO , and has become strictly regulated — verging on outright banning . Germany , in actually banned the oxide ' s use in leather goods , capping contamination at just 3 ppm , back in 2010 . And that ' s a good thing too because , as a number of studies since the 1980s have suggested , Cr ( VI ) toxicity appears to be an additive process with more severe issues developing and worsening over years of exposure — the same as with lead exposure or cigarette smoking . So What Do We Do ? The problem , as you may have gathered , is n ' t in the tightly - regulated tanneries in first world - countries — it ' s in the developing nations that perform the vast majority of the work . Many regions are making efforts to clean up these polluting industries . However , progress is slow . Take Kanpur , India — the self - proclaimed " Leather City of World " — for example . This city once housed more than 10,000 tanneries which , in 2003 , were dumping more than 22 tons of effluence into the Ganges river every day . The city took action in 2009 , sealing 49 of the highest - polluting tanneries in town — out of a list of 404 heavy polluters . And in impoverished nations like Bangladesh , where this industry generates $ 600 million in exports each year , the health of workers and the environment are distant afterthoughts . 90 percent of these exports are produced in the Hazaribagh neighborhood of the capital city Dhaka . It was rated as one of the five most toxic , heavily - polluted sites on the entire planet last year by the Blacksmith Institute . As a recent Ecologist post illustrates , the people of this neighborhood are often as polluted as the waterways : Venkatesh , 51 , has worked in tanneries all his life , removing hairs from hides in lime pits . His dark - brown arms and hands are dotted with white scars because of a chemical - caused skin disease . ' [ During ] the last four years I have worked no more than ten days per month . If I work more , the itching starts . It is unbearable . The doctor ' s ointment does n ' t help much . But I need to work so my family can live , ' Venkatesh says . Next to Nehru Road , the private clinic of Doctor G . Asokan is busy . 15 patients wait patiently in the waiting room , his garage , for their turn . ' I have between six and eight patients a week from tanneries with skin diseases or asthma . Tanning can also cause allergies , bronchitia and pneumonia . I estimate 40 per cent of tannery workers have health problems because they are in direct contact with the chemicals , ' he says . We hear similar statements from other local doctors . So how widespread are such health A professor explains he had to cancel a research project into chrome as a cause of illness among tannery workers because of pressure from the industry . Another professor studying the impact of chrome on people and the environment cancels a meeting with us after speaking to the tanneries . ' The biggest problem with the tanning industry are not the environmental issues anymore , ' says Dietrich Kebschull , the BSCI representative in India . ' Here good progress has been made , especially with common effluent treatment plants . A problem that I still see is connected with " This is a product that is used worldwide for luxury goods , but for these workers who are making them , neither the owners nor the government are looking after our health and safety , " Abdul Malek , head of the local Tannery Workers Union , told the Ecologist Unfortunately , short of binding UN arbitration or a massive , international boycott against chromium - tanned leather , there does n ' t look to be much impetus for these practices to cease . As long as the first world continues to export these sorts of dangerous jobs to impoverished and easily - exploited developing nations , our desire for affordable plush leather will carry a steep price — paid in human suffering . [ Wiki Scribes Guild Journal Intertek Al - Jazeera National Institute of Health ILO CDC Lenntech IARC The Ecologist UNIDO Worst Polluted 28th WEDC Conference Top Image : Philip Lange Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/our-first-look-at-the-radical-design-of-george-lucas-ar-1654189721 | Our First Look at the Radical Design of George Lucas ' Art Museum A few months ago , noted traditionalist George Lucas surprised everyone by announcing he had chosen the avant - garde architect Ma Yansong to design his Museum of Narrative Art . Today in Chicago , we got a first look at what Lucas and Ma have in mind — and it could transform Chicago ’ s lakeshore . When George Lucas announced he ’ d be building his museum in Chicago , fans were shocked — why not San Francisco , where Lucas has built his earthly empire ? It ’ s unclear exactly what went wrong with San Francisco ’ s bid to host the museum , but it likely had something to do with its rejection of Lucas ’ first proposed site . Chicago , on the other hand , offered up what is possibly the city ’ s most prime cut of real estate on a silver platter : 17 acres of lakefront next to Soldier Field , within walking distance of some of the city ’ s biggest tourist attractions . Bingo . San Francisco , meanwhile , developed a serious case of sour grapes , with the Business Times ’ Chris Rauber calling Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel “ a foul - mouthed Darth Vader , calling in favors and threatening harm to those who stand in his path . ” Whatever your opinion of Chicago , Darth Vader — and Rahm — could get shit done . And today , only a few months after Lucas chose Chicago , the project team introduced the first renderings of the building . In a suite at the Waldorf Astoria in Chicago , the Beijing - based architect Ma Yansong walked me through his vision for the building , which will stretch over a long piece of lakefront between the city and Lake Michigan . Advertisement The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art looks less like an art museum and more like a college campus from some imagined future : A long , stately procession of small parklets and public spaces kept in order by an organic knot of sidewalks paved in light grey stone , which rises up to become the facade of the building itself , a sinuous white mass of conical forms that house the museum , along with four theaters , an education center , archival space , and more , totaling about 400,000 square feet . It ’ s less of a building than a sponge , a sticky substance that curves through the lakefront and carves out buildings , parks , and sidewalks where it wants them . The idea , Ma told me today , was to turn an area that feels like a warren of parking and backstreets into useable public space . “ This should be a successful public park , ” he said . “ Right now , it ’ s parking . ” It rises up to cover a parking lot and through - street , then dips down to Advertisement It rises back up to form the mass of the museum itself , a conical space with a circular plan that looks a lot like Frank Lloyd Wright ’ s iconic Guggenheim Museum . Visitors will enter the museum and see a huge , naturally - lit white cone , the walk upwards through gallery spaces until they arrive at a metallic 360 - degree observation deck and restaurant , which will be free to the public to visit — a “ new way to view the city , ” says the architect . If it looks like a super - sized version of a creature you might find swilling a drink at the Mos Eisley Cantina , it ’ s entirely coincidental . The museum will include some Star Wars art , but most of its collection will be unrelated to Lucas ’ most famous films , including everything from Norman Rockwell paintings to MAD Magazine cover art . But as Ma put it today , the design does have something in common with classic films like Star Wars . “ Historically , sci - fi movies have played an important role in inspiring young people , ” he said . “ That ’ s the goal of this museum , as well . ” How Chicagoans will react to this alien of a building remains to be seen , but it ’ s worth pointing out the city ’ s progressive take on contemporary architecture throughout history , from the Aqua Tower to the Marina Towers . Not to mention Mies van der Rohe , who you might describe as the patron saint of Chicago architecture ( alongside Burnham and Root , of course ) , and who impressed a deeply rational logic on the downtown . But as Ma — who worked as an intern architect in Chicago before founding his own firm Ma and his collaborators — still have a long ways to go before these early ideas are made real . Now the team will go into schematic design and , next spring , present a final proposal to the city . In the meantime , the museum still needs to pick an Executive Director and get its ducks in a row , not to mention convince preservationists and critics who argue that the project is “ ill - conceived ” and possibly illegal . But considering that Lucas chose a place and an architect for his museum within the span of just a few months , we might be hearing more very soon . Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/the-fireworks-laws-in-every-state-639187644 | The Fireworks Laws in Every State Eric Limer 7 / 03 / 14 8 : 30am Filed to : fireworks 420 3 The 4th of July is tomorrow , and we all know what that means : The casual and festive use of explosives . Well , that is if you live in ( or near ? ) one of the 42 states where that sort of thing is allowed . If you ' re unsure whether you live in party town or under a wet blanket , this map can help you out . The American Pyrotechnic Association has a detailed collection of PDFs that outline the various ins and outs of firework use in all 50 states , but the map above is the best quick reference for the level of ( pyrotechnic ) freedom your state — and its neighbors , winkwinknudgenudge — provides . So before you start planning your annual arsenal , take a quick peek at what you can get away with and plan accordingly . Keep in mind , too , that counties and municipalities have their own legal peculiarities as well , so even if your state allows them your local sheriff might not . And whatever you do , try to make it to July 5th with all your lovely digits intact , OK ? Happy exploding ! American Pyro Advertisement Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/the-world-finally-admits-microsoft-surface-was-the-shit-1730622015 | Microsoft The World Finally Admits Microsoft Surface Is the Shit Darren Orf 9 / 14 / 15 6 : 25pm Filed to : Microsoft Surface 373 53 “ It ’ s a machine out of its time , in a way . And a lot of us are n ’ t quite ready for it yet . ” Those were our final thoughts on the Microsoft ’ s Surface Pro way back in early 2013 — an impressive machine , but one that was too much future at the time . Well , the future is now , apparently . Within the last month , three of the largest technology companies in the world have unabashedly cloned the Surface Pro 3 , Microsoft ’ s laptop / tablet hybrid champion . Lenovo now has the Miix 700 Ideapad . Apple has its mega huge iPad , that when combined with the optional keyboard ( which , let ’ s be honest , you ’ ll probably get because the iPad comes with the dock hardwired into the thing ) acts just like a Surface Pro 3 only on a mobile OS . And Dell is working on an XPS 12 2 - in - 1 complete with included stylus . These join HP ’ s nearly year - old Envy x2 as a big happy family of Surface clones . Advertisement Lenovo . Apple . Dell . Hewlett - Packard — all grandfathered from the weird Surface Pro . While three of these machines — the iPad Pro , Miix 700 Ideapad , and Envy x2 — are all very much real , Dell ’ s XPS 12 is the most recent hardware hybrid rumor . In a leak by German techblog Giga over the weekend , the XPS 12 may even surpass the Surface Pro 3 in some ways , including a 4K display with slimmer bezels and Thunderbolt 3 — basically a better USB Type - C connector Advertisement But that ’ s not why people want these things . It ’ s the promise of portability but also power . A slim - fitting design that can work both as a tablet or a laptop . It showcases the future of touch interfaces , whether through our finger or a pen ( or Pencil . ) As laptops continue the endless for march of being thinner and thinner , keyboards will become optional , much like mobile phones before them , and your standard keyboard and display laptops will soon be boring bricks by comparison . The Surface Whether the Dell XPS 12 will retain the high pedigree of its laptop counterparts is uncertain — after all the Surface Pro 4 is also set for launch in early October — but you ’ ll at least have some choice when it comes to this type of machine rather than whatever Microsoft happens to be selling . In a way , the Surface Pro has become a tech soothsayer of sorts , a device that somewhat successfully navigated the middle ground between a powerful tablet and capable laptop . Granted , it took a year or two to fashion the formula into something buyable , but it created this weird , dizzying ouroboros of consumer tech by first conceding to the iPad and then forcing Apple to essentially create its own Surface clone . Now , all tech companies seem to collectively believe that we ’ re now ready for Microsoft ’ s Great Hybrid Revolution of 2013 . In fact , some people are already celebrating the iPad Pro as some kind of tablet savior . Soon , Microsoft may no longer be the company that does hybrids best , but there ’ s no denying that the Surface Pro was something fiercely original . Open kinja - labs . com Share This Story | [
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http://gizmodo.com/what-is-concrete-1721627320 | What Is Concrete ? Maddie Stone 4 / 26 / 16 11 : 59am Filed to : Giz Explains 275 70 The most popular artificial material on Earth is n ’ t steel , plastic , or aluminum — it ’ s concrete . Thousands of years ago , we used it to build civilizations , but then our knowledge of how to make it was lost . Here ’ s how we discovered concrete , forgot it , and then finally cracked the mystery of what makes it so strong . When we think concrete , we usually picture white pavements , swimming pools , and building foundations . Most of us are n ’ t aware of concrete ’ s fiery volcanic origin story , or that concrete is a $ 100 billion dollar industry . In fact , it ’ s the most widely - used material on our planet after water . Ton for ton , humans use more concrete today than steel , wood , plastics , and aluminum combined . Liquid Stone Unlike aluminum , steel or plastic , the word ‘ concrete ’ does n ’ t refer to a single material . It can be any number of substances that combine rocks or gravel with some kind of adhesive material . Basically , concrete is just a bunch of rubble mixed with water and cement . Together , these ingredients form rocky jello that can be poured into a mold and shaped into whatever the heck you like . Liquid stone , it ’ s sometimes called . We take it for granted today , but in ancient times , when people were literally hand - carving buildings out of giant slabs of rock , you can bet your bricks a material like concrete would ’ ve seemed downright magical . Advertisement There ’ s evidence that humans have been tinkering with concrete for thousands of years . But it was the Romans who really mastered the craft , and they probably learned about it from volcanoes . Born in a Fiery Volcano Advertisement The Colosseum , a famous Roman concrete structure . Image via David Iliff / Wikimedia Over two thousand years ago , at the height of the Roman empire , the port city of Pozzuoli was a buzzing center of military activity and commerce . Every day , ships left Pozzuoli laden with useful goods , including grains , iron , weapons , and pozzolana , an ashy volcanic sand formed in the nearby supervolcano Campi Flegrei . Why were the Romans exporting volcanic spew to the far corners of the known world ? It so happens that this sand was special . Mix it with water , and it would form a mortar strong enough to bind lumps of rock together into an impenetrable , load - bearing material . As Roman philosopher Seneca noted , the “ dust at Puteoli [ the city ’ s Latin name ] becomes stone if it touches water . ” Nobody knew why . By sheer luck , the Romans had built a city atop a natural cement factory . Turns out , pozzolana is a mixture of silica oxides and lime , two of the three key ingredients in cement ( the third being water ) . It was n ’ t until this year that a Stanford geochemist worked out how this unusual ash forms . The deep interior of Campi Flegrei ’ s caldera is padded in limestone , a soft , crumbly rock composed of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . As geothermally - heated water washes over the caldera ’ s limestone walls , it triggers a decarbonation reaction , releasing CO2 gas and leaving behind calcium hydroxide , otherwise known as hydrated lime . Here ’ s the reaction describing that process : CaCO3 ( limestone ) + heat + H2O > Ca ( OH ) 2 + CO2 Circulating geothermal fluids inside Campi Flegrei bring some of this lime closer to the surface , where it combines with silica - rich ash to form an impenetrable , cement - like caprock . But eventually , enough pressure builds up inside the volcano that this caprock bends and breaks . When that happens , the same cement - forming ingredients spew skyward , as pozzolana ash . Geochemist Tiziana Vanorio suspects the ancient Romans first watched hardening into cement in the seawater surrounding Campi Flegrei . They co - opted the natural process , mixing in small chunks of pumice — a porous volcanic rock that forms when superheated magma is quickly cooled . And just like that , Roman concrete was born . It became an iconic building material of the ancient world , and it ’ s the reason many Roman structures , including the Colosseum and the Pantheon , have survived to the present day . After the fall of the Roman empire , the art of concrete - making was all but forgotten . It gradually returned centuries later , but did n ’ t become widespread again until 1824 , when Joseph Aspdin developed and patented Portland cement The main ingredient in Aspdin ’ s cement ? Calcium silicates , formed by heating limestone and silica - rich clays in an oven to roughly 1,100ºF . Just as Campi Flegrei had been doing for thousands of years . Modern Varieties Today , Portland cement is quite literally the glue that holds the world together , forming the basis of concrete , mortar , stucco and grout . The main post - Roman Empire innovation was the addition of aluminum and iron oxides , which add strength and allow the calcium silicates to form at lower temperatures . Here ’ s a general recipe for Portland clinker ( the dried , powdery version of cement ) . Proportions vary by application , depending on the desired material properties of the cement . Cement CCN Mass % Calcium oxide , CaO C 61 – 67 % Silicon dioxide , SiO 2 S 19 – 23 % Aluminum oxide , Al 2 O 3 A 2.5 – 6 % Ferric oxide , Fe O 3 F 0 – 6 % Sulfate S̅ 1.5 – 4.5 % CCN = Cement chemist ’ s notation . Via Wikipedia But remember ! Concrete is n ’ t just cement . This is where things get a bit complicated . In modern times , we ’ ve discovered a plethora of additives that can be useful depending on whether you ’ re trying to build a highway overpass , a dam , a reservoir , a runway , a boat , or a building . There are additives that increase concrete ’ s electrical conductivity , strength , ductility , and resistance to acid corrosion . There are chemical retardants that slow concrete ’ s hydration , accelerators that speed Concrete is actually a fucking mess . I ’ ll spare you the encyclopedic details and just touch on a few important , interesting , and futuristic varieties that I think are worth knowing . Reinforced Concrete Concrete pilings with steel reinforcement . Image via Shutterstock Concrete has high compressive strength , meaning it can hold a lot of weight without getting crushed . This makes it an excellent material for building and road foundations . But concrete gets bad marks for tensile strength . If it bends , it cracks . This is no bueno for bridges , beams and columns . To improve concrete ’ s ductility , we add steel bars , glass or plastic fibers before it sets . This is called reinforced concrete . The Romans kinda figured this one out too . They used to add horse hair to concrete to keep it from cracking while hardening . Reinforced concrete tie beams between capitals of piers , Brisbane . Image via Wikimedia The Philips Pavilion , a World ’ s Fair pavilion designed for Expo ‘ 58 in Brussels , was made possible by reinforced concrete . Image via Wouter Hagens / Wikimedia Pervious Concrete A pervious concrete parking lot being installed in Chicago . Image via Flickr Most concretes form an impervious surface , meaning water hits ‘ em and runs right off . Pervious concrete , also known as porous pavement , does the opposite — its larger particles allow precipitation to seep all the way through to the ground . This is actually a great idea , because impervious surfaces cause urban flooding and contribute to stormwater pollution . In the future , pervious concrete is going to become an important part of the sustainable infrastructure landscape . Nano Concrete When you mix cement , sand , and water at high energies , particles start flying around super fast , colliding with each other and shearing apart . Eventually , you ’ re left with a mixture of tiny , nanoscale grains . This is called nanoconcrete . Thanks to its very small particle size , nanoconcrete has a high surface area to volume ratio , which allows it to absorb a lot more water than regular concrete . More water means a fluffier , lighter material that can be used to cast small architectural details and decorative items , such as this lovely plate : Decorative plate made of nanoconcrete . Image via Wikimedia Nanoconcrete is n ’ t widely used today , but it ’ s interesting from an economic and environmental perspective . Hydrating the heck out of concrete allows you to stretch the material further , which ultimately reduces the per - capita carbon emissions ( the heating process involved in calcium silicate production represents a whopping 7 % of our global CO2 emissions ) . Hey , as long as it does n ’ t crumble apart , sounds swell to me . Microbial Concrete Diatoms are one of the prettiest examples of biomineralization in action , precipitating glassy exoskeletons around their tiny bodies . Image via Wikimedia This is definitely my favorite type of concrete , and possibly one of the coolest materials ever imagined . Certain bacteria , including Bacillus pasteurii Bacillus pseudofirmus , and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes actively precipitate crystals around their cells in a process known as biomineralization . Along with sugar and protein secretions , these minerals form a strong and sticky glue . A few years back , some clever scientists got it in their heads that biomineralizing microbes might help us build stronger , more corrosion - resistant , perhaps even self - healing concrete . So far , research results seem promising . If this technology ends up taking off , the infrastructure of the future might literally be alive . This post was originally published on August 10th , 2015 . Open kinja - labs . com Top image via Shutterstock Share This Story About the author Maddie Stone Maddie is the Managing Editor at Earther , yo . Twitter Posts | [
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http://gizmodo.com/why-cats-rule-the-internet-instead-of-dogs-1728316152 | Animals Why Cats Rule the Internet Instead of Dogs Bryan Lufkin 9 / 11 / 15 10 : 00am Filed to : memes 88 10 LOLcats Lil Bub Grumpy Cat Nyan Cat . Why are n ’ t dogs as popular as cats in memes and viral videos ? The answer , believe it or not , may come from science . Right now , at New York ’ s Museum of the Moving Image in Queens , there ’ s an exhibit called “ How Cats Took Over the Internet . ” Inside runs a 24 - minute looped compilation filled with some of viral cat videos , like The Internet Is Made of Cats Fat Cat in pot ( attempt 2 ) Keyboard Cat , and Mission : Impurrsible . The exhibit also talks about how videos of dogs just are n ’ t as popular as cat videos . But wait , you say , there are plenty of viral dog videos . There ’ s Ultimate Dog Tease ( “ The maple kind ? ” ) , Yes This Is Dog Dog Shaming Stoner Dog Birthday Dog , etc . But , as Digital Trends pointed out that , while dogs are more commonly searched online , cats are still way more likely to go viral . There ’ s even a book for wannabe stage parents : How to Make Your Cat an Internet Celebrity The museum exhibit argues that cats are basically the mascots of the internet : Wired BuzzFeed , and Mashable have argued it , too . This should come as no surprise ; at this point the phrase “ cat video ” is practically synonymous with adorable frivolous time - wasting digital diversion . Advertisement This year even saw the first - ever CatCon : the inaugural convention that celebrated cats of the internet . Meanwhile , scientists are thinking of sequencing internet sensation Lil Bub ’ s genome , so that we can unlock the biological secrets behind the uniquely cherubic face that made her the stuff of cyberspace legend . And Grumpy Cat ’ s getting a wax figure at Madame Tussauds . Earlier this week , she “ threw ” the opening pitch at an Arizona Diamondbacks game . So why are n ’ t more dogs internet celebrities ? It ’ s because cats ’ behavior , shaped by centuries of domestication and evolution , has a unique effect on our minds , keeping us glued to hours and hours of cat videos . Cats Do n ’ t Give a Damn Advertisement Lil Bub poses at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival . Credit : Getty Writer Jack Shephard has talked about the “ virtual cat park ” — that is , the internet allowing cat lovers to finally have a dedicated space to celebrate cats the way actual , physical dog parks have long given dog lovers a space to celebrate dogs . So that might explain the origin of the trend . But why do cats cast a different spell than dogs over the internet ? It ’ s the behavioral differences between the two animals . In the New York exhibit , it ’ s argued that dogs “ usually acknowledge cameras ( or more likely , their owners ) and their seeming eagerness to please typically makes for less interesting video . ” As we all know , dogs are way more animated , while cats are much more stoic . Dogs show their emotions more outwardly , while cats do n ’ t . The latter makes for some compelling content . Your browser does not support HTML5 video tag . Keyboard Cat has over 41 million views since being posted to YouTube in 2007 . Credit : YouTube “ Certainly , there are lots of videos of dogs doing things . But it may be servicemen coming home and the dogs recognizing them , ” Jason Eppink , lead curator of the exhibit , says . “ The cat is often operating more on its own . It ’ s getting this glimpse into this mysterious creature , and [ finding fun ] in them not knowing you ’ re watching them . ” It also has to do with voyeurism . Dogs interact with the camera more , as evidenced in viral hits like Ultimate Dog Tease . With cats , their disinterest in the video creates a barrier , and yet , it does n ’ t shut us out . Instead , it makes us more interested , and want to watch the video . What ’ s this cat going to do next ? Your browser does not support HTML5 video tag . “ Cat In a Shark Costume Chases a Duck While Riding a Roomba ” via YouTube Voyeurism is pleasurable to humans because you ’ re in a privileged position , Eppink says . A powerful position , in which you ’ re watching something powerless that ca n ’ t escape your gaze . We ’ ve all heard of the “ male gaze , ” but in this case ? It ’ s the human gaze , and it ’ s a phenomenon that could be more closely linked with cat videos than dog videos because of cats not acknowledging the viewer at all . “ It becomes un - gendered — it ’ s humans looking at another species , ” Eppink explains . Grumpy Cat rests surrounded by toys modeled after her at Toyfair 2015 in New York . Credit : Shutterstock Cats Are a ‘ Blank Canvas ’ for Human Emotions Henri the Existential Cat looking into the void . Credit : Okay , so felines ’ disinterest plays to our voyeuristic tendencies . The psychology behind cat videos goes even deeper than that , though : We also tend to use cats to project our own emotions onto them . Since dogs are so easy to read , and cats are n ’ t , it ’ s easier to project yourself , others , or whoever you think is funny onto a cat , says Prof . John Bradshaw . He ’ s a retired biology professor and the Foundation Director of the University of Bristol ’ s Anthrozoology Institute . He also wrote the animal behavior books Dog Sense and Cat Sense “ Cats are also something of a ‘ blank canvas , ’ since their faces and body language are so inexpressive , ” he explains . Dogs were domesticated way earlier than cats — around 20,000 years ago versus cats ’ 10,000 , Bradshaw estimates . But he also says that it ’ s not the the time that ’ s important , it ’ s the reason for domestication . “ Domestication gave dogs the capacity to form affectionate relationships with humans , and this in turn made it possible for us to train them for various tasks : hunting , guarding , herding and so on , ” he says . But cats ? “ Cats were domesticated mainly because they were useful as pest controllers , and , unlike dogs , most effective when they worked alone , so they never evolved the necessity to form the close attachments to people that are so characteristic of dogs . ” In one moment , “ they ’ re doing something you can see yourself in ; the next moment , they ’ re totally alien , ” Eppink says . He says that it ’ s easier to tell what a dog ’ s thinking : They ’ re loyal , they want to be loved , and that ’ s that . Cats ? Who knows . And that ’ s what sparks the anthropomorphization . This video of Maru the Cat in a box has almost 14 million views . Credit : LOLGoats and Chickens Geography has also played a role in why cats ( and dogs ) are popular on the internet . Or , that is , why they ’ re popular on the internet in countries where the animals themselves are popular or common . Here in the West , cats are a mainstay — an extremely popular pet , right beside dogs . According to the American Veterinary Medical Association , cats and dogs are by far the most popular US pets , making up 30 % and 36 % of all pets . They ’ re part of day - to - day life in many nations , including Japan , home to Maru the Cat , a feline who ’ s hit Lil Bub - level of fame . ( That might explain Japanese cat cafes , too . ) Meta : cats reacting to cat viral videos . Source : Fine Brothers YouTube But Eppink told me about a colleague of his who traveled to Uganda , and learned that animal memes are all relative . Designer An Xiao Mina was in Uganda and learned that among the locals she talked to , people were n ’ t loling over cats or even dogs . It was all about chickens and goats . There are internet memes of chickens wearing sneakers , goats being scanned with a metal detecting wand . No cats in cardboard boxes . In more agrarian communities like in Uganda , animals like goats and chickens are more visible daily . And hence , pop up as memes . “ What the cat serves as is a familiar creature that we can project a lot onto . It ’ s enough separation from humans to allow us to explore and project our desires and needs on it , ” Eppink says . “ As long as we keep cats as pets in our culture , they ’ ll have a specific role in how we communicate with each other online . ” Nyan Cat , the internet ’ s spirit animal Top image : Contact the author at bryan @ gizmodo . com , or follow him on Twitter Open kinja - labs . com Share This Story | [
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http://glacierhub.org/2016/04/27/why-didnt-these-two-glacier-countries-sign-the-paris-agreement/ | Why Did n ’ t These Two Glacier Countries Sign the Paris Agreement ? Ben Orlove 27 April 2016 Earth Day , April 22 , marked a major step forward in global efforts to address climate change when 175 parties gathered in New York to sign the Paris Agreement , the accord that had been adopted last December . The ceremony at the United Nations Headquarters marked the historical record for first - day signatures on an international agreement . This event marks a strong commitment to the next phase of the process , in which countries deposit the technical documents known as “ instruments of ratification , ” which spell out in greater detail the steps that they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions . Christiana Figueres , Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , said : “ Today is a remarkable , record - breaking day in the history of international cooperation on climate change and a sustainable future for billions of people alive today and those to come . ” Record support for advancing # ParisAgreement entry into force – 175 Parties have signed https : / / t . co / YjTPwHar5k pic . twitter . com / OlOqmHHMAy — UN Climate Action ( @ UNFCCC ) April 23 , 2016 Countries with glaciers have already experienced the impact of climate change directly . Did this make them more likely to sign the agreement ? The large countries with glaciers , like the US , China , India , Pakistan , Russia , Italy , and France , all signed . However , not all of the smaller countries did . By GlacierHub ’ s reckoning , there are 11 such small glacier countries . Nine of them signed : Iceland , Norway , Austria , Switzerland , Nepal , Bhutan , Peru , Tajikistan , and New Zealand . Chile was one of the two that did not participate . Their failure to attend the ceremony in New York will not prevent them from joining , since the signing period remains open for a year . The leaders in that country , who otherwise would have traveled to New York , remained in Chile to mark the death of Patricio Aylwin , the 97 - year - old former president who passed away on April 19 . Aylwin was elected to power in 1990 , marking the return to democracy in the country after 17 years of military rule under Augusto Pinochet , who had deposed the democratically - elected Socialist president , Salvador Allende , in a coup . Ala - Too Square , Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan . ( Source : Stefan Krasowski via Flickr ) The other country that did not sign was Kyrgyzstan , despite the fact that it had a significant delegation at COP21 in Paris last year . The reasons for its failure to participate are more complex . Leaders in that country may also have had their attention distracted by national events . A new prime minister , Sooronbay Jeenbekov , assumed office on April 13 , replacing Temir Sariyev , who had held the position for less than a year . To understand Kyrgyzstan ’ s absence , GlacierHub contacted a number of people in Central Asia . One of our contacts wrote that they had heard that Kyrgyzstan will sign the Paris Agreement this fall . “ It ’ s a [ pitiful ] situation . The country could have at least sent an intention of signing the agreement , ” this person wrote . “ In the meantime , Kyrgyzstan is going through the internal process of discussion over the Paris agreement , which did n ’ t take place before COP 21 in December 2015 . … [ T ] he ratification of the Paris agreement could have been organized after government signing the agreement , but the process is taking place now . ” Another , writing in a tone that suggests greater disappointment , stated : “ This is a very sad story … The agreement was not properly discussed between the ministries . They will sign , but later . Certainly not a good sign about the capacities of the responsible bodies . ” A third , seemingly resigned to such delays , told us : “ I am not surprised given the chaos in the government . … It has to do with simple government bureaucratic capacity . A new Prime Minister was appointed only recently and a Paris agreement is not exactly something the Ministry of Foreign Affairs would put on the top of the agenda signing in the middle of an economic crisis . ” In a follow - up email , this person added , “ You ca n ’ t imagine how screwed up the machinery of government is Taken together , these statements make it seem much more likely than not that Kyrgyzstan will join the other glacier countries in signing this crucial agreement . Discussion on 5 December 2015 of Kyrgyz and Tajik delegations to COP21 , with Christian Huggel and Ben Orlove , to plan 8 December meeting ( source : Svetlana Jumaeva “ Kyrgyzstan ’ s persistent problem is political indeterminacy , ” Scott Horton , a lecturer at Columbia Law School , told GlacierHub , underscoring the reasons that others had offered for the delay . “ And this in turn shows that Kyrgyzstan , unlike most of its neighbors , takes the process of democratic consensus formation very seriously . ” Another source told us that on April 25 , the group of Kyrgyz delegates to Paris , concerned about the comments that they had received about their country ’ s lack of participation , began to talk about possible actions . This source indicated that they are discussing which specific organizations to mobilize to develop a response – a step that supports Horton ’ s account of the seriousness of their deliberations . The small island states offer a useful contrast . Of the 37 members of the Association of Small Island States , 35 of them signed . The only two that did not participate have very small populations ( the Cook Islands , with roughly 10,000 inhabitants , and tiny Niue , whose population barely exceeds 1,000 ) , and , moreover , some of their international affairs are handled by New Zealand , with whom they have long - standing relations . Indeed , 13 of these small island states were among the 15 countries who submitted their instruments of ratification on the same day . These countries are diverse , and some of them have political systems that , like Kyrgyzstan , lack coordination among ministries and have frequent turnover of leadership . One significant difference is that they have a long history of coordination on international climate accords — a striking difference with the small glacier states , some of whom cooperate on specific issues such as glacier monitoring and the management of glacier - related hazards , but who do not work together so closely . This contrast suggests the importance of such coordination in allowing small vulnerable countries to participate effectively in the arena of international climate politics . Please follow , share and like us : Tags : Chile kyrgyzstan Paris Agreement united nations united nations climate summit | [
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http://glaciers.pdx.edu/Projects/LearnAboutGlaciers/MRNP/Basics00.html | Glaciers , Some Basic Ideas What is a glacier ? A glacier is a perennial mass of ice that is large enough and heavy enough to flow , like a very thick fluid . Glaciers form wherever more snow accumulates than is lost each year . As new snow accumulates , it buries and compresses the old snow . Under the weight of the overlying snow , the old snow is transformed from a fluffy mass of ice crystals into dense , hard ice . This process occurs on the upper part of a glacier , at higher altitudes , where more snow accumulates than is lost each year . Figure 1 - Cross section of an alpine glacier showing snow being converted into glacier ice ( the left side of the figure ) and the two major zones of a glacier ’ s surface . The red arrows show the direction and relative speed of different parts of the glacier . The longer the arrow , the faster ice is moving . The Anatomy of a glacier All glaciers have accumulation and ablation zones . The boundary between these two zones , the equilibrium line , is the transition where accumulation equals ablation . The accumulation zone has three major layers . The top layer is snow that thickens further up glacier . The next layer is the “ firn ” , or a transitional form between the snow and solid ice below . The bottom layer is ice . During the winter , the ice of the ablation zone is covered with snow , which entirely melts away in summer . Rock debris covers the ablation zone of some glaciers on Mount Rainier The rocks fall from the valley walls directly onto the glacier and then are carried down valley by the glacier . Eventually the rock is deposited at the end or along the sides of the glacier . Where the rock piles up at the end of the glacier , a ridge forms , which is called a moraine . If the ridge forms on the side of a glacier it ’ s called a lateral moraine ; if it forms at the end of the glacier it ’ Meltwater streams flow from the down valley end ( terminus ) of all the glaciers on Mount Rainier . The streams originate as meltwater and rain on the glacier surface . The water makes its way into the interior of the glacier through crevasses that are commonly found on the ice surface ( c ) . Occasionally , surface water drops into “ moulins ” or circular shafts that descend vertically from the surface into the glacier . Once in the body of the ice water flows in naturally formed cracks or tunnels . Eventually , the water reaches the bottom of the glacier where it flows between the rock and the ice . The water may flow within saturated sediments that are sandwiched between the ice and rock , or in small cavities formed on the downslope side of bumps in the bedrock . The water eventually ends up in tunnels which appear as The streams then travel across rock strewn fields , which are stream - modified glacial deposits called outwash plains . Finally , the streams cascade over cliffs into the heavily forested valleys . In some cases these streams flow out of ice caves at the bottom of the glaciers . In nearly all cases , streams flowing from glacier termini are clouded with fine sediment giving the streams a milky appearance . This sediment ( glacial flour ) is created by the glacier grinding its rocky bed . This happens when rocks carried by the glacier , imbedded in the ice at the glacier bottom , scrape along the bottom and act like sandpaper to grind down other rocks . Figure 2 - A cross section of an alpine glacier . Click on a green dot next to a feature name to view a photograph of that feature . Types of glaciers Most of the glaciers on Mount Rainier are known as valley glaciers . These are glaciers are confined to a valley ( usually a former stream valley ) . Three good examples of this type of glacier are Nisqually , Carbon , and Emmons glaciers . The smallest glaciers on Mount Rainier are cirque glaciers . These are small glaciers that occupy a bowl - shaped basin at the head of a mountain valley . Cirque glaciers are usually the remnants of much larger valley glaciers . An example of this type of glacier is Inter Glacier . Another type of glacier , called a continental glacier , is a large ice sheet that covers thousands of square kilometers . Although there are no continental glaciers in the Mount Rainier area today , 15,000 years ago much of the Puget Sound west of Mount Rainier was covered with a continental glacier over 1000 m ( 3300 ft ) deep . At least one of the current glaciers on Mount Rainier may been a tributary of this ice sheet . Figure 3 - A cross section of a mountain and its surroundings showing the three major types of glaciers . Glaciers as Sculptors Glaciers have shaped Mount Rainier . First , they have been constantly eroding it , reducing its height by an estimated 300 meters ( 1000 feet ) over a period of 6000 years ( c ) . Glacier erosion has carved cirques and deep U - shaped valleys in the flanks of the mountain . Glaciers erode in two ways . First , they pluck rocks from the base under the glacier by either freezing on to them or by breaking them off subglacial ledges . The plucked rocks are dragged by the moving ice over the rock remaining in place . The rock studded ice acts like sandpaper to grind bedrock . Aside from grinding the volcano down , the glacier also piles rock into moraines , as explained earlier . One of the best roche moutannées lie near the edge of a hanging valley . Another way glaciers have shaped Mount Rainier is by the interaction of ice with volcanic eruptions . Evidence from the margins of cooled lava flows below Paradise Glacier indicate that during major ice ages , erupting lava would flow along the margins of glaciers or in meltwater trenches on the glacier . In some instances lava flows would be temporarily dammed by glaciers until they were able to melt through them . One result of this interaction is the high ridges of resistant rock that separate deep valleys . One such ridge , Mazama Ridge , formed along the margin of the ancestral Paradise Glacier . Figure 4 - A cross section of a glacier showing plucking and abrasion . Glaciers and the Ecosystem Glaciers are important regulators of water flow . In dry hot summers glaciers generate lots of meltwater , and during cool wet summers they melt much less . Consequently , glacier - fed streams have a relatively small annual variation in streamflow compared to streams from ice - free valleys . This is a particularly important in the Pacific Nortwest where dry summers typify our climate . The ecosystems that develop along the glacier - fed streams are dependent on this steady source of cool stream water , and its habitat is different from that surrounding an ephermeral stream . Glacially fed streams provide important habitat for many native species of fish and amphibians such as Bull Trout , Coastal Cutthroat Trout , and Cascades and Tailed The glacier flour obscuring the clarity of the glacial streams provides lots of nutrients for the aquatic microbial life . However , the flour also reduces the penetration of sunlight in the water which adversely affects some aquatic plant and animal species . Glacier recession , which has been on going since the early 1900 ’ s , is opening new habitat . Plant and animal colonization of these new areas can be often observed . Glaciers and Geologic Hazards One of the significant hazards associated with Mount Rainier are torrential floods of water , rock , and other debris that begin when water periodically bursts out from glacier valleys . Because the mountainsides are made up of highly fractured rock and accumulated rock debris , glacier floods can mix with the rock debris to produce a thick rocky slurry , called a debris flow . These debris flows travel a short distance beyond the base of the volcano carving deep canyons , uprooting trees , and destroying roads , bridges , and trails within the national park . One Kautz Glacier flowed over a ridge and into Van Trump Creek Canyon , where it converted a clear running stream into a turbulent flow of mud and rocks . Glaciers and Climate Climate determines how much snow a glacier receives and how fast it melts . The part of the year when glaciers gain more ice than they lose is called the accumulation season . In the Pacific Northwest , the accumulation season is usually from October to May . The part of the year when glaciers lose more ice than they gain is the ablation season , generally from June through September . During a cool , wet year , glaciers gain more snow than they lose , causing the glacier to advance . During warm , dry years , they melt more snow and ice than they receive , causing them to retreat . Although glaciers always flow downhill , the idea of glacier “ retreat ” may give the impression that a glacier can move uphill . In fact , a glacier is in retreat when the rate of movement downhill can not keep up with the rate of melting . The glacier is melting back faster than it is moving downhill , so it is said to “ retreat ” . By contrast , when a glacier advances , its downhill flow is greater than the melt at the terminus . Changes in glacier size ( advance and retreat ) depend on The position , orientation , or elevation of a glacier affects the magnitude of glacier change in response to climate . For instance , south facing glaciers on Mount Rainier have retreated faster than north facing glaciers over the past 80 years . The glaciers on the south side are generally smaller and lower in elevation ( on average ) than the north side glaciers , making them more susceptible to changes in the freezing level Another locally determined characteristic is rock cover . The Emmons Glacier experienced a rock avalanche in 1963 , which covered part of the glacier with a layer of rock debris . This debris now insulates the ablation zone of the glacier from sunlight and warm air temperatures and the melting of the glacier is smaller than from an otherwise clean glacier . Because melting is reduced , but the ice flow is the same , the glacier is advancing . This response has nothing to do with climate change . Over the last century the glaciers of Mount Rainier have retreated significantly . While the response of each glacier depends on its local conditions , glacier loss seems to be largely the result of a regional tendency toward warmer weather , resulting in less snowfall and high rates of ablation ( the loss of snow and ice by melting ) . The recent retreat of the Mount Rainier glaciers during the late 80 ' s and 90s is primarily caused by warmer than average summer temperatures and drier winters . Prior to the late 80s the glaciers were advancing because of wetter winters and cooler summers . These two factors are the primary driving force behind glacier changes . Summer temperatures control the amount of mass ( ice ) lost and winter precipitation adds mass ( snow ) to the upper part of glaciers For more information on glacier and climate change on Mt . Rainier go to the " Timeline of Glacier Change " | [
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http://gladiator2000.wikia.com/wiki/Maximus_Decimus_Meridius | in : Characters Fictional Characters Heroes Gladiators Maximus Decimus Meridius Edit Comments ( 38 ) Share Maximus Decimus Meridius was a high ranking Roman general in command of multiple Roman legions who served under the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in his Twelve Year Campaign against the barbarians in Germania . He later served as a Gladiator in the arena after he escaped Commodus . He eventually killed Commodus , but died shortly after . He was portrayed by Russell Crowe in the 2000 film Gladiator Personal life Edit Maximus was born in Spain , 152 AD . He had a farm where his son and wife lived with Life as a General Maximus led the Roman Legions for the Emperor Marcus Aurelius during his wars against Germania . Maximus and his subordinate Quintus defeated the Barbarians in a battle . After the battle , he was honored by the Emperor for his duty . He was envied by Marcus ' son Commodus , who was a coward . Maximus was offered the title of Caesar by Marcus , who knew that Commodus was too weak to rule Rome . He accepted the post , but Commodus killed his Father in secret and later became the Emperor . He was betrayed by Quintus Life as a Gladiator Maximus was captured by a band of drifting thieves while asleep . He made acquaintance with Juba , a hunter who was also taken to be sold as a slave . After crossing the desert , Maximus and Juba were taken to a market ; where he was sold to Proximo , an old gladiator . Maximus refused to practice fighting and removed the legion ' s mark from his shoulder while in captivity . Maximus took on the name " Spaniard " and displayed his strength against several Gladiators in many games and arenas . Maximus continued to do Maximus fought with Juba , Hagen and several other gladiators as " Barbarians " against Carthage in the first game in the arena . Following " The Spaniard ' s " command , the gladiators were successful . Commodus came down from his seat , demanding to know the " Spaniard ' s " name . Maximus removed his helmet and revealed his true identity . Commodus stood in shock , after believing Maximus was dead , and let the Gladiators live after the crowd began to cheer Maximus ' name . Lucilla met up with Maximus in secret , trying to get the gladiator to meet with Senator Gracchus in attempt to overthrow Commodus . Maximus declined and told her to leave , as he was n ' t the same man any more . Commodus made plans for Maximus to fight Tigris of Gaul for the next game , striving for Maximus to die . Maximus was thrown into the arena with several Tigers and Tigris . Maximus refused to kill Tigris , and spared the Gladiator ' s life . He won the crowd as " Maximus the Merciful " which angered Commodus . Maximus left the arena and was greeted by his loyal servant Cicero . He was given his figures for prayer , Maximus then asked for Cicero to tell Lucilla he would meet Graccus . Categories Characters Fictional Characters Heroes Gladiators Add category | [
"Maximus Decimus Meridius"
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http://glamourdaze.com/world-war-two-fashion/post-wwii-influence-in-the-1940s | World War Two Fashion The Impact of War on 1940 ’ s Fashion in the USA . © 23 / 10 / 2012 Tia Craig – Click World War Two Influence on 1940s Fashion to read the full article from the beginning or to download the free ebook . 8 . Post - War influence on women ’ s fashion in the 1940s Even though the war finally ended in 1945 , everything did not immediately return back to normal in the United States so “ Patience was important in the post - war world , [ as it ] still looked very much like the wartime world . ” ( Walford ) . As a result , “ Wartime debt and post - war inflation were of great concern . The largest problem was convincing civilians to accept rationing for several more years . ” ( Walford ) . In the meantime “ While the full effects of the freeing of materials Also , color came back into fashion so drab colors were replaced with “ shocking feminine primary colors ” ( “ 1940 ’ s Fashion – Women ’ s Dress Style after the War . ” , Glamour Daze ) . More fabrics were utilized that used to be scarce such as “ linen , cotton , wool , silk . ” ( “ 1940 ’ s Fashion – Women ’ s Dress Style after the War . ” , Glamour Daze ) . and rayon were popular choices . As for shoes , women still wore wedge heels “ but now with shallower wedges . ” ( “ 1940 ’ s Fashion – Womens Dress Style after the War . ” , Glamour Daze ) . New styles appeared that consisted of “ more delicate , high - heeled court shoes , or shoes finely strapped round the ankles ” With many more other fashionable items soon to be on their way , there was a positive increase in the recovery and advancement of the fashion industry in the United States . In the long run , “ the war actually stimulated the economy ” ( Nelson ) after all those years of saving up and rationing . People had begun to realize that they had no restrictions as to what they could do and it was a time of celebration once the war ended . Once again , the silhouette changed from the masculine outline during the military time back to having a more feminine look . In addition , some of the styles of women ’ s fashion also became more lavish and feminine . The “ rounded shoulders , What was so different about Dior ’ s look was “ in its abundance – the excessive use of luxurious fabrics and time - intensive labor . The overly female form that he presented was created through the use of padded hips and bust lines . ” ( Walford ) . One of his collections called ‘ Corolla ’ was “ based on the figure eight [ and became ] the epitome of what the fashion media would dub the ‘ New Look ’ . In reality , Dior ’ s silhouette was far from new . The style was 1940 ’ s Fashion – Womens Dress Style after the War – Glamour Daze ) . A few more changes that occurred were that “ Women started to get permanent waves done by heat and they wore more makeup ” ( Nelson ) now . All of these changes showed that the economy in the United States was picking up quickly after the war and people felt liberated from the war . An aspect that remained the same was “ the trend in home sewing . The length of New Look - inspired clothing required women to find clever ways to alter existing garments to meet the new hemline , which by 1948 was hovering just above the ankle . ” ( Walford ) . Now the “ American clothing industry was larger and more independent than it had been before the war ” ( Walford ) . The state of California had “ found its success through recapturing the sportswear industry and promoting it as casual wear . ” ( Walford copyright 2012 Tia Craig Final Chapter – 9 . Conclusion | [
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http://glassbridge.com/ | GlassBridge Enterprises , Inc . ( OTCQX : GLAE ) – formerly known as Imation Corp . ( NYSE : IMN ) – is a holding company . The Company is actively exploring a diverse range of new , strategic asset management business opportunities for its portfolio . The Company ’ s wholly - owned subsidiary , GlassBridge Asset Management , LLC , is an investment advisor focused primarily on technology - driven and quantitative strategies . The Company ’ s partially - owned subsidiary , Nexsan Corporation , is a global enterprise data storage business . info @ glassbridge . com Investor Relations | Corporate Governance | Privacy Policy | [
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http://glaucomatoday.com/2011/06/xalatan-goes-generic-a-landmark-event-in-glaucoma | Early Summer 2011 Xalatan Goes Generic : a Landmark Event in Glaucoma By NILS A . LOEWEN , MD , PHD TONY REALINI , MD , MPH JON M . RUDERMAN , MD AND BARBARA SMIT , MD , PHD E - Mail Print Bookmark VIEW PDF HOW DO YOU THINK LATANOPROST ’ S GOING GENERIC WILL AFFECT GLAUCOMA MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES ? NL : I predict that the impact will be modest . Xalatan ( Pfizer , Inc . ) may have the best name recognition , but that gets lost with latanoprost . On the other hand , we live in the information age that has empowering and democratizing consequences . Informed patients will not mind that their eye drops are not labeled with the brand name anymore and may know that one version of gener - ic latanoprost is still produced at the same facility in Puurs , Belgium , so there is virtually no difference . Although apparently other generic versions Some clinicians have predicted that generic latanoprost could initially generate increased costs if practitioners treat their patients as a trial of a new drop , requiring a return visit in 2 months . That approach could be less cost - effective than maintaining patients on their original drop , to which we know they respond . TR : The availability of generic latanoprost represents a milestone in glaucoma therapeutics . When first launched in 1996 , latanoprost was the first of a new class of drugs , and owing to its superior safety , efficacy , and convenience of dosing , latanoprost led the prostaglandin analogue ( PGA ) class to the forefront of the stepped therapeutic algorithm for glaucoma management . Now in 2011 , with exclusivity at an end , latanoprost — ophthalmology ’ s first billion dollar drug — is available as a generic . For many uninsured and underinsured patients , this is welcome JR : Generic latanoprost will have a huge impact on glaucoma management , because it will stimulate competitive pricing in the entire category of PGAs . Lower prices will improve care , because cost is one of the greatest barriers to compliance . A number of patients might elect generic latanoprost as opposed to timolol , because the price differential will eventually be minimal . Many patients in the past have requested laser and even invasive surgery , because they could not afford drops . I expect those types of decisions to become less common . Because many manufacturers will have a BS : DO GENERIC MEDICATIONS ACTUALLY ALLOW PHYSICIANS TO PROVIDE MORE COST - EFFECTIVE CARE TO GLAUCOMA PATIENTS ? NL : Having more affordable options at hand in the form of generics should allow more cost - effective treatment , in theory . A cheaper drop may improve compliance when something that patients perceive as a “ necessary evil ” is less expensive On the other hand , copayments might be adjusted quickly , negating this effect . It is to be hoped that generic latanoprost will provide another low - cost topical option that more insurers will be willing to cover for a reasonable copayment . I am not sure that generic medication is an issue in cost - effective TR : Interestingly , the cost savings to be realized from generic medications is often inversely proportional to insurance status . Uninsured and underinsured patients will benefit greatly from the availablility of generic latanoprost . Insured patients , however , may find that branded travo - prost and / or bimatoprost have co - payments that are less than the price of generic latanoprost . JR : I have already seen a few patients in the office who were placed on generic latanoprost . Although we have been told that there would be little money saved during the first year , I BS : Clearly , generic medications do promote cost - effective care from the perspective of our patients . I see patients on a daily basis who tell me how pleased they are to see a significant decrease in the cost of their med - ication . I saw two patients recently who had previously refused treatment with PGAs due to cost but are now willing to use this class of medication . I counsel my patients , however , that we still do not know if the generic latanoprost formulations are equivalent in IOP lowering and tolerability to Xalatan . I In addition , the generic latanoprost is not necessarily available at great savings . A survey of pharmacies in my area revealed prices from around $ 10 to $ 80 per bottle . The potential for cost savings varies greatly . HOW DO YOU TALK TO YOUR PATIENTS REGARDING DECISIONS OF USING GENERIC VERSUS BRANDED GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS ? I point out that , unless there are specific sensitivi - ties to certain inactive compounds or preservatives , generic latanoprost should be just as good as Xalatan , because the active compound is the same . I often make comparisons to Aspirin ( Bayer AG ) and ask my patients whether they would use the brand name over a generic , given a significant difference in price . This is a good example , because the brand name , Aspirin , is still trade - mark protected by Bayer in 80 countries . Its name is such a commonplace I routinely recommend using generic medications . The cost savings are real ; the potential for diminished efficacy or tolerability is theoretical until proven . Generics are generally equivalent in efficacy and safety to branded products . I look for reasons not to prescribe generics rather than reasons to do so . JR : Patients often initiate a discussion regarding the use of generics because of cost or insurance - related issues . Occasionally , patients are very resistant to going on a generic medication , because they perceive those products as likely to be inferior to the branded ones . Decisions to prescribe generics are often based more on the patient ’ s personality and pocketbook than on solid scientific analysis . Some generics such as ß - blockers seem well tolerated , whereas others such as brimonidine may cause more allergic reactions . Until we have a better sense of how the BS : When a generic is new on the market , I counsel my patients that we do not yet know if it is truly equiv - alent to the branded medication that they have been using . In the case of generic latanoprost , I have prepared a handout for my patients explaining that there are several different companies manufacturing generic latanoprost . I ask them to bring in their medication to each visit so we can record which generic they are taking . I can then track each type of generic and watch patterns in efficacy and tolerability . Efficacy HOW DOES YOUR OFFICE MANAGE INSURANCE - RELATED MATTERS THAT AFFECT THE SELECTION OF GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS ? We treat every change of a PGA — whether dictated by insurance or intolerance — as a new medication that mandates a return visit in 2 months . It is an opportunity to recommend selective laser trabeculoplasty ( SLT ) instead if not already done and to discuss other PGAs and their formulations ( eg , with reduced preservatives ) . Personally , I will not ask for such a return visit for generic latanoprost now that I have learned that it is real - ly the same product when purchased at a pharmacy . TR : I have added a statement to my prescriptions for PGAs that gives the pharmacist permission to substitute any of the three available drugs based on insurance coverage . I still write for my preference , but based on headto - head trials , I realize that the potential efficacy differences are miniscule and do not justify large cost differences . Our office receives a flood of faxes from insurance companies requesting that a patient exchange one PGA for another , most commonly Xalatan for Travatan Z ( Alcon Laboratories , Inc . ) . If one can not demonstrate that the patient has failed therapy or has developed an intolerance to the suggested medicine , then the patient must switch or pay more to remain on his or her current drop . We currently agree to most switches in medicine ( unless contraindicated ) , because any other course of action would take too much staff time . Originally , Dealing with formulary issues is very time consum - ing for my office staff . When an insurance company refuses to pay for a specific medication due to formulary issues , we generally offer the patient the option of using the lower - cost drug but inform him or her that we do not know if it will be as effective or if they will suffer side effects from the change . If the patient then decides to go with the lower - cost alternative , we prescribe it and set up earlier - than - usual follow - up HOW DO YOU THINK THE ARRIVAL OF MORE GENERIC GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS WILL AFFECT HOW YOU TREAT YOUR GLAUCOMA PATIENTS ? The arrival of more generic glaucoma medications will change how I practice . The pressure to achieve excel - lent outcomes for a reasonable cost will provide a consid - erable incentive to switch patients to a generic . This , in fact , has already happened . Until we are familiar with potential side effect and efficacy issues , we will see the patients at more frequent intervals and will record drug manufacturers ’ names on our charts . Ultimately , patients ’ improved compliance because of once - a - day dosing and reduced price barriers may lead TR More generics mean that more patients can have highly effective and safe medications regardless of their insurance status . This is a win - win for everyone . NL : It will not affect my practice that much . I stick with evidence - based medicine , and as the first line of treatment , I prefer an even more affordable , more effective , more com - fortable , safer , and long - term approach than PGAs . I almost always recommend SLT . The benefits of SLT over PGAs were highlighted by recent publications that found that PGAs can not only cause permanent discoloration of the skin and the iris but may also cause rather dramatic orbital fat atrophy and lid tightening that are especially That has yet to be determined . If generic latanoprost proves to be equivalent to Xalatan , I hope it will reduce the number of formulary switches that my office has to contend with and improve patients ’ compliance due to cost issues . That would be a relief to us all ! Nils A . Loewen , MD , PhD , is an assistant pro - fessor in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science at the Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven , Connecticut . He acknowledged no financial interest in the prod - ucts or companies mentioned herein . Dr . Loewen may be reached at ( 203 ) 737 - 5746 ; nils . loewen @ yale . edu . Tony Realini , MD , MPH , is an associate profes - sor of ophthalmology at West Virginia University Eye Institute in Morgantown . He acknowledged no financial interest in the products or compa - nies mentioned herein . Dr . Realini may be reached at ( 304 ) 598 - 6884 ; realinia @ wvuh . com . Jon M . Ruderman , MD , is an associate profes - sor of ophthalmology at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago . He acknowledged no financial interest in the products or companies mentioned herein . Dr . Ruderman may be reached at ( 312 ) 475 - 1000 ; jonruderman @ me . com . Barbara Smit , MD , PhD , is a glaucoma con - sultant at the Spokane Eye Clinic and a clinical instructor at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Spokane , Washington . She is a consultant to Pfizer Inc . Dr . Smit may be reached at ( 509 ) 456 - 0107 ; bsmit @ spokaneeye . com . Jayaprakasam A , Ghazi - Nouri S . Periorbital fat atrophy — an unfamiliar side effect of prostaglandin analogues . Orbit . 2010 ; 29 ( 6 ) : 357 - 359 . Park J , Cho HK , Moon JI . Changes to upper eyelid orbital fat from use of topical bimato - prost , travoprost , and latanoprost . Jpn J Ophthalmol . 2011 ; 55 ( 1 ) : 22 - 27 . 3 . Filippopoulos T , Paula JS , Torun N , et al . Periorbital changes associated with topical bimatoprost . Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg . 2008 ; 24 ( 4 ) : 302 - 307 . | [
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http://gledajseriju.com/sezone/imposters-sezona-1/ | Imposters Sezona 1 Feb 07 2017 Vaša ocjena 0 55 4 votes Imposters Epizode 11 My SoCalled Wife Feb 07 2017 12 My Balls Dickhead Feb 14 2017 13 We Wanted Every Lie Feb 21 2017 14 Cohen Lenny Cohen Feb 28 2017 15 Is a Shark Good or Bad Mar 07 2017 16 The Maddie Code Mar 14 2017 17 FrogBikiniEiffel Tower Mar 21 2017 18 In the Game Mar 28 2017 19 Ladies and Gentlemen the Doctor Is In Apr 04 2017 110 Always Forward Never Back Finale Sezone Apr 11 2017 Shared 2 Popularno Game of Thrones 2011 Friends 1994 Prison Break 2005 Two and a Half Men 2003 The Sopranos 1999 Greys Anatomy 2005 Criminal Minds 2005 The Big Bang Theory 2007 | [
"Imposters"
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http://glee.wikia.com/wiki/(You%27re)_Having_My_Baby | in : Glee Songs Season One Songs Songs sung by Finn Hudson and 2 more ( You ' re ) Having My Baby Edit Comments ( 28 ) Share ( You ' re ) Having My Baby Album : Glee : The Music , Volume 2 Glee : The Music , The Complete Season One Released : November 18 , 2009 By : Paul Anka and Odia Coates Sung by : Finn Hudson Place : The Fabrays ' House Episode : Ballad by Paul Anka and Odia Coates is featured in Ballad , the tenth episode of Season One . It is sung by Finn , before he learns that Quinn ' s baby is actually Puck ' s and not his own . He sings this to Quinn and her parents , to try to explain to them that Quinn is pregnant with his ( presumed ) child . Finn is acting on Kurt ' s advice to tell them through song because he is unable to find another way to say it . Finn brings Judy Fabray ' s stereo into the dining room midway through dinner and tells them about the ballad assignment they received at school . Quinn looks nervous and shocked about what Finn is doing , and even tries to stop him . However , Finn continues with his mini performance . While Quinn ' s parents are confused at first , they soon realize what Finn is saying , thanks to obvious lyrics such as " Y ou ' re having my baby / You ' re the woman that I love and I love what it ' s doing to ya and Whoa , the seed inside you / Baby , do you feel it growin ' . " Russel Fabray then shuts off the stereo , silencing Finn half way through the song . Quinn ' s mother knew about her pregnancy long before Finn sang his song . Now that they both know , Quinn ' s father kicks her out and she goes to live with Finn and his mother , Carole Contents show Lyrics Finn : You ' re havin ' my baby What a lovely way of sayin ' How much you love me You ' re havin ' my baby What a lovely way of sayin ' What you ' re thinkin ' of me I can see it , your face is glowing I can see it in your eyes I ' m happy you know it That you ' re havin ' my baby You ' re the woman I love And I love what it ' s doin ' to ya You ' re a woman in love And I love what ' s goin ' through ya The need inside you I see it showin ' Whoa , the seed inside you Baby , do you feel it growin ' Are you happy you know it That you ' re havin ' my baby You ' re the woman I love And I love what it ' s doin ' to ya You ' re a woman in love And I love what ' s goin ' through ya Did n ' t have to keep it Would n ' t put you through it You could have swept it from you life But you would n ' t do it No , you would n ' t do it And you ' re havin ' my baby And you ' re havin ' my baby Yeah you ' re havin ' my baby . Trivia Cory only forgot the lyrics to the song because Dianna tried very hard not to laugh . Errors When Finn is singing the song , after Quinn ' s father pulls the plug , Cory sings the wrong lyrics . Gallery Videos You ' re Having My Baby GLEE - You ' re Having My Baby ( Full Performance ) HD Glee - ( You ' re ) Having My Baby Glee - ( You ' re ) Having My Baby ( Acapella ) Navigational Categories Glee Songs Season One Songs Songs sung by Finn Hudson Glee : The Music , Volume 2 Glee : The Music , The Complete Season One | [
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http://glee.wikia.com/wiki/Brittany-Santana_Relationship | in : Relationships Couples Glee Wiki Awards Winner Brittany - Santana Relationship Edit Comments ( 27k ) Share Brittany - Santana Relationship General Information Nickname : Brittana Santittany LoPierces Intimacy Level : Wives In Love Best Friends Sexual Friends With Benefits Dating History : Hooked up prior to Sectionals , in Duets and in Sexy Admitted their feelings for each other in Sexy Officially dating in Pot o ' Gold Broke up in The Break - Up Kissed in 100 Got back together in New Directions Got engaged in Jagged Little Tapestry Got married in A Wedding Dating Status : Married The , commonly referred to as Brittana or Santittany , is the romantic relationship and friendship between Brittany Pierce and Santana Lopez In Sectionals , Brittany implies that they sleep with one another and in , Santana and Brittany admit that they both love each other as more than just best friends . They are officially confirmed to be dating in Pot o ' Gold . They kiss for the first time on screen in Heart In The Break - Up , Santana tells Brittany that due to the distance and to not end up eventually hurting each other like the typical long distance relationships , they should just do " the mature thing . " take a break and stay on good terms . 100 , Brittany and Santana reunite at McKinley and begin to rekindle their romance . But Brittany was dating sam and told santana she wasnt gonna break up with him . In New Directions , Santana agrees to taking a holiday with Brittany , and moving in with her when they return . They kiss , signalling that they are again dating . In Jagged Little Tapestry , Santana asks Brittany to marry her and she agrees , making them engaged . In A Wedding , Brittany and Santana get married along with Kurt and Blaine in front of their family and friends . Contents show Overview Brittany and Santana had a ' best - friends with benefits ' arrangement . This was hinted at in various instances in Season 1 , but it was was made official in Season 2 , when the two were seen making out ( Duets ) . Santana is often tough in her relationships with other people , she shows the softer side to her personality when she is with Brittany . The two are often seen intimately cuddling , holding hands and walking with their pinkies locked . The pinkies locked thing seems to be their handshake ( even prior to them dating ) . Also , they are often seen wearing matching bracelets and backpacks . In , they making out in Brittany ' s bed , and when Brittany says she would like to sing a duet with Santana in glee club , Santana is very rude with Brittany , saying that she is only making out with her because Puck is in juvie . Brittany then starts dating Artie to make Santana jealous , which works . Santana is jealous and makes Artie break up with Brittany . Although they end up dating a few episodes later . In Brittany finally confronts Santana about their relationship . They end up confessing their love to one another , but do n ' t end up dating because Brittany stated that it would be wrong to break up with Artie because she loves him too . Also , Santana is too afraid to be an out lesbian because of her reputation . Brittany eventually breaks up with Artie , in Rumours , when Artie begins to suspect of her relationship with Santana and calls her stupid . When they began dating , they kept it as a secret due to Santana ' s fear of what others would think . Behind the scenes of Hell - O In season 3 , they officially called it a relationship in the episode , when Santana hesitantly inquired if they were dating over dinner at Breadstix . Brittany responded with statements implying she was under the assumption they had been dating for a while . In Mash Off I Kissed a Girl , Santana is outed , forcing her to be honest about her relationship with Brittany . In Heart they kiss for the first time on screen . In Saturday Night Glee - ver Brittany tries to help Santana to realize her dream , which is to be famous . And give her an acceptance letter to the University of Louisville . In Season 4 , Santana goes to college , while Brittany is forced to repeat her senior year , but they continue dating , for long - distance relationship . This , ultimately , was n ' t good for the girls , in Britney 2.0 Brittany is seen sad , and missing her girlfriend . In , Santana tells Brittany she does n ' t want the pressures of a long distance relationship ; causing them to go on a ' break ' . Santana assures Brittany that it ' s not a break - up , although Brittany says it feels like one . In Glease Santana back to McKinley to play Rizzo in the musical Glease . They talk and confess that they feel really miss each other , however they remain separate . In Diva , after discovering through Tina about Sam and Brittany , Santana back to McKinley to win Brittany back , but at the end of the episode , Brittany says it will not break up with Sam and pushes Santana to follow her dreams and move to New York . In All Or Nothing Brittany reveals that was admitted by MIT in Boston . She says an emotional goodbye to Santana and her friends . In Season 5 , Brittany returns to McKinley completely depressed , for MIT has changed her ( ) . Santana sees this , and helps her by forcing her to sing Valerie with her . Brittany kisses Santana at the end of the episode and Santana states that it was n ' t a good idea , because she worked so hard to get over Brittany . In , Brittany suggests they run away together . Santana declines the offer , but agrees to go on a vacation with her . Santana also tells Brittany to move in with her in NYC . In Season 6 , , Santana asks Brittany to marry her and she agrees . In What the World Needs Now , Brittany and Santana plan their wedding , hiring Artie as their wedding recruiter , later in this episode Brittany attempts to reconcile the relationship between Santana and her Abuela , resulting in Santana singing " Alfie " . After the song , Brittany and Santana try to get Abuela to give up her hatred in homosexuals and come to the wedding , she declines . At the end of the episode , The New Directions , The Alumni and Will Schuester gather in the auditorium to sing What the World Needs Now to Brittany and Santana . During the number they are seen at Mr . Schuester ' s apartment together with the others . In , Brittany experiences a nervous breakdown about the wedding , especially when Santana sees her in her bridal dress . They eventually resolve the issue and marry with an extra couple to share their spotlight : Kurt and Blaine Episodes S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Showmance During celibacy club , after Santana twirls in her skirt ( while Quinn says " God bless the pervert that invented these skirts " ) if you look at Brittany you can see her bite her lip kind of sexily . They both performed background vocals for Quinn ' s performance of I Say a Little Prayer . Whilst Quinn had slightly different dance moves , Santana and Brittany had identical dance moves . During this , they are seen locking eyes on occasions . When Sue talks to the trio about joining New Directions , Brittany and Santana do a high - five behind Quinn ' s back . The Rhodes Not Taken In the choir room , Brittany is giving Santana a shoulder massage when they find out that Quinn is pregnant . Also , during Somebody to Love , Santana looks at Brittany . Vitamin D Will splits up the glee club into the girls and the boys . Santana and Brittany seem excited at the idea of competing against the boys and link arms with each other before the end of the scene . At cheerios practice , you can see Santana and Brittany are in parallel spots in the pyramid , each in pretty much the same location , just on opposite sides . Later , in the ballet practice room , Brittany is stretching on the bar as Santana re - applies her eye makeup in the mirror . Rachel says they need Halo / Walking on Sunshine , there is a brief portion of the song where they dance together . Throwdown In the choir room , Brittany and Santana hug before Santana leaves the room with the rest of Sue ' s Kids . Brittany also reaches her hand out to Santana as if to say " no , do n ' t go " before Santana leaves . Brittany has her head on Santana ' s shoulder when Will is talking to the glee kids . When the Cheerios have been cut and Quinn is talking to Sue , Brittany can be seen helping Santana warm up . Wheels After Brittany says she finds recipes confusing , Santana looks at her , then at her legs . When Mr . Schue tells them that they ' ll be spending time in wheelchairs , they are holding hands . Santana then starts to cry and Brittany puts her arm around her . Later , Santana helps Brittany differentiate from her left and right . They are seen watching Finn and Puck fight with their arms locked together and then talking when Mr Schuester breaks them up . Ballad When picking partners , Mr . Schuester said that their partners would be left up to fate . Santana was excited and giddy as she got Brittany as a partner , and Brittany stood up and started clapping . In the background you could hear someone saying , " how fitting " and another person agreeing . As Santana walks back to her seat , Brittany gives her a high five . During the last tones of Lean on Me , they are shown standing closely together . Brittany momentarily has her hand on Santana ' s shoulder . Hairography When they are sitting in the auditorium about to watch The Jane Adam ' s Academy perform , Santana and Brittany are sitting beside each other , and Santana is looking at Brittany ' s legs then turns away curling her lips . Mattress They are standing beside each other for the Glee Club Thunderclap photo , and after the picture is taken they are holding each other ' s hands and laughing . Brittany reveals she and Santana have had sex in While walking and talking together on a phone call with several other members of the glee club , Brittany accidentally mentions that if sex were dating , she and Santana would be dating . This confession is followed by an awkward silence and is seemingly ignored . For the remainder of the conversation , Santana and Brittany slide looks at each other , though never at the same time , before they hang up . Later , when they sit in the choir - room , they are noticeably positioned apart ; Brittany sitting next to Kurt , ( the Hell - O They are seen walking and linking pinkies several times throughout the episode . Any time Brittany and Santana are flirting with Finn they appear to be flirting more with each other than with him , especially during Rachel ' s performance of Gives You Hell , and during their date . During their date with Finn , Santana says that she and Brittany will make out while he watches , which confuses Finn . When Finn leaves , Santana looks confused when Brittany asks " Did you know dolphins are just gay sharks ? " The Power of Madonna Santana and Brittany sit next to each other during Glee Club practice . Santana has her hand at Brittany ' s stomach during this scene , and as they leave the choir room they link pinkies . During Express Yourself , Santana looks and smiles at Brittany . They dance together with the other Cheerios during Mercedes and Kurt ' s performance of 4 Minutes , pairing up for a couple dance moves . Home They link pinkies and walk out together after Glee practice . They hold hands while skating at April ' s rink , and when Kurt is singing A House Is Not a Home , Brittany and Santana link pinkies again and Santana leans her head on Brittany ' s shoulder . Laryngitis Puck walks in at the beginning of the episode with his mohawk shaved off . Brittany leans over to Santana and whispers , " Who is that guy ? " Funk They link pinkies again when they are given their ' Funk ' assignment . Just before Mr Schue calls Jesse , Brittany says something to Santana and she laughs . In the background during Sue ' s interview after winning the cheerleading Nationals competition with the Cheerios , Santana jumps into Brittany ' s arms and wraps her legs around her and then they are seen posing and hugging . Journey When Mr . Schuester tells the glee club that they have one more year , they are seen hugging like the rest of the Glee Club . Next , Brittany and Santana link pinkies and laugh together . Brittany ' s head is on Santana ' s shoulder as Mr . Schuester sings the final words of the song . Songs S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Back Up Vocals Song Episode Sung by I Say a Little Prayer Showmance Quinn Run Joey Run Bad Reputation Finn Jesse Puck Rachel Trivia They were often seen locking pinkies in the hallways and the choir room , but that turned into handholding when their relationship became public . They usually wear their friendship bracelets , and when they do they wear them on their left hands . They have cheated on their boyfriends with one another , but did n ' t label it as cheating due to the " plumbing being different " and " friends talking with their tongues super close . " If it were up to Naya , she would have Santana get Brittany pregnant and then they would have their own spin - off show . ( Paleyfest 2011 ) . They have matching backpacks , ( except from the piping on the edges ) . ( Original Song and Brittany was the first person who Santana told she loved . Thus considered her first love Brittany said that she loves Santana more than she loves anyone else in this world . ( New York ) . At Comic Con 2011 , Ian Brennan said that he likes the ship name " Santittany " more than " Brittana " and wishes that it would just catch on . Ian Brennan said he wants to make a spin off with Santana and Brittany living together in New York . Source Santana and Brittany have both acted as beards for Dave and Kurt , respectively . There is a drawing on Brittany ' s locker saying " Lord Tubbington Thinks You ' re Purrrrfect and So Do I " which can also be seen in Santana ' s locker . ( Pot O ' Gold ) Brittany and Santana have known each other since at least either their freshman or sophomore years and they met in the cheerios lockers room . It is unknown when they met since Brittany ' s hair did have bangs in season one , but it may have been during their freshman year since we do n ' t know how Brittany wore her hair back then . It is unknown what the flashback from Yes / No meant . Whether it was the first time they met , the moment when Santana realized that she was attracted to Brittany , the day after they first slept together , or the first day after they officially started dating was never specified . Held hands for the first time in Hold on to Sixteen as a couple in front of the glee club . ( Not including the one in Pot O ' Gold since it was under a napkin ) . The Spanish Teacher you see multiple pictures of Brittany and Santana hanging in Santana ' s locker . Competed together at the prom , Brittany as king and Santana as queen . They were the first homosexual couple to kiss in public . When Santana ' s name is translated into English , it means Saint Anne . Saint Anne is the patron saint of Brittany , a region in France . Brittany described them as an Almond Joy . Both Brittany and Santana have gone on a date with Finn . Principal Figgins refers to them collectively as ' Teen Lesbians ' . ( Figgins would rather see Brittana kissing in public than Finchel . Santana is the only one who has called Brittany baby or babe . ( Dance with Somebody They have matching binders . ( Michael Saturday Night Glee - ver and Choke Brittany likes the smell of Santana ' s armpits . During Everytime it is shown that Brittany has a folder named Santana on her laptop and a photo of them in her desk . As seen in Britney 2.0 , the two constantly Skype or iChat , but Brittany finds it hard to interact with Santana since Santana ' s incredibly busy with cheerleading practice . They are the first couple on Glee to last exactly one season , from episode four of season three , Pot O ' Gold " until episode four of season four , Friday was their date night . ( Glease Both of them share a passion for dancing . They have been referred to both " Santittany " and " Brittana . " Santittany in Blame It on the Alcohol , as previously mentioned , and Brittana in All or Nothing Lea calls them " Santini . " They are the third young couple to get engaged on the show . Tina says they are endgame . Santana and Brittany have the same anniversary as Kurt and Blaine since they married on the same day . They are in the best kisses and best couples in the glee on fox poll . They ' re the only lesbian couple to get married on the show . Quotes Season One Season Two Season Three Season Four Season Five Santana : Sex is not dating . Brittany : If it were Santana and I would be dating . Gallery Navigational v e d Glee Relationships Adam Artie Becky Betty Blaine Bree Brittany Brody Burt Cassandra Chandler Cooper Dani Dave Elliott Emma Holly Jake Joe Kitty Lauren Mario Marley Mercedes Mike Millie Puck Quinn Rachel Rory Roz Ryder Sam Santana Sebastian Shannon Shelby Sue Sugar Sunshine Tina Terri Unique Will Character relationship ( s ) displayed : Adam Becky Betty Blaine Bree Brody Burt Cassandra Chandler Cooper Dani Elliott Emma Holly Jake Joe Kitty Lauren Mario Marley Mercedes Mike Millie Rory Roz Ryder Sam Santana Sebastian Shannon Shelby Sugar Sunshine Tina Terri Unique Will Adam - Kurt Relationship April - Will Relationship Artie - Becky Relationship Artie - Betty Relationship Artie - Blaine Relationship Artie - Brittany Relationship Artie - Finn Relationship Artie - Kitty Relationship Artie - Mercedes Relationship Artie - Mike Relationship Artie - Puck Relationship Artie - Quinn Relationship Artie - Sam Relationship Artie - Sugar Relationship Artie - Tina Relationship Becky - Artie Relationship Becky - Puck Relationship Becky - Sue Relationship Beth - Puck Relationship Beth - Quinn Relationship Betty - Artie Relationship Blaine - Artie Relationship Blaine - Brittany Relationship Blaine - Burt Relationship Blaine - Cooper Relationship Blaine - Finn Relationship Blaine - Kurt Relationship Blaine - Marley Relationship Blaine - Rachel Relationship Blaine - Sam Relationship Blaine - Santana Relationship Blaine - Sebastian Relationship Blaine - Tina Relationship Bree - Jake Relationship Bree - Kitty Relationship Brittany - Artie Relationship Brittany - Blaine Relationship Brittany - Finn Relationship Brittany - Kitty Relationship Brittany - Kurt Relationship Brittany - Marley Relationship Brittany - Mike Relationship Brittany - Quinn Relationship Brittany - Rachel Relationship Brittany - Rory Relationship Brittany - Sam Relationship Brittany - Santana - Quinn Relationship Brittany - Tina Relationship Brody - Cassandra Relationship Brody - Finn Relationship Brody - Rachel Relationship Burt - Blaine Relationship Burt - Carole Relationship Burt - Kurt Relationship Carl - Emma Relationship Carole - Burt Relationship Cassandra - Brody Relationship Cassandra - Rachel Relationship Chandler - Kurt Relationship Cooper - Blaine Relationship Cooter - Shannon Relationship Cooter - Sue Relationship Dani - Santana Relationship Dave - Kurt Relationship Dave - Santana Relationship Elliott - Kurt Relationship Emma - Carl Relationship Emma - Finn Relationship Emma - Ken Relationship Emma - Will Relationship Figgins - Sue Relationship Finn - Brittany Relationship Finn - Artie Relationship Finn - Blaine Relationship Finn - Brody Relationship Finn - Emma Relationship Finn - Kurt Relationship Finn - Puck Relationship Finn - Quinn Relationship Finn - Rachel Relationship Finn - Rory Relationship Finn - Sam Relationship Finn - Santana Relationship Finn - Sue Relationship Finn - Will Relationship Holly - Will Relationship Jacob - Rachel Relationship Jake - Bree Relationship Jake - Kitty Relationship Jake - Marley Relationship Jake - Puck Relationship Jake - Ryder Relationship Jesse - Rachel Relationship Joe - Quinn Relationship Ken - Emma Relationship Kitty - Artie Relationship Kitty - Bree Relationship Kitty - Brittany Relationship Kitty - Jake Relationship Kitty - Marley Relationship Kitty - Puck Relationship Kitty - Ryder Relationship Kitty - Tina Relationship Kurt - Adam Relationship Kurt - Blaine Relationship Kurt - Brittany Relationship Kurt - Burt Relationship Kurt - Chandler Relationship Kurt - David Relationship Kurt - Elliott Relationship Kurt - Finn Relationship Kurt - Mercedes Relationship Kurt - Puck Relationship Kurt - Rachel Relationship Kurt - Rachel - Santana Relationship Kurt - Sam Relationship Kurt - Santana Relationship Kurt - Sebastian Relationship Kurt - Sue Relationship Kurt - Tina Relationship Lauren - Puck Relationship Marley - Blaine Relationship Marley - Brittany Relationship Marley - Jake Relationship Marley - Kitty Relationship Marley - Millie Relationship Marley - Ryder Relationship Marley - Unique Relationship Mercedes - Artie Relationship Mercedes - Kurt Relationship Mercedes - Mike Relationship Mercedes - Puck Relationship Mercedes - Quinn Relationship Mercedes - Rachel Relationship Mercedes - Sam Relationship Mercedes - Santana Relationship Mercedes - Shane Relationship Mercedes - Tina Relationship Mike - Artie Relationship Mike - Brittany Relationship Mike - Mercedes Relationship Mike - Tina Relationship Millie - Marley Relationship Penny - Sam Relationship Puck - Artie Relationship Puck - Becky Relationship Puck - Beiste Relationship Puck - Beth Relationship Puck - Finn Relationship Puck - Jake Relationship Puck - Kitty Relationship Puck - Kurt Relationship Puck - Lauren Relationship Puck - Mercedes Relationship Puck - Quinn Relationship Puck - Rachel Relationship Puck - Santana Relationship Puck - Shelby Relationship Quinn - Artie Relationship Quinn - Beth Relationship Quinn - Brittany Relationship Quinn - Finn Relationship Quinn - Joe Relationship Quinn - Mercedes Relationship Quinn - Puck Relationship Quinn - Rachel Relationship Quinn - Sam Relationship Quinn - Santana Relationship Quinn - Santana - Brittany Relationship Quinn - Shelby Relationship Quinn - Sue Relationship Rachel - Blaine Relationship Rachel - Brittany Relationship Rachel - Brody Relationship Rachel - Cassandra Relationship Rachel - Finn Relationship Rachel - Jacob Relationship Rachel - Jesse Relationship Rachel - Kurt Relationship Rachel - Kurt - Santana Relationship Rachel - Mercedes Relationship Rachel - Puck Relationship Rachel - Quinn Relationship Rachel - Sam Relationship Rachel - Santana Relationship Rachel - Shelby Relationship Rachel - Sunshine Relationship Rachel - Tina Relationship Rachel - Will Relationship Rod - Sue Relationship Rory - Brittany Relationship Rory - Finn Relationship Rory - Sam Relationship Rory - Sugar Relationship Roz - Sue Relationship Jake - Ryder Relationship Ryder - Kitty Relationship Ryder - Marley Relationship Ryder - Unique Relationship Sam - Artie Relationship Sam - Blaine Relationship Sam - Finn Relationship Sam - Kurt Relationship Sam - Mercedes Relationship Sam - Penny Relationship Sam - Quinn Relationship Sam - Rachel Relationship Sam - Rory Relationship Sam - Santana Relationship Sam - Tina Relationship Santana - Blaine Relationship Santana - Brittany Relationship Santana - Brittany - Quinn Relationship Santana - Dani Relationship Santana - Dave Relationship Santana - Finn Relationship Santana - Kurt Relationship Santana - Kurt - Rachel Relationship Santana - Mercedes Relationship Santana - Puck Relationship Santana - Quinn Relationship Santana - Rachel Relationship Santana - Sebastian Relationship Santana - Sue Relationship Sebastian - Blaine Relationship Sebastian - Kurt Relationship Sebastian - Santana Relationship Shane - Mercedes Relationship Shannon - Cooter Relationship Shannon - Puck Relationship Shannon - Will Relationship Shelby - Puck Relationship Shelby - Quinn Relationship Shelby - Rachel Relationship Shelby - Will Relationship Sue - Becky Relationship Sue - Cooter Relationship Sue - Figgins Relationship Sue - Finn Relationship Sue - Kurt Relationship Sue - Quinn Relationship Sue - Rod Relationship Sue - Roz Relationship Sue - Santana Relationship Sue - Will Relationship Sugar - Artie Relationship Sugar - Rory Relationship Sunshine - Rachel Relationship Terri - Will Relationship Tina - Artie Relationship Tina - Blaine Relationship Tina - Brittany Relationship Tina - Kitty Relationship Tina - Kurt Relationship Tina - Mercedes Relationship Tina - Mike Relationship Tina - Rachel Relationship Tina - Sam Relationship Unique - Marley Relationship Unique - Ryder Relationship Will - April Relationship Will - Emma Relationship Will - Finn Relationship Will - Holly Relationship Will - Rachel Relationship Will - Shannon Relationship Will - Shelby Relationship Will - Sue Relationship Will - Terri Relationship Missing relationship ? Contact Seb ! Categories Relationships Couples Glee Wiki Awards Winner | [
"Brittany Pierce",
"Santana Lopez .",
"romantic relationship"
] |
http://glee.wikia.com/wiki/Fix_You | in : Glee Songs Season Three Songs Songs sung by Artie Abrams and 4 more Fix You Edit Comments ( 176 ) Share Fix You Album : Glee : The Music , Volume 7 Glee : The Music , The Complete Season Three Released : October 4 , 2011 By : Coldplay Sung by : Will Schuester with New Directions Solos : Artie and Will Place : The April Rhodes Civic Pavilion Episode : Asian F by Coldplay is featured in Asian F , the third episode of Season Three . It is sung by Will , with the New Directions singing back - up . It is sung by Will as his prayer for Emma , who is coping with her parents ' unexpected visit and the turmoil of their actions because her parents are n ' t accepting her OCD and are embarrassingly racist . It changes from Will ' s bedroom to Will looking at Emma in the teacher ' s lounge and to the auditorium . During the performance , we can also see Artie putting up the cast list for West Side Story ; Rachel gazing at a disappointed Mercedes and other members happily discovering their parts . While the New Directions sing in the auditorium , Rachel glances at Kurt , regretting her choice of running against him for Senior Class President . At the end of the song , Mercedes is seen joining Shelby ' s new Glee Club , which is later named The Troubletones Contents show Lyrics Will : When you try your best but you do n ' t succeed When you get what you want but not what you need When you feel so tired but you ca n ' t sleep Stuck in reverse And the tears come streaming down your face When you lose something you ca n ' t replace When you love someone but it goes to waste Could it be worse ? Lights will guide you home And ignite your bones And I will try to fix you And high up above or down below When you ' re too in love to let it go But if you never try you ' ll never know Just what you ' re worth Will with Artie : Lights will guide you home And ignite your bones And I will try Will : To fix you Will with New Directions : Tears stream down on your face When you lose something you can not replace Tears stream down on your face And I I promise you that I will learn from my mistakes And I And I will try to fix you Trivia This is the first New Directions group number without Mercedes This is the first song to be featured on Glee after finally allowed the rights to their songs . Will was supposed to sing Viva La Vida in Pilot , but the rights were not made available at that time . This is the fifth group number in the show with all black and white outfits ; the first one being Keep Holding On , the second being Hello , Goodbye , the third being Toxic , the fourth being One of Us Gallery Videos Coldplay - Fix You GLEE - Fix You ( Full Performance ) HD Fix You - Glee HD Full Studio Glee - Fix You ( Acapella ) Navigational v e d Season Three Songs The Purple Piano Project We Got the Beat Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead It ' s Not Unusual Anything Goes / Anything You Can Do You Ca n ' t Stop the Beat I Am Unicorn Somewhere I ' m the Greatest Star Something ' s Coming Asian F Spotlight Run the World ( Girls ) Cool It ' s All Over Out Here on My Own Pot o ' Gold Bein ' Green Last Friday Night Waiting for a Girl Like You Candyman Take Care of Yourself The First Time Tonight Uptown Girl A Boy Like That / I Have A Love America One Hand , One Heart Mash Off Hot for Teacher You and I / You and I Hit Me with Your Best Shot / One Way or Another I Ca n ' t Go for That / You Make My Dreams Rumour Has It / Someone Like You I Kissed a Girl Perfect I ' m the Only One Girls Just Want to Have Fun Jolene I Kissed a Girl Constant Craving Hold on to Sixteen Red Solo Cup Buenos Aires Survivor / I Will Survive ABC Control Man in the Mirror We Are Young Extraordinary Merry Christmas All I Want for Christmas Is You Blue Christmas River Extraordinary Merry Christmas Let It Snow My Favorite Things Santa Claus Is Coming to Town Christmas Wrapping Do They Know It ' s Christmas Santa Baby Yes / No Summer Nights Wedding Bell Blues Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face Without You We Found Love Michael Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' Bad Scream Never Can Say Goodbye Human Nature Ben Smooth Criminal I Just Ca n ' t Stop Loving You Black or White I Want You Back The Spanish Teacher Sexy and I Know It Do n ' t Wanna Lose You Bamboleo / Hero La Isla Bonita A Little Less Conversation Heart L - O - V - E Let Me Love You Stereo Hearts Home I Will Always Love You You ' re the Top Cherish / Cherish Love Shack On My Way Cough Syrup Stand Glad You Came Fly / I Believe I Can Fly What Does n ' t Kill You ( Stronger ) Here ' s to Us Big Brother I ' m Still Standing Hungry Like the Wolf / Rio Fighter Up up Up Somebody That I Used to Know Saturday Night Glee - ver You Should Be Dancing Night Fever Disco Inferno If I Ca n ' t Have You How Deep Is Your Love Boogie Shoes More Than a Woman Stayin ' Alive Dance with Somebody How Will I Know I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) Saving All My Love for You So Emotional It ' s Not Right but It ' s Okay I Have Nothing My Love Is Your Love Choke The Music of the Night School ' s Out Cell Block Tango Not the Boy Next Door The Rain in Spain Shake It Out Cry Prom - asaurus Big Girls Do n ' t Cry Dinosaur Love You Like a Love Song What Makes You Beautiful Take My Breath Away Props I Wo n ' t Give Up Because You Loved Me Mean Flashdance . . . What a Feeling Nationals Edge of Glory It ' s All Coming Back to Me Now Paradise by the Dashboard Light Starships Pinball Wizard Tongue Tied We Are the Champions Goodbye Sit Down , You ' re Rockin ' the Boat Forever Young I ' ll Remember You Get What You Give In My Life Glory Days Roots Before Branches Not the End Categories Glee Songs Season Three Songs Songs sung by Artie Abrams Songs sung by Will Schuester Songs sung by New Directions Glee : The Music , Volume 7 Glee : The Music , The Complete Season Three | [
"Fix You",
"Coldplay",
"New Directions singing back-up ."
] |
http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0076621367/student_view0/chapter1/ | THE COLLISION OF CULTURES Main themes of Chapter One The colonization of the Americas represented a collision of European and Native American cultures that had been developing along completely different lines for thousands of years A variety of ambitions and impulses moved individuals and nations to colonize the New World including longstanding demographic and economic changes religious tensions wrought by the Protestant Reformation and international rivalries among the European powers The collision of cultures in North America yielded many biological and cultural exchanges that remade both the Old and New Worlds The varied motives of the colonizers and their experiences prior to immigrating worked to shape their attitudes toward Native American cultures and helped determine the sociopolitical arrangements in the new colonies Other than in New Mexico and what would become the American Southwest North American native peoples were relatively unaffected by European colonization until the arrival of the English French and Dutch in the seventeenth century The African slave trade made heavy contributions to the colonization and commerce of the New World as at least half of all immigrants were made up of Africans forced into slavery Both commercial and religious incentives spurred colonization by the English who among Western European nations were relatively late in establishing a presence in the New World They heavily impacted and came to control the eastern coast of North America A thorough study of Chapter One should enable the student to understand the following The history of Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans to the New World The varied societies populations and cultures of Native Americans at the time of Christopher Columbus The economic demographic and political changes in Western Europe that spurred colonization of new lands The rise of the Spanish Empire from Christopher Columbus to the age of conquistadores The evolution of the Spanish Empires treatment of Native American peoples The biological and cultural exchanges between the New and Old Worlds including the diseases and crops brought from Europe The African cultures from which black slaves were taken and the early development of the African slave trade The economic and religious motives propelling English colonization of the New World The early experience of the French and Dutch in North America The first efforts of the English to establish a colony in the New World the lessons they took from their experience in Ireland and the reasons for their early failures | [
"THE COLLISION"
] |
http://global.ihi.com/alarm+service/health+fact+sheets/umbilical+hernia+repair+in+adults.aspx | Umbilical hernia repair in adults Umbilical hernia is when the belly button pops outwards due to a weakness in the muscles in or around the belly button . There is a separate factsheet available for parents of children having surgery to repair an umbilical hernia - Umbilical hernia in children Your care will be adapted to meet your individual needs and may differ from what is described here . So it ' s important that you follow your surgeon ' s advice . About umbilical hernia Diagnosis Preparing for your operation About the operation What to expect afterwards Recovering from an umbilical hernia repair What are the risks ? Sources Related topics About umbilical hernia An umbilical hernia is a result of weakness in the muscles in or around your belly button . It causes the belly button to pop outwards and can happen at any age . Umbilical hernias are most common in women during and after pregnancy , and in people who are overweight . An umbilical hernia is not dangerous in itself , but there is a risk that it will get trapped ( incarcerated ) . This can cut off the blood supply to the contents of the hernia , causing life - threatening conditions such as gangrene or peritonitis ( if this happens , the hernia is said to be strangulated ) . If it ' s not treated , your hernia is likely to get larger and become more uncomfortable . In most cases , a hernia repair operation is recommended . Diagnosis Your doctor will examine your belly button . The belly button will usually bulge out if you have an umbilical hernia . An umbilical hernia can cause serious illness if it ' s left untreated in adults . The risk of illness increases with the size of the hernia . Your GP or surgeon will usually recommend umbilical hernia repair . Preparing for your operation Your surgeon will explain how to prepare for your operation . For example , if you smoke you will be asked to stop , as smoking increases your risk of getting a wound or chest infection and slows your recovery . Umbilical hernia repair is usually done as a day - case procedure under general anaesthesia . This means you will be asleep during the procedure . Alternatively you may prefer to have the surgery under local anaesthesia . This completely blocks feeling around the belly button area and you will stay awake during the operation . A sedative may be given with a local anaesthetic to help you relax . Your surgeon will advise which type of anaesthesia is most suitable for you . If you are having a general anaesthetic , you will be asked to follow fasting instructions . Typically , you must not eat or drink for about six hours before a general anaesthetic . However , some anaesthetists allow occasional sips of water until two hours beforehand . At the hospital your nurse may check your heart rate and blood pressure , and test your urine . Your surgeon will usually ask you to sign a consent form . This confirms that you understand the risks , benefits and possible alternatives to the procedure and have given your permission for it to go ahead . Your nurse will prepare you for theatre . You may be asked to wear compression stockings to help prevent blood clots forming in the veins in your legs . You may need to have an injection of an anti - clotting medicine called heparin as well as , or instead of , stockings . About the operation The aim of a hernia repair operation is to push the contents of the bulge back into the abdomen and strengthen the abdominal wall . There are two main types of hernia repair operations - open and keyhole . In most cases , the operation is an open repair , which involves a small cut just below your belly button . Sometimes , if the hernia is a recurrence , keyhole surgery is recommended . Open surgery A single cut ( 5 to 10cm long ) is made just below or above your belly button , and the bulge is pushed back into place . Your surgeon may stitch a synthetic mesh over the weak spot to strengthen the wall of the abdomen . The skin cut is closed with stitches and covered with a dressing . Keyhole surgery Two or three small cuts ( 1 to 2cm long ) are made in your lower abdomen . Your surgeon will insert a tube - like telescopic camera to view the hernia by looking at pictures it sends to a monitor . The hernia is repaired using specially designed surgical instruments passed through the other cuts . A synthetic mesh may be used to strengthen the wall of the abdomen . The skin cuts are closed with stitches . The operation takes 30 to 45 minutes depending on the method used . What to expect afterwards If you have general anaesthesia , you will need to rest until the effects of the anaesthetic have passed . You may need pain relief to help with any discomfort as the anaesthetic wears off . You will usually be able to go home when you feel ready . You will need to arrange for someone to drive you home . You should try to have a friend or relative stay with you for the first 24 hours . Your nurse will give you some advice about caring for your healing wound before you go home . Your surgeon may prescribe antibiotics for a few days , although this is very rare . If you are prescribed antibiotics it ' s important you finish the course . You may be given a date for a follow - up appointment . Recovering from an umbilical hernia repair If you need pain relief , you can take over - the - counter painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen . Follow the instructions in the patient information that comes with the medicine and ask your pharmacist for advice . General anaesthesia temporarily affects your co - ordination and reasoning skills , so you must not drink alcohol , operate machinery or sign legal documents for 48 hours afterwards . Follow your surgeon ' s advice about driving . You should n ' t drive until you are confident that you could perform an emergency stop without discomfort . You will feel some discomfort in the abdomen area for a week or two . Do n ' t strain or stretch the healing wound as this will increase swelling and slow your recovery . Do n ' t do any lifting or strenuous exercise for at least the first two weeks . However , light exercise , such as walking , will help to speed up your recovery . Do n ' t have a shower or bath for the first two days . When you do bathe , the dressing may come off . This is normal and it does not need to be replaced . Dissolvable stitches will disappear on their own in seven to 10 days . What are the risks ? Umbilical hernia repair is commonly performed and generally safe . However , in order to make an informed decision and give your consent , you need to be aware of the possible side - effects and the risk of complications of this procedure . Side - effects These are the unwanted , but mostly temporary effects of a successful procedure , for example feeling sick as a result of the general anaesthetic . You will have some pain , bruising and minor swelling in your lower abdomen . The side - effects are usually milder after key - hole surgery . Complications This is when problems occur during or after the operation . Most people are not affected . The possible complications of any operation include an unexpected reaction to the anaesthetic , excessive bleeding , infection or developing a blood clot , usually in a vein in the leg ( deep vein thrombosis , DVT ) . Complications may require further treatment such as returning to theatre to stop bleeding , or antibiotics to treat an infection . Other complications specific to umbilical hernia repair are uncommon but include : damage to other organs in the abdomen - this is more likely if the operation is done using keyhole surgery and further surgery may be needed to repair any damage pain or numbness in the lower abdomen - this may last several months re - occurrence - it ' s possible the umbilical hernia may re - occur The exact risks are specific to you and differ for every person , so we have not included statistics here . Ask your surgeon to explain how these risks apply to you . Sources McLatchie GR , Leaper DJ . Oxford handbook of clinical surgery . Oxford University Press 2002 : 388 Menon VS , Brown TH . Umbilical hernia in adults : day case local anaesthetic repair . J Postgrad Med 2003 ; 49 ( 2 ) : 132 - 133 Should umbilical hernias be repaired to prevent complications if they are not giving rise to any symptoms ? www . clinicalanswers . nhs . uk , accessed 13 February 2008 Oxford Textbook of Surgery : Volume 1 . Morris PJ , Malt RA ( eds ) . Oxford Medical Publications 1994 : 1409 Related topics Caring for surgical wounds General anaesthesia Local anaesthesia | [
"Umbilical hernia",
"in adults",
"belly button pops"
] |
http://global.kyocera.com/company/summary/history/until1979.html | History - 1979 1980 - 1990 - 2000 - 2010 - 1959 Apr . 1959 With capital of 3 million yen and 28 staff members , Kyoto Ceramic Co . , Ltd . ( now Kyocera Corp . ) is founded in Kyoto , Japan as a company specializing in fine ceramics . The company ' s facilities include a headquarters and factory . Kyoto Ceramic Co . , Ltd . ( now Kyocera Corporation ) 1960 - Apr . 1960 Kyocera ’ s Tokyo office opens in Tokyo , Japan . May 1963 Shiga Plant ( now Shiga Gamo Plant ) is established in Shiga , Japan . Shiga Plant ( now Shiga Gamo Plant ) Mar . 1968 Kyocera receives first Medium and Small Business Research Institute Award ( now Good Company Award ) Nationwide Prize . Aug . 1968 Representative office opens in California , U.S.A . Jul . 1969 Kagoshima Plant ( now Kagoshima Sendai Plant ) is established in Kagoshima , Japan . Kyocera International , Inc . is established as Kyocera ' s North American sales company . Kyocera International , Inc . 1970 - Jan . 1971 Feldmühle Kyocera Europa Elektronische Bauelemente GmbH ( now Kyocera Fineceramics GmbH ) is established in cooperation with Feldmühle AG in Germany . Oct . 1971 Kyocera stock is listed on the Osaka Stock Exchange ' s Second Section and on the Kyoto Securities Exchange . Kyocera stock is listed on the Osaka Stock Exchange ' s Second Section Mar . 1972 Kyocera receives 18th Okochi Memorial Grand Production Prize for developing multi - layered ceramic packages for large - scale integrated circuits . Multilayered ceramic packages for large - scale integrated circuits Jul . 1972 Headquarters is relocated to Yamashina , Kyoto , Japan . Sep . Kyocera stock is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange ' s Second Section . Oct . Kagoshima Kokubu Plant is established in Kagoshima , Japan . Feb . 1974 Kyocera stock is listed on the First Section of both the Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges . 1974 yocera receives 16th Commendation by Japan ' s Director - General of the Science and Technology Agency for developing ceramic lamination technology for electronic circuits . 1975 Kyocera International , Inc . relocates its headquarters and plant in San Diego , California , U.S.A . 1976 The Children ' s Travel Program begins ( Japan - U.S.A. ) . Dec . 1977 Kyocera ( Hong Kong ) Ltd . ( now Kyocera Asia Pacific Pte . Ltd . ) begins business in Hong Kong . Sep . 1979 Kyocera invests capital in Cybernet Electronics Corp . 1979 Central Research Laboratory opens in Kokubu ( now Kirishima City ) , Kagoshima , Japan . Dec . Kagoshima Electronics Co . , Ltd . is established in Kagoshima , Japan . - 1979 1980 - 1990 - 2000 - 2010 - About About the Kyocera Group Management ' s Message Corporate Motto / Management Rationale Corporate Summary History Our Brand Business Development Business Segments Kyocera Corporate Profile Video Kyocera ' s CSR Activities Global Network Download Corporate Profile | [
"Kyoto Ceramic Co",
"founded in Kyoto",
"Japan"
] |
http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199997275/stud/Part2/self/Thomas_Hobbes | Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Why does Hobbes think that we should seek peace a Because it is in our own selfinterest b Because it is in the interest of others c Because God commands it d All of the above According to Hobbes what is needed to ensure that a contract is followed a That the contracting parties act in good faith b That the contract is in each partys best interest c That there be some power to force contracting parties to follow it d That the contract be in writing What does the Fool claim according to Hobbes a It is sometimes rational to break ones contracts b There is no such thing as injustice c We do not need government in order to live well d We do not need to make contracts in order to live well Legal Notice Privacy Policy Please send comments or suggestions about this Website to custservusoupcom | [
"Thomas Hobbes",
"Leviathan"
] |
http://global.usf.edu/is/pro-admission_cost.php | Home Costs Financial Documentation Pre - Arrival Information Immigration Glo - Bull Start Document Check FAQs Forms Contact USF World Costs The cost of attendance for International Students includes tuition and fees , health insurance , housing , books , and other living expenses . As international student , you are required to show that you have the funds to support yourself for an entire year before you can get a visa . To help you as you gather your financial documentation , we have put together the following list of estimated costs by level of study . When reviewing the estimates below , please remember : Additional costs may be assessed depending on your course of study . All international students are required to have health insurance for themselves and their families . Learn more about the health insurance and immunization requirements at USF . Tuition and fees are assessed according to the student ’ s Florida residency classification . Most international students are classified as Non - Florida Residents and pay Out - of - State Tuition . For more information on Florida residency classification , please visit the Residency Classification for Non - U.S. Citizens page . Actual costs of housing are dependent on the type of on - campus or off - campus housing selected . Visit Housing & Residence Education for more information on living on campus at USF . For off - campus housing options , visit Rent Solutions or USF Health Real Estate with Honors All figures below are estimates based on the university ’ s published tuition rates and are subject to increase without notice . Annual increases in tuition and fees are anticipated ; therefore , it is suggested that an additional 10 % be added to these totals to safeguard against increases . Estimated Costs for International Undergraduates ( Bachelor ) 2019 - 2020 Out - of - State Undergraduate In - State Undergraduate * Tuition and Fees ( based on 30 credits – 15 credits per semester ) $ 17,324 $ 6,410 Books and Supplies $ 1,200 $ 1,200 Housing and Meals $ 11,610 $ 11,610 Other personal expenses ( general living expenses ) $ 4,100 $ 4,100 Health Insurance $ 2,403 $ 2,403 TOTAL $ 36,637 $ 25,723 * only use the in - state estimate if your official USF admission letter states that you are classified as a Florida resident or your scholarship from a Florida state agency qualifies you as a temporary Florida resident for tuition purposes . Estimated Costs for International Graduates ( Masters or PhD ) 2019 - 2020 Out - of - State Graduate In - State Graduate * Tuition and Fees ( based on 18 credits – 9 credits per semester ) $ 15,864 $ 7,840 Books and Supplies $ 900 $ 900 Housing and Meals $ 12,614 $ 12,614 Other personal expenses ( general living expenses ) Health Insurance $ 2,403 TOTAL $ 35,881 $ 27,857 * only use the in - state estimate if your official USF admission letter states that you are classified as a Florida resident or your scholarship from a Florida state agency qualifies you for as a temporary Florida resident . Estimated Costs for International Graduates with Assistantships ( GA / TA / RA ) 2019 - 2020 Graduate with Tuition Waiver * Tuition and Fees ( based on 18 credits – 9 credits per semester ) $ 1,540 $ 12,614 $ 4,100 $ 2,371 $ 21,525 * only use this estimate if you have received and accepted an offer of a USF graduate assistantship ( GA ) , teaching assistantship ( TA ) or research assistantship ( RA ) that includes a tuition waiver . Estimated Expenses for Dependents Dependents are defined as a spouse ( husband or wife ) or unmarried children under the age of 21 . If you are bringing your dependents with you to USF while you attend your program , you will need to provide additional proof of funding in the amount of $ 5,000 for the spouse and $ 5,000 for each child . Additionally , you should plan on purchasing health insurance for each dependent . Health insurance estimates for one year of coverage using the university ’ s plan are listed below : Spouse : $ 5,225 One Child : $ 3,804 Multiple Children : $ 4,580 Financial Assistance - International applicants are not eligible for financial aid such as Stafford Loans and Pell Grants , but may be considered for university scholarships . For more information on scholarship opportunities visit Undergraduate International Scholarships . For more information on graduate scholarship opportunities visit Graduate Funding Opportunities Venezuelan CADIVI Letters - We are aware that Venezuelan students need letters that include their enrollment , the cost breakdown for each semester and sometimes program of study ( Major ) information . If you need to request one of these letters , please fill out the CADIVI Letter Request Form . If you have any further questions , feel free to contact us Estimated Costs are based on official USF sources as follows : USF Controller ’ s Office – Tuition Rates and Other Registration / Payment Fees http : / / www . usf . edu / business - finance / controller / student - services / tuition - rates . aspx USF University Scholarship & Financial Aid Services – Living Expenses Estimates http : / / www . usf . edu / financial - aid / cost - of - attendance / 1819 - students - living - on - campus . aspx USF Graduate School – Tuition Waivers http : / / www . grad . usf . edu / assistantships . php USF Student Health Services – Mandated / Support Health Insurance Plan http : / / www . usf . edu / student - affairs / student - health - ser vices / documents / accepted_insurance_0314 . pdf | [
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http://globalatm24.com/page/installation-process | Global ATM Installation Process Here ' s an overview of just how easy it is to have an ATM installed by Global ATM . . . We get started by conducting a licensed site survey . Then we go to the county that the property is located in and request a building permit , which includes general building and electrical ( or whatever else is required ) . Next , we break ground at the location . Care is taken to ensure that the traffic patterns and access to other businesses are not interrupted or hindered . Once we break ground , the concrete pad is poured . Then the actual ATM Kiosk and machine are brought in and installed . The site is inspected and the electrical is turned on and the site is operational The process usually takes 5 - 10 business days , depending on the county approval process . | [
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http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/belize/government/ | Introduction History Government Economy Statistics Trade Statistics Culture Risk Corporations Indices Resources U.S. Trade Resources Memo Tips When Visiting … Arriving on time for meetings is important , even though you may be kept waiting . More Tips Did you know … Belize is the birthplace of chewing gum . Test Your Knowledge How Do I . . . Begin to export ? Learn how with Export Tutorials globalEDGE Newsletter globalEDGE ' s monthly newsletter Subscribe Home Global Insights By Country Belize Government Belize : Government Key Figures Chief of State : Queen Elizabeth II represented by Governor General Colville N . Young , Sr . Head of Government : Prime Minister Dean Barrow Overview Government Name : Belize Constitution : Adopted : 1981 ; Discusses basics of the state and constitution , citizens rights , and structure of government and leaders . Government Type : Parliamentary Democracy and a Commonwealth Realm Coat of Arms of Index of Economic Freedom Grades each country on a scale of 0 to 100 , based on ten freedoms , with 100 representing the greatest amount of economic autonomy from government intervention . Source : Heritage Foundation ( 2019 ) Country Risk Rating There is no Country Risk Rating for Belize Government Branches Main Powers Election Process Election Cycle 1 Executive The queen / governor - general is the chief of state representing the commonwealth for ceremonies and appoints the cabinet via advice of the prime minister . The prime minister advises the governor - general on the executive duties of the government . The role of queen is hereditary . She appoints the governor - general , who , in turn , appoints the prime minister . Governor - General : at Her Majesty ' s discretion ; Prime Minister : 5 years Judicial Responsible for interpreting and upholding the constitution when conflicts arise , and determining all cases as the most supreme court . Appointed by governor - general upon advice of prime minister and parliament . Mandatory retirement age of 75 Legislative Responsible for passing legislature for the peace , order , and good government of Belize . The senate comprises 12 members who are appointed by the governor - general . The house of representatives comprises 31 seats elected by plurality vote in single - member constituencies . 5 years Regional Trade Blocs CARICOM International Organization Participation [ 2 ] ACP AOSIS C CARICOM CD CDB CELAC FAO G - 77 IADB IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM ITU LAES MIGA NAM OAS OPANAL OPCW PCA Petrocaribe SICA UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO Environmental Agreements [ 3 ] Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Wetlands Whaling Tax Information [ 2 ] Tax Authority : Information not available Tax Name : Information not available Sources : ElectionGuide http : / / www . electionguide . org / EY , http : / / www . ey . com CIA World Factbook , https : / / www . cia . gov / library / publications / the - world - factbook / U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets http : / / www . state . gov / r / pa / ei / bgn / | [
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http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/greece/ | Introduction History Government Economy Statistics Trade Statistics Culture Risk Corporations Indices Resources U.S. Trade Resources Memo Search for Another Country Tips When Visiting … There are many beaches , ancient ruins and mountains to visits in Greece , plan your trip accordingly . More Tips Did you know … Mount Olympus is the highest point in Greece , and it was believed to be the home of the Olympian Gods and Goddesses . Test Your Knowledge How Do I . . . Locate in - depth analysis of a particular industry sector ? Visit Industry Insights globalEDGE Newsletter globalEDGE ' s monthly newsletter Subscribe Home Global Insights By Country Greece Greece : Introduction Greece is a country located in Southern Europe on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands . Greece has land borders with Albania , Macedonia , Bulgaria , Turkey , the Aegean Sea , the Ionia Sea , and the Mediterranean Sea . Greece has a strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to the Turkish Straits . The government system is a parliamentary republic ; the chief of state is the president , and the head of government is the prime minister . Greece has a market economy in which Country Comparator Select variable and countries to compare in table format . Country Comparator Country Rankings Rank ordering and interactive map . Show how this country compares to others . pie_chart Country Rankings Athens ( + 2 GMT ) Demonym Noun : Greek ( s ) Adjective : Greek Capital City Athens ( + 2 GMT ) Currency Euro ( EUR ) attach_money Currency Converter Languages Greek ( official ) 99 % , other ( includes English and French ) 1 % Ethnic Groups population : Greek 93 % , other ( foreign citizens ) 7 % ( 2001 census ) Calling Code 30 Voltage 220 Religions Greek Orthodox ( official ) 81 - 90 % , Muslim 2 % , other 3 % , none 4 - 15 % , unspecified 1 % ( 2015 est . ) Key Facts GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) $ 27,602 ( 2017 ) Population , total 10,760,421 ( 2017 ) Ease of Doing Business Rank 72 out of 190 ( 2018 ) Sources : CIA World Factbook open_in_new World Electric Guide open_in_new | [
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http://globalflyfisher.com/video/fly-tying | Fly Tying Videos Flexi Bodi An easy to tie extended body dry fly . The body is made by furling two colours of flexi floss with a . . . Red Tag Fly tying SBS and underwater footage of the Red Tag , one of the most popular flies in the world - . . . The CzeGej Rusty Rat Tying the Rusty Rat Salmon Fly with Steve Andrews Dressing Materials : Hook : Daiichi 2161 Size 2 . . . Thunder Spey Variant Click the link below here you will find the full materiallist : https : / / nordicanglers . com / en / fly - . . . Western Coachman Detailed instructions for tying a Western Coachman fly . Half Pint Midge Detailed instructions for tying a Half Pint Midge . A fly pattern from Blue Ribbon Flies in West . . . Cosseboom Tying the Cosseboom Salmon Fly with Steve Andrews Dressing Materials : Hook : Daiichi 2161 Size 2 . . . Cascade Tying the Cascade Salmon Fly with Steve Andrews Dressing Materials : Hook : Daiichi 2161 Size 2 . . . | [
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http://globalmd.org/c/journal_articles/view_article_content?articleId=THYROID_CANCER_REVIEW&version=1.0 | Introduction The thyroid is a butterfly - shaped gland located at the base of your neck , just below your Adam ' s apple . Although the thyroid gland is small , it produces hormones that regulate every aspect of your metabolism , from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories . Sometimes you may develop one or more solid or fluid - filled lumps called nodules in your thyroid . Most of these are noncancerous ( benign ) and cause no symptoms . But a small percentage are cancerous ( malignant ) , and serious complications are possible . The prognosis is often excellent for a cancerous thyroid nodule . The most common types of thyroid cancer can often be completely removed with surgery . But the important first step is to know the symptoms and see your doctor . Signs and symptoms Most often , you wo n ' t have signs and symptoms in the early stages of thyroid cancer , but as the cancer grows , you may experience one or more of the following : A lump — sometimes growing rapidly — in the front of your neck , just below your Adam ' s apple Hoarseness or difficulty swallowing Trouble breathing Swollen lymph nodes , especially in your neck Pain in your throat or neck , sometimes spreading up to your ears Having one or more of these symptoms does n ' t necessarily mean you have thyroid cancer . Other conditions — including a benign thyroid nodule , an infection or inflammation of the thyroid gland , and a benign enlargement of the thyroid ( goiter ) — can cause similar problems , all of which are highly treatable . Causes Your thyroid gland is composed of two lobes that resemble the wings of a butterfly separated by a thin section of tissue called the isthmus . The thyroid takes up iodine from the food you eat and uses it to manufacture two main hormones , thyroxine ( T - 4 ) and triiodothyronine ( T - 3 ) . These hormones maintain the rate at which your body uses fats and carbohydrates , help control your body temperature , influence your heart rate and regulate the production of protein . Your thyroid gland also produces calcitonin , a hormone that The thyroid contains two main types of cells . Follicle cells make the thyroid protein thyroglobulin and produce and store thyroxine and triiodothyronine . Other cells , called C cells ( parafollicular cells ) , produce calcitonin . The distinction is important because each type can give rise to different types of cancer . Papillary and follicular cancers develop in follicle cells . They account for the great majority of thyroid cancers , can usually be completely removed with surgery and generally result in an excellent prognosis . Medullary cancer , on the other hand , arises in the thyroid ' s C cells and is generally more aggressive and harder to treat than papillary and follicular cancers are . The types of thyroid cancer include : Papillary cancer Follicular cancer Medullary cancer Anaplastic cancer Thyroid lymphoma Papillary cancer ( papillary carcinoma , papillary adenocarcinoma ) This is the most common type of thyroid cancer . It develops from thyroid follicle cells and usually appears as a single mass in one lobe of the thyroid . Anyone , including children , can develop papillary cancer , but it ' s most common in women who are between 30 and 50 years of age . Although most papillary cancers grow slowly , they often spread to the lymph nodes early in the course of the disease . This usually does n ' t affect the outlook for recovery , which is generally excellent when the cancer is small and its spread limited to the lymph nodes in your neck . The prognosis is n ' t as positive for people with very large tumors or in the rare cases when papillary cancer has invaded tissues other than the lymph nodes . But even papillary tumors that have spread to the lungs or bone often can Follicular cancer ( follicular carcinoma , follicular adenocarcinoma ) This type of cancer is more aggressive and affects a slightly older population than does papillary cancer . Follicular tumors do n ' t usually spread to the lymph nodes but are likely to invade the veins and arteries within the thyroid . From there , they may spread to organs such as your lungs and bone . Medullary cancer ( medullary carcinoma ) Rather than arising from follicle cells , this type of thyroid cancer develops in calcitonin - producing C cells . These tumors usually make calcitonin along with carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) — a protein produced by certain cancers . Both are released into the bloodstream and can be detected by blood tests . But in many cases , medullary cancer may spread to the lymph nodes or other organs before a lump is detected or blood tests are performed . There are three main types of medullary cancer : Sporadic . Sporadic tumors make up the great majority of medullary cancers . They primarily affect people between the ages of 40 and 60 and are not inherited . Multiple endocrine neoplasia , type II ( MEN 2 ) . MEN 2 medullary cancers are passed from one generation to the next and usually appear much earlier in life than do other thyroid cancers . In addition to thyroid tumors , people with MEN 2 usually have tumors in other endocrine glands , such as the adrenal or parathyroid glands . MEN 2 has two subtypes , MEN 2A and MEN 2B . People with MEN 2A often develop adrenal gland tumors ( pheochromocytomas ) and tumors of the parathyroid glands — four glands that sit behind the thyroid and produce a hormone that helps maintain the proper balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body . Although these associated tumors are usually benign , they can lead to serious complications . Adrenal gland tumors , for example , can cause high blood pressure , and parathyroid tumors can contribute to dangerously high levels of calcium as well as to osteoporosis and kidney stones . People with MEN 2B also have adrenal gland tumors , but not parathyroid gland problems . Instead , they develop benign nerve tissue growths ( neuromas ) , mainly on their tongues , the underside of their eyelids and in the intestines . They may also have thick lips and thickened eyelids . The thyroid cancer that occurs in people with MEN 2B syndrome is particularly aggressive and usually develops at a very young age . Familial . Familial medullary cancers are inherited , but unlike MEN 2 cancers , affect only the thyroid gland . They are usually slower growing than MEN 2 tumors , and they primarily affect people who are in their 40s and 50s . Anaplastic cancer ( anaplastic carcinoma ) This rare form of thyroid cancer is sometimes called undifferentiated cancer because it looks very different from normal thyroid tissue under a microscope . It appears to develop from an existing , undiagnosed papillary or follicular cancer . Anaplastic cancer is extremely aggressive , spreads rapidly to the lymph nodes and trachea , and then to other organs , especially the lungs and bone . For that reason , it ' s often not curable surgically by the time it ' s diagnosed . Unfortunately , other therapies , such as radiation , are n ' t usually successful in Thyroid lymphoma This rare type of cancer does n ' t develop from thyroid follicular cells or C cells . Instead , it starts in immune system cells called lymphocytes . Although most lymphomas begin in the lymph nodes , some occasionally appear in other organs , such as the thyroid . What causes thyroid cancer ? Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way . This process is controlled by DNA — the genetic material that contains the instructions for every chemical process in your body . When DNA is damaged or altered , changes occur in these instructions . One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor — a mass of malignant cells . In the case of thyroid cancer , DNA damage can occur from exposure to environmental contaminants such as radiation , from the aging process or , in medullary cancers , from genetic causes : Radiation . If you ' ve been exposed to radiation , you have a greater risk of thyroid cancer , but it may not appear for decades after exposure . Children who received high doses of radiation to treat conditions such as acne , enlarged tonsils and scalp infections between the 1920s and 1950s are at higher risk of thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules than are those who did n ' t receive these treatments . Also at high risk of thyroid cancer are people who have been exposed to radioactive particles from atomic weapons tests and nuclear power plant accidents such The greatest cancer risk comes from a component of fallout called iodine 131 , a radioactive isotope of naturally occurring iodine that concentrates in the thyroid gland . Iodine 131 is especially harmful to children , whose thyroid glands are still developing . Genetic causes . Familial medullary cancer and MEN 2 medullary thyroid cancer result from a genetic defect — a mutation of a gene that controls cell growth ( oncogene ) called RET . The mutation is inherited , and each child of a parent with the defect has a 50 percent chance of inheriting it as well . Before the discovery of the RET gene , people with a family history of medullary thyroid cancer were screened using tests that measure levels of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen . Now , genetic testing allows doctors to discover an inherited tendency to thyroid cancer much Genetic testing is controversial , especially when a disease ca n ' t be prevented or successfully treated . But medullary thyroid cancer can be prevented by surgically removing the thyroid gland ( thyroidectomy ) before problems occur . Children at risk of MEN 2A may have this surgery around age 7 or 8 , and children at risk of MEN 2B , as early as 1 year of age . You can live a normal life without a thyroid gland , although you must take thyroid hormones for life to replace those your thyroid would ordinarily produce . And If you have a family history of medullary thyroid cancer , consider talking to a genetic counselor . He or she can explain the advantages and disadvantages of genetic testing and the risks and benefits of thyroid surgery . Risk factors Although the exact cause of many cases of thyroid cancer is n ' t known , certain factors increase your risk : Exposure to radiation . This includes radiation you may have received as a treatment for acne or other childhood diseases as well as radiation from nuclear fallout . If you ' re concerned about possible radiation exposure , talk to your doctor . Or contact the National Cancer Institute ' s Cancer Information Service at ( 800 ) 4 - CANCER , or ( 800 ) 422 - 6237 , for more information . Family history . Having a parent with MEN 2A , MEN 2B or familial medullary cancer means you have a 50 percent chance of having the genetic mutation that causes these diseases . If you have one of these types of cancer yourself , your children have a 50 percent chance of developing cancer . Your doctor or a genetic counselor can give you more information and answer any questions you may have regarding genetic screening and treatment . Certain inherited conditions . Your risk of papillary thyroid cancer increases if you have Gardner ' s syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis — genetic disorders in which large numbers of precancerous polyps develop throughout your colon and upper intestine . Untreated , Gardner ' s syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis usually lead to colon cancer . Having Cowden disease , a rare , inherited disorder that causes lesions on your face , hands and feet , and inside your mouth , also increases your risk of developing thyroid cancer . Your sex . For reasons that are n ' t clear , women are two to three times as likely as men to develop thyroid cancer . Reproductive history . Women whose last pregnancy occurs at age 30 or later appear to be at higher risk of thyroid cancer than are women who have children earlier in life . Age . Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers can develop at any age but become more common in young adulthood . Sporadic medullary thyroid cancer usually occurs in adults . MEN 2 and familial medullary cancer also occur in adults but can affect children and infants as well . Race . White Americans are more likely to develop thyroid cancer than black Americans are . When to seek medical advice See your doctor if you develop any of the symptoms of thyroid cancer , including a lump in your neck near your Adam ' s apple , hoarseness , or trouble swallowing or breathing . And do n ' t hesitate to talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk of thyroid problems or are worried about radiation treatments you received in childhood . Screening and diagnosis Although you may see or feel a lump ( nodule ) in your thyroid yourself — usually just to the lower right or left of your Adam ' s apple — it ' s more likely that your doctor will discover a lump during a routine medical exam . You ' re usually asked to swallow while your doctor examines your thyroid because the thyroid moves up and down during swallowing , making nodules easier to feel . Sometimes a thyroid nodule is detected as an incidental finding when you have an imaging test to evaluate another condition in your head or neck . Nodules detected this way are usually too small to be found during a physical exam . To help determine whether a nodule is malignant , you may have one or more of the following tests : Blood tests . If your doctor suspects medullary cancer , you may have tests that check for high levels of calcitonin in your blood . Other tests can provide information about the function of your thyroid gland . For example , you may have a test that measures thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , a hormone made by the pituitary gland that regulates thyroid hormones . Thyroid scan . This was once the primary way of assessing thyroid nodules . During the test , a radioactive isotope is injected into the vein on the inside of your elbow . You then lie on a table while a special camera produces an image of your thyroid on a computer screen . The length of the scan varies , depending on how long it takes the isotope to reach your thyroid gland . The disadvantage of a thyroid scan is that it ca n ' t distinguish between malignant and benign nodules . You ' re also exposed to a small Fine - needle aspiration ( FNA ) biopsy . This test is generally considered the most sensitive for distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules . During the procedure , your doctor places a thin needle through your skin and into a nodule and removes a sample of cells . Several passes are usually needed to obtain tissue from different parts of the nodule . If you have more than one nodule , your doctor is likely to take samples from as many as possible . Sometimes your doctor may use ultrasound to help guide the placement of the needle . The samples are then sent to a laboratory Surgical biopsy . Occasionally , an FNA does n ' t provide a definitive diagnosis . In that case , your doctor may operate to remove the nodule , which is then examined in a pathology laboratory . Staging tests If you receive a diagnosis of thyroid cancer , you ' re likely to have tests to help determine whether the cancer has spread ( metastasized ) — a process known as staging . The stage of cancer helps your doctor determine the best course of treatment and the outlook for your recovery . The staging tests you have may vary , depending on the type of thyroid cancer . Papillary and follicular cancers . A radioactive iodine thyroid scan is commonly used to stage papillary and follicular thyroid cancers . But unlike most tumors , which are staged before treatment , your doctor is likely to remove the primary tumor along with part or all of your thyroid gland before the test . That ' s because normal thyroid tissue would absorb most of the radioactive iodine from the scan , making metastatic cells hardto detect Prior to this surgery , your doctor may recommend an ultrasound examination of your neck to determine if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes . Medullary thyroid cancer . Because thyroid C cells do n ' t absorb iodine , thyroid scans are n ' t used to stage medullary cancer . Instead , you may have imaging tests such as computerized tomography ( CT ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . A CT scan uses split - second computer processing and X - ray beams to produce detailed cross - sectional images of your internal organs . This test exposes you to more radiation than conventional X - rays do , but in most cases , the benefits outweigh the risks . MRI , on the Screening tests If you have medullary cancer , consider having DNA testing , which checks a blood sample for the known genetic defects that cause familial and MEN - associated medullary thyroid cancer . It ' s best to meet with a genetic counselor to discuss what a positive or negative test result may mean for your family . If you have medullary thyroid cancer but do n ' t test positive for the RET gene , it ' s still important that your close family members have their calcitonin levels tested . This is generally done using a calcium infusion test . Although the calcitonin level of healthy people rises slightly after an injection of calcium , it ' s much higher in people with medullary thyroid cancer . The calcium infusion test usually takes between 15 and 20 minutes and is done on an outpatient basis . You ' ll have a small amount of blood drawn before the injection of calcium and again at two , five , 10 and 15 minutes after the injection . Complications Thyroid tumors can lead to a number of complications , including : Difficulty swallowing and breathing . Some thyroid cancers , particularly fast - growing anaplastic tumors and thyroid lymphomas , can cause hoarseness and difficulty breathing or swallowing when they spread to or press on your windpipe or esophagus . Hoarseness . The nerves that control your vocal cords lie next to your thyroid gland . Aggressive thyroid cancers can irritate or damage these nerves , leading to a hoarse voice . Diarrhea . Medullary thyroid cancer can cause severe diarrhea , which may be related to calcitonin production . It ' s usually controlled with drugs that reduce the activity of the intestine , such as Lomotil or Imodium . Spread of cancer ( metastasis ) . The most serious complication of thyroid cancer is the spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs . This is especially likely in anaplastic cancer , which has often spread to the windpipe or lungs by the time it ' s diagnosed . Follicular and papillary cancers also may spread to distant organs such as the lungs , bone and liver . Treatment Surgery is the main treatment for most types of thyroid cancer , but other therapies may vary , depending on the type of thyroid cancer you have . Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers The best type of surgery for follicular and papillary thyroid cancers was once a matter of debate . Now most experts agree that the optimal treatment is near - total thyroidectomy — an operation that removes practically the entire thyroid with the exception of small rims of tissue around the parathyroid glands to reduce the risk of parathyroid damage . If you have enlarged lymph nodes as a result of thyroid cancer , your operation may be extended to remove the affected lymph nodes . In some cases , this may mean exploring and removing enlarged lymph nodes on both Surgical treatment of follicular cancer is more complicated than that of papillary cancer because follicular cancer usually ca n ' t be diagnosed until the affected tissue is examined . Sometimes this occurs during surgery using a technique called frozen section , which takes less than 10 minutes to complete and which is performed while you ' re still anesthetized . When this procedure is n ' t available , surgeons are likely to remove the lobe of the thyroid that contains the nodule ( lobectomy ) and send it to a pathologist , who examines it under a microscope After any type of surgery for thyroid cancer , you ' ll need to take the thyroid hormone medication levothyroxine ( Levothroid , Synthroid ) for life . This has two benefits : It supplies the missing hormone your thyroid would normally produce , and it suppresses the pituitary ' s production of TSH , which signals your thyroid to manufacture hormones . High TSH levels could conceivably stimulate any remaining cancer cells to grow . You ' ll likely have blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels every few months until your doctor finds the proper dosage for you . Too much hormone can cause unintended weight loss , palpitations , tremors , osteoporosis and frequent bowel movements . Too little may lead to weight gain , sensitivity to cold , and dry skin and hair . Other treatments for papillary and follicular cancers include : Radioactive iodine ( radioiodine ) therapy . This therapy may be used in treating thyroid cancer for two reasons . One is to destroy any normal tissue that remains after near - total thyroidectomy . A procedure called remnant ablation uses a moderate dose of iodine to destroy the rims of tissue that have been left after surgery to protect the parathyroids . Radioiodine therapy is a standard treatment for follicular cancer and may sometimes be used in people with papillary cancer . Radioiodine therapy may also be used to destroy any cancer that has spread beyond the thyroid gland . In this treatment , you take a capsule containing iodine 131 , usually at a higher dose than is used for remnant ablation . Because iodine 131 is taken up primarily by thyroid tissue — including thyroid cancer cells — other parts of your body are n ' t affected . You must have any remaining thyroid tissue removed before you can undergo radioiodine therapy . That ' s because normal thyroid tissue absorbs more iodine than do cancer cells , and External beam radiation . Like radioiodine therapy , external beam radiation uses radiation to destroy cancer cells . But in this case , the rays come from a source outside your body — a high - energy X - ray machine called a linear accelerator . The cancer cells are targeted with a high dose of radiation for a few minutes at a time , usually five days a week , over the course of six to eight weeks . The goal is to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue . You ' re likely to feel very tired later Follow - up care after treatment for follicular or papillary thyroid cancer is important . Thyroid cancer can recur as many as 20 or 30 years after the original diagnosis , although if you ' ve remained cancer - free for five years , the recurrence rate is low . Still , you ' ll have periodic blood tests to monitor your level of thyroglobulin , a protein that stores thyroid hormone . Elevated levels of this hormone could indicate that the cancer has returned . You may also have imaging tests or other tests that help your doctor check for a recurrence of cancer . Medullary thyroid cancer This type of cancer usually occurs in both lobes of the thyroid gland and often involves multiple tumors . For that reason , the best treatment is total thyroidectomy . And because medullary cancer has often spread to the lymph nodes by the time it ' s diagnosed , you may have lymph nodes removed ( dissection ) on both sides of your neck . When the cancer has n ' t metastasized , the outlook after surgery is excellent . If the cancer has spread to other organs , treatment depends on several factors , including the size of Anaplastic thyroid cancer The most aggressive and fastest growing type of thyroid cancer , anaplastic cancer often ca n ' t be helped by surgery by the time it ' s diagnosed . Radiation or chemotherapy may shrink tumors slightly and make you more comfortable . But because no treatment can eliminate advanced anaplastic cancer , you may want to consider participating in a clinical trial . This is a study that tests new forms of therapy — typically new drugs or surgical procedures , or novel treatments such as gene therapy . If the therapy proves to be safer or more effective If you ' re interested in finding out more about clinical trials , talk to your doctor . You can also call the National Cancer Institute ' s Cancer Information Service at ( 800 ) 4 - CANCER , or ( 800 ) 422 - 6237 . The call is free , and trained specialists are available to answer your questions . Prevention It ' s often not possible to prevent thyroid cancer . But the following measures may reduce or eliminate your risk : Preventive ( prophylactic ) surgery . If you ' ve inherited a defective RET gene , you may choose to have your thyroid gland surgically removed , even though the gland appears to be healthy . This pre - emptive approach eliminates the risk of medullary thyroid cancer but does n ' t reduce the likelihood of adrenal or parathyroid tumors in people with MEN 2 syndrome . Potassium iodide tablets . Heightened concerns about national security have focused attention on nuclear power plants in the United States . Current government guidelines recommend that people within 10 miles of these plants be provided with potassium iodide tablets . Taken just before or immediately after exposure to nuclear fallout , potassium iodide protects your thyroid gland from iodine 131 , though not from other radioactive material . Children are most at risk from exposure to radioactive iodine , and potassium iodide is safe and effective for even very young children when taken in the proper dosage . Short - term side effects , A healthy diet . A diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat can reduce your risk of many types of cancer . The American Cancer Society recommends eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day . They contain antioxidants , which protect your cells from damage that occurs as a result of normal metabolism . In addition , emphasize unsaturated fats ( omega - 3 fatty acids ) , especially those found in salmon and other fish , because they may help protect against cancer . Maintaining a healthy weight can also help protect against many diseases Hurthle cell cancer April 04 , 2005 | [
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http://globalnutritionreport.org/the-report/ | 2017 Global Nutrition Report Nourishing the SDGs The 2017 Global Nutrition Report shows there are five core areas of development that run through the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) which nutrition can contribute to , and in turn , benefit from : sustainable food production ; infrastructure ; health systems ; equity and inclusion , and peace and stability . Through these areas , the report finds that improving nutrition can have a powerful multiplier effect across the SDGs . Indeed , it indicates that it will be a challenge to achieve any SDG without addressing nutrition . Photo credit : Ibz_Omar Download the full report English PDF 4.7MB Spanish PDF 4.6MB French PDF 4.6MB | [
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http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/08/drug-cartels-are-causing-a-refugee-crisis/ | July 8th , 2014 11 : 57 AM ET Drug cartels are causing a refugee crisis By Ted Galen Carpenter , Special to CNN Editor ’ s note : Ted Galen Carpenter , a senior fellow at the Cato Institute , is the author of nine books on international affairs , including The Fire Next Door : Mexico ’ s Drug Violence and the Danger to America . The views expressed are his own . Officials in the United States might be tempted to view the disturbing surge in young refugees as simply a border security issue . But the problem is far more complex than that – the drug cartels are now major players in Central American countries , driving vulnerable populations northward to the United States to enhance their own profits . And America ’ s hardline prohibitionist drug war is only making things worse . Although the growing power of the cartels is not the only factor accounting for this crisis , Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson suggested in congressional testimony that the “ push factor ” of violence is important . Drug gangs have gained control of major chunks of Central America , making honest economic activity perilous . Teenagers especially have few options if they are not willing to work for the drug lords . As Caitlin Dickson noted in the Daily Beast , for example , “ by making these countries so dangerous and virtually unlivable for its poorest citizens , the cartels have effectively created an incentive for people to flee , thereby providing themselves with more clientele for their human smuggling business . ” Since the cartels have seized control of human smuggling routes through Mexico , often charging refugees several thousand dollars for passage , the flood of undocumented immigrants significantly supplements the revenue that the drug gangs have long enjoyed from trafficking in illegal drugs . Would - be immigrants who ca n ’ t pay are pressed into service to carry drugs into the United States . And the surge of unaccompanied minors helps distract the already strained U.S. Border Patrol , making it easier for the drug lords to avoid having their products intercepted . All of these problems have been building for years . As the Mexican government stepped up its attacks on the cartels , drug kingpins began moving many of their operations into Central America as early as 2008 . Such geographic displacement is a recurring problem with the prohibitionist strategy directed against illegal drugs . Since the drug trade is illegal , its practice in the black market is enormously profitable , and traffickers go to great lengths to maintain their power and market share . Whenever pressure mounts in one arena , they simply relocate to another jurisdiction where the Central American countries already had some of the highest homicide rates in the world , but the arrival of the Mexican cartels has made a bad situation even worse . Drug gang turf fights that plagued Mexico over the past decade are now being played out with increasing frequency and ferocity in its southern neighbors . And the same gruesome trophies , especially severed heads , are now showing up with greater frequency as well , increasing the incentive for honest and vulnerable young people to leave . Already by December 2010 , Guatemalan President Álvaro Colom had declared a “ state of siege ” in Alta Verapaz , an especially violent province near the border with Mexico , contending that the Zetas had overrun that province . Another Guatemalan official later asserted that the cartel controlled three other states – nearly half of Guatemala ’ s territory . Kevin Casas - Zamora , a former vice president of Costa Rica and later a fellow at the Brookings Institution , has cited cartel dominance in a large northern region known as the Petén . “ The Zetas have roadblocks there , ” he has noted . “ You can only enter the Petén if the Zetas allow you to . ” Similar developments took place in Honduras . Journalists reported how traffickers dominated the rural portions of the country , including Colon Province . The reputed local drug kingpin traveled the area freely , but ordinary farmers were fleeing the province in droves , and the local press had become wary about reporting on cartel activities . By nearly all accounts , the power of the cartels and the extent of drug - related violence in both Guatemala and Honduras remain at extremely high levels . Advocates of drug policy reform in the United States and Latin America , including former presidents of Mexico , Colombia , and Honduras – and the current president of Uruguay – point out that the current prohibitionist approach to illegal drugs empowers and enriches criminal cartels . Former Mexican President Felipe Calderon for his part seemed to imply back in 2011 that decriminalization of drugs might “ annul the stratospheric profits of the criminals . ” But the reality is that unless we heed those warnings , we will continue to see the truly disturbing effects of prohibition , whether in the form of violence in Latin America or a refugee crisis along the U.S. - Mexico border . Post by : CNN ' s Jason Miks Topics : Drugs Latin America United States Next entry » Can other countries tap into Obama campaign success ? « Previous entry Zakaria : Flare - up in Gaza violence will be hard to stop sound off ( 39 Responses ) Eddie Fonseca America ' s war on Mexican drug cartels date back to the good old day ' s of 1980 ' s in South Beach Miami when the Mexican drug cartels used to buy office buildings , with drug money and have dummy corporations such as real estate business ' s who would file taxes to the IRS which in turn would make it look like a legal business being operated . The catch twenty two to this situation sometimes the Mexican cartels would bring their style of Mexican violence to the streets of Miami , which in turn would start July 9 , 2015 at 1 : 16 am | Reply James Irby This is the very best search engine in the world http : / / google . com April 20 , 2017 at 4 : 09 am | Reply « Previous 1 2 Post a comment Name : ( required ) E - mail : ( required , but will not be displayed ) CNN welcomes a lively and courteous discussion as long as you follow the Rules of Conduct set forth in our Terms of Service . Comments are not pre - screened before they post . You agree that anything you post may be used , along with your name and profile picture , in accordance with our Privacy Policy and the license you have granted pursuant to our Terms of Service Next entry » Can other countries tap into Obama campaign success ? « Previous entry Zakaria : Flare - up in Gaza violence will be hard to stop | [
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http://globalrph.com/antibiotic/pneumonia.htm | Pneumonia Infection Pneumonia Duration of treatment : Community acquired - mild : 7 - 10days . / / Gram negative ( usually nosocomial ) : 3 to 6 weeks . / / Staphylococcal : 3 to 4 weeks / / Legionella , mycoplasma , chlamydia : 14 to 21 days . / / Lung abscess : 4 to 6 weeks . Possible therapeutic alternatives Community - acquired Pneumonia ( CAP ) : ( outpatient therapy ) Adult patient Pneumonia : Community acquired . ( outpatient therapy ) Adult patient Common pathogens OUTPATIENT No co - morbidities : Azithromycin 500 mg x1 , then 250 mg once daily OR azithromycin 2 gm ( XR ) x 1 dose ( OR ) Clarithromycin 500mg orally twice daily or 1gram ( XR ) orally once daily x 7 days ( OR ) Doxycycline 100mg orally twice daily Co - morbidities present : Levofloxacin 750 mg once daily x 5 days ( OR ) moxifloxacin 400mg po qd x 7 - 10days ( OR ) Azithromycin 500 mg x1 , then 250 mg once daily PLUS [ Augmentin XR * 1000 / 62.5 mg 2 tablets orally twice daily or Cefdinir 300 mg orally twice daily or Cefpodoxime 200 mg orally twice daily or Cefprozil 500 mg orally twice daily ] x 7 days * AUGMENTIN XR is contraindicated in patients with a creatinine clearance of < 30 mL / min . and in hemodialysis patients Community acquired PNEUMONIA - Adult ( any age ) Common pathogens Hospitalized patient : 500mg IV once daily PLUS Ceftriaxone 1 gram q24h ( OR ) 500mg IV once daily PLUS Ertapenem 1 gram q24h ( OR ) Monotherapy : Levofloxacin 750 mg IV / PO once daily ( OR ) Moxifloxacin 400mg IV qd . ICU patient ( CAP ) : Ceftriaxone 1 - 2 grams IV q24h OR Ampicillin - sulbactam ( Unasyn ) 1.5 - 3.0 grams ivpb q6h ] PLUS 500mg IV once daily OR 750 mg IV / PO once daily ( OR ) Moxifloxacin 400mg IV qd . ] PLUS Vancomycin - ( patient - specific regimen - trough goal 15 - 20 mcg / ml ) Hospital - acquired PNEUMONIA ( HAP ) Hospital - acquired PNEUMONIA ( HAP ) ( nosocomial ) Multi - drug resistance unlikely 1 - 2 grams IV q24h OR Ampicillin - sulbactam ( Unasyn ) 3.0 grams ivpb q6h OR 750 mg IV / PO once daily Multi - drug resistance LIKELY Piperacillin - tazobactam 3.375g ivpb q6h OR Cefepime 2 grams IV every 12 hours OR Meropenem 1 gm IV q8h PLUS ( If MRSA suspected ) Vancomycin - ( patient - specific regimen - trough goal 15 - 20 mcg / ml ) Aspiration pneumonia Community acquired : Clindamycin 600mg ivpb every 6 to 8 hours or Augmentin 875mg PO bid or 500mg tid x 10 days Hospital acquired : Piperacillin - tazobactam 3.375g ivpb q6h OR ( Unasyn ) 1.5 - 3.0 grams ivpb q6h . OR Cefoxitin 2 grams ivpb q6 - 8h or Cefotetan 1 - 2 grams IV q12h . OR Cefotaxime 2g ivpb q8h or 2 grams ivpb q24h ] + Clindamycin 600mg IV q6 - 8h . OR 600mg IV q6 - 8h + [ Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12h or 500 - 750mg IV qd . ] Hospital acquired : ( Cover most common pathogens + possibility of aspiration ) 3.375 grams IV every 6 hours + Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12h or Cefepime 2 grams IV every 12 hours + 600mg IV every 6 hours . Ventilator - associated pneumonia ( VAP ) ( Mild to moderate infection AND multi - drug resistance unlikely ) : ( Unasyn ) 3.0 grams ivpb q6h OR 750 mg IV / PO once daily OR Ertapenem 1 gm IV q24h PLUS ( If MRSA suspected ) ( Severe infection OR multi - drug resistance LIKELY ) : 2 grams IV every 12 hours OR 4.5 grams IV Q6H OR Meropenem 1 gm IV q8h 400mg IV q8h OR 750 mg IV / PO once daily OR Aminoglycoside ( Tobra ) - patient - specific regimen . Images Disclaimer The authors make no claims of the accuracy of the information contained herein ; and these suggested doses are not a substitute for clinical judgment . Neither GlobalRPh Inc . nor any other party involved in the preparation of this program shall be liable for any special , consequential , or exemplary damages resulting in whole or part from any user ’ s use of or reliance upon this material . PLEASE READ THE DISCLAIMER CAREFULLY BEFORE ACCESSING OR USING THIS SITE . BY ACCESSING OR USING THIS SITE , YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS Read the disclaimer | [
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http://globaltalentbooking.com/tyler-the-creator.php | Imagine your event headlined by Tyler The Creator . How much buzz would booking Tyler The Creator bring to your event ? GTB helps customers Book VIP Shows , Corporate Events , & Private Engagements with top talent for hire . GTB represents clients as they book talent like Tyler The Creator for their event . Click to start The Event Booking Process with Tyler The Creator . Tyler The Creator Talent Bio : Tyler , The Creator ( born March 6 , 1991 ) , is an American rapper and record producer . He is the leader of Los Angeles , CA hip hop crew OFWGKTA ( Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All ) . He has rapped on , and produced for , nearly every OFWGKTA release . He released his debut solo album , " Bastard " , in 2009 . After signing to XL Recordings in February 2011 he released Yonkers , the lead single off his forthcoming album " Goblin " , which due for release on May 10 , 2011 . Putting together a memorable event is n ' t easy . 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We have written contracts in thousands of jurisdictions , with individuals and organizations across various industries . Let us help you and your organization present a professional experience tailored precisely to your needs , budget Artists and Performers College Concerts Corporate Events Event Production Marketing and Promotions Music Festivals Private Events Models | [
"Tyler The Creator"
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"Global Vision Concepts"
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http://globe-views.com/dreams/lizard.html | Lizard - Meaning of Dream Home L Interpretation of a dream « Lizard » Lizard is a symbol of cruelty , malice , and danger . Besides the fact that lizards are compared to snakes by qualities and abilities , they are also the subject of many myths and legends . Lizards are endowed with magical powers and great wisdom , and even cunning and guile . They can range from small and inconspicuous to large , unusual and colorful . If you see lizard in your dream it means that there is a threat from your enemies , they will try to harm you . Be prepared for this , try to consolidate your position in advance . If you kill a lizard it means victory over your enemies . But it will not be so easy to do ; possibly you will need to put a lot of efforts . As a result , you will still be able to restore the reputation . But do not expect it to be without anxiety . Remember that you are able to overcome everything , using the interpretation of this dream as a hint . If you dreamed of a lizard that sheds its skin it means that you will face unhappiness . Be especially careful if this animal managed to bite you in the dream . This dream foretells a very difficult financial situation . You will have to be patient and wait till things get better , and it will happen soon . Only your will can help you to survive in this and in any other trial . This dream shows that you have to take measures that will help to easily overcome these adversities . Make sure you have a supply Lizard in a dream is the epitome of evil and cruelty , and often violence . If you dreamed of a lizard , which had extraordinary beauty , you will be able to live or work peacefully with dangerous , treacherous person . This dream shows that you are endowed with a special ability to maneuver , and able to avoid unpleasant situations . Lizard in dreams is a symbol of harmonious relationships with others . Lizard has the qualities of maneuvering in different environment . The same is the dreamer , has the ability to get out of various situations without loss and skillfully . Lizard , which attacks you aggressively , indicates the presence of dangerous enemies and detractors in your life . If you see a calm lizard peacefully sunbathing , it is a sign of favorable set of circumstances . Lizard in the dream book of Vanga is a sign that not all your friends are very sincere with you . Take a closer look to your surroundings : someone flatters you in order to take advantage of your favor . Lizard in Freud ' s dream book . If a lizard runs away from you in a dream , it means that your partner is cheating on you . Lizard ' s tail in a dream represents the male sexual organ . If a man sees a lizard with a torn tail , it may be a warning of a temporary or permanent impotence . If you see how the tail grows , you will be able to restore sexual function and sexual new victories . Photo Gallery of Lizard : Horoscope on October 2015 | [
"Lizard",
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http://globe-views.com/dreams/lynx.html | Lynx - Meaning of Dream Home L Interpretation of a dream « Lynx » Lynx , as well as any other wild cat is a sign of flattery and imaginary friends . But lynx carries a greater risk than an ordinary domestic cat . Thus , a dream in which someone sees a lynx brings a double trouble . If a person is dreaming about a lynx , he / she should be ready to face enemies and false friends . Perhaps , someone is plotting revenge against the dreamer . Usually , a lynx represents intrigue , envy , and cunning . Lynx is the danger of aggression . Most likely , it is a dangerous and cruel enemy that is not going to work undercover . This enemy prefers the open game . Also , a lynx in a dream can be a harbinger of envy and gossip , because of which your reputation may suffer . It is better to postpone any financial affairs and to be isolated in order to sort own thoughts out . Some people believe that a lynx in a dream is a sign of a huge trouble , but it ' s not always true . Sometimes , your subconscious mind understands symbols differently . For the majority , a lynx in a dream is something nasty and unkind . But a dream interpretation should be individualized . It is important to understand how the subconsciousness chooses images . It became a little clearer what lynx means , but it is worth of digging deeper and discovering something more interesting and important . It turns out that a lynx , which try to attack is a sign of confusion and eventual despair . But if in a dream you see lynx ’ s skin - everything will be fine , the business will improve and envious will find another victim . If you see a lynx with its prey – you will be promoted . Dreaming of a calm and resting cat is a good sign . If you see such dream you will have peaceful life and prosperity in affairs . A dream , in which you feel yourself as a predator is considered to be bad . It promises great and protracted discussions and strong opponents . If you dream that a lynx is scared of something and it cowardly runs away , it means that you will have a success in all endeavors . If you happened to kill the animal , it means that you will be incredibly joyful , everything will develop according to your plan , and no one will interfere in what is happening . Dreaming of a lynx attacking another person is a sign of danger and human malice . This dream is considered to be inauspicious and means deceit , greed and cruelty . Perhaps , you should change your environment . Most likely , there are people , whom you should n ’ t trust . It is necessary to pay attention to the size of a lynx . If the animal is small – you will have small troubles and unnecessary fear . If you see a huge predator , it is a very bad sign . You better analyze your present situation and do not take any hasty action . Photo Gallery of Lynx : Horoscope on October 2015 | [
"Lynx"
] |
http://globegazette.com/news/local/power-starts-flowing-from-emery-generating-plant/article_56f73d25-9153-5c0c-81ec-4403bd8b303c.html | Breaking Fire engulfs Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris Power starts flowing from Emery Generating Plant By JAN HORGEN , Of The Globe Gazette May 19 , 2004 0 $ 3 for first 13 weeks SARAH SCHUTT / The Globe Gazette Alliant Energy ’ s Emery Generating Station can produce enough electricity to power 180,000 homes . msc MASON CITY — Plumes of steam belched from a stack , smoke signals declaring the Emery Generating Station operational on Tuesday — two weeks ahead of schedule . Designed to run during peak usage hours , Alliant Energy ' s new 565 - megawatt generating plant is fired by natural gas . The $ 400 million construction project is the first new power plant since 1981 to be built by Interstate Power & Light Co . , an Alliant subsidiary . Expectation of record high energy demand this summer equates to perfect timing for the plant to open , even with the volatility of natural gas prices , according to Interstate Power & Light Co . President Tom Aller . " Our business is to keep our customers ' power on . If we ca n ' t do that , there ' s a much greater price to pay , " he said . The Emery Generating Station is designed to be a back - up source of electricity during high usage periods and in case other energy plants in the region go down . Wisconsin - based Alliant Energy serves more than 460,000 customers in Iowa . Reach Jan Horgen at 421 - 0534 or jan . horgen @ globegazette . com Load comments ( 0 ) comments Welcome to the discussion . Log In | [
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http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people3/Waltz/waltz-con4.html | Kenneth Waltz Interview Conversations with History Institute of International Studies UC Berkeley Page 4 of 7 The Idea of Structure in International Relations Theory Why is it so hard in our perceptions of the world and even among your political science colleagues to understand the implications of structure in todays world One thinks of globalization In an earlier phase the word was interdependence There is a penchant for finding new trends and then saying the game is over with regard to structure and these relational issues Why is that Its simply because the actors you observe who is it doing things in the world are states and the interrelation of states And those interrelations do vary Theyre sometimes closer theyre sometimes looser Its states that do things and especially its the states of greatest power who do things So if youre looking at immediate causes thats where you find the immediate causes It takes an act of the mind to conceive of how the conditions under which these actions and interactions occur influence the actions and interactions themselves Thats not something that you open your eyes and look at and see or read about in The New York Times every morning It takes an act of thought to do that Globalization is a very interesting example of this for what appears to us as globalization appears to much of the world no doubt to most of the world very simply as Americanization In other words the world is no longer bipolar Its now unipolar There is one great power and one only This condition has not existed since Rome That is no country has dominated the relevant part of the globe since Rome to the extent that we do And of course Romes realm was a part of the world Our realm is the entire globe Before we talk about this new position of the US in the world I want to ask you one thing I know that you wrote quite a bit about the stability of the bipolar world And that was unconventional when you wrote about it because the very interactions between us and the Soviets were creating this Cold War fear that made people not want to accept what you were saying It was structure that made you see the stability that was actually there which many people were not seeing Thats right Looking back the article on stability of a bipolar world was published in 1964 It was strangely controversial It made people mad I first gave the paper as a talk to the HarvardMIT Arms Control Seminar There was a lively and heated discussion following the presentation of the simple idea that this has become a world of two powers in other words a bipolar world People were saying No wait a minute Europe still counts Well of course Europe still counted but not nearly as much obviously as it once did and not merely as much as the In economic terms it was not a world of interdependence at all the United States and the Soviet Union scarcely traded with one another Militarily the interdependence was close because each could do grievous damage to the other And in international politics again a realm of selfhelp ultimately thats what counts Within Id say certainly within ten years probably less than ten years it became accepted Yes of course the world is bipolar And that makes the really deep controversy by which this article was greeted all the more striking Next page A Unipolar World Copyright 2003 Regents of the University of California | [
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http://globetrottergirls.com/2011/11/the-5-biggest-and-best-waterfalls-around-the-world/ | The 5 biggest and best waterfalls around the world Destination Tips Destinations Travel Tips by Guest on November 8 , 2011 5 comments waterfalls Waterfalls make up some of the most visited and best known natural tourist attractions around the world . Stunningly beautiful , it ’ s little wonder that people travel from far and wide to enjoy the breathtaking natural attractions that are world renowned for their magnificence . While there are many amazing waterfalls around the globe , listed below are five of the world ’ s biggest and best waterfalls that stand - out from the rest in terms of height , volume or sheer beauty : Niagara Falls ( USA and Canada , North America ; 51 metres ) Situated in Ontario , Canada and New York , USA , Niagara Falls is undoubtedly the world ’ s most famous waterfall . At 51 metres in height , it is certainly not the tallest . However , this magnificent waterfall has an average flow rate of 1,834 cubic metres per second . Connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , this three - part waterfall attracts around 12 million visitors every year . Niagara Falls can be enjoyed by boat , helicopter or on foot . Angel Falls ( Venezuela , South America ; 979 metres ) Located in Venezuela ’ s Canaima National Park , Angel Falls , otherwise known as Kerepakupai Merú , is the world ’ s tallest and some would argue most beautiful waterfall at 979 metres . Around one million people are thought to visit the waterfall each year . The best ways to explore Angel Falls , which ought not to be confused with the three North American waterfalls of the same name , are from the top or at the very bottom . However this UNESCO World Heritage Site is enjoyed , it is guaranteed to impress . A truly outstanding natural spectacle . Iguazu Falls ( Argentina and Brazil , South America ; 82 metres ) At 82 metres , Iguazu Falls is much shorter than many of the world ’ s tallest waterfalls , but what it lacks in height it makes up for in volume , especially during the rainy season , when the Rio Iguazu can swell up to eight times its usual size . Forming a natural boundary between Argentina and Brazil , Iguazu Falls has an average flow rate of 1,756 cubic metres per second , which is almost the same as Niagara Falls . Hundreds of thousands of tourists visit Iguazu Falls every year . Victoria Falls ( Zimbabwe , Africa ; 108 metres ) Known among locals as “ Mosi - oa - Tunya ” , this stunning African waterfall is neither the tallest nor most voluminous waterfall in the world , but aside from being among the most spectacular , it is widely regarded as the largest . Measuring 1,708 metres across and boasting an average flow rate of 1,088 cubic metres per second , Victoria Falls is so vast and impressive that rainbows often form in its spray . Comprising four main channels ( Devils Cataract , Main Falls , Rainbow Falls and Eastern Cataract ) and flowing into the Zambezi River , Victoria Falls is visited by approximately 2.5 million tourists every year . Many people head to Zimbabwe for safari holidays but if you are planning a trip to the country , be sure to include Victoria Falls on your holiday itinerary ! Olo ’ upena Falls ( Hawaii , USA ; 900 metres ) Situated on the gorgeous Hawaiian island of Molokai , Olo ’ upena Falls ( sometimes referred to as Oloupena Falls ) is the fourth highest waterfall in the world behind Angel Falls , Tugela Falls ( South Africa ) and Cataratas las Tres Hermanas ( Peru ) . At 900 metres , Olo ’ upena Falls certainly provides some stunning views of the surrounding cliffs and ocean . Olo ’ upena Falls does not attract the same number of visitors as Niagara Falls or Victoria Falls , but it is almost as impressive in size and beauty . The waterfall does not boast an especially high flow rate or water density , but its relatively gentle trickle can be enjoyed by land , sea or air ( helicopter ) . Tags : waterfalls previous article Street Art special : Oh Canada ! next article Polaroid of the week : Street Food Stall in Patong , Phuket | [
"BEST WATERFALLS",
"AROUND THE WORLD",
"NIAGARA FALLS"
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http://glock.pro/glock-pistols/7765-tenifer-issue.html | Forum Glock Forums Glock Pistols The Tenifer issue Page 1 of 2 1 2 Last Results 1 to 10 of 18 Thread : The Tenifer issue LinkBack Thread Tools 10 - 19 - 2013 , 02 : 05 PM # 1 fidelis [ OP ] Junior Member Join Date Oct 2013 Posts 17 Rep Power 0 The Tenifer issue OK - what is the truth on the Tenifer issue ? Is it still being applied to current Austrian Glocks ? Are Tenifer guns being imported into the U.S. ? Is the Tenifer process being used in U.S. production ? If not Tenifer , what hardening process is being used in U.S. production ? Are Glocks having any hardening process currently imported into the U.S. ? Thanks for sharing any knowledge ! 10 - 19 - 2013 , 02 : 23 PM # 2 cohland Super Moderator Join Date Oct 2010 Location Oregon Posts 3,884 Glock Armorer ? Yes Glocks Owned G19 , G34 ( presently ) Rep Power 16 Originally Posted by fidelis OK - what is the truth on the Tenifer issue ? Is it still being applied to current Austrian Glocks ? Are Tenifer guns being imported into the U.S. ? Is the Tenifer process being used in U.S. production ? If not Tenifer , what hardening process is being used in U.S. production ? Are Glocks having any hardening process currently imported into the U.S. ? Thanks for sharing any knowledge ! I sure wish I had a clear answer for you , all I have is bits and pieces that I ' ve found on the web . I ' ve read that Tenifer is no longer being used because of some environmental concerns about toxic waste byproducts , but that a new process with equally good results is being used instead . Let ' s see if anyone with first - hand information on this comes forward , we have a few people in the Atlanta area with some connections at Glock , perhaps they can provide correct answers . Chris " Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove all doubt . " Abraham Lincoln 03 : 06 PM # 3 EdF702 Senior Member Sep 2010 Location Las Vegas , Nevada 3,134 Glock Armorer ? No Glocks Owned G17 gen 4 , G34 gen3 , gen3 G19 , gen4 G19 , gen3 G17L , gen4 G21 15 I believe that Glock changed from Tenifer to Melonite around 2011 , although I ' m not sure of the date . Both Tenifer and Melonite are a nitride process ( ferric nitrocarborizing ? ) From what I heard , they switched to Melonite , which is a different name brand of ferric nitrocarborizing . Interestingly , they ' re both sold by the same company . Tennifer uses cyanide as a medium and is either illegal to use in the U.S. or is strictly regulated ( with obvious good reason ) . Melonite uses a different medium and is much more common here and is probably catching on in Europe . What is most important is that regardless the brand name of the processing chemical , the metal is protected just the same ! And yes , Glock puts a cosmetic top coat on top of this . Smith and Wesson uses Melonite on some of their pistols and they are widely believed to be impervious to the elements ( google S&W 4566 Melonite ) and see just how popular that finish is . [] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] - - - - - - ) _ ' _ \ * ( " - - - - - - - - - - \ * \ " - - - - - - - - - - - \ _ * _ \ gen3 G34 , gen3 G19 , gen4 G21 , gen4 G19 , gen3 G17L Ruger SR1911 Browning Hi Power 9mm Belgium Ruger GP 100 3 " .357 magnum Smith & Wesson Model 10 - 5 .38 spec ( 2 ) Smith & Wesson Model 17 - 4 .22 LR Smith & Wesson Model 29 - 2 , 29 - 3 Smith & Wesson Model 624 , 25 - 8 , 28 - 2 , 19 - 4 Sig P226 " KD " , P220 ST , P220 9mm , " KA " nickel P228 Beretta 92 Italian Husqavarna 30 / 06 Winchester Super X model 1 " indecision may , or may not , be my problem ! " Sponsored Links Remove Advertisements Glock . pro Advertisements 08 : 11 PM # 4 Rowdie Senior Member Jul 2010 North Carolina 2,773 Yes G17 Gen 4 , G17 L , G17 Gen3 RTF2 w / gills , G19 Gen 3 , G19 Gen4 , G22 , G26 , G27 , G20 , G36 , G30s , G42 12 Call Glock in Smyrna , GA and ask . If you want the correct answer ask TheLaw . I bet he can answer all your questions . I have no idea ! If you really want to fly , get out of the plane . Member : NRA , IDPA , GSSF GLOCK Certified Armorer G22 Gen 3 RTF2 Gills , G17 Gen 4 , G17L , G17 RTF2 Gills , G20 w / ATS Sights , G19 Gen 3 , G19 Gen 4 w / Trijicon Night Sights G26 w / Glock Night Sights , G27 , G30S , G42 , H & R 922 Revolver , Ruger SR1911 , Ruger Mark III 22 / 45 , Browning Buckmark .22 S&W M&P 40 Shield , M&P 9 Shield , Mossberg 500A Persuader , Rock River AR - 15 , Marlin XT .17 HMR , Mossberg Maverick 88 20 Ga . Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine 10 - 20 - 2013 , 10 : 59 AM # 5 Joatmon Nov 2012 N.E. Ohio 1,093 No 30s , 23 8 I do know there ' s a difference . My 27 and my 23 have different coatings on them . Both are Austrian and not USA made but you can visibly see the difference . Dan Wesson Pointman 9 , HK USP Compact , HK USP .45 , S&W 3913 Tactical , Glock 30s , Glock 23 , CZ 75 Tactical Sport and a Ruger SR22 . Never mistake kindness for weakness . NRA Certified Instructor 10 - 20 - 2013 , 11 : 35 AM # 6 fleurdelisxliv Jul 2013 Louisiana 185 gen 3 glock 21c 45 6 Originally Posted by Joatmon I do know there ' s a difference . My 27 and my 23 have different coatings on them . Both are Austrian and not USA made but you can visibly see the difference . Can u post pics of each Blasted from my GEN4 GLOCK 21 .45 12 : 12 PM # 7 Nov 2012 N.E. Ohio 1,093 30s , 23 8 I took pictures of both but to tell you the truth , the camera does n ' t really pick up the difference . The 23 ' s finish is just a little lighter than the 27 ' s . I ' ll have to look at born on dates next . Dan Wesson Pointman 9 , HK USP Compact , HK USP .45 , S&W 3913 Tactical , Glock 30s , Glock 23 , CZ 75 Tactical Sport and a Ruger SR22 . Never mistake kindness for weakness . NRA Certified Instructor 12 : 21 PM # 8 fleurdelisxliv Jul 2013 Louisiana 185 gen 3 glock 21c 45 6 I took pictures of both but to tell you the truth , the camera does n ' t really pick up the difference . The 23 ' s finish is just a little lighter than the 27 ' s . I ' ll have to look at born on dates next . Thats what i was thinking when i posted ! Oh well thanks anyway Blasted from my GEN4 GLOCK 21 .45 12 : 39 PM # 9 EdF702 Sep 2010 Las Vegas , Nevada 3,134 G17 gen 4 , G34 gen3 , gen3 G19 , gen4 G19 , gen3 G17L , gen4 G21 15 I do know there ' s a difference . My 27 and my 23 have different coatings on them . Both are Austrian and not USA made but you can visibly see the difference . Any visible difference would n ' t be the nitride process ( Tenifer or Melonite ) as those are " in " the metal . The finish of the slide is a coating applied after metal treatment . Glock did go to a different finish , the older guns are a more shiny black finish . Both finishes are very durable . The cosmetics is preference . [] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] - - - - - - ) _ ' _ \ * ( " - - - - - - - - - - \ * \ " - - - - - - - - - - - \ _ * _ \ gen3 G34 , gen3 G19 , gen4 G21 , gen4 G19 , gen3 G17L Ruger SR1911 Browning Hi Power 9mm Belgium Ruger GP 100 3 " .357 magnum Smith & Wesson Model 10 - 5 .38 spec ( 2 ) Smith & Wesson Model 17 - 4 .22 LR Smith & Wesson Model 29 - 2 , 29 - 3 Smith & Wesson Model 624 , 25 - 8 , 28 - 2 , 19 - 4 Sig P226 " KD " , P220 ST , P220 9mm , " KA " nickel P228 Beretta 92 Italian Husqavarna 30 / 06 Winchester Super X model 1 " indecision may , or may not , be my problem ! " 10 - 21 - 2013 , 08 : 56 AM # 10 [ OP ] Junior Member Oct 2013 17 0 Thanks to you all . I guess we can be confident that Glock is applying some process for hardening . I appreciate the responses . Page 1 of 2 1 2 Last Sponsored Links Posting Permissions You may not post new threads You may not post replies post attachments edit your posts BB code is On Smilies are On [ IMG ] code is [ VIDEO ] code is HTML code is Off Trackbacks are Pingbacks Refbacks Forum Rules Similar Threads Glock 17 jam issue By Bgg16 in forum Glock Pistols Replies : 38 Last Post : 01 - 26 - 2019 , 06 : 51 AM Glock 21 gen 3 issue By Tat2d in forum Glock Tech / Warranty Replies : 4 Last Post : 02 - 03 - 2013 , 09 : 35 AM Odd feeding issue with Gen 4 G17 By denslen in forum Glock Tech / Warranty 10 08 - 14 - 2012 , 05 : 37 PM design issue ? By sg85 in forum Glock Tech / Warranty 25 07 - 16 - 2012 , 05 : 25 PM Differences in Tenifer By Boomer in forum Glock Tech / Warranty 5 07 - 09 - 2010 , 06 : 33 PM Search tags for this page glock 43 tenifor finish glock tenifer glock tenifer coating glock . pro tenifer tenifer glock tenifer melonite tenifir what is tenifer year glock changed from tennifer | [
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http://glossary.econguru.com/economic-term/central+planning | Share This Article : Economic Definition of central planning . Defined . Offline Version PDF Term central planning Definition : A system of extensive central government control of an economy , including organizing production and making allocation decisions . This was the popular method of allocating resources and answering the three basic questions of allocation under the communism / socialism economic systems of the Soviet Union , China , and others during the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s . Applying the communist / socialist philosophy that private property and market allocation were " bad , " central planning relied on extremely detailed plans made by government . These plans would set specific production quotas for individual products , « central bank | certificate of deposit » Permalink https : / / glossary . econguru . com / economic - term / central + planning Alphabetical Reference to Over 2,000 Economic Terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
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http://glossary.econguru.com/economic-term/proprietors'+income | Share This Article : Economic Definition of proprietors ' income . Defined . Offline Version PDF Term proprietors ' income Definition : The excess of revenue over explicit production cost of owner - operated businesses . While proprietorships are the namesake and most important contributory to proprietors ' income , many partnerships are also included . Because proprietors or partners of owner - operated businesses generally supply several factors of production - - labor , capital , land , and entrepreneurship - - without explicitly paying for each factor separately , the income received by the owners usually include wage , interest , rent , and profit payments . However , in most it ' s virtually impossible to identify what « proportional tax | proprietorship » Permalink https : / / glossary . econguru . com / economic - term / proprietors ' + income Alphabetical Reference to Over 2,000 Economic Terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | [
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http://glutenfreecooking.about.com/od/glutenfreecookingbasics/f/faqisbakingpowderglutenfree.htm | Gluten - Free Food American Food Recipes By Diet Gluten - Free Cooking Basics Is Baking Powder Gluten - Free ? By Teri Gruss , MS Updated 11 / 14 / 18 Getty Images / skhoward Baked goods such as cakes , muffins , and bread have a light , fluffy texture because of baking powder , a dry chemical leavening agent . It releases carbon dioxide into the batter or dough , differentiating it from natural leavener such as yeast , and that gas causes small bubbles in the mixture that expand and helps the baked good to rise as it cooks . Without leavener , baked goods are dense , flat , and hard . By its nature , baking powder is gluten - free because it does n ' t have wheat , rye , barley , or triticale , the four types of grains that contain the protein . However , some brands might add starch to commercial products to protect against early chemical reactions occurring in storage , and that starch is n ' t necessarily free from gluten . Gluten in Baking Powder Humid storage conditions can be a problem for commercial baking powder products , as the moisture may cause a chemical reaction to begin prematurely . When that occurs , the baking powder is n ' t usable when later bought by a customer . To prevent this , some manufacturers add a form of starch . These days , it ' s normally cornstarch or potato starch , which means that the product is still gluten - free . However , in the past , manufacturers often added wheat starch , which is not gluten - free . In countries outside the United States , such as in the United Kingdom , some brands of baking powder might still have wheat starch . Therefore , it ' s important to read labels and double - check the ingredient list prior to purchase . Using Baking Powder in Gluten - Free Recipes When it comes to leavening , gluten - free recipes often need a little extra help — common gluten replacers simply are n ' t as elastic as regular gluten . Baking powder comes in two varieties : single - acting and double - acting . When engaging in gluten - free baking , reach for the double - acting baking powder . Here ' s the difference : Single - acting baking powder : When mixed with the wet ingredients that contain an acid , the baking powder begins its chemical reaction right away . The batter must go into the oven to bake immediately . Double - acting baking powder : The baking powder begins a chemical reaction when mixed with the wet ingredients . However , the product contains a second " high heat " acid that is activated by heat , so it begins a second chemical reaction while it bakes . This results in a higher , lighter texture . There ' s one caveat : Double - acting baking powder often contains sodium aluminum sulfate ( SAS ) , which can impart a metallic taste , particularly when extra baking powder is used , such as in gluten - free baking . Look specifically for brands that are marked " aluminum - free " to avoid this taste . Make Your Own Baking Powder If you ca n ' t find baking powder that you ' re sure does n ' t contain gluten or if you ' re worried about cross - contamination issues , you can make your own baking powder with just three ingredients : 1 teaspoon baking soda , 2 teaspoons cream of tartar , and 1 teaspoon cornstarch . This will make 1 tablespoon of gluten - free baking powder . Because the cornstarch helps stabilize the mixture , you can increase this recipe and keep it in an airtight container in the pantry for future use . Combine 2 tablespoons baking soda , 1 / 4 cup cream of tartar , and 2 tablespoons cornstarch . | [
"Baking Powder",
"Gluten-Free"
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http://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/09/gm-recalls-230000-vehicles-over-brake-issues/ | BrakeRelated GM Recall Impacts 230000 Vehicles In US Canada 3 by Alex Luft Sep 11 2018 Sponsored Links General Motors is recalling Chevrolet Cadillac Buick and GMC vehicles over an issue with the brake system that could increase the risk of a crash The defect affected models are equipped with rear brake caliper pistons that may have an insufficient coating causing gas pockets to form potentially reducing rear brake performance creating a soft or spongy feel when the driver depresses the brake pedal According to GM the manufacturer of the brake pistons failed to properly chrome and temper the brake pistons during the manufacturing process The condition can cause hydrogen gas to remain trapped in the piston body The hazards a reduction in braking performance can increase the risk of a crash GM said it is not aware of any crashes caused by the issue Affected components brakes Affected vehicles 20182019 model year Buick LaCrosse Cadillac XTS GMC Terrain Chevrolet Bolt EV Chevrolet Cruze Chevrolet Equinox Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Volt Number of vehicles affected 230000 with 210628 vehicles in the US 19385 vehicles in Canada The fix GM dealers will bleed the rear brakes as necessary to remove any gas Owners should customers looking to find out if their vehicle is included in this GM recall should visit recallsgmcom There owners will be able to enter their Vehicle Identification Number VIN to see any open recalls as well as customer satisfaction programs If the vehicle is part of the recall then owners should take it to a dealer Owners can also contact GM customer service with questions by using the following information Contacts Chevrolet Customer Service 18002221020 Cadillac Customer Service 18004588006 Buick Customer Service 18005217300 GMC Customer Service 18004628782 GM Recall Number 18279 NHTSA Toll Free 18883274236 NHTSA TTY 18004249153 NHTSA Website wwwsafecargov NHTSA Recall Number 18V576000 Notification Timeline GMs report for the recall stated that ZF Group the supplier of the brakes was investigating similar reports for its brake calipers from other automakers including Audi Volkswagen and BMW However ZF did not notify GM until June 14 th The GM recall document also stated that ZFs July safety defect report did not list GM as a buyer of the affected brake calipers Sponsored Links Check out the latest forum discussions at the GM Authority forums Alex Luft GM Authority Founder with a passion for global automotive business strategy Forza Horizon 4 Confirms Plenty Of GM Performance Next story New Spy Shots Show MidEngine Corvettes Advanced Rear Spoiler In High Detail Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Sponsored Links | [
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http://gmauthority.com/blog/category/chevrolet/blazer/ | Category Blazer The Blazer is a series of SUVs from GMs Chevrolet division that was discontinued in 2005 Chevy reintroduced the Blazer for the 2019 model year as a midsize crossover SUV This page displays Chevrolet Blazer news pictures videos reviews gossip and more 17 Jan 4 2019 2019 Chevrolet Blazer Configurator Goes Live Spec out your 2019 Blazer from FWD fourcylinder to AWD V6 7 Jan 4 2019 Chevy Launches Video Campaign For AllNew 2019 Blazer A stunning way to introduce the world to Chevys new midsize entry 14 Jan 3 2019 Chevrolet Blazer Sales Kick Off Right On Schedule Chevy managed to sell 27 units of allnew midsize crossover in the fourth quarter 14 Jan 1 2019 A Loving Look Back At The 1990 Chevrolet K5 Blazer Video A far cry from todays Blazer 21 Dec 26 2018 How The 2019 Blazer Measures Up To GMC Acadia Cadillac XT5 A sidebyside comparison of dimensions 13 Dec 20 2018 2019 Blazer To Inspire Future Chevy Crossover Design Prepare to see more uniformity in the design direction of future Chevy CUVs 22 Dec 17 2018 2019 Blazer Production Begins Launch Imminent The midsize crossover will begin arriving dealers very soon 45 Dec 15 2018 2019 Blazer Specs Dimensions Finally Revealed All the exterior dimensions interior dimensions and capacity figures 1 2 3 Last Fresh Off The Press Cadillac DPiVR Looking Strong At Roar Before The 24 Test January 6 2019 Chevrolet Bolt EV Battles Hyundai Kona Electric Video January 4 2019 GM Stock Sheds 2 Percent During Week Of December 31 2018 January 4 2019 January 4 2019 Travis Barkers 1967 Cadillac Eldorado Headed To Auction January 4 2019 2019 Chevrolet Blazer Configurator Goes Live January 4 2019 2019 Camaro Arrives In Russia In Unique Configuration January 4 2019 Forums GM Vehicle Tracking Chevrolet Buick GMC Cadillac Opel Vauxhall Holden Pontiac Saturn Hummer OnStar Member Introductions Support Feedback Announcements OffTopic Sponsored Links Galleries The Archives The Archives | [
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http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/general-motors-technology/gm-safety-technology/gm-active-safety-technology/gm-park-assist-technology/gm-rear-park-assist-technology/ | General Motors General Motors Technology Guide General Motors Safety Technology General Motors Active Safety Technology General Motors Park Assist Technology General Motors Rear Park Assist Technology Sponsored Links General Motors Rear Park Assist Technology Rear Park Assist is a General Motors active safety technology that helps the driver park their vehicle when in reverse and avoid crashing into nearby objects How It Works Rear Park Assist is activated when the vehicle Is in Reverse gear and Is traveling at speeds below 5 mph 8 kmh The system provides distancetoobject and object location alerts to help the driver park and avoid crashing into nearby objects during lowspeed backing by using 4 ultrasonic sensors mounted on the rear bumper that have a range of up to 8 feet 24 meters The sensors are capable of detecting objects within a zone of 10 inches 25 cm off ground and below bumper level The vehicles instrument cluster shows locations for reardetected objects close to the vehicle As the vehicle gets closer to the object More bars illuminate with bar color changing from yellow to amber to red and The interval between rear object detection beeps becomes shorter Proximity indicators showing where an object is in relation to the vehicle When a vehicle is equipped with Rear Park Assist as well as with the Rear Vision Camera a warning triangle on the camera screen shows where the nearest object has been detected As the object gets closer this triangle changes from amber to red and increases in size Turning The System On Off Rear Park Assist can be toggled on or off using A hard switch button with an LED indicator with a lit LED indicator indicating an ON setting or An option in the vehicle setting menu Other Versions Rear Park Assist is the most basic version of the General Motors Park Assist feature set Front and Rear Park Assist is the intermediate version while Automatic Park Assist is the most advanced Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Forums GM Vehicle Tracking Chevrolet Buick GMC Cadillac Opel Vauxhall Holden Pontiac Saturn Hummer OnStar Member Introductions Support Feedback Announcements OffTopic Sponsored Links Galleries | [
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http://gmpsop.com/ | GMP | Manufacturing SOP | Quality Assurance ( QA ) and Compliance Management | Quality Control ( QC ) Laboratory | Microbiology Laboratory ( Sterility Testing ) | GMP Auditor Training | Process , Cleaning , Method Validation | Quality and Validation Guidance | Good Working Practice | Warehouse Management | Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP ) for Pharmaceuticals Step by step pre - written standard operating procedures , forms , templates and manuals in the area of GMP ( Good Manufacturing Practice ) , GLP , Production Operations , Quality Assurance Management , Quality Control & Microbiology Laboratory ; Process - cleaning and methodology Validation , Regulatory auditing created for small and medium size pharmaceutical manufacturing environments . All manuals and procedures are written by area experts in example formats in order to comply with cGMP , GLP , GDP , GAMP and international regulatory agency ' s requirements . Our goal is to provide a complete GMP & GLP models with a set of ready procedures and manuals which are easy to understand and readily applicable . All procedures are written with practical instructions and examples . Forms and templates are referenced in the SOPs where applicable . Procedures and manuals are grouped into categories found in a typical GMP environment and documents are prepared to guide Content of our procedures are not only guidelines but detail know how instructions which will help you to build up your systems from scratch . Following is a list of manuals and procedures linked with sample pages . For full version of manuals and procedures please read more by clicking the " Subscribe " button on the left . Search Site Part 1 : GMP Standard Operating Procedures 1.1 Validation Procedures 1.1.1 Process / Cleaning / Method Validation Procedures Validation - Concept and Procedure This procedure describes general validation concepts and practices , the way processes and systems must be qualified / validated and the confirmatory documentation required . Here you will find the philosophy of validation , responsibilities , validation approaches of design qualification , installation qualification , operational qualification , performance qualification , cleaning validation , method validation , computer validation , general and specific criteria of validation , validation documentation and change control , validation reporting , guidelines of validation acceptance criteria . Revalidation Procedure This procedure contains step by step instruction on initiation of revalidation categories , changes that warrant revalidation programs , basic steps of revalidation procedure , revalidation activities and specific responsibilities , revalidation protocols , revalidation timing , equipment checklist , revalidation discrepancy procedure , release of revalidated equipment , preparation of the revalidation reporting file . Method Validation Procedure This procedure provides a guideline for a validation Technician on the characteristics that must be considered during the validation of an analytical testing procedure . The procedures set out in this SOP apply to qualitative and quantitative analytical methods which are used to test finished goods , in - process material , excipients and raw materials in support of registration documentation and cleaning validations and management responsibilities towards completing those method validation tasks . Procedure for Cleaning Validation This SOP describes the types of cleaning process and cleaning agents of process equipments and their validation , complete instruction on cleaning validation procedure , calculation of acceptance limits for rinse and swab samples , calculation of acceptance limits for swabs , analytical method validation for cleaning , cleaning validation test protocols and change control for revalidation . Validation of Laboratory Instruments This procedure describes the validation practices for laboratory instrument / equipment to be validated or calibrated and the confirmatory documentation required showing that the instrument / equipment is capable and operating effectively for its intended purpose . This procedure has practical instruction on Installation Qualification ( IQ ) , Operational Qualification ( OQ ) and Performance Qualification ( PQ ) to be performed by the qualified equipment service technician in the presence of the laboratory staff with reference to the instrument / equipment manual . Equipment Specification and Qualification This procedure describes in detail the procedures for the procurement of equipment , incorporating standardized demand specifications and Installation Qualification documentation , to ensure that equipment procured complies with in - house requirements and standards and conform to Good Engineering Practice , to detail the general procedure to be followed regarding the reporting of Factory and Site Acceptance Tests , to detail the manner by which the equipment Installation Qualification is documented . In - House Trial Procedure The purpose of this SOP is to define common procedures to follow when organizing Trials / Evaluation Studies for the purpose of process improvement , equipment capability and validation studies . It defines the responsibilities within the trial process and documents that need to be considered when preparing the Trial documentation to ensure that the trial meets GMP and where applicable validation requirements . This SOP defines the procedures for conducting in house stand - alone trials on systems , processes and equipment . There can be an overlap between a trial and validation in that Trial documentation may form Cleaning , Derouging and Passivation of the Stainless Steel Parts of the Purified Water System This SOP defines the procedure for cleaning , passivating and derouging the purified water system at a GMP site . The procedure may be performed after construction , following invasive repair or following maintenance . The various parts of this procedure are to be performed as necessary . Parts of this procedure may not always be executed at the same time ( e.g. , The storage tank for the purified water may be cleaned and passivated without cleaning and passivating the ringmain ) . Cleaning Validation Analytical Methods The scope of this procedure includes the validation of 1 . Sampling methods used to determine residues after cleaning of manufacturing and packaging equipment used for the production of commercial product . 2 . Analytical methods to detect residue after cleaning of manufacturing and packaging equipment used for the production of commercial product . Validation Deviation Management The objective of this Standard Operating Procedure is to describe the actions required to handle deviations encountered during validation studies . Validation Master Plan The Validation Master Plan is designed to provide a planned and systematic framework within which all validation activities will occur . This document will also ensure that the manufacturing facilities comply with the local applicable GMP regulations and site requirements for validation . Process Validation Guideline This policy applies to all production process used for manufacture of commercial drug products or in - process materials for commercial drug products . Excluded form this scope is filling of tablets and capsules and labelling and secondary packaging of all drug products . Equipment Validation Guideline This validation guideline describes the approach and methods which will be used for the qualification of equipment at a GMP manufacturing site . The aim of this validation guideline is to provide a clear statement of the scope , validation approach and testing requirements for the validation of the equipment that is involved , directly or indirectly , in the manufacturing and testing processes . The plan pertains to the qualification of processes and laboratory equipment . Facility and Utility Validation Guideline The aim of this validation guideline is to provide a clear statement of the scope , validation approach and testing required for the validation of the facilities and utilities that are involved , directly or indirectly , in the manufacturing processes at a GMP site . Process Validation Sampling This procedure is applicable to validation sampling and testing for all new product introductions , and when changes to manufacturing procedures , manufacturing equipment , or raw materials warrant process validation . Each situation will be assessed on an inpidual basis , and the appropriate sections of this document shall be applied . Raw Material Evaluation Process The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure is to describe the evaluation process for a new , or a change of , source raw material used to manufacture Drug Products at the GMP manufacturing facility . The procedure will provide a documented means of assuring that the changes are identified , documented , authorised and implemented taking due account of quality , regulatory and validation factors as well as environmental and safety issues . Process Validation for Liquid and Solid Dosage Manufacturing To outline the requirements for preparation , review , approval and execution of process validation protocols and preparation , review and approval of process validation reports for semi solid and solid dose products manufactured at a GMP Manufacturing Site . Cleaning Validation Guideline The purpose of cleaning validation is to provide documented evidence that the cleaning process is effective in removing residues of a product , cleaning agent or microbial contamination to below a predetermined level . The objective of this guideline is to describe the approach and methods , which will be used to validate cleaning and sanitation procedures involved in GMP processes employed in GMP Site Manufacturing facilities . Guideline for the development of a Validation Project Plan The purpose of the VPP is to , 1 . Establish a plan for the overall validation effort and validation lifecycle to describe the extent of the validation effort required to meet Site and regulatory requirements . 2 . Define Validation Deliverables for the computer system . 3 . Provide a standardized format for Validation Project Plans . Development of a User and Functional Requirement Specification This procedure serves as a guideline for the development of a User Requirement Specification ( URS ) document and Functional Requirement Specification ( FRS ) document for a computer system at a GMP manufacturing facility . Handling of Material Used for Trials This SOP is to provide guidelines to ensure that materials that are brought into the manufacturing plant for trial purposes and not recorded into Material database are still accompanied by documentation so that their usage is recorded and reconciled and equipment that they contact is also recorded . Periodic Review of Systems and Processes This SOP covers the validated Direct Impact Systems ( including the facilities , utilities , equipment , process control systems , computer / automation systems ) and Processes in production , storage and distribution of drug products in a GMP site . Packaging Trials The purpose of this SOP is to define common procedures to be followed when organising Trials , including allocation of responsibility to coordinate the Trial and suggestion of what needs to be considered when preparing the Trial documentation 1.1.2 Computer System Validation Procedures Computerized System Validation To overview the procedure to be followed for the Qualification / Validation of computerized systems . This procedure applies to all computer systems ( including embedded systems ) directly associated with , or supporting , regulatory compliance requirements for the development , testing , manufacture and distribution of medicinal products . Computer Validation Guideline The objective of this guideline is , 1 . To describe the approach and methods , which will be used to validate Computer Systems involved in GXP processes employed in the GMP Manufacturing facility . 2 . To provide a clear statement of the requirements to identify , validate , document , maintain and retire Computer Systems at the manufacturing sites . Impact Assessment for Computerised Systems The purpose of this SOP is to provide a method of assessing and determining the validation requirements for computerized systems and controllers . The SOP identifies the typical qualification activities required for those systems having a Direct or Indirect impact on product / process quality and data integrity , should the system fail or malfunction . These activities are in addition to Good Engineering Practice ( GEP ) , which is appropriate for all systems , and is also outlined . Functional Testing Guide for Computerized System This SOP provides guidance on functional testing during the development or change of computerized systems which have GxP impact at a GMP manufacturing site . What constitutes a change to a computerized system is described in manufacturing change control procedure . Design Qualification Guidelines The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines on conducting Design Qualification ( DQ ) during the conceptual and detail design phase for the implementation of a GMP facility , process and equipment ( including computerized systems ) to ensure conformance to operational and regulatory expectations . The guideline will provide the basis for conducting and documenting Design Qualification to all projects involving the introduction of , or significant change to , any facility , system or equipment that potentially impacts on product quality and is suitable for its intended purpose . Protecting Reliability of Electronic GMP Documents This SOP applies to records created , processed , used or stored by ( or for ) the GMP Manufacturing site , that are the output of a computerized system . It is of particular relevance to records that have a GMP role , i.e. supporting product quality , patient safety or regulatory compliance . The guideline may also be used for other computerized systems that are classified as business critical . Guideline For The Development of A Computer Validation Project Plan The purpose of the VPP is to : 1 . Establish a plan for the validation lifecycle and to describe the extent of the validation effort required to meet Site and regulatory requirements . 2 . Define Validation Deliverables for the computer system . 3 . Provide a standardized format for Validation Project Plans . Risk Assessment for Computer Validation Systems A Risk Assessment may be applied to computerized systems to enable the targeting of the validation effort to those areas and functions that most require it . Validation of systems serves two purposes : 1 . To avoid any intolerable risk to patient safety or to the business . 2 . To maximize the business benefits to be derived from the new system . Development of A Functional Requirement Specification for Computer Systems This procedure serves as a guideline for the development of a Functional Requirement Specification ( FRS ) document for a computer system at a GMP manufacturing facility . The purpose of this document is to : 1 . Define what a system should do and which functions and facilities are to be provided based on the requirements of the User Requirement Specification ( URS ) . 2 . Provide traceability to specific requirements in the URS . Conducting an Electronic Record and Signature Assessment The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure is to provide instruction and practical guidelines for conducting a Electronic Record and Electronic Signature Assessment . The purpose of the Assessment Worksheet is to : 1 . Specify the criteria under which computer systems are to be evaluated against 21 CFR Part 11 . 2 . Document the evaluation of computerized systems 1.1.3 Validation Templates Cleaning Validation - Rinsing Test Template Cleaning Validation - Swab Test Template Cleaning Validation - Comparative Analysis Template Example of Installation Qualification Report Example of Operational Qualification Report Example of Validation Plan Example of Validation Report Example of Commissioning Plan Example of Design Qualification Protocol Example of Installation Qualification Equipment Example of Installation Qualification HVAC Example of Installation Qualification Operating Environment Example of Installation Qualification Pipework Example of Installation Qualification Utilities Example of Electrical Demand Specification Example of Instrumentation Demand Specification Example of Mechanical Demand Specification Example of HAZOP Report Example of Traceability Matrix Report Example of Validation Report Combined OQ_PQ Example of Project Definition Report Installation Qualification Computer Cleaning Validation Interim Report Template Cleaning Validation Campaign Length Increase Protocol Cleaning Validation Protocol Template Cleaning Validation Report Template Installation and Operational Qualification Protocol Template Installation and Operational Qualification Report Template Packaging Validation Protocol Template Packaging Validation Report Template Process Validation Protocol template Process Validation Report Template Product Transfer Protocol Template Electronic Records and Signatures Compliance Assessment Impact Assessment Template for Equipment , Utility and Computer Top 1.2 Quality Assurance and Compliance Procedures ( SOPs ) How to Write Standard Operating Procedure This SOP describes standard SOP format that you can create and use immediately for your quality procedures . This SOP has instructions on how to write a formal Operating Procedures for your systems which your people can follow everyday . All Documents - Classification , Definition and Approval Matrix In this SOP you will find all type of quality and Technical / Master file documents to build up a good quality management system for your manufacturing sites , definition of documents , their classification , approval requirements and retention requirements . This procedure has schematic diagrams for your understanding of how different types of documents are prepared and stored in a typical documentation database . GMP Quality Documentation Management and Change Control This SOP describes how to generate new quality documents or change control of existing documents , review of quality documents , satellite file management , role of document author , approver , document control officer and satellite file administrator . In this SOP you will also find numbering systems of different quality documents like audit files , SOPs , forms , manuals , training files , QA agreements , project files etc and their effective archiving system . Documentation Rule for GMP Documents This SOP describes the principles to be followed in GMP documents , entry of data and information , signature requirements and correction technique of incorrectly entered data or information . GMP Quality Documentation - Control , Tracking and Distribution In this SOP you will find mainly the role of document control officer during the initiation , creation , circulation and approval of new quality related documents . It also describes the procedure of modification and review of existing document using a documentation database . Management of existing and superseded documents is also a part of this procedure . You will see all the forms referred during the instruction are attached at the end of the procedure . Preparation , Maintenance and Change Control of Master Documents This SOP particularly focused on the management of master file documents like specifications , control methods , raw materials , finished goods and packaging specification and test reports , formulation , stability files etc required to generate during the product registration in the market . This SOP gives instruction on their creation , change control , numbering system , approval requirements and maintenance in a simple master file database . You will see all the forms referred during the instruction are attached at the end of the procedure . Pharmaceutical Deviation Report System It is a regulatory requirement to capture all sorts of deviations evolves in your systems in order to maintain the continuous improvement of your processes and systems . This SOP describes how to categorize the deviations between production , audit , quality improvements , technical deviations , customer complaints and environmental , health and safety deviations . It describes the management responsibilities of initiating deviation , capture data , analysis , investigation , determination of assignable causes , generation of management report and initiatives to be taken on corrective and preventative actions . Vendor Selection and Evaluation Procedure This SOP describes the procedure to be followed during the vendor assessment and vendor evaluation for purchasing of raw materials , critical and non critical packaging components , laboratory supplies , engineering supplies and imported finished goods from the vendor . These instructions are essential for approving prospective vendor . Vendor Certification Procedure This procedure aims to describe the process by which a vendor may be certified to supply materials or services . This procedure applies to vendors that supply a material or service to be used at any stage of manufacture by operations . Here you will get the roles of each department in the process to certify an approved vendor . Pharmaceutical Product Complaint Procedure This procedure covers the receipt , logging , evaluation , investigation and reporting system of all complaints received from customers for the marketed products . This SOP contains step by step instruction to be followed in the customer complaint management like numbering of complaint , registration , evaluation of complaints , determination of assignable cause for the complaint deviation , implementation of corrective and preventative actions , trending of complaints and handling of counterfeit products . Procedure for Annual Product Quality Review This procedure provides a guideline to annual product review which is required to be performed for each product produced for the commercial market to evaluate data , trends and to identify any preventative or corrective action that would lead to product quality improvements and report them to management . Manufacturing Rework Procedure This SOP contains the step by step instruction to be followed when the rework of an in - process or completed finished good is required . This SOP covers the reworks of in - process manufactured goods where new batch number is introduced for the reworked part and rework of manufactured finished good keeping the same batch number . This sop also describes how to create rework protocols for each inpidual case . Procedure for Product Identification and Traceability The purpose of this SOP is to define the method used for the identification of all contributing materials that could affect product quality and to ensure their full traceability . Here you will find instruction on all the records and documents used for the identification and traceability of incoming raw materials and out going finished goods . GMP Audit Procedures This SOP describes the process of planning , performing , reporting and follow - up of different audits for your systems like Internal Quality audit , Vendor audit , Environmental Health and Safety ( EHS ) audit , EHS workplace inspection , Housekeeping audit . This SOP also describes the process to be followed by manufacturing personnel during an audit from a Regulatory authority . Example of Checklist for Batch Documentation This SOP describes the identification of all documentation relevant to a production process in the form of “ Batch Documentation Checklists ” and to ensure their collection by completion of the checklists by Authorized Persons . This procedure is based on an example of tablet packaging process described in the ‘ Manufacturing ’ category . Evaluation of Batch Documentation and Release for Sale This procedure describes the process of collection , evaluation and record of batch related document generated during the production of a batch before an authorized person can release the batch for sale . This procedure is based on an example of tablet packaging process described in the ‘ Manufacturing ’ category . GMP Training Procedure This SOP describes how to design and deliver GMP related trainings for your manufacturing staffs , training assessment design , recording of assessment and preparation of training reports . How to Write GMP Training Materials This simple SOP contains instructions on how to write training materials , identification of training requirements , available resources , preparation of training aid checklists for your manufacturing staffs . House Keeping Audit Procedure This SOP describes the requirements , checklists and reporting procedure on housekeeping audits . Inpidual checklist forms are attached at end of the procedure for different areas like process , laboratory , engineering stores , warehouses . This procedure also describes the handling of non - compliance found during the housekeeping audits . Management and Control of Contract Work The procedure describes the management and control of contract work provided by the contractors for packaging and finished products for your company as well as control of contract works done by your company on behalf of others . Criteria for Sourcing of Raw Materials , Critical Packaging Components and Imported Finished Goods The purpose of this SOP is to describe the process for approval of an external vendor / manufacturer supplying products to your company . It covers raw materials ( including bulk products for subsidiaries and contract manufacturers ) , critical packaging components in contact with product and imported finished goods . The SOP also references affiliated documentation detailing the scope of active materials used and the approved manufacturers of these materials . Quality Concern Investigation Process This procedure contains instruction to be followed when conducting Investigations and to raise and assess Deviation Report when an Investigation or Incident Investigation occurs . This procedure is to be used in conjunction with Deviation management , which covers the approval and follow - up activities associated with a Deviation Report . Here you will find collection of information for an incident or a deviation , steps to be followed for a cross functional investigation , reporting and implementing of the outcomes of investigation . Change Management System This procedure provides a standardised procedure and framework for initiating , authorising , planning and implementing any change to a GMP system . Product Change Management requires that all planned permanent changes that have the potential to impact on regulatory filings or the quality of an active pharmaceutical ingredient or drug product must be evaluated , reviewed and approved . It also requires that the site procedure must include provision for effectively tracking all quality and regulatory changes and provide a mechanism for review and approval by the Site Quality Team for all changes . Cross Functional Investigation This procedure describes the guidelines for initiating , communicating , conducting and documenting Cross - Functional Investigations ( CFI ) related to process , system , product , material , facility and laboratory deviations . A Cross – Functional Investigation is an extended investigation conducted in order to identify a Root Cause . Quality Risk Management Techniques This SOP defines the approach to Quality Risk Management ( QRM ) of a GMP site and gives practical examples for tools which may be used to facilitate the process and to aid personnel performing the assessment . 1.2.3 Quality Assurance Templates Raw Material Specification and Test Report Template Internal Audit Report Template Training Report Template Quality Assurance Agreement Template Protocol Rework - Manufactured Finished Goods Vendor Audit Report Template Protocol Rework - In Process Manufactured Goods Control Method Template Read Full Version 1.3 Quality Control Laboratory Procedures ( SOP ) Retest Dating of Raw Materials The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to run the expired stock report ; to describe how to define the requirements for the retesting and assignment of storage periods for active ingredients , excipients and raw materials ; to instruct retesting procedure and to determine the status of a finished goods batch with a shorter shelf life . Calibration Policies for Laboratory Instruments This SOP describes the calibration policies of laboratory instruments / equipments . It describes labeling and security requirements of laboratory instruments / equipments . This SOP also describes the investigational steps to be required in the case of failed calibration . Archiving Laboratory Documentation This procedure describes retention and disposal procedures of laboratory documentation , general laboratory documentation system that includes handling of rejected raw material and finished product reports , finished goods certificate of analysis , finished goods register , raw material certificate of analysis , raw material register , trend cards , procedure for long term document retention . Management of Reference Substances This SOP describes the ordering , referencing , storing , coding , use and general register maintenance of primary and impurity reference substances , primary reagent reference solutions , secondary raw material reference substance , assay testing procedure of secondary raw material reference substance , use of secondary raw material reference substance in the laboratory routine analysis , determination of expiry date and re - test date of reference substances . Laboratory Workbook This SOP describes types of laboratory workbooks , general and GMP requirements of using workbooks , analytical data entry in the workbook , formatting of laboratory workbooks for routine testing , experiments and trials , workbook retention policy , instruction on data entry for incomplete experiments and additional data . Creation of Certificate of Analysis The purpose of this procedure is to define the content and format of a Certificate of Analysis ( C / A ) and Certificate of Manufacture ( C / C ) and to provide guidance for issuing a Certificate of Analysis or Certificate of Manufacture and to locate the appropriate data required for this task . Managing Analytical Reagents This procedure identifies the need for all analytical reagents and solutions prepared from the reagents , to have an assigned expiry date and storage conditions recorded on the label . Here you will find the procedure for purchase and management of analytical reagents and laboratory prepared reagents . Laboratory Waste Management This simple procedure describes how to dispose off laboratory generated wastes of toxic , explosive , flammable , corrosive , oxidizing and biologically damaging natures . Retention Samples Management in Laboratory The purpose of this SOP is to describe the finished good and raw material sample retention procedures , products manufactured and / or received onsite and / or chemically tested by the Laboratory . Laboratory Results Out of Specification Investigation This procedure describes the actions to be taken by an analyst in the event the result of a test does not conform to raw material / components or finished products specifications for physical and chemical tests . An out of specification ( OOS ) result does not necessarily mean the batch under investigation fails and shall be rejected . The OOS results shall be investigated and the findings of the investigation , including re - test results shall be interpreted to evaluate the batch and reach a decision regarding release or rejection . Laboratory Testing and Documentation of Raw Materials This SOP describes the procedure for sampling , location , pre - testing , testing and documentation of all raw materials and components subject to test , out of specification results , microbiological tests and release procedure for passed raw materials and components . Laboratory Testing and Documentation of Finished Products This SOP describes the procedure for sampling , location , pre - testing , testing and documentation of all finished products subject to test , reagents and standards to be used for analysis , management of out of specification results , microbiological tests and release procedure for passed finished goods . Preparation and Maintenance of Stability Protocols for pharmaceuticals Products This procedure describes the preparation and management of Stability Protocols for marketed products . This procedure is applicable to all protocols for stability studies on commercial products . The responsibility of the commercial Site Stability Manager for creating and maintaining protocols that are required for studies that came as a result of validation or process deviation . Stability and Trial Testing Procedure for pharmaceuticals Products To describe the steps necessary to ensure the effective control of stability and trial testing programs of new and existing products . This procedure is focused on setting up of stability programs , testing , reporting , general sampling procedure for stability programs , data generation and analysis , annual maintenance of stability , new product stability procedure , procedure for in - house trials , reporting and interpretation of trials and conclusion of the trail program . Preparation of Disinfectant Solution IPA This procedure describes the preparation and use of disinfectant solutions ( 70 % IPA ) in the Sterile Area and also outlines the procedure for Integrity testing of the 70 % IPA Filter . Laboratory Analytical Determinations The purpose of this document is to describe the operational procedures to be followed when carrying out analytical analyses in the Quality Control Laboratory at a GMP site . This SOP outlines the system suitability ( SST ) and acceptance criteria for analysis by HPLC and UV - VIS Spectrophotometer ; e.g. Composite Assay ( Assay ) , Degradation Products / Related Substances / Impurities ( Degradation ) , Content Uniformity ( CU ) , and Dissolution tests for all Raw Materials , In - process , Finished Products and Stability Samples in the QC Laboratory . This SOP also HPLC Reproducibility , Column Performance and Testing Guidelines The purpose of this document is to describe the Reproducibility checks of the High Performance Liquid Chromatograph , Column Performance and guidelines for assay testing on the HPLC . HPLC Method Development & Validation Procedure The validation of an analytical method is the process by which it is established that the performance characteristics of the method , such as Precision , Accuracy , Specificity , Linearity , Limit of Detection ( LOD ) , Limit of Quantitation ( LOQ ) and Robustness meet the requirements for the intended applications . This SOP refers specifically to HPLC . However , the same principles may be applied to validations of other types of analytical procedures . Well - characterised reference materials with documented purity should be used to perform the validation . The optimum wavelength for a method can be found by acquiring the chromatographic data on a PDA detector over a large wavelength range , ( e.g. 200 - 400nm ) . The optimum wavelength is the wavelength , which maximises the response for all the components of interest , but is outside the absorbance for the mobile phase . Before validating an HPLC method , its Specificity must be determined . If the method does not comply with the Specificity requirements , the method must be modified until the acceptance criteria are met . Hence it is essential that the Laboratory In Process and Finished Product Quality Control This purpose of this document is to outline the procedure to be followed for the receiving , scheduling , testing , reporting , reviewing , approval and release of In - process and Finished Products in the QC Laboratory at a GMP site . Laboratory Housekeeping and Glassware Cleaning The purpose of this document is to establish guidelines for the laboratory housekeeping and glassware cleaning in the Quality Control Laboratory at a GMP / GLP facility . Safety Procedure in Laboratory This document outlines the procedure to be followed to provide a safe working environment in the Quality Control Laboratory Use and Control of laboratory Chemical Materials This document describes the requirements for receipt , labelling , handling , storage , standardization and review of laboratory chemical materials in the Quality Control ( QC ) Laboratory Qualification of Laboratory Instruments The purpose of this procedure is to outline the general system and documentation required for the qualification of laboratory instruments . This procedure also outlines post service qualification requirements for HPLC systems . Sampling of Raw Materials , In - process and Bulk Finished Product The purpose of this document is to outline the correct sampling technique for samples of Raw Materials , Blends , End of Run ( EOR ) , Coated and Bulk Finished Products , and to ensure that samples are representative of the batch of materials or products from which they are taken . The SOP also defines to process to be followed in case a re - sample or a batch or lot is required . Stability Management Procedure This document outlines the procedure to be followed for the management of the stability program in the Quality Control Laboratory . Validation of Analytical Test Procedure The purpose of this procedure is to define the requirements for the Validation of Non - Compendial Analytical and Biological Test Methods , as well as for the Verification of Compendial Analytical and Biological Test Methods . The objective of the Validation / Verification is to demonstrate that the test methods are suitable for their intended purpose . Top 1.4 Microbiology ( Sterile ) Laboratory Procedures SOP Entry Procedure for Sterile Filling Areas This SOP outlines the gowning procedure that must be followed by each and every person who enters a Sterile Area . The procedure is designed to reduce the risk of contaminating product with bacteria and / or particles Validation of Aseptic Gowning Procedures Aseptic gowning is the ability to complete the gowning procedure without compromising the sterility of the garment . This SOP outlines the sterile gowning validation procedure as required for the final sign off for the initial sterile training and the revalidation of currently trained Operators , Fitters , Electricians and Cleaners and all organization staff who are authorized to enter Sterile areas . Microbiological Data Recording Procedure To describe procedures for the recording of Microbiological data using the in - house hard copy and computerized recording system . All documents containing test results are legal documents and therefore it is imperative that all the information required is recorded accurately . Any changes / corrections to be made must be signed with that person ’ s initials and dated . Destruction of Biological Waste in the Microbiology Laboratory To describe procedures for destroying all Laboratory Biological Waste to comply with Quarantine Regulations Depyrogenation of Glassware in Microbiology Laboratory Oven To outline the procedure for the depyrogenation of glassware using the Microbiology Laboratory Qualtex Oven . Media Preparation in Microbiology Laboratory To describe the procedures for the preparation of microbiological media for use in the Microbiology Laboratory . Aseptic Media Filling and Microbiology Integrity Leak ( Soup ) Testing Procedure One of the requirements of cGMP is a periodic evaluation of all aseptic processes by filling media into the appropriate containers under normal production conditions . The media fill should reflect the sterility of the entire process from the Sterilizing filter to the filled primary container and should include all subsequent manufacturing steps . This SOP outlines the procedures for both Media Fills and Microbiological Leak Tests . For Validation purposes , a Microbiological Leak Test ( Soup test ) or a separate Protocol to verify the entire process from the ‘ Bioburden Reduction Filter ’ to the primary container Aseptic Media Filling and Soup Test Guideline Media Fills are designed to verify the entire process , equipment and staff . This process simulation should be performed as initial validation with three ( 3 ) consecutive satisfactory simulation tests per shift and repeated at defined 6 monthly intervals ( twice per year per process per shift ) and after any significant modification to the HVAC - system , equipment , process and number of shifts ” for aseptically filled process . Soup test has to be conducted at least once per year per shift for terminally sterilised lines and non - sterile process . Validation and re Environmental and Plant Hygiene Monitoring Procedure Description for Microbiological testing of areas of the environment which may influence or affect product performance and / or quality - including , air , surfaces , personnel , clothing and disinfectants . Daily monitoring of sterile grade areas during production is to be conducted by trained production staff . The Microlab is to ensure that the necessary plates are delivered on a daily basis so monitoring can take place . Once a test has been completed , the responsible operator is to initial the plate and make sure that the batch number of the batch running at the time Microbial Limit Testing Procedure Using Laminar Flow Cabinets To describe the procedures to be followed in conducting Microbial Limit Tests in the Laminar flow Cabinets in the Microbiology Lab . Microbiological Monitoring of Plant Water Systems In this SOP you will find Sampling Procedure for Bioburden and Endotoxin Samples , Bioburden Test Method and Results , Endotoxin Testing of WFI ( Distilled Water ) , Bioburden and Bacterial Endotoxin Alert and Action Levels , Diagrammatic Representations of a typical purified Water Systems , Bioburden Waste Tank Water Sampling , Clean Steam Sampling & Testing , OOL / OOS Result Actions etc Micro Laboratory Procedure for Sterility Testing This sop is to describe the procedure for sterility testing of aqueous , injectable and terminally sterilized non injectable products . To explain the correct interpretation of sterility results and to outline Stasis requirements for used sterility canisters . Determination of Heat Resistance of Spore Forming Organisms This SOP describes the method for calculating the Heat Resistance Factor , ( D - value ) , of spore - forming organisms . D - Value is defined as the time required for a population of a pure culture of microorganisms to be decreased by 90 % when exposed to a fixed temperature , e.g. 121 ° C ( + 1 ° C ) . Identification of Microorganisms to Genus and Species Level To describe the procedures for the preliminary identification of bacteria isolated from Plant Water , Environmental , Personnel , Product and Raw Material sources . Bacteria that will require identification ( ID ) to at least genus level include organisms isolated from the manufacturing environment , personnel , in - process and finished products , plant water and other miscellaneous sources . SOP ’ s detailing the microbiological testing procedures for each of these samples will indicate the required level of ID of recovered organisms . The following sections detail the procedures for the preliminary ID of micro - organisms Micro Evaluation on Bioburden , Non sterile and Raw Materials This SOP describes the procedures for Microbiological Evaluation of Bioburdens , non - sterile Products & raw materials . Bioburdens includes : Batches prior to membrane filtration , i.e. solutions ; Batches prior to sterilization i.e. filled containers ; Face masks ; IPA . This procedure includes Equipment preparation for Non - sterile testing , Bulk Solution Bioburden ( BSB ) Sampling ; Filled Container Bioburdens ( FCB ) ; Raw Material Bioburdens ( RMB ) ; Surgical Face Masks ; Isopropyl Alcohol ( 70 % IPA ) ; Speciation Procedures for Organisms found in Non Sterile Products and Raw Bacterial EndoToxin Testing ( LAL ) - Gel Clot Method To describe the procedure for conducting a Bacterial Endotoxin Test by the LAL Gel - Clot method . The gel - clot method for bacterial endotoxin testing described in this SOP is based on the fact that Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate ( LAL ) will form a firm gel in the presence of bacterial endotoxin . Bacterial EndoToxin Testing kCA Method The purpose of this SOP is to outline the theory of Bacterial Endotoxin testing using Kinetic Chromogenic Analysis ( KCA ) . And to outline the procedure for routine product testing , operator / reagent verification and product validation by KCA using the Bio Whittaker KQCL ( brand ) reader . This Procedure also describes the routine maintenance procedures for the Bio Whittaker KQCL ( brand ) reader . Stock Suspensions of Micro Organisms The objective of this SOP is : To describe the method for preparing and maintaining stock suspensions of vegetative microorganisms and spores used within the Microbiology Laboratory ; . To explain the procedure for growth promotion and media verification requirements for all media used within the Laboratory ; To outline requirements for Stasis testing on sterility canisters after sterility testing has been completed . Sterile Sampling Procedure for Microbiology Laboratory To detail the procedure for taking Microbiological samples for Sterility testing , Bacterial Endotoxin testing , Bioassay testing , Microbial Limit test and Micro status testing throughout Production . This procedure includes sterilization charts , Settle plates ( Fallout plates ) and Personnel monitoring . Gel Clot Validation Method The gel clot validation method for Bacterial Endotoxin testing described in this SOP , is to determine the level of Inhibition / Enhancement of products on the LAL test for endotoxins within the allowable Maximum Valid Dilution ( MVD ) for each type of product . The Gel - Clot techniques detect or quantify endotoxins based on clotting of the LAL reagent in the presence of endotoxin . To be determined for each type of product , using the highest and lowest concentration of active . If either concentration shows inhibition or enhancement , then each remaining concentration must be Laboratory Investigation and Retest Procedure for Atypical and Out of Specification Results The purpose of this procedure is to provide guidance when investigating microbiology laboratory out of specification ( OOS ) results associated with raw material samples , in - process samples and finished product samples . This procedure describes the actions taken by Microbiology Laboratory staff in the event the result of a test does not conform to company specifications for microbiological release . This procedure will also provide guidance for re - testing raw material samples , in - process samples and finished product samples when it has been decided through a laboratory investigation that retesting is justified . Retesting Operation and Calibration of Sievers 820 TOC Analyser To define the procedures to be followed and the responsibility for the operation , calibration and maintenance of the Sievers 820 TOC Analyser with Autosampler . IPA Contamination Testing Procedure To describe the test sometimes used to check the purity of the IPA used in the factory as a disinfectant . Control of Microbiology Test Methods This document details the writing , control , and distribution of Microbiological Test Methods ( MTM ) for use in the GMP Microbiology Lab . This procedure applies to Microbiological Test Methods that are controlled from beginning to end by the Microbiology Lab Manager . Handling of Test Sample in Microbiology Laboratory This document details the handling of test samples ( raw materials , bulk product and stability samples ) processed for Microbial Limits Testing ( MLT ) in the Microbiology Laboratory . This procedure applies to samples tested for Microbial Limits within the Quality Control Microbiology Laboratory . Documentation Requirement For Micro Test Method Validation The procedure describes the process for accessing and using protocol templates for documentation of test method validation activities in the Microbiology laboratories . This procedure applies to Microbiology personnel responsible for the validation or verification of microbiological test methods . The procedure outlines the requirements for approval of method development protocols , validation / verification protocols and final validation summary reports . Maintenance of Culture Collection This document deals with the correct means of maintaining a culture collection with an emphasis on aseptic practices in the laboratory . Choice of Effective Sanitizing Agents for Microbiology Laboratory This Standard Operating Procedure outlines the criteria and rationale of selection of sanitizing agents , their quality control and required . Cleaning validation of the sanitizers with direct contact with equipment will be covered in the cleaning validation policy . Initial Investigation of Out of Specification ( OOS ) Results in Microbiological - Laboratory To establish a procedure for the investigation of initial out - of - specification ( OOS ) or questionable results which have been generated for the product or material being tested in microbiology laboratory . G ood laboratory practices ( GLP ) for microbiology and chemistry laboratories This Standard Operating Procedure describes good laboratory practices employed in the QC microbiology and chemistry laboratories . Safety in laboratories is an inpidual , as well as management responsibility ; however , it is the laboratory staff ' s responsibility to carry out safe work practices . Handling of media diluents and reagents in the Microbiology Laboratory This document describes the general procedure for the receival , use and storage of all media , diluents and reagents in the Microbiology Laboratory at a GMP site . All Microbiological media , reagents and diluents must comply with specified documentation , preparation , storage and quality control requirements before permitting their use in the laboratory . All batches of agar prepared in the Microbiology Laboratory must be examined for their ability to support the formulation of colonies by organisms that they are designed to grow . Micro Test Methods 1.5 Standard Operating Procedure for Packaging Operation Clothing Requirements Inside the Factory Area This SOP covers the clothing requirements needed in all Factory areas for your manufacturing site . The different levels of cleanliness must be maintained to minimize microbial and particle contamination . This procedure contains general rules and restriction to be followed by your manufacturing employees , defining different environmentally graded areas and entry requirements for those areas . Cleaning Responsibilities and Methods for Employees This SOP describes the cleaning procedures to be followed by all employees working in the manufacturing area in order to prevent contamination of product by foreign materials from another batch , or by dirty parts , which may contain bacteria . This SOP contains instruction on responsibility of cleaning , degree of cleaning to be done , popular cleaning aids and solutions permitted to use for cleaning , rubbish removal and outline of cleaning methods for different environmentally graded areas . Factory Cleaning Procedure This SOP defines the methods , frequency and the intensity of Factory Cleaning . The purpose of cleaning is to remove debris from within the plant in a sanitary and effective manner and to avoid contamination from dust or foreign materials . This procedure describes which popular cleaning aids and solutions are to be used to clean the floors , walls , sinks and windows in the Production areas , office areas , change rooms , workshops , laboratories , stores , canteens , plus the toilet facilities . This procedure also describes the scope and responsibility of contract cleaners . Manufacturing Pest Control Procedure This SOP describes the responsibilities of all employees and pest control services , classification of pests , frequency of the pest control service and effective treatments against all types of pest . Management of Production Logbook This procedure outlines the generation , maintenance and filing of Production logbooks . Production logbooks form part of the documentation system required by the Code of GMP to provide complete and up - to - date histories of all batches of product . The logbook provides a key link in the process of traceability . Examples of Packaging Configuration for Production Line This SOP provides an alphabetically indexed diagram of shipper packing and pallet packing configurations for any packaging process . This procedure contains schematic diagrams of different packaging configurations and calculations of total unit to be packed per container which can be useable into your packing lines . Checking of Components Prior to Use This SOP sets out a procedure to ensure that only components of correct code and batch number are issued for a batch and only issued components will be used in a finished product batch . This SOP also describes the procedure to be followed during returning of components to warehouse from the production lines . Safety Tag Out Procedure This SOP describes how to prevent the risk of personal injury or damage to equipment likely to be caused by operating or attempting to operate machinery or equipment diagnosed as being unsafe , in need of repair or maintenance or formally removed from service . The SOP covers all isolation , condemning , repair or maintenance work that necessitates a device or machine to be taken out of service . This SOP applies to any situation where energy ( either supplied to equipment , or stored within it ) needs to be isolated to ensure the safety of any person Procedures for Line Clearance , Line Opening and Line Cleaning This SOP describes the procedure and order to be followed when performing a Line clearance , Line opening and Line cleaning for a batch production . The procedure has been established to prevent mix - ups of products , containers , components , labels and mistakes in documentations . Mix - ups and mistakes can occur when correct procedure and GMP are not followed . Particular care should be taken when starting a new operation , at the change of shift and when additional components are needed . In this procedure you will find example of line clearance , opening Reconciliation Procedure of Component and Product This simple SOP describes the concept of reconciliation , how to reconcile finished goods and determine the allowable discrepancies of components and products when reconciled . Example of Intermediate Bulk Containers Operation and Cleaning To describe the operation and cleaning procedures that relate to the use of the Intermediate Bulk Containers ( IBC ’ s ) used to store bulk tablets on the process line . The procedure covers : Receiving of the bins from Dispensary , Movement to the process , Lifting and emptying the contents , Cleaning and returning the bins back to Dispensary . Example of a Tablet Packing Machine - Construction , Operation and Cleaning This procedure describes the machine construction and operation , machine start up and cleaning of a typical tablet Blistering machine and the Cartoner for tablet packing . You will be able to create a new procedure for your packing line based on the format of this SOP . Example of Manufacturing and Packaging Instruction for Tablet Packing This procedure describes how to create a complete manufacturing instruction for your process line to be followed by your manufacturing employees . To make the instruction more practical and easy to understand , a sample instruction is added in the form of a protocol for a typical tablet packing process . All the related blank forms are attached at the end of the procedure for a better understanding . Mop Cleaning Procedure This simple procedure outlines the operation of the factory laundry in a safe and hazard - free manner . This procedure can be used in any manufacturing site for the purpose of mop cleaning . Scheduling of Production Lines This procedure describes how to produce a monthly manufacturing schedule following an agreed 12 months plan , to provide a sequence of work that will enable the scheduling of support groups ( i.e. Quality , Technical and Warehousing ) , incorporate any planned engineering down time ( i.e. project work , calibration and preventative maintenance ) , create and release batches according to the agreed weekly schedule , provide key dates for product supply to support Customer Service . Vacuum Leak Testing Procedure for Finished Goods This SOP describes the set up and operation of a standard vacuum Leak Tester for the very popular vacuum leak testing used in a typical packing line . Weighing Equipment - Checking and Calibration The purpose is to outline the procedures required for the checking / calibration and repair of balances , scales , check - weighers and load cells . Example of Operation of Automatic Checkweigher for Finished Packs The purpose of this SOP is to describe the set - up and operating procedures for the Checkweigher in the packing lines . Example of Tablet Packing - Start up and In - process Testing This procedure contains instructions that enable the production operators working in a typical packing line to carry out Start - Up and In - Process Tests required in order to produce quality products and to ensure in - process controls . A typical tablet packing process is used here as an example . Example - Packed Tablet Sampling by Production Personnel for Testing This procedure describes the process of sampling manufactured finished good required to be taken by production personnel for the laboratory testing A typical tablet packing process is used here as an example . Component Return Procedure from Packaging Floor This procedure describes the steps to be followed when there are packaging components to be returned to the warehouse after the packaging operation has been completed . 1.6 Warehouse Management Procedures SOP Generation of Purchase Order For Inventory and Consumables This procedure describes the steps to be followed by planning and procurement department to create purchase order for inventory items to be purchased from overseas and local suppliers . Material Purchasing Information Record . This simple procedure describes how to keep purchasing information for approved materials , vendors , manufacturers , standard and current pricing and third party agreements . Procedure for Receipt of Incoming Goods This SOP contains step by step instruction on condition of accepting incoming goods in the warehouse , ‘ booking In ’ procedure of component and non component goods , how to complete movements of incoming goods into different storage locations within the warehouse maintaining full traceability . Here you will find generation and filing of documents related to receipt of incoming goods . Incoming Raw Materials and Components - Handling by QC Sampler This procedure describes quarantining , sampling , testing and releasing of incoming raw materials to Production . Here you will find the labeling requirement for component to be sampled , checking requirements of components , sampling and re - sampling of incoming goods for laboratory testing , generation of documentation during the movement of components in order to maintain complete traceability . Warehouse Processing Issues , Returns and Rejects This SOP contains step by step instruction on issue of tested and QC released components for batch production , documentation needed for capturing identification and traceability information during the picking , assembling and transferring of those components from warehouse to production . This procedure also has instruction to follow during the return and reject processing of raw materials and components from production to warehouse . Dispatch of Goods From Warehouse This SOP contains instruction and documentation on movement of finished goods to quarantine until release for sale , dispatching procedure and documentation needed for transferring of finished goods from quarantine to warehouse store and subsequently to out side the manufacturing site maintaining a complete traceability of finished goods . Warehouse Inventory Management Procedure In this procedure you will find a complete inventory management system by stock counting instruction , stock classification and reconciliation programs . Here you will find instruction on cycle counting by material code , counting by bin sheet information and reconciling / cross checking of those counts by physical counting of the stock , determination of material gain or loss and filing instruction . Design of Warehouse Locations and Storage Area This SOP is designed to understand and draw an schematic diagram of ideal warehouse and production areas , identifying in - coming goods storage unit types and storage bin types , quarantines , reject cage , cool room , flammable storage , dispensary booths , production area , finished goods quarantine area and finished goods storage areas . This procedure defines how storage unit types and storage bins are numbered . This SOP is to be used as a guide to define the types of storage units and bins , movement direction within the warehouse and production areas . Finished Goods Transfer to Quarantine and Distribution Warehouse This simple SOP contains instruction and documentation on movement of finished goods from production to warehouse finished goods quarantine location until the samples are tested and released by the authorized persons . Sampling Procedure of Raw Materials This procedure primarily concerned with risk associated with sampling , precaution to be followed when sampling , general sampling procedures for raw materials , critical and non critical components , chemicals and secondary reference standards for laboratory . Sampling of Components and Printed Materials This procedure is an elaboration of SOP WAR - 045 and mainly concerned with sampling plans and instructions of components and printed materials for quality testing before release for production use . Safety Procedure of Warehouse Racking This SOP outlines the measures to be taken to ensure the safety of all goods and personnel when using the storage racking system in order to avoid injury to staff or damage to property . This procedure concerned with the handling and storage of materials or products and to report any damage which may be occurred . This SOP particularly relates to the activities of the staff of the receiving and distribution warehouse . Forklift Operation in Warehouse This SOP gives instructions on operation requirements and maintenance of forklifts used in the warehouse , safety precaution to be taken during the operation of forklift under load . Tablet Dispensary Procedure This procedure is mainly concerned with dispensing plans and instructions of released raw materials for production use . An example of tablet dispensary procedure is prepared for better explanation and understandings of dispensing . You will be able to follow the instruction for dispensing of any raw materials in facility cleaning 1.7 Environmental Health and Safety Procedures SOP Hazardous Chemical Substance Management This procedure describes the requirements for the management of : Approval for proposed new chemical substances . ( excluding Contractor activities ) , Existing chemical substances that are classified as Hazardous Chemical Substances , Material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) . Environmental , Health and Safety Risk Management The purpose of this SOP is to : Describe the risk management process of identifying EHS hazards , assessing risk , designing appropriate controls and reviewing the controls , Describe the steps to take and the tool that shall be used to undertake preliminary risk assessments ( PRA ) , Outline the procedure for using the DR Waste Removal Process To standardize the types of containers used for handling all types of waste , recycling material and waste from the Manufacturing facilities . EHS Incident Management Procedure This procedure defines the requirements for immediate action , investigation , and reporting , corrective action , follow - up and training associated with EHS incidents . First Aid Procedure The purpose of this SOP is to formalize the role of the nominated site first aiders , and to provide a clear understanding of the first aiders responsibilities and provide first aiders with information relating to the delivery of first aid . Blood and Body Fluid Spill Management This SOP provides information and guidelines for the management of blood and body fluid spills as a result of an accident . Under the relevant Occupational Health and Safety Laws and Regulations for each state , employers have a duty of care to protect their employees in the workplace Blood Borne Pathogen Exposure This SOP provides information and guidelines for the management of exposure to blood borne pathogens in the workplace . Under the relevant Occupational Health and Safety Laws and Regulations for each state , employers have a duty of care to protect their employees in the workplace . Building Cleaning Procedure This SOP provides an overview of the procedures used for the contract cleaning and sanitation of the GMP building , Engineering shed and Demountable buildings . The SOP defines the areas and responsibilities for the contract cleaners . Environmental Management System Plan This SOP details the Environmental Management System ( EMS ) that ensures the GMP plant complies with the in - house Environmental Guidelines and local , state and national government regulatory requirements and has an ongoing improvement plan for environmental performance . Environmental Aspect Register This SOP describes the procedure for establishing and updating an Environmental Aspects Register for the GMP site . It outlines steps for identifying , rating and reviewing environmental aspects and impacts . This SOP applies to all activities , processes , product and services , which impact or can , have a beneficial or adverse impact on the environment . This includes contractors and raw materials , intermediate and final products , and by - products . Fire Protection Impairment Handling This SOP details the procedure required to notify GMP site ’ s insurers of any intended impairment of the installed ‘ Fire Equipment ’ on site . This SOP applies to all buildings on the GMP site . The SOP lists the procedure to record the details and timeframes of the intended fire equipment impairment . Hot Work Permit Procedure This SOP covers all aspects of Hot Work activity at the GMP facility . Hot work refers to any type of work that produces or has the potential to produce , a spark or open flame , including oxy and electric welding . Hazard Identification and Incident Investigation Reports The purpose of this document is to define the procedure for identifying , investigating and reporting hazards , near misses and accidents . The outcome is to identify appropriate risk controls and corrective actions to prevent a recurrence of the event . First Aid Procedure The purpose of this document is to define the first - aid procedure for the GMP site . The first - aid procedure shall encompass the responsibilities and actions required for first - aid treatment . The first - aid procedure promotes the site philosophy for an early intervention program . Industrial Hygiene Sampling for Airborne Contaminants Sampling must be performed with a calibrated sampling pump . Calibrations must be performed before and after sampling , for each sampling pump , with the sampling media ( filter cassette or sorbent tube ) in line . General Security Procedure for GMP Manufacturing Area Site Security Team ensures a high level of awareness for security measures implemented for general site access and for the manufacturing building amongst all staff is of critical importance not only for our customers and our integrity as a supplier of prescription medicines but also for continued compliance with the conditions of our licenses to manufacture , import and export Pharmaceutical products . Occupational Medical Support Procedure for a GMP Site The purpose of this procedure is to provide all existing and potential colleagues with the information they need to comply with the procedures for preventative occupational medical evaluation and control in compliance with local requirements and EHS guidelines . Pharmaceuticals Pest Control Procedure The Pest control procedure is designed to act as a control and preventative maintenance program against insect and rodent infestation to buildings at the GMP site . Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) Policy for a GMP Manufacturing Site This policy provides information and guidelines for the supply and purchase of personal protective equipment ( PPE ) . Under the relevant Occupational Health and Safety , employers must provide PPE to workers and visitors as a control method when work hazards are unable to be controlled by other methods . Environmental Health and Safety Training The requirements outlines in this procedure are to be completed by all colleagues at the GMP site . Where specifically stated , some of the requirements in this procedure are to be completed by all personnel on site . Laboratory Spill Response This SOP provides guidance and instruction on the management of chemical spills in a laboratory environment . This SOP applies only to the spills of liquid and solid chemical spills in a chemistry laboratory environment . Spills of microbiological agents are outside the scope of this SOP . Process Safety The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that hazards which have the potential to cause acute catastrophic events , such as accidental chemical releases , fires and explosions are identified , assessed and adequately controlled . Industrial Hygiene Sampling This SOP is to provide guidance on a uniform methodology for workplace sampling of personal exposures and engineering performance validation . Selection of Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) Assessment of Risks will be assessed in all work areas and for all tasks to identify the requirements for PPE . All personal protective equipment will be worn as directed and will comply with the relevant Australian Standards . Environmental Health and Safety Risk Assessment Methodology In a GMP environment a risk - based approach has to be used to evaluate the hazards and controls used to mitigate them . Hence it is essential for Risk assessments to be performed to ensure that all hazards in a plant are identified and are controlled if the risk associated with them is unacceptable . To evaluate and control all risks , Risk Assessment Process has been developed and widely accepted by the industry . More EHS SOPs Part 2 - GMP Auditor Training Manuals Auditing Principles for GMP Audit Apply the auditing techniques referenced in this unit to an actual audit . Understand the reasons for using these techniques , understand and use the auditing components while performing a GMP Audit . Use a range of information tools in support of a GMP Audit . Develop and communicate a complete audit agenda ( may also be referred to as audit plan ) both to audit team members and the firm / area being audited . Effectively execute an audit agenda , use generally accepted auditing techniques to conduct the audit . Document and communicate audit findings in a clear Understanding Worldwide Regulatory Requirements Determine the appropriate Worldwide Regulatory GMP requirements for a site or product being audited . Identify which Regulatory Agencies govern specific regions of the world . Use a range of information tools in support of a manufactured product distributed and sold throughout the world . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of Worldwide Regulatory GMP requirements based upon the country or region audited . Explain what the relationships are among the Worldwide Regulatory GMP agencies . Personnel & Training System Audit Perform an audit of a personnel and training system . Know and understand which of the worldwide requirements apply to personnel and training . Use a range of information tools , including the contents of this module in support of a personnel and training audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of regulations pertaining to personnel training requirements . Deviation Management System Audit Perform an audit of a deviation management system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit to support the audit of a deviation management system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations and In - house standards to an audit of a deviation management system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of deviation management systems to applicable regulations Validation System Audit Perform an audit of a validation system ( excluding computer systems ) . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit to support the audit of a validation system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations to an audit of a validation system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of a validation system to applicable regulations Change Management System Audit Perform an audit of a change management system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit and the internet to support the audit of a change management system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations to an audit of a change management system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of a change management system to applicable regulations . Complaint System Audit Perform an internal , supplier or contractor audit of a complaint system . Know and understand which of the worldwide requirements apply to managing complaints . Use a range of information tools , including the contents of this module and the Internet in support of a complaint audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance to regulations pertaining to complaints . Documentation System Audit Perform an audit of a documentation system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit to support the audit of a documentation system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations to an audit of a documentation system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of documentation systems to applicable regulations . Calibration , Preventative Maintenance & Housekeeping System Audit Perform an audit of a calibration , preventive maintenance and housekeeping system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit and the internet to support the audit of a calibration , preventive maintenance and housekeeping system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations to an audit of a calibration , preventive maintenance and housekeeping system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of calibration , preventive maintenance and housekeeping systems to applicable regulations . Computerized Systems Audit Identify computer systems with GMP implications within the scope of the GMP facility audit Include in the audit an assessment of the computerized systems used to support a GMP facility . Understand and apply applicable GMP requirements to the audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of GMP facilities to applicable regulations for computerized systems . Utility Systems Audit Perform an audit of a site utilities system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit and the Internet , in support of auditing a utilities system . Understand and apply applicable GMP standards to an audit of a utilities system recognize compliance or non - compliance of a utility system to applicable regulations . Warehouse and Distribution System Audit Perform an audit of warehousing and distribution . Access and understand warehousing and distribution requirements , including licensing requirements . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this module and the Internet , in support of auditing warehousing and distribution . Understand and apply applicable GMP standards / regulations to an audit of warehousing and distribution . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of regulations pertaining to warehousing and distribution requirements . Environmental Monitoring System Audit Perform an Environmental Monitoring Audit . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit and the Intranet , to support an Environmental Monitoring Audit . Apply worldwide regulatory agency requirements to Environmental Monitoring . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of regulations regarding Environmental Monitoring requirements . Microbiology and Sterility Testing Laboratory Audit Understand what the GMP requirements are for microbiological and sterility testing laboratories . Identify which GMP regulations govern microbiological and sterility testing laboratories . Use a range of information tools , from the contents of this training module to the Intranet , in support of microbiological and sterility testing . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of a microbiological and sterility testing laboratories Analytical Quality & Stability Testing Laboratory Audit Understand what the GMP requirements are for the analytical quality laboratory and stability testing laboratory . Identify which GMP regulations govern the analytical quality laboratory . Use a range of information tools , from the contents of this training in support of analytical testing and stability testing auditing . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of analytical quality laboratory and stability testing . Material Handling System Audit Perform an audit of a material handling system . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit to support the audit of a material handling system . Understand and apply appropriate GMP standards / regulations to an audit of a material handling system . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of material handling systems to applicable regulations . Active API Manufacturer Audit Perform an audit of an API manufacturer . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this module and the Internet in support of auditing an API module . Understand and apply applicable GMP standards to an audit of an API manufacturer . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of API manufacturers to applicable regulations . Packaging Material Supplier Audit Perform a packaging component supplier audit . Understand which worldwide requirements apply to packaging component suppliers . Use a range of information tools , including the contents of this module , in support of a packaging component supplier audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance with regulations pertaining to packaging component supplier ’ s requirements . Packaging and Labeling Operation Audit Perform a packaging and labeling audit . Know and understand which of the worldwide requirements apply to packaging and labeling operations . Use a range of information tools , including the contents of this module to the Intranet , in support of a packaging and labeling audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of regulations pertaining to packaging and labeling requirements . Aseptic Sterile Area Audit Perform an audit of an aseptic / sterile processing area . Access and understand aseptic / sterile manufacturing requirements . Understand worldwide regulatory agency requirements for aseptic / sterile processing . Use a range of information tools , from the contents of this module to the Intranet in support of an aseptic / sterile processing audit . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of areas to regulations pertaining to aseptic / sterile processing requirements . Excipient Supplier Audit Perform an audit of an excipient vendor . Use a range of tools and information , including the contents of this unit and the Internet , in support of auditing an excipient vendor . Understand and apply applicable GMP standards and site standards to an audit of an excipient vendor . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of excipient vendors to applicable regulations . Oral Solid Solution Area Audit Apply the regulatory requirements related to oral dosage forms . Perform an audit of oral dosage forms . Use a range of information tools , from the contents of this unit to the Intranet in support of an audit of oral dosage forms . Recognize compliance or non - compliance of regulations pertaining to requirements for oral dosage forms . Part 3 - GMP Manuals 3.1 Quality Manuals Evaluation of Contaminant Options for Packing of Solid Dosage Forms ( same as QMS MANUAL - 003 This guideline is designed to assist decisions on how to appropriately accommodate the packing of solid dosage forms starting from bulk - packed tablet product through to the finished pack for shipping . The focus of this document is on the technical issues that must be addressed . Retention and Disposal of GMP Documents and Retention Samples ( same as QMS MANUAL - 005 The purpose of this procedure is to describe the minimum requirements for the retention of samples and documents under GMP and Medical Device regulations / legislation . Local legislative and regulatory requirements which may require retention of increased sample quantities or longer retention periods , take precedence over this procedure . Certificate of Materials Supplied to Manufacturing Site ( same as QMS MANUAL - 007 This guideline aims to define the processes for certification of materials provided by suppliers including the requirements for maintaining materials in a “ certified “ status for use . Quality Assurance Agreements ( same as QMS MANUAL - 010 The purpose of this Guideline is to define the general requirements and provide guidance for Quality Agreements for the development , manufacture , testing , storage and distribution of intermediates , active pharmaceutical ingredients and investigational products destined for use in pre - clinical , clinical and other Research and Development studies . Procedure for Quality Assurance Management of Contractors ( same as QMS MANUAL - 011 The purpose of this Procedure is to describe the requirements for the quality management of contractors ; to describe the role of contract giver sites in this context and to provide a model for the development of Quality Assurance Agreements with Contractors Guidelines for Regulatory Inspections ( same as QMS MANUAL - 017 To provide the minimum mandatory requirements for notification , conduct , reporting and follow - up action associated with inspections by regulatory authorities and also to outline recommendations on how to achieve compliance . Quality and Compliance Auditing QMS MANUAL - 018 The purpose of this guideline is to define the concept of Quality and Compliance Auditing within the system of quality management and outline the roles and responsibilities for planning , performing , reporting and follow - up of audits . Auditor Training QMS MANUAL - 014 To provide minimum mandatory requirements and outline best practice for ensuring that company auditors have a common baseline of training and experience in order to carry out GMP Quality and Compliance Audits of company suppliers and internal audits of their own sites . GMP Compliance Improvements Plans ( same as QMS MANUAL - 029 The purpose of this document is to provide some requirements as well as some recommendations for the development , content and management of Compliance Improvement Plans ( CIPs ) . Archiving , Disposal and Record Management QMS MANUAL - 030 The purpose of this document is to provide management and technical personnel with requirements as well as guidance on the archiving , records management and disposal of data and information . Internal Quality Assurance Agreements QMS MANUAL - 044 The purpose of this procedure is to describe the process for Quality Assurance ( QA ) Agreement regarding the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients , bulk formulated products , part finished packs and finished packs to be followed by a pharmaceutical operation . Audit of a Distribution Site ( same as QMS MANUAL - 045 This Procedure defines the procedure for performing Distribution Site audits and includes selecting , preparing for , conducting , reporting and documentation archiving of Distribution Site audits . Supplier Auditing of GMP Facility Guidelines ( same as QMS MANUAL - 046 This manual is to provide guidance on assigning Lead Audit Team / Site responsibilities , establishing an external supplier ’ s audit program , and the high level principles involved inconducting supplier audits . Management of Master GMP Document QMS MANUAL - 047 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide the regulatory requirements for the management of master GMP documents ; issued , controlled and used to verify compliance with required codes of GMP and / or other relevant Quality and Compliance Standards . Recommendations are also included on how to achieve compliance Artwork Creation & Control of Printed Packaging Components QMS MANUAL - 048 The purpose of this Guideline is to describe the way in which artworks and printed package components should be created and controlled . Release of API Bulk Formulated Products & Part Finished Packs QMS MANUAL - 049 The purpose of this guideline is to define the requirements for assessment of data and documentation prior to release Computerized Systems Risk Management ( same as QMS MANUAL - 050 To define the requirements for the application of risk management principles to computerized systems . Batch Confirmation Certification & Release by a Qualified Person QMS MANUAL - 056 The purpose of this procedure is to describe the accountabilities and single process for the batch confirmation , certification and release by a Qualified Person ( QP ) within the European Union ( EU ) . Cross Contamination Risk Evaluation Process for Commercial Compounds QMS MANUAL - 057 The purpose of this Guideline is to describe the process in place to ensure that drug products and drug substances are manufactured in a manner that minimizes patient risk through adulteration from products manufactured in the same manufacturing plant or facility Certificate of Analysis & Certificate of Manufacture QMS MANUAL - 062 The purpose of this guideline is to define the content of Batch Specific Documentation ( BSD ) , the process by which BSD is produced and the use to which it is put . BSD in this context refers to the Certificate of Analysis , ( CofA ) and the Certificate of Manufacture ( CofM ) . Annual Product Quality Reviews QMS MANUAL - 022 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide requirements for the content , scope and procedures for developing Annual Product Reviews and Product Quality Reviews , and also to outline recommendations on how to achieve compliance . Warehousing and Distribution of Commercial Products QMS MANUAL - 024 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance on the warehousing and distribution of commercial products . Utility Standards QMS MANUAL - 033 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance on the design and specification of utilities associated with the manufacture , quality control and storage of API , intermediates and investigational products within an R&D facility . Conducting Investigations QMS MANUAL - 034 To provide requirements in addition to recommendations for the performance of investigations in response to an incident , problem or deviation that may affect the safety , identity , strength , purity or quality of an active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API ) or drug product . Management and Documentation of Training QMS MANUAL - 037 To provide requirements for management and documentation of training and also to outline recommendations on how the requirements can be met . Definition and Documentation of Raw Data QMS MANUAL - 038 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide requirements in the definition and documentation of raw data and also to outline recommendations on how to achieve compliance . Risk Management in the Quality Assurance and Compliance Area QMS MANUAL - 041 The purpose of this document is to give guidance on a process for risk identification , assessment , control and review within the area of GxP regulated quality and compliance . Manufacturing Deviation Management QMS MANUAL - 052 The purpose of this guideline is to outline the requirements for the reporting , investigation and handling of inpidual deviations , and to outline a systemati approach for the trending of deviations , to enable ongoing improvement in deviation performance . Study Based GLP QA Audit for Critical Phases QMS MANUAL - 053 To define the process to be used for the frequency and audit of critical phases within a non - clinical safety study . This procedure may be applicable for all R&D GLP QA staff and will be used in the compilation of a program to identify audits to be undertaken for non - clinical safety studies and study parts for which compliance with GLP is claimed . Guideline for Development and Contents of Specifications QMS MANUAL - 060 The purpose of this guideline is to describe the process for generation , approval and management within R&D of specifications for release of materials used in clinical trials during drug development . It also gives guidance on the contents of such specifications for drug substance , several common types of investigational medicinal products and excipients . Manufacture , Packing and Shipping of Materials Ahead of Full QA Clearance QMS MANUAL - 064 The purpose of this International Procedure is to describe the process for the manufacture , packing and / or shipping material ahead of clearance . This Procedure can be applicable to any manufacturing Operations sites that is using , packing and / or shipping materials ahead of clearance . Determination of Storage Periods for APIs , Excipients , Intermediates and Raw Materials QMS MANUAL - 065 The purpose of this Procedure is to define the requirements for the retesting and assignment of storage periods for API ’ s , excipients , intermediates and raw materials . Guidelines for Generating Manufacturing Documentations MFG MANUAL - 003 This document provides guidelines for the way in which the commercial manufacture and packaging of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) and formulated drug products should be documented . Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures QMS MANUAL - 067 The purpose of this document is to provide an interpretation of FDA 21 CFR Part 11 , Electronic Records ; Electronic Signatures ( ER / ES ) and to provide guidance for acceptable practices in the use of electronic records and electronic signatures by any site . Read Full Version 3.2 Validation Manuals The Preparation of Process Validation Master Plan VAL MANUAL - 001 This procedure covers the planning of validation activities related to the manufacturing and control of the registered stages of Drug Product or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) for clinical use , validation or sale . Process Validation of Bulk Drug ( API and Intermediate ) VAL MANUAL - 005 The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on the validation of processes for the manufacture of bulk drug i.e. those synthetic stages from introduction of the defined API Starting Materials into the process up to and including the physical processing of the API ( Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ) . Validation should extend to those operations determined to be critical to the quality and purity of the API . The validation of stages prior to the API Starting Materials is not mandatory . A risk assessment may deem it necessary . Process Validation for Formulated Products VAL MANUAL - 009 The purpose of this document is to provide minimum mandatory requirements in the validation of processes for the commercial manufacture of formulated products to demonstrate the effectiveness and reproducibility of a process and being suitable for the intended purpose . The purpose is also to outline recommendation on how to achieve compliance . Cleaning and Cleaning Validation of API Plant and Equipment VAL MANUAL - 013 ) The purpose of this guideline is : To define the requirements for cleaning plant and equipment used to manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) or their intermediates ; To give guidance on how to assure appropriate cleaning of API plants and equipment ; To describe when validation is applicable and what must be done to complete validation . Sterilization Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 016 To provide guidelines for the validation of sterilization processes used in the manufacturing activities for drug products or active Pharmaceutical ingredients ( API ) and also to outline recommendations on how to achieve compliance . Cleaning and Cleaning Validation For Formulated Products VAL MANUAL - 019 The Purpose of this guideline is to define the minimum requirements for cleaning and validation of cleaning processes for formulated product . It also covers post validation monitoring of the effectiveness of cleaning processes . General Outline of Analytical Procedure Validation VAL MANUAL - 024 The purpose of this guideline is to outline the content and approval process for analytical procedures , and to describe those activities that should be carried out to demonstrate that analytical procedures used in laboratories within R&D and manufacturing operations are suitable for their intended purpose . The Validation of Facilities and Systems VAL MANUAL - 028 The purpose of this guideline is to provide requirements for the Validation of Facilities and Systems and to outline recommendations on how to achieve compliance . Information Technology Infrastructure Qualification VAL MANUAL - 036 This Guideline provides guidance on the qualification requirements to be applied to the Information Technology infrastructure . The establishment and maintenance of a qualified infrastructure for any regulated company is fundamental to meeting current business and regulatory requirements in respect of systems stability , reliability and security . Management of Change in Computerized System VAL MANUAL - 040 The purpose of this Guideline is to define and provide guidance on the requirements for managing and documenting changes which take place during the development , implementation or operation of a computerized system , including its supporting operating environment . Access by Regulatory Authorities and Auditors to Electronic Records VAL MANUAL - 045 The purpose of this Guideline is to advise on the practices to be adopted when wishing or requested , to display or provide copies of electronic records to regulatory authorities , auditors and other similar third parties . Technology Transfer of Established Medicine from One Commercial Site to Other ( same as VAL MANUAL - 031 To describe a process for the transfer of manufacture of an established drug product , from one established commercial manufacturing site to additional / alternative sites . This will include the associated quality control procedures and health safety and environmental information . 3.3 - Laboratory Manuals Water Quality Standard LAB MANUAL - 003 To describe the quality standards required for the production , distribution , use and testing of water used in the manufacture of manufactured materials . Sterility Testing Procedure LAB MANUAL - 005 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide a general guideline for sterility testing . This guideline should aid in assuring that the products manufactured at the company ’ s sites as well as by a contract manufacturers meet the appropriate regulatory and company requirements and that there is a harmonized , company - wide approach to the concept of sterility testing . Endotoxin Testing Procedure LAB MANUAL - 006 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide a general guideline for endotoxin testing . The guideline should aid in assuring that the products manufactured at any of the company sites as well as by a contract manufacturer meet the appropriate regulatory and company requirements and that there is a harmonized , company - wide approach to the concept of endotoxin testing . Guideline for Stability Testing for R&D LAB MANUAL - 007 The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations for performing and documenting stability studies within R&D . Deviations from the recommended practice may be made providing : The scientific rationale can be justified against regulatory requirements and expectations . There is no precedent that the scientific rationale will be unacceptable to regulatory authorities . For formal stability studies , the deviations and scientific rationale justifying them , do not conflict with , or undermine the validity of stability studies on similar commercial product types , particularly those belonging to the same therapeutic area . Storage and Expiry Dating of Analytical Reagents in Laboratory LAB MANUAL - 009 The purpose of this Guideline is to outline the requirements in the expiration dating of all analytical reagents and solutions prepared from these reagents . Recommendations are also included on how to achieve compliance . Preparation & Maintenance of Stability Protocols and Stability Master Plans LAB MANUAL - 010 The purpose of this document is to describe the procedure for the preparation and management of Stability Protocols and Stability Master Plans for marketed products and Drug Substances . Commercial Stability Testing of API ( Pure Bulk Drug ) LAB MANUAL - 012 The intent of this procedure is to provide the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) Manufacturing Sites with the principles of a stability program . Commercial Stability Studies at Contractors LAB MANUAL - 013 The purpose of this procedure is to describe how stability studies carried out at contractors shall be managed . Microbiological Testing for Non Sterile Drug Product LAB MANUAL - 016 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance for the microbiological testing of non - sterile products . This guideline should aid in assuring that the products manufactured at each of the gmp sites as well as by a contract manufacturer should meet the appropriate regulatory and company requirements and that there is a standardized , company - wide approach to the basic concept of microbiological quality control of non - sterile products . Reference & Retention Samples LAB MANUAL - 017 The purpose of this guideline is to describe the requirements for the sampling and storage of reference and retention samples under GMP regulations / legislation . Local regulatory requirements that require the retention of additional samples , increased sample quantities or longer retention periods , take precedence over this guideline . Laboratory Equipment Qualification LAB MANUAL - 018 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance on qualification of laboratory equipment within R&D . Manufacture and Microbiological Testing of Sterile API & Drug Product Within R&D LAB MANUAL - 020 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance on the manufacture and microbiological testing of sterile Investigational Medicinal Products ( IMP ) and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) . Commercial Stability Testing For Formulated Products LAB MANUAL - 022 The intent of this procedure is to provide to manufacturing and primary packaging sites the principles of a stability program . Environmental Monitoring LAB MANUAL - 001 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide requirements for environmental monitoring . This guideline provides recommendations on how to achieve compliance with the requirements . This guideline will aid in assuring that the commercial and investigational medicinal products manufactured will meet the appropriate regulatory and company requirements . Trending of Stability Data LAB MANUAL - 024 The purpose of this international guideline is to outline minimum mandatory requirements as well as recommendations for the identification and reaction to trends found in stability data Laboratory Out of Specifications Results Investigation Procedure LAB MANUAL - 026 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance for the investigation and response to Out of Specification ( OOS ) laboratory test results Analytical Laboratory Procedures and Validation LAB MANUAL - 027 The purpose of this guideline is to outline the content and approval process for analytical procedures and to describe those activities that should be carried out to demonstrate that analytical procedures used in GMP laboratories are suitable for their intended purpose . 3.4 - Manufacturing Operations Manuals Manufacturing Documentation MFG MANUAL - 003 This document provides guidelines for the way in which the commercial manufacture and packaging of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) and formulated drug products should be documented . Maintenance and Calibration of GMP Critical Items in Manufacturing Operations MFG MANUAL - 007 The purpose of this guideline is to define the general requirements and to provide guidance for the calibration and maintenance of instruments , equipment , facilities , utilities / services and systems . Re - treatment and Blending of API & Formulated Product MFG MANUAL - 014 The purpose of this guideline is to provide guidance regarding the reworking , reprocessing or recovery ( salvaging ) of formulated products , active pharmaceutical ingredients ( API ’ s ) and intermediates used in the processing of APIs . In - Process Testing , Checks and Sampling MFG MANUAL - 018 The purpose of this International Guideline is to describe the requirements for in - process testing and sampling during manufacture and packing . Management of Returned Goods MFG MANUAL - 022 The purpose of this International Guideline is to describe the principle of handling the quality assessment and recovery of returned goods . Receipt Handling and Storage of Starting & Packaging Materials MFG MANUAL - 024 The purpose of this Guideline is to describe the receipt , handling and storage of starting materials and packaging materials . The handling also includes sampling . Control of Packaging Operation MFG MANUAL - 026 The purpose of this guideline is to describe the way that packaging operations should be conducted . Requirements of Facilities For Sterile and Non - sterile Drug Manufacturing MFG MANUAL - 028 The purpose of this Guideline is to describe the requirements for meeting current Good Manufacturing Practice ( cGMP ) compliance requirements for new and upgraded facilities to be used for the manufacturing of any sterile and non sterile product . The Guideline also aims to provide recommendations on how to achieve compliance with the requirements . Labeling and Packaging of Investigational Medicinal Products and APIs MFG MANUAL - 031 The purpose of this Guideline is to provide guidance in the GMP requirements for the labeling and packaging of investigational materials at all stages of manufacturing and packaging Principles and Responsibilities for The Management of Change in Manufacturing Operations MFG MANUAL - 034 The purpose of this procedure is to define the principles for management of change within Operations . This document may applies to the Change Management process , to Regulatory Affairs , CMC and to all cGMP activities performed by an Operation sites . It applies to all facilities , processes , systems and procedures used during manufacture , testing and distribution that may directly or indirectly affect the quality of pharmaceuticals products Part 4 - Good Working Practices Practice 4.1 : Good Practice on Facilities and Equipment Topics : Equipment Cleaning for Drug Products ; Identification of Equipment Areas and Processes Equipment Cleaning for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) ; Calibration ; Preventative Maintenance ; Cleaning and Sterilization of Aseptic Manufacturing Equipment ; Areas and Facilities Cleaning and Maintenance ; Pest Control ; Water Purification , Storage , and Distribution for Pharmaceutical Production ; Air Handling Systems & Air Classifications for Aseptic Operations ; Clean Steam Systems ; Aseptic Area Environmental Control . Practice 4.2 : Good Practice on Material Management Topics : Reevaluation of Stored Materials ; Disposal of rejected and waste material ; Material Status Indication ; Material Supplier Approval ; Raw Materials and Packaging Materials – Receipt ; Sampling of Production Materials and Finished Goods ; Storage and Distribution of Drug Products , Medical Devices , and Dispensing & Transferring Materials to Production Areas ; Quarantine Shipment . Practice 4.3 : Good Practice on Labeling and Packaging Instructions for Filling , Labeling and Packaging Pharmaceutical Drug Products and API ' s for Commercial Purposes ; Creation , Revision , and Approval for Artwork Used on Packaging Components ; Receipt , Approval , and Use of Labels and Labeling ; Container Closure Integrity for Sterile Drug Products ; Packaging System Integrity for Sterile Medical Devices . Practice 4.4 : Good Practice on Manufacturing Operations Inspecting for Manufacturing and Packaging Defects - Aseptic ; Instructions for Manufacture of APIs and Drug Products ; Uniform Practices for Manufacturing Operations ; Personnel Qualification Program for Aseptic Processing Areas and Preparation for Aseptic Areas ; Aseptic Processing Facility Environmental Monitoring ; Use and Recovery of Solvents in API Manufacturing ; Metal Detection ; Weighing and Measuring Practices in Manufacturing Operations ; Gamma Radiation Sterilization ; Preventing Cross Contamination ; Control of Manufacturing and Packaging Defects Non - Sterile ; Sterilization / Depyrogenation ; Validation : Non - Product ; Gowning Practices for Aseptic Processing Areas and Preparation for Practice 4.5 : Good Practice on Laboratory Management Analytical Laboratory Investigations ; Foreign Matter Control , Testing and Inspecting of Sterile Products ; Evaluation and Investigation of Trace Unidentified Chromatographic Peaks ; Laboratory Documentation ; Laboratory Management ; Stability Testing ; Sterility and Bacterial Endotoxin Testing ; Sterility Test Isolators ; Transfer of Analytical Methods ; Use and Control of Laboratory Reagents and Reference Standards ; Verification of Compendial Analytical Methodology ; Microbiology Laboratory Investigations . Practice 4.6 : Good Practice on Validation Requirements Biological Test Methods Validation ; Analytical Methods Validation ; Equipment Cleaning Validation for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) ; Equipment Cleaning Validation for Drug Products ; Laboratory Equipment Qualification ; Microbiological Methods Validation ; Packaging Validation ; Process Validation for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) ; Process Validation for Drug Products and Medical Devices ; System Validation ; Validating Aseptic Processing - Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) ; Validation of Analytical Methods for Equipment Cleaning ; Validation Requirements and Documentation . Practice 4.7 : Good Practice on Quality Management Systems Batch Record and Device History Record ( DHR ) Review ; Deviation Reporting ; Quality Risk Management ( QRM ) ; Medical Device Corrective Action , Preventive Action ( CAPA ) ; Documentation Practices ; Stop Distribution ; Disposition of Production Materials and Finished Products ; Market Actions ; Quality Assessment for Reworking Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Drug Products ; Assigning Expiration Dates ; Annual Product Records Review ; GMP Training ; Returned Goods ; Quality Agreements ; Product Complaints ; Change Control Management Part 5 - GMP Guidance 5.1 - Validation Guidance 5.1.1 - Method Validation Analytical Test Method Validation - General Guidance VAL MANUAL - 021 Analytical Test Method Validation - Risk Assessment and Prioritization VAL MANUAL - 021 Analytical Test Method Validation - System Suitability Analytical Test Method Validation - Precision and Accuracy Analytical Test Method Validation - Quantitation and Detection Limit Analytical Test Method Validation - Linearity , Range and Specificity Analytical Test Method Validation - Robustness These guidelines in combination provide guidance for the validation of analytical test methods . These analytical test methods include those tests which evaluate API , Raw Materials , In Process samples ( e.g. reaction monitoring ) and early intermediate materials ( prior to the introduction of the first critical intermediate ) . This also include Risk Assessment and Prioritization , System Suitability , Precision and Accuracy , Quantitation and Detection Limit , Linearity , Range and Specificity , Robustness . 5.1.2 - Cleaning Validation Cleaning Validation - Calculations of Residue Limits For Drug Products for Equipment Cleaning VAL MANUAL - 053 The Maximum Allowable Residue for Therapeutics ( MART ) and Residue Acceptability Limit for Therapeutic Dose ( RALT ) should be calculated based on each product that is to be processed in a specific equipment train and determined by the formulas and equations provided in Appendix A . A common default MART is not more than ten ( 10 ) ppm . Cleaning Validation - Guidance for Swab Sampling and Visual Inspection Locations for API Equipment ( same as VAL MANUAL - 054 This document provides guidance in selecting the type of routine verification sampling method to use for particular types of API equipment and recommends locations for where to perform swab and / or visual inspection conducted during cleaning validatio n and during subsequent routine verification . Cleaning Validation - Product and Equipment Grouping and Worst - Case Product Selection VAL MANUAL - 055 The ability to group products or equipment for the purpose of reducing the amount of sampling and testing during cleaning validation is dependent on scientific , documented rationale . Similarly , scientific , documented rationale is also required when determining a worst - case product for the purposes of cleaning validation of API and DP manufacturing equipment . Cleaning Validation – Rinsate and Swab Sample , Test Method Development and Validation VAL MANUAL - 056 The area to be swabbed must be defined , typical areas range from 5cm x 5cm to 4 ” x 4 ” . It shall include special requirements and / or calculations for specific areas or equipment . It should be constant and well defined at each site to ensure consistency . Cleaning Validation – Visual Inspection and Quantitation VAL MANUAL - 057 If visual inspection is the only verification of a changeover cleaning process on minor equipment , the limit of detection using visual inspection techniques should be quantified in the laboratory or referenced from recognized literature . Cleaning Verification – Investigating Unknown Peaks in Chromatography VAL MANUAL - 037 Comparison of an unknown peak to the RAL determines if an investigation is initiated . There are multiple Safety Factors typically applied in the RAL calculations . Therefore , the risk of having an unknown peak present that is significant to toxicity or dose limits is relatively low considering the conservative approach chosen to calculate the RAL . Cleaning Evaluation Documentation and Instruction - Records for Cleaning Activities VAL MANUAL - 058 The cleaning program requires that cleaning is conducted and the cleaning activities documented following written instruction - records , or SOPs with attached checklists . Critical Process Parameters for Drug Product VAL MANUAL - 035 An understanding of the concept and relationship between normal operating range and proven acceptable range is necessary in establishing the range for a critical process parameter . Rationale for the determination of a parameter as critical must be documented . 5.1.3 - Other Validation Guidances Process Validation Approaches for Formulated Medicinal Products and Medical Devices VAL MANUAL - 060 Critical process parameters should be determined by a review of available historical data generated during development and / or manufacturing , or by experimentation . Each critical step is evaluated by observing the effect that potential critical process parameters have on quality attributes . Equipment Cleaning Validation For Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients VAL MANUAL - 013 A Cleaning Evaluation should be conducted , documented , and approved by the Site Quality and Production Team . This evaluation may be a single report or several reports and may be equipment centric or process centric and document or reference the required information . Equivalence Criteria of Impurities for API Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 034 Demonstrating equivalence is needed in all API validations , but this guidance is applicable to APIs prepared by chemical synthesis . Additional analysis ( not described here ) may be needed to evaluate physical attributes of the API , where requirements are defined for the corresponding Drug Product . Equivalency Comparison of Drug Product Validation Batch Data to Reference Batches ( same as VAL MANUAL - 003 A new or modified drug products should be demonstrated to be equivalent to previously produced product . Comparisons must be done as part of process validation studies for new product and significantly modified processes that require validation . Establishing and Extending Clean Equipment Hold Times VAL MANUAL - 002 This guidance describes considerations and risks for determining if the establishment of clean equipment hold times for equipment producing drug product and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) are required Evaluating Un - Cleaned Equipment Hold Times for Cleaning Validation of APIs and Drug Products ( same as VAL MANUAL - 004 This guidance outlines considerations and risks associated with hold times between equipment use and cleaning . The recommendations to evaluate if the time between equipment use and cleaning needs to be established and controlled are described for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) and Drug Products . When they are determined to be critical , recommendations on how to establish and extend existing hold times are also described . Evaluation of Changes for Potential Impact on Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 006 This guidance provides recommendations and examples for evaluating the process validation impact of changes to manufacturing processes used for manufacture of API , Drug Products and packaging processes . General Guidance for Process Validation Sampling ( same as VAL MANUAL - 020 VAL MANUAL - 022 This guidance addresses recommendations for good sampling practices . Validation sampling plans must be specified or referenced in the protocol . Guidance for Swab and Visual Inspection Sampling Locations for Drug Products sample VAL MANUAL - 007 This guidance provides recommendations related to the selection and application of swab sampling and visual inspection for various types of Drug Product equipment . In - Process and Bulk Drug Product Holding Times VAL MANUAL - 008 This Guidance sets out guidelines for the determination and validation of in - process and bulk product holding times . Demonstration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) Batch Homogeneity ( same as VAL MANUAL - 010 This guidance provides information on demonstrating batch homogeneity of final APIs ( small and large molecules ) and critical intermediates . This procedure provides guidance for performing a homogeneity evaluation in support of API process validation . The following components of the evaluation are described : Materials to be tested , Selection of test methods for examining homogeneity , Sampling plan – when to collect samples , from what locations , and the number of samples , Selecting acceptance criteria for evaluating homogeneity test results . Documentation Example for Continuous Quality Verification VAL MANUAL - 011 This guidance provides an example of documentation to support the use of Continuous Quality Verification for demonstrating that a manufacturing process is in a validated state . Documentation to Support Continuous Quality Verification VAL MANUAL - 012 This guidance describes the documentation needed to support the use of Continuous Quality Verification to demonstrate that a drug product or active pharmaceutical ingredient process is in a validated state . It also describes some similarities and differences between Continuous Quality Verification and traditional process validation using three discrete lots . Guidance on Selection Criteria of Dose and Toxicity Data for Use in Cleaning Limit Calculation VAL MANUAL - 014 This guidance provides points to consider when selecting Dosage and Toxicity data for use in the Cleaning Limits calculations . Inspection Attributes in Packaging Validation of Non - Sterile Drug Products VAL MANUAL - 015 This procedure provides examples and guidance on classification of defects for packaged non - sterile drug products . Laboratory Equipment Qualification LAB MANUAL - 019 This procedure provides guidance in the qualification of simple , moderate , and complex laboratory equipment that is used in an analytical laboratory in a Good Manufacturing Practices ( GMP ) environment associated with products in or intended for the market place . Matrices and Bracketing in Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 017 Bracketing and matrixing allow a ‘ most appropriate challenge ’ condition to be defined for a process or drug product family ( the same drug product with different dosage strengths ) . This risk - based approach can allow the validation to be focused on the most challenging circumstances , or “ worst cases . ” Use of this approach can provide a significant benefit to reduce the overall validation effort . Considerations for Selecting Packaging Lot Sizes during Packaging Validation and relevant Examples ( same as MFG MANUAL - 001 Examples of primary and secondary packaging validation , both manual and automated operations are provided in this guidance . This also provides guidance on aspects to consider for packaging validation . Explanations of factors to consider for acceptable packaging validation and lot size are provided with various practical examples . Non - Sterile Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) Manufacturing Area Environmental Control VAL MANUAL - 035 This guidance is to address environmental control for existing , new , and modified non - sterile API processing areas used for the manufacture of commercial materials . This includes non - sterile API manufacturing areas where the API will subsequently be used to produce sterile Drug Product . Packaging Validation - Potential Critical Process Parameters and Validation Practices VAL MANUAL - 018 This Guidance provides a tabulation of potential critical process parameters and quality attributes of typical steps of primary solid drug product ( i.e. dry products ) packaging processes . It also includes packaging validation items such as evaluation of equipment , protocol and report contents , amount of data ( e.g. number of runs ) and if warranted , microbiological studies . Process Validation Sampling for Non - Sterile Liquid , Semi Solid Drug Products VAL MANUAL - 020 This guidance provides Process Validation Sampling guidelines for non - sterile liquid ( solutions and suspensions ) and semi - solid ( ointments , creams , pastes , gels and lotions ) drug product dosage forms . Process Validation Sampling for Non - Sterile Solid Dose Drug Products VAL MANUAL - 022 ) This guidance provides Process Validation Sampling guidelines for non - sterile solid dose drug product dosage forms . The purpose of this guidance is to provide the general principles and approaches that should be considered for sampling non - sterile solid dosage forms . Performance Qualification versus Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 023 This guidance compares and contrasts Performance Qualification ( PQ ) to Process Validation ( PV ) . This guidance describes the differences between PQ and PV . It clarifies how the PQ term is applied to systems and to processes . As applied to processes , PQ batches are used to demonstrate the robustness of a process and PV batches are intended to demonstrate the reproducibility of the process . As applied to systems , PQ testing is intended to verify that integrated systems function together as required Periodic Review of Processes and Systems VAL MANUAL - 025 This guidance addresses the application of a risk - based approach to : Prioritize the systems and processes for periodic review ( PR ) ; Justify frequency and schedule of PR ( if applicable ) ; Routine revalidation of processes . Release For Commercial Use of Drug Product and API Pre - Validation and Validation Batches QMS MANUAL - 001 This guidance addresses considerations for commercial release of batches of product manufactured prior to completion of process validation ( PV ) activities , and considerations for release of batches associated with performance qualification ( PQ ) and PV activities . Selection of Critical Process Parameters for Validation VAL MANUAL - 059 This guidance discusses the term critical process parameter and considerations are described for identifying the term CPP that need validation . It is applicable to the manufacture of commercial intermediates , API , Drug Products and packaging . Semi - Solid Dosage Forms - Critical Process Parameters VAL MANUAL - 026 This guidance provides an explanation of the semi - solid Drug Product dosage form and recommendations for analysis of the manufacturing process critical process parameters . Semi - solids come in a variety of dosage forms , yet significant steps and equipment used for the manufacturing processes share commonality . The critical process parameters will often be the same from process to process . Solid Oral Dosage Forms - Potential Critical Process Parameters VAL MANUAL - 027 This guidance provides an overview of potential critical process parameters for the manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms . Solid oral drug products come in a variety of dosage forms frequently with common steps and equipment . The potential critical process parameters are often the same from process to process . This guidance provides an overview of process steps and typical equipment involved in manufacturing of solid oral dosage products and notes what might be critical process parameters associated with these process steps and equipment . Solvent Recovery Validation Example VAL MANUAL - 029 This guidance provides an example of the documentation for validation of a solvent recovery process . Solvent recovery validation is needed in some situations such as where the recovered solvent is intended for general site wide reuse into suitable manufacturing processes , including other API manufacturing processes than those from which the used solvent originated Test Deviations during Validation VAL MANUAL - 030 Out - of - specification ( OOS ) results and any other deviations that may impact the acceptability of the qualification / validation should be documented , investigated , root cause determined , corrective action taken and reported . Several examples are included . Validation Activities during Technology Transfers VAL MANUAL - 031 This document provides guidance for qualification and validation activities that take place as a result of the Technology Transfer for approved commercial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) and Drug Product processes . Other aspects of Tech transfers such as regulatory changes , stability impact , etc must also be considered as described in relevant guidance , but these other activities are outside the scope of this guidance . Validation Considerations for Re - work and Re - process of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) VAL MANUAL - 032 This document provides guidance to determine if validation of re - work and / or re - processing steps are required for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) processes . This guidance provides recommendations for evaluating the potential impact on product quality to determine if a given re - work or re - process step requires validation Validation Documentation VAL MANUAL - 033 This guidance provides recommendations for the content of the planning , testing and reporting types of validation documentation . Shipping Validation for Bio - pharmaceutical Materials Derived from Biotech Processes VAL MANUAL - 038 The risk of compromising bio - pharmaceutical materials in shipping is relatively high , as these materials are particularly vulnerable to degradation when exposed to various environmental and handling conditions . The risks can be managed effectively through qualification of packaging , handling , and transport procedures . System Level Impact Assessment for Information Systems VAL MANUAL - 039 This document explains how the Commissioning and Qualification System Level Impact Assessment template can be used for Information Systems . To classify Information Systems as Direct , Indirect or No impact systems , only one question is applicable for Information Systems . By means of three typical examples , this guidance explains how system classification could be performed , based on the use of the system and its data . Clean Pure Steam System Commissioning and Qualification - Sampling Plans VAL MANUAL - 041 This document recommends sampling locations , frequencies and testing activities associated with the commissioning and qualification of new installations or major revisions of Clean / Pure Steam Systems ( e.g. the addition of new subloops or other system wide retrofitting ) . This guidance defines the sampling location , frequency , and testing activities utilizing a risk based approach for supporting the commissioning and qualification for a clean / pure steam system . Component Level Impact Assessment for Information System Application VAL MANUAL - 042 The classification of Information System components as critical or non critical can be performed using a Component Level Impact Assessment in order to determine which components need qualification . This guidance also gives guidance on how to identify components in applications and includes examples of component level impact assessments for three typical software applications . Cycle Validation for Freeze Drying VAL MANUAL - 043 There are three elements to achieving successful validation of a freeze drying cycle : 1 . A well defined and understood formulation , 2 . A qualified freeze dryer and a freeze drying cycle that provides the link between a specific formulation and 3 . A specific freeze dryer . Documenting IQ , OQ , PQ Protocol Test Results for Equipment , Facility and Computer VAL MANUAL - 044 Test results should be documented in a manner permitting objective pass / fail decisions to be reached . The following represents the objectives of good test documentation practices . The degree to which these are achieved should be based on the criticality of the function being tested . Material of Construction ( MOC ) Documentation VAL MANUAL - 046 This procedure provides guidance for allowing Vendor ’ s Material of Construction ( MOC ) documentation , such as Certificates of Analysis ( C of A ) and other record documents , to be accepted as confirmation that a specified material has been used for new systems or components that come into direct contact with product . Packaging Process Documentation Transfer for Drug Products VAL MANUAL - 047 This document provides guidance on the transfer of documents during the activities that take place as a result of the Technology Transfer for approved commercial packaged Drug Product ( DP ) processes . Purified Water and Water for Injection System Commissioning and Qualification Sampling Plans VAL MANUAL - 048 This guidance recommends sampling locations , frequencies and testing activities associated with the commissioning and qualification of Purified Water ( PW ) and Water for Injection ( WFI ) Systems . Quality Considerations for Direct Impact Compressed Air and Nitrogen Systems VAL MANUAL - 049 This guidance provides recommendations when developing specifications for the design of Direct Impact Compressed Air , Pressure Swing Adsorption ( PSA ) and Cryogenic Nitrogen Systems used in the manufacture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) and Drug Products ( DPs ) . 5.2 - Quality Management Systems Guidances Product Quality Complaint Handling ( same as QMS MANUAL - 002 This Complaint Handling guidance defines practices for establishing and maintaining a product quality complaint handling system , and for monitoring and reporting corrective actions based on the findings Application of Quality Risk Management to Periodic Review of SOPs ( same as QMS MANUAL - 004 Application of Quality Risk Management to Periodic Review of SOPs is intended to provide a tool for determining the optimal review frequency that will ensure those SOPs which relate to GMP systems or processes and therefore bear the greatest potential for impact on product quality are reviewed / revised in a timely and possibly more frequent manner than those which are determined to be less critical or reflect stable processes . Statistical Rationale for Raw Material Sampling QMS MANUAL - 006 The practice of using the √ N+ 1 as a rule for sample size is common in the pharmaceutical industry . Quality Risk Management Application Critical Instrument Calibration QMS MANUAL - 008 This document offers a risk assessment approach to document a critical instrument calibration interval change request . Structured On - the - Job Training System QMS MANUAL - 012 This document discusses considerations for a site Structured On - the - Job Training system including GMP tasks and knowledge necessary to perform those tasks . Training system for Aseptic Operators and Support Staff ( same as QMS MANUAL - 013 This document discusses considerations for a robust training system for those working in or in support of a preparation for aseptic processing area . Disposal of Rejected and Waste Materials QMS MANUAL - 016 This document provides guidance for the handling , collecting and disposing of waste materials . Quality Assurance Self - Appraisals QMS MANUAL - 019 This document provides guidance in the conduct of Quality Assurance Audits to verify and assure the effectiveness of on - going quality systems , practices and programs and to identify potential procedural gaps or system weaknesses at Manufacturing Production and logistic Sites . Material Status Indication QMS MANUAL - 020 This document provides guidance on status control of the following materials : Raw Materials ( RM ) ; Starting Materials ; Packaging Materials including labeling ; In - Process Materials ; Drug Products ; Intermediates ; Medical Devices ; Components ; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) ; Returned Goods , including Recalled product ; Materials determined to be Acceptable for Rework / Reclaim ; Rejected Materials ; and Materials with Direct or Potential Indirect Product Contact , including cleaning materials and other items . Annual Product Records Review QMS MANUAL - 021 This document provides guidance in the performance of annual product record reviews to evaluate data and trending to : Verify consistency of the process ; Identify the need to modify specifications , and Identify any preventive or corrective actions that would lead to product quality improvements . Receipt , Approval and Use of Labels and Labeling QMS MANUAL - 023 This document provides guidance on the printing , receipt , storage , use and reconciliation of product labels and labeling for active pharmaceutical ingredients ( API ) , medical devices , and drug products . Weighing and Measuring Practices In Manufacturing Operations QMS MANUAL - 025 This document provides guidance in the weighing and measuring of materials used in the manufacture of drug products , active pharmaceutical ingredients ( API ) , medical devices , and intermediates . Material Supplier Approval QMS MANUAL - 026 This document provides guidance in the process for identifying suppliers to be audited and the process for conducting and documenting such audits and approving suppliers . Storage & Distribution of Drug Products , Medical Devices and Related Materials QMS MANUAL - 027 This document provides guidance the storage and distribution requirements for Drug Products , Medical Devices and related Production Materials from a GMP Site or Logistics Centers , and / or transported between manufacturing and Logistic Sites . Control of Manufacturing and Packaging Defects Non Sterile QMS MANUAL - 031 This document provides guidance on the inspection of non - sterile drug products and non - sterile medical devices for manufacturing and packaging defects . Pest Control QMS MANUAL - 032 This document provides guidance in the implementation and maintenance of pest control program for buildings and facilities at a GMP Site and Logistics Centers that are used for production , testing , or storage of pharmaceutical ingredients . Raw Materials and Packaging Materials Receipt QMS MANUAL - 035 This document provides guidance for receipt and storage of raw materials ( RM ) , components , and packaging materials used in the manufacture and packaging of active pharmaceutical ingredients ( API ) , drug products , and medical devices . Sampling of Production Materials and Finished Goods QMS MANUAL - 036 This document provides guidance for a sampling program for Raw Materials ( RM ) , Starting Materials , Packaging Materials , Labeling , In - Process Materials , Intermediates , Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) , Drug Products , Biologics , Medical Devices , Medical Device Components and Materials with Direct or Potential Product Contact . Water Purification , Storage and Distribution For Pharmaceutical Production QMS MANUAL - 039 This document provides guidance for the purification , storage and distribution of water used for Production including water used for cleaning of product contact equipment , containers , and closures . Use of a Risk - Based Approach To Establish External Quality Assurance Audit Frequency QMS MANUAL - 040 The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for GMP Quality Audits stakeholder ’ s responsibility to utilize a risk - based approach for determining External Quality Assurance Audit prioritization and frequencies . Reduced Testing Program QMS MANUAL - 042 This guidance document defines a science and risk - based approach for the evaluation and implementation of a reduced testing program for the release of starting materials , intermediates , APIs , excipients and packaging components at a GMP user site upon receipt from vendors ( manufacturer / supplier ) . GMP Training System QMS MANUAL - 015 This document discusses considerations for site GMP Training systems including training on regulations , GMP concepts , GMP tasks and knowledge necessary to perform those tasks . Stability Testing QMS MANUAL - 043 This document provides guidance for the stability testing for drug products , consumer non - drug products ( e.g. , cosmetics ) , Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) , API Intermediates for Sale and medical devices manufactured at GMP facilities . Quality Risk Management Application to Identify Deviations vs . Events QMS MANUAL - 051 Often times , deviations that occur during the handling , manufacturing , testing or distribution of materials / products have little or no impact on product quality or to its registration filing . The purpose of this guidance is to provide a process for assessing if a deviation does or does not impact the product quality or its filing through the use of a Quality Risk management tool . Implementation of Real Time Release QMS MANUAL - 054 This document provides practical guidance on how to implement a Real Time Release ( RTR ) testing approach as part of a manufacturing control strategy to ensure product quality while enabling the rapid release of API , intermediate and / or finished products . Preventative Maintenance QMS MANUAL - 055 This document provides guidance in for Preventive Maintenance of direct impact systems and associated critical components used in production , storage , and testing that may affect the safety , identity , strength , quality , or purity of active pharmaceutical ingredients , drug products , drug product raw materials , API starting materials , critical in - process materials , critical intermediates , biologics , or medical devices . Calibration QMS MANUAL - 058 This document provides guidance for the calibration of equipment , instruments , and standards used in production , storage and testing that may affect the identity , strength , quality or purity of Pharmaceutical drug products , active pharmaceutical ingredients and medical devices . Evaluation Process Supporting Elimination of Defined Shipment Temperature Range QMS MANUAL - 059 This document provides the scientific and risk management assessment process to support the evaluation and , where appropriate , discontinuation of solid oral dosage form shipment under defined temperature range conditions , dependent upon the results of individual product analyses . Determining Testing Patterns and Acceptance Criteria for Analytical Method Transfers QMS MANUAL - 063 This document provides guidance for setting experimental testing patterns and acceptance criteria for Analytical Method Transfer Exercises . This document provides guidance to GLP sites in identifying lots and number of samples for testing , setting appropriate acceptance criteria for conducting transfers . Quality Risk Management to Establishment of Weighing Device Performance Testing Intervals QMS MANUAL - 066 Application of Quality Risk Management to performance checks for weighing devices such as balances and scales is intended to provide a tool for determining the acceptability of decreasing the frequency of verifying the performance of a weighing device from the current frequency ( e.g. daily ) to an alternative schedule . Analytical Laboratory Management LAB MANUAL - 002 This document provides guidance for the management of analytical laboratories including the following : Personnel training ; Proper handling of samples ; Hazardous materials ; Control and maintenance of reagents , reference standards , and buffers ; Laboratory facilities and equipment ; and Documentation and control of test results . Microbiology Laboratory Management LAB MANUAL - 004 This document provides guidance for the management of microbiology laboratories including the following Proper handling of samples ; Control and maintenance of reagents , reference standards , buffers , microbial cultures , and microbiological culture media ; Monitoring and control of the microbiology laboratory environment ; Calibration and maintenance of laboratory equipment ; and Documentation and control of microbiological test results . Transfer of Analytical Methods LAB MANUAL - 008 This document provides guidance for establishing a documented process for the transfer of analytical methods , microbiological and / or bioanalytical methods . Quality Agreements QMS MANUAL - 009 Quality Agreement – a document between buyer site and a contractor or supplier of material which defines the roles and responsibilities for Quality related functions of the two parties . This document provides general guidance to site Quality Teams responsible for writing , revision and maintenance of Quality Agreements with suppliers of materials . Systems Validation VAL MANUAL - 050 This document provides guidance in the validation of systems ( facilities , utilities , and equipment , including process control systems , and information systems ) , that support regulatory compliance – practices , validated processes and / or systems used in the production or storage and distribution of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) , intermediates ( subsequent to the introduction of the API starting materials ) , drug products , medical devices or biologics . Metal Detection ( same as MFG MANUAL - 004 This document provides guidance in the installation , use and maintenance of metal detectors in Pharmaceutical and Animal Health solid oral dosage form drug products and medical devices that by design do not contain metal components . Hose Management MFG MANUAL - 005 What minimum standards should be considered by an API manufacturing site for the storage , handling and cleaning of hoses used during cleaning or production of Intermediates or final Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) ? Use of Process Analytical Technology in Process Validation VAL MANUAL - 062 This document provides examples of the possible use of Process Analytical Technology ( PAT ) systems during traditional process validation to demonstrate that a manufacturing process is in a validated state . This guidance is supplemental to guidance ‘ Process Validation for Drug Products and Medical Devices ’ and ‘ Process Validation for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) ’ . Implementation of Process Analytical Technology ( same as VAL MANUAL - 051 The extent of verification testing ( incorporating commissioning and qualification ) , method validation and approach to deviation investigation will depend on the outcome of the risk assessment and should be commensurate with the risk associated with the both the use of the PAT application and the data generated as result of application use . Validation of Process Analytical Technology System VAL MANUAL - 052 This document provides guidance for validation of PAT systems to assure compliance for PAT applications which can be implemented at a GMP site . The scope of this guidance includes PAT systems used in both Drug Product and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ( API ) manufacturing . 5.3 - Aseptic Processing Area Guidance Alternatives to Formaldehyde Fogging of Clean Rooms ( same as MFG MANUAL - 006 Alternatives to formaldehyde fogging include the use of liquid sanitizers or fogging with an alternate chemical sterilant such as chlorine dioxide , vapor - phase hydrogen peroxide , or atomized peroxyacetic acid - hydrogen peroxide . For biological facilities where viral contamination is a concern , it may be a regulatory expectation to decontaminate via fogging with some frequency . Clean Steam Systems MFG MANUAL - 008 This document provides guidance for clean steam used in aseptic applications , and applications where the steam or condensate directly contacts products or materials , or direct product contact surfaces ( i.e. , equipment , containers , closures ) . Cleaning and Sterilization of Aseptic Manufacturing Equipment MFG MANUAL - 009 This document provides guidance in the cleaning and sterilization of aseptic manufacturing equipment to minimize the risk of particulate and microbiological contamination . Container Closure Integrity for Sterile Drug Products MFG MANUAL - 010 This document provides guidance for ensuring that the integrity of the container closure system will protect the product over its shelf life . Controlling the Microbiological Quality of Solid Oral Dosage Forms LAB MANUAL - 011 To control the microbial quality of a non - sterile Solid Oral Dosage form , it is recommended to perform a risk assessment of the manufacturing process to identify potential sources of microbial contamination . The intention of this document is to provide guidance to determine and control these sources of microbial contamination . Defining Worst Case Conditions for Aseptic Process Simulations MFG MANUAL - 011 Aseptic process simulation tests ( e.g. media fills ) “ are used extensively and are recognized as an effective way to validate aseptic filling ” processes for the purpose of complying with regulatory GMP expectations . A media fill begins at the point where the final sterilization of the product takes place ( i.e. where aseptic operations are performed ) through the completion of filling operations with the sealing of the filled containers . Explanation of Repeat Testing and Retesting Utilized During Microbiological OOS Investigations LAB MANUAL - 015 During a laboratory investigation , confusion may arise as to the difference between these terms and their overall purpose . This document provides a more detailed explanation of these differences and the inpidual importance of these tools during a microbiological OOS laboratory investigation . Gamma Radiation Sterilization MFG MANUAL - 012 This document provides guidance for validation of gamma radiation sterilization processes used to sterilize active pharmaceutical ingredients , drug products , medical devices and non - product items , such as , APA gowning articles , containers , and closures with direct or potential contact with sterile raw materials , APIs , drug products or medical devices . Lyophilization MFG MANUAL - 013 This document provides guidance for design , operation , and commissioning or qualification of lyophilizers and the validation of lyophilization processes . Lyophilizer Loading and Unloading Recommendations MFG MANUAL - 015 This guidance should address questions raised by lyophilization ( freeze drying ) facilities involving in using of automated loading and unloading systems for new lyophilizer installations . The options described in this guidance assume the use of such an automated system . Microbial Attributes Testing of Non - Sterile Solid Oral Dosage Forms and Materials LAB MANUAL - 028 The intention of this document is to provide guidance to determine the need for performing microbial attributes testing of drug product raw materials , non - sterile excipients , active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) , and finished drug products . This guidance is recommended in order to ensure the microbiological quality of any non - sterile solid oral dosage form . Microbiological Testing in Cleaning Validation for APIs and Drug Products LAB MANUAL - 021 This document describes the rationale and recommended microbiological methodology for consideration during cleaning validation of product contact surfaces for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and drug products . Overview of Trending of Environmental Monitoring Data for Aseptic Processing Areas LAB MANUAL - 023 This guidance establishes the need for trending of environmental monitoring data and gives recommendations on aspects of trending such as categorization of data , frequency of trending , trend definition , and content of trend reports . Packaging System Integrity for Sterile Medical Devices MFG MANUAL - 016 This document provides guidance for determining the suitability of packaging materials and the evaluation and testing of the integrity of packaging systems for sterile Medical Devices manufactured and / or packaged by GMP sites . Preventing Cross Contamination MFG MANUAL - 017 This document provides guidance for the prevention of cross contamination in production processes , warehousing , material transfer , and distribution . Prevention and Control of Fungal Contamination in Tablets MFG MANUAL - 019 What steps can be taken to prevent and control of fungal contamination in tablets ? The presence of water is the key element in the growth of fungal contamination . This document discusses the prevention and control of fungal contamination in tablets production to include : raw material and API testing , manufacturing processes , environmental monitoring , and final product testing . Sanitant Rotation in a Routine Sanitization Program MFG MANUAL - 020 What are the expectations for industry for the inclusion of different sanitization agents within a routine sanitization program ? Additionally , are there tangible benefits to routinely rotating sanitization agents ? Finally , how is sanitant performance defined ? Sterilization or Depyrogenation Validation - Non Product MFG MANUAL - 021 This procedure provides guidance for validating sterilization and depyrogenation of equipment and containers and closures with direct or potential contact with sterile medical devices , sterile drug products or sterile active pharmaceutical ingredients . Unplanned Clean room Power Outage Time Limit and Recovery Determinations for Aseptic Processing Areas MFG MANUAL - 023 How can the time between a clean room power outage and loss of environmental control in the critical area be determined ? Once the power is restored , how can the time it takes to recover the desired environmental conditions be determined ? An interruption of power supply to the HVAC systems may produce a “ loss of control ” which can be defined as a breech in the integrity of the controlled areas in sterile manufacturing . Use of Sterilized Goggles Within the Aseptic Processing Area MFG MANUAL - 025 This document will discuss the requirement for goggle use within Aseptic Processing Areas ( APA ) as well as products and processes that are available to assist sites in complying with established requirements . Suggested elements of a sterile goggle program are also considered . Water Activity - What Is It and How Does It Apply To Pharmaceutical Manufacturing MFG MANUAL - 027 This document discusses the basic principles of water activity and the importance it has in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals . It also provides direction on when and where testing for water activity can be most beneficial . Assessment of Shipping Processes for Drug Products MFG MANUAL - 029 This document provides guidance on assessing the transportation of Drug Products ( DP ) . It can be applied to assessment of shipping Bulk DP and finished commercially packaged DP ( “ finished product ” ) between any two locations – such as manufacturing sites , wholesale distribution centers , and receiving sites or – within the GMP sites distribution network . Cold Chain Management of Biopharmaceutical Materials MFG MANUAL - 030 The risk of compromising biopharmaceutical materials in internal shipping and external distribution is relatively high , as these materials are particularly vulnerable to degradation when exposed to various environmental and handling conditions . The risks can be managed effectively through qualification of transport packing systems , handling , and transport procedures . This guidance summarizes suggested considerations in the cold chain management ( CCM ) of biopharmaceuticals Stability Considerations for Planned or Unplanned API Process Changes LAB MANUAL - 025 This document outlines the considerations site quality organizations should review to assess whether stability data are needed to support planned or unplanned post - approval changes to API or API Intermediate for sale manufacturing processes . This document also recommends customer notification if subsequent intermediate processing or drug product quality may be impacted by the change . Clean Process - External Vial Capping Operations MFG MANUAL - 032 This guidance applies to capping operations performed as an aseptic process using sterilized caps or as a “ clean process ” that is performed outside the aseptic core using clean non - sterilized caps . Use and Recovery of Solvents in API Manufacturing MFG MANUAL - 033 This document provides guidance in offloading , use and recovery of solvents used in the commercial manufacture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( API ) and intermediates The processing and use of solvents should be established , controlled and monitored based on the potential impact on intermediate or final API product quality . Establishing Reevaluation Intervals for API Intermediates This document provides guidance for establishing re - evaluation intervals for API Intermediates that are stored dry or wet in drums or intermediate bulk containers ( IBC ) . Wet intermediates include solvent wet , water wet , intermediates in solution ( liquid ) and intermediates in suspension . Conversion to Animal Free or TSE Risk Free API Processing An “ animal - free ” process does not contain any raw materials , starting materials , components or agents derived from animals . A “ TSE - risk - free ” process does not contain any raw materials , starting materials , components or agents derived from animals known to be susceptible to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy ( TSE ) agents . Filing Strategy for Specifications for Raw Materials used in API This document recommends the strategy for the filing of specifications for raw materials used in the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ( APIs ) . A common strategy if used by all affiliate sites , will establish consistency in the API raw materials registered specification and insure that only the minimum appropriate specifications are filed . The strategy is designed primarily for new products filings . Labeling of APIs and API Intermediates Containers for APIs and API Intermediates should bear labels that give at least the following information : The name of the material , Site material identification code , Amount of material , The batch or lot number , The expiry date ( if applicable ) , Any special storage or handling conditions and The manufacturing site and contact information . Post Approval Equipment Changes to API Manufacturing Processes API equipment changes after the final intermediate only require a revision to registrations if the equipment has been explicitly described in a registration commitment or if pre - / post - change chemical and physical equivalence of the API can not be demonstrated or if there is an effect on the drug product . Forms Overview Blog Regulatory | [
"Good Manufacturing Practice",
"Validation-Concept and Procedure",
"Equipment Specification and Qualification"
] |
http://gnostic.org/writings/mjessica/histaltarvictory.htm | At the far end of the Roman Senate House Curia is a low platform on which stood an altar and a golden statue of Victory placed there by Octavius to celebrate Romes victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium two years before 31 BC and decorated says Cassius Dio LI22 with spoils from Egypt There too relates Suetonius XXXV Augustus provided that incense and wine be offered at the altar In ridiculing the notion of a woman who passes as a bird a great vulture and a goddess both in one the Christian poet Prudentius provides a description of how The statue itself was taken from Tarentum which had been abandoned by Phyrrus and captured by the Romans in 272 BC About the same time the Romans struck a new type of coin one with a portrait of Roma on one side and the figure of Victory on the other One of the most common virtues represented on the reverse of Roman coins Victoria from vincere to conquer was personified as a winged figure usually holding a palm and descending with flowing robes as a messenger of the gods to bestow a laurel wreath on the victorious Together with Victoriola a small cult statue of Victory standing on a globe and extending a wreath she symbolized the gift of victory and the renown it conferred The image continued to appear on the coinage long after other pagan deities had been excluded an evocative symbol of Romes triumph although as a personification only and no longer divine By the fourth century the winged Victory its idolatrous association beginning to fade had been transformed into the figure of an angel the intermediary and attendant of God and the palm branch a symbol of victory over death and the church A number of events led to the establishment of the Christian Church as the most powerful influence in Europe during the Middle Ages Central to this occurrence was the Roman Altar of Victory Dispute It was the initial turning point in both religious and political history for all of the Western World the resolution of which led to the establishment of the Christian Church as the sole state religion during the last years of the Roman Empire The events which led to the establishment of the Church as the predominant authority are corroborated by legal documents in the records of The Altar of Victory was the ultimate symbol of Roman supremacy The Altar was a majestic female standing on a globe with expanded wings and a crown of laurel in her outstretched hand The senators of Rome were solemnly sworn on this altar to observe the laws of the emperor and the empire According to Gibbon a dignified offering of wine and incense was the ordinary prelude of the public deliberations The statue had been transported from the city of Tarentum in the boot of southern Italy by Julius Ceaser placed in the Roman Curia and was later decorated by The political strength of Christianity as a competing religion and political faction by the fourth century is symbolized by the political controversy in the surrounding the existence of the Altar of Victory It was first removed from the Roman Senate house in 357 AD by Emperor Constantatius Emperor Julian a confirmed pagan restored it in the same year in celebration of his military triumph over Magnentius Julian reopened the temples ordered that sacrifices should be brought to the altars and demanded that the worship of the old gods be restored But in 382 AD the Altar of Victory was again During the period from 356 to 381 AD no law existed against the practice of Roman pagan rites but the evolution of the Theodosian Code in the next decade sealed the fate of pagan religions finally The precedent for the code was first established in 384 AD when Symmachus a pagan champion and prefect of the City of Rome appealed to Emperor Valentinian in a letter to again restore the altar and reestablish financial support for the state cults He claimed that the lack of respect for the Gods had caused a famine Symmachus letter was sent by Valentinian to The Theodosian Code was first published in 391 AD in the year of the consulship of Symmachus It began with the curt commands that superstition shall cease and the insanity of sacrificial rites shall be abolished The document included twentyfive edicts against the practice of paganism However for a time the feasts of Magna Mater were still attended and the Vestal Virgins continued to attend the eternal flame A last attempt to reestablish the Roman religion was made again by Symmachus in 392 but the Emperor Valentinian refused even against the wishes of the senate A comprehensive law passed in For a time the pagan party remained strong for in spite of the interdictions there were transgressions In the same year a votary to Mithra a competing religion of ancient Iranian origin was instituted in Rome and in spite of the fact that the enactments of the code included the withdrawal of inheritance and the rights of bequest in punishment for those who profaned their baptism and faith in Christ persons of high rank deserted the Christian fold and lapsed into Jewish Manichaean and other nonJudeoChristian religions of the region During the time of Julian fear of the consequences had The election of the pagan Flavinus to consul of 394 AD led to the celebration of the festivals of Isis and Magna Mater within the pagan party A civil war ensued for control of the empire between the pagan Eugenius and the Christian Theodosius in which the latter was victorious In triumph Theodosius marched to Rome convened the senate installed his son Honorius as emperor and delivered a speech in which he admonished the Senators to recant their error But none were willing to give up the rites which had been passed from generation to generation since the citys founding In spite of codes and laws Theodosius ultimately failed in abolishing cults completely and according to Zosimus a fifth century historian the empire gradually diminished due to the division between the factions The last short lived reaction to Christian dominance occurred when the Visigoth King Alaric invaded Rome and donned the royal purple with the approval of the senate Alaric set up Attilus a military tribune under the leadership of Lampadius an avowed believer in divination as a rival emperor to Honorius Along with Tertullius who had hopes of consular appointment by the senate and Jovious a freethinker of fluid Other things which had been handed down from other times lay neglected The empire of the Romans became a domicile of barbarians or rather having lost its former inhabitants it was ultimately reduced to a shape in which not even the places where the cities lay situate were recognizable St Jerome and St Augustine exulted over the ruins of the temples of the false gods however successive emperors were well aware that the factional division between the pagans and the Christians among Roman citizens was at an unrecoverable cost to the greatness of the empire Many works of ancient pagan art had been buried or forgotten and in the ensuing wars and barbarian invasions especially by Alaric who had invaded Rome itself untold significant pagan artifacts of gold and silver were carried away From 395 to 408 factional parties included on the one side Christian Bishops and the great nobles and officers of Theodosius and on the pagan side the senatorial class Arians Jews Manicheans and freethinkers These tore the empire apart intellectually Accordingly Every fluctuation of fortune was seized upon and skillfully used to glorify Jupiter or Christ Radagaisus another barbarian king invaded Rome from the Alps with 200000 strong in this period He and his people worshiped strange northern gods and revived the pagan belief that the invasion was allowed by the Roman gods because Rome no longer worshiped them Stillicho a halfbarbarian Vandal general was left by Theodosius 395 AD guardian of the young emperors Arcadius age seventeen who was to rule the East and Honorius age ten who was to rule the West Following invasion by Alaric Stillicho was blamed by the Christians for loosing the hordes of barbarianism on the Empire Stillico established peace with Alaric in order to prevent Alaric from aggressing onwards to the eastern part of the Empire but it was thought by the Christian factions that his purpose was to reestablish paganism He was charged with slackness and perfidy in his campaigns against The period of invasions deprived Rome of some of her best officers but also allowed an interval of clemency for the Christian faction who of course took advantage of the opportunity to gain greater power The remaining vestiges of the old religion almost completely disappeared as the last of the pagan images were pulled down Temple lands were confiscated and the temples and buildings converted or destroyed Banquets and games where pagan rituals were a part of the event were prohibited and abolished It was during this period that the bishops of the church were given civil jurisdictional powers A part of their duty was to enforce the laws civil judgments were deemed the prerogative of the bishops As a result they began to appropriate real political power Since the pagan faiths had been innately bound with economic political and social institutions their disappearance and the rise of the Christian bishops to power caused profound changes in other aspects of life That they vanished so completely is due to the vast changes in the civilization and the culture to which they were associated As the intellectual life literature and language of the Christians rapidly evolved it produced a mixed effect A widespread distrust of pagan philosophy developed and became a binding force of the Empire Paganism became equated with the rival party and as the Christians became politically stronger paganism diminished to an equivalent degree There was also a neglect of the sciences And while many of the new Christians were students of ancient philosophy they adapted their arguments for Christianity in philosophical disguise They influenced the educated classes to turn to Christianity as the successive philosophy to the teachings of the GrecoRoman world The writings of both Clement and Origen two of the early church fathers were especially discussed amongst the upper classes This Christian theology influenced by GrecoRoman thought notably Platonism and NeoPlatonism made Christianity worthy of consideration in the minds of the intellectuals In this time period Christianity was introduced as a philosophy not incomparable to that of Aristotles Metaphysics The bloodless sacrifice of the Eucharist required altars and thus buildings to enclose them while the initiatory rites gave rise to baptisteries Christian mores also affected moral reforms and a new sense of humanitarianism Christianity required monogamy continence before marriage abhorred sexual irregularities and adultery abortion infanticide and exposure of children Augustine preached equal salvation for men and women and although monasticism propagated the idea that women were temptations the church advocated marriage as an institution worthy of the blessing of the church Although the church did not take a stand against slavery an institution in effect even in Judaic The new Christians did not condemn wealth however they did universally hold the opinion that wealth should be used to freely assist the needy particularly those in the faith Voluntary contributions were used to fund acts of benevolence and charity The Emperors especially became benefactors financing schools libraries temples baths theaters markets public works games public amusements hospitals and orphanages In the early years Christians abstained from military service and gladiatorial games horse races and the theater but in later times became more involved with the trappings of government Overtime the Christian calendar of festivals and holy days were contrived The Christian religion also had its effect on the law codes Marriage laws and punishments for theft prostitution and murder were later adapted to reflect more equality of punishment and increasingly came to disregard class distinctions Many acts that had been legal under the pagan system became offenses and were made punishable by law As their power grew in various localities bishops in many cases became more powerful than the emperors in fact the emperors became subject to the church as time wore on History records that Theodosius was denied admittance to the Cathedral by Ambrose until he made a While Christianity was not the main cause of the fall of the Roman Empire it was certainly was a significant factor if not the decisive factor in the disintegration process As Christianity grew it undermined the power and unity of the senate Christianity promulgated a new culture that if not perfected replaced many barbaric practices with a fresh philosophy and theology that advocated a more humanitarian and benevolent approach However the more advanced pagan religions holding similar principles of humanitarianism and benevolence were forced underground Bibliography Sorry these sources will have to suffice Notes lost in antique computer Frend WHC The Rise of Christianity Philadelphia Fortress Press 1984 Chadwick H The Early Church Grand RapidsWm B Eerdmans 1969 Gibbon Edward The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 28 httppenelopeuchicagoedugroutencyclopaedia_romanagreecepaganismvictoriahtml | [
"Altar of Victory"
] |
http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/coreutils.htm | CoreUtils for Windows CoreUtils collection of basic file shell and text manipulation utilities Version 530 Description The GNU Core Utilities are the basic file shell and text manipulation utilities of the GNU operating system These are the core utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system File utilities chgrp Changes file group ownership chown Changes file ownership chmod Changes file permissions cp Copies files dd Copies and converts a file df Shows disk free space on filesystems dir Gives a brief directory listing dircolors Setup program for the color output of GNU ls du Shows disk usage on filesystems install Copies file and sets its permissions ln Creates file links ls Lists directory contents mkdir Creates directories mkfifo Creates FIFOs named pipes mknod Creates special files mv Moves files rm Removes deletes files rmdir Removes empty directories shred Destroy data in files sync Synchronizes filesystem buffers and disk touch Changes file timestamps vdir Long directory listing Text utilities cat concatenates and prints files on the standard output cksum checksum and count the bytes in a file comm compares two sorted files line by line csplit splits a file into sections determined by context lines cut remove sections from each line of files expand convert tabs to spaces fmt simple optimal text formatter fold wrap each input line to fit in specified width head output the first part of files join join lines of two files on a common field md5sum compute and check MD5 messsage digest nl number lines of files od dump files in octal and other formats paste merge lines of files ptx produce a permuted index of file contents pr convert text files for printing shasum compute and check SHA1 message digest sort sort lines of text files split split a file into pieces sum checksum and count the blocks in a file tac concatenates and prints files in reverse tail outputs the last part of files tr translates or deletes characters tsort perform topological sort unexpand convert spaces to tabs uniq remove duplicate lines from a sorted file wc prints the number of bytes words and lines in files Shell utilities Check file types and compare values basename Removes the path prefix from a given pathname chroot Changes the root directory date Printssets the system date and time dirname Removes the last level or filename from a given pathname echo Prints a line of text env Displaysmodifies the environment expr Evaluates expressions factor Prints prime factors false Returns an unsuccessful exit status groups Print the groups that the user is a member of hostid Print the numeric identifier for the current host hostname Print or set the machine name id Print realeffective uidgid logname Print current login name nice Modify scheduling priority nohup Allows a command to continue running after logging out pathchk Check file name portability pinky Lightweight finger printenv Prints environment variables printf Formats and prints data pwd Print the current working directory seq Print numeric sequences sleep Suspends execution for a specified time stty Printchange terminal settings su Allows you to adopt the id of another user or superuser tee Sends output to multiple files test Evaluates an expression true Returns a successful exit status tty Print terminal name uname Print system information users Print current user names who Print a list of all users currently logged in whoami Print effective user id yes Print a string repeatedly httpwwwgnuorgsoftwarecoreutils Download If you download the Setup program of the package any requirements for running applications such as dynamic link libraries DLLs from the dependencies as listed below under Requirements are already included If you download the package as Zip files then you must download and install the dependencies zip file yourself Developer files header files and libraries from other packages are however not included so if you wish to develop your own applications you must separately install the required packages Description Download Size Last change Md5sum Complete package except sources Setup 6439882 21 April 2005 5a3e9d30b906dadf54de0635522fd62c Sources Setup 3527755 21 April 2005 64b8f7c03895de29c6ee669c9092fe1b Binaries Zip 5176996 21 April 2005 aa7ce7f1f2befb930fb156bddea41bc4 Dependencies Zip 706641 21 April 2005 6cf05855b6902dffa2cf4ba8b90e82e6 Documentation Zip 4540924 21 April 2005 ee0b456daf011d6e348cc64adafe968a Sources Zip 9371720 21 April 2005 5cbd86c56e6eb29b6af2810849d08c8c You can also download the files from the GnuWin32 files page You can monitor new releases of the port of this package Installation and Usage The MSWindows version of ln implements soft links as MSWindows shortcuts If necessary it adds the extension lnk Hard links are implemented as copies on MSWindows95 98 ME and as hard linls on MSWindowsNT 2000 XP General Installation Instructions Reported bugs Requirements | [
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http://go.okstate.edu/ | We dream as big as the sky America ' s brightest orange is going to look good on you Opportunities here stretch as far as the eye can see . You ' ll get real experience to start your career off on the right track . And a big dose of Cowboy spirit in a community you ' ll be proud to call home . apply Visit Campus Get Mail 300 + Majors & minors to choose from — fueling careers in everything from accounting to zoology 200 + Master ' s & Ph . D . options and more than 20 graduate certificates for continuing education Why OSU ? Academics & Research OSU is a nationally ranked research university — in the classroom and on the field . Top 50 Public Universities in America ( Niche . com , 2018 ) . Most Truman Scholars ( for graduate study in public service ) in Oklahoma . Honors curriculum listed top 10 in the nation ( Willingham , 2018 ) . Academics Facts & Rankings Affordability As a land - grant institution , we believe access to education is an essential part of our mission . Top 100 Best College Values ( Kiplinger , 2017 ) . No . 76 ( out of 4,000 + ) Best Public Schools for Scholarships ( GoodCall , 2016 ) . Over 50 % of OSU students graduate with zero student loan debt . Affordability Facts & Rankings Quality of Life We invest in the well - being of our students , faculty , staff and community . Largest comprehensive university student union in the world . Students routinely log thousands of volunteer hours each year . Located in America ' s friendliest college town . Quality of Life Facts & Rankings We are all Cowboys Learn the code Research that improves lives and strengthens communities OSU ’ s research — whether it ’ s exploring basic scientific questions or applied concepts that directly impact lives — is relevant , accessible and beneficial . OSU is listed in Carnegie Classifications of Institutions ’ top tier for research universities . Interested in research ? We ’ ve got your back There ’ s a lot that goes into university life and we ’ re here to help every step of the way . From academic help to technology support , OSU offers resources to help you overcome obstacles and experience success . Let us help you find the answers . Student Support Next Steps So , you ’ ve chosen to join the Cowboy family . What now ? Already admitted ? There are a few important tasks you need to accomplish to make it official . Register for Housing , sign up for New Student Orientation and Enrollment , and make sure to accept your scholarships and financial aid awards . If you have n ’ t already , there is still time to apply for admission and scholarships . Seal the Deal NEWS VIEW ALL Women for OSU name Peggy Helmerich Philanthropist of the Year Apr 12 Women for OSU will honor Tulsa civic leader and benefactress Peggy Helmerich as its 2019 Philanthropist of the Year at its annual symposium on April 25 in Gallagher - Iba Arena . Tickets are available for the event , which is scheduled from 9 : 30 a.m. to 1 : 30 p.m . The Wall That Heals visiting OSU Apr 11 A 375 - foot - long traveling version of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial will be on the Oklahoma State University campus next week , allowing area residents the opportunity to pay tribute to those who served and the more than 58,000 who died during the Vietnam War . EVENTS VIEW ALL Give to OSU Gifts to OSU have created more than 2,500 scholarship funds , benefitting thousands of students for generations . Make your impact today ! Ways to give Information for : Alumni Current students Donors Extension services Faculty & staff Parents Stillwater community | [
"Oklahoma State University"
] |
http://go.qlik.com/2018-Data-Rev-Tour.html | Data first Revolution second Discover the key to transforming your entire business with data Digital transformation is more than just a buzzword its a mustdo Yet most initiatives will fail due to a lack of data literacy limited access to data and poor analytics strategies This is your chance to hear from leaders who are not failing but leading with data How do you become a leader in this revolution The Qlik Data Revolution Tour can show you how Coming soon to a city near you this exclusive oneday event reveals the leaders in the Data Revolution will be those who can bring to bear the totality of their data assets to seek and uncover transformational insights and enrich every decision across all aspects of their operations The Qlik Data Revolution Tour is free but seats are limited Registration is now open so please register your interest in one of the cities below Locations Americas 10Oct2018 Chicago USA 16Oct2018 Washington DC USA 23Oct2018 Atlanta USA 29Oct2018 Philadelphia USA 1Nov2018 New York USA 8Nov2018 Toronto Canada 13Nov2018 Sao Paulo Brazil 14Nov2018 Silicon Valley USA Europe Middle East 19Sept2018 Frankfurt Germany 04Oct2018 Milan Italy 09Oct2018 Amsterdam Netherlands 10Oct2018 London UK 11Oct2018 Paris France 25Oct2018 Madrid Spain 29Oct2018 Dubai UAE 06Nov2018 Stockholm Sweden AsiaPacific 25Sept2018 Sydney Australia 05Oct2018 Singapore 09Oct2018 Mumbai India 25Oct2018 Tokyo Japan WHY ATTEND Industry experts thoughtleaders and Qlik executives will reveal Why data literacy is the key to unlocking datadriven transformation in your business and the practical steps you need to take to get there How Qlik is at the forefront of a 3 rd generation of Business Intelligence leveraging AI to drive data literacy across organizations from the edge to the point of decision Hear and see the very latest technology innovations around harnessing data and using analytics to drive business insight How businesses like yours are leading with data using data and analytics to enrich decisionmaking to drive more successful outcomes Hear from a wealth of industry thought leaders experts and organisations from a range of industries as they explain their approach what they have done and pragmatic advice around leveraging data and analytics to drive successful outcomes Have a colleague who should attend Invite them by sharing this page Questions Contact DataRevTourQlikcom | [
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http://go2ies.com/remanufactured-coats-950-1000-tire-balancer.html | Products Menu Tire Changers Tire Changers Parts and Accessories Remanufacturing Services Tire Changers Tire Balancers Tire Balancers Parts and Accessories Remanufacturing Services Tire Balancers Tire Changer and Balancer Combos Paint Shakers Paint Shakers Parts and Accessories Remanufacturing Services Paint Shakers Color Dispensers Automatic Color Dispensers Manual Color Dispensers Manual Parts and Accessories Remanufacturing Services Color Dispenser Paint Shaker and Color Dispenser Combos Industrial Stucco Mixing Products Industrial Machinery Machine Tools and Assessories Industrial Safety Equipment Commercial Floor Maintenance Equipment Restaurant and Catering Equipment Shop Equipment Miscellaneous and Surplus Items Events Wish list Track my orders Remanufactured Coats 9501000 Tire Balancer 229900 Quantity 63 month Description Remanufactured Coats 950 1000 Wheel Balancer A High Volume Solution The Model 950 1000 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the US and Canada Certain remote locations may require additional cost Shipping costs includes delivery of your order to a business address with a dock or other way to load or unload truck Liftgate Residential and Limited Access Delivery require additional costs if needed for shipment ALL MAJOR CREDIT OR DEBIT CARDS ACCEPTED CALL FOR PROCESSING OR ADD TO CART TO CHECKOUT email with any questions you may have or CALL 937 379 0200 9 am 5 pm Eastern Time Monday Friday Yes we ship International Additional shipping cost applies Call for Quote IES sells Quality remanufactured products The contents of this Website listing refers to remanufactured products andor equipment IES takes pride in the extensive rebuilding efforts its trained technicians provide for every piece of equipment sold Each product listing details the remanufacturing process IES uses for each product it sells The products sold on our website have not been endorsed by or approved by the original manufacturer and the products do not fall under the original manufacturers warranty Where indicated IES provides buyer protection for a parts warranty and full technical support COATS ROBOARM RIM CLAMP GRIPMAX and other trademarks are registered trademarks owned by Hennessy Industries Inc Please contact us direct at 9373790200 if you have additional questions | [
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http://goafrica.about.com/od/africatraveltips/a/capitals.htm | Destinations Africa & Middle East Africa ' s Capital Cities By Anouk Zijlma Updated 01 / 07 / 19 Although many of Africa ' s capital cities are not necessarily places of touristic interest , it ' s always good to know as much as possible about the country you ' re traveling to — including the location of its government . It also makes logistic sense to brush up on your knowledge of Africa ' s capital cities , as they are often the places where you ' ll find important resources including tourist offices , embassies , major hospitals , large hotels , and banks . A country ' s international airport is usually located in or just outside its capital city , so for many overseas travelers , the capital inevitably acts as a gateway to the rest of the country . If you ' re traveling through anyway , you may want to plan a stop - over in order to explore whatever cultural highlights the capital has to offer . African capital cities vary widely in population density . Victoria , the capital of Seychelles , has a population of around 26,450 ( according to a 2010 census ) , whereas the metropolitan area of Cairo in Egypt had an estimated population of 20.5 million in 2012 , making it the largest urban area in Africa . Some African capitals are purpose - planned and do n ' t have the history or character of other , better - known cities within the same country . For this reason , the identity of a country ' s capital often comes as a surprise . You may , for example , expect the capital of Nigeria to be Lagos ( population almost 8 million in 2006 ) but , in fact , it ' s Abuja ( population 776,298 in the same census ) . In order to clear up the confusion , we ' ve put together a comprehensive list of African capitals , arranged alphabetically by country . Africa ' s Capital Cities Country Capital Algeria Algiers Angola Luanda Benin Porto - Novo Botswana Gaborone Burkina Faso Ougadougou Burundi Bujumbara Cameroon Yaoundé Cape Verde Praia Central African Republic Bangui Chad N ' Djamena Comoros Moroni Congo , Democratic Republic of Kinshasa Congo , Republic of Brazzaville Cote d ' Ivoire Yamoussoukro Djibouti Djibouti Egypt Cairo Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville Gambia , The Banjul Ghana Accra Guinea Conakry Guinea - Bissau Bissau Kenya Nairobi Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia Libya Tripoli Madagascar Antananarivo Malawi Lilongwe Mali Bamako Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritius Port Louis Morocco Rabat Mozambique Maputo Namibia Windhoek Niger Niamey Nigeria Abuja Rwanda Kigali São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Senegal Dakar Seychelles Victoria Sierra Leone Freetown Somalia Mogadishu South Africa Pretoria ( administrative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) Cape Town ( legislative ) South Sudan Juba Sudan Khartoum Swaziland Mbabane ( administrative / judicial ) Lobamba ( royal / parliamentary ) Tanzania Dodoma Togo Lomé Tunisia Tunis Uganda Kampala Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Harare Disputed Territories Disputed Territory Capital Western Sahara Laayoune Somaliland Hargeisa Article updated by Jessica Macdonald on August 17th , 2016 . | [
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http://goafrica.about.com/od/kenyatopattractions/tp/kenyatopattractions.htm | Africa & Middle East Kenya Kenya ' s Top 10 Attractions What to See in Kenya By Anouk Zijlma Updated 09 / 20 / 18 Vicki Jauron , Babylon and Beyond Photography / Getty Images Discover Kenya ' s top attractions and find out why Kenya is East Africa ' s most popular tourist destination . What to see when you ' re visiting Kenya includes Kenya ' s best safari destinations , mountains , beaches and towns . Click on the headings below for more information about each destination in Kenya 01 of 10 The Masai Mara If you want to see the ' big five ' in one morning , Masai Mara in western Kenya is the place to be . During the dry season from July to October the wildlife spectacle is unparalleled . Nowhere else can you watch the annual migration of over a million wildebeest from a hot - air balloon . The ' Mara ' is as close to " Out of Africa " as you can get . 02 of 10 Lamu View Map Address Lamu Kenya Lamu is one of Kenya ' s oldest towns , settled by the Swahili about 700 years ago . More recently discovered by backpackers , Lamu is a great place to unwind and wash off the dirt and grime accumulated from some hard traveling . No matatus or mini - buses here , just donkeys and the sound of the ocean waves . You can take a Dhow and explore the islands or enjoy wandering the narrow alleys of Lamu ' s old town . Where to Stay on Lamu : Shela Beach area Lamu Retreats offer several houses for rent ; the cheapest is probably the Banana House . More upscale is the Peponi Hotel Lamu Town Petley ' s Inn is the best place to stay . Cheaper options include Pole Pole Guest House and the Kipepeo Guest House Getting to Lamu : Fly from Nairobi 03 Lake Nakuru National Park View Map Address Nakuru Phone + 254 20 2664071 Web Visit website Lake Nakuru is famous for its huge flocks of flamingos that enjoy the alkaline waters of this shallow soda lake . Other than 1 million flamingos and many more species of birds , the park is also home to white rhino , warthog , giraffe , hippo , ostrich , and lion . Lake Nakuru is slowly recovering from several environmental pressures that caused its flamingo population to decline in the 1990 ' s . Best Time To Go : Year - Round Where to Stay : There are two main lodges and several public and private campsites in the park . Getting There : By road from Nairobi ( 3 - hour drive ) . 04 Mount Kenya Creative Commons Mount Kenya , Mount Kenya is Africa ' s second highest peak , and the inspiration for the country ' s modern name . While the highest peaks Batian ( 5200m ) and Nelion ( 5188m ) require some technical climbing , Lenana ( 4985m ) is the peak trekkers head to . Mount Kenya ' s slopes are cloaked in forest and moorland which gives way to rock , ice and snow . The mountain is part of a larger reserve The best time to climb Mount Kenya is between January - February , and July - October . There are huts on the mountain , or you can camp . Expect to pay around $ 850 per person on up , depending on the route you take . Continue to 5 of 10 below . 05 Amboseli National Park Getty Images / Martin Harvey Loitoktok District , Rift Valley , Phone + 254 800 597 000 Web Visit website Amboseli is a popular park with breathtaking views of Mount Kilimanjaro ( in Tanzania ) . The park is centered around Observation Hill , which offers great views of the plains below . The Maasai live around the park and other than their cattle , Amboseli is home to more than 50 species of mammal and over 400 species of bird . You can see elephant , hippo , cheetah , leopard and more , see images of Amboseli . Best Time To Go : June - October Where to Stay : There are several lodges and campsites in the park Getting There : By road from Nairobi ( 4 hours ) or a daily scheduled flight from Nairobi ' s Wilson Airport . 06 Lake Turkana Santiago Urquijo / Getty Images Lake Turkana The lunar landscape around Lake Turkana , a northern Rift Valley lake in Kenya , is a true spectacle . Lake Turkana is the largest permanent desert lake in the world and it is jam packed with large Nile crocodiles . The desert landscape is a paleontologists dream come true , as early hominid remains continue to be unearthed by the Leakey family around Koobi Fora . The Lake itself is a shimmering entity that changes color with the wind . The area is home to various unique tribes and one of the main attractions for visitors . Turkana is off the beaten track . June / July Lake Turkana Lodge Desert Rose ; and Oasis Lodge Charter flights , check with the lodges in the area . 07 Lewa Wildlife Conservancy Getty Images / Joseph Sohm Isiolo + 254 64 31405 Lewa is a private reserve set up primarily to protect black rhino , sitatunga , and the endangered Grevy ' s zebra . The park is excellently maintained , there are over 60 species of mammals and over 200 species of bird . You can even enjoy your game viewing on foot , on the back of a camel , or in a traditional safari vehicle . January - April , and June - October There are several lodges in the park and on community land outside the park . By air from Nairobi on Safari Link . 08 Tsavo National Parks Getty Images / John Sohm Tsavo + 254 800 597 000 Tsavo National Park is split into Tsavo East and Tsavo West . The Tsavo parks are vast and the landscape is wild . Tsavo East is less developed than Tsavo West but more accessible . In Tsavo West , you can watch elephants bathe among the hippos and the crocs from a unique vantage point of an underwater glass tank . The " Big Five " do live here , but you have to look carefully to spot them . May to October Tsavo East has Voi Wildlife Lodge ; Tsavo West has several lodges . Both parks have private campsites . By road from Mombasa ( 3 - 4 hours ) or Nairobi ( 10 hours ) ; Or charter flight . Continue to 9 of 10 below . 09 Malindi and Watamu Nigel Pavitt / Getty Images Malindi Malindi is a small town , but the beaches that surround it make it one of Kenya ' s top attractions . Silversands lies just south of town and is lined with villas and small resorts . A Marine Park keeps the area free from fishing and therefore great for snorkeling . Farther south is Watamu , a National Park with two main lagoons , Turtle Bay and Blue Lagoon , with plenty resorts and hotels . Popular activities include sunset sails on a dhow ( traditional sailboat ) , sunbathing , dolphin watching , diving and all kinds of water sports . Air Kenya and 540 Airlines both fly to Malindi from Nairobi or catch a matatu from Mombasa . Check out the Gedi ruins while you ' re here , a deserted Swahili trading town . AfricanMecca Safaris has more info about tours . 10 Samburu , Shaba and Buffalo Springs National Reserves Samburu , Shaba and Buffalo Springs are 3 Reserves bordering one another in the dry landscape of North Central Kenya . The wildlife congregates around the Ewaso Ngiro River which runs through the Reserves . Besides the wildlife ( elephant , giraffe , leopard , zebra , blue - legged ostriches ) , a highlight of any visit is to meet the Samburu people . Camel safaris are on offer at most of the lodges and if you ' re in the area , visit the Laikipia Plateau Best Time to Go : June to October lodges in each of the parks Daily flights from Nairobi or a full day drive Back to List Kenya ' s Top 10 Attractions , from Safaris to Sunbathing | [
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http://goamsterdam.about.com/od/amsterdammonthlyguides/a/October-In-Amsterdam-Travel-Advice-Weather-And-Events.htm | Europe Netherlands Amsterdam Guide What to Do in Amsterdam in October By Kristen de Joseph Updated 08 / 20 / 18 © TripSavvy 2018 Although it ’ s no longer the high season for tourists , the weather in Amsterdam in October is still pleasant enough . Off - season hotel rates , mild temperatures , and fewer lines at tourist attractions make autumn an ideal time for travelers hoping to enjoy all that the Netherlands ' capital city has to offer while also saving a little money . By October , most of Amsterdam ' s sidewalk cafes have packed up their patio furniture , and the outdoor festival season has ended . Although conventional wisdom holds that the best time of year to see Amsterdam is in the spring when the tulips are in bloom , autumn visitors wo n ' t be disappointed . Amsterdam ' s Red Light District October actually may be the perfect time of year to visit the city ' s infamous De Wallen , also known as the Red Light District . In summer , De Wallen is typically swarming with tourists who want to see the risqué offerings that include prostitutes advertising themselves in street windows ( prostitution is legal in Amsterdam ) and sex shops selling all manner of adult entertainment . October may find some of the Red Light District ' s inhabitants a little less - scantily clothed , but there ' s still plenty for the curious to see . In addition to the more adult - themed aspects of De Wallen , it ' s also the location of several of the city ' s Oude Kirk Events in Amsterdam in October The Amsterdam Dance Event is perhaps the most anticipated event on the club scene calendar . Part conference , part electronic music festival , ADE , as this festival is known , draws both industry professionals and fans into its orbit , with both insider events and performances by internationally acclaimed artists . The Awakenings techno music festival , held annually in June , has a weekend mini - edition in October . Autumn visitors to Amsterdam get the chance to hear and dance to some of the most in - demand acts in techno . The PINT Bokbierfestival , the largest beer festival in the Netherlands , offers more than 100 kinds of bock beers to as many as 12,000 visitors each year . Festival - goers get a glass upon entry and then can try as many beers as they ' d like . Live music makes the event even more festive . Museums in Amsterdam Amsterdam is a city full of rich and varied culture . In addition to historic Dam Square , Amsterdam has plenty of grand architecture , and visitors can even tour the Heineken brewery to see where the famous beer is made . The city also is home to some notable museums , including the Anne Frank House . The Amsterdam house , where Anne Frank and her family hid from the Nazis during World War II before being sent to concentration camps , is also where Anne wrote the famous diary published after her death . The house is now a museum open to the public every day except Yom Kippur . Tickets can be purchased online two months in advance , and although October is n ' t as busy as other months , the Frank museum is a popular attraction and lines can be long , so plan ahead . Another world - famous attraction in Amsterdam is the Van Gogh Museum , which houses hundreds of paintings , drawings , and letters by one of the most famous Dutch artists , Vincent Van Gogh . In addition to being a top attraction in Amsterdam , the Van Gogh Museum is one of the most - visited art museums in the world , so you may want to buy advance tickets online and plan to spend a day at this attraction . Weather in Amsterdam in October Be aware that you ’ re likely to see rain at some point and Amsterdam is cool and occasionally chilly , similar to weather in the northeastern United States . The average high temperature is approximately 58 degrees , and the average low is approximately 44 degrees . Days are still relatively long at the beginning of the month , but Central European Summer Time ends on the last Sunday of October when clocks are set back one hour . | [
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http://goanlaw.com/ | Timothy M Goan PA Personal Injury Attorney Bankruptcy Attorney Foreclosure Defense Full Service Law Firm Palm Coast Florida Free Consultation Personal Injury What Is The Goan Advantage Zero Fee Guarantee Traffic Accidents Premises Accidents Bankruptcy Bankruptcy Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Chapter 13 Family Law Divorce Wills and Probate Foreclosure FullService Bankruptcy Criminal Defense Family Law Foreclosure Defense Personal Injury Wills and Probate News Personal Injury Foreclosure Bankruptcy Timothy M Goan Esq Diana Moscoso Legal Assistant Contact Location Privacy Policy Terms of Service Call Today for a FREE Consultation Experience matters As a Palm Coast attorney with over twenty years of litigating and representing the legal needs of thousands of clients my experience can work to your benefit If you need a personal injury attorney a bankruptcy lawyer legal help for family law matters or you require foreclosure defense time is of the essence Call right now and well discuss what your options are during your FREE consultation Dial 3864459003 and ask for Diana Or contact us here Categories Personal Injury Recent Posts How Long Do I Have To File a Lawsuit After Being Injured Archives December 2010 | [
"Palm Coast attorney"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/can-warts-be-spread-hands-genitals | Can warts be spread from hands to genitals ? Dear Alice , Both my boyfriend and I have warts on our hands . Can these warts be transferred to our genital areas ? Dear Reader , The viruses that cause warts on the hands are different from the viruses that cause genital warts . Humans are susceptible to hundreds of wart and herpes viruses , and they ’ re all unique . Although warts and herpes are contagious , warts on your hands or feet can not be transferred to the genital area , and vice versa . The human papillomavirus ( HPV ) is the culprit behind all warts on the human body . HPV has hundreds of different variations — or “ strains ” — with which an individual may become infected . Only some HPV viruses are spread through sexual contact , while others are spread through other means . Warts found on your hands can not be spread through sexual contact . Formed individually or in clusters , benign warts are thickened bumps on the hands or feet that contain HPV . Plantar , filiform , and flat warts are the most common type of hand and foot warts . These warts grow and eventually develop their own blood supply and nerve cells . Tiny black dots , called “ seeds , ” which are actually small , clotted blood cells , often form in patterns on the surface of wart tissues . Looking for “ seeds ” can help you distinguish a wart from a callous or blister . Like all skin cells , those that make up the wart eventually shed over time . When wart skin cells containing the virus are shed from the rest of the skin , the virus goes along with them . Therefore , direct skin - to - skin contact with shedding skin cells , or contact through fabrics , floors , and other surfaces , may result in wart transmission . This is especially true if warts are picked or scratched at , which facilitates virus exposure and transmission . If left untreated , hand and foot warts can spread to others ’ hands or feet ( and sometimes legs , arms , face , or midsection ) when uninfected individuals have openings to their skin , such as cuts , scrapes , and hangnails . Hand and foot wart transmission is relatively common among children and people with compromised immune systems , such as individuals living with HIV as well as organ transplant recipients . Most adults are likely to have developed immunity to wart - causing viruses throughout life , so skin - to - skin contact through Most hand and foot warts are harmless and do not require treatment . In fact , many of them disappear once your immune system recognizes and fights off the virus . However , if you have a painful or bothersome wart that you want removed , you can try various over - the - counter treatments such as wart patches and creams containing salicylic acid . These treatment methods may work more effectively if the wart is soaked in warm water before application , and if the wart is gently abraded with a sanitized nail file or pumice stone between In contrast to hand and foot warts , genital warts are transmitted through sexual contact between mucous membranes . These warts manifest in cauliflower - like bumps in moist areas in and near the genitals ( including the anus ) . Genital warts are most common among young adults ( ages 15 to 30 ) who have multiple sex partners and in women HPV is highly associated with cervical cancer . Using barriers like condoms and dental dams may help to prevent transmission during vaginal , anal , and oral sex . Mothers can transmit genital herpes to their babies what do genital warts look like ” Q&A from the Go Ask Alice ! archives . To learn more about warts , herpes , and other skin concerns , spend a few moments browsing the American Academy of Dermatology website . If you ’ re worried about warts and wish to discuss your concerns with a health care provider , consider scheduling an appointment with your primary care provider or a dermatologist . Alice ! | [
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http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/hymen-stretching | Hymen stretching Dear Alice , I am ( still ! ) a virgin and have a question about the hymen . I know mine is not entirely intact , because I did a lot of horseback riding as a child . But as I ' m not a tampon - user ( nor wish to become one ) , I ' m not exactly sure how painful intercourse will be , for the first time , nor what will happen to the hymen . I always assumed it was a thin membrane that , upon penetration , would shrink evenly to the sides . But I seem to have what you might call a flesh tab , and though I ' ve looked at pictures offered in Our Bodies , Ourselves , I ' m not sure I understand how an opening will be created , and have the horrifying idea that a piece of flesh is going to drop out or be torn right out of me . Is it normal to have a flesh tab ? What will happen to it ? And if I tried inserting a tampon , would that facilitate the tearing process ? Please help . Yours , Tawanda Dear Tawanda , The hymen is a thin membrane that partially blocks the opening of the vaginal vaginal entrance , with space or spaces for menstrual fluid ( your period ) to flow through . Hymens can be stretched or torn during the first experience of sexual penetration , or with tampon use or other non - sexual activity . It can also be stretched with fingers . Some females are born without a hymen . Once torn or stretched , the hymen becomes an irregular ring of tissue around the vaginal opening . Whether you ’ re horseback riding , using a tampon , or having sex , that flesh tab is not going to fall out ! This need not cause you any concern . This flesh tab will shrink to the sides of the vagina following increased pressure on the hymen , due to the insertion of a tampon , penis , or other object into your vagina . You can also stretch your hymen yourself through a relatively simple procedure . Place a finger into your vagina ( you can slick it up first with lube ) and apply pressure on the vaginal entrance by pressing downward toward the anus . Keep the pressure on for a few minutes , and then release it . Repeat this procedure several times , each time with a little more pressure . Then insert two fingers and apply pressure to the sides of the vaginal entrance , in addition to the downward stretching . You can repeat this process over several days in order to help reduce any discomfort during your first vaginal intercourse . However , it is always good to remember that not all women experience pain It ’ s great that you are reading up on your body . Keep on perusing the literature ( including the related Q&As ) for more information . If you are still curious about hymen stretching , perhaps you can ask questions to friends or family members who have experienced hymen stretching . They may be able to give you a more personal account of their feelings ( both physical and mental ) following their first times , whether that be tampon use , solo - sex , or intercourse . Alice ! Submit a new response | [
"Hymen stretching"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/nose-piercing | Nose piercing Dear Alice , I am a first - year student and I want to get my nose pierced . This is n ' t just a whim ; I ' ve wanted one for a long time . However , I know that there will come a time when the ring will look juvenile on me . My question : will such a hole close up fairly quickly , without leaving an ugly scar ? — Holy , holy , holie Dear Holy , holy , holie , When you choose to get your nose pierced , have the piercing done with a needle , instead of a piercing gun ; the piercing gun causes more trauma to the nose tissue and will result in a more difficult healing process . Use a nose ring versus a nose stud , as the rings are generally made with hypoallergenic material ( i.e. , surgical steel ) , which is not always the case with the stud . The stud also has the potential to sink into the tissue and cause infection . Once you get your nose pierced , Alice ! | [
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http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/olive-oil-anal-sex-lubricant | Olive oil as anal sex lubricant ? Dear Alice Two months ago I met an amazing man from Spain , we had a hot affair during the time that he was visiting my city and he told me that he was a collector of olive oil . We talked about having anal sex during the time that he was here but it never happened . Anyway , I am planning a trip to Spain to visit him and I thought about bringing him a nice bottle of olive oil to be used as a lubricant for our anal adventures ! But my question is : is it a safe Thank you ! Hot for Spain Dear Hot for Spain , Olive oil + latex condom = broken condom ! Avoid using latex with any oil , oil - based lube , or petroleum products . That ' s the quick answer , but there ' s much more that can be said about safer sex , condoms , lube , and erotic olive oil options . A good lubricant for anal sex is essential . Lube makes anal sex more pleasurable , decreases risk of condom - breakage , and helps protect sensitive tissue . If you are using latex condoms , or any other latex barriers such as gloves or dental dams , olive oil should be avoided because oils and oil - based lubricants and lotions cause latex to break down . For any sexual activity using latex barriers , water - based or silicone - based lubricants are recommended . Water - based lube , the most oft - recommended kind , can be used safely with latex and with silicone toys and it cleans up easily . Water - based lubes abound at sex novelty stores and drugstores alike . For anal sex , look for non - flavored varieties ( flavored lube often has sugar and other ingredients that may cause irritation in penetrative anal or vaginal sex ) . Water - based lubricants may be somewhat sticky when they dry , but can be refreshed easily by adding water , saliva , or more lube . Some people prefer silicone - based lube for anal sex because it typically has a slicker quality , stays wetter longer , and does not dry sticky . Like water - based lube , silicone is safe for use with latex . The body does not absorb silicone , which means it wo n ' t clog pores , but it may be more difficult to wash off ( and out ) of the body . Silicone lube will damage silicone sex toys , so the two should not be used together unless there is a condom on the toy Olive oil may be an option for lubricant if you use polyurethane condoms instead of latex . However , a word of caution with regard to olive oil and orifices : It may be difficult to remove , may clog pores , or may cause infection or irritation , so it is not recommended for internal use ( except for eating , of course ) . Olive oil may be used erotically in other ways though , as an external masturbatory lubricator ( probably safer for use on the penis than the clitoris ) for example , or as massage oil with very little risk of any of the health concerns noted Here ' s to overseas adventures with slippery substances ! Alice ! | [
"Olive oil",
"anal sex lubricant"
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http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/one-cannot-live-water-alone | One can not live on water alone Dear Alice , How long can the body survive on water alone ? I have a bet with a co - worker . He says a person can live for six months on water alone . Is this true ? Thanks . Dear Reader , How much did you bet ? It ' s time for your co - worker to pay up ! The human body can survive a surprisingly long time on water alone , but it is nowhere near six months . When the body is deprived of new fuel ( i.e. , food ) , it breaks into its energy reserves to keep going . The body stores energy in the form of carbohydrates , fats , and proteins . After one day without food , the body will have used up its carbohydrates , which are stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells . After that , it ' s on to the fat reserves . Your average Joe / Jane , weight - wise , has enough fat reserves to live for four to six weeks without food . After that , the body begins to use its protein reserves ( basically , the body itself ) . Body proteins are used up at a much faster rate than fat , and you could really only get Bottom line : an average person could live for about eight weeks on water alone , give or take about a week for an over - or underweight person , respectively . Alice ! | [
"water alone"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/uneven-rib-cage | Uneven rib cage Dear Alice , In Nov 2007 , I noticed that there was a rotation of my rib cage . My front left rib cage is at least three cm forward of my right rib cage — this is most noticeable when I lie down with my back facing the bed . One month ago , when I woke up , I had this acute pain at the back rib and spine joint . I have gone for a CAT scan . The radiologist reading was the following : “ mild convex rightward mid / upper thoracic scoliosis . ” I feel a pinching Please let me know if my rib cage has to do with the pain . Also will I have to get treated ASAP ? If not , will this lead to any complications down the road ? Dear Reader , According to your radiologist , it seems most likely that you have scoliosis . Background information including causes , symptoms , available treatments , and complications of scoliosis can be found in Snap , crackle , pop — Scoliosis and back cracking . You asked if your uneven rib cage caused the scoliosis . It ' s most likely the other way around . However , this is a rather twisted tale , for an uneven rib cage may have a few possible causes . These include : Scoliosis , a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty Uneven growth caused by an underlying lung abnormality ( for example , one lung is much smaller than normal ) When the ribs and their attachments have developed unevenly Genetics are suspected to contribute to spinal curves , though this has not been proven Having a chest x - ray may be a good place to start . That way , your health care provider can get a good view of your rib cage , as well as all the organs that are protected inside . Your provider can then determine whether it ' s advisable to seek treatment for scoliosis , or even see a pulmonologist . They may also recommend additional tests to get a better picture , including magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , computerized tomography ( CT ) scans , or a bone scan . When left untreated or unchecked , your uneven ribs have the potential to cause some major maladies These include lung and heart problems , as well as chronic pain in your spine , shoulder blades , and ribs . In regards to scoliosis , most cases are mild . However , severe scoliosis can cause back pain and difficulty breathing . An especially severe spinal curve can reduce the amount of space within the chest , making it difficult for the lungs to function properly . Your uneven rib cage may leave you feeling twisted around , but have no fear . It appears that multiple remedies can turn you in the right direction . The decision to begin treatment is always made on an individual basis . Factors to be considered include gender , severity , pattern , and location of your body ' s rotation , and bone maturity ( comes with age ) . Treatments include : Back braces — usually prevents further progression of the curve or spinal rotation . Most are worn day and night , and are recommended for children who are still growing and people with moderate scoliosis . Effectiveness increases with the number of hours that it is worn . There are both underarm braces and full - torso braces . Surgery — also known as spinal fusion , reduces the severity of a spinal curve and prevents it from getting worse . Spinal fusion surgery connects two or more of the bones in your spine ( vertebrae ) together with new bone . Surgeons may use metal rods , hooks , screws or wires to hold that part of the spine straight and still while the bone heals ( similar to how a broken bone heals ) . Complications may include bleeding , infection , pain , nerve damage or failure of the bone to heal . Now that the information has been aligned for you , it is possible to find a solution to set you straight ! Alice ! | [
"Uneven rib cage"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/virgin-eager-use-tampons-worried-about-hymen | Virgin is eager to use tampons , but worried about hymen Hi Alice , I am a virgin but I want to use tampons . Can I even though I am not broken ? Please answer quickly . I start going to the Y in a few weeks ! I have no one else to ask . I heard about your Web site on a news station . Thank you so much ! Dear Reader , It sounds like diving into the pool at the Y is n ’ t the only plunge you are ready to take ! Rest assured ; virgins can absolutely use tampons . Depending on what kind of hymen you have , it ’ s possible that using tampons can tear or “ break ” the hymen . Many virgins do n ’ t have intact hymens — and some women are n ’ t born with hymens at all ! They may stretch or tear due to the sexual activity , but it may also occur during non - sexual physical activities like horseback riding or dancing . Sometimes , women and girls are n ’ t even aware when the hymen breaks . Using a tampon for the first time can seem unnerving , but with a little know - how and practice , using them can be safe and easy — regardless of whether you ’ ve had sex before or not . Where to begin ? How about at the store ! Try the thinnest tampon you can find — they may be labeled on the box as “ slender ” or “ slim . ” When you ’ re ready to use the tampon , try to relax as much as possible . Easier said than done to be sure , but staying relaxed prevents the vaginal muscles from tightening and that can make insertion more difficult . Inserting a tampon is easiest when the menstrual flow is medium to heavy because it lubricates the process . Once you ’ ve Wash your hands well and unwrap the tampon . Find a comfortable position , either sitting or standing . Try squatting down or standing with one leg on the toilet seat or bathtub . Hold the tampon in the middle ( where the smaller tube goes into the larger one ) using your forefinger and thumb . Also , check to make sure the string is showing ( it should be pointing away from you ) . With your free hand , pull back the labia ( the skin around the vaginal opening ) and gently place the tampon in the vaginal opening . Aiming the tampon towards your back , push the tampon into the opening . When your fingers are touching your body and the outer tube of the applicator is completely inside , you ’ ll know it ’ s in far enough . Then use your index finger to push the inner tube through the applicator ( outer tube ) . This will put the tampon into your vagina , with the string still hanging out . After the inner tube of the tampon is in your vagina , use your thumb and middle finger to remove the applicator ( outer tube ) . Check that the string is still hanging out of your vagina . Pulling on the string will remove the tampon when you are ready to take it out . Steps adapted from Center for Young Women ’ s Health If you ' re having trouble inserting a tampon after a few tries , consider talking with a healthcare provider . A word of warning when using tampons : only use tampons when you have your period and put a new one in at least every four to six hours in order to prevent Toxic Shock Syndrome ( TSS ) . TSS is a potentially deadly condition that occurs when there is too much Staphylococcus aureus , a type of Staph bacteria , in the body . Having a small amount of Staph bacteria in the body is normal , but too much of it can release toxic substances into the blood stream . Washing your hands before use , changing your tampon frequently , using the appropriate absorbency for your period , alternating use of tampons with maxi pads , and only using tampons when you have your period are all ways to reduce your risk of TSS . Best of luck to you ! Alice ! | [
"tampons",
"hymen"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/what-medicine-there-treat-food-poisoning | What medicine is there to treat food poisoning ? Dear Alice , What medicine should we take for food poisoning ? Dear Reader , Often times the best medicine for food poisoning is rest and plenty of fluids . However some food poisoning can be severe or dangerous , and requires the attention of a health care provider . Food poisoning is usually caused by bacteria , which in turn cause vomiting and diarrhea . Other culprits may include bacterial toxins , viruses , parasites , poisonous mushrooms , other natural poisons , and other harmful chemicals . Mild food poisoning can be cared for at home while the illness runs its course , usually about a few days ( though some types of When someone has food poisoning , rest and drinking plenty of fluids , rather than medication , is the prescription . Taking small , frequent sips of clear liquids helps prevent dehydration . Oral rehydration solutions containing electrolytes that replenish what the body loses through vomiting and diarrhea are sometimes suggested . If only sports drinks are available , dilute them with water since the sugar in these drinks can worsen diarrhea . In addition , health care providers usually discourage people from using medication to prevent and / or stop the vomiting or diarrhea . Although unpleasant , the body ' s natural response of ridding itself of the virus or bacteria that causes symptoms is effective . Since food poisoning usually simply needs to run its course , food poisoning caused by bacteria typically does n ' t require antibiotics . It ' s critical that individuals who are at high risk for dehydration or have underdeveloped or weakened immune systems ( babies , young children , older adults , and people with severe or chronic health conditions — i.e. , HIV / AIDS , cancer and chemotherapy , or kidney disease ) , consult with their health care provider if they think they have food poisoning . Also , a health care provider needs to be contacted immediately when a person : Has a fever of over 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit Has severe diarrhea for more than three days Vomits to the point that s / he can not keep anything down Has serious abdominal cramping Has bloody stool Has symptoms ofdehydration : dry mouth or sticky saliva , does not urinate or dark urine , dizziness , and / or , lightheadedness Is confused Muscle weakness Difficulty speaking Double vision Potentially fatal , botulism , which is food poisoning produced by certain spores in food , is especially common in insufficiently sterilized or badly sealed home - canned goods . Symptoms show up usually between 18 and 36 hours after eating contaminated food and may include headache , blurred vision , muscle weakness , nausea , vomiting , constipation , urinary retention , reduced salivation , and / or eventual paralysis . So , back to your question : for mild food poisoning , medication is unnecessary . However , those who experience serious symptoms would benefit from immediate medical attention . Alice ! | [
"food poisoning",
"medicine"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/why-does-it-take-millions-sperm-fertilize-egg | Why does it take millions of sperm to fertilize an egg ? Alice , Why does it take millions of ejaculated sperm to fertilize one egg ? Dear Reader , Because they do n ' t ask for directions . Ba - da - boom . Seriously though , the short and sweet answer is this : the 200 to 600 million sperm normally found in ejaculate increases the chance that some will reach a mature egg , eventually with just one being able to enter and fertilize it . Evolution likely accounts for the high sperm count in a typical ejaculate — a male who is able to produce more sperm obviously has a better likelihood of fertilizing a female than his competitors . In some species , this male may be the one with the largest testicles , which produce more sperm than smaller So , what happens to most of the released sperm on their journey to the egg ? Well , as sperm swim through the vaginal canal and into the cervix , they hit a " fork in the road , " so to speak . At this juncture , some sperm travel to one fallopian tube , while the rest move on to the other . However , only one fallopian tube has a fertile egg at a given time . The sperm that do not reach an " impasse " surround the mature egg and compete with the other Interestingly , some researchers have theorized that sperm have adapted to take on certain roles , other than for fertilization . For example , abnormal sperm that can not fertilize may instead function to find and destroy or block competing sperm from other males that also may be making the rounds through a female ' s reproductive tract . This hypothesis is not without controversy . Alternatively , other researchers have argued that abnormal sperm are simply abnormal . Regardless , it ' s agreed that more research needs to be done on sperm structure and function before greater consensus Alice ! | [
"ejaculated sperm",
"fertilize",
"mature egg"
] |
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/wrinkle-remedies | Wrinkle remedies Dear Alice , I am twenty - five years old yet have been noticing a lot of wrinkles around my eyes . I have started to use baby oil as an intense moisturizer - - is this a good idea ? Do you have any other suggestions for over - the - counter wrinkle remedies ? Dear Reader , Before you purchase every anti - wrinkle product on the shelf , it is important to consider the different causes of wrinkles . As people age , their skin produces less oil and the epidermis ( outer skin layer ) becomes dry . Collagen and elastin , proteins that help keep skin taut , begin to diminish in the underlying dermis . The skin then begins to sag , causing a wrinkled appearance . While this is something that happens to everyone , the American Academy of Dermatology ( AAD ) points to sun exposure and smoking as prime contributors to speeding up this process . One ' s propensity to wrinkle is also genetic . While there are many over - the - counter remedies that claim to reduce wrinkles , they can be costly and the results are often short - term . So far , there ' s no cream that can eliminate wrinkles , but you can do certain things to minimize or prevent further skin damage that can cause wrinkles and to improve the overall appearance of your skin . Moisturize , moisturize , moisturize : Rich , emollient moisturizers help hydrate skin and " plump - up " fine lines with regular use . For those concerned about oil and clogged pores , oil - free lotions and creams are available over - the - counter ; they can help reduce dryness that may lead to fine lines . With any new moisturizer , use caution when applying it to the area around your eye , as this region tends to be quite sensitive . Also , to avoid irritating your eyes , do n ' t moisturize too close to them . Seek sun protection factor 15 : According to the AAD , using a moisturizer with at least SPF 15 is a good way to limit harm to the skin from sun exposure . For more information , you can check out Shining light on sun protection products in the General Health archive . Be careful when using alpha - hydroxy acids or retinol : Although moisturizers containing alpha - hydroxy acids and retinol ( derived from vitamin A ) treatments could help diminish the appearance of fine lines , they can be irritating to the delicate skin around the eyes . Consider the air in your bedroom and office : If you ' re surrounded by dry and / or heated air , using a humidifier while you sleep or work can help preserve some of your skin ' s moisture . Think about allergies : Another consideration in choosing a moisturizer is whether or not it is hypoallergenic , which means that its ingredients are not likely to cause an allergic reaction . You mentioned that you have used baby oil . While there ' s probably no harm in using baby oil as a moisturizer , it does not contain sunscreen . The moisturizing ingredients in a common lotion are similar to the ingredients in standard baby oil , putting them about equal for relieving or preventing dryness . However , baby oil is a heavy , greasy substance that ' s more suitable for the hands and body than for the face . In addition to over - the - counter remedies , some medical treatments for wrinkles are available ; however , they may not produce permanent results , can be quite costly , and are generally not covered by insurance , as they ' re considered cosmetic . A dermatologist can prescribe tretinoin or retinoic acid ( also known by the brand name , Renova ) , which has been shown to diminish fine facial wrinkles in some people . There are also chemical peels , collagen or botulinum toxin injections , dermabrasion , laser resurfacing , and plastic surgery , You might also want to re - think your " wrinkles " : Could your " wrinkles " actually be fine lines caused by dry , winter weather ? Are you using a foundation around your eyes that can cake and cause a creased appearance that may be mistaken for wrinkles ? Were you badly sunburned as a child , which could lead to premature wrinkling ? Do you often squint your eyes ? Another thing to keep in mind is that Western cultures are very youth - oriented and prejudiced against aging . We ' re bombarded with images of young , airbrushed men and women on television , in magazines , on billboards — just about everywhere in the media . With few positive images of people with less - than - perfect skin , it ' s easy to forget that wrinkles are a normal fact of life and a natural part of the skin ' s aging process . Some cultures even consider them to be beautiful and a symbol To find the best skin care routine for your skin type , speak with a dermatologist , who can determine the cause and appropriate treatment for you . Alice ! | [
"Wrinkle remedies",
"Go Ask Alice"
] |
http://goat-link.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=98&Itemid=85 | Newsflash Goat T - shirts GetYerGoat . com is the internet ' s largest and most popular place to find goat t - shirts and gifts for goat lovers We have over 4000 goat gifts from which to choose . Important ! Please Read This Notice ! All information provided in these articles is based either on personal experience or information provided by others whose treatments and practices have been discussed fully with a vet for accuracy and effectiveness before passing them on to readers . In all cases , it is your responsibility to obtain veterinary services and advice before using any of the information provided in these articles . We are not veterinarians . Neither Goat - Link . com nor any of the contributors to this website will be held responsible for the use of any information contained herein . PLEASE keep in mind , just because there is a DVM after the name does not mean they have the proper answers for goat owners ' Caveat emptor ' - You need to find a responsible GOAT Vet Read the Miraculous Story of my Beloved BabyGirl Opens in a New Window See Her Memorial Video Here Hay & Feed for Goats Written by Administrator - GL Tuesday , 18 March 2008 Hay , Fodder and Grain Chart - Goat - Link . com Goat Feed Chart Feeding goats is a complex endeavor . It is not just as simple as putting hay in front of them or setting them out in a pasture . No matter what you have ever been told in the past . . goats do NOT eat Tin Cans ! Nor do they eat moldy feed . For that matter . . they do not eat just anything you will place in front of them . . unless they are starving . Dairy goats need a year - round supply of roughage , such as pasture , browse or well - cured hay . Winter browse and pastures should be supplemented with hay . Milking , breeding and growing stock need a daily portion of legume hay , such as alfalfa . Feed is the single largest cost associated with raising meat goats . It has a large influence on herd reproduction , milk production and kid growth . Late - gestation and lactation are the most critical periods for doe nutrition . Nutrition level determines kid growth rate . Goats receiving inadequate diets are more prone to disease and will fail to reach their genetic potential . Goats require energy , protein , vitamins , minerals , fiber ( bulk ) and water . Energy ( calories ) is usually the most limiting nutrient , whereas protein is the most expensive . Deficiencies , excesses and imbalances of vitamins and minerals can limit animal performance and lead to various health problems . Fiber is necessary to maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive disturbances . Water is the cheapest feed ingredient and often the most neglected . Many factors affect the nutritional requirements of goats : maintenance , growth , pregnancy , lactation , fiber production , activity and environment . As a general rule of thumb , goats will consume at least 3 % of their body weight on a dry matter basis in feed . The exact percentage varies according to the size ( weight ) of the goat , with smaller animals needing a higher intake ( percentage - wise ) to maintain their weight . Maintenance requirements increase as the level of the goat ' s activity increases . For example , a Animal Protein Energy Bucks 11 % CP 60 % TDN Dry doe 10 % CP 55 % TDN Late gestation 11 % CP 60 % TDN Lactation ( avg . milk ) Lactation ( high milk ) 14 % CP 65 % TDN Kid ( 30 lbs , > .4 lbs / day ) 14 % CP 68 % TDN Yearlings ( 60 lbs . ) 12 % CP 65 % TDN Source : National Research Council ( NRC , 1981 ) The next chart gives typical " book values " or " ballpark " figures for the nutritional content of various feed stuffs commonly fed to goats . Feedstuff Protein Energy Mature pasture 8 % CP 50 % TDN Clover pasture 25 % CP 69 % TDN Orchard grass pasture 18 % CP Browse ( Honeysuckle ) 16 % CP 72 % TDN Soybean meal 44 % CP 88 % TDN Complete pellets 12 % CP 78 % TDN Barley grain 13.5 % CP 84 % TDN Corn grain 10 % CP 89 % TDN Poor hay 8 % CP 50 % TDN Grass hay 58 % TDN Mixed hay 15 % CP Legume hay 18 % CP 62 % TDN A goat ' s nutritional requirements can be met by feeding a variety of feed stuffs . Feed ingredients can substitute for one another so long as the goat ' s nutritional requirements are being met . Goat feeding programs should take into account animal requirements , feed availability and costs . Pasture and browse Pasture and browse are usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for meat goats , and in some cases , pasture and / or browse are all goats need to meet their nutritional requirements . Pasture tends to be high in energy and protein when it is in a vegetative state . However , it has a high moisture content , and it is difficult for a high - producing doe or fast - growing kid to eat enough grass to meet its nutrient requirements . As pasture plants mature , palatability and digestibility decline , thus it Hay Hay is the primary source of nutrients for goats during the winter or non - grazing season . Hay varies tremendously in quality and the only way to know the nutritional content is to have the hay analyzed by a forage testing laboratory . Hay is a moderate source of protein and energy for goats . Legume hays – alfalfa , clover , lespedeza – tend to be higher in protein , vitamins and minerals , especially calcium , than grass hays . The energy , as well as protein content of hay depends upon the maturity of the forage Silage Silage made from forage or grain crops has been successfully fed to goats ; however , special attention must be paid to quality , as moldy silage can cause listeriosis or " circling disease " in goats . As with fresh forage , the high - producing goat can not consume enough " wet " silage to meet its nutritional needs . Silage is typically fed on large farms , due to the need for storage and automated feeding equipment . Concentrates ( grain ) It is oftentimes necessary to feed concentrates to provide the nutrients that forage alone can not provide . This is particularly true in the case of high - producing animals . There are also times and situations where concentrates are a more economical source of nutrients . Creep feeding and supplemental feeding of kids has been shown to increase growth weight , but should only be done to the extent that it increases profit . There are two types of concentrate feeds : carbonaceous and proteinaceous . Carbonaceous concentrates or " energy " feeds include the cereal grains – corn , barley , wheat , oats , milo , and rye – and various by products feeds , such as fat , soybean hulls and wheat middlings . It is not necessary to process grains for goats unless they are less than six weeks of age . One of the problems with cereal grains is that they are high in phosphorus content , but low in calcium . Feeding a diet that is high in Proteinaceous concentrates or " protein supplements " may be of animal or plant origin and include soybean meal , cottonseed meal , and fish meal . Ruminant - derived meat and bone meal may not be fed to goats . . Protein quantity is more important than protein quality ( amino acid content ) in ruminant livestock since the microorganisms in the rumen manufacture their own body protein . Goats do not store excess protein ; it is burned as energy or eliminated ( as nitrogen ) by the kidneys . Many feed companies offer " complete " goat feeds – pelleted or textured – which are balanced for the needs of goats in a particular production class . Pelleted rations have an advantage in that goats , who are very selective eaters , can not sort feed ingredients . In recent years , a number meat goat feed products have been introduced to the market . Complete feeds come in 50 or 100 lb . sacks and tend to be much more expensive than home - made concentrate rations . Vitamins and minerals Many minerals are required by goats . The most important are salt , calcium , and phosphorus . The ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be kept around 2 : 1 . Vitamins are need in small amounts . Goats require vitamins A , D and E , whereas vitamin K and all the B vitamins are manufactured in the rumen . A free choice salt - vitamin - mineral premix should be made available to goats at all times , unless a premix has been incorporated into the grain ration or TMR ( total mixed ration ) . In Maryland soil ' s are deficient in selenium , thus the premix should be fortified with selenium to prevent white muscle disease in kids and reproductive problems in does . Supplementing selenium via the feed or mineral is preferred to giving selenium injections . Goats appear to have a much higher tolerance for copper in their diets as compared to sheep , thus it is recommended that feeds and / or premixes contain copper , unless the goats are co - mingled with sheep . It is possible to get pelleted supplements that contain vitamins and minerals , as well Water Goats should have ad libitum access to clean , fresh water at all times . A mature goat will consume between ¾ to 1 ½ gallons of water per day . Inadequate water intake can cause various health problems . In addition water and feed intake are positively correlated . This chart will help you to understand which hay is most nutritious which is lowest in nutrition . . along with different types of fodder and grains . I hope this chart makes choosing your feed just a little bit simpler . Hay HAY TYPE Crude Protein % Digestible Protein % Fat % Fiber % Nitrogen Free Extract % Mineral Content % Calcium % Phosphorus % Alfalfa 15.3 10.9 1.9 28.6 36.7 8.0 1.47 .24 Bermuda 7.1 3.6 1.8 25.9 48.7 7.0 .37 .19 Birdsfoot trefoil 14.2 9.8 2.1 27.0 41.9 6.0 1.60 .20 Brome 10.4 5.3 2.1 28.2 39.9 8.2 .42 .19 Fescue early 12.4 2.6 .77 22.2 not avail not avail Fescue bloom 9.5 2.12 .35 21.7 Red Clover 12.0 7.2 2.5 27.1 40.3 6.4 1.28 .20 Mixed Grass 7.0 3.5 2.5 30.9 43.1 6.5 .48 .21 Johnson Grass 6.5 2.9 2.0 30.5 43.7 7.5 .87 .26 Soybean early 16.7 12.0 3.3 20.6 37.8 9.6 1.29 .34 Timothy early 7.6 4.2 2.3 30.1 44.3 4.7 .41 .21 Fodder Fodder Type Crude Protein % Digestible Protein % Fat % Fiber % Nitrogen Free Extract % Mineral Content % Calcium % Phosphorus % Green Alflafa Early Bloom 4.6 3.6 0.7 5.8 9.3 .53 .07 Bermuda Grass Pasture 2.8 2.0 0.5 6.4 12.2 3.1 .14 .05 Cabbage 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.9 4.4 0.7 .05 .03 Carrots 1.2 0.9 0.2 1.1 8.4 1.2 .04 Kale 2.4 1.9 0.5 1.6 5.5 1.8 .06 Kohlrabi 1.5 0.1 1.3 4.3 1.3 .08 .07 Mangel Beets 0.1 0.8 6.0 1.0 .02 .02 Parsnips 1.7 0.4 11.9 .06 .08 Potatoes 2.2 0.4 17.4 .01 Pumpkins with seeds 1.0 1.6 5.2 - - - - - - .04 Rutabagas 1.4 7.2 .03 Sunflowers ( entire plant ) 0.8 5.2 7.9 1.7 .29 Tomatoes ( fruit only ) 0.6 0.6 3.3 .01 Turnips 5.8 Grains Grain Product Crude Protein % Digestible Protein % Fat % Fiber % Nitrogen Free Extract % Mineral Content % Calcium % Phosphorus % Barley 12.7 10.0 5.4 66.6 2.8 .40 Steamed Bone Meal 7.5 - - - - 1.5 3.2 82.1 30.14 14.53 Buckwheat 10.3 7.4 2.3 10.7 62.8 .09 .31 Dent Corn 8.7 6.7 3.9 69.2 .27 Linseed Meal 35.1 30.5 4.5 9.0 36.7 5.7 .41 .85 Cane Molasses 3.0 - - - - 61.7 8.6 .66 Oats 9.4 4.6 11.0 58.6 4.0 .09 .33 Field Peas 23.4 20.1 6.1 57.0 3.0 .17 .50 Pumpkin Seed 17.6 14.8 20.6 10.8 4.1 Rye 12.6 10.0 2.4 70.9 .10 .33 Soybeans 37.9 33.7 18.0 5.0 24.5 .25 .59 Sunflower Seeds with hulls ( Black Oil ) 16.8 13.9 25.9 29.0 18.8 3.1 .17 .52 Wheat 13.2 11.1 2.6 69.9 .39 Wheat Bran 16.4 13.3 4.5 53.1 6.1 .13 1.29 The following article is very interesting and covers different ruminants . . well worth reading for a better understanding of feed practices . . Scott R.R. Haskell , DVM , MPVM College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St . Paul , MN 55108 Many veterinarians as well as animal scientists learn up front that the majority of first time small ruminant owners have never owned livestock before . The owners understanding of nutrition is basically limited to anecdotal as well as pet nutrition insight . The other extreme would be owners who carefully calculate the feed rations of large sheep feeding operations and commercial dairy goat herds . The span of knowledge is great . Many producers become enmeshed in feeding a " least cost " ration to their flock or herd . I would like to start this treatise with the statement Type of feed : Ø pellets Ø hay Ø grass Ø grazing pasture Ø grain Ø cubes Ø ground feeds Ø water Types of feeders : Ø bunk feeders Ø free choice troughs or bins Ø key hole feeders Ø pasture Ø forest / rough land Other factors of importance : Ø feeding hierarchy / psychology Ø bunk space Ø feed utilization Ø spoilage ( mold ) Ø poisonous plants Ø particle size / feed related factors Feeding hierarchy is extremely important in the nutrition of small ruminants . Social structure of small ruminants is key to feeding these species successfully . It is extremely important to body condition score the herd on a regular basis . Wether the body condition score is from 1 - 5 or 1 - 10 , I personally allow the owners to make this decision . However , it is important that all animals with a thick coat ( wool or hair ) be monitored carefully . It is very common that many animals low in the social hierarchy are too Sub - clinical acidosis is a common problem in the feeding of all livestock . Too " hot " of a ration with inadequate long stem roughage is generally to key to this problem . Many first time small ruminant owners feed excessive concentrate levels to animals . Also with social eating schemes , one animal may gorge on all of the concentrate . This may be due to inadequate feed bunk space . Treatment : Ø limit or discontinue concentrate feeding Ø buffering agents may be helpful ( baking soda ) Ø free choice excellent long stem hay or grass pasture Ø transfaunation Ø probiotics Feeding success : Ø appropriately process feed according to type and need for the given species Ø appropriate storage of feed in dry well ventilated areas Ø adequate amounts of feed available ( a minimum approach is the 1.5 % of body weight on an as fed basis ) Ø available to all members of the herd or flock Ø proper bunk space requirements per animal unit Assessment of a successful feeding program : Ø annually feed analysis : grass , hay , silage , mineral mix , supplements Ø water analysis Ø blood mineral analysis Ø liver biopsy / analysis : males and non - pregnant females over six months of age at the end of the winter feeding season before being placed on pasture Ø animals of all species eat in a wave like structure : first wave - dominant animals will eat the highest quality feed stuffs ; second wave - the middle class group will eat most if not all of the higher quality feedstuffs ; third wave - the least aggressive group will eat the " fines " and stem components left in the feed bunk . These animals will be the young , old , infirm and the more timid stock . Also males fed with females may keep others away from the feed bunks . Ø BCS is the key to success to diagnosis of nutrition problems . Ø Llama and alpaca nutrition is unique in the small ruminant pattern . They maintain a low dry matter intake of 1.8 - 2.0 % of body weight . Their ideal ration will contain 12 % protein , 55 % TDN , 0.7 % calcium and 0.4 % phosphorus and 2 mg selenium per head per day would be a good mix . The norm would be to feed good quality of alfalfa , alfalfa / grass hay or plain grass hay along with a small amount of pelleted supplement per day . Grass hays are deficient in Ca and RUMEN MICROBIOLOGY There have been well over 150 different species of microorganisms ( yeast , bacteria , protozoa , viruses and fungi ) isolated from the rumen fluid . It is important from the start to understand that fiber breakdown and fermentation with subsequent absorption and utilization of nutrients occurs only at higher pHs . Rumen acidosis will allow this balance to be broken and shut down will occur . Levels of microbial organisms are pH dependent and as such population shifts are common and easy to manipulate . F . SHEEP NUTRITION REMEMBER : ANIMALS PERFORM TO THE LEVEL OF THE FIRST LIMITING NUTRIENT ! Sheep feeding habits : . the sheep ' s muzzle is divided by a vertical cleft . sheep tend to be less selective feeders than other small ruminants . sheep utilize " selective consumption " . Sheep consume diets much higher in nutritive value than the average of the forage provided to them . They select out the more nutritional components . . mobile upper lips and prehensile tongue ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS : Ø water requirements - lactating ewe : 6 liters per day average ; fattening lamb : 4 liters in temperate climates Ø 4 - 5 pounds of water are required for every pound of DM consumed ; when water intake drops , feed intake drops Ø water intake must exceed expected levels of milk production . Under temperate conditions 3.5 pounds of water must be consumed for every pound of milk produced Ø with snow , sheep do not need water when out on range ; they consume snow Ø water consumption is also directly related to the crude protein ( CP ) consumption . Water acts to flush nitrogen from the system Ø Water sources : tanks , streams , reservoirs , succulent feeds ; beware of earthen tanks , they can bog down and trap sheep Ø When formulating mineral mix requirements , levels of mineral in the water supply should be considered . Many water sources contain high levels of minerals Ø When grazing semiarid pastures the crude protein levels often fall below 4 % Ø Below 7 % CP rumen microbial activity is depressed by lack of nitrogen . A level of 8.5 % crude protein should be considered a minimal level to sustain normal rumen function . Ø Stage of plant growth needs to be assessed when determining CP Ø In rangeland agriculture the most important factor affecting productivity is vegetation / plant management Weight gains can be increased by : . control of pasture pests . lambing season manipulation to fit the productive unit . over sowing legumes into natural grass lands . range and pasture testing and fertilization when necessary . genetically selecting animals for specific environments NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS 1 . livestock management a . mixtures of livestock species b . seasonal grazing c . adequate stocking rates for the environment 2 . vegetation replacement a . reseeding b . deferred grazing c . want high leaf to stem ratios d . rapid recovery ability is desirable e . high tolerance to grazing f . ability to regenerate from seed 3 . supplemental feeding during critical periods to remove pressure from range / pasture 4 . water development 5 . salt / mineral distribution 6 . plant monitoring 7 . nutritional laboratory assessment of native plant species 8 . soil testing to determine deficiencies / toxicities a . nitrogen fertilization increases the yield and protein content of range and pasture plants b . fertilization does not improve forage digestibility Energy : Ø insufficient energy levels are the primary limiting factor / nutrient deficiency Ø inadequate amounts of feed Ø poor quality feeds Ø symptoms : slow weight gains , weight loss , reproductive failure , decreased milk production , reduced wool yield , animal mortality and lowered immune function Ø no production occurs until the maintenance requirement has been satisfied RULE OF THUMB : sheep consume 2 ½ to 3 % of their body weight in DM per day Nutritional wool quality factors : a . requires energy and protein for production b . poor nutrition = poor fiber quality 1 . fleece fibers break easily 2 . angora goats - fiber yield improves as protein level increases Flushing : a . elevated plane of nutrition allowing thinner ewes to increase ovulatory capacity just prior to breeding b . moving to lush pasture or providing ½ pound per head per day of concentrate c . ewe with a BCS of 3.5 or higher should not be flushed ; works best with BCS 2.0 to 3.0 d . may increase lamb crop by 15 - 20 % ? ? NPN ( nonprotein nitrogen ) Urea + keto acids from rumen flora = amino acids These amino acids + rumen flora = microbial protein Ammonia toxicity secondary to massive urea consumption is common . lipid layer of the rumen layer is permeable to ammonia . rumen has a poor buffering ability to buffer ammonia . ammonia levels may overwhelm the liver ' s ability to convert it to urea = toxicity . problems with urea feeding : lack of adaptation , fasting prior to feeding , feeding urea in diets of poor quality roughages , low water intake , improper formulation of ration Treatment : instill 5 - 40 liters of cold water to rumen before seizures occur ; cold water lowers ureolysis FEEDING PREGNANT EWES : Management of the pregnant ewe is critical to the reproductive and economic success of the sheep producer . It has been estimated that 60 - 80 % of sheep production cost is in the feeding program . It should be noted when evaluating a ration that BCS must be practiced . Fetal development : substantial increase in the requirements of the pregnant and lactating ewe over the dry unbred animal 1.5 to 2.0 times greater dietary requirements for the pregnant ( third trimester ) ewe for crude protein ( CP ) , digestible energy ( DE ) , calcium ( Ca ) and phosphorus ( P ) the transition ewe is an important aspect of the sheep producers feeding program TRANSITION EWE PROGRAM : maximize dry matter intake minimize the animals ability to create a negative protein and energy imbalance insure adequate levels of calcium and the maintenance of a proper Ca : P ratio adequate nutritional stimulation of rumen papillae maximize immune system health and function decrease metabolic disease increase lamb viability , 60 % of fetal growth occurs in the last month of pregnancy acclimate the rumen microbe slowly to prevent the potential for acidosis and the animals going off feed maternal protein deficiency is more important than energy deficiency NRC recommends 11.3 % CP however 15 - 16 % is really required on an as fed basis , this is especially important after day 130 . Soybean meal and blood meal prepartum is a good source of protein above the requirements necessary to meet microbial feed requirements Bypass proteins can be helpful Increasing the dry matter consumption is critical in a time period when the abdominal distension of the uterus will preclude adequate fill . Therefore the quality of the feed is extremely important to the success of the program . Common Transition ewe problems : hepatic lipidosis metabolic ketosis milk fever hypomagnesaemia / grass tetany trace mineral levels are decreased in the dam from the fetus . Fetal hepatic micro and macronutrient levels are developed by in utero absorption of minerals and the absorption of high concentrated Colostrum vitamins A and E as well as other fat soluble vitamins do not cross the placenta , the total fetal absorptive source is the Colostrum FLOCK BASED DIAGNOSTIC MONITORING It is important when evaluating individual animals nutrient status that a flock " mean " and " median " level be arrived at for the population assessed . This is the process of developing a flock normal . cost benefit pooling of samples where ever possible hepatic biopsies blood samples - not as exact as hepatic sampling ; collect from animals over 6 months of age . Most labs do not have normals set for younger animals . Whole blood for selenium and plasma for copper and zinc feed samples water samples draw samples from all representative groups : age , sex , feed type , transitional , physiologic state and disease categories . This does not allow for an evaluation of population variance , however it does give us an idea of normals for the herd or flock Parameters , which need assessing from the herd : . body condition scores ( BCS ) . energy balance . liver function . kidney function . micronutrients . macronutrients . protein status - measured by blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) , total protein , albumin and muscle enzyme activity . These will all give an understanding of protein status and metabolism in the body . . vitamins . NEFA assessments - reflect an increase of liver and lipid metabolism . This can lead to hepatic lipidosis with secondary ketosis . NEFA ' s are a very sensitive measure of energy balance . . serum samples are best assessed when the animals are in a physiologically challenged state ARTIFICIAL REARING OF LAMBS reasons : multiple births , bummer lambs , intensive management Colostrum : laxative , protective , nutritive cow Colostrum can be used , make sure it is from the first two milkings , double the volume you would normally feed of ewes milk , freeze in 4 - 6 ounce servings , do not microwave to thaw it will denature proteins recommend 3 - 4 feedings of 4 to 6 ounces each at 2 - 4 hour intervals feed lamb standing , this conditions them to " milk bar " feeding milk replacer after the colostrum feeding higher quality lamb milk is worth the money = you get what you pay for sanitation needs to be strict ; clean all feeders daily with bleach ; disassemble feeder tubes , clean and air dry feed milk replacer at a temperature below 40 degrees F . This limits consumption , teaches more frequent nursing and reduces digestive problems wean at 4 - 5 weeks of age ; feed solid feed initially with milk replacer abrupt weaning is preferred over gradual weaning ; gradual weaning stimulates bloat for the first 2 weeks after weaning the diet should contain a minimum of 24 % crude protein LLAMA NUTRITION It is important to remember that the camelid has a stomach divided into three compartments and is not technically a ruminant . These compartments are referred to as the first ( C1 ) , second ( C2 ) and third compartment ( C3 ) . C1 and C2 are the compartments comparable to the rumen with approximately 90 % of the total volume . These like the rumen are located on the animals left side in the paralumbar fossa . C1 and C2 are lined with both stratified squamous cells as well as glandular mucous secretion cells The glandular cells may secrete bicarbonate to buffer the fluids found in the compartments Cells of the C1 and C2 absorb VFA and digest from both salivary breakdown as well as microbial fermentation Saccules occur in the first two compartments to increase fermentative capacity C1 contractions average 4 - 6 per minute in the normally fermenting animal , but can increase in animals recently post - pyrandial . These contractions progress from caudal to dorsal . They are much weaker in intensity than those of the cow . C3 represents 10 % of the gastric volume or ability With C3 , the distal 20 % is glandular and acts as the abomasum does in ruminants ; 80 % is non - glandular Camelids do not have a gall bladder , bile flows on a continuous basis Camelids have a spiral colon which commonly impacts ; colic is common in camelid Camelids can more readily utilize poor quality feeds due to a slowed nutrient transit time allowing for better breakdown and absorption Camelids are 10 - 25 % more efficient in the digestion of feed stuffs over sheep and goats Camelids are both grazers and browsers ; llamas are primarily browsers while alpacas are primarily grazers Nutrient requirements : CP 8 - 10 % , CF 25 % , TDN 55 % Calcium 0.6 - 0.8 % and 0.3 - 0.5 % phosphorous Lactating and growing animals require an increase in protein to 12 - 14 % Alterations of the diet should be made during the winter , for pack animals and those animals which are used as jogging partners Supplementing for energy should be done slowly ; fat can be increased ; in the Midwest where corn is readily available . Up to 20 % of the total dry matter content can be corn . Camelids are not as susceptible to grain overload as other animals are . Mineral needs are met with a multitude of commercially available camelid supplements ; these contain needed micro minerals . Feed as to labeled instructions With selenium deficient areas supplementation is necessary . It should be emphasized that a presumptive diagnosis needs to be made . Supplements should contain 90 ppm Se or as a added supplement 1 - 3 mg / 100 pounds of body weight on a daily basis Zinc deficiencies are common in animals fed high levels of calcium such as free choice alfalfa hay During the last trimester llamas should be BCS weekly and may require grain at 1 - 2 pounds per head per day Llamas gain 45 - 60 pounds during pregnancy / alpacas gain 20 - 30 pounds Lactation requirements may increase by 50 % over maintenance ; TDN at 60 - 65 % and CP at 12 - 14 % Diets severely restricted in energy and protein can lead to ketosis , hepatic lipidosis , poor quality Colostrum Males should be kept at a BCS of 5 - 6 / 10 heat stressed animals require more mineral and energy to maintain thermoregulation Example : JOHNSON CAMELID SUPPLEMENT FORMULA : Dry molasses 50 pounds Bone meal or Dicalcium Phosphate 25 pounds Monosodium Phosphate 25 pounds ( if alfalfa is fed replaces bone meal ) Trace mineral salt with selenium 50 pounds Zin Pro 100 10 pounds ( Zin Pro Corp Edina , MN 55439 - 2441 ) Fed on a 1.0 oz / animal / day basis LLAMA NUTRITION PROBLEM ISSUES Feeding crias : Ø crias will gain 1 pound during the first 2 - 4 days of life Ø crias average ½ to 1 pound of gain per day Ø minimize contact with the cria as much as possible . Imprinting is a common sequella and as such can lead to Berserk Llama Syndrome Ø crias consume 10 % of their body weight per day in 6 - 10 feedings ; sheep ' s milk is best ( dilute by 25 % ) followed by goats milk if sheep milk is not available Ø lambs milk replacer is the best replacer ( though a much poorer selection than whole milk ) . The replacer should be diluted by 25 % . Heat Stress : Ø very important in hot humid climates Ø avoid obesity Ø avoid the over consumption of protein Ø poor quality roughage gives off more heat during digestion Ø panting increases energy requirements Ø slowed gut movement of ingesta , colic is more common SELENIUM DEFICIENCY Ø selenium is absorbed with less efficiency than in other small ruminants Ø C 1 microflora convert the absorptive capacity of selenium diminishing its ability for assimilation Ø Vitamin A and E enhance uptake of selenium Ø Vitamin C , calcium , Sulfur , Cu and arsenic diminish selenium absorption Ø Rain , pasture irrigation and acidic soils can decrease selenium levels Ø Legumes are higher than grasses in selenium / concentrates are the lowest Ø Processing of feeds can decrease the level of selenium in a feed Ø Best way to evaluate selenium is to have the diet analyzed by a commercial nutrient analysis laboratory ; whole blood can also be used to evaluate the levels and is resistant to short term discrepancies ( serum is not a good test ) collect in lavender or green top tubes Ø Diet levels should be around 1 to 1.5 ppm over this can be a toxic level Ø Salt blocks for sheep , injectable Vit E / Se , mineral supplementation diets Ø Symptoms : colic , muscle weakness , lameness , arched back abortions / stillbirth , infertility , poor growth of crias Ø Most commonly seen in young rapid growing animals ZINC DEFICIENCY - very common Ø zinc is better absorbed from legumes than grasses or grains Ø zinc absorption is inhibited by calcium , Fe , cadmium , oxalates , organophosphates Ø Vit C , lactose and citrate enhance absorption Ø Skin lesions are the most common sequella to zinc deficiency Ø Symptoms : skin crusting and scaling , poor quality fiber , infertility , decreased food intake , hoof abnormalities , poor immune function Ø Skin lesions include : alopecia , papules , plaques , thickened scaling - ventral abdomen , escutcheon , bridge of nose , inguinal region , inner thighs ; parakeratosis on biopsy , inflammatory highlights ; usually in animals older than 1 ½ years of age Ø Treatment : 1 gram of zinc sulfate daily ; if severe and non responsive 2 - 4 gm of zinc methionine daily ; inform owner that it may take 2 - 4 months for success ; decrease the calcium level in diet if the nutritional evaluation is high Ø Diagnosis : biopsies , plasma zinc concentration , scrapping , impression smears , fungal and bacterial culture Ø RBC ' s have a high zinc concentrations GOAT NUTRITION : The number one nutrition problem in small ruminants in the world today is starvation . Though this is problematic in many areas of the world , it also can be common in the USA , Canada , and other " developed " nations . Nutrient understanding is key to a healthy nutrition program . Goat feeding habits : . mobile upper lips and prehensile tongue . browse and short forage feeders ; normally browse contributes 50 % of the diet . energetic feeders ; randomly consume feed stuffs in a highly inquisitive manner . relish aromatic herbs in areas of sparse feed supply . tend to wander and graze widely . meticulous feeders . retain feed for shorter time frames ( 22.0 hours / sheep 32.7 hours ) RULE OF THUMB : goats consume from 5 ½ to 10 % of their body weight in DM per day FEEDING CHARACTERSTICS : Ø water consumption : goats drink 3 - 5 times per day Ø goat water consumption depends on ambient temperature ; 0 degrees C = 2.3 liters per day ; 35 degrees C = 6.6 liters ; 40 degrees C = 4.0 liters per day consumed . At forty degrees there is a failure of the heat regulatory mechanism . Ø water consumption increases with salt intake in the diet goats should be provided with a clean water source at all times ; they will not drink readily from foul or polluted water sources unpalatable or extremely cold water sources can also precipitate urolithiasis secondary to poor water consumption goats can go for 3 - 4 days without water due to rumen water contents utilize BCS to evaluate a herds nutrition program initially with chronic low BCS in animals on an excellent diet the animals should be checked for : dental / oral disease , parasites , chronic wasting diseases ( Johne ' s disease , CLA , CAE ) , blindness , foot and leg problems , low level acidosis goats ruminate 8 hours a day dry matter intake is the primary nutrient limitation in goats ; this can be a decisive factor in nutrient absorption monitor silage if fed , goats are extremely susceptible to listeria molasses improves palatability of processed feeds . Feeding over 5 % molasses can adversely affect rumen function leading to low level acidosis . Over feeding of grain by owners is the number one cause of clinical acidosis when the doe is dried off , feeding of woody browse can be of importance to restore rumen capacity . Goats as browsers have an extreme change in rumen function with fine particle , high energy rations . Rumen tone is lost and there is a marked decrease in rumen contractions goats will refuse dusty or moldy hay dry matter intake of hay can be increased with the addition of supplemental green forage daily ; goats will waste up to 40 - 50 % of hay fed in a manger ; most producers try to have a 20 % waste loss hay intake as a rough estimate is 2.5 pound of hay per 100 pounds of body weight as a rough rule of thumb ; maximum DM intake is 5 to 6 kg / 100 kg of body weight during lactation goats fed high quality alfalfa hay plus concentrates will consume 2.8 to 4.2 Kg DM / 100 kg body weight . This range will depend on the stage of lactation ( DIM ) lactational consumption may reach 3.5 % of the live body weight early lactation feeding : free choice hay plus one pound of concentrate ( 14 - 18 % protein , 75 % TDN , low dry matter ) for each 2 pounds of milk produced daily ; the feeding of concentrates is dependent on milk production DRY MATTER INTAKE ( adapted from : Smith and Sherman , 1994 ) Animal Weight 50 kg 60 kg 70kg Maintenance 1.20 1.33 1.47 Last month of 1.09 1.21 1.34 Gestation gestational dry matter consumption is depressed DM consumption ranges from 2.2 to 2.8 kg / 100 kg of live body weight during the last trimester of pregnancy Hay intake ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 kg / 100 kg of body weight during the pregnant dry period or transition doe period . When feeding alfalfa hay and concentrates a 2 : 1 H : C ratio is a good rule of thumb When feeding poorer quality hay a 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 ratio can be utilized . It should be noted that as the % of concentrates in a lactational diet increase , the % butterfat decreases Early lactation does require 17 - 18 % crude protein Midlactation does require 13 - 16 % crude protein Zero - grazing versus grazing programs need to be considered in formulating a diet . Palatability is of extreme importance to goats . Coarse textured feeds are preferred over finely milled feeds . Smell and taste are also key issues . Dusty or moldy hays are not well tolerated . When purchasing hay it should be green not yellow or brown . Break open a bale and determine its dust and mold content . Smell the hay for freshness . Look for toxic plants or trash in the hay . Forage testing on a regular basis should be recommended where it is economically feasible . The stage of maturity is paramount in the selection of hay . If the hay has too much stem the animals will waste a large proportion of the feed . Stored brownish hays have a decreased vitamin A , D and E level . This should be considered when determining the mineral mix or supplement feeds . Angora goats have a decidedly higher protein and energy requirement . Critical time periods are : early stock growth , reproduction , mid through late gestation and during lactation . PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A POOR NUTRITION PROGRAM 1 ) Ketosis ( pregnancy toxemia ) 2 ) Parturient Paresis ( milk fever ) 3 ) Acidosis / indigestion 4 ) Enterotoxemia 5 ) Abortion 6 ) Diarrhea / constipation 7 ) Starvation 8 ) Lameness 9 ) Weak kids at delivery 10 ) Poor colostral quality / quantity 11 ) Urolithiasis ( see below ) 12 ) Posthitis ( pizzle rot ) : excess protein fed to males 13 ) Arthritis : hypercalcemic diets 14 ) Vitamin / mineral imbalance UROLITHIASIS Urolithiasis is a common problem in sheep and goat medicine . Uretheral obstruction due to stone formation is common in both males as well as females , however castrated males pose the greatest risk . Nutrition plays the biggest part in urolithiasis . This is a substantial problem in " pet " food animal medicine ( hobby farm animals ) ; requires a more long - term approach to the control of this disease . In production animal medicine the treatment protocol is for salvage not long term survival . Urinary stone formation The composition of uroliths in sheep and goats is primarily dependent on the feeds and soil conditions within a specific geophysical location . Researchers at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine have done studies on goat uroliths and found them to be of two common types : calcium apatite and phosphatic calculi . The phosphatic calculi can be further broken down to calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and magnesium ammonium phosphate . Silicate and calcium carbonate uroliths can also be seen , though less commonly . Phosphatic Uroliths Ø low roughage Ø high concentrate Ø low Ca : P ratio ; high phosphorus levels in grains Ø increased magnesium Ø alkaline urine Ø decreased saliva formation due to high levels of phosphorus . Normally phosphorus is excreted via feces in small ruminants , but the lowered saliva levels allow the concentration of phosphorus in the urine Ø several breeds of sheep are predisposed : Texel and Scottish Blackface Ø Pygmy goats are much more predisposed to the disease Disease Diagnosis : Ø early signs : hematuria , dysuria , tail flagging , vocalization , depression , off feed , colic , chewing at tail head , urine dribbling Ø late signs : recumbency , depression , change in appetite , prepucial swelling , severe straining , severe vocalization , abdominal distension , increased TPR Ø tachycardia , tachypnea and increased or decreased core body temperature Ø ultrasound revels a distended bladder with or without stones Ø increased BUN , creatinine , AST , CPK , hyponatremia and hypochloremia Ø ultrasound of the penis revels a distended urethra ; stones lodge most commonly at the urethral process . Many times just amputating this process will help alleviate many of the symptoms . Another common site for blockage is the distal sigmoid flexure PREVENTION : pet sheep and goats should be castrated at an older age ( 6 - 12 months ) increase water consumption through the use of salt , more water sources acidify urine with ammonium chloride at a rate of 0.5 to 1 % of the total ration do not feed equine diet mixes to sheep and goats . These diets are higher in phosphorus and add the problem . This is commonly seen with back yard hobbyists show animals and feedlot animals fed high levels of grain should have salt mixed in at 2 - 5 % to increase water consumption and there by flush the system Ca : P 2 : 1 or 2.5 : 1 Grass hay is lower in Ca and higher in P Calculi in younger goats on milk replacer : cheaper milk replacers have a 1 : 1 Ca : P ration and will require Ca supplementation Treatment : $ $ $ $ reeducate owner to improved dietary program prognosis poor to grave owner should be educated to the high incidence of recurrence first approach remove / amputate urethral process - temporary approach , recurrence is likely ; to extrude penis the animal is usually placed in a sitting position on its rump . 10 - 15 mg of Diazepam is given IV , the penis is extended with a gauze sponge ; proprynylpromazine at 1.0 mg / kg IM can also be used tranquilizers and antispasmodics can be used : acepromazine at 0.1 mg / kg IV , diazepam at .5 mg / kg IV , aminopromazine at 2.0 mg / kg IM perineal urethrostomy - salvage procedure of feeder animals , poor prognosis for pet animals urethral translocation ischial urethrostomy - exteriorize the urethra at a larger diameter permanent cystotomy CERVIDAE NUTRITION : Deer and elk nutrition is very similar to sheep nutrition . The importance of feeding varies with the productive cycle of cervidae . However , deer and elk appetites fluctuate seasonally . Understanding the annual appetite cycle is extremely important in nutritional management of the herd . fetal growth and lactation can increase maintenance nutrient requirements by 70 % for energy and 85 % for protein during the last trimester of pregnancy and a 45 % greater energy and 75 % protein requirement during lactation elk and deer give birth from late May to July ; they consume less feed during the winter months and time their increase in nutrients to correlate with the grazing of forage pastures seasonal growth and reproduction of cervidae requires changing nutritional programs stags need maximum nutrients in the winter ; stags having lost condition in their rut gain increase in body condition and appetite in the spring and summer hinds need maximum nutrition in the summer hinds nutritional demands are greatest in the spring and summer . During the fall breeding season they must regain condition . Though the hind has a decreased appetite in the winter , it is imperative that they do not loose condition for calves the first winter , the seasonal depression is less than for adult deer ; growth becomes limited with rapid weight gains in the spring and summer . With calves it is important that dry matter consumption be monitored so that during winter feeding the animals can eat enough to maintain their weight . Winter is the period where higher energy feed stuffs need to be supplemented Concentrate or pelleted supplements should be fed but not to exceed 50 % of the ration Ø FEEDING RATIOS : Weanlings and stags : hay 6 : corn 3 : supplement 1 Pregnant females : hay 8 : Corn 1.5 : supplement 0.5 Ø most feeding programs emphasize the feeding of good legume hay or pasture with grain ( oats , corn , barley , or a mix ) as a supplemental energy source Ø grass hay feeding programs require additional protein , minerals and vitamins ; pellet supplements supply this Example : Jordan Deer Pellet Formulation : INGREDIENTS PERCENT OF DIET ( % ) Ground Alfalfa 31 Soybean Meal 31 Corn 30 Molasses 4 Limestone 1 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Trace Mineral Salt ( with 1 Selenium and copper ) . TOTAL 100 % Ø fall feeding of fawns and calves is imperative to prepare them for the winter - feeding pattern . Needed body weights and gain are important early on Ø flushing hinds in September increases the ovulation rate Ø summer pastures should contain grasses as well as legumes Ø deer and elk rarely bloat ! GROWTH REQUIREMENTS : . red deer require 4.0 Mcals of ME / lb of gain . this would be the equivalent of 4.9 Mcals of DE or 2.5 pounds of TDN . on a grain supplement basis this would require 3.1 pounds of corn per pound of weight gain LACTATION REQUIREMENTS : . red deer require 9.43 Mcals ME / day . this would equal 11.5 Mcals DE or 5.75 lbs TDN . 7.19 lbs of corn or 10.8 lbs of 53 % TDN hay mature hind will consume 4.5 to 6 pounds of dry matter per day in the winter . This diet should consist of a good quality forage fed free choice plus 2 to 3 pounds of concentrate Stags and calves should be fed a ration higher in concentrates since they have a marginal dry matter intake during this period The best way of assessing a nutrition management program is by regular live weight monitoring ; setting target weights allows program evaluation ; target weights should be set on conditions particular to a given farm General purpose mineral and trace element supplement should be available at all times Stags lose weight during the breeding period ; dominant stags in multiple sire herds will loose more weight than subordinate stags Stag weight loss is directly related to the amount of energy required for sexual and antagonistic behavior Stag weight loss is inversely related to the amount of feeding done by stags BCS on a regular basis References : Anderson , D.E. ( 1998 ) Troubleshooting nutrition for camelids . American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting . Pp . 31 - 32 . Evans , C.N. ( 1994 ) Nutrition in llamas " What Veterinarians Should Know " . Proceedings North American Veterinary Conference 8 : 845 - 846 . Johnson , L.W. ( 1994 ) Llama nutrition . Veterinary Clinics of North America : Food Animal Practice . W . B . Saunders Co . Philadelphia , U.S.A. Pp . 187 - 200 . Jordan , R.M. ( 1991 ) Deer farming : An overview of the industry and some basic Nutrition and reproduction information . Deer and Elk Farming Symposium . University of Minnesota . St . Paul , MN Pp . 1 - 8 . Osborne , C.A. , et al ( 1989 ) Analyzing the mineral composition of urolith from dogs , cats , Horses , cattle , sheep , goats and pigs . Veterinary Medicine 750 - 764 . Pugh , D.G. ( 1997 ) Nutrition and feeding of South American camelids . Proceedings of the Central Veterinary Conference . Kansas City , MO . Pp . 150 - 3 . Pugh , D.C. ( 1997 ) Special feeding practices in lamas . Proceedings of the Central Veterinary Conference . Kansas City , MO . Pp . 154 - 7 . Smith , M.C. , Sherman , D . M . ( 1994 ) Goat Medicine . Williams and Wilkins . Philadelphia . Pp . 527 - 564 . Stone , W.C. , et al ( 1997 ) Prepubic urethrostomy for relief of urethral obstruction in a sheep and a goat . J Am Vet Med Assoc 210 : 939 - 941 . Van Saun , R.J. ( 1998 ) Small ruminant nutrition : feeding for two . Proceedings from the Central Veterinary Conference . Kansas City , MO . Pp . 73 - 77 . Van Saun , R.J. ( 1998 ) Pregnant ewe nutrition . Proceeding from the Central Veterinary Conference . Kansas City , MO . Pp . 78 - 83 . Van Saun , R.J. ( 1998 ) Case studies in sheep nutrition . Proceeding from the Central Veterinary Conference . Kansas City , MO . Pp . 84 - 87 . More Good Links for Feeding and Nutrition Advances in Feeding Soybean Meal Alternative Feeds For Extending Limited Feed Supplies Drought Feeding Strategies Effective Copper Nutrition for Farm Animals Effects of Moldy feed and Mycotoxins on cattle Feeding Brewers Grain Feeding Soybean Hay To Beef Cattle Fibrous Feed Alternative - Soybean Hulls Herbal supplements for animals Langson Buck Test Feed Formula Nutrient Analysis of Oxbow Hay Nutrient Requirements for Goats / Nutrition of Meat Goats Rice and Rice By - Products Supplemental Winter Feeding of Goats ' ; document . write ( ' ' ) ; document . write ( addy_text97086 ) ; document . write ( ' < \ / a > ' ) ; / / - - > \ n Last Updated ( Tuesday , 09 June 2009 ) < Prev Next > [ Back ] | [
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http://goatlocker.org/resources/nav/aweigh.htm | Anchors Aweigh The word " weigh " in this sense comes from the archaic word meaning to heave , hoist or raise . " Aweigh " means that that action has been completed . The anchor is aweigh when it is pulled from the bottom . This event is duly noted in the ship ' s log . Lieut . Charles A . Zimmermann , USN , a graduate of the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore , had been selected as the bandmaster of the Naval Academy Band in 1887 at the age of 26 . His father , Charles Z . Zimmermann , had played in the band during the Civil War years . Early in his career , Lieut . Zimmermann started the practice of composing a march for each graduating class . By 1892 , " Zimmy " , as he was affectionately known by the midshipmen , became so popular that he was presented with In 1906 , Lieut . Zimmerman was approached by Midshipman First Class Alfred Hart Miles with a request for a new march . As a member of the Class of 1907 , Miles and his classmates " were eager to have a piece of music that would be inspiring , one with a swing to it so it could be used as a football marching song , and one that would live forever . " Supposedly , with the two men seated at the Naval Academy Chapel organ , Zimmermann composed the tune and Miles set the title and wrote to two first stanzas in November 1906 . This march was played by the band and sung by the brigade at the 1906 Army - Navy football game later that month , and for the first time in several seasons , Navy won . This march , Anchors Aweigh , was subsequently dedicated to the Academy Class of 1907 and adopted as the official song of the U.S. Navy . The concluding stanza was written Original Lyrics Stand Navy down the field , sails set to the sky . We ' ll never change our course , so Army you steer shy - y - y - y . Roll up the score , Navy , Anchors Aweigh . Sail Navy down the field and sink the Army , sink the Army Grey . Get underway , Navy , Decks cleared for the fray , We ' ll hoist true Navy Blue So Army down your Grey - y - y - y . Full speed ahead , Navy ; Army heave to , Furl Black and Grey and Gold and hoist the Navy , hoist the Navy Blue Blue of the Seven Seas ; Gold of God ' s great sun Let these our colors be Till all of time be done - n - n - ne , By Severn shore we learn Navy ' s stern call : Faith , courage , service true With honor over , honor over all . Revised Lyrics by George D . Lottman It is Verse 2 that is most widely sung . Stand , Navy , out to sea , Fight our battle cry ; We ' ll never change our course , So vicious foe steer shy - y - y - y . Roll out the TNT , Anchors Aweigh . Sail on to victory And sink their bones to Davy Jones , hooray ! Anchors Aweigh , my boys , Anchors Aweigh . Farewell to college joys , we sail at break of day - ay - ay - ay . Through our last night on shore , drink to the foam , Until we meet once more . Here ' s wishing you a happy voyage home . In the 1916 Lucky Bag , the Academy yearbook , the class prepared a surprise for Lieut . Zimmermann . On page one was an impressive photo of the bandmaster in his full dress uniform , and on the next , a moving tribute to his devotion to the Naval Academy . Unfortunately , Lieut . Zimmermann did not live to enjoy this tribute . He became ill and died suddenly on Sunday morning , Jan . 16 , 1916 , of a brain hemorrhage . He was 54 years old . He was given a full military funeral , Alfred H . Miles , the lyricist , continued his Navy career and retired as a Captain . Revised Lyrics Revised lyrics by MCPON John Hagen 2 years ago . This was done to , " Promote new respect for the Navy ' s official song . " The first and second verses remain unchanged from the revised lyrics by Geo . Lottman . The third verse has a minor change . Here is the complete song as written by MCPON Hagen . Stand Navy out to sea , fight our battle cry ; We ' ll never change our course , so vicious foe steer shy - y - y - y . Roll out the TNT , Anchors aweigh ! Sail on to victory And sink their bones to Davy Jones , hooray ! Anchors aweigh , my boys , anchors aweigh . Farwell to foreign shores , we sail at break of day - ay - ay - ay . Through our last night ashore , drink to the foam , Until we meet once more . Her ' s wishing you a happy voyage home . Blue of the mighty deep , gold of God ' s great son . Let these our colors be till all of time done , done , done , done . On the seven seas we learn Navy ' s stern call : Faith , courage , service true , with honor , over honor , over all . Last preventive maintenance on this page December 30 , 2005 . | [
"Anchors Aweigh"
] |
http://gobackpacking.com/travel-guides/kenya/kenyan-food-typical-traditional-cuisine/ | Kenyan Food – Typical and Traditional Cuisine Kenyan Ugali Table of Contents Kenyan Food – Typical Dishes Heading to Kenya ? Book your hostels here ! Ugali The staple and most common food in Kenya is a cornmeal starch made into a thick paste known as ugali . It is heavy and hearty and goes down well with fried vegetables or any kind of meat stew . Where To Eat It : Ugali is available anywhere and everywhere , from sit down restaurants to Kenyan street food stalls around the country . Sukuma Wiki Sukuma Wiki Along with ugali , sukuma wiki ( known as collard greens in English ) is a staple vegetable in the Kenyan diet . It is normally sliced very thin , and fried in oil , along with onions and tomatoes . Many Kenyans eat ugali and sukuma wiki as a standard meal . Where To Eat It : Sukuma wiki is available at all restaurants and street stalls . Chapatis Originally from the influence of Indians , flatbread chapatis are popular in Kenya , and all over East Africa . They are rolled out and fried in oil until becoming crispy on the outside and gooey on the inside . Sometimes they are eaten as a snack with tea , and other times along with stew or vegetables . Everywhere in Kenya . Irio Irio is a combination of potatoes , green peas and kernels of corn mashed up into a heavy nutritious starch . It ' s often enjoyed with beans , stew , meat or just with some sukuma wiki . Kenyan restaurants . Maharagwe Maharagwe is a delicious Kenyan dish made with kidney beans in a coconut curry soup . The bean stew is best when eaten with a starch like rice or ugali . Many Kenyan local restaurants will have variations of maharagwe . Closer to the coast is where you ' ll find more food influenced by coconut milk and cream . Nyama Choma Nyama Choma ( meat ) / Kuku Choma ( chicken ) Nyama choma is the East African style of roasted meat . Real grazed meat or chicken is freshly butchered and slow roasted over coals with nothing more than salt . The meat is often eaten plain and dipped in more salt or accompanied by chilies and a tomato salsa known as kachumbari . Check out my favorite places to eat the best nyama choma in Nairobi Stew Kenyan stews are characterized by chunks of meat , potatoes , carrots and other small vegetables boiled down with a few spices to make a flavorful soupy stew . Stews go great with either ugali , rice or chapatis . Where To Get It : Most Kenyan restaurants will serve some form of stew on the menu . Pilau Along the coast of Kenya the food has been influenced by Arabs and Indians more than anywhere else in the country . Pilau and biryani spiced rice dishes are common and delicious . Select restaurants in Nairobi and all along the coast . Burger Hut Nairobi Burgers Not exactly a traditional dish , but burgers and various forms of Kenyan style french fries are common throughout the country . They have a truly unique African taste , and can be super greasy and covered in amazing specialized sauces . Burgers are popular in Nairobi and my favorite spot is Burger Hut Nairobi located in the Westlands district . Roasted Maize One of the most common snacks on the streets of Nairobi is hot roasted maize . It ' s cheap , filling and after rubbed with a little lime chili sauce , it ' s fantastic ! All over the streets of Kenya , and it ' s especially popular in Nairobi . Try East African food at home by buying this cookbook Drinks Stoney Tangawizi Beer Kenyans enjoy drinking beer and there are an abundance of good beers available . Tusker , Pilsner , Guinness – you ' re covered ! Be warned that you ' ll need to get used to drinking warm beer right out of the crate as refrigeration ( nor electricity ) is not always available . Where To Drink It : Beer is available in all bars and road side kiosks throughout Kenya . Liquor There are plenty of legit liquors distilled in Kenya available at cheap prices . You probably will NOT want to try the local moonshine called “ changaa ” as it ' s often highly unsanitary , and sources of the brew can be questionable . A popular drink in Kenya is called a Dawa Cocktail – a combination of vodka , honey and lime juice . Where To Drink It : Bars and clubs . Sodas / Juices Stoney Tangawizi – East Africa ' s version of Ginger - Ale on steroids – a burst of ginger that will clear your nostrils ! Picana – Mango pulpy juice bottled up . Passion Juice – Kenya has some of the best freshly squeezed passion juice of anywhere I ' ve been . Heading to Kenya Check out these complete trips Last Updated on December 3rd , 2018 | [
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"Traditional Cuisine",
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http://gobbc.edu/students/athletics/ | BBC ATHLETICS Athletics at BBC is an integral part of our student life experience Each Athlete is challenged to live for Christ and to be an example of leadership tot hose around them BBC offers two athletic programs Mens Basketball and Ladies Volleyball Baptist Bible College competes with many schools in the region that are of similar size and mission of BBC Brett Palen Candi Todd Mens Basketball Schedule Oct 30 Tues Central Christian College of the Bible 700 Away Nov 5 Mon Champion Christian 600 Away 6 Tues Alumni Game 700 Home 8 Thur Central Methodist University 700 Away 9 Fri Central Christian College of KansasTournament TBA Away 10 Sat Central Christian College of KansasTournament TBA Away 12 Mon MO Southern State University JV 700 Away 13 Tues Evangel JV 700 Away 15 Thur Kansas Christian Collegetentative 700 Away 17 Sat Bethany College 200 Home 27 Tues Ozark Christian College 630 Home 29 Thursday MO Southern State University 700 Away Dec 1 Sat Barclay College 200 Home 3 Mon Evangel JV 700 Home 6 Thurs Rhema Bible College 700 Home 10 Mon Randall University 700 Away Jan 17 Thurs Kansas Christian College 700 Home 18 Fri Barclay College 700 Away 22 Tues Central Methodist University JV 700 Home 26 Sat Manhattan Christian College 200 Home 28 Mon Champion Christian 600 Home 29 Tues Ozark Christian College 630 Away Feb 1 Fri Ecclesia College 600 Home 2 Sat Oakland City 200 Home 5 Tues Central Christian College of the Bible 700 Home 14 Thur Central Methodist University JV 700 Home 19 Tues North Arkansas College 600 Away 22 Fri Ecclesia 700 Away 23 Sat Rhema Bible College 600 Away March ThSat ACCA National Tournament TBA Ladies Volleyball Schedule Aug 23 Thurs Kansas Christian 600 Away 25 Sat Cottey College 100 Home 28 Tues Calvary University 600 Home Sept 1 Thurs Barclay College 300 Home 4 Tues Kansas Christian College 600 Home 7 Fri Barclay College 630 Away 11 Tues Crowleys Ridge College 600 Home 18 Tues Central Christian College Kansas 600 Away 21 Fri Ozark Christian Emmaus 500 615 Joplin 22 Sat Dallas Christian College 1000 Home Oct 2 Tues Cottey College 630 Away 4 Thurs Ozark Christian College 700 Home 6 Sat Dallas Christian College 1100 Away 9 Tues Calvary University 600 Away 11 Thurs RandallLangston 300 500 AwayRandall 13 Sat Trinity Manhattan Christian College 100 300 Manhattan 16 Tues Central Christian College Kansas 600 Home 23 Tues Crowleys Ridge College 600 Away Nov ThuSat ACCA National Tournament TBA Joplin | [
"ATHLETICS",
"BBC"
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http://goblin-slayer.wikia.com/wiki/High_Elf_Archer/Image_Gallery | in High Elf ArcherImage Gallery High Elf Archer Comments Share Overview Relationships Image Gallery Volume 1 Volume 1 Volume 1 Volume 1 Volume 1 Volume 2 Cover Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 5 Volume 5 Volume 6 Cover Volume 6 Volume 6 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 8 Volume 8 Volume 8 Episode 2 High Elf Archers close up Episode 2 High Elf Archer calls Goblin Slayer out for his apathy towards the worlds current crisis Episode 3 Getting drunk after one drink Episode 4 High Elf Archer disgusted upon seeing Goblin Slayer cut open a goblin Episode 4 Episode 4 Joylessly killing goblins Episode 5 Happy to hear Goblin Slayer consider helping the party explore ruins Episode 6 Telling Goblin Slayer he will go on an adventure after killing goblins Episode 6 Surprised after Goblin Slayer accepts her restrictions Episode 7 High Elf Archer is forcibly stripped by goblins Episode 7 Thanking Dwarf Shaman for rescuing her Episode 7 Helping an injured Goblin Slayer DnD Stats Categories | [
"Goblin Slayer",
"High Elf Archer"
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http://gobobpipe.com/handy-hay-feeder-wagon.html | Handy Hay Feeder Wagon 2 Wheel Dolly This trailer can be moved by hand when empty which makes hooking up to your tractor pickup anything extremely quick and easy Two Wheel Dolly makes backing into tight places very very easy The Handy Hay Feeder Wagon is currently available with 20 ft or 24 ft hay cradles Hay feeder wagons have been popular in the colder climes for many years because you get more hay to your cattle in less trips Some of those saved trips would have been made in extreme cold wind and sleet so both human and animal benefit but cost has been a problem When we went looking for a manufacturer we learned that all the manufacturers were located up North or back East Because of their bulk shipping is expensive and we think that may be why you dont see too many hay feeder wagons around here but that is about to The Handy Hay Feeder Wagon is manufactured almost on the Kansas Oklahoma border about midway across the states This will make it possible for livestock producers in the Southwest South and Southeast to take advantage of this efficient way to move and feed hay Optional gooseneck extension Handy Hay Conserver Feeder Wagon Skirting around outside of the trailer Expanded Metal bottom 6000 lb axles handle about any weight bales you can load into the Handy Hay Feeder Wagon Sturdy frame is made from 3 square steel tubing with a 316ths wall Subframe consists of 1 X 3 11 ga rectangular steel tubing Wire bottom cradle allows rain moisture to escape | [
"Handy Hay Feeder Wagon",
"2 Wheel Dolly"
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http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/casdtijuana/ss/Tijuana-Mexico-Visitors-Guide.htm | Destinations Mexico Guide Tijuana , Mexico Visitor ' s Guide By Betsy Malloy Updated 01 / 22 / 18 © Betsy Malloy Photography 01 of 08 What You Need to Know About Tijuana nnnia78 / Flickr / CC BY - NC - SA 2.0 Deciding whether to visit Tijuana , the Mexican border town near San Diego can be confusing . Some people say they had a lot of fun visiting it and others think you should just stay away . Here ' s the lowdown on today ' s Tijuana , with some tips and insights that might help you decide whether it ' s right for you . In the late 2000s , Tijuana was super - touristy . Within a few steps from the border crossing , you could find a dozen places selling cheap tourist trinkets . Everything was decked out in a way that felt calculated to please the gringo tourists . Today ' s Tijuana has a Mexican flair but is also distinctively different from cities further inland . That makes it a unique place to visit . You can still find the cheap souvenirs and tourist traps of yesteryear , but you can also find world - class cuisine and exciting local art - if you know where to look . Is It Worth My Time ? Some people ca n ' t resist the idea of crossing an international border if they ' re close . If you ' re one of them , then it ' s easy enough to do that . Whether it ' s worth the time for everyone else depends on what you expect and what you enjoy . If all you want is the tired old tourist stereotypes , go right ahead . Buy a giant sombrero , a colorful pinata and take a few selfies . It will be fun . If you ' re a curious traveler who wants to find out more about what other places are really like , you can do that in Tijuana . Skip down to the list of things you did n ' t know you could do in Tijuana to find out more . Travel Alerts Everyone has their level of tolerance . Many visitors enjoy Tijuana and never feel unsafe . Look for Baja California when you read the State Department ' s most recent travel alert and decide for yourself whether you want to go . Continue to 2 of 8 below . 02 of 08 Do It Yourself Day Trip to Tijuana John Reiser / Flickr / CC BY - NC - SA 2.0 This easy day trip starts at the U . S . / Mexico border and assumes that you will walk from there into town . Options for getting there are listed below . Getting Into Tijuana : Take a look at the pictorial , step - by - step guide that shows you how to reach Avenida de la Revolucion , Tijuana ' s main tourist street . What to Do On Revolucion Avenue , you ' ll find ample opportunities to get your photograph taken with a cart hooked up to a Tijuana zebra ( a donkey with black stripes painted on it ) , a tradition for more than 100 years . You can also do some shopping , and it ' s a great place for people - watching . Just pay attention or take photos at your major turns and stops and you can retrace your steps to get back to the border . Continue to 3 of 8 below . 03 Things You Did n ' t Know You Could Do in Tijuana Sandy Huffaker / Corbis via Getty Images Best Way to Really Get to Know Tijuana : Guided tours can be the absolute worst way to get to know a city , but the super - interesting tours given by Turista Libre are the exception . Run by a friendly Americal expatriate who lives in Tijuana , the company offers a wide variety of exciting things to do that could keep you coming back for more . With Turista Libre , you ' ll get a look at the unique and fascinating place that Tijuana has become . You may go to a local market where people buy sugar , cheese , chocolate , and candles - or out to the beach to see the border wall plunging into the ocean . They offer lots of specialty tours that may include food tours , " Lucha Libre " Mexican wrestling , a brewery tour or an artists ' tour . Find out what they ' ve got coming up Things You Can Do On Your Own Dine Fine . Foodies flock to Tijuana these days to try " Baja Med " cuisine , which combines traditional Mexican recipes with ingredients like olive oil , abalone , and arugula that flourish in the coastal , Mediterranean - like climate . Chefs like Javier Plascencia of Mision 19 ( who you may have seen on ABC TV ' s The Taste ) and Miguel Angel Guerrero of La Querencia are just a few of the many serving up innovative and delicious food . Catch Some Culture : Centro Cultural Tijuana ( Tijuana Cultural Center ) is a fine museum that chronicles Baja peninsula history from ancient cave paintings to modern times . Exhibits are explained in English . It ' s in the Zona Rio area at Paseo de Los Heroes and Mina . Shop for Art at PRAD : Short for Pasaje Rodriguez Arte y Diseño ( Rodríguez Passage Art and Design ) , it ' s a narrow alleyway between Avenida Revolucion and Avenida Constitucion , with its entrance between Third and Fourth streets . Once filled with shops selling tourist souvenirs , it ' s now occupied by more than 20 small artists ' spaces . Continue to 4 of 8 below . 04 Ways to Get to Tijuana from San Diego el - toro / Flickr / CC BY - NC 2.0 Most San Diego visitors use the San Ysidro border crossing to Tijuana . Here ' s how to get there : The Easy Way : Use San Diego Trolley : The San Diego Trolley ( which is also sometimes called the Tijuana Trolley ) , takes you directly to the border crossing . Do n ' t Drive Yourself : Driving to Tijuana from San Diego is possibly the absolute worst way to go there . In theory , it ' s easy . Just drive south on Interstate Highway 5 , and you ' ll be at the border crossing . You can find parking lots on the U . S . side of the border from Tijuana . To get into them , take the " Last U.S. Exit , Camino de la Plaza " off - ramp , paying close attention , so you do n ' t end up driving across the border when you did n ' t intend to . However , many visitors report break - ins and thefts in these lots . You could also drive across the border , but then you ' d end up with parking hassles on the other side and stuck in a long line of traffic trying to get back across . And if you rented a car in San Diego , rental agencies prohibit taking it into Mexico . Taking a Bus to Tijuana : Bus tours also leave San Diego daily . They are n ' t as much fun as the Turista Libre tours mentioned above , but they do offer an easy way to get across the border . However , you ca n ' t go home early or stay late . The Go San Diego Card also offers Tijuana tours along with a lot of attractions at a very reasonable price . Use this handy guide to find out all you need to know about it Continue to 5 of 8 below . 05 Crossing the Border and Getting Back Into the U.S. from Tijuana © Betsy Malloy Photography Crossing the Border into Tijuana is easy . Use the pictorial , step - by - step guide . It shows you what to do every step of the way . Getting Back to San Diego from Tijuana : To get back to the border from Avenida Revolucion on foot , just look for the big arch . Walk to it , turn right , go across the bridge and through the small shopping plaza . Take the pedestrian bridge over the highway and get in the line . Once inside the building , have your documentation ready . U.S. and Canadian citizens must present either a passport or a government - issued photo ID plus proof of citizenship . Visit the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative website for more details . If you do n ' t have a passport , Rushmypassport . com can help you get or renew your passport without having to run around and stand in line to get it done . You can bring back up to $ 800 in purchases duty - free from Tijuana , including up to one liter of alcohol per adult more than 21 years old , 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes . You may also be able to bring back medicines purchased for your personal use Once you ' re back on the United States side , the San Diego Trolley station will be straight ahead . Continue to 6 of 8 below . 06 Getting Around Tijuana , Mexico by Bus , Taxi , and On Foot © 2015 Betsy Malloy Photography . Used by Permission . Do n ' t wait until you ' re standing in Tijuana beset by confusion and choices to decided how you ' re going to get around . Read up now , and you can move around like a pro . Tijuana Taxis Tijuana taxis come in three kinds , and you need to know which one you ' re working with before you get in . Tipping is not expected but is appreciated if someone is extra helpful . Taxi Libre : These taxis are easy to recognize . Most are white with a big , orange stripe and " Taxi Libre " written on the door . They have meters . The downside is that the drivers may speak little English . If you do n ' t speak Spanish and are going somewhere other than the standard destinations , you ' ll have better luck if you bring a map or written address with you . To avoid any trouble , check to be sure the driver starts the meter when he takes off . Taxi Vans : You may also see mini - van - sized vehicles in Tijuana that are marked as taxis . They cover defined routes from the city center to the suburbs and are not for the casual visitor . Uber : The app - based ride service operates in Tijuana - but beware that you might have to pay international data roaming fees to use it . However , uber passengers have been attacked for using the service . Do a quick search for " uber in Tijuana " to find out the current situation before you decide to go this route . Yellow Taxis : These taxis are best avoided . They do not have meters , so you have to negotiate your price before you get in . They charge more than other services , and the drivers can be very aggressive when trying to get your business . Tijuana City Buses Local buses are the least expensive option other than walking . The fare is less than a dollar . If you decide to try them , you should know that bus numbers are meaningless here . Instead , look for the destination written on the front of the bus instead . Downtown is " Centro . " To get to Cultural Center , look for " Zona Rio . " Continue to 7 of 8 below . 07 Tips for Getting the Most Out of Tijuana © 2006 Betsy Malloy Photography . Used by Permission . These tips will help you have the most fun in Tijuana with the least trouble . If you were going somewhere else , they might sound like the things your mother tells you that you mostly ignore - but for Tijuana , listen up and pay attention . Before You Go to Tijuana Bring documentation U . S . citizens can visit Mexico for 72 hours or less without visas , but they need proof of citizenship when they return , A passport or government - issued photo ID and birth certificate are most common . Permanent Residents should bring their green cards and passports . Citizens of other countries need valid passports and a valid I - 94 , multi - entry visa or visa waiver . Visit the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative website for more details Take cash : You ' ll get better prices in the shops . For most places , U . S . dollars are fine . Use ATMs only for emergencies ; they ' ll give pesos that you ' ll have to figure out what to do with if you do n ' t spend them all - and may incur foreign transaction fees . Know how you ' re going to get around Tijuana : Read the Tijuana transportation page of this guide to know what color of taxi to avoid . Time your trip : It can take hours to get back into the U . S . from Tijuana on Saturday evening . Leave town by mid - afternoon , or go on a less - busy day . Wear comfortable walking shoes . Walking is the best way to see Tijuana . But if you ' re exploring a lot you could walk quite a few miles . While You ' re in Tijuana Cell Phone Roaming : As soon as you get to the border crossing , put your phone on Airplane mode to avoid international roaming charge . Beggars : Baja Mexico ' s tourism department says giving beggars money wo n ' t help the problem . They suggest that you contribute to a charity that helps needy people instead . Young Girls Selling Flowers . Pickpockets may try to distract you by trying to sell you something while at the same time lifting your wallet . Cute kids are even easier to give in to but stay alert . Say No : Tijuana shopkeepers want your attention , and they all have a way of getting it . Some resort to stereotypes ( serape and sombrero ) , others to politeness ( " just let me show you something " ) and yet others to humor : " Give me a chance to rip you off . " A firm " no " works with all but the most persistent . When you ' ve gotta " go " : Some Tijuana shops have restrooms and so do some shopping complexes . There may be a small charge to use them . Food and drink . It ' s still true that you need to be careful about eating and drinking in Tijuana . Stick to bottled water and beverages , avoid drinks with ice , skip the street snacks and eat only well - cooked food , just to be safe . Continue to 8 of 8 below . 08 Shopping in Tijuana : How to Bargain With a Tijuana Shopkeeper Sandy Huffaker / Getty Images You can find much merchandise in Tijuana : leather goods , cigars , fine Mexican handicrafts and cheap souvenirs . However , designer clothing and perfumes can actually cost more in Tijuana than in the U.S . If you do n ' t like to haggle , shop in a store that has fixed prices . They ' re fair , and you do n ' t have to negotiate . Bargaining for a better price is a way of life in Tijuana . If you ' re unsure how to do it , follow these steps to save some money . Or if one of your companions likes to bargain , let them make your purchase for you . Here ' s How : Know the price of the item . If you have n ' t shopped for it at home , look around at several shops to get an idea of the going price . Bring cash . You will pay more if you use a credit card . Do n ’ t carry an expensive purse or wear high - end designer clothing or jewelry . You might look cute in it , but shopkeepers will notice and are n ' t likely to give you the best bargains . Keep expensive jewelry out of sight , too . If you have a fancy diamond , turn your ring inside your palm , so only the band shows . Keep expensive watches pushed up your sleeve out of sight . Compare quality and price at several shops before making a purchase . Pay attention to the location of a shop you like , or you may not be able to find it again ! Shops that actively solicit your presence are most open to bargaining . When you ' re ready to buy , try not to appear too interested . It weakens your negotiating position . Ask the price , but unless it ' s marked firm do n ' t settle for it . Currency marked with a $ sign can be pesos or dollars . If it does n ' t say , ask . Wait until the shopkeeper makes several rounds of reductions before you counter with a lower price than their last quote . When the shopkeeper reaches a price close to what you want to pay , counter with your price and be firm . If you ' re unsure about the item , or ca n ' t get the price you want , turn away and start to leave the shop . The shopkeeper will either come down further , or you ' ll know where the rock - bottom price lies . | [
"Tijuana",
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http://gocanada.about.com/od/canadatravelplanner/a/canadian_beers.htm | Canada Guide A History and Guide to Canadian Beers By Jane McLean Updated 08 / 22 / 18 Canadian beers are an excellent introduction to the " culture " of Canada . Canadians like their beer and consume it more than any other alcoholic beverage . Many Canadian and international brands of beer are widely available at beer stores , restaurants and bars right across the country . In addition to the bigger beer brands ( which are rarely " Canadian " ) , you can order authentic locally brewed beers nationwide due to the prevalence of microbreweries . A Brief History The two biggest players in the Canada beer market have traditionally been Labatt ' s and Molson , and although both companies still brew beer in Canada , neither is fully Canadian owned . Since 1995 , Labatt ' s has been foreign - owned and Molson has merged to become Molson - Coors . Sleeman - a Guelph - based brewery that became extremely popular in the 1980s and 90s - was bought by Japan ' s Sapporo Brewery thereby making foreign - based companies responsible for the bulk of Canada ' s beer production . Today , the New Brunswick and offers a number of ales and lagers . On the other side of the country , Kokanee is a popular beer brewed in BC . Microbrews Microbreweries are prevalent across Canada , especially in British Columbia and Ontario . These breweries sometimes referred to as " craft " breweries , brew smaller batches of beer for local distribution . Microbreweries have come to represent an alternative , more experimental approach to brewing that does not pander to mass tastes . Beer lovers , when in Canada , should ask the waitress , bartender or beer store clerk for microbrew recommendations . Some of the most popular microbrews include Steamwhistle and Amsterdam in Toronto , Wellington Brewery in Guelph , McAuslan Brewery in Montreal , and Vancouver Island Brewery in Vancouver American vs Canadian Beer Canadians like to crow about the stuff they do better than Americans . After all , in Canada , we are for the most part overshadowed by and possibly insecure about our neighbors to the south . One area in which Canada excels is beer production . The consensus among Canadians is that their beer is more full - flavored and less " watery " than U.S. beer . Part of Canada ' s sense of beer superiority has to do with the belief that Canadian beer has a higher alcohol content than American beer . In fact , American and Canadian beers are comparable in alcohol content ; however , the way the alcohol is measured in the two countries is different resulting in American beer labels listing a lower number . Both American and Canadian beer have alcohol by volume percentages between 4 % and 6 % ( for every 100 ml of beer , between 4 ml and 6 ml is alcohol ) . Where to Buy Beer Alcohol can be purchased at wine and beer stores , which are regulated and operated by each province or territory . In all cases except Quebec , alcohol sales are done through specially designated stores ( eg . The Liquor Control Board of Ontario ( LCBO ) or The Beer Store in Ontario ) . Quebec , Canada ' s most European and more liberal province , allows the sale of beer and wine at convenience stores and supermarkets . As of 2016 , Ontario was beginning to allow the sale of beer and wine in a limited number of supermarkets , but overall , the Canadian attitude to the sale of alcoholic beverages is backward . Drinking Age Be sure to know the drinking age in Canada , which is 18 or 19 , depending on the province . Taking Beer Home With You You may well be so enamored of some of Canada ' s fine microbrews that you want to bring some home with you . Great idea and maybe throw some Canadian wine in there as well . Just be sure to check your allowance for bringing back alcoholic beverages into your home country . | [
"Canadian Beers",
"Microbrews",
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http://godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html | How Old is the Earth According to the Bible and Science ? by Rich Deem Introduction The age of the earth has been a topic of debate among Christians over the last two centuries . Several Christian ministries promote the idea that the earth is less than 10,000 years old , which they say comes from the Bible . In reality , the Bible makes no claim as to the age of the earth , although it does establish a minimum age . This page examines some of the history of the controversy — what the Bible actually says and does not say — and the scientific evidence surrounding the age of the earth . Age of the earth according to the Bible The following is a summary of the biblical evidence presented on this website regarding the age of the earth . For more detailed explanations of each topic , please click on the associated link . History of the age of the earth As indicated earlier , the Bible does not fix the age of the earth , contrary to the claims of Answers in Genesis . 1 Historically , their claim comes from the work of James Ussher , Bishop in the Church of Ireland , from 1625 to 1656 . Archbishop Ussher took the genealogies of Genesis , assuming they were complete , and calculated all the years to arrive at a date for the creation of the earth on Sunday , October 23 , 4004 B.C . 2 Of course , even assuming the method was valid , such an exact date is not possible from the genealogies of the Bible ( Ussher assumed all the years the patriarchs lived were exactly 365.25 days long and that they all died the day before their next birthday ) . There are a number of other assumptions implicit in the calculation . The first , and foremost , assumption is that the genealogies of Genesis are complete , from father to son throughout the entire course of human existence . The second assumption is that the Genesis creation " days Incomplete genealogies Biblical Genealogies Although Archbishop Ussher assumed the Genesis genealogies were complete , it is clear from the rest of the Bible that those genealogies were telescoped ( some names were left out for the sake of brevity ) , which is common in biblical genealogies but rare in modern genealogies . Similarly , the key genealogical terms ( such as " son " and " father " ) have much broader meanings in Hebrew than their corresponding English words . The Hebrew word translated " son " can also have the meaning of " grandson , " " great grandson , " 3 Likewise , the Hebrew word translated " father " can mean " grandfather , " " great grandfather , " " ancestor , " etc . 4 An accurate understanding of biblical genealogies is difficult , yet it is important for the understanding of Scripture . Having a proper understanding of biblical genealogies is a prerequisite to attempting to address the Genesis genealogies . By cross referencing the biblical genealogies with other events dated in the Bible , one can find instances where numerous genealogies were telescoped , resulting in the exclusion of numerous generations of individuals . When examining individual genealogies , one can find examples where individuals are excluded or added to the lists found in Genesis . The fact that the genealogies of the The Genesis Genealogies : Are They Complete ? Length of creation days Most people who read English translations of the Bible assume that the English words have the same meaning as the original languages in which the Bible was written ( Hebrew and Aramaic for the Old Testament , and Greek for the New Testament ) . In fact , the original biblical languages contained many fewer words than modern English , which means that the words in those languages had more different meanings . In the Genesis 1 creation account , each " day " ends as " evening and morning ' n ' day , " 5 where " n " is the day ' s number . Although many Christians claim this makes the days exactly 24 - hours in length , the Hebrew word translated " day " in English actually has three literal translations ; the daylight portion of a 24 - hour day , a 24 - hour day , and a long , unspecified period of time ( as in " day of the dinosaurs " ) . 6 The Hebrew word translated " evening " also means " sunset , " " night " or " ending of the day . " The Hebrew word translated " morning " also means " sunrise , " " coming of light , " " beginning of the day , " or " dawning , " with possible metaphoric usage . 7 Our English expression : " The dawning of an age " serves to illustrate this point . The intended meaning of the word should be determined from the context . More information and examples can be found in our article Biblical Evidence for Long Creation Days 24 - hour days ? Although some Christians claim the days of creation are exactly 24 - hours in length , it is apparent from the literal reading of the Genesis 1 text that this is not so . Two days stand out , in particular . On the third day , God created the plants . The particulars are important , so let ' s look at what Genesis 1 says : Then God said , " Let the earth sprout vegetation , plants yielding seed , and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind , with seed in them , on the earth " ; and it was so . And the earth brought forth vegetation , plants yielding seed after their kind , and trees bearing fruit , with seed in them , after their kind ; and God saw that it was good . ( Genesis 1 : 11 - 12 The interesting part of the account is that God did not create the plants in the manner we might assume He did . Instead of creating a world filled with full - grown plants , God actually created seeds and planted those . We understand this from the word " sprout , " 8 which refers to God allowing the earth to produce plants through germination ( sprouting ) . The Hebrew word dasha tells us that God used processes identical to what we see on the earth today . Plants spouted , grew to maturity , and produced seeds . Several kinds of plants are described . The Hebrew word deshe 9 refers primarily to grasses ; the word eseb 10 refers primarily to herbs and the words peri 11 ets 12 refer to fruit trees . Some Christians claim that God could have sped up the process so that it all this sprouting and growing happened within a period of 24 - hours . However , the text clearly states that the land produced the vegetation and trees . Conjecture about what God could have done to speed up the process have no biblical support and directly contradict what the text actually says . Since fruit trees take several years to mature and produce fruit , the third " day " must have been at least several years long . The sixth day was also a very busy " day . " On the sixth day , God created the nephesh ( soulish ) animals , including the wild animals ( carnivores ) , cattle ( herbivores ) and " creeping things " ( rodents ? ) ( Genesis 1 : 25 ) . Then God created Adam , the first man ( Genesis 1 : 27 2 : 7 ) . He placed the man into a special garden that He had planted ( Genesis 2 : 8 ) . Again , God was playing farmer by planting the garden and letting it grow ( Genesis 2 : 9 ) . Adam was placed into the garden " to work it and take care of it " ( Genesis 2 : 15 ) . We do n ' t know how long Adam worked the garden before God gave him another assignment . However , it would n ' t have been much " work " if Adam was there for less than 24 hours . Next , God had Adam give names to " all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air " ( Genesis 2 : 19 ) . The process would have required Adam naming tens of thousands of species ( minimum ) . Even naming one animal every ten seconds would have taken Adam several days , at minimum . Then God put Adam to sleep and created Eve from part of Adam ' s side ( Genesis 2 : 22 - 23 ) . Adam ' s response to Eve ' s creation is also telling , since upon seeing Eve for the first time , Adam said " at last . " 13 This is not exactly the response one would have expected from a man who had waited for less than one day ( or else Adam was the most impatient man in the history of humanity ) . So , we must conclude that the sixth day was much longer than 24 hours , and probably took at least several years , based on Adam ' s response . For more information , see our article Genesis 1 : The Literal Interpretation of the Creation Account The seventh day Besides the biblical evidence that at least some of the Genesis " days " are long periods of time , Genesis 2 : 4 refers to all 6 days of creation as one day : This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created , in the day that the Lord God made earth and heaven . ( Genesis 2 : 4 In addition , the seventh day of Genesis is not closed : Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it , because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made . ( Genesis 2 : 3 In all other days the text says , " there is the evening and the morning , the n day . " In the book of Hebrews , the author tells us to labor to enter into God ' s seventh day of rest : " For He has thus said somewhere concerning the seventh day , And God rested on the seventh day from all His works " . . . Let us therefore be diligent to enter that rest , lest anyone fall through following the same example of disobedience . ( Hebrews 4 : 4 - 11 By any calculation , God ' s seventh day of rest from creating has been at least 6,000 years long , since it continues to today . God ' s seventh day of rest from creating will end when He creates the new heavens and new earth Age of humanity Other than incomplete genealogies , there are other measures of the age of humanity found in the Bible . First , the Bible says that the Lord made a covenant and commanded his law to 1,000 generations : Remember His covenant forever , The word which He commanded to a thousand generations , ( 1 Chronicles 16 : 15 He has remembered His covenant forever , The word which He commanded to a thousand generations , ( Psalm 105 : 8 but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments . ( Exodus 20 : 6 but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments . ( Deuteronomy 5 : 10 Know therefore that the LORD your God is God ; he is the faithful God , keeping his covenant of love to a thousand generations of those who love him and keep his commands . ( Deuteronomy 7 : 9 Unless those generations are only 6 years long , these verses indicate that humanity has been around much longer than 6,000 years . In most instances , a biblical generation is ~ 40 years long , 14 meaning that human beings have been around for at least 40,000 years . Another , less accurate way to look at the age of humanity is to compare an early biblical event with earth ' s natural history . One example is the person Peleg , of whom it is said " for in his days the earth was divided . . . " ( Genesis 10 : 25 ) This dividing of the earth was likely a result of the removal of land bridges at the end of the last interglacial period , about 12,000 years ago . During this time , sea levels rose several hundred feet as continental ice sheets melted and flowed into the oceans . Assuming the biblical genealogies were complete , we could calculate that Peleg lived ~ 4,000 years ago . However , since the dividing of the earth really occurred 12,000 years ago , one can determine that the genealogies represent only one third of the actual generations ( 12,000 ÷ From a scientific standpoint , I would place the creation of Adam as the first modern human ( Homo sapiens sapiens ) , corresponding with the explosion of sophisticated tool making , art , and religious worship in Europe , about 50,000 years ago . 15 I do not believe that Adam was a Neanderthal , Homo erectus , or other hominid species found in the fossil record , but a fully modern , spiritual human being . Summary of biblical evidence Contrary to the calculation of Archbishop Ussher , it seems that the biblical genealogies are telescoped , representing only a small percentage of the actual human generations . Therefore , the time that humanity has existed on earth is in the tens of thousands of years rather than thousands of years . However , humanity was the very last of God ' s creations , on the sixth days . The days of creation can be shown to be longer than ordinary calendar days , with at least two of the days being years long or longer ( in addition 16 So , the Bible says that we can learn about God from His creation . Let ' s do that ! Age of the earth according to science Zircon The age of the earth can be measured by numerous different techniques , most of which provide just a minimum age . The absolute age of the earth has been most accurately measured through radioactive decay of its rocks . Because of plate tectonics ( which recycles the earth ' s crust ) and the late heavy bombardment , none of the original rock formations appear on the surface of the earth at this time . So , the oldest known rock formations have been dated to 4.0 - 4.2 billion years old . 17 However , tiny zircons , some of the hardest minerals on earth , have survived these catastrophic events and have been reliably dated to 4.4 billion years old . 18 Rocks returned from the Apollo moon missions , 19 along with meteorites derived from Mars 20 have been dated at 4.5 billion years old . Meteorites from the solar system that have landed on the earth have been dated to 4.56 billion years old , which establishes the date at which the solar system and all its worlds were created . Radioactive decay Radioactive Table of Elements There are over 100 elements in the periodic table ( right ) . The properties of each element are determined by the number of protons and neutrons in each element ' s atoms . The atomic number ( which defines each element ) is a function of the number of protons ( positively charged ) , which is exactly balanced by the number of electrons ( negatively charged ) . The number of neutrons ( each consisting of a proton and electron , being charge - neutral ) within each atom is usually about the same as the number of Isotopes and the age of the earth The important thing about radioactive decay is that is provides us with clocks that allow us to determine the ages of various materials on the earth . The stability of a particular isotope determines its " half - life , " the amount of time required for half of the atoms to decay . Half - lives of isotopes vary from billions of years ( or longer ) to fractions of a second . The existence of certain isotopes on the earth give us a minimum age for the earth . It is significant that there are over 150 unstable not exist naturally on the planet . It turns out that every isotope ( other than those which are products of other radioactive decay or are formed today ) with a half - life less than 80 million years do not exist . 21 One could make the claim that maybe God did n ' t want to create isotopes with " short " half - lives ( other than carbon - 14 ) . However , the most compelling answer is that all those isotopes with short half - lives have completely decayed over the earth ' s 4.5 billion year history . An earth that was only tens of thousands of years old would be expected to contain isotopes with half lives less than thousands of years long . However , there are none , with the exception of carbon - 14 22 suggesting that such special pleading is incongruent with biblical theology . Dating of meteorites Because of the earth ' s aggressive tectonic activity , it was anticipated that dating of the earth ' s rocks would yield a minimum , but probably " young " date for the earth . As stated previously , the oldest rock formations are just over 4.2 billion years old , while the earth ' s oldest minerals are 4.4 billion years old . Since the moon has no measureable tectonics , its oldest rocks date from 4.5 billion years ago . With the assumption that all the solar system bodies were formed at the same time , 23 scientists have dated meteorites to determine the age of the solar system . Using different isochron methods , the dates for all these meteorites fall in the same range — from 4.5 - 4.6 billion years ago . Isochron Dating of Meteorites 24 Meteorite Isochron Age ( billions of years ) Pb - Pb Sm - Nd Rb - Sr Re - Os Ar - Ar St . Severin 4.543 ± 0.019 4.55 ± 0.33 4.51 ± 0.15 4.68 ± 0.15 Juvinas 4.556 ± 0.012 4.56 ± 0.08 4.50 ± 0.07 Allende 4.553 ± 0.004 4.55 ± 0.03 Other dating techniques Radioactivity is not the only means of measuring the age of the earth , although it does give us the most accurate measure . However , other techniques allow us to calculate a minimum age for the earth . Below is a table of these techniques , all of which show the earth is much older than 6,000 years . Techniques for Measuring the Earth ' s Age Part of God ' s Creation Minimum Age of the formation ( yrs . ) Age of moon rocks 4.5 billion 19 Age of meteorites 4.5 billion 24 Accumulation of space dust on the moon ( at the measured rate of about 2 nanograms per square centimeter per year ) 25 Age of earth rocks 4.2 billion 17 Relaxation times of star clusters 4 billion 26 Erosion on Mercury Mars , and Moon 4 billion 27 Length of days of coral fossils 370 million 28 Accumulation of sodium in the oceans 260 million 29 Rate of continental drift to form the the Atlantic Ocean 200 million 30 Reversals of the earth ' s magnetic pole recorded in the Atlantic Ocean sea bottom 80 million 31 Erosion of the Grand Canyon 17 million 32 Geometric measurement to the galaxy NGC4258 23.5 million 33 Carbonate deposits : The Great Bahama Bank , off the coast of Florida , has multiple layers over 14,500 feet thick 12.4 million 34 There are sedimentary rock formations on Mars that are over 4 kilometers thick . Such layers would require tens to hundreds of millions of years of running water to form . In addition there must have been millions of years for all the water to have disappeared , since Mars is now extremely dry . ( View pictures from the article 10 million 35 Ooids ( small spheroidal bodies ) : Formation for adding many layers of mineral deposits involves massive time elements . > 7 million 36 The Green River annual layers ( alternating Summer calcium carbonate and Winter organic layers ) 4 million 37 Geometric measurement to the galaxy M33 2.4 million 38 Evaporites : When bodies of salt water are trapped so that circulation is limited , evaporation produces precipitation of calcium carbonate , then calcium sulfate and finally calcium chloride out of the water . Each layer takes several years to form . The Delaware Basin formation is 1,400 feet thick , consisting of 200,000 layers , requiring at least 600,000 years to form . The Mediterranean Sea floor is underlain by about 7,000 feet of evaporites , requiring millions of years to form and evaporation of a 60 miles depth of salt water . > 3 million 39 Length of time that surface rocks have been exposed to cosmic rays ( Antarctic rocks ) 3 million 40 Huge stalactites , stalagmites , and columns in the Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico ( Carlsbad reference ) 500,000 41 Vostok ice core in Antarctica 420,000 42 Thickness of coral reefs 130,000 43 Organic banks ( The Capitan Reef of West Texas , 2,000 feet thick in places , with fossilized remains of organisms . ) 100,000 44 Radiocarbon dating of wood ( upper limit of 14 C dating method ) 50,000 45 Bristlecone pine trees in California 11,000 46 Dolomite formation : Replacement of calcium carbonate particles in lime sediment or lime rock gives strong evidence of vast amounts of time required . Rate is as slow as 200 million years / mm . millions 47 Conclusion The Bible establishes a minimum date for the creation of human beings on the sixth " day " of ~ 50,000 years ago . However , because the Bible clearly indicates the length of the previous five creation " days , " are longer than ordinary solar days , we must look to God ' s creation to establish an accurate date for the length of the days and the age of the earth . The age of the earth is most accurately established by examining the age of its rocks , along with the age of rocks from the billions of years of preparation . Since God is not subject to the temporal dimension of this universe , 48 it all happened " instantly " for Him . " But now ask the beasts , and let them teach you ; And the birds of the heavens , and let them tell you . " Or speak to the earth , and let it teach you ; And let the fish of the sea declare to you . " Who among all these does not know That the hand of the LORD has done this , In whose hand is the life of every living thing , And the breath of all mankind ? " Does not the ear test words , As the palate tastes its food Job 12 : 7 - 11 � Cu � ntos A � os Tiene La Tierra Seg � n La Biblia Y La Ciencia ? Scandal of the Evangelical Mind : A Biblical and Scientific Critique of Young - Earth Creationism An Evaluation of Evidence for the Age of the Universe The Genesis Genealogies : Are They Complete ? Genesis Clearly Teaches that the Days Were NOT 24 Hours Genesis 1 : The Literal Interpretation of the Creation Account Book Review : Why the Universe Is the Way It Is by Hugh Ross If God is Omnipotent ( All Powerful ) Why Did He Need to Take Six Days to Create the Universe ? Day - Age Genesis One Interpretation Biblical Evidence for Long Creation Days Biblical Defense of Long Creation Days Did God Create Carnivores on Day 6 ? What Will Heaven be Like ? - the eighth creation day Scientific Evidence for the Age of the Universe When Did the Moon Get Craters ? A Young Earth Problem Young Earth Light Travel Time Problem : New Solution ? Critique of " When Was the Ice Age in Biblical History ? " : The Pleistocene is Not in the Bible Why AIG ' s Origins Science vs . Operational Science Distinction is Bogus If God Created Everything , Who Created God ? Other Resources A Matter of Days by Hugh Ross Dr . Ross looks the creation date controversy from a biblical , historical , and scientific perspective . Most of the book deals with what the Bible has to say about the days of creation . Ross concludes that biblical models of creation should be tested through the whole of scripture and the revelations of nature . Peril in Paradise : Theology , Science , and the Age of the Earth by Mark S . Whorton , Ph . D . This book , written for Christians , examines creation paradigms on the basis of what scripture says . Many Christians assume that the young earth " perfect paradise " paradigm is based upon what the Bible says . In reality , the " perfect paradise " paradigm fails in its lack of biblical support and also in its underlying assumptions that it forces upon a " Christian " worldview . Under the " perfect paradise " paradigm , God is relegated to the position of a poor designer , whose plans for the perfect creation are ruined by the disobedience References Appendix B � The Forgotten Archbishop Answers in Genesis Donald Simanek , BISHOP USSHER DATES THE WORLD : 4004 BC Strong ' s Hebrew Dictionary bên בּן ( Strong ' s # H1121 ) From H1129 ; a son ( as a builder of the family name ) , in the widest sense ( of literal and figurative relationship , including grandson , subject , nation , quality or condition , etc . , ( like H1 , H251 , etc . ) : - + afflicted , age , [ Ahoh -] [ Ammon -] [ Hachmon -] [ Lev -] ite , [ anoint -] ed one , appointed to , ( + ) arrow , [ Assyr -] [ Babylon -] [ Egypt -] [ Grec -] ian , one born Brown - Driver - Briggs Hebrew Dictionary ' âb אב ( Strong ' s # H1 ) father of an individual of God as father of his people head or founder of a household , group , family , or clan ancestor grandfather , forefathers - of person of people originator or patron of a class , profession , or art of producer , generator ( figuratively ) of benevolence and protection ( figuratively ) term of respect and honour ruler or chief ( specifically ) Part of Speech : noun masculine A Related Word by BDB / Strong � s Number : a root Same Word by TWOT Number : 4a . . .And there was evening , and there was morning — the first day . ( Genesis 1 : 5 . . .And there was evening , and there was morning — the second day . ( Genesis 1 : 8 And there was evening , and there was morning — the third day . ( Genesis 1 : 13 And there was evening , and there was morning — the fourth day . ( Genesis 1 : 19 And there was evening , and there was morning — the fifth day . ( Genesis 1 : 23 . . .And there was evening , and there was morning — the sixth day . ( Genesis 1 : 31 Strong ' s Hebrew Dictionary yôm יום ( Strong ' s # H3117 ) From an unused root meaning to be hot ; a day ( as the warm hours ) , whether literally ( from sunrise to sunset , or from one sunset to the next ) , or figuratively ( a space of time defined by an associated term ) , ( often used adverbially ) : - age , + always , + chronicles , continually ( - ance ) , daily , ( [ birth -] , each , to ) day , ( now a , two ) days ( agone ) , + elder , X end , Harris , Archer , and Waltke , Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament , Chicago , Moody Press , 1980 . Brown - Driver - Briggs ' Hebrew Definitions : dasha דּשׁא ( Strong ' s H1876 ) to sprout , shoot , grow green ( Qal ) to sprout , grow green ( Hiphil ) to cause to sprout , cause to shoot forth Part of Speech : verb A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : a primitive root Same Word by TWOT Number : 456 Brown - Driver - Briggs ' Hebrew Definitions : deshe דּשׁא ( Strong ' s H1877 ) grass , new grass , green herb , vegetation , young Part of Speech : noun masculine A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : from H1876 Same Word by TWOT Number : 456a eseb עשׂב ( Strong ' s H6212 ) herb , herbage , grass , green plants Part of Speech : noun masculine A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : from an unused root meaning to glisten ( or be green ) Same Word by TWOT Number : 1707a peri פּרי ( Strong ' s H6529 ) fruit fruit , produce ( of the ground ) fruit , offspring , children , progeny ( of the womb ) fruit ( of actions ) ( figuratively ) A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : from H6509 Same Word by TWOT Number : 1809a ets עץ ( Strong ' s H6086 ) tree , wood , timber , stock , plank , stalk , stick , gallows tree , trees wood , pieces of wood , gallows , firewood , cedar - wood , woody flax A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : from H6095 Same Word by TWOT Number : 1670a Then the man said , " At last , here is one of my own kind - - - Bone taken from my bone , and flesh from my flesh . ' Woman ' is her name because she was taken out of man . " ( Genesis 2 : 23 Brown - Driver - Briggs ' Hebrew Definitions : pa ‛ am / pa ‛ ămâh ( פּעמה / פּעם ) ( Strong ' s H6471 ) stroke , beat , foot , step , anvil , occurrence foot , hoof - beat , footfall , footstep anvil occurrence , time , stroke , beat one time , once , twice , thrice , as time on time , at this repetition , this once , now at length , now . . .now , at one time . . .at another Part of Speech : noun feminine A Related Word by BDB / Strong ' s Number : from H6470 Same Word by TWOT Number : 1793a " So the LORD ' S anger burned against Israel , and He made them wander in the wilderness forty years , until the entire generation of those who had done evil in the sight of the LORD was destroyed . " ( Numbers 32 : 13 Now the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD , so that the LORD gave them into the hands of the Philistines forty years . ( Judges 13 : 1 Klein , R.G. 1992 . Evolutionary Anthropology 1 : 5 - 14 . Balter , M . 1999 . Restorers reveal 28,000 - year - old artworks . Science 283 : 1835 . Pike AWG , Hoffmann DL , Garc � a - Diez M , Pettitt PB , Alcolea J , De Balb � n R , Gonz � lez - Sainz C , de las Heras C , Lasheras JA , Montes R et al . 2012 . U - Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain . Science 336 : 1409 - 1413 The creation declares the truth and righteousness of God according to the Bible : The heavens declare the glory of God ; the skies proclaim the work of his hands . Day after day they pour forth speech ; night after night they display knowledge . There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard . Their voice goes out into all the earth , their words to the ends of the world . ( Psalm 19 : 1 - 4 " But now ask the beasts , and let them teach you ; And the birds of the heavens , and let them tell you . " Or speak to the earth , and let it teach you ; And let the fish of the sea declare to you . " Who among all these does not know That the hand of the LORD has done this , In whose hand is the life of every living thing , And the breath of all mankind ? " Does not the ear test words , As the palate tastes its food Job 12 : 7 - 11 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men , who suppress the truth in unrighteousness , because that which is known about God is evident within them ; for God made it evident to them . For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes , His eternal power and divine nature , have been clearly seen , being understood through what has been made , so that they are without excuse . ( Romans 1 : 18 - 20 Bowring , Samuel A . and Williams , Ian S . 1999 . Priscoan ( 4.00 - 4.03 Ga ) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada . Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134 : 3 O ' Neil , J . , Richard W . Carlson , Don Francis , and Ross K . Stevenson . 2008 . Neodymium - 142 Evidence for Hadean Mafic Crust . 321 : 1828 - 1831 Wilde S.A. , J.W. Valley , W.H. Peck , and C.M. Graham . 2001 . Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago . Nature 409 : 175 � 178 J . Papike , G . Ryder , and C . Shearer . 1998 . " Lunar Samples " . Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 36 : 5.1 � 5.234 . L.E. Nyquist , D.D. Bogard , C . - Y . Shih , and A . Greshake . 2001 . Ages And Geologic Histories Of Martian Meteorites . Chronology and Evolution of Mars 96 105 � 164 The shortest lived isotope found in nature is 244 Pu , with a half - life of 81.1 million years : D . C . Hoffman , F . O . Lawrence , J . L . Mewherter and F . M . Rourke . 1971 . Detection of Plutonium - 244 in Nature . Nature 234 : 132 Thus says the LORD , Who gives the sun for light by day And the fixed order of the moon and the stars for light by night , Who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar ; The LORD of hosts is His name : " If this fixed order departs From before Me , " declares the LORD , " Then the offspring of Israel also will cease From being a nation before Me forever . " ( Jeremiah 31 : 35 - 36 The Bible seems to support the assumption that God created the entire solar system at nearly the same time . See Genesis 1 : The Literal Interpretation of the Creation Account Dalrymple , Brent G . ( 2004 ) . Ancient Earth , Ancient Skies : The Age of the Earth and Its Cosmic Surroundings . Stanford University Press . pp . 147 , 169 . Dohnanyi , J . S . 1972 . Interplanetary Objects in Review : Statistics of Their Masses and Dynamics . Icarus 17 : 1 - 48 Kaluzny , J . and Shara , M.M. 1988 . A CCD survey for contact binaries in six open clusters . Astrophysical Journal 95 : 785 Hartmann , W . K . 1 and G . Neukum . 2001 . Cratering Chronology And The Evolution Of Mars Space Science Reviews 96 : 165 - 194 Dott , Jr . , Robert and Roger Batten . 1976 . Evolution of the Earth ( Second Edition ) McGraw - Hill , Inc . , 504 pages . If we assumed that all of the minerals which are carried by rivers into the oceans remains trapped in the oceans , then it would take 260 million years for the concentration of sodium to reach its present level ( assuming plankton , fish and plants do not adsorb sodium , which they do ) . Sverdrup , H.U. , Martin W . Johnson , and Richard H . Fleming , 1942 . The Oceans . Prentice Hall , Inc . , New York , p . 219 . M . Seton , C . Gaina , R.D. M � ller , and C . 2009 . Heine Mid - Cretaceous seafloor spreading pulse : Fact or fiction ? Geology 37 : 687 - 690 Vine , F . J . and D . H . Matthews . 1963 . Magnetic Anomalies over Oceanic Ridges . Nature 199 : 947 � 949 Morley , L . W . and A . Larochelle . 1964 . Paleomagnetism as a means of dating geological events " . Geochronology in Canada 8 : 39 � 50 Pavlov , V . and Gallet , Y . 2005 . A third superchron during the Early Paleozoic . Episodes ( International Union of Geological Sciences ) 28 : 78 � 84 Raup , D . M . 1985 . Magnetic reversals and mass extinctions . Nature 314 : 341 � 343 Victor Polyak , Carol Hill and Yemane Asmerom . 2008 . Age and Evolution of the Grand Canyon Revealed by U - Pb Dating of Water Table - Type Speleothems . 319 : 1377 - 1380 Herrnstein , J . R . et al . 1999 . A geometric distance to the galaxy NGC4258 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk , 400 , 539 Anselmetti , F . S . Eberli , G.P. , and Ding , Z . - D . , 2000 . From the Great Bahama Bank into the Straits of Florida : A margin architecture controlled by sea level fluctuations and ocean currents . GSA Bulletin 112 : 829 - 844 Michael C . Malin and Kenneth S . Edgett 2000 . Sedimentary Rocks of Early Mars . 290 : 1927 - 1937 Algeo , T.J. , and Watson , B.A. , 1995 , Calcite , aragonite , and bimineralic ooids in Missourian ( Upper Pennsylvanian ) strata of Kansas : Stratigraphic and geographic patterns of variation , in Paus � , P.H. , and Candelaria , M.P. , eds . , Ca rbonate Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy : Practical Applications of Carbonate Models : Permian Basin Section SEPM , Publ . 95 - 36 , p . 141 - 173 Bradley , W . H . 1929 . The varves and climate of the Green River epoch . U.S. Geol . Survey Prof . Paper 158 : 87 � 110 Fischer , A . G . and L . T . Roberts . 1991 . Cyclicity in the Green River Formation ( lacustrine Eocene ) of Wyoming . Journal of Sedimentary Research 61 : 1146 - 1154 Brunthaler , A . , M . J . Reid , H . Falcke , L . J . Greenhill , C . Henkel . 2005 . The Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy ( M33 ) . Science 307 : 1440 Anderson , R.Y. , Dean , W.E. , Kirkland , D.W. , And Snider , H.I. 1972 , Permian Castile varved evaporite sequence , west Texas and New Mexico : Geological Society of America Bulletin 83 : 59 - 86 G.L. Netzeband , C.P. H � bscher , , D . Gajewski . 2006 . The structural evolution of the Messinian evaporites in the Levantine Basin Marine Geology 230 : 249 � 273 . K . Nishiizumi a , CP . Kohl a , J.R. Arnold a , J . Klein b , D . Fink b and R . Middleton . 1991 . Cosmic ray produced 10 Be and 26 A1 in Antarctic rocks : exposure and erosion history . Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104 : 440 - 454 Huge stalactites , stalagmites , and columns ( over 50 feet high and over 30 feet in diameter ) exist in the Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico . The rate of deposition of minerals is such that the structures must be at least 500,000 years old . There is no way to increase the rate of deposition , since increasing the flow of water merely produces a waterfall and decreasing the flow of water produces no deposition . ( carlsbad . caverns . national - park . com Petit et al . 1999 . Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core , Antarctica . 399 : 429 - 436 The coral reef at Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific Ocean has been measured to have a thickness of up to 4,610 feet . Even the most optimistic coral growth rates would require that the atoll be over 130,000 years of age . H . S . Ladd , Earl Ingerson , Martin Russel , H . Kirk Stephenson and R . C . Townsend . 1953 . Drilling on Eniwetok atoll , Marshall islands . AAPG Bulletin 37 : 2257 - 2280 King , P . B . 1948 . Geology of the southern Guadalupe Mountains , Texas . U . S . Geological Survey Professional Paper 215 Joy K . Ward , John M . Harris , Thure E . Cerling , Alex Wiedenhoeft , Michael J . Lott , Maria - Denise Dearing , Joan B . Coltrain , and James R . Ehleringer . 2005 . Carbon starvation in glacial trees recovered from the La Brea tar pits , southern California . PNAS 102 : 690 - 694 Some bristlecone pine trees in California date back to 2500 BC . But their tree rings have been matched with those of dead trees ; this shows that the latter germinated about 11,000 years ago . Becker , B . and B . Kromer . 1993 . The continental tree - ring record — absolute chronology , C calibration and climatic change at 11 ka . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology 103 : 67 � 71 . Becker , B . 1993 . An 11,000 - Year German Oak And Pine Dendrochronology For Radiocarbon Calibration . Radiocarbon 35 : 201 - 213 Arvidson , R . S . and F . T . Mackenzie . 1999 . The dolomite problem ; control of precipitation kinetics by temperature and saturation state . American J . of Science 299 : 257 � 288 See If God Created Everything , Who Created God ? http : / / godandscience . org / youngearth / age_of_the_earth . html Last Modified April 4 , 2013 | [
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] |
http://godofwar.wikia.com/wiki/Sisters_of_Fate | in Bosses God of War II Enemies Sisters of Fate English There is no power greater than the Sisters of Fate If you challenge us you will die Lahkesis The Sisters of Fate have the power to change the fate of others and are the secondary antagonists of God of War II The Sisters of Fate Contents show Greek Mythology Referred to in Mythology as the Moirai or the Fates Clotho Lahkesis and Atropos were the daughters of Erebus and Nyx As the three Sisters of Fate Lahkesis Atropos and Clotho determined the fates of every mortal God and Titan Clotho weaved the Threads of Fate beginning all life God of War II The Loom of Fate In God of War II after having been betrayed by Zeus Kratos was stripped of his godly power and killed Although he managed to fight his way out of Hades he was still mortal and thus it was literally impossible for him to climb Mount Olympus to face Zeus The only way he could get his revenge would be to change the way events had played out to change his fate To do so he traveled to the Island of Creation to find the Loom of Fate which has the power to control time and thus the power to let Kratos change his past The Sisters of Fate To control the Loom Kratos must battle the three Sisters of Fate who were loyal to Zeus and utterly hellbent against granting Kratos this power frightened that the Ghost of Sparta would bring doom to the world should he use it Battle With Kratos At first Lahkesis confronted Kratos alone When bested by Kratos Lahkesis summoned her sister Atropos from within a mirror Atropos carried Kratos through the mirror back in time to the final fight between Kratos and Ares She threatened to kill Kratos past self by destroying the Blade of the Gods without it Ares would triumph over the Spartan and the Kratos fighting the Sisters would retroactively be erased from existence Kratos protected the sword and defeated Atropos thereby hurling him back to Lahkesis throne room Desperate Lahkesis and Atropos fought Kratos together After a violent battle Kratos managed to throw them into one of their interdimensional mirrors and shattered it erasing the two Sisters from existence The Loom Chamber The final sister the hideously deformed Clotho awaited Kratos in the Loom Chamber beyond While Kratos made his way to her head he disabled five of her smaller arms blocking his way up Once at the top level he disabled her two main arms giving him time to bring up a giant swinging blade With this blade he impaled Clotho through her head killing her With all the Sisters of Fate destroyed Kratos finally granted himself the power to change the past and control time God of War III During his final confrontation with Zeus Kratos was forced to confront all the fears and evils of his past In doing so he found himself in a pool of blood where he could hear the voices of his victims Amongst the voices the Sisters of Fate could be heard Their views of which they informed Kratos during their previous battles echoed across the pool You can not change your Destiny Mortal Provided Kratos dwelt across the pool longer The Sisters were heard again Your soul will never find peace for what you have become Power and abilities As Primordials the Sisters of Fate possessed absolute power in God of War series including Superhuman strength The Sisters of Fate were far stronger then any regular mortal could be partly due to the fact that even Lahkesis the smallest of the trio was a bit taller than a regular human being Feats of this strength is Atropos throwing Kratos around like a rag doll and holding him in place for Lahkesis to stab him If Clotho due to her enormous size slammed her fists in the ground it shook the ground Superhuman durability The Sisters were able to withstand immense powerful attacks as well as their own attacks reflected Superhuman agility Both Lakhesis and Atropos had been proven to be agile beyond human peak They were able to evade Kratos with great ease Only Clotho seemed to lack this ability as she was immobile Flight Only Clotho lacked the ability to fly Lahkesis has wings growing on her back using it to hover above the ground or fly Atropos lacked wings but was nevertheless able to fly around Magic Lahkesis was able to fire green bolt from the tip of her staff She was also able to summon pillars of the same energy to strike her enemies She was able to hold Atropos in her body Atropos herself was able to fire magic bolts from her claws She was also able to create magical green energy ray that is able to damage and damage godly weapons like the Blade of the Gods Clotho hasnt displayed any magical abilities Lahkesis was able to magically summon her sister after Kratos proved to be a difficult opponent for herself Time Manipulation The Sisters could travel through time using the Loom of the Fates which could take them to the time and place of their choosing as well as manipulate time for others Omniscience Being the Fates they had the ability to see the past present and future of every creature mortal beast God Titan and even fellow Primordial They knew which action one would have taken and will take to achieve certain goals as well what the outcomes of their actions would be Birth Manipulation The Fates can manipulate fertility giving them the decision on who will be born Causality manipulation As the Fates they have the ability to manipulate ones lifespan If they decided it was time to die they had the ability to cut the thread of fate and end it The cutting these threads was the task of Atropos It is possible they can resurrect the dead according to Perseus Probability manipulation As the Fates they hold the ability to manipulate the outcomes of individuals and battles According to Lahkesis it was she who decided that Olympians would best the Ttitans in the First Titanomachy it was she who allowed Kratos to kill Ares and it was she who allowed him to survive the many dangers of the Island of Creation To those they favor they can change the odds in their favor and made their destiny brighter Trivia Lahkesis has a resonant voice when she speaks as she holds Atropos in her body Clotho is the biggest of the sisters despite being the youngest According to Hesiods Theogony The Sisters of Fate would be considered the daughters of Erebus Primordial God of Darkness and Nyx Primordial Goddess of Night and that Charon Thanatos and Hypnos are their brothers Morpheus is considered their nephew The Sisters designs reflect their duties in mythology Clotho resembles a bloated silkworm and weaves the threads of life Lahkesis embellishes the threads and resembles a priestess also being the Fate most involved in communicating with the outside world and Atropos who cuts the threads has massive talons on her fingers In God of War II Lahkesis claims several times through the game that it is the sisters who decide the fate of all and no other But according to Thanatos in Ghost of Sparta it is the Olympians who decide the fate and the future and the Fates who make it so Thanatos claims seem to be more accurate as Zeus stated that the Fates have deemed him victorious Thanatos also claimed that the sisters deemed Kratos victorious on his quest for his brother something he wants to change The color that appears to represent the Sisters of Fate is green In One Version Alecto Megaera and Tisiphone emerged from Nyx making them their sisters The Sisters of Fate are similar to the Furies as they both seen to be loyal to the Gods that Kratos betrays Ares and Zeus and they could be fought in different places and different times Also every resembles a Sister of Fate Alecto resembles Lahkesis Both are the leaders of each trio of sisters and both wanted to help Kratos at some point Tisiphone resembles Atropos the cruelest and Megaera resembles Clotho the ugliest and having arthropod limbs In the God of War 2 novel the author describes Atropos as the one who determines the length of the threads and Lahkesis as the one who cuts the threads Clotho however still has her same duty It is curious how Kratos who came to possess the power of time did not use it for other purposes Most notably he could have used it to save his family but instead he simply uses it to get revenge on Zeus It is possible that if Kratos did travel back to save his family from himself it would negate all the events of God of War including the death of Ares He would thusly be captured in a loop of time wherein he prevented the death of Ares and thusly was still swearing fealty to him and all the events that followed would also occur including him going back However additionally Kratoss defining characteristic is his anger and rage His desire for revenge overrides all logic and reason and this could explain why his plan was shortsighted In God of War 2018 when Kratos ask Atreus about what the runes in a Nornir Chest meant he replies that the runes symbolize the three Nornir fates the Norse equivalent of the Sisters Kratos remembering his past says The Fates No good comes from them Gallery Lahkesis concept art Related Pages Lahkesis Atropos Clotho Categories Bosses God of War II Enemies God of War Collection God of War Saga Collection God of War Series God of War Ghost of Sparta God of War Origins Collection Protogenoi Stubs Females Groups Greek Mythology Languages Deutsch | [
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http://godselectpeople.ning.com/group/correction-in-the-body-of-christ/forum/topics/the-true-origin-of-the-word-not-name-christian-it-really-does-not | CORRECTED MINISTRY THE TRUE ORIGIN OF THE WORD NOT NAME CHRISTIAN IT REALLY DOES NOT MEAN CHRIST LIKEIT NEVER DIDActs 1126 Posted by Jaja Azikiwe on December 24 2011 at 1130am in CORRECTION FOR THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Back to CORRECTION FOR THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Discussions Sorry Mr Vice President POTATO does not end with an E it never did THE PROBLEM WITH READING THE WORD IN ENGLISH IS THAT WE DO NOT SEE THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE but what is worse about the word christian is that THE ORIGINAL WORD USED WAS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BACK INTO GREEK FROM ENGLISH AND THEN BACK INTO ENGLISH So we ended up with CHRISTIAN CHRISTIANOS But neither is the word used at Antioch or what was being hurled at the DISCIPLES that got them so upset ChristianosChristian at first used to mock the disciples who believed Jesus was the seed of David and the fulfillment of the expected Messieh king of Israel Christianos Greek At first the followers of Jesus were called DISCIPLES Greek Strongs 3101pupillearner menActs 918 26 womenActs 935 36 because of their religious faith they were called BELIEVERS AND SAINTS MEN were called BRETHREN Acts 930 31 and WOMEN SISTERS Acts 161 1Cor 715 1Tim 52 In Antioch a Syrian city Acts 1126 the disciples were first called Christianos christianos christi Strongs 5547 abrev anosios Strongs 462 BUT DEEPER RESEARCH TAKES US TO THE ACTUAL WORD THAT WAS USED BY KING AGRIPPA AnosAnosios Greek Anos is an abbreviation of anosios both meaning unholy impious and wicked Strongs 462 The term is found in the New Testament two times 1Tim 19unholy and 2Tim 32unholy Anosios is further defined as a Strongs 1 a negative particle hosios Strongs 3741 pure pious sacred holy consecrated Thus anosios means not pure not pious not sacred not holy and not consecrated I HAVE DONE ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND IT WOULD SEEM THAT THE ABBREVIATION OF CHRISTIANOSIOS TO CHRISTIANOS WAS IN FACT DONE BY DISCIPLES TO TAKE THE STING OUT OF THE WORD DUE TO LACK OF STUDY SUCH AS IS THE CASE TODAY WITH THE CHURCH THE ORIGIN WAS LOST AND DISCIPLES STARTED CALLING THEMSELVES XTIANS To call the disciples christianos is therefore no badge of pride nor a name to bear of which one would be proud If the intent of the defamation was to speak evil of Jesus when this name was coined it can not be made into a holy description by which disciples should name themselves Who ever began to call the disciples followers of an unholy christ certainly meant to create fear and horror in the minds of the world Christian English THE TERM CHRISTIAN DOESNT AND NEVER DID TRANSLATE IN TO CHRIST LIKE OR FOLLOWERS OF THE WAY WAS AN INTENTIONALLY ACT OF MULTIPLE TRANSLATION The name given to the disciples of Christ in the Syrian city Antioch by unbelievers It is interpreted to mean christlike but this does not agree with the etymology of the name Christi is derived from the Greek root chrio Strongs 55475548 and means anointed through the idea of one being consecrated by smearing or rubbing a person with oil When applied to Jesus the term Christi meant he had been consecrated with a special spiritual anointing to perform ministerial functions see Luke 418he has anointed chrio me BUT ADD TIANOS AND YOU HAVE THE DEAD OPPOSITE The term Christian was not a holy name from its beginning Scripture Text KJV Acts 2628Then Agrippa said unto Paul Almost thou persuadest me to be a christian WHAT WAS REALLY SAID WAS Then Agrippa said unto Paul Almost thou persuadest me to be an AnosAnosios Christianos The meaning of Agrippas use of christian is noteworthy He implied he was almost ready to accept Jesus who had been called a christianos an impure unholy and impious christ He was almost willing to allow that infamy name to be called against him BUT HIS TRADITIONAL LEARNING AS A JEW WOULD NOT ALLOW HIM TO SEE THE ANOINTED DEITY OF CHRIST There is no verse in the scriptures where any disciple or believer called themselves a Christianos 1Peter 416Yet if any man suffer as a Christian let him not be ashamed but let him glorify God on this behalf One of the tragic mistakes of believers is to assume the name Christian was used by the disciples There is no evidence of this at all in the scriptures In this text believers were being persecuted as followers of Jesus whom the antichrist were saying was an unholy impious and wicked Christ impostor ACTUALLY WHAT PETER SAID WAS Yet if any man suffer as a AnosAnosios Christianos let him not be ashamed but let him glorify God on this behalf The disciples and believers were suffering indignity and disrespect of their faith Peter encourages them that if they suffer as one who is accused of following Jesus as an unholy impious and wicked Christ impostor to not be ashamed The implication was to be accused of something false was not a reason to be ashamed In their hearts the disciples believed Jesus was the Messieh prince and King of Israel For this and the salvation he ushered into the world they were willing to suffer the name christianos The name Christian was never used by a disciple or early believer to identify themselves but was coined by those who hated the followers of Jesus The enemies of Jesus considered him to be an unholy impious and wicked Christ impostor thus those who believed in him as Messieh were called Christianos or followers of an impious christ first in Antioch Replies to This Discussion Permalink Reply by 0urqvqwbxskia on December 24 2011 at 311pm muche educated researchthanks Permalink Reply by John on December 24 2011 at 1059pm Jaja where are you getting this stuff from please The English translators were chosen by God and were God fearing men God has preserved His Word in English If you think the only way to understand Gods Word is to know Hebrew then your are mistaken my Brother You cant mock God please That term was coined by Gentiles for those that followed Jesus You cant twist His Word for anything Once again where do you get your information Thanks Permalink Reply by Jaja Azikiwe on December 25 2011 at 335am John I know that TRADITIONALISM IS A HARD THING TO BREAK and the devil has done such an absolute job a using the saints to twist the truth its a shocking revelation But you shouldnt be too surprised after all the Word does say the DISCIPLES were first CALL by man christians at Antioch That should have been your first clue It takes a lot of work and research BUT YOU TOO CAN FIND THIS TRUTH IF YOU LOOK HARD ENOUGH You DO want to KNOW the TRUTH dont you Are have you become like the pharisees who DENIED THE PROPHETS BECAUSE OF THEIR OWN TRADITIONALISM But like I said TRADITIONALISM IS A HARD THING TO BREAK and will make one NOT WANT TO KNOW THE TRUTH Permalink Reply by 0urqvqwbxskia on December 27 2011 at 1030am johnbring 1 proof that god chose the english translation when 70 people went to translate the bible they had not even 1 mistake 70 different people and yes the only way to realy know gods word is by learning hebrew and aramic sorry thats the truth what is writen in gospels are not the origin papersand the one that does exist never enterd the new testement and was writen as a gospel on the 4th century400 years after Permalink Reply by Jaja Azikiwe on December 27 2011 at 656pm DITTO Permalink Reply by Jaja Azikiwe on January 7 2012 at 1211am You christians are an interesting lot You remind me of the good intention of White people in their use of the terminology N WORD I mean with all of their GOOD INTENTIONS does not the term N WORD still mean NIGGER I mean I understand what they are trying to do and the respect they are trying to give BUT USING THE TERM N WORD WILL NOT CHANGE THE FACT THAT IT MEANS NIGGER Now here you christians are having been shown that what you call yourselves means FOLLOWERS OF AN UNHOLY IMPIOUS FALSE GOD and some how seem to over look or dismiss that REGARDLESS OF YOUR GOOD INTENTIONS CHRISTIAN STILL MEANS FOLLOWER OF AN UNHOLY IMPIOUS AND FALSE GOD 1 John 415 Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God God dwelleth in him and he in God This word CONFESS is the Greek word homologeō meaning 1 to say the same thing as another ie to agree with assent 2 to concede a not to refuse to promise b not to deny 1 to confess 2 declare How is it possible to SAY THE SAME THING AS GOD WHEN GOD NEVER CALLED US CHRISTIANS 2 John 17 For many deceivers are entered into the world who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh This is a deceiver and an antichrist 8 Look to yourselves that we lose not those things which we have wrought but that we receive a full reward 9 Whosoever transgresseth and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ hath not God He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ he hath both the Father and the Son 10 If there come any unto you and bring not this doctrine receive him not into your house neither bid him God speed 11 For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds HOW CAN THE WORD CHRISTIAN BE A PART OF THE DOCTRINE OF GOD OR CHRIST WHEN NEITHER HAS CALLED US CHRISTIANS LET ALONE WHAT IT MEANS I know you dont mean to be partakers of evil but THAT IS EXACTLY WHAT YOU ARE DOING Even the laws of man are base on this doctrine If you go into a store to steal some candy and someone dies as a result of your very small effort YOU STILL GET CHARGED WITH MURDER BECAUSE YOU WERE A PARTAKER OF AN EVIL DEED I really do not care if you choose to continue calling yourselves that or not thats between you and God But I have to say that LIKE THE DISCIPLES OF OLD I FIND IT OFFENSIVE EVERY TIME YOU CALL MY LORD AND SAVIOR AN UNHOLY IMPIOUS AND FALSE GOD TALK ABOUT TRADITIONALISM Permalink Reply by Eagle Feather on February 20 2012 at 1014am I have someone that lives very close to me He dont want me ANYWHERE around him He says that I have BAD VIBES Well the man believes that God is a FEMALE a god of LOVE carnal love He participates in rituals and is Hindu like in his presentation FOR HIM TO SAY TO ME THAT I HAVE BAD VIBES IS A REAL BLESSING For him to do otherwise would put me in HIS catagory Said that to say this WHAT AM I TO DO CHANGE SOMETHING BECAUSE A UNBELIEVER SAYS SOMETHING NEGATIVE in his sense Oh NO I WILL ACCEPT THE COMPLIMENT I am PROUD to be called a CHRISTIAN Permalink Reply by Sister Angela on February 20 2012 at 1039am ouch better watch out he sure to kick you off now Eagle Permalink Reply by Julie Burgin on February 20 2012 at 1143am Reminds me of that verse that some we are a sweet aroma and to some the smell of death Permalink Reply by Jaja Azikiwe on February 22 2012 at 320am Rationalizing WILL NOT MAKE IT SO It was one thing to rationalize when you did not have the info but now YOU ARE JUST IN REBELLION Permalink Reply by Eagle Feather on February 22 2012 at 742am You must be speaking to yourself Permalink Reply by Sheri Cooper on December 11 2015 at 803am EDIFICATION Denounce the christian title the traditions and god that come with it and life will change The Messiah never told us to be Christians 1 2 RSS | [
"CHRISTIAN",
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http://godzilla.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Monsters | in Gojipedia Monsters Monsters Category page Kaiju are tragic beings Theyre born too tall too strong and too heavy Theyre not evil by choice That is their tragedy Ishiro Honda Godzilla is the most popular example of a kaijū Kaiju 怪獣 kaijū is a word that literally means strange beast and is usually translated as monster in English Traditionally kaiju can refer any sort of strange creature but in recent times the word has become associated with a genre of tokusatsu entertainment specifically Japanese cinema that involved giant monsters The most powerful kaiju are at times advertently referred to as daikaiju 大怪獣 daikaijū the prefix dai emphasizing great power or status and is usually translated as giant monster Contents show Concept Kaiju are typically modeled after conventional animals mythological creatures and sometimes even plants however there are more exotic examples Choujin Sentai Jetman features monsters based on traffic lights faucets and tomatoes Kamen Rider Super1 includes a whole army of monsters based on household objects such as umbrellas and utility ladders While the term kaiju is used in the West to describe monsters from tokusatsu and Japanese folklore monsters like vampires werewolves Frankensteins Monster mummies and zombies would fall into this category Frankensteins Monster was once a daikaiju in the film Frankenstein vs Baragon which was produced by Toho Kaiju are sometimes depicted as cannon fodder serving a greater evil Some kaiju are elite warriors which serve as the righthand man to the greater villain and are destroyed by the heroic forces Others have a neutral alignment only seeking to destroy buildings and other structures During the early eras of tokusatsu heroic monsters were seen in daikaiju eiga films and it wasnt until later when television tokusatsu productions began using kaiju which aided the hero saved civilians or demonstrated some kind of complex personality These kaiju adopted many classic monster traits appearing as the misunderstood creature Trending pages Gamera Trilopod Gaira Gyaos Legion Godzooky Gezora Obsidius All items 531 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Other 1 File1954 Storyboardpng 2 File2000 MireGoji Suit Bottomjpg A Agon Akumon Alien Dorok Alien Tiborus CategoryAliens AllTerraintula Alter Ego Maoh Amano Shiratori CategoryAnatomy FileAngilasjpg CategoryAnimals Antares Antguirus CategoryApe Kaiju CategoryAquatic Creatures Arachnis Area 51 Mutations Armie Armillaria Avatar of Satan Axor B Baby Gappa CategoryBaby Kaiju Bacillus FileBagan 2png FileBagan 3png Bagorah Baiken Bakugon Balgaras Balkzardan Bankid CategoryBankid Kaiju FileBaragonjpg Barugaron Barugon Bat People Bat Sister Batman Batragon Batrod Bebira Bijira BiollanteKing Ghidorah Hybrid FileBiollantejpg Bionobot Black Mechagodzilla Blanca Bolbes Breeder Beast CategoryBug Kaiju Bullman Bullpull Burtannus C CategoryCanine Kaiju Carnivorous Plant Catzilla Centipor CategoryCephalopod Kaiju Chameleon Chibikurora Chibira Chimera Chuck CategoryClones Cokra Colossus CategoryComic Kaiju Commander Hell Condor FileCondornewjpg Cow People Crackler CrossDressing Kaijin Crustaceous Rex Cryptocledius Cyber Fly Cybersaur Cyborg Whale CategoryCyborgs Cyclops Creature Cykor D DRAGMA FileD4jpg Daigoro Daigoros Mother Daimajin Daimon Danbaraki Danketto Dead End Death Kappa Debura DeepDweller Defrog DestroKing FileDestroyahjpg Detragon Diamond Eye CategoryDiamond Eye Kaiju CategoryDinosaurs Diplodocus Django DNA Mimic Doggross Dogora Dogzilla Monster Doppelganger Demon Dororin Dragon FileDragon Ball King Ghidorahjpg Dragon King CategoryDragons Dragos E FileEjpg CategoryEarth Defenders Earth Eater El Gusano Gigante Energy Beast Ensign Esgar F CategoryFemale Kaiju Fire Bird Fire Dragon King Kong Fire Monster Fire Witch Flasher Foksaurus Fonshuragon Frankenstein FileFrankenstein Conquers the World Baragonjpg Fudora Funtlar G FileGaos 1jpg FileGabarajpg Gaira Gamera CategoryGamera Kaiju Ganimes Gappa Garamedon Garbage Monster CategoryGargantua Garoborg Garoga Gorilla Garuma Geharha Gejiba Gejiru Gekidojin Gelderah Gernica Gezora FileGhidorah11024jpg Ghilaron Ghost Ghost Cat Ghoston Giant Anaconda Giant Ant Giant Antlion Giant Armadillo Giant Bat Giant Bat Prophecies of Nostradamus Giant Bee Giant Beetle Giant Black Widow Giant Centipede Giant Fly Giant Gila Monster FileGiant Gila Monsterjpg Giant Manta Ray Giant Mutant Bee Giant Mutant Hummingbird Giant Mutant Termite Giant Mutant Widow Spider Giant Rat Giant Slug Giant Squid Giant Turtle Giant Water Beetle Gigan 2004 Giringa Girudogira Globe Glump FileGodzilla Computerpng FileGodzilla vs Destoroyah Scriptjpg FileGodzilla200036jpg FileGodzilla2004jpg FileGodzilla841jpg FileGodzilla98jpg CategoryGodzilla The Series Kaiju FileGodzillasaurus Headjpg Godzooky Gojirin Golden Guardians Goliath Categories Gojipedia Monsters | [
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http://godzilla.wikia.com/wiki/Xiliens | in Aliens Races Xiliens Xiliens The Xiliens Biological Information Homeworld Planet X Forms Fake Humans Silver Reptilian Humanoids true form Affiliation Information Enemies Humans Controlled King Ghidorah Godzilla IoAM Rodan Kumonga Kamacuras Hedorah Gigan Monster X Ebirah Anguirus King Caesar Zilla Dogora GI Leader Controller of Planet X IoAM Giant Dark Emperor GI X GFW Production Information First appearance Invasion of AstroMonster Last appearance Godzilla Final Wars The Xiliens Ｘ星人 Ekkusu Seijin lit X Star People were a race of extraterrestrials created by Toho that first appeared in the 1965 Godzilla film Invasion of AstroMonster Contents show History Invasion of AstroMonster The Xiliens in Invasion of AstroMonster The Xilien UFO in Invasion of AstroMonster The Xiliens who were from Planet X pleaded for assistance from the people of Earth as it seemed King Ghidorah having been driven off Earth the previous year by Godzilla Rodan and Mothra was now assaulting their planet Mankind allowed the aliens to borrow Godzilla and Rodan and the two monsters were transported to Planet X and were successful in driving Ghidorah away Shortly after this however the aliens revealed that they had complete control over Godzilla Rodan and Ghidorah They gave humanity twentyfour hours to choose between surrendering themselves to Planet X or being destroyed by the monsters They finally tired of waiting for an answer and unleashed all three kaiju upon Japan Water very scarce on Planet X is highly coveted by the Xiliens and this was the main reason behind their invasion of Earth The aliens were vulnerable to loud highpitched sounds and humanity used this to defeat them The Xiliens were a completely emotionless race letting their lives be run by computers Their leader is known as the Controller Everything on Planet X is numbered according to the Controller and King Ghidorah was known as Monster Zero When the aliens gained control of Godzilla and Rodan they were known as Monster ZeroOne and Monster ZeroTwo The Xiliens spacecraft were capable of traveling onetenth the speed of light and could fire explosive laser beams from the domes on their underside Their ships could also encase targets as big as kaiju inside giant forcebubbles then use tractor beams to haul them great distances even from Earth to Planet X They also possessed laser pistols that were capable of disintegrating a human being Their greatest power however had to be their ability to take control of any creatures mind they did this to Godzilla Rodan and King Ghidorah Godzilla Island Main articles Zaguresu Landes and Giant Dark Emperor The Xiliens UFO in Godzilla Island Godzilla Final Wars The Xiliens in Godzilla Final Wars Godzilla Final Wars version of the Xiliens invaded the Earth masking their true intentions with peaceful purposes They had the ability to control any creature with a certain DNA compound called MBase a compound which both the mutant soldiers of MForce and they can also alter DNA so they can control other creature like the kaiju They used their control of MBase to send the monsters on rampages across the globe Rodan in New York City Anguirus in Shanghai Kamacuras in Paris Zilla in Sydney King Caesar in Okinawa Kumonga in Arizona and Ebirah in Tokai After allowing them to cause enough damage to their locations the Xiliens teleported the monsters away telling the people of the Earth that they rescued them and want only peace between their planets Earth and Planet X They warned humanity of a small runaway planet known as Gorath saying that unless we aimed all our firepower at it Gorath would collide with the Earth Tension among the Xiliens ranks soon rose however While the leader of the Xiliens the Controller wanted to take over the planet through as peaceful means as possible his secondincommand X believed in their superior firepower and technology and wanted to return the monsters to Earth It was soon discovered that the Xiliens were replacing high political leaders with Xilien clones and that Gorath was not actually going to destroy the Earth The Xiliens were exposed on national television and with their plan revealed X shot and killed the Controller taking command of the invasion from that point on He explained that the reason for their invasion was to use mankind as a food source the Xiliens needed mankinds mitochondria to survive Upon returning to the Mothership he returned the monsters Gigan When Godzilla was awoken to battle the Xilien army of monsters X was unfamiliar with the beast and sent the monsters to defeat him One by one Gigan Zilla Kumonga and Kamacuras all fell and even a team attack by Rodan Anguirus and King Caesar failed to stop Godzilla Upon landing in Tokyo Godzilla simultaneously obliterated Ebirah and Hedorah Hedorahs location prior to this scene is a mystery as he is not seen at any other time in the film leading to the belief he was in the wrong place at the wrong time However Hedorah could merely have been making a cameo appearance Enraged X sent a secret last monster Monster X into battle via Gorath in which he was contained The monster was much more powerful than the previous monsters and overpowered Godzilla numerous times When Mothra whom X was also unfamiliar with arrived in Tokyo a repaired and upgraded Gigan was sent to destroy her Monster X and Gigan briefly doubleteamed Godzilla before Gigan was destroyed by a kamikaze attack from Mothra As the two monsters fought X revealed to the heroes that mutants were the product of interbreeding between humans and Xiliens in the past He also revealed that he was a Kaiser an extremely rare type of mutant who is granted super powers due to the fusion of Mbase and human DNA Kaisers are able to control any other lifeform by telepathic means if that organism has Mbase Shinichi Ozaki one of the mutant soldiers was also a Kaiser and defeated X in battle Moments before the Xilien Mothership came crashing down around him X is seen screaming in anger and agony among the explosions due to his defeat after which the Gotengo destroys the ship and X Scenes change back to Monster X and Godzilla who continue to rage in their war for ultimate defeat of the other After they are both blown away by a massive conflagration when their energy beams collide Monster X transforms into a hideous monstrosity known as Keizer Ghidorah For a while Ghidorah is able to take down Godzilla and even starts to kill him by draining his lifeforce But Ozaki realizes what to do and transfers his Kaiser energy to Godzilla Godzilla proceeds to turn the tables on Keizer Ghidorah tossing him around and then hurling The Xilien Mothership is immense and is made of four parts one massive orbbody and three clawshaped ships These claw ships can travel on their own and have the ability to teleport targets easily Where the monsters were stored once they were teleported out of their designated cities is unknown but it was presumably within the main body The Mothership is protected by a powerful forcefield the generator for which is in the core of the ship itself The Mothership also houses hundreds of fighters Gallery Xilien concept art Xilien concept art Xilien concept art Xilien concept art True Xilien concept art True Xilien concept art Xilien Guard concept art Xilien Guard concept art Xilien Admiral concept art Xilien Mothership Merchandise Toys Bandai Japan Movie Monster Series Xilien 2004 Races and factions Poll Categories Aliens Races Xiliens Villain Characters Recurring Characters Showa series Millennium Series Invasion of AstroMonster Configure Reference Popups 81 Members Online voice channel Members Online StupidClover The Great Green Golden Gigan AJelen Ambrosias Backup Atlas bloy Carmageddon Max Damage Blue The Velociraptor bluray bowtie ROBLOX BrunoZilla chocolexy83 Clint Eastwood Gorosaurus Minilla Defeatist Stellaris Demolition Punk DJDino Scott Ember Celica Mechagodzilla erisbotcom help FarrelFTA foxinpox Gerdzerl Kinerfdamahnsters Monster X Godblaster Gokipwn Overwatch Burning Goopirah Kyubey HappyRed50 Team Fortress 2 Hive Tyrant Illyasviel im wife JetJaguar Overwatch joovil Karthtune Kiryu2012 knee BootlegKaiju Larry Foulke Lattitude Rocket League Lavangfan Long Necked Giraffe Mom Team Fortress 2 Madadad Mario T World of Warcraft metzger203 Milesium487 Bonjour Mr Roundabout Mralexnui MusicBee Nips nozadabewoy HMCS quetzalsan MONSTER HUNTER WORLD oce Panzer20000 Jet Jaguar Poqaz Merry Snekcember SapphyWapphy Scar Toyotomi HideYoshi Shinobi Shiro Kusanagi DESTROYAH Shuulathoi Stormyy STROKEMEFASTR Roarroarroar2 Team Fortress 2 Kiryu httpstatsumakixyz The Rubberband Ash Trento Bismol Heroes of the Storm Ultimate Yeeter Super Smash Brothers Ultimate Miana MechaBiollante William Xoreo SUPREME ADMIN OF THIS DISCORD XxPrototypeGamerxX ROBLOX Zaralann zenith old nigga head Koopa Doge Archeage สวัสไดปีหมี่ PHANTASY STAR ONLINE 2 KaijuLover1954 ℜ King Gheedrah Free voice chat from Discord Connect Recent Wiki Activity The Mysterians 1957 film TheOnewithallthegifts 8 hours ago RKO Pictures TheOnewithallthegifts 8 hours ago Monarch Shirkahn 9 hours ago Godzilla MonsterVerse Shirkahn 9 hours ago Help us grow Gojipedia Get Started | [
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http://goeurope.about.com/b/2007/03/01/so-just-how-big-is-europe-compared-to-the-us-anyway.htm | Destinations Europe Driving the United States Versus Europe By James Martin Updated 01 / 04 / 19 jcarillet / Getty Images Although you might know what it takes to drive the width of a particular state in the United States , you might not know how that compares to driving across countries in Europe , but there are some notable comparisons between state sizes and those of European countries . Knowing how the United States compares to Europe in size will greatly help when you ' re planning your trip to Europe and trying to calculate driving times . Using handy tools like our " European Distance Calculator and Map " can also help you plan your 10 - day vacation overseas by providing known travel times between some of Europe ' s major cities , which all seem to be about 300 miles apart . In terms of land mass , the United States and Europe are similar in size — the United States is 9,833,000 square kilometers while Europe is 10,180,000 square kilometers — however , European countries are closer in size to eastern states in America ( which are smaller and closer together than western states ) . © TripSavvy Why People Get Confused on Comparing U.S. and Europe It ' s understandable that you might not implicitly grasp how the United States and Europe measure up compared to one another ; after all , geography classes and even maps in the U.S. are America - centric , conflating the size of the country and oftentimes centering it on world maps . However , if you place in - scale renderings of the United States over other countries around the world , you ' ll begin to grasp a better understanding of how these places actually compare to one another . Check out these 19 maps that help put the United States ' size in perspective and see for yourself just how many countries are indeed larger or comparable to the U.S . The last map of the 19 linked above is called the Gall - Peters Projection World Map , which is meant to represent a more accurate depiction of the world ' s countries and continents as they actually compare to one another in terms of landmass . Historically , most maps created in the Western and " developed " world undercut African , South American , and other " third - world " countries by depicting them as much smaller than Europe or North America when in fact the opposite is true . Comparing Travel Across U.S. States to European Countries A good way to get perspective and better understand how to plan your driving or train trip across Europe is to develop comparable frames of reference between travel time crossing U.S. states and similarly - sized European countries . Traveling from the eastern border of France to its western border , for instance , is at most a 590 - mile journey , which is about 200 miles shorter than the distance across Texas . However , driving across France can take up to three days to complete because of its winding roads whereas driving across Texas can take just one day due to its direct east - to - west highways . Similarly , driving across Spain and Germany would take about the same amount of time . Driving down from north to south in one of Europe ' s longest countries , Italy , would take just about as much time as it would to travel from the tip of Maine to the top of Florida in the United States . Interestingly , the Ukraine is about the same size as Texas ( 818 miles at its longest compared to 801 miles for Texas ) and is the second - largest country in Europe . | [
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http://goeurope.about.com/od/germany/ss/baden-wurttemberg-map.htm | Europe Germany Guide Map of the Best of Baden Wurttemberg By James Martin Updated 11 / 10 / 17 James Martin , Europe Travel Baden Wurttemberg is the German State occupying the southwest corner of Germany . As you can see from the map , Baden Wurttemberg borders on the Alsace region of France , Switzerland , Austria , and the German states of Hessen and Bavaria . Best Cities to Visit in Baden - Wurttemberg Heidelberg is a university town with a romantic castle on a hill where you ' ll find a pharmacy museum and the world ' s largest wine barrel , plus a cafe where you can grab a beer or a bite to eat . The university dates from 1712 and has a Student ' s prison . There ' s also some find shopping along the Hauptstra . ( Pictures of Heidelberg Heilbron and Schwabisch Hall are stops along Germany ' s Castle Road as it passes through Baden - Wurttemberg . Rothenburg is just outside Baden - Wurttemberg in Bavaria , but is included because it ' s one of Germany ' s most enchanting medieval villages when it ' s not overrun by tourists . Karlsruhe , the " gateway to the Black Forest " to the south is an interesting city to visit . The train station is a hub for transportation in the area . See the Palace ( Schloss Karlsruhe ) and the interesting open air zoo . Baden - Baden is a place to relax and take the waters in a spa of your choice . Even if you do n ' t choose the spa option , it ' s a nice town to relax in with its many restaurants and service oriented hotels . ( If you do n ' t know what the spa experience is like , see : Caracalla Terme : What to Expect at the Baths Stuttgart was the residence of the counts of Wurttemberg in the 15th century , but rapid modernization after WWI and restoration after WWII made it a technological and economic giant in Germany . Stuttgart now offers the famous Porsche and Mercedes - Benz museums , more spas , art galleries and cafes . Ulm is a town on the left bank of the Danube river , where the rivers Blau and Iller join it . It was settled in the early Neolithic and the town was first mentioned in documents dating to 854 , so Ulm has a long history . Ulm Minster has the world ' s highest church steeple , the town hall was built in 1370 and has an astronomical clock dating from 1520 , and the fisherman ' s quarter on the River Blau features lots of picturesque eye candy for the tourist . Freiburg is a wine town in the Black Forest , founded in 1120 . It ' s full name is Freiburg im Breisgau . " Old Synagogue Square " is one of the more important squares ; there was a Synagogue here until it was destroyed in 1938 ' s Night of the Broken Glass . the Münsterplatz is the city ' s biggest square , and there ' s a huge farmers market daily here except Sundays . Lake Constance and the cities that surround it offer a fine vacation land full of surprises . The walled village of Wangen ( see : Wangen Pictures ) makes an interesting place to explore a bit away from the lake , as does exploring the towers of pleasant Ravensburg | [
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http://goeurope.about.com/od/rothenburg/a/rothenburg-transportation.htm | Europe Germany Guide How to Get to Rothenburg ob der Tauber Explore Rothenburg , a Romantic road destination , by car , train , bus , or tour By James Martin Updated 05 / 26 / 18 Rothenburg , Germany is a major stop on the Romantic Road , which is 260 miles long and takes you from the town of Würzburg in the Franken wine - growing region to Fussen in Bavaria , where you can stay while visiting the castle called Neuschwanstein Rothenburg ob der Tauber by Train or Bus Rothenburg ' s train station is about a ten - minute walk from the center , meaning within the walls at the Rödertor gate , but it might take you a little longer to get to the market square or Marketplatz The two - car regional train from Steinach dead - ends at Rothenburg o.d. Tauber , meaning it takes several train changes if you ' re coming from a larger city like Frankfurt . The Steinach to Rothenburg distance is covered in about 15 minutes . You can also buy your train ticket to the Ansbach Station and take a bus 16km to Rothenburg . Munich to Rothenburg is about a 3 - hour train trip with good scenery . The train passes through Augsburg . Europabus ED190 travels daily from Frankfurt to Füssen with stops in Würzburg , Rothenburg ob der Tauber , and Munich , among other stops on the Romantic Road . There may be a discount on the bus if you have a rail pass . Getting to Rothenburg by Car From Frankfurt take the A2 to Wurzburg , then the A7 to Rothenburg . The distance is about 120 km , about a two - hour drive . From Munich take the A8 Autobahn to Augsburg - West , then B2 to Donauworth , then the scenic Romantic Road to Rothenburg , or , faster is to continue on the A8 and take the A7 to the Rothenburg exit . It should take around 2 hours and 45 minutes to drive this route . There are three parking areas outside the Rothenburg walls . It ' s best not to take your car inside unless your hotel offers parking . Coach Tours and Day Trips Rothenburg can be seen as a day trip from Munich on Viator ' s Romantic Road , Rothenburg and Harburg Day Tour from Munich ( book direct ) . A longer version takes you from Frankfurt to Munich and includes Neuschwanstein Castle : Three Day Frankfurt to Munich - Romantic Road , Rothenburg , Hohenschwangau , Neuschwanstein ( book direct ) . Nearest Airports The closest airport to Rothenburg is Stuttgart Airport ( STR ) , about 1.5 hours by car from Rothenburg . Stuttgart is a major hub for Germanwings and TUI fly . A larger airport is Frankfurt Airport . | [
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http://goflightmedicine.com/usaf-pilot-physician-program/ | GFM Guest Post Disclaimer The content below does not represent the views of the USAF or the USAF Pilot Physician Program They are expressed purely from the authors point of view Home Blog Aerospace Medicine The USAF PilotPhysician Program The USAF PilotPhysician Program By Jay Bones Flottmann In Aerospace Medicine Blog Guest Post Military Medicine On January 27 2015 Lt Col Jay Flottmann F22 Fini Flight I have been thoroughly blessed to serve as an active member of the USAF Pilot Physician Program PPP officially since 2008 but unofficially since 2002 when I entered pilot training as a former flight surgeon Although the USAF Pilot Physician Program was officially created in 1954 the legacy of medical professionals serving as pilots dates back to the earliest days in aviation HISTORY OF THE USAF PILOTPHYSICIAN PROGRAM The history of aerospace medicine is detailed in another post and can be found here But the unique history of the pilotphysician followed closely and is tightly interwoven Dr John Jeffries Dropping Mail from Balloon Physicians were intimately involved with aviation from the earliest days of lighterthanair balloon flight An American physician John Jeffries was on a maiden voyage in a hotair balloon accompanied by a French balloonist on November 13 1784 Although he had loyalties to the British during the American Revolution he made history as the first air mail carrier by dropping a note to a friend while aloft Later an Italian medical officer Lieutenant Luigi Falchi was the first known military pilotphysician of heavierthanair aircraft In 1911 he participated in an expedition against Libya acting primarily as a pilot and was awarded Ginduced Loss of Consciousness GLOC and aviator staleness have occasionally been attributed to him In World War I Major Dr Ralph N Greene a neuropsychiatrist from Florida was the first US Army medical officer known to receive orders as a military aviator He served on the Mexican border as part of the Third Aero Squadron Although he was the first others followed After WWI most of these physician aviators returned to private medical practice but on 25 April 1919 the Army Surgeon General SG published a letter requesting that medical officers serve as flight surgeons with an opportunity to become pilots This was the first documented instance of an official military order for personnel Maj General Dr Harry George Armstrong From the conclusion of WWI to the onset of World War II flight surgeons also trained as pilots became rarer and nearly ceased entirely as the wars demand for combat aviators increased Physicians who wished to serve as pilots had to resign from the medical corps and become strictly line officers There is a general consensus that the father of the modern USAF PilotPhysician Program is Dr Harry G Armstrong who became the USAF Surgeon General in 1949 As early as 1946 he considered returning physicians to the cockpits in order to fully appreciate the associated physiologic risks and problems of flight As aircraft improved in maneuverability and performance Dr Armstrong decided to train several physicians as pilots to help solve physiological and psychological problems associated with advances in aviation technology In 2010 my unique skillset was used just as Armstrong had intended when I was tasked to become the first F22 Raptor pilotphysician in order to find the aeromedical cause for a rash of physiological episodes plaguing many pilots flying the new stealth aircraft Capt Dr William Smith Newest USAF PP During his career Dr Armstrong continued to oversee the program personally sending qualified flight surgeons to pilot training with cooperation from the USAF Director of Operations Years later in 1954 the program was formalized by regulation which authorized 25 positions for PPs and delegated authority and assignment management to the USAF Surgeon General From 1954 to roughly 1964 qualified applicants were primarily WWII pilots who later went to medical school and then came back to service for dual qualification Because participants were older than their peers Air Staff began allocating two pilot training slots to qualified and highly motivated flight graduated the first flight surgeon from undergraduate flying training UFT Captain Dr William Smith in November 2014 This tradition of sending flight surgeons through UFT sometimes known as UPT continues today and is a vital part of the program Lt Gen Dr Thomas W Travis The current USAF Surgeon General Lieutenant General Thomas Travis is the most senior ranking pilotphysician on active duty In total there are currently 14 of us many of these exceptional pilotphysicians photos and short biographies are featured throughout this article below representing the spectrum of the aircraft operated by the USAF Being a member of the USAF PilotPhysician Program has been an absolute pleasure and having the opportunity to fly in high performance military fighter aircraft has never seemed like work to me FLIGHT SURGEON TO STUDENT PILOT My personal journey to the Pilot Physician Program was somewhat atypical I entered the US Air Force to pay for medical school with no previous exposure to USAF aircraft I started as a pediatric resident at Keesler AFB in Mississippi but realized during internship that I didnt want to commit my entire career to pediatrics I took the advice of a friend of mine and joined him in becoming a flight surgeon not really knowing what that exactly entailed The following summer I began my journey into aviation medicine with the USAF flight surgeon training called Aerospace Medicine Primary Course AMP at Brooks AFB TX in 2011 AMP and the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine moved to Wright Patt AFB in Dayton OH where it currently resides Col Dr Lex Brown ret Former Director of Pilot Physician Program During AMP we experienced one incentive sortie in a T37 Tweet trainer aircraft and I can honestly say I was 100 hooked I loved every bit of it and from that point on began a quest to see if flight docs could fly from the front seat My research led me to discover the PPP and I called the program director at the time to learn how I could get my pilot wings He said the typical route was for pilots who had gone to medical school to reenter service to become dualqualified He also shared that no one had gone the opposite direction in recent times Although I continued service as a T6 Texan II Flying in Formation During my second assignment as a flight doc I learned from the same director that another flight surgeon had applied for and was accepted to the active duty pilot training board The veil had been lifted and I intended to follow suit I applied to become a pilot during my third year as a flight surgeon Age requirements had increased to 30 years old and I had celebrated my 30th birthday 6 months prior to the application deadlines Hey why not apply for an age waiver Thats what I didand my waiver was approved I started pilot training in class T6 Texan II trainer What a great airplane Col Dr William Mueller Current Director Pilot Physician Program At that time I was forced to officially resign from the medical corps and swore in as a line of the Air Force LAF officer Because of the transfer from the medical corps to the LAF my date of rank changed from a 1997 Captain to a 2001 Captain Despite the fouryear loss of rank I was incredibly excited to start pilot training Like many of my classmates in pilot training I wanted to get matched to a fighter jet Unlike many of them however I refused to accept anything else and worked my butt off In fact I went F15C Eagle My persistence and efforts paid off as I earned a transition to the T38A Talon trainer and was destined for the fighter track Following the T38 transition I was fortunate to earn the only F15C slot in my pilot training class After graduation and officially earning my pilot wings I headed off to learn basic fighter skills in the Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals IFF course flying the T38C All throughout training I maintained contact with the PP program director I made it clear that doing both was my ultimate goal Now the real fun began Now Maj Dr Chris Backus C17 PilotPhysician The courses for young USAF pilots who are learning to fly their specific airframes is called the Basiccourse Bcourse for short Tyndall AFB in Panama City Florida was the schoolhouse location for active duty Eagle driver training and what a special location it remains to this day The white sugar sand beaches and crystal clear emerald coast waters were a perfect place to learn to fly the mightymighty as the F15C is affectionately known by Eagle drivers Again fortune smiled on me when I was told my first operational assignment as an F15C pilot would be at Royal Air Force WHY NOT BOTH AVIATION AND MEDICINE Col Dr Kathryn Hughes A10Hawk PilotPhysician During my time at Lakenheath I started to explore options to combine medicine with aviation even though I was not yet an official PP I made an appointment with the chief of staff of the hospital and we discussed options to get recredentialed in flight medicine as I hadnt practiced medicine in over 18 months My USAF career specialty code defining me as a flight surgeon still remained on my record so I was able to work with the flight medicine flight commander to develop a phasedin credentialing program while remaining fully mission capable as an F15C Eagle driver In Maj Dr Jeffrey Woolford A10 PilotPhysician During deployments or temporary duty tours TDY I officially maintained pilot status but I was able to perform both duties when time permitted This was especially valuable when the squadron was unable to take our normally assigned flight surgeon This is just one of the benefits of being a dualqualified asset My contact with the PP program director proved invaluable and he recommended I start filling out the application as required by the official regulation defining the USAF Pilot Physician Program Air Force Instruction 11405 Now Maj Dr Dave Prakash B52 PilotPhysician Following this memorable time in England I returned to the United States I was assigned to the 434th Fighter Training Squadron as as an instructor pilot flying the T38CIFF for the Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals IFF course Being an instructor pilot was the highlight of my aviation career to date It is truly rewarding to see the proverbial lightbulb illuminate in a young fighter pilots mind when heshe comprehends a concept youre trying to teach And it was even better to see student pilots implement the lessons as instructed That is a rare opportunity During the time at IFF I AF specialty code AFSC for a USAF PilotPhysician 48Vx The whole process from start to finish took 6 full years THE UNIQUE VALUE OF THE PILOTPHYSICIAN Lt Col Dr Flottmann PilotPhysician here in F15C It was during the time I was an IFF Instructor Pilot that the newest fighter in the USAF the fifthgeneration stealth F22 Raptor began reporting abnormal physiological events initially described as hypoxia described more fully in another post here Every aircraft including commercial airliners are at risk of exposing passengers and aircrew to hypoxia However the high number of events recently reported in the Raptor combined with notable differences in tactics and employment of the airframe made these reports extraordinary and highly concerning This troubling trend encouraged the PPP director to facilitate an opportunity to send me back to Tyndall in 2009 with the prospects of getting a PP qualified in the F22 This was the first single seat aircraft that lacked an aeromedical professional with firsthand knowledge of flying the aircraft I entered the F22 transition course in December 2010 following a nonflying deployment and in May 2011 the entire fleet of F22s F22 Raptor Glass Cockpit Tactically the F22 is a truly unique airframe and unlike legacy 4th generation fighters like the F15 F16 F18 platforms in a number of important ways And by design the life support system is also unlike any other fighter aircraft This brings me to another strength that the PP brings to the US Department of Defense We have the innate ability to truly speak both languages Through military aviation training we can speak tactically and mechanically and through our clinical training we are able to speak medically We are able to define and articulate the human factors and perceived biological sensations that result from interpreting aircraft sensor manipulation weapons selection and realtime handsonthrottle and stick HOTAS management during tape review as well as during personal interviews with pilots that had experienced physiologic symptoms In other words I was able to evaluate the tactical decisions made during missions when pilots reported symptoms and then associate them with attributable human factors andor perceived biological changes Being able to bridge the two disciplines is truly one of our greatest assets to the individual flying squadron and the entire USAF F22 Hypoxia Investigation Pentagon Press Release During my investigation into the hypoxialike events plaguing the F22 I was able to distinguish and translate physical symptoms that I personally experienced from flying the aircraft into a hybrid medical language understood both by the medical professionals and aircraft operators This allowed the distinctive ability to communicate this critical message to the entire F22 fleet the aeromedical community some of the highest ranking USAF leaders and concerned civilian legislators in the US Congress Congress had become keenly interested in the investigation that had culminated in a fourmonth grounding of one of the most expensive US military assets and the full story for the cause of the F22s hypoxia like events see here In addition to speaking both languages pilotphysicians offer a unique perspective in the manmachine interface during development of aviation equipment and supplies In fact the full coverage antiG suit known as ATAGS For more info on Pulling Gs and how the AntiG Strain Maneuver works see previous posts worn in the Raptor and other legacy aircraft was developed with the help of a very successful pilotphysician current USAF Surgeon General Lt Gen Thomas Travis PPs were also integral to the development of the F35 helmet mounted display system and aircrew ensemble fight suit Lastly PPs have been extremely active in developing aeromedical standards for USAF service requirements Pilot Physician Astronaut David M Brown Quote Finally and in my opinion most importantly pilotphysicians provide the squadron with a trusted medical agent that has walked the same walk completely understands the mission and knows the importance of getting back in the air What I believe the most difficult hurdle of our program to overcome however is explaining to line Air Force commanders that we truly can support whatever they need for their unit in the traditional role as a pilot If they need an instructor pilot that can also perform Assistant Director of Operations ADO roles we can do that If they need a squadron or Our biggest limiting factor currently is maintaining a large number of strong applicants for the USAF Pilot Physician Program We NEED YOU PILOT PHYSICIAN HOPEFUL CAPT ANDREW PELLEGRIN ON THE PPP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Koritz Clinic at Seymour Johnson AFB I would like to credit Major Dr Thomas Koritz an F15E Strike Eagle PilotPhysician for much of the information recited in the historical recounts of the Pilot Physician Program above He authored a paper for the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine in July 1989 titled USAF PilotPhysician Program History Current Program and Proposals For The Future Dr Koritz is the only PP in modern times to have given the ultimate sacrifice in service to his nation when his aircraft was shot down on the second night of the first Gulf War January 17 1991 It is with great reverence that I say Thanks Dr Koritz Maj Koritz was survived by his son 2nd Lt Jon Koritz who followed in his fathers footsteps and graduated from Undergraduate Pilot Training in Aug 2013 The full story can be found here Authored by Jay Flottmann and edited by Rocky Jedick of GoFlightMedicine REFERENCES Maj Dr Thomas Koritz USAF PilotPhysician Program History Current Program and Proposals For The Future USAF School of Aerospace Medicine July 1989 About the Author Biography linkedin Bones PP Sorry the browser you are using is not currently supported Disqus actively supports the following browsers Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 Safari Karly Kindoll 1 year ago Hi Jay Ive just led myself to this article after coming across your PPP slides from the AF Specialty Teleconference and boy have you gotten my wheels turning Im beginning medical school next year and planning to fund my education through the HPSP I was looking around for more information regarding residency matching when I was first introduced to the field of Flight Medicine something that Ive never known much about but sure glad Ive discovered The AF runs deep in my family and Ive got a passion for flying only outshined by my passion for medicine This article and your story Maybe down the road Ill be contacting you as the PPP Program Director for some guidance All the best Karly Kindoll Rocky 1 year ago Approve Rocky Jedick MD MBA Maj Flight Surgeon USAFR FAA Aviation Medical Examiner PGY3 University of Utah EM httpgoflightmedicinecom Go Flight Medicine 3 years ago Bones its unanimous fighter pilot and doctor you are the man Thanks for the contribution to GFM Accordion Go Flight Medicine Go Flight Medicine 6 Jul AsMA 2018 was a blast but it left me wondering if the aerospace medicine community is really capitalizing on the huge potential that the internet and social media offers What exactly is Free Open Access Medical Education httpstcouDnLqipFrw 1 Go Flight Medicine 16 Jun Hugely important topic for both the present and future AsMA Aero_Med The Wounds of the Drone Warrior Even soldiers who fight wars from a safe distance have found themselves traumatized Could their injuries be moral ones httpstco4j1Vw4hnFO 2 Go Flight Medicine 10 May Final day at AsMA2018 opened with talk on StationCDRKelly s year in space subsequent twin studies by NASA chief scientistSpaceMedAssoc prez John Charles 1 Some telomeres lengthen in space 2 Space DOES NOT change genes 7 3 Final study results TBA Aero_Med 4 6 12 Go Flight Medicine 9 May Day 3 at AsMA2018 and the RAMBowl is under way Aero_Med 1 6 Load More Tags aerospace medicine aircraft mishap aircrew aircrew laser exposure asma asma2018 conspiracy theory cornea exercise eye flight medicine foam foamed healthy lifestyle JFK jr laser laser eye injury laser injury laser safety marthas vineyard medical education military medicine ntsb pilot performance piper saratoga plane crash retina social media space medicine | [
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http://goflorida.about.com/od/fortwaltondestin/qt/Fort-Walton-Beach-Weather.htm | United States Florida Guide Guide to Fort Walton Beach Weather By Dawn Henthorn Updated 05 / 28 / 18 Romona Robbins Photography / Getty Images If you ' re planning a Florida vacation or getaway to Fort Walton Beach , read on to find out more about the weather there . General Weather Information Located in Northwest Florida ' s Panhandle along its Emerald Coast , Fort Walton Beach has an overall average high temperature of 78 ° and an average low of 54 ° . This is Florida and the weather can be unpredictable , so visitors should expect extremes from time to time . That was evident in 1980 when the temperature reached a sweltering 107 ° and again in 1985 when the thermometer dipped to a very cold 4 ° . What to Pack On average , Fort Walton Beach ' s warmest month is July and January is the average coolest month . The maximum average rainfall usually falls in July . Packing for any Florida beach destination in the summer is pretty simple — bathing suit , a cover - up and sandals . Just know that you ' ll also need resort casual clothing for dining out and , if you ' ll be out on the water in the evenings , you may need a light sweater . Be sure to follow our tips for traveling during hurricane season if you ' ll be in Florida between June 1 and November 30 . For more information about events and crowd levels in Florida , consult a month - by - month guide Monthly Temperatures and Rainfall January Average High : 61 ° F Average Low : 37 ° F Average Precipitation : 5.80 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 63.3 ° F February Average High Temperature : 65 ° F Average Low Temperature : 40 ° F Average Precipitation : 5.39 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 62.2 ° F March Average High Temperature : 71 ° F Average Low Temperature : 46 ° F Average Precipitation : 6.52 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 65.1 ° F April Average High Temperature : 78 ° F Average Low Temperature : 51 ° F Average Precipitation : 4.26 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 70.6 ° F May Average High Temperature : 84 ° F Average Low Temperature : 60 ° F Average Precipitation : 4.32 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 76.6 ° F June Average High Temperature : 90 ° F Average Low Temperature : 68 ° F Average Precipitation : 6.08 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 82.8 ° F July Average High Temperature : 91 ° F Average Low Temperature : 71 ° F Average Precipitation : 9.40 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 85.2 ° F August Average High Temperature : 91 ° F Average Low Temperature : 71 ° F Average Precipitation : 6.91 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 86.2 ° F September Average High Temperature : 88 ° F Average Low Temperature : 66 ° F Average Precipitation : 6.72 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 83.3 ° F October Average High Temperature : 80 ° F Average Low Temperature : 54 ° F Average Precipitation : 4.53 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 79.1 ° F November Average High Temperature : 72 ° F Average Low Temperature : 46 ° F Average Precipitation : 4.70 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 72.3 ° F December Average High Temperature : 64 ° F Average Low Temperature : 39 ° F Average Precipitation : 4.57 inches Average Gulf of Mexico Temperature : 66.9 ° F For more information on Fort Walton Beach weather , including current weather conditions and forecasts , visit weather . com | [
"Fort Walton Beach",
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http://gogermany.about.com/od/foodanddrink/tp/munich_beer_gardens.htm | Europe Germany Munich & Bavaria Guide Munich ' s Best Beer Gardens By Birge Amondson Updated 04 / 16 / 19 You can find beer gardens all over Germany , but the most traditional beer gardens are still in Bavaria where they first started in the early 19th century . Munich is proud to have close to 200 beer gardens ; among them , the largest beer garden in the world . Check out this list of the best beer gardens in Munich where you can enjoy your handcrafted Bavarian beer the way it was meant to be drunk - outside , in the shade of a glorious old chestnut or linden tree , and serving the beer of its associated brewery . 01 of 08 Biergarten Hirschgarten www . hirschgarten . com View Map Address Hirschgarten 1 80639 München Germany Phone + 49 89 17999119 Web Visit website Close to the picturesque Nymphenburg Palace , the Hirschgarten literally translated to " Deer Garden " . The name might be a tribute to King Ludwig ' s stag - hunting parties which were supplied with 200 liters of beer , or the term may refer to the 200 - liter wooden casks used to store the brew called Hirschen , or it may be because of the small deer park located on the site . It claims the title as the largest beer garden in the world seating 8,000 people . Wet your whistles with Augustiner , Schloßbrauerei Kaltenberg , and Hofbräu Tegernsee beer . Address : Hirschgartenallee 1 , Munich Phone : 089 17 25 91 02 of 08 Augustiner Keller Biergarten Augustiner Keller View Map Arnulfstraße 52 80335 München Germany + 49 89 594393 Web Visit website Dating back to 1812 , this beer garden is the oldest one in Munich and the second largest with space for 7,000 visitors . Off the beaten tourist track , this well - known beer hall takes the party outside in summer . And if it rains , the biergarten ' s cellar from 1807 stays open . Fresh Augustiner beer is served straight out of wooden barrels with a bell marking the arrival of each new cask . Hot , cheap German biergarten classics are served until 23 : 00 , but visitors are welcome to bring their own food . You can spot the regulars as about 100 Stammtische ( regulars tables ) date back to 1847 . : Arnulfstraße 52 , Munich : 089 59 43 93 03 Chinesischer Turm GettyImages / Jorg Greuel Englischer Garten 3 80538 + 49 89 3838730 The 82 - feet high , 18th - century wooden Chinesischer Turm ( Chinese Tower ) is the signature landmark of Munich ' s park , the English Garden – and almost as famous as its adjacent beer garden . It also accommodates up to 7,000 people , serving up Lowenbrau beer and featuring traditional brass bands and breakfast buffet on Sundays . : Englischer Garten 3 , Munich : 089 383 87 30 04 Biergarten Aumeister www . munichbeergardens . com / Zum_Aumeister Sondermeierstraße 1 80939 + 49 89 18931420 Another great destination on the northern edge of the lush English Garden is the Aumeister beer garden . In the early 19th century , this used to be the waterhole for the duke and his royal hunting company . Enjoy your royal Hofbrau beer - Starkbier in March , Maibock in May , Sommerbier in summer , and Wiesnbier during Oktoberfest - under canopies of old chestnut trees with a view of a lovely pond and a Steckerlfisch ( grilled fish on a stick ) . On Thursdays , there is even live music . : Sondermeierstraße 1 , Munich : 089 32 52 24 Continue to 5 of 8 below . 05 Biergarten Viktualienmarkt Georg Szabo / STOCK4B / Getty Images Viktualienmarkt 9 80331 + 49 89 29165993 You ' ll find Munich ’ s most centrally located beer garden in the heart of the city ’ s oldest farmers market , the Viktualienmarkt . Established in 1970 , it is one of the babies of the bunch with 600 - seats for a mixed crowd of tourists and locals . You can bring your own food , so buy some delicacies at the market and enjoy them here , while taking in the bustling market scene . Every brewery in Munich presents its beer specialties here with a rotation of about six weeks . These include some of the city ' s best breweries featured in festivals like Oktoberfest : Augustiner , Hacker - Pschorr , Löwenbräu , Hofbräu , Paulaner , and Spaten . : Viktualienmarkt 9 , 80331 München : 089 . 29 75 45 06 Hofbräuhaus Biergarten Chira Chirakijja / TripSavvy Platzl 9 80331 + 49 89 290136100 The Hofbräuhaus Biergarten lies under centuries - old chestnut trees and shares the same buoyant atmosphere as the world - famous beer hall . With room for 400 guests in the heart of downtown , this is the perfect summer escape from the claustrophobic atmosphere indoors . As one of the most popular sites with tourists , it is sure to host an international crowd but still provides traditional eats , drinks , and hospitality . Pass through the archway to a tiny Bavarian kingdom fit for 400 people at a time . : Platzl 9 , 80331 Munich : 089 29 01 36 - 1 00 07 Gutshof Mentnerschwaige Biergarten menterschwaige . de Menterschwaigstraße 4 81545 + 49 89 640732 Voted the city ' s most beautiful biergarten , Mentnerschwaige is located along the banks of Isar River . Up to 2,500 guests come to drink and lounge daily over Bavarian specialties . Finish up your gluttony with one of their seasonal cakes , or visit the crêpe stand . For younger visitors , there is a massive pirate ship and playground that are almost as fun as beer . And on Sundays from 13 : 00 to 17 : 00 there are crafts for the children . : Menterschwaigstraße 4 , 81545 München : 089.640732 08 Park Café parkcafe089 . de Sophienstraße 7 80333 + 49 89 51617980 A Bavarian restaurant in a 1930s building opens to a modern biergarten in the center of the city . Located within Alter Botanischer Garten , the vibe is cool , elegant , and electric with parties , DJs and live music throughout the night . Word is , the venue is owned by Christian Schottenhamel , the same man behind Schottenhamel beer tent at Oktoberfest : Sophienstraße 7 , 80333 München : 089 51617980 Read More Back to List Best Beer Gardens in Munich | [
"beer gardens",
"Munich",
"Biergarten Hirschgarten"
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http://gogoanime.com.websiteoutlook.com/ | gogoanimecom stats and valuation Pease note that we are not promoting linking to or affiliated with gogoanimecom in any way We are just displaying gogoanimecom publicly available data statistics for analysis purposes Basic Information Alexa Rank 630789 Backlinks 2804 Page Authority 46100 Domain Authority 53100 Moz Rank 4610 Pageviews 174K Day Worth 382K Last Updated 17 Dec 2018 Website Information Title GoGoAnimecom to Largest Free Anime Site description Watch anime online in English You can watch free series and movies online and English subtitle keywords watch anime anime online free anime english anime sites to watch anime Important Html Tags H1 0 H2 4 H3 0 H4 0 STRONG 0 A 295 IMG 44 Page Size 6276Kb Code to Text Ratio 1788 Text size 1122Kb and Code size 5153Kb Http Header HTTP11 301 Moved Permanently Date Mon 17 Dec 2018 214742 GMT ContentType texthtml TransferEncoding chunked Connection keepalive SetCookie __cfduidd91ceeddc631271c075306849847f08cc1545083262 expiresTue 17Dec19 214742 GMT path domaingogoanimecom HttpOnly Location httpwwwgogoanimeto Server cloudflare CFRAY 48ac96f7a0ff7adcMCI HTTP11 200 OK Date Mon 17 Dec 2018 214746 GMT ContentType texthtml charsetUTF8 ContentLength 64264 Connection keepalive SetCookie __cfduidd558d24da12a08dd3010e9f6f923a34771545083263 expiresTue 17Dec19 214743 GMT path domaingogoanimeto HttpOnly CacheControl maxage300 public CFRAY 48ac96fb51207b0cMCI Expires Mon 17 Dec 2018 215244 GMT XPingback httpwwwgogoanimetoxmlrpcphp XPoweredBy PHP5416 Server cloudflare SemRush Metrics No Data available DNS Report Host Type Class TTL Extra gogoanimecom A IN 300 ip 1042714941 gogoanimecom A IN 300 ip 1042714841 gogoanimecom NS IN 86400 target ednscloudflarecom gogoanimecom NS IN 86400 target umanscloudflarecom gogoanimecom SOA IN 3600 mname ednscloudflarecom rname dnscloudflarecom serial 2029168627 refresh 10000 retry 2400 expire 604800 minimumttl 3600 gogoanimecom AAAA IN 300 ipv6 2606470030681b9429 gogoanimecom AAAA IN 300 ipv6 2606470030681b9529 IP Address Information Server IP 1042714941 Server Location San FranciscoCAUnited States ISP CloudFlare Location on MAP Whois Record | [
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http://gohawaii.about.com/od/bigisleactivities/ss/kalapana_lava_viewing_trip_planner.htm | United States Hawaii Hawaii Guide Kalapana Lava Viewing Site - Puna District , Big Island of Hawaii By John Fischer Updated 07 / 19 / 18 01 of 12 Reaching the Kalapana Lava Viewing Area Photo by John Fischer The Kalapana Lava Viewing Area in the Puna District on Hawaii ' s Big Island was , as of December 2009 , the only place on land from which you could see the current lava flows of Kilauea volcano , including the place where lava flows into the Pacific Ocean . The Kalapana Lava Viewing Area was located at the end of Highway 130 , about 32 miles or an hour drive from the town of Hilo on the east coast of Hawaii ' s Big Island . It was a little over 40 miles and slightly over an hour drive from the entrance to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park The easiest way to reach the Kalapana Lava Viewing Area was to take Mamalahoa Highway ( Highway 11 ) until you reached the town of Kea ' au and look for signs for Highway 130 . The highway is on your left if traveling from Hilo and on your right if traveling from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park . From Kea ' au follow Highway 130 until the road ends and you would see the Restricted Access signs shown above . Once you pass these signs you would drive about a mile over a rough road to the parking area where County employees would direct you where to park . There was no admission charge , although once you reach the beginning of the trail , you found a box for donations to help defray costs . As of March 2012 , the County of Hawaii announced their intention to close the Kalapana Lava Viewing Area due to budgetary issues . As of December 2012 , the site remained open , however , the county has removed its website that offered updates on the status of the viewing from this area . In late 2016 , after almost four years , lava has once again begun to flow into the ocean and a new lava viewing area was opened in Pahoa . Continue to 2 of 12 below . 02 of 12 Vendor Area at the Kalapana Lava Viewing Site John Fischer The information in this feature is a retrospective on a visit in 2009 and is not intended to be a guide as to how and where to see the current lava flow . We hope you enjoy our photos of our visit to the Kalapana Lava Viewing Area in December of 2009 . Our 2009 Experience and Conditions in 2012 The Kalapana Lava Viewing Area was not open on all evenings . If wind conditions were blowing volcanic gasses towards the viewing area , the viewing site was closed , as it was on my first attempt . A Lava Hotline was updated daily and confirmed whether the lava viewing site would be open that day . The telephone number for the Hotline is ( 808 ) 961 - 8093 . ( This number continues to operate as of January 2017 , however , the 2016 Pahoa Lava Viewing Area is to be closed as of January 30 , 2017 . ) Additional information can be obtained at ( 808 ) 430 - 1996 . At the time of my visit in December 2009 , the viewing area was open daily from 2 : 00 p.m. until 10 : 00 p.m. , as long as conditions remained safe for the public . Conditions can change rapidly and the viewing area was closed when changes occurred that threatened the safety of viewers . The last vehicles were allowed in at 8 : 00 p.m. to allow people adequate time to view the lava before the site closed at 10 : 00 p.m. My advice was to arrive as close to 5 : 00 p.m. as possible , so that at least half of your hike to the viewing site would be in daylight . In Hawaii , the sun sets very rapidly and darkness arrives quickly . After you park your car you walked through a vendor area where numerous vendors sold souvenirs , including excellent photos of the lava flows , as well as items required by the County for your hike over the lava flows to the viewing site . Continue to 3 of 12 below . 03 Warning to Follow Trail and Current Activity Update John Fischer At the end of the vendor area , it was a short walk to a small booth that marked the beginning of the marked trail across old lava flows to the viewing site near the ocean . A sign at the start of the trail warned visitors to follow the marked trail . Failure to do so was not only dangerous but could lead to your arrest . The sign also advised you about the current activity and viewing conditions . Will you see lava flowing into the ocean ? Will you see lava flowing down the mountain ? How far from the viewing site is the place where lava is flowing into the ocean ? The activity and conditions change daily . In order to make the hike to the viewing site , you were required to have several items : water , proper footwear ( hiking shoes are advised ) and a flashlight . It ' s also smart to wear long pants , ideally jeans . Lava is hard , uneven and sharp in places as you may know if you have ever fallen while hiking on it . Depending on the weather you may also consider bringing a hat or umbrella . A hiking stick is also useful . There were a very limited number of portable toilets in the parking area . Continue to 4 of 12 below . 04 Marked Trail at Lava Viewing Site From the parking area , it was a walk of between one quarter to one mile across lava flows that date to between 1986 and 1992 . The distance varied as the lava flow changes direction . The viewing area ' s name derives from the name of the town of Kalapana which was located nearby and which was destroyed by lava flows of Kilauea in 1990 . The lava flows in this area are considered the southeast rift zone of Kilauea . The lava flow that is currently active in this area began in 2007 and was flowing relatively steadily as of December 2009 with only a few periods of inactivity . To reach the viewing site you walked across uneven lava for anywhere between a half hour to an hour in each direction based on your hiking ability . Your return hike was likely to be in the dark , hence the necessity of a good flashlight . Continue to 5 of 12 below . 05 First Glimpse of Steam Blasts Created by Lava Flowing Into the Ocean As you walked across the lava flows , I noted how even though these flows were only 20 years old , new vegetation has already begun to grow from within the cracks . Birds and the wind have deposited seeds which have already begun the process whereby this area may someday see the lush vegetation that marks all of the Hawaiian Islands . In the distance , you saw the plume of steam that marks the area where the lava has flowed into the ocean . While much of what you saw is steam caused by the hot lava entering the much cooler ocean , the steam also contained dangerous volcanic gasses such as sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) and fine particulate matter ( PM2 . 5 ) . People with health issues , particularly breathing disorders such as asthma should avoid proximity to these gasses even when you are in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park . Continue to 6 of 12 below . 06 Closeup of Pāhoehoe Lava Flo The lava flow that you were walking across consists of a type of lava known by the Hawaiian name as pāhoehoe lava . Hawaiian volcanoes erupt two types of lava , pāhoehoe and ʻaʻa . The terms pāhoehoe and ʻaʻa were the words used by native Hawaiians for these two types of lava flows . Geologists in Hawaii adopted these terms in the 1800 ' s and they are today used by scientists internationally . Pāhoehoe is basaltic lava that has a smooth , billowy , undulating , or " ropy " surface . These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust . ʻAʻa is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or " rubbly " surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker . It is much harder to walk across an a a lava flow . Continue to 7 of 12 below . 07 End of the Marked Trail Before too long , your destination was within sight . There were many people already at the viewing site , but they made the right decision . The hike was much easier in the daylight and can twice as long in the dark ! Almost all of the folks brought cameras and many , more serious , photographers also brought tripods . A good zoom lens is a must to get those closeup shots of the red lava flowing into the ocean . The earlier you arrive the better chance you had of getting a front row seat and more importantly a place where you could find a raised area of lava to use as a seat since you were likely to stay at least an hour . Continue to 8 of 12 below . 08 Steam From Lava Flowing Into the Ocean When you first arrive you likely saw just the white or gray - white plume of steam above the site where the lava is flowing into the ocean . Just wait , however , something truly spectacular was just minutes away . This was the perfect opportunity to grab a few test photos . If you did n ' t have a tripod you likely needed some practice holding your camera steady . There were some strong winds to contend with at the viewing site . Shoot as many photos as you can during your time at the viewing site . That ' s the great thing about digital cameras - you can always delete the shots that do n ' t turn out . Continue to 9 of 12 below . 09 Tour Boat Near the Entry Point of Lava Flowing Into the Ocean Many folks at the viewing site were surprised to see a boat so near the point where lava is flowing into the ocean . In fact , lava boat tours are very popular , but not without some critics who feel that they are too dangerous . Continue to 10 of 12 below . 10 Visitors Watching Lava Flowing Into the Ocean The Kalapana lava viewing site was opened to the public on March 8 , 2008 . Through December 2009 , 241,806 people visited the site as reported by hawaii247 . org , a non - profit news site , focused on the Big Island . Hawaii247 . org goes on to explain that " the County ' s cost to operate the site , including salaries and wages , supplies , toilets , security , phones and other equipment , amounted to $ 362,006 for the period July through December 2008 . " That ' s a significant amount for the cash - strapped County of Hawaii . Continue to 11 of 12 below . 11 Red Glow of Lava Flowing Into the Ocean As the sun begins to set , you began to see the hint of red appearing where the lava entered the ocean . As darkness arrived a distinctive red glow was clearly visible , even to the naked eye . If you were lucky you ' d see several explosions of lava or of lava debris within the cloud . You have arrived at the only spot on earth where the planet grows every day of the year as it has done for over 25 years . You are truly standing at the edge of creation . Continue to 12 of 12 below . 12 Volcano Related Activities and Tours on Hawaii ' s Big Island A visit to the Kalapana Lava Viewing Area is just one of the many great volcano - related experiences you can have on the Big Island of Hawaii . Hawaii Volcanoes National Park We certainly encourage all Big Island visitors to spend a day at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park where you can learn all about the volcanoes which created the Hawaiian Islands , view numerous past lava flows and craters , walk through an ancient lava tube and much more . Volcano Bike Tours You may even want to see the park by bicycle with Volcano Bike Tours . Their Bike Hawaii Volcanoes National Park & Wine Tasting is a five - hour tour that covers 15 miles within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park . The tour takes place on mostly downhill and level paved roads and trails . Doors - Off Volcano - Waterfalls Experience You can take a helicopter ride over the current lava flow and see the huge Pu ? u ? O o Crater from which the current flows emanate . I recommend the Doors - Off Volcano - Waterfalls experience with Paradise Helicopters which will provide you the chance to feel the heat of the worlds most active volcano . Lava Ocean Adventures You can take a tour with Lava Ocean Adventures which I mentioned previously and see the lava flowing into the ocean closeup . Watch for our upcoming feature with lots of photos . KapohoKine Adventures KapohoKine Adventures offers not only tours of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park both by land and in the air , but also an excellent tour of the Puna District called Secrets of Puna . It ' s a great way to see one of the areas of the Big Island that most visitors never discover . | [
"Kalapana Lava",
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http://gohotelpro.com/ | At HotelPro we focus on providing customized staffing solutions for the hospitality industry We provide clients and employees with a unique personalized service assisting in their success Our approach is simple flexible attentive and reliable Through careful selection we connect dedicated hardworking individuals with leading hotels looking for staff in housekeeping laundry and food and beverage Partner with us Looking Help From traditional staffing to full department outsourcing HotelPro is the standard for professionalism reliability and responsiveness Through longlasting partnerships we diligently screen and select the very best talent the market has to offer for your unique property and staffing needs Flexibility customization and dedication are essential to every client strategy Start Building Your Team Looking for work Job Center HotelPro is the bridge between hardworking talent and quality careers We offer employment in desirable and respectful work environments By taking the time to recognize unique talents personal background and goals for your future we place you in opportunities where growth and success are never compromised HotelPro provides competitive wages and a full benefit package Start Building Your Future The achievements of an organization are the results of the combined effort of each individual Vince Lombardi | [
"HotelPro"
] |
http://goingconcern.com/whats-getting-phd-accounting-really-all-about/ | Career Center August 14 , 2013 44 What ’ s Getting a PhD in Accounting Really All About ? by Caleb Newquist This is the first post from our new contributor , Dr . Emelee , a former Big 4 employee who is in process of obtaining his PhD . So you want to be a professor ? Teaching looks like it would be fun ( it is ) , you see that some professors are only on campus two days a week ( they are ) , and you ’ ve heard that professors get paid well ( they do ) . What could possibly be the down side ? When I started to consider the PhD , I decided the smart move would be to talk to current professors to see what I was getting myself into . The answers I got from them were cryptic , condescending , useless , or a mix of all three . They would say things like , “ The PhD is really about research . ” and not elaborate much . When I was lucky they would say something like , “ The PhD is really about research . It ’ s not about teaching , ” and , of course , not elaborate much . Amazing that people who get paid to explain things for a living can be so worthless at informing would - be newcomers what they ’ re getting into . Let me break down each of those statements for you based on what I now know , starting with … “ The PhD is really about research . ” — This statement looks simple enough . Here ’ s what it really means : A PhD in accounting has almost nothing to do with accounting . There are no journal entries . There are no T - accounts . There are n ’ t even any financial statements , applications of GAAP , figuring out how much it costs to manufacture something , or how much a corporation owes in taxes . The courses PhD students take look nothing at all like undergrad or masters accounting courses , and the skills you honed as a bachelor or masters student wo n ’ t help you much in an accounting PhD program . All the knowledge you need to actually teach accounting you picked up as an undergrad or master ’ s student . It ’ s true that you do need to have some familiarity with how accounting works , but accounting specific knowledge usually takes a back seat . Weird , right ? But do n ’ t worry , I will discuss this in more detail in my next post . So what is research ? Positivist research — the major paradigm in leading accounting academic journals these days — is stepping out from the single - company view of how to account for something and using the scientific method to look at how groups of individuals or how financial markets react to accounting choices or incentives or regulatory changes . So how do you do that ? You do it with a mix of things that most people with bachelor ’ s degrees and master ’ s degrees in accounting really do n ’ t have that much of - statistics , mathematics , economics , and econometrics . Statistics , mathematics , economics and what ? ? What was that last one ? Econometrics . Think of it as statistics on steroids . Econometrics applies statistics to economic data which often violates the hell out of many of the distributional assumptions normal statistics are based on . Sounds fun , right ? You will also be spending plenty of time working with a statistical software package of some sort — PASW , SAS , MATLAB , R , or Stata . For one big branch of accounting research ( archival ) , you will actually have to turn yourself into a good programmer capable of working with messy datasets . When the professor told you the PhD is about research , they should have said something like this : The PhD is based on research . Research is based on psychological or economic theory and statistics . Statistics are based on mathematics . You need to be comfortable taking two years of graduate level econometrics , statistics , and mathematics if you want to do a PhD in accounting . And by the way , I hope you have already taken Calculus I ( and not the business school “ calculus ” that most undergrad degrees require . You need the calculus the engineering and physics undergrads take ) , Calculus II , Calculus III , and Linear Algebra Having said all of that , the PhD is really about statistics , mathematics , economics , econometrics , psychology , programming , finance theory , reading tons of papers in academic journals , and oh yeah , writing . Pure accounting is the backdrop for all of this , but it ’ s often a second thought . Up next : “ The PhD is not really about teaching . ” Tags : academia Accounting Professors Career options Dr . Emelee So you want to get a PhD | [
"PhD in Accounting"
] |
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