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http://garagedoorsolutionstx.com/ | Language All Our Garage Door Technicians Have Passed A 20 Year Background Check and Are Subject For Random Drug Screenings So You Always Know Your Getting Someone You Can Trust Garage Door Repairs New Garage Doors Garage Door Opener Garage Door Springs Garage Door Solutions in Dallas TX If youre dealing with a broken garage door opener in Dallas your stress and frustration is totally understandable Few things are more annoying than a malfunctioning garage door opener that leaves valuables in your garage insecure or prevents you from driving or parking your car Fortunately Garage Door Solutions offers the finest garage door opener repair and installation in Dallas TX If youre fed up with wasting time trying to work a faulty garage door opener and springs our seasoned technicians can put an end to your irritation Well send a technician to your home or business to analyze the cause of the problem Broken springs cables and rollers are frequently responsible for problems with garage door openers Battery and electrical troubles are often the culprits behind garage door opener difficulties as well Other potential triggers of Dallas garage doors woes include parts that are damaged or simply too old If you call on us to take care of your Dallas The technicians at Garage Door Solutions all have comprehensive training and are well versed in garage door opener repair and installation While garage door opener repair is undeniably a big facet of our business we also provide various other key services These services include garage door tuneup and installation work If you just purchased a brand new garage door and need it installed the right way our dedicated techs are at your service If youre searching for inexpensive garage door springs and opener repair service in Dallas contact Garage Door Solutions for service you can trust We promise to identify and fix the problem right the first time Call us now to learn more about how we can serve you and take care of all of your residential and commercial garage door repair and installation needs Garage Door Brands Openers that we carry Linear Wayne Dalton LiftMaster MarantecM GENIE Amarr CHI Overhead Doors and Clopay to name a few For ANY Dallas Garage Door Call Today 9728852209 Brands We Carry Testimonials Clint was very nice he was able to fix my garage door quickly after a spring broke I am so thankful for Garage Door Solutions A friend recommended Garage Door Solutions when my door wouldnt open They came and fixed the problem right away I am glad we called them When I couldnt figure out how to program my garage door they told me how to do it at no cost to me Garage Door Solutions was able to fix my door after it came off tack Paul was awesome he knew exactly what to do I cant say enough Thank you for making the install of our custom garage door simple and fast Your installers were very nice and explained everything to us in a way we understood Clint was very nice he was able to fix my garage door quickly after a spring broke I am so thankful for Garage Door Solutions A friend recommended Garage Door Solutions when my door wouldnt open They came and fixed the problem right away I am glad we called them When I couldnt figure out how to program my garage door they told me how to do it at no cost to me Garage Door Solutions was able to fix my door after it came off tack Paul was awesome he knew exactly what to do I cant say enough Thank you for making the install of our custom garage door simple and fast Your installers were very nice and explained everything to us in a way we understood Clint was very nice he was able to fix my garage door quickly after a spring broke I am so thankful for Garage Door Solutions A friend recommended Garage Door Solutions when my door wouldnt open They came and fixed the problem right away I am glad we called them Shela G Fort Worth TX Commercial Garage Doors 1 Garage Door Maintenance 3 Garage Door Materials 1 Garage Door Openers 1 Garage Door Repair 3 Garage Door Replacement 1 Garage Door Safety 1 Garage Doors 5 Garage Security 1 Uncategorized 19 | [
"Garage Door Solutions",
"malfunctioning garage",
"repair and installation"
] |
http://garages.about.com/od/basementstorageideas/a/basement_waterproofing.htm | Basements & Attics Three Basement Finishing Systems : An Introduction By Lee Wallender Updated 08 / 11 / 18 jimkruger / Getty Images 01 of 04 02 of 04 Owens Corning Basement Finishing System The Owens Corning Basement Finishing System . Β© Owens Corning The big daddy of all basement finishing systems , your first introduction to the Owens Corning β’ Basement Finishing System β’ , may be at kiosks at shopping malls , farmer ' s markets , home - and - garden consumer shows , or sale literature slid underneath your door . Not only is Owens Corning the most prominent , but it ' s the only finishing system that comes with such a recognizable brand name attached to it . Name : Owens Corning β’ Basement Finishing System β’ . Franchised ? : Yes . Cost : $ 50 - $ 70 per square foot , though that is a very raw estimate . See our focus piece on the Owens Corning β’ Basement Finishing System β’ to get a better idea of how it ' s possible for even two similarly sized spaces to produce different estimates . Completion time : About two weeks . Ceiling included ? : Yes . Choice of two types of suspended ceiling . Flooring available ? : No . Insulating value of wall panels : R - 11 . Typical praise : Fast , clean ( no drywall dust ) , and looks good . Typical complaints : Aggressive salespeople ; high cost . Continue to 3 of 4 below . 03 Total Basement Finishing A Finished Basement from Total Basement Finishing . Β© Total Basement Finishing , Inc . Connecticut - based Total Basement Finishing ( TBF ) has been in the basement business for a long time , primarily through its parent company , Basement Systems Inc . Even though Total Basement Finishing does not waterproof basements ( no basement finishing companies do ) , with its association with Basement Systems , Inc . , waterproofing services are available . Name : Total Basement Finishing , Inc . Franchised ? : Yes . Cost : Not known . Completion time : About two weeks . Ceiling included ? : Yes , available . Flooring available ? Insulating value of wall panels : R - 13 . Typical praise : Not known . Typical complaints Continue to 4 of 4 below . | [
"Three Basement Finishing Systems",
"Introduction",
"Total Basement Finishing"
] |
http://garden-photos-com.photoshelter.com/gallery/Purple-Foliage-Plants-Stock-Images/G0000ItfyU9.cTfQ/ | Purple Foliage Plants Stock Images ( 144 images ) Albizia - Summer - Chocol . . .jpg Albizia julibrissin ' Summer Chocolate ' in . . . Albizia - Summer - Chocol . . .jpg Albizia julibrissin ' Summer Chocolate ' in . . . Closeup of leaves Albizia julibrissen ' Summer . . . Sedum - Purple - Emperor - . . .jpg Sedum Purple Emperor in flower with dark purple . . . Sedum - Purple - Emperor - . . .jpg Sedum Purple Emperor in flower with dark purple . . . Heuchera - Frosted - Viol . . .jpg Heuchera Frosted Violet purple foliage . . . Sedum - Jose - Aubergine - . . .jpg Sedum Jose Aubergine in flower with dark purple . . . Dahlia - Happy - Kiss - _J0 . . .jpg Dahlias Happy Kiss Single series with white . . . Dahlia - Bishop - Llandof . . .jpg Black / Purple Plants : Dahlia Bishop of . . . Canna - Extravaganza - 36 . . .jpg Canna ' Extravaganza ' hot pink coral flowers and . . . Heuchera - Need - ID - JWW0 . . .jpg Heuchera need id at Log Tavern Heuchera - Need - ID - JWW0 . . .jpg Heuchera need id at Log Tavern Dahlia - Mystic - Haze - _G . . .jpg Dahlia Mystic Haze ( ' Dark Side of the Sun ' ) . . . Dahlia - Happy - Single - F . . .jpg Dahlia ' Happy Single Flame ' , red perennial . . . Dahlia - Mystic - Haze - _G . . .jpg Dahlia Mystic Haze ( ' Dark Side of the Sun ' ) . . . Marigolds - Ornamental - . . .jpg Pennisetum Rubrum purple foliage leaved plant . . . Red - Pak - choi - _G017718 . jpg Red Pak Choi ( purple ) vegetable , leafy salad . . . Ceanothus - Tuxedo - _J03 . . .jpg Ceanothus ' Tuxedo ' black leaved foliage shrub Ceanothus - Tuxedo - _J03 . . .jpg Ceanothus ' Tuxedo ' black leaved foliage shrub Ficaria - verna - brazen - . . .jpg Ficaria verna ' Brazen Hussy ' aka Ranunculus . . . Acer - palmatum - Crimson . . .jpg Acer palmatum β Crimson Prince β in spring , . . . Acer - palmatum - Crimson . . .jpg Acer palmatum β Crimson Prince β in spring , . . . Dahlia - Happy - Single - W . . .jpg Dahlia ' Happy Single Wink ' pink and red flowers . . . Pennisetum - advena - Rub . . .jpg Pennisetum advena ' Rubrum ' ornamental grass . . . Ligularia - Brtt - Marie - . . .jpg Purple and green foliage of Ligularia ' Britt . . . Dahlia - Twynings - After . . .jpg Dahlia ' Twyning ' s After Eight ' ( AGM ) ( Sin ) . . . Dahlia - Twynings - After . . .jpg Dahlia ' Twyning ' s After Eight ' ( AGM ) ( Sin ) . . . Dahlia - Bishop - Llandor . . .jpg Dahlia ' Bishop of Llandaff ' ( AGM ) ( Misc ) with . . . Colocasia - Black - Leaf - . . .jpg Colocasia esculenta ' Black Leaf ' Taro with . . . Cercis - Forest - Pansy - 2 . . .jpg Cercis canadensis ' Forest Pansy ' Cercis - canadensis - Red . . .jpg Cercis canadensis Forest Pansy redbud in May Berberis - Marshalls - Up . . .jpg Berberis thunbergii var . atropurpurea . . . Mahonia - aquifolium - At . . .jpg Mahonia aquifolium Atropurpurea in yellow bloom Cotinus - Grace - _G01240 . . .jpg Cotinus ' Grace ' in early September Purple - Foliage - Garden . . .jpg Black purple foliage of Aeonium against silver . . . Purple - Foliage - Garden . . .jpg Purple foliage Persicaria and Sedum with . . . Purple foliage garden , Canna , Lobelia , Oxalis , . . . Purple - Pink - Garden - 40 . . .jpg Garden mixed border bed with purple foliage . . . Purple - Garden - 25058A . jpg Purple foliage garden : Heuchera , fragrant plant . . . Dahlia - Twynings - Revel . . .jpg Dahlia ' Twyning ' s Revel ' perennial flowers . . . Dahlia - Twynings - Revel . . .jpg Dahlia ' Twyning ' s Revel ' perennial flowers . . . Dahlia - Mystic - Illusio . . .jpg Dahlia Mystic Illusion , single yellow flowers . . . Aeonium - Echeveria - Tro . . .jpg Aeonium , two kinds , green and the purple . . . Solenostemon - Black - Pr . . .jpg Solenostemon ( Coleus ) ' Black Prince ' with dark . . . Coleus - Chocolate - Mint . . .jpg Coleus Chocolate Mint Solenostemon , purple . . . Colocasia - Midnight - 25 . . .jpg Black purple foliage plant Colocasia esculenta . . . _JWW2988 . jpg Succulent plant Echeveria ' Afterglow ' aka . . . Foliage - Plants - Heuche . . .jpg Foliage plants combinations of Ipomoea batatas . . . Purple - Canna - Calla - Li . . .jpg Purple leaved Canna with spotted Zantedeschia . . . Purple - Basil - _J013846 . jpg Purple basil Ocimum herb with Solenostemon . . . Sempervivum - Kramers - P . . .jpg Sempervivum Kramer β s Purple succulent foliage . . . _JWW3843 . jpg Rosa ' Nice Day ' = ' Chewsea ' ( Climbing pink . . . Windowbox - Garden - 3614 . . .jpg Pretty garden scene of house window , windowbox . . . Ligularia - dentata - Bri . . .jpg Ligularia dentata Britt - Marie Crawford in . . . Ligularia - dentata - Bri . . .jpg Ligularia dentata Britt - Marie Crawford in . . . Dahlia - Mystic - Haze - Bl . . .jpg Dahlia Mystic Haze ( aka ' Dark Side of the Sun ' ) . . . Physocarpus - Diablo - 95 . . .jpg Physocarpus opulifolius ' Diablo ' black leaves . . . Lysimachia - congestifl . . .jpg Lysimachia congestiflora Midnight Sun in flower . . . Heuchera - Venus - _JWW87 . . .jpg Ornamental foliage of Heuchera Venus , perennial . . . Coleus - Heuchera - 12953 . jpg Coleus ( Solenostemon ) , Heuchera & Euphorbia . . . Heuchera - Boxwood - _G01 . . .jpg Buxus sempervirens , Heuchera ' Palace Purple ' , . . . Viola - _J013342 . jpg Viola riviniana Purpurea Group aka Viola . . . Viola - _J013326 . jpg Viola riviniana Purpurea Group aka Viola . . . Salvia - officinalis - Pu . . .jpg Salvia officinalis ' Purpurascens ' Culinary . . . Oxalis - triangularis - S . . .jpg Ipomoea ' Sweet Caroline Green ' with purple . . . 37966c . jpg Ipomoea ' Sweet Carolina Green ' with purple . . . Ricin - stock - photo - 127 . . .jpg Ricinus communis ' Zanzibar ' castor oil bean . . . Bergenia - Bressingham - . . .jpg Bergenia Bressingham Ruby in winter color , red . . . Heuchera - Plum - Puddin - . . .jpg Heuchera Plum Puddin shade foliage plant in . . . Coleus - Chocolate - Mint . . .jpg Coleus ' Chocolate Mint ' Solenostemon annual . . . Heuchera - Caramel - _G02 . . .jpg Heuchera ' Caramel ' orange peach purple gold in . . . Euphorbia - Ruby - Glow - 3 . . .jpg Euphorbia Ruby Glow perennial plant in dark . . . 31989 . jpg Closeup of leaves & foliage of Jekka ' s Red . . . - 3386 . jpg Barberry Berberis thunbergii Admiration red . . . Hydrangea - quercifolia . . .jpg Hydrangea quercifolia in autumn color | Oakleaf . . . Cotinus - Grace - Gazebo - . . .jpg Garden gazebo building with hydrangeas & . . . Cotinus - Grace - Gazebo - . . .jpg Garden gazebo building with hydrangeas & . . . Echeveria - Afterglow - _ . . .jpg Echeveria ' Afterglow ' succulent plant , fleshy . . . Cornus - kousa - Autumn - _ . . .jpg Cornus kousa in autumn color Korean Dogwood tree Black - Garden - 36409A . jpg Black Plants : Dahlia Bishop of Llandaff , . . . Rau - ram - Vietnamese - Co . . .jpg Persicaria odorata aka Vietnamese coriander aka . . . Sambucus - Black - Lace - C . . .jpg Caryopteris x clandonensis Sterling Silver . . . Heuchera - Berry - Smooth . . .jpg Heuchera ' Berry Smoothie ' Heuchera - Berry - Smooth . . .jpg Heuchera ' Berry Smoothie ' 27593 . jpg Heuchera Harry Hay in bloom Acer - palmatum - Shaina - . . .jpg Acer palmatum ' Shaina ' , Dwarf Japanese maple . . . _G014447 . jpg Brassica ( kale ) ' Redbor ' patio Ophiopogon - planiscapu . . .jpg Ophiopogon planiscapus ' Nigrescens ' ( black . . . 23233c . jpg Crame maritima ( Seakale ) Hydrangea - quercifolia . . .jpg Hydrangea quercifolia Oak - leaf Hydrangea shrub . . . - 3058 . jpg African Milkbush Synadenium compactum var . rubrum 27171 . jpg Leafy red tops of Beet Bull ' s Blood Euphorbia - Ruby - Glow - 3 . . .jpg Euphorbia ' Ruby Glow ' aka ' Raven ' Tropical - Garden - Plant . . .jpg Purple garden : Canna indica King Humbert , . . . Tropical - Garden - Plant . . .jpg Purple garden : Canna indica King Humbert , . . . Cotinus - Royal - Purple - . . .jpg Cotinus in flower with purple foliage need id . . . Red - Purple - Garden - 401 . . .jpg Red purple foliage and flowers of Scabiosa . . . Sedum β Purple Emperor β in bud with purple . . . Heuchera - Hakonechloa - . . .jpg Hakonechloa ornamental grass gold yellow . . . Antirrhinum - Bronze - Dr . . .jpg Antirrhinum Bronze Dragon with dark purple . . . Antirrhinum - Bronze - Dr . . .jpg Antirrhinum Bronze Dragon with dark purple . . . Dahlia - Bishop - of - Oxfo . . .jpg Dahlia ' Bishop of Oxford ' orange flower with . . . Heuchera - Steel - City - _ . . .jpg Heuchera ' Steel City ' perennial purple foliage . . . Perilla - magellanica - _ . . .jpg Perilla Magillanica purple foliage with . . . Heuchera - Need - Id - J021 . . .jpg Heuchera perhaps Palace Purple , foliage plant . . . Cordyline - australis - A . . .jpg Cordyline australis ' Atropurpureum ' ( aka . . . Eupatorium - Chocolate - . . .jpg Eupatorium rugosum β Chocolate β ( Ageratina . . . Darmera - peltata - 40027 . jpg Darmera peltata red purple foliage Darmera - peltata - 40027 . jpg Darmera peltata red purple foliage Sedum - Jose - Aubergine - . . .jpg Sedum Jose Auberginein flower with dark purple . . . Sedum - Vera - Jameson - 17 . . .jpg Sedum similar to Black Beauty ( Vera Jameson ) in . . . Ipomoea - Sweet - Carolin . . .jpg Ipomoea β Sweet Caroline Purple β sweet . . . Sedum Purple Emperor foliage in spring May , . . . Cotinus - Royal - Purple - . . .jpg Cotinus Royal Purple smokebush in spring . . . Geranium - Dusky - Rose - _ . . .jpg Geranium ' Dusky Rose ' dark black foliage purple . . . Iris - virginica - _J0206 . . .jpg Iris virginica Southern Blue flag with purple . . . Dahlia - Knockout - _G020 . . .jpg Dahlia ' Knockout ' ( foliage ) dark purple black . . . Dahlia - Happy - Flame - _G . . .jpg Dahlia Happy Single Series ' Flame ' dark purple . . . Geranium - Dusky - Rose - _ . . .jpg Geranium ' Dusky Rose ' dark black foliage purple Dahlia - Knockout - _G020 . . .jpg Dahlia ' Knockout ' ( foliage ) dark purple black . . . Dahlia - Fascination - _J . . .jpg Dahlia ' Fascination ' ( AGM ) ( SWL / DwB ) single . . . Dahlia - Fascination - 27 . . .jpg Dahlia ' Fascination ' ( AGM ) ( SWL / DwB ) single . . . Strobilanthes - dyerian . . .jpg Strobilanthes dyerianus ( Persian Shield ) with . . . Strobilanthes - dyerian . . .jpg Strobilanthes dyerianus ( Persian Shield ) with . . . Oreganos - Perilla - Herb . . .jpg Herb garden , Origanum variegated oregano . . . Oxalis - vulcanicola - Bu . . .jpg Oxalis β Burgundy β , dark foliage purple . . . Oxalis - vulcanicola - Bu . . .jpg Oxalis β Burgundy β , dark foliage purple . . . Hibiscus - acetosella - K . . .jpg Hibiscus acetosella ' Kopper King ' foliage . . . Dahlia - Bishop - of - Llan . . .jpg Dahlia ' Bishop of Llandaff ' ( AGM ) ( Misc ) with . . . Persicaria - Red - Dragon . . .jpg Persicaria microcephala Red Dragon with purple . . . Lysimachia - ciliata - Fi . . .jpg Lysimachia ciliata ' Firecracker ' purple dark . . . Heuchera - Steel - City - J . . .jpg Heuchera Steel City purple red leafed foliage . . . Heuchera - Guardian - Ang . . .jpg Heuchera ' Guardian Angel ' , purple pink veined . . . Heuchera - Guardian - Ang . . .jpg Heuchera ' Guardian Angel ' , purple pink veined . . . Heuchera - Midnight - Ros . . .jpg Heuchera Midnight Rose in flower bloom , purple . . . Heuchera - Licorice - 304 . . .jpg Heuchera ' Licorice ' dark purple leafed foliage . . . Arum - Heuchera - 12780 . jpg Foliage plants Arum italicum ' Tiny ' with dark . . . Heuchera - Frosted - Viol . . .jpg Heuchera Frosted Violet purple leaf foliage plant Weigela - Wine - Roses - _J . . .jpg Weigela florida ' Alexandra ' aka ' Wine & Roses ' . . . Actaea - Pink - Spike - _J0 . . .jpg Actaea simplex ' Pink Spike ' aka Cimicifuga . . . Weigela - Wine - Roses - _J . . .jpg Weigela florida ' Alexandra ' aka ' Wine & Roses ' . . . Prunus - cerasifera - _J0 . . .jpg Prunus cerasifera Tree ( Purple Leaf Plum ) in . . . Heuchera - Molly - Bush - _ . . .jpg Heuchera β Molly Bush β perennial foliage . . . | [
"Purple Foliage Plants"
] |
http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Oak | Home Improvement Organic Green Living Herbs Garden Trees Oak Tree Varieties Oak Tree Varieties By LoveToKnow Staff Source Oak is the common name for several hundred species of the genus Quercus with a wide variety of trees . They are native to the northern hemisphere and include both deciduous and evergreen species . Evergreen species are commonly called " live oak " and are not a distinct botanical group . Description of Quercus - the Mighty Oak Culturally , the oak is a symbol of strength and endurance . It is the national tree of Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Oaks were considered sacred by the Celts , and the name of their priests , druid , comes from the words for oak and for knowledge . Source Oak trees grow slowly to a mature height of one hundred feet with a spread of fifty to eighty feet . They are deciduous broadleaf trees . Most oak leaves , though not all , have lobed margins that turn yellow or brown in the autumn . The edible fruit is a nut , called an acorn in English . The oak typically lives from 200 to 600 years . Oaks are used as food plants by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species . Scientific Classification Kingdom - Plantae Division - Magnoliophyta Class - Magnoliopsida Order - Fagales Family - Fagaceae Genus - Quercus Cultivating an Oak Oaks prefer deep , rich , slightly acidic loam with plenty of organic matter . They are , however , quite tolerant of other soils . Their leaves are slightly acidic and , if allowed to compost where they fall , will gradually change the soil to the tree ' s preferred pH level . These trees grow best in full sun to light shade . Many oaks are tolerant of urban pollution and soil salt , so they are often grown as street trees . They are hardy to zone 4 . Most oak species prefer evenly moist soil , but are tolerant of wet and dry conditions once they are established . Oaks need little maintenance . Dead or damaged wood can be removed at any time . Other pruning should be done in late winter or early spring . Trees should be transplanted while still small . Oaks should be transplanted in the spring for best results . Water the transplanted saplings regularly for the first two seasons , until the root system is established . Oaks seed themselves readily if acorns are left on the ground . Problems to Watch For Most oaks are not troubled by pests or diseases . The most common diseases are a water mold , sudden oak death ( Phytophthora ramorum ) , and a fungus , oak wilt . Older trees may suffer from root rot . Uses for Oak Trees Most oaks are large trees ! They are usually planted as specimen and / or shade trees . The leaves of many species turn a brilliant gold in autumn . Oaks are hardwood trees , and are valuably commercially for furniture and flooring , especially the various red oak and white oak species . The bark of the cork oak is used to produce stopper for wine and olive bottles . Several species are valued for making barrels to age wine and spirits ; the oak wood contributes to the taste of the final product . Traditionally , white oak bark was dried and used in medical preparations . Oak bark is rich in tannin , and is still used in tanning leather . Acorns can be ground for flour , roasted for acorn coffee , or used as a food source for some livestock . Varieties of Oak - From the Victorian Gardener Chestnut Oak Chestnut Oak ( Quercus Acuminata ) - A tall tree with a maximum height of over 150 feet , with grey flaky bark and chestnut - like leaves , shiny on the upper surface and greyish beneath . This should be a very useful Oak in certain soils in Britain supposed to be inimical to our own Oak . Eastern States and Canada , and westwards , in dry limestone soil . White Oak White Oak ( Quercus Alba ) - A fine forest tree , sometimes 150 feet high , with deeply - lobed but not sharp - pointed leaves , and grey bark scaling off in plates . A native of Canada and the more northern United States , its hardiness need not be doubted , and the wood is hard and tough and good . Turkey Oak Turkey Oak ( Quercus Cerris ) - This is a valuable tree for garden and park . Though not unlike the common Oak in growth and branching , it is readily distinguished by its deeper green and finely cut foliage , and by its mossy - cupped acorns . It is also much more rapid in growth , and will flourish in light and varied soils . It retains its foliage longer than most other trees , and some of its varieties are almost evergreen . The chief of these is the Lucombe Oak , a tree of graceful growth Scarlet Oak The Scarlet Oak ( Quercus Coccinea ) - A forest tree , in its native country growing to 160 feet high , and one of the best N . American Oaks . It is a beautiful tree at all seasons , but particularly so in the autumn , when the rich scarlet and crimson hues of its foliage are very handsome . Hungarian Oak Hungarian Oak ( Quercus Conferta ) - This is a noble tree in its own country , and one of the quickest growing Oaks in cultivation . It has much larger leaves than the common Oak , and they are cut in much the same way . It is a good Oak to plant as a tree of the future , as it is very hardy and grows well in almost all kinds of soil . Bur Oak Bur Oak ( Quercus Macrocarpa ) - A large forest tree of a maximum height of 160 feet , with a trunk as much as 8 feet in diameter , and rather large , thin , deeply incised , but blunt - lobed , leaves , shiny on the upper side and whitish below . The timber is good and tough . A native of rich soils from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and also southwards . Post Oak Post Oak ( Quercus Minor ) - A tall tree , sometimes in its best state 100 feet high , with rough grey bark and deeply incised but blunt pointed leaves . The wood is very hard and durable . N . America . Water Oak Water Oak ( Quercus Nigra ) - A forest tree , though not so tall as other Oaks - 80 feet . There is a variety of it in cultivation named nobilis , which has leaves 9 inches or more in length of a rich green . It makes a handsome small tree . In wet and swampy ground , E . and W . United States , also southwards . Pin Oak Pin Oak ( Quercus Palustris ) - A forest tree with a maximum height of 120 feet . It is one of the quickest growing Oaks , and its chief beauty is the tender green , almost yellow , of the unfolding foliage in May and rich autumn tints . It soon makes a fine tree , and is one of the best to plant in marshy places , as it grows naturally in such ground . Leaves deeply cut , bright green and smooth . N . America . British Oak British Oak ( Quercus Pedunculata ) - Most valuable of British trees , and most beautiful in old age in many different states alike in wood , park , chase , by rivers , and in pasture land , and one which comes well into the home grounds in its old state , giving noble shade and fine beauty of form , as at Shrubland and in many other places . Botanists give this and the other British Oak under the general term of Q . Robur , but they are wrong , as the Oaks are distinct in form Willow Oak Willow Oak ( Quercus Phellos ) - A forest tree 80 feet high , and unlike the other Oaks in its foliage , narrow and long like that of a Willow and whitish beneath , giving the tree a silvery appearance on a windy day . It is not a common tree , though it was introduced from N . America in the last century . It is of slow growth in cold places and soils , and thrives well and grows rapidly on well - drained light soils , especially in a gravelly subsoil . N . America . Swamp White Oak Swamp White Oak ( Quercus Platinoides ) - A large forest tree with flaky green bark , and in its best state reaching a height of over 100 feet , with slightly lobed leaves and the acorns on rather long stalks . It has good , tough , closely - grained wood , and is a native of moist and swampy soils in Canada and west to Michigan . ' ' ' Rock Chestnut Oak ' ' ' Rock Chestnut Oak ( Quercus Prinus ) - Sometimes attains a height of 100 feet , the leaves somewhat chestnut - like , and bearing an edible acorn , in dry soil . Eastern States and Ontario and southwards . Champion Oak Champion Oak ( Quercus Rubra ) - A noble forest tree with a maximum height of nearly 150 feet , and one of the finest of American trees , remarkable for the richness of its autumn tints . It is a fine park tree , and also makes a beautiful shade tree for lawns . It grows best on a free and deep soil , and is much more rapid in growth on moist than on dry soils . Canada and Eastern States . Durmast Oak Durmast Oak ( Quercus Sessiliflora ) - The second species of British Oak , and is often included with Q . pedunculata , but is distinct from a planters point of view , not being so long - lived or quite so noble a tree . It is none the less one of the finest forest trees of northern countries , and has a straighter and more cylindrical stem and form of tree even than the common Oak , is of a deeper green , denser foliage , and giving better covert and more leaf soil . The leaves a Black Oak Black Oak ( Quercus Velutina ) - A tall tree up to 150 feet , the outer bark a very dark brown with deeply cut leaves with sharp points . It is rare with us and worth a trial from seed sown where we wish it to grow , or from young seedling plants . Northern United States , Canada , and westwards , and also in the southern states . Quercus Acuta Quercus Acuta - Native of Japan , with dark leathery leaves about the size of those of the common - Cherry Laurel . It has not been long enough in the country to enable one to judge its merits as an adult tree , but even as a bush it is a fine object . Q . Buergeri robusta is a vigorous large - leaved form . Quercus Agrifolia Quercus Agrifolia - The Enceno of the Californian coast is a distinct Oak rarely seen in gardens , in aspect not unlike some forms of Q . Ilex , but the leaves are of a different shade of green . Dr Engelmann says it is " a large tree , with a stout , low trunk , often 8 to 12 feet , sometimes 16 to 21 feet , in circumference , and with a spread of branches of 120 feet . " Californian Live Oak Californian Live Oak ( Quercus Chrysolepis ) - Along the coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada , it forms a tree 3 to 5 feet in diameter of stem , or , at higher elevations , is reduced to a shrub . It has pretty spiny - toothed dark green leaves , somewhat golden on the under surface , and in its native country it is a beautiful evergreen tree . Quercus Coccifera Quercus Coccifera - A dense bush with small spiny dark green leaves and very small acorns , often hardly larger than a pea , which now and then ripen in S . England . S . Europe . Quercus Densiflora A tree 50 to 60 feet high , in some positions often a shrub . At Kew it grows freely in rather sheltered places , and produces fine leathery leaves of a dark green color , in outline somewhat like those of a small Spanish Chestnut . Mountains of California . Quercus Glabra Quercus Glabra - A Japanese Oak , with large handsome leaves , the acorns borne in upright spikes . Several varieties are mentioned in catalogues , but they are hardly distinct . At Kew the species makes a large bush , and is thoroughly hardy . Quercus Ilex Quercus Ilex - The best - known of Evergreen Oaks , and the most valuable for Britain . Old trees , which have been allowed plenty of space and have been allowed to grow naturally , resemble in form the Olive trees of the Italian coast and of the Riviera . It is one of the most variable of Oaks , but few of the named varieties - and there are many - are so beautiful as the wild kind . Cork Oak Cork Oak ( Quercus Suber ) - The Cork Oak , except for the curious growth of its bark , hardly differs in effect from the Holm Oak . There are fine old trees of this at Mount Edgcumbe , Goodwood , and other places , though the Cork Oak is not hardy enough for our climate generally . Live Oak Live Oak ( Quercus Virens ) - In its native country a tree of the first economic value , it deserves all the encomiums passed on it by Cobbett in his Woodlands . All the trees in England I have seen under this name are , however , forms of Q . Ilex , and I doubt there being any fine trees of the true Q . virens in cultivation in this country . Oak Photos Quercus imbricaria Michx . - shingle oak Acorns - quercus Beautify Your Landscape With Oak The majestic beauty of an oak is truly something to marvel at . If you do n ' t have one in your landscape already , check with your local garden store to find a variety that suits the climate in your region . Which Berries Grow on Trees ? Tree Identification 0 Write a comment | [
"Oak Tree Varieties"
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http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Planting_Tulip_Bulbs_in_Spring | Planting Tulip Bulbs in Spring By Jeri Sullivan Planting Tulip Bulbs Source For most gardeners , planting tulip bulbs in spring is not recommended . If you have bulbs that , for whatever reason , did not get planted the previous fall , there is still a chance they may bloom . By understanding how the tulip life cycle works and following a few simple instructions , you may be able to salvage these wonderful flowers . About Tulips Tulips are a member of the lily family and are indigenous to Europe and Asia . Brought from Turkey in the mid 1500 ' s , the tulip is most commonly associated with the Netherlands due to the sheer number of varieties produced there . Early Dutch settlers brought the bulbs to the United States and settled in the Pennsylvania and Michigan areas . Tulips are available in a myriad of colors ranging from the palest pinks to the darkest purples and even black . Planting Tulip Bulbs in Spring Since bulbs planted in the spring have not had the benefit of the cool weather to promote root development , gardeners have two options . Though neither are guaranteed , planting as early in the spring as possible gives you a greater chance for success . Forced Blooming Tricking mother nature is the key to forced blooming . Fill a flower pot approximately half full with potting soil . Ideally the pot would be six to eight inches in diameter so you can plant several bulbs together . Place your tulip bulbs in the pot with the point facing up . Lightly cover with additional soil and water to moisten but not soak . Put the pot in the back of your refrigerator and leave for ten to twelve weeks or until you see roots coming out of the bottom of the pot or shoots coming out of the top . When it is time to remove the pot from the refrigerator , place it in the coolest area of your house . Slowly adapting the plant to the warmer temperatures outside the refrigerator but out of direct sunlight will prevent the shoots from burning . Once the plant is acclimated , you can allow more warmth and sunlight to reach the plant . The tulips should bloom about four weeks after you remove it from the refrigerator . Once the blooms die , cut the stems so the only part left is foliage . Continue to water as you would Direct Outdoor Planting Depending on the zone and how early in spring you manage to get the bulbs in the ground , outdoor planting may still work . Tulip bulbs typically require at least 14 weeks of cool weather in order to produce flowers , which is why bulbs are planted in the fall . If you live in zones 1 through 5 there may be enough cold weather to " trick " the bulb into blooming as normal in late spring . For zones farther south ( 6 - 10 ) , planting the bulbs directly outdoors will most likely cause the Final Thoughts If , after planting tulip bulbs in the spring , you got no flowers , do n ' t assume they are completely dead . In fact , the bulb may just need another fall and winter to build up enough nutrients to bloom next spring . For bulbs that did flower , cut the flower and stem when the flower dies but leave the foliage because it needs sunlight to convert into energy for the bulb ' s needs next spring . Was this page useful ? Yes No Lawn Weed Pictures Identifying Garden Pests | [
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http://gardendrum.com/2012/01/24/red-flowering-gum/ | Red flowering gum Angus Stewart January 24 , 2012 80 The red flowering gum , Corymbia ficifolia ( formerly Eucalyptus ficifolia ) is one of those trees that really grabs your attention when it β s in full flower , like very few other flowering trees can , perhaps with the exception of the jacaranda or the Illawarra flame tree . However , one of the ongoing problems with the red flowering gum has been that it β s always been grown from seed in the nursery industry in the past . When it did flower , after 5 to 10 years , the colour varied enormously as there is a great deal of genetic variability within this species . Not only does the colour vary , but the height of the tree can vary from a 10 - 15 metre substantial tree to a mallee form that β s no more than a couple of metres in height β a form which does have its advantages in the smaller gardens of today . One of the exciting developments in horticulture in recent years has been the development of the red flowering gum to make it more predictable and amenable to garden culture . Before I talk about that , though , I β d like to talk about the botany and the name change from Eucalyptus ficifolia to Corymbia ficifolia . The reason why the group of gums that include the red flowering gum were separated from Eucalyptus were that there are considerable differences . Corymbia are generally known as the bloodwoods and they have a special characteristic of being terminal flowering , with all those big sprays of flowers held on the end of the branches , which can be seen from a very long distance away . Many of what have remained as Eucalyptus flower way back inside the canopy on the axillary buds , unlike the terminal buds of Corymbia . Indeed , many people are surprised to hear that all gums are β flowering gums β ; the red flowering gum just holds its flowers where they can be easily seen . shares this terminal flowering with Angophora , sometimes known as the apple gums , of which the Sydney red gum , Angophora costata is probably the best known in cultivation . The botanists faced the dilemma that gums were more closely related to Angophora , both being terminal flowering and sharing some other characteristics . Being closer to , it was either include everything within the one genus of , or split off the bloodwoods and create a separate group for them sitting in between and Which brings me to the genetic improvement of the red flowering gum , a brilliant but unreliable species , in the genetic sense that you do n β t know what you β re getting ! One of the more amazing projects that I β ve seen in my career as a plant breeder happened up in Queensland . A fellow by the name of Stan Henry , a retired horticulturist , wanted to grow a red flowering gum in his home garden but he was in the humid climate of coastal central Queensland . He watched a number of his die from the heat and humidity , and from the leaf spot that they tend to get when they β re grown in Sydney and further north ( you can grow them but they look very ratty and not a good garden specimen ) . The strategy that he then chose was to hybridise , the red flowering gum from around Albany in south - west Western Australia with the swamp bloodwood Corymbia ptychocarpa from northern Australia , which has the same spectacular terminal flowers common to all the Corymbias , but is obviously much better equipped to cope with the humidity and heat of northern Australia . By crossing those two species together , we get a group of hybrids which has been marketed as the Summer series β β Summer Red β , β Summer Beauty β and β Summer Snow β , a white variety . By and large it β s been quite a successful series when planted in gardens up and down the east coast , from Melbourne through to Queensland . Hybridisation is one way to go , and I like to think of what he β s done as a wonderful reconciliation , a sort of β east meets west β , between the swamp bloodwood from the east and north east and , from the other corner of the continent right down in the south - west , the red flowering gum . That β s where I think plant breeding really does have a place in modern horticulture ; to combine the outstanding features of two different species to come up with a plant that has all the right attributes to be a successful garden plant . One of the issues with all the selections , whether they β re straight selections of or hybrids like the Summer series , is that they are difficult to propagate by cuttings β too difficult for commercial production . The way that they β re propagated now is by grafting onto the rootstock of a hardy member of the group , such as the spotted gum , Corymbia maculata , or the red bloodwood , Corymbia gummifera . Finding the right species to use as a rootstock for different areas has become one of the key challenges for the selection and improvement of the group , and in particular the flowering gums . The second wave of improvement of the red flowering gum has come about through the selection of different clones of the red flowering gum though the hundred years or so that this plant has been in cultivation . In southern Australia , from Perth across to Melbourne and up the southern coast of NSW , is quite a reliable species in its own right . Having been grown from seed , there β s all sorts of variation , so various nurseries have selected their outstanding forms of and we β re now seeing some interesting new cultivars emerge from that work . β Wildfire β is one the oldest selections , and there are new ones called β Baby Red β , β Baby Orange β and β Calypso β They β re all slightly different in both flower colour and plant height , so it β s a matter of going out and finding out what is available from your local garden retailer . There will be a continuing series of new selections in the future as we get more confident with the grafting of red flowering gums in its various colour selections and finding the right rootstock partner . The red flowering gum is one of our most iconic Australian species in cultivation , and through some judicious genetic selection and breeding work , we β re now starting to see cultivars emerge which are going to be more reliable β as far as knowing what flower colour and height you β re going to get . Hopefully in the future , you β ll be able to find anything from a 2 metre shrub to a 15m tree to match your garden requirements . So if you β ve ever planted a seedling tree and been disappointed , [ You can now see how to prune your flowering gum in the new post by Angus How to prune a flowering gum < Designing plant pictures Mulch > Like this post ? Why not share it with a friend ? About Angus Stewart Gardening Australia TV presenter , author of ' Creating an Australian Garden ' , ' Australian Plants for Year - round Colour ' and ' Let ' s Propagate ' , garden travel guide , native plant specialist and breeder . Central Coast , NSW . Find out lots more about native plants at Gardening with Angus View all posts by Angus Stewart β | [
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http://gardener.wikia.com/wiki/Runner_bean | in : Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots and 6 more Runner bean Edit Share Runner Bean Runner Beans . Variety : Lady Di Scientific Classification Kingdom Plantae Division Angiosperms Class Eudicots Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily : Faboideae Tribe : Phaseoleae Genus Phaseolus Species Phaseolus coccineus Plant Data Min germination temp : 16 Β° C ( 61 Β° F ) Max germination temp : 26 Β° C ( 79 Β° F ) Germination time : 9 days Time to transplanting : + 7 days Time to harvesting : + 43 days Mature height : various Soil type : Peat Ideal pH range : 6.0 - 6.8 Sow depth : 5cm ( 2in ) Sow spacing : 30cm ( 12in ) The runner bean or scarlet runner is an easy - to - grow plant ideal for beginners . They often receive a bad reputation possibly due to tough shop - bought ones , but home - grown runner beans can be picked when they are just ready and are a delicious and attractive addition to any vegetable plot . Their red or white flowers add a splash of colour and as one of the legumes they take nitrogen from the air and fix it in their roots , ideal for leafy , nitrogen - loving , brassicas to follow . Contents show Planner Edit J F M A M J A S O N D Sowing Time ( Indoors ) Transplanting Time Sowing Time ( Outdoors ) Picking Time ) Growing Location Runner beans should be grown in a warm sunny spot , although they will tolerate partial shade . Try and choose a site with some wind protect or they will suffer as a result of their height . Due to the thickness of their foliage ; runner beans can cast a long , dense shadow over a large portion of your plot , be mindful which plants will be shaded by them as not all plants will are suited to such conditions . Soil Work plenty of organic matter into the site in February or March , this will help the soil retain plenty of water that the beans will require . Avoid conditioning the soil with any nitrogen substitutes as legumes fix nitrogen from the air into nodules in their roots . Additional nitrogen will cause excess leafy growth . Sowing Since runner beans will be damaged by frost you should not sow outdoors until one week before the last frost date in late April / early May . Indoors To get a full season ' s growth out of the beans you will benefit from growing in modules indoors or under protection . Sow two beans in each module , 5cm ( 2in ) deep . Only retain the stronger of the two for transplanting . Seedlings are ready to transplant when they are 8cm ( 3in ) tall . Outdoors Dig a hole or drill 5cm ( 2in ) deep . If planting in rows , leave 1.5m ( 5ft ) between rows or expected plant height . Sow beans 15cm ( 6in ) apart . Transplanting Transplant indoor or outdoor seedlings to a final spacing of 30cm ( 1ft ) about 3 weeks after sowing . Aftercare Support Runner beans will require supports to grow up . The most common approach is to build a wigwam by pushing four or five 2m ( 6ft - 6in ) canes into the ground with one or two beans at the base of each and tying their tops together . This can also be used for container - grown beans . For row - sown beans : push two canes into the ground between two rows , one next to each row , and tie their tops together . Continue down the row at your chosen spacing and then tie a Maintenance Water and weed your beans regularly and feed if necessary . You may wish to apply a mulch of organic material around the plants which will secure more moisture in the soil and suppress weeds as well as leeching nutrients into the soil . Pinch out the growing tips when they are 15cm ( 6in ) from the top of their supports . The plants will continue to grow upwards for a short period afterwards . Harvesting You can begin harvesting runner beans from July . Leaving pods on the plants too long will result in stringy , inedible beans . Pick when they are 15 - 20cm ( 6 - 8in ) long and before the beans inside begin to swell . Cropping regularly will ensure the plants continue flowering and producing pods for up - to 8 weeks longer . Troubles Full troubles list : Bean troubles Frost Halo blight Blackfly Slug Capsid bug Varieties Categories Fabales Fabaceae Faboideae Phaseoleae Phaseolus Vegetable Add category | [
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http://gardenersnet.com/vegetable/rutabaga.htm | How to Grow Rutabaga As members of the mustard family , Rutabaga is not an overly common crop in home gardens in the U.S. They are however , quite popular in Europe and Canada . Like it ' s cousin the Turnip , Rutabagas are an easy to grow root crop . They are nutritious , versatile and taste good raw , with dips or cooked . Of the two , rutabagas are larger , and takes longer to reach harvest . For some reason , when we speak of Turnips and Rutabagas , we talk about them together . Perhaps , that ' s because they both are root crops , and both are more obscure and uncommon in the vegetable garden . There are significant differences . Rutabagas for example , are a cross between a turnip and a cabbage , hence we consider them cousins . Turnips are quick to grow , and can produce two or more crops in a season . Growing Rutabagas require 80 - 100 days . You will only get a fall crop . Did you know ? In Ireland , Turnips and Rutabagas were hollowed out and a small ember put in them to ward off demons and devils . They were the first Jack O " Lanterns . Varieties of Rutabagas : Rutabaga ranges from a round root to a slightly oblong variety . American Purple Top is the most common variety . Sowing Rutabaga Seeds : Sow Rutabaga seeds 1 / 2 inch deep , two to four inches apart , in rows 1 1 / 2 to two feet apart . Plant seeds in double rows to conserve space in your home garden . Time the sowing of seeds for a fall harvest . This can vary significantly , depending upon the length of the season in your area . Try to time the harvest between the last couple weeks before frost to about a month after the first frost . Being hardy plants , they survive frosts . Even after hard freezes , the rutabaga roots are fine to harvest . Maturity : Rutabaga plants need 80 - 100 days to harvest . Growing Rutabaga : Rutabaga plants grow best in full sun . While Rutabaga plants tolerate poor soils , they grow better in richer garden soils , and be less likely to take on a woody texture . Work the soil , and add compost and manure . Make sure to remove any large rocks and stones that may impede the growth of the root . Rutabagas sprout in about a week to ten days . A couple of weeks after they have sprouted , thin seedlings to six to eight inches apart . Provide ample water throughout the growing season . . As with other root crops , the action is below the soil . You want to encourage steady growth of the roots . As a rule of thumb " when in doubt , water " . Also See : Plant Problems Soil Temperatures - Ideal germination temperature by vegetable Ideal Soil pH - by vegetable Harvesting : Harvest Rutabagas as they get larger than a tennis ball . The younger roots will be more tender than older roots . Some people leave their fall crop in the ground , and pick a few as needed well into the winter months . Cover the crop with mulch , so the roots do not freeze . You can also harvest them and store indoors . Cut or twist off the leaves . Brush off the dirt . Store them in a cool , dry place . Many people will store them in dry sand or peat , to help retain moisture and freshness . Rutabaga leaves are also edible . Try some in your next salad ! Insects and Pests : Rutabagas can be visited by a variety of insects and pests . The insect world knows that this vegetable is tasty and nutritious . Insect pests include slugs and snails , aphids , beetles , cutworms and root maggots . Disease of Rutabaga : Occasional mildews and a white blister disease can affect the crop . However , it is infrequent . Plant Problems - Diagnosis , causes and cures for many common plant problems Hardiness : Turnips and Rutabagas are cool weather crops . They withstand light freezes . Rutabagas are the hardier of the two , and can be harvested well after the first killing frost . Garden Rutabaga Recipes : Recipes : May we suggest : Glazed Rutabaga More Fresh Garden Recipes For More Information : Buy Rutabaga Vegetable Garden Seeds - Over 500 varieties . Better quality , discount prices . Raised Garden Bed Frames - Grow the best looking , healthiest garden in the neighborhood . | [
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http://gardening.about.com/od/plantprofile1/p/Astilbe.htm | Perennial Plants Astilbe Plant Profile By Marie Iannotti Updated 03 / 24 / 19 49pauly / Getty Images Astilbes are one of the easiest perennial flowers to grow . They have long - blooming , plume - like flowers in soft shades of white , pink and red , and the flowers are held on tall , stiff stalks , above the airy foliage . Virtually pest free , they can light up the shade garden or soften a sunny spot , and , they are very low maintenance Astilbe plants are also known as false spiraea , false goat ' s beard and meadowsweet . There are several species and cultivars within the Astilbe genus , with variety in the flower plumes . Most of the popularly sold Astilbes are hybrids resulting from crosses among the species . Astilbe is valued for bringing great long - lasting color to partly sunny borders , where tall colorful flowers are few . In addition , Astilbe provides a nice textural contrast to plants with large , broad leaves like Heuchera Hosta , and Ligularia . Astilbe can also be grown in containers . Astilbe Botanical Name Astilbe Common Name Plant Type Rhizomatous flowering plant Mature Size Varies between species ; 6 inches to 2 feet tall , 6 inches to 5 feet wide Sun Exposure Partial shade , full sun Soil Type Loamy Soil pH Slightly acidic to neutral Bloom Time Spring to summer Flower Color Pink , red , white Hardiness Zones 3 to 8 Native Area Mountain ravines and woodlands in Asia and North America How to Grow Astilbe Astilbe seed is available , but it can be difficult to germinate . It ' s easiest to start with a plant or division . Even a small plant will quickly fill out and perform well in its first year . Astilbe plants are widely adaptable and are hardy from USDA zones 3 through 8 . In hot , dry climates , they need to be planted in the shade and / or given plenty of water . You can plant in either spring or fall but try and avoid planting in the hottest part of summer . If you must plant then , keep the plant well watered until you see new growth emerging . Different varieties will bloom anywhere from mid - spring to late summer . If you plant different types of Astilbe , you can prolong the bloom almost all season . The plumes remain in flower for several weeks and continue to look good as they fade and dry on the plant . No deadheading is needed since they will not bloom again . Light Astilbe plants grow best in partial shade but can also grow in full sun . Astilbe will bloom in shade , but the plants prefer some sunlight to achieve their full size . In hot weather and dry soils , their foliage will burn , so partial shade , plus plenty of water , is preferable . The biggest need Astilbe plants have is some relief from hot , dry weather . Either provide afternoon shade or extra water . They do not handle prolonged periods of drought well ; the leaves will brown and dry and if left dry too long , the plants will die . Soil Astilbe plants prefer a slightly rich , moist soil , as well as a slightly acidic soil pH of around 6.0 . Water The warmer the weather , the more moisture Astilbe plants need , especially when situated in full sun . Temperature Astilbe plants are tough and can survive winter , even in harsh climates . After the first hard frost , put down 2 inches of mulch around the stem to regulate the soil ' s temperature . Fertilizer Astilbe plants need phosphorus to bloom , so choose a fertilizer with a makeup of 5 - 10 - 5 or 10 - 10 - 10 . Rake the fertilizer into the soil two weeks before you plant or sprinkle a few granules onto the soil after the Astilbe has been planted . Once the plant is established , fertilize every spring when the soil is moist but the leaves are not . Propagating Astilbe Divide every 4 to 5 years , to keep the plants healthy . Astilbe plants can grow quickly if they are given ideal conditions . More frequent division may be necessary . Keep the plants well watered after replanting and they will re - establish themselves quickly . Varieties of Astilbe There are new varieties introduced every year and recently along with newer breeds with darker foliage , too . Some established standards include : Astilbe arendsii / Bridal Veil : Mid to late season bloomer with full white plumes Astilbe arendsii / Fanal : Blooms early with blood red flowers on bronze foliage Astilbe arendsii / Rheinland : Another early bloomer in a rich pink ; very hardy Astilbe chinensis taquetii / Purple Candles : Deep purple , chenille - like plumes Astilbe chinensis / Visions in Red : Compact plant with bronze foliage and deep red flowers Pruning Extremely little maintenance is required of Astilbe plants . The flower heads will dry on the plant and remain attractive for many months . The flowers can be cut whenever they start to look ragged or left up , for winter interest , and cut back in the spring . Common Pests and Diseases Astilbes are virtually trouble free , bothered by few diseases or insects . The tender , new growth may be nibbled on by groundhogs or rabbits , but once the plants have filled out , they typically do n ' t suffer any long - term damage . | [
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http://gardening.about.com/od/plantprofiles/p/Snapdragons.htm | Gardening Basics Gardening Snapdragon Plant Profile By Marie Iannotti Updated 04 / 03 / 19 Ian Lee / flickr / CC By 2.0 Bright snapdragon flowers bloom profusely throughout cool weather in intensely saturated colors ( almost every hue ) and are real standouts in either the spring or fall garden . The flowers start blooming at the bottom of the stalk and work their way up , making for a long period of bloom . Although snapdragons tend to stop blooming in heat of mid - summer , if you keep them watered , they will perk up and carry your garden through the fall . 11 Things You Should Know Before Growing Snapdragons Their botanical name , Antirrhinum , means " like a snout " and refers to the seed pod ' s resemblance to a calf ' s nose . The flowers resemble opening mouths when they are pressed on their sides . The openings of the flowers are snapped tightly shut and require more pressure to open than a honeybee can provide , so snapdragons rely on heavier bumblebees for their pollination . The alternate , lanceolate leaves are arranged in a spiral around the stem . Botanical Name : Antirrhinum majus Common Name : Snapdragon , dog ' s mouth , lion ' s mouth , toad ' s mouth Plant Type : Perennial Mature Size : 6 to 48 inches depending on the variety Sun Exposure : Full sun to partial shade Soil Type : Well - draining , rich , moist Soil pH : Slightly acidic to neutral Bloom Time : Spring and fall Flower Color : White , yellow , pink , red , orange , peach , purple , and violet Hardiness Zones : 8 , 9 Native Area : Europe and North America Thang Tat Nguyen / Getty Images How to Grow Snapdragons Snapdragons are undemanding and can grow in a wide selection of colors and heights . They are at their best in cool weather . Snapdragons are tender perennials that are only hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zones 8 or 9 . They can repeat bloom throughout the season but do best in the cool of spring and fall and throughout the winter in mild climates . Deadheading can increase the number of buds that are set , but since the flower stalks begin blooming from the bottom up , they have a fairly long bloom duration anyway . In most areas , they are commonly grown as annuals . Even when they do overwinter , they never seem to bloom as robustly as they did in their first year , which leads many people to think they are biennial . However , they should form seed pods in their first year . If you are lucky , they may even self - sow . Snapdragons are affected by few pests or diseases . Rust and other fungal diseases can be a problem , especially in wet seasons . If you live in a damp or humid area , look for resistant varieties . Snapdragons may also attract aphids Light Your snapdragons will bloom most profusely in full sun to partial shade in the spring . Once the temperature heats up , they may stop blooming altogether . Planting them in partial shade and keeping them well watered will help them make it through the summer and likely bloom again in fall . However , they are quick to get established and it can be just as easy to replace your snapdragon plants each season . Soil Snapdragons like a neutral soil pH between 6.2 and 7.0 . As short - lived plants , they are not heavy feeders , but adding organic matter will help keep them healthy and blooming . Water Snapdragons need adequate watering . When growing snapdragon , keep moist for the first few weeks . Once established , snapdragon will need approximately an inch of water per week in times of no rainfall . Water near the crown of the plant and avoid overhead watering to keep your snapdragon healthy . Once established , let the soil dry about an inch deep before watering . Temperature and Humidity Snapdragons prefer cooler temperatures . Snapdragons grow best when nighttime temperatures are in the low 40s and daytime temperatures in the low 70s Fahrenheit . Once established in the bed and hardened off , they can withstand sub - freezing temperatures . Make sure they stay well watered during cold spells and add a layer of pine straw mulch , and they can last for quite some time . If you should get record low temperatures , cover snapdragons with pine straw for a few days until the chill has passed . Fertilizer Apply fertilizer when the plants first start producing flowers . Use a standard , well - balanced all - purpose fertilizer , such as a 10 - 10 - 10 product , at a rate of three pounds for every 100 square feet of the flowerbed . Water well to minimize the risk of nitrogen burns and to help the fertilizer reach the roots . Propagating Snapdragons Snapdragons can be winter sown , meaning you can toss the seeds out in late fall or even on top of snow , and most will germinate in the spring . However , snapdragons are most often either started indoors , 8 to 10 weeks before the last frost date , grown from cuttings , or purchased as seedlings . When starting from seed , simply press the seed on the surface of the potting soil . Snapdragon seeds need light to germinate When seedlings have developed about six true leaves , pinch the top of the stem off to encourage branching and a fuller plant . You can do this with purchased seedlings too . Transplant snapdragons outdoors a couple of weeks before your last frost date . Snapdragons can handle a light frost or two . Toxicity of Snapdragons For humans , it is believed that all parts of the snapdragon are poisonous if ingested . The American Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals says snapdragons are nontoxic to dogs , cats , and horses . Pruning Regular deadheading will keep your snapdragons blooming longer . They will not need much care early in spring , but add mulch to help keep the soil cool and moist , which aids in handling the summer heat . Some of the taller varieties will need staking unless they are planted close enough to other plants to lean on them . Snapdragons are tender perennials and may die off in colder climates . If they do survive the winter , prune them back by about 1 / 3 , to encourage new growth . Do not be too disappointed if they do not last long . Snapdragons tend to go downhill after their first year and it is best to start fresh every year . Many varieties will self - seed and come back on their own , although as hybrids , they will not always look like the original plants you planted . Landscaping Their spiky , bright colored flower stalks make a nice foil for the cooler shades of most spring flowers like brunnera and bleeding heart . Planted in clusters , they can help a border transition from the spring ephemerals to peak hot season . The pale yellow varieties are the easiest to blend into a mixed border and work nicely with pinks , purples , and even reds . Breeders have been playing with snapdragons for a few years now and there are trailing and creeping varieties becoming more widely available . These are great filler plants for containers , baskets , and tucked into walls . Varieties of Snapdragons There are tall varieties and dwarf varieties and just about everything in between . Check the label or packet of the variety you are choosing . Dwarf plants mature at a height of about 6 to 15 inches and form dense , bushy plants with lots of flower stalks . Tall varieties tend to be less bushy and spikier in habit , reaching a height of 30 to 48 inches . Some varieties bridge the two extremes , growing mid - sized from 15 to 30 inches . Of course , the actual size and fullness of the plants will also depend on growing conditions . New snapdragon varietals are always emerging . Most are sold as multi - color blends , but you can sometimes find individual colors in both seed and seedling . Some of the more popular series include : Arrow : Vivid colors on strong , branching stems that grow 2 feet tall La Bella : A nice blend of colors from pale to bronze to deeply saturated which grow 12 to 18 inches tall Rocket : A dependable multi - colored series that grows about 2 to 3 feet tall | [
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http://gardening.about.com/od/soil/a/GardenSoil_2.htm | Gardening Basics The Dirt on Soil Garden Soil : Why it Matters - Making it Great By Marie Iannotti Updated 07 / 01 / 18 Johner Images / Getty Images Soil is often viewed as the boring part of gardening . While garden soil will never be glamorous or even as interesting as choosing plants , there is a whole world under our Wellingtons that literally and figuratively is the foundation for our gardens . New gardeners are cautioned to put money and effort into improving their soil before they even consider planting , but few appreciate the wisdom in what they are hearing until they watch their new plants struggling for survival and demanding more and more food and water . In organic gardening , you learn to feed The soil found in a typical yard will be about 90 % mineral residue and only about 10 % decayed organic matter . Yet it sustains a community of insects and microorganisms . The reason for adding additional organic matter to your soil is to provide food for the beneficial microorganisms that release nutrients into the soil as they decompose the organic matter . Earthworms and other soil dwelling insects aerate the soil as they move through it and contribute still more organic matter with their waste and decomposition . This makes for what is called healthy soil Pesticides sprayed on the plants will make its way into the soil and can kill the insects and microorganisms living there . Synthetic fertilizers contain salt , which can also kill the soil ' s residents as well as build up in the soil and cause harm to the plants you are feeding . And synthetic fertilizers add nothing to the soil ' s fertility . What is Healthy Soil ? When discussing soil , we generally focus in on four things : texture , structure , pH , organic matter and fertility . Soil Texture Soil texture refers to the size of the soil particles . Sand : Sand has the largest particles and they are irregularly shaped . This is why sand feels course and also why it drains so well . Sand does n β t compact easily . Silt : Silt particles are much smaller than sand , but still irregularly shaped . Clay : Clay has microscopic sized particles that are almost flat . Clay packs very easily , leaving little to no room for air or water to move about . Sandy Loam : Sandy loam is considered the ideal garden soil and consists of a mix of the three basic textures . However , do n β t run out to buy sand to add to your clay soil or vice versa . Mixing sand and clay will give you cement . There β s more to the equation than just balancing soil textures . Soil Structure Soil structure refers to the way soil clumps together . You can usually determine what your texture is by testing your structure . Squeeze a handful of damp soil into a ball in your hand . If you poke the ball lightly with your finger and it breaks apart , it is probably sand . If a bit more pressure breaks it , you β re dealing with silt . If it sits there despite your poking , you have mostly clay . Do determine a more accurate reading of the percentage of each texture in your soil , try A good soil structure is crumbly . This allows plant roots to work their way through it , air can pass through and water drains , but not so quickly that the plants ca n β t access it . If you β d like to test how well your soil drains , try this percolation test . ( The second of the Four Easy Do - It - Yourself Soil Tests . ) There are two basic ways to improve soil structure and they work in tandem . You can loosen soil structure by tilling and sometimes this is necessary . But tilling can over crumble soil and it kills the insects living there . So regular tilling is not the best option . Soil - dwelling Organic Matter . Organic matter improves any type of soil . Compost , leaf mold , and manure are all decaying organic matter . They loosen and enrich soil and provide food for the soil dwelling insects . Soil pH Soil pH is a measure of your soil ' s acidity ( sourness , a measure of below 7.0 ) or alkalinity ( sweetness , a measure higher than 7.0 ) , with 7.0 being neutral . Most garden plants prefer a pH in the neutral range . Some plants are more specific in their requirements . Lilacs and clematis thrive in sweet soils . Rhododendrons and blueberries like a lower pH . You can adjust the pH in different parts of your landscape . Generally speaking , if your plants are growing healthy and well , your pH is probably fine . If your plants are having nutrient problems or are not growing vigorously , it β s worth it to test your pH . If the soil β s pH is not within an acceptable range for the plants you are growing , the plants will not be able to access the nutrients in the soil , no matter how much you feed them . You can buy many types of pH testers in a garden center . You can also bring a sample into your local Cooperative Extension office , to be tested for a nominal fee . Once you know what your pH is , you can begin to adjust it slowly . You add some form of lime to raise pH and a form of sulfur to lower it . What type and how much depends upon your soil and test results . Your Extension report and most testing kits will tell you what to do once you get your results . Adding lime or sulfur to alter soil pH is not a quick fix . It can take months to register a change in the pH and you will need to periodically retest your soil to insure it does n β t revert to its old pH . It is sometimes easier to simply change your plants to suit your pH . Organic Matter Organic matter does so many wonderful things for a garden , it β s just silly not to take advantage of it . There would be no organic gardening without organic matter . Decaying organic matter is how plants are fed in nature . Unfortunately , we β ve become very tidy landscapers and we tend to remove any dead plant material that falls onto our lawns . It would be so much more beneficial to allow the fallen leaves to blow off into the bushes , where they will not only feed the soil , they also prevent erosion and mulch Organic matter added to garden soil improves the soil structure and feeds the microorganisms and insects . The more beneficial microorganisms your soil can support , the less bad organisms will survive . The good guys feed on harmful microbes like nematodes and certain soil born diseases . They also release their nutrients into the soil when they die . So the more beneficial microorganisms that are in the soil , the more nutrients will be in the soil . And many types of organic matter add still more soil nutrients to the mix . Organic matter also contains acids that can make plant roots more permeable , improving their uptake of water and nutrients , and can dissolve minerals within the soil , leaving them available for plant roots . Types of Organic Matter Compost is the poster child of organic matter . Compost is any kind of decayed organic matter . You can make your own or buy it by the bag or truckload . Finished compost looks like rich soil . It β s dark and crumbly with an earthy smell . By the time the compost cooking process is complete , weed seeds , fungus spores and other undesirable elements that may have gone into your compost bin , should no longer be viable . Compost can be added to your gardens at any time , either turned into the soil or Grass clippings Leaves Garden Waster ( from weeding , deadheading , pruning . . . ) Vegetable Peels Sawdust Straw Paper Manure Aged animal manure is an organic material with an added bonus of soil nutrients . Animal manure must be aged for 6 months to a year , before it is applied to the garden . Fresh manure will burn your plants , may contain bacteria that can cause illness from contact and it stinks . You can add fresh manure to a compost heap and let it age there . Cow , sheep and chicken manure are the most popular varieties , but there are several more . The manures to avoid because of their disease potential for humans are : cat , dog , pig and human manures . Green Manure Green manures are basically cover crops that are grown with the intention of turning them back into the soil . Obviously , this would be more useful in the vegetable garden or in a newly created bed where tilling will not harm existing perennial plants . Different green manures offer different advantages . Some , like alfalfa , are grown for their deep roots and are used to break up and loosen compacted soil . The legumes , clover , and vetch , have the ability to grab nitrogen from the air and eventually release it into the soil through their roots . If allowed to flower , clover especially is attractive to pollinators and beneficial insects . All green manures will suppress weeds and prevent erosion and nutrient runoff in areas that would otherwise be unplanted . And they all assist with creating good soil Popular choices for green manure include : annual ryegrass . barley , buckwheat , clover , winter wheat and winter rye . Soil Fertility The nutrients in your soil are the final component in building healthy soil . Just like people , plants need certain nutrients to grow and to fend off disease . Organic fertilizers can be made from plant , animal or mineral sources and are basically returning what was taken from the soil . Organic fertilizers are released slowly , which means that plants can feed as they need to . There is no sudden change in the makeup of the soil which might harm the microbial activity . Building healthy soil is an ongoing process . By making healthy soil a focus at the start of making a garden , you will have a head start on creating a sustainable organic garden . | [
"Garden Soil",
"organic matter",
"microorganisms"
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http://gardening.stackexchange.com/questions/1670/is-staking-young-trees-helpful-or-harmful | Is staking young trees helpful or harmful ? Ask Question 25 3 I frequently see small trees staked with some support twine or rope , presumably to aid against strong winds . However , I ' ve heard or read somewhere that staking small trees can actually be harmful , preventing them from building a natural resistance to the wind ( in trunk strength , root development , etc . ) . There are many guides that explain " proper " tree staking . Here are a few examples : How to Stake a Tree Staking Trees It seems , from aggregating information in such guides , that staking is sometimes necessary , but that people often do it wrong . The question then , is how do you determine when to stake a tree ( if at all ) ? Are there lots of oddly bent or fallen trees somewhere from lack of staking ? I ' ve never seen one . trees tree - care staking share improve this question edited Nov 17 ' 17 at 11 : 50 VividD 3,446 2 9 45 asked Aug 12 ' 11 at 15 : 46 JYelton 971 2 14 27 6 I ' ve seen a couple of nice examples of " oddly bent trees " from a lack of staking ( at the homes of people that I know who refuse to stake ) , and I have a slightly crooked apple tree in my yard because I refuse to stake . . . but the trees are healthy and look " interesting " : ) bstpierre Aug 12 ' 11 at 16 : 23 add a comment 4 Answers active oldest votes 15 Below are a few things I ' ve picked up over the years : Location . It ' s generally recommended to stake trees planted on slopes and / or windy locations . If a tree is planted in a well protected area ( and on flat ground ) staking should n ' t be necessary and is in fact discouraged ie Let the tree develop naturally . Staking should not hold a tree so rigid that it ca n ' t " sway " a little bit . Swaying encourages a thicker trunk and a stronger root system . Which ever method is used to stake a tree , it should not cut into the trunk . Any sign of such behaviour should be immediately corrected . Staking is not needed or should be removed once a tree trunk is approximately 3inches ( 75mm ) in diameter . share improve this answer answered Aug 12 ' 11 at 16 : 36 Mike Perry 17.6k 34 80 add a comment 11 Unless the site is sheltered from the wind , I always stake my trees for the first two years - sometimes longer , depending on how well they have developed , and how exposed the site is - to give the trunk extra support while the roots are becoming established . The are many different views as to the best type of support , but the one I prefer and would recommend is the angled one - see sketch . The stake is angled at 45 degrees , meets the trunk about a third of the way up , points into the prevailing wind and is secured with a tree tie . Because the stake is set low , it allows the trunk to flex in the wind and grow strong . If necessary , this approach also allows you to stake the tree after it has been planted , without causing any real damage to the root system - although this is not advisable and , whenever possible , staking should be done at the time of planting . improve this answer edited Aug 12 ' 11 at 22 : 19 answered Aug 12 ' 11 at 21 : 02 Mancuniensis 13k 1 38 75 6 My opinion , based on decades of observation , experience and botany is only stake a tree if it was bare - root , purchased root - bound with a huge canopy or if you are trying to stand up a mature tree that was blown over and the roots were compromised . Trees that are n ' t staked develop better root systems including roots for support and a stronger , thicker trunk . I always try to plant trees in the fall after they ' ve lost their leaves . Wind is only going to strengthen leafless trees . Balled and burlapped trees have such heavy root systems that are purposely grown in clay . If you ' ve never tested the weight of these trees , try it . You ' ll feel a lot more confident leaving the stakes off . Of course , if the tree is huge , out of proportion with its root ball , has a full canopy , is being moved from one location to another then you will need to stake it . The difference between an unstaked tree and even those done loosely or low and allowed some movement . . .IS HUGE . The unstaked trees are easily 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 larger than the staked trees . I have never had a tree blown over , broken or weirdly bent . Never . I ' ve planted thousands of trees and have been able to follow their growth over decades . Honest Injun ! grin ! ! People stake baby trees without thinking things through . These whips are planted , staked and left for a year or two ( if they are lucky ) and of course these trees without a root system and trunk ( developed by the movement of the tree ) go over , usually breaking where the stake was tied to the tree . If stakes are removed they should be done during the winter ( if deciduous ) so all winter long the tree will be able to beef up its root system and trunk thickness . May 24 ' 14 at 23 : 37 stormy 38.1k 19 68 3 Certain dwarfing apple rootstocks ( at least ) have a well - known side effect of making a brittle trunk ; Malling 9 , Budagovsky 9 are the prime examples . Trees grafted on those rootstocks should be supported by a stake that will last the life of the tree , or a heavy - gauge wire fence ( supporting a row of trees ) with a similar life expectancy . The brittleness is a genetic defect resulting from selection for other factors ( size and disease resistance , typically ) - some dwarfing apple rootstocks do not have this defect , and some recent programs have sought to remedy it , but most of the super - dwarf apple rootstocks are brittle . Failure to keep them staked will generally result in a broken tree , sooner or later . Nov 17 ' 17 at 22 : 02 Ecnerwal 17.2k 14 38 Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged trees tree - care staking or ask your own question | [
"small trees",
"trunk strength",
"harmful"
] |
http://gardening.yardener.com/Harvesting-And-Storing-Beets | Harvesting and Storing Beets When to Harvest Harvesting the Roots : Beets can be harvested at any time in their growth cycle . Greens are best when four to six inches tall . Beet roots are generally most tender after growing for 40 to 50 days . The best size is between 1 - 1 / 4 to 2 inches in diameter . As beets get larger , they tend to become more fibrous . When harvested , leave at least one inch of foliage on the root to avoid bleeding during cooking . We mentioned earlier in the planting section that if you plan well , you could have tiny beet greens quite early in the season if you use those plants that were thinned or removed to give the main crop room to grow . These thinnings are particularly good additions to soups or stir - fries . Beets taste best when picked soon after maturity . Most gardeners leave them in the ground too long before picking . The flavor of beets fluctuates when the plant is in the heat of summer . Beets taste best when picked in late spring and again in late fall . Beets can withstand frost and mild freezing but should be harvested before a hard freeze occurs . If you are harvesting for the roots they do n ' t have to grow to any particular size to be ready to eat . However , they are best small : picked when 1 1 / 2 to 2 inches in size though some varieties can grow twice that size with little loss of flavor or texture . The texture of the larger beets can become fibrous or woody unless plants are supplied with adequate water during hot weather . You do n ' t have to pick all your beets exactly as they reach harvest size , but Harvesting the Greens : As the beetroots mature , you can harvest some of the leaves to be used as greens . You must be careful to avoid overdoing a good thing . Excessive removal of the leaves for greens will inhibit enlarging of the root . Harvest greens lightly until beet is ready for harvest at 1 - 3 " in diameter . Young , tender tops are the best quality , but tips of leaves can be used until they get large and strong flavored . Young plants can be cooked with the root and top together , or use the Storing Beets Beet Greens : Beet greens can be wrapped in plastic and stored for several days in the refrigerator . Storing Beet roots : Dig the root when the soil is dry so less soil will cling to the roots . They may be washed but should be allowed to dry before being stored . Cut off the tops two inches above the root , and refrigerate beets in plastic bags . They will keep for one to two weeks . Best Long Term Storage Method : Beets can be stored in damp sand in a cool ( 32 Β° F to 40 Β° F ) , humid ( 95 percent ) place such as a root cellar for two to five months . To store roots , first remove beet tops , leaving about a half - inch of stem and do n ' t cut root end to prevent bleeding . If the leaves are not removed , water will travel to them from the roots , and the beets will shrivel . You can store beets through most of the winter by snipping Frozen beets are only fair in quality but will keep for about 8 months . Canned beets will keep for more than 12 months . Beets can be pickled as well . The following questions were asked by visitors who viewed this page : Should Sawdust And Wood Chips Be Damp When Used To Store Vegetables Freezing Garden Beets Does Frost Make Beets Sweeter Is Beet Ready To Harvest When Leaves Are Turning Red How To Store Cooked And Peeled Beets Before Canning see all questions . . . Do you have a gardening question ? Ask Nancy | [
"Harvest",
"Storing",
"Beets"
] |
http://gardening.yardener.com/Planting-Carrots | Planting Carrots Plant Successive Crops : Sow some carrot seeds somewhere different in the garden every couple of weeks up until early August . This is a good way to avoid having all the carrots mature at the same time . After all , in just 2 square feet you can grow 50 carrots . Planting these little plots at different times and in different sites around the garden confuses pest insects , too . Where to Plant Carrots Carrots Need Good Soil : Since carrots are a root crop , they grow best in soils that are light and that drain well . They do not do well in heavy clay soil or soil with lots of rocks in it . If you have a heavy clay soil , mix in some chopped leaves and / or some sphagnum peat moss down 6 to 8 inches before planting . Bring Life Back To The Soil : Soils in new gardens and even soils in many established gardens usually lack much of the microbial life found in healthy soils in the woods or in undisturbed prairies . There is now a new soil amendment the actually contains all the common strains of bacteria and other microscopic critters found in good soil . The quality of your carrots will be directly related to the quality of the soil in which it grows . Soil Trick : Carrots do best in sandy soil but few of us have sandy soil . So even if your soil is healthy loam and contains lots of organic matter , if you mix a few handfuls of builder β s sand in every square foot of the soil where the carrots will be planted , you will have fewer problems with misshapen roots . Carrots Need Sunshine : Plant carrots in full sunshine to develop their maximum potential as a root crop . Organic Matter is Critical : The quality of the produce grown in the home vegetable garden is directly related to the health of the garden β s soil . Most garden soils lack sufficient organic matter down 8 to 12 inches . Such material begins as organic mulch that is over the season broken down and pulled down into the soil by earthworms and other soil creatures . That is why we recommend having 2 to 4 inches of organic mulch on the surface of the garden all 365 days of the year . How to Plant Carrots Start carrots outdoors in a sunny garden bed or container any time from mid - spring through early summer . Plan to sow seeds for a first crop about the time the last frost of the winter is due in your area , or when the leaves begin to appear on lilac bushes . The soil must be dried out enough to be crumbly when you dig in it , otherwise it will form large lumps that harden when they dry out , and distort the development of root crops such as carrots . If you have a soil thermometer Planting Steps 1 . Prepare the soil by digging down 8 to 10 inches into it with a trowel or shovel and turning it over to loosen it . Break up any clumps and remove rocks and debris , and rake the soil to make a smooth seedbed . This is a good time to sprinkle some slow - acting granular fertilizer on the soil and mix it in . 2 . Soak the tiny carrot seeds in warm water overnight to soften them so they will sprout readily even in cool soil . Because they are so small - - 6,000 to 9,000 to the ounce - - mix them with clean builders or sandbox sand to facilitate even distribution over the prepared seedbed . The goal is to spread about 3 to 4 seeds to the inch in either the traditional row , or scattered over a designated area . Another way to assure even sowing is to use seed tapes , in which the seeds are embedded at the correct spacing into a paper 3 . Trace a shallow indentation in the soil with a stick or pencil to guide planting . Then sow the seeds by dribbling a small stream of the seed - sand mixture through your thumb and forefinger into the indented rows , releasing just enough so that a few seeds drop every inch . Cover them with a thin layer of soil , sand , vermiculite or peat moss so that they are only about 1 / 8 to 1 / 4 inch deep in the soil . Carrot seeds require from 10 to 20 days to sprout , even with overnight soaking . Planting Carrots In Containers Certain carrot varieties , such as β Thumbelina , β grow well in containers . Choose a container that is at least 12 inches wide and 12 inches deep . Make sure that it has a drainage hole . Fill it with a soilless mix to assure a sterile , light growing medium for the young carrots . Because it has no soil in it to provide nutrients , mix in some granular , slow - acting fertilizer to provide steady nutrition over the growing term . Once the carrot seeds are sown , do n β t let the Planting Tricks for Carrots Mulching : Once young carrots are large enough to show substantial foliage , spread a 2 or 3 - inch layer of some organic material such as chopped leaves or straw on the soil around and among them in the bed . This will help the soil retain moisture and discourage weeds as they grow . Amendments In Planting or Transplanting There are a number of products at the garden center that will help your newly planted or transplanted plants deal better with the stress inherent in the planting process . All healthy plants have beneficial fungi , called mycorrhizal fungi , living on their roots . You can buy these valuable additions to your plant β s ecosystem . See the file describing Using Micorrhizae When Planting In addition , there are a number of products such as seaweed , compost tea , and beneficial soil microbes that when added to the planting process will help your newly established plants get going faster . See the file New Technology In Plant Growth Activators Basics For Fall Planting Carrots Time a fall carrot crop to be ready for harvest about the time the first light frost usually arrives in your area . Count back about 3 months from this frost date to estimate sowing time . Sow carrot seeds in the fall the same way as in the normal growing season . It is not necessary to harvest all mature carrots when winter arrives . They can stay in the ground under lots of mulch until the soil freezes so hard it prevents harvesting . In the deep South summers are so hot that carrots do n β t do well in the normal growing season . For a late winter harvest , plant carrots in September or October . The following questions were asked by visitors who viewed this page : How To Make Carrot Planting Strips What Causes Carrots To Be Hard What Is Estimated Harvest Of 1 Square Meter Of Carrot see all questions . . . Do you have a gardening question ? Ask Nancy | [
"Planting Carrots",
"Good Soil",
"Sunshine"
] |
http://gardening.yardener.com/Planting-Cucumbers | Planting Cucumbers When to Grow Cucumbers If you wish to start your cucumbers from seed indoors we offer a broad range of seed starting equipment and supplies in Yardener ' s Tool Shed ; click here Seeds should be sown when the soil has warmed up to 70 degrees F , which means late spring , about 3 to 4 weeks after last frost . The biggest mistake is to plant seeds too soon - - cukes can not tolerate even a light frost . Make sure the average air temperature is at least 60 degrees F . before you plant . In the fall , plant cukes 3 months before first expected frost . Where to Plant Cucumbers Cucumbers thrive in a sunny location and a soil that drains easily after a rain . Planting Tricks ( Optional ) Most yardeners do not have absolutely wonderful healthy soil for their vegetable garden . One way to overcome some problems that might occur later in the season is to add some products to the soil before planting your seeds or seedlings . Compost β A couple of handfuls of quality compost sprinkled along the line where the seeds will go or in the hole in which the seedling will adds micro - nutrients and valuable natural chemicals to the soil giving your new plants a boost as they get started . Vegetable Thrive β This is an organic liquid that contains beneficial soil bacteria and beneficial soil fungi called mycorrhizae which helps develop strong root systems . Sprinkle Thrive lightly along the line where seeds will go or into the hole for the seedlings . Your plants get a better start then if they were planted without these valuable amendments . How To Plant Cucumbers Planting Steps for Growing from seeds 1 . Prepare the soil with a trowel or shovel by working in organic matter such as chopped leaves , hay or straw to enhance drainage . Remove any rocks , stones , or clods of clay . 2 . Plant cukes in rows or β hills . β If you want to plant rows , trace a shallow indentation in the soil with a stick or pencil , or stretch a string along the row to guide planting . Then use a hoe or other digging tool to create raised rows of soil about 3 inches high . Space each row about 3 feet apart . If you use the hill system , create a series of small mounds of soil a few inches high and spaced about 3 feet apart . Plant 3 seeds in each 3 . In rows or hills , plant the seeds 1 / 2 inch deep . Plant more seeds than you need and then thin the seedlings down to the number recommended by the seed company . To save space in the garden , you can use trellises to grow vining cucumbers . Space the plants about 12 to 18 inches apart Planting Steps for Planting Seedlings Cucumbers grown from seed will take about 9 weeks tell harvest . If you β re in a hurry to get those tasty cukes , plant out seedlings purchased from a garden center instead - - these will mature about 2 weeks faster . Or start your own seedlings indoors under lights . 1 . Sow 2 to 3 seeds in peat pots or other containers 2 to 3 weeks before the last frost date . Thin the seedlings down to one plant per container - - cukes wo n β t tolerate being pulled apart from the same root ball before being set out in the garden . The plants can go out into the garden about 3 or 4 weeks after the last frost . You do n β t want seedlings to be much over four weeks old , or they β ll have trouble adjusting to the transplanting process 2 . If you buy cucumber seedlings at the garden center , buy seedlings that are stocky , with no thin stems , shiny green leaves , and no flowers . Avoid plants that have yellowed leaves , or are starting to trail a vine . Planting Tricks Succession Planting : The harvest period for cucumbers lasts for 4 to 6 weeks . Plant cucumbers every 2 weeks until midsummer . Note : Bush varieties usually produce for only about four weeks during the summer , so for a season - long harvest you need to plant successive containers . Start a new container when the first container starts bearing fruit . Getting an early start : One way to move the season up for cucumbers is to spread black plastic mulch over the site where you intend to plant cucumbers about two weeks before planting time . This warms up the soil about 6 degrees and allows you to plant about one to two weeks earlier than normal . If you use this plastic , be careful to remove it as soon as the plants are well on their way , then rake some mulch material around the plants to protect the soil . This allows water to penetrate to the soil around the plants Planting seeds β nose first β : Cucumber seeds are sensitive to their orientation when planted . There is evidence that when planted with the radicle ( root ) end uppermost , seeds are more likely to germinate , and they go on to produce larger seedlings than those planted with the radicle end down or planted flat ( horizontally ) . Amendments In Planting or Transplanting There are a number of products at the garden center that will help your newly planted or transplanted plants deal better with the stress inherent in the planting process . All healthy plants have beneficial fungi , called mycorrhizal fungi , living on their roots . You can buy these valuable additions to your plant β s ecosystem . See the file describing Using Micorrhizae When Planting In addition , there are a number of products such as seaweed , compost tea , and beneficial soil microbes that when added to the planting process will help your newly established plants get going faster . See the file New Technology In Plant Growth Activators Choosing A Trellis System If you grow vining type cucumbers , we strongly recommend growing them vertically on a trellis rig of some sort . Trellises offer two great advantages over letting the plants just sprawl all over the place : One , they save lots of garden space , and two , you β ll get more cukes . The cucumbers hang down and tend to be longer and straighter and they have fewer disease and insect problems . The best rule is to set up your trellis before you plant your cucumbers . You can train the plant up vertical stakes , Cucumbers In Containers Plant the bush type plants in containers rather than the vining varieties . Use a container that is at least 12 inches wide and 12 inches deep ; bigger is better . Most cucumber roots are in the top 12 inches of the soil , but the taproot can grow from 2 to 3 feet deep . Put two or three bush type plants in one container . Wood or plastic containers are better than clay because cucumbers need a lot of water , and clay pots lose a lot of water out the sides . Avoid using black plastic containers , which get too hot in the sun . Make sure there are drainage holes on the sides or on the bottom . It is wise to elevate the container about 4 inches off the ground , especially if it is setting on concrete or brick . Use a soilless mix with no dirt from the Use space - saving varieties such as Spacemaster , Pickalot Hybrid , Bush Crop , Fanfare , Patio Pic , and Pot Luck . Note : Bush varieties usually produce for only about four weeks during the summer , so for a season - long harvest you need to plant successive containers . Start a new container when the preceding container starts bearing fruit . The following questions were asked by visitors who viewed this page : When To Crop Cucumber Seedlings Will Cucumbers Cross Pollinate see all questions . . . Do you have a gardening question ? Ask Nancy | [
"Cucumbers",
"Yardener 's Tool Shed"
] |
http://gardeningcentral.org/how_to_ripen_peaches/how_to_ripen_peaches.html | How To Ripen Peaches Tips On How to Ripen Peaches Throughout this article we will examine all you need to know about how to ripen peaches . Everyone purchases fruit at one time or another that is not yet ready for consumption . Frequently grocery stores and even markets with fresh fruit will put peaches , apples , bananas , etc . out before they are completely ripe . Obviously this holds a great benefit for those wishing to purchase these items , because they will last longer and you have more time to eat them . However , if you purchase fruit for a recipe you have planned to Anyone who has tried to eat a peach before it is completely ripe has experienced the taste of a hard and completely flavorless furry ball . Obviously this rock hard peach is not edible and is definitely not recommended to add to a fruit dish or recipe . However , most people do not have time to wait for up to two weeks before their peach can completely ripen . Therefore , we will examine two different methods for ripening peaches as well as the pros and cons of each . The most important thing to obtain a peach that you will be satisfied with after it is ripe is by selecting ones that are not bruised and have the expected color . Bruises and discoloration is likely to affect the overall result of the peach . One method for ripening your peaches is by placing them between two different napkins that are linen . This option may take up to week , but most ripen within days . Some people suggest that this option will reduce the likelihood of rotting , but may take a bit longer than the next Although the above method is sure to work with time , if you ask someone within your local supermarket how to ripen peaches they are likely to answer by telling you to place them in a paper bag . Although this will definitely ripen your peach , it also makes them more likely to rot . However , if you wish to use this method make sure the bag remains partly open at the top and keep from placing too many peaches within the bag . The small opening will allow for better ventilation that will assist in making sure Regardless of which method you decide to use , it is recommended that you keep the peaches from touching during the ripening process . If you ripen more peaches than you plan to use , stick them in the refrigerator for up to two to three days to help maintain their freshness without having them continue to ripen and rot . To tell if they are ripe you can observe their color , sweet scent , etc . Just make sure you check the peaches daily to prevent rotting . In conclusion , it is essential to examine your options when addressing the issue of how to ripen peaches . It is recommended that you try both options and decide which works best for you and your needs . Anyone on a time frame would probably wish to use a paper bag ; however , this option requires consistent checking to make sure rotting and bruising is not occurring . All in all , rest assured the next time you go to your local grocery store and only see half ripened fruit , you will be armed and dangerous with | [
"Peaches"
] |
http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/houseplants/dieffenbachia.html | Dieffenbachia Dieffenbachia ' Tropic Honey ' , developed at the University of Florida Dieffenbachia , also known as dumb cane , is an incredibly easy - to - grow houseplant . Popular since the Victorian era , dieffenbachia is an attractive , tropical indoor plant . The common name dumb cane refers to the plant ' s sap , which can cause swelling of the mouth if the leaves or stems are chewed , leaving one unable to speak , or " dumb . " Characteristics Depending on the cultivar , the thick , large leaves are usually some mixture of green , white , and yellow . Dieffenbachias come in a number of cultivars with different sizes , colors , and variegation patterns . There are many compact forms that rarely need to be cut back , growing to only 12 inches tall ; they make wonderful accent plants and some are low - growing enough to be used as tall groundcovers . Other cultivars can grow to be quite large , reaching 6 to 8 feet or more in height . The taller varieties should be pruned back occasionally to encourage a fuller form . Dieffenbachias produce flowers seasonally , though they seldom flower indoors , and the blooms are not showy . Planting and Care Dieffenbachia prefers diffused sunlight or partial shade , but will tolerate full shade , which is why it is well - suited as a houseplant . It thrives in temperatures between 60 and 75 Β° F . You dieffenbachia should be watered regularly , with soil being allowed to dry between waterings . It can be planted in any good quality , well - drained potting media and should be repotted as needed to allow for best growth . Dieffenbachia ' s preference for relatively high humidity makes it a great option for Florida . To encourage even growth , turn your plant often . It can also be grown outdoors in a shady location , but must be protected from the cold . Use caution with this plant if you have small children or curious pets , as its sap has toxic qualities which can cause tongue and throat swelling when ingested . Troubleshooting If your dieffenbachia is n ' t looking as healthy as it once did , there are some easy ways to troubleshoot your problems . Leaf Problems Leaves are droopy β Droopy leaves can by caused by too little water . When the soil surface is dry to the touch , water your plant well , water again when the soil surface becomes dry . If the leaves droop and fall without yellowing first , your plant may be too cold . Move your plant to an area where the temperature will not fall below 55 degrees . The lowest leaves may turn yellow and begin to droop as part of the plant ' s normal growth pattern . Simply remove the drooping leaves as part of Leaves have brown tips β Brown tips on your dieffenbachia ' s leaves could be caused by uneven watering . Keep your watering practices a little more regular and never let your plant sit in water . Leaves are curled with brown edges β Curled , browning leaves could be caused by excessive fertilizer application . Flush away accumulated salts and fertilizer with clean water . Follow label instructions for correct fertilizer application rates . Growth issues Uneven growth β Uneven growth occurs when dieffenbachia stretches toward a light source . To even out the growth of your dieffenbachia , turn your plant a quarter turn every few days . Little new growth β If the growth of your dieffenbachia has slowed or stopped it is likely not receiving enough light . Move your plant to a brighter location and consider feeding your plant a high - nitrogen foliage plant food as recommended . Pests Cottony masses on your plant β Cottony masses on stems and the undersides of leaves signify the presence of mealybugs . To treat your dieffenbachia , apply a labeled product at the recommended rates . Be sure to follow all label instructions . Pale leaves and a webby material on leaf undersides β Spider mites may be the cause of your plant ' s troubles . The first course of action is to isolate your dieffenbachia to prevent the spider mites from spreading to other plants . Mite populations can be reduced by taking the plant outside and spraying it with a forceful spray of water . Labeled pesticides may be needed for best control . Contact your local county Extension Agent for recommendations . UF / IFAS Sites Dieffenbachia Cultivars Developed at the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Florida Plant ID : Dieffenbachia UF / IFAS Publications Cultural Guidelines for Commercial Production of Interiorscape Dieffenbachia New Florida Foliage Plant Cultivar : ' Sparkles ' ' Starry Nights ' , also developed at UF | [
"Dieffenbachia"
] |
http://gardeninsects.com/beneficialNematodes.asp | NATURAL PEST CONTROL WITH BENEFICIAL NEMATODES Beneficial nematodes seek out and kill over 200 species of pest insect in the soil and will have no detrimental affect on species such as ladybugs , earth worms and other helpful beneficial insects . To get pricing and order information on Beneficial nematodes , order nematodes for sale at Buglogical BIOLOGICAL Control Of Pest Insects With Nematodes . Beneficial Nematodes naturally occur in soil and are used to control soil pest insects and whenever larvae or grubs are present . Like all of our products , it will not expose humans or animals to any health or environmental risks . Beneficial nematodes only attack soil dwelling insects and leave plants and earthworms alone . The beneficial nematodes enters the larva via mouth , anus or respiratory openings and starts to feed . This causes specific bacteria to emerge from the intestinal tract of the nematode . These spread inside the insect and multiply very rapidly . The bacteria NATURE ' S BEST WAY OF KILLING Grubs and Japanese Beetles . Though they are harmless to humans , animals , plants , and healthy earthworms , beneficial nematodes aggressively pursue insects . The beneficial nematodes can be used to control a broad range of soil inhabiting insects and above ground insects in their soil inhabiting stage of life . More than 200 species of pest insects from 100 insect families are susceptible to these nematodes . When they sense the temperature and carbon dioxide emissions of soil - borne insects , beneficial nematodes move toward their prey and enter the pest through its body openings . The nematodes carry an associated bacterium ( Xenorhabdus species ) that kills insects fast within 48 hours . The bacteria is harmless to humans and other organisms and can not live freely in nature . Several generations of nematodes may live and breed within the dead insect , feeding on it as a food source . When the food source is gone , they migrate into the soil in search Beneficial nematodes infest grubs and other pest insects that are known to destroy lawns and plants . The Nematodes are effective against grubs and the larval or grub stage of Japanese Beetles , Northern Masked Chafer , European Chafer , Rose Chafer , Fly larvae , Oriental Beetles , June Beetles , Flea beetles , Bill - bugs , Cut - worms , Army worms , Black Vine Weevils , Strawberry Root Weevils , Fungus Gnats , Sciarid larvae , Sod Web - worms , Girdler , Citrus Weevils , Maggots and other Dip - tera , Mole Crickets , Iris Borer , Root Maggot , Cabbage Root Maggot and Carrot Weevils . Beneficial nematodes belong to one of two genera : Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are commercially available in the U.S. Steinernema is the most widely studied beneficial nematode because it is easy to produce . Heterorhabditis is more difficult to produce but can be more effective against certain insects , such as th white grubs , and Japanese beetles . What are beneficial nematodes ? Nematodes are morphologically , genetically and ecologically diverse organisms occupying more varied habitats than any other animal group except arthropods . These naturally occurring organisms are microscopic , unsegmented round worms that live in the soil and , depending on the species , infect plants and animals . The two nematode families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae , contain the insect parasitic nematode species . The most commonly used beneficial nematodes are Steinernema carpocapsae , S . feltiae , and H bacteriophora . Nematodes that are endoparasites of insects attack a wide variety of agricultural pests . The life cycle of beneficial nematodes consists of eggs , four larval stages and the adults . The third larval stage is the infective form of the nematode ( IT ) . They search out susceptible hosts , primarily insect larvae , by detecting excretory products , carbon dioxide and temperature changes . Juvenile nematodes enter the insect host through the mouth , anus or breathing holes ( spiracles ) . Heterorhabditid nematodes can also pierce through the insect β s body wall . The juvenile form of the nematode carries Xenorhabdus sp . bacteria in their pharynx and intestine . Once the bacteria are introduced into the insect host , death of the host usually occurs in 24 to 48 hours . As the bacteria enzymatically breaks down the internal structure of the insect , the Steinernematids develop into adult males and females which mate within the insect ' s body cavity . Heterorhabditids produce young through hermaphroditic females . This form of nematode has the sexual organs of both sexes . As the nematodes grow , they feed on the insect tissue that has been broken down by the bacteria . Once their development has reached the third juvenile stage , the nematodes exit the remains of the insect body . Why are these organisms beneficial ? Parasitic nematodes are beneficial for six reasons . First , they have such a wide host range that they can be used successfully on numerous insect pests . The nematodes ' nonspecific development , which does not rely on specific host nutrients , allows them to infect a large number of insect species . Second , nematodes kill their insect hosts within 48 hours . As mentioned earlier , this is due to enzymes produced by the Xenorhabdus bacteria . Third , nematodes can be grown on artificial media . This allows for commercial production which makes them a more available product . Fourth , the infective stage is durable . The nematodes can stay viable for weeks when stored at the proper temperature . Usually 3 weeks when refrigerated at 37o to 50o F . They can also tolerate being mixed with various insecticides , herbicides and fertilizers . Also , the infective juveniles can live for some time without nourishment as they search for a host . Fifth , there is no evidence of natural or acquired resistance to the Xenorhabdus bacteria . Though there is no insect immunity to the bacteria , some insects , particularly beneficial insects , are possibly less parasitized because nematodes are less likely to encounter How beneficial nematodes work : The life cycle of beneficial nematodes consists of six distinct stages : an egg stage , four juvenile stages and the adult stage . The adult spends its life inside the host insect . The third juvenile stage , called a dauer , enters the bodies of insects ( usually the soil dwelling larval form . Some nematodes seek out their hosts , while others wait for the insect to come to them . Host seeking nematodes travel through the soil the thin film of water that coats soil particles . They search for insect larvae using built - in Beneficial nematodes are also very effective against termites , German cockroaches , flies , ant , and fleas . APPLICATION : Beneficial Nematodes are very easy to use . Mix with water and spray or sprinkle on the soil along garden plants or lawn . Put the contents of the Beneficial nematodes in a bucket of water and stir to break up any lumps , and let the entire solution soak for a few minutes . Application can be made using a water - can , irrigation system , knapsack or sprayer . On sprayer use a maximum pressure to avoid blockage , all sieves should be removed . The sprayer nozzle opening should be at leat 1 / 2 mm Proper storage and handling is essential to nematode health . Always follow the package instructions for the best method of mixing nematodes . Formulations vary depending on the species and target insect . Nematodes can be stored in the refrigerator up to a month ( not the freezer ) before they are mixed with water , but once the nematodes are diluted in water , they can not be stored . Also , nematodes should n ' t be stored in hot vehicles , or left in spray tanks for long periods of time . Nematodes need moisture in the soil for movement ( if the soil is too dry or compact , they may not able to search out hosts ) and high humidity if they are used against foliage pests . Watering the insect - infested area before and after applying nematodes keeps the soil moist and helps move them deeper into the soil . Care should be taken not to soak the area because nematodes in too much water can not infect . Apply nematodes in the early evening when soil temps are lower and UV incidence is lower as well ( cloudy or rainy days are good too ) . Nematodes function best when pest insects are present in the soil . Application is usually easy In most cases , there is no need for special application equipment . Most nematodes species are compatible with pressurized , mist , electrostatic , fan and aerial sprayers ! Hose - end sprayers , pump sprayers , and watering cans are effective applicators as well . Nematodes are even applied through irrigation systems on some crops . Check the label of the nematode species to use the best application method . Repeat applications if the insect is in the soil for a longer period of time . There is no need for masks or specialized safety equipment . Insect re - entry time after application . How to use beneficial nematodes : For the home gardener , localized spraying is probably the quickest and easiest way to get the nematodes into the soil . Producers ship beneficial nematodes in the form of dry powder type , and sponges . All of these dissolve in water and release the millions of nematodes . Each nematode ready to start searching for an insect in your lawn or garden . Nematodes should be sprayed on infested areas at the time when pests is in the soil . Timing is important , or else you will have to repeat the application . Northern gardeners should apply Fertilizers should be avoided roughly 2 weeks prior to and after nematode application , because they may be adversely affected by high nitrogen content Some pesticides work well with nematodes when their mutual exposure is limited while other pesticides may kill nematodes . Check labels or specific fact sheets to find out . Some chemicals to avoid are bendiocarb , chlorpyrifos , ethoprop , and isazophos . Fungicides to avoid are anilazine , dimethyl benzyl , ammonium chloride , fenarimol , and mercurous chloride . The herbicides , 2 , 4 - D and trichlopyr and nematicide , fenamiphos , should be avoided as well . During hot weather release nematodes in the evening when temperature is cooler . Release once or twice a year or until infestation subsides . Nematodes are shipped in the infectious larvae stage of their life cycle and can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks . Always release very early in the morning or late in the late afternoon . The value of beneficial nematodes is extremely high for anyone dealing with soil dwelling pest infestations . When considering where to buy nematodes the Internet can be a great source of recommendations and contact information for distributors across the nation . Knowing what to expect when you receive your nematodes and how to apply them to your lawn and garden is part of being happy with the provider you choose . Nematodes are microscopic , like moist soil , and are the best predators of pests that spend any stage of their life cycle in the soil . Fleas , cut worms , ants , root weevils and grubs are just a few of more than 250 difficult to control pests that nematodes move through the ground consuming without harming the environment . There are a couple of determining factors when considering where to buy beneficial nematodes . It is best to order biological control nematodes and have them delivered directly to you from a reliable source . This helps insure that the nematodes you are buying are still alive . Nematodes do not live very long in storage . Therefore , buying nematodes that are stocked on a store shelf is very risky . Step 1 Purchase beneficial nematodes from a reputable dealer . If your garden center does not carry nematodes , order them from a source online . As living organisms , they must be handled properly to remain effective . The species of nematodes used for lawn infestations are microscopic . You will see the carrier when you open the package , not the tiny nematodes . Beneficial nematodes are non - toxic to humans and pets . Step 2 Apply the nematodes as soon as possible after you receive them . Store them in the refrigerator if you can not apply them immediately . Step 3 Apply nematodes in the evening for best results . Nematodes can die from exposure to sunlight or from drying out in the heat . Mix them with water in your sprayer and apply them by simply spraying your lawn . Follow specific instructions that came with the nematodes . | [
"NATURAL PEST CONTROL",
"BENEFICIAL NEMATODES",
"Grubs"
] |
http://garet87.3dup.net/montc/appro1151.html | Appropriate Gift Amount For Baptism Appropriate Baptism Gifts for All Ages - Associated Content from Yahoo ! . . . . Baptism gifts on Squidoo A tasteful financial gift is also appropriate for a baptism . Savings bonds are particularly acceptable , because they take a long time to mature and will be ready to use for further education one day . In a case such as this selecting one of the more appropriate Baptism Gifts to fit the situation would be advised . gifts are to the solemnity of the occasion . C.C. asks from Crown Point , IN on September 28 , 2010 . What Is an Appropriate Gift or Money Amount for a Baptism from Godmother ? My best friend just asked me to be her sons godmother . And we ' re invited to the reception afterwards , so I ' m guessing it ' s gift time ? for a closer relative if you can . . . The premier resource for ideas , tips , gifting traditions , gifting etiquette , information around . What is proper etiquette when attending a christening . What is an amount for a baptism My good friend from college asked me to godfather of his son . i was very honored , but i have no idea what i should buy for a . the is in a few weeks . . . what is an ? how much should i spend ? thanks ! Originally Posted by Belle . I ' m going to a sunday . . . my first cousin had a baby . i ' m thinking we ' ll give a monetary . What ' s an amount in this situation ? snorkel gear . Bmac . Catholic mom seeking non - denominational for baby . Appropriate baptismal offering Gifts & Offering . Gift ideas as new godparents . What is an for a Greek Orthodox christening ? What is an to spend on a for a godchild ? My best friend just asked me to be the godfather of his third child . suspect it in part depends on how wealthy . . . Top for 2011 Like many others , I have attended numerous baptisms , first communions , and confirmations in my life . The problem I have always encountered is trying to find an for each of these occasions . 10 ; 35 ; What Is an or Money Amount from Godmother ? . can be given in place of money . Guests are not required to bring gifts Save Money ! We have " " in comparison shopping information at mySimon . Silver Cross Design Mint Tins , Silver Cross Design Mint Tins , Blue Cross Design Mint Tins , Silve . . . For Article : Information courtesy of ReligiousKeepsakes . com . blankets , a white Blanket is traditional , but almost any thread color is what is a good of money for a baby christing . 02.04.2011 22 : 52 : 19 . . monetary for christening . Find unique christening at RedEnvelope - monogramable baby blankets , keepsakes , frames and other . Starting at $ 19.99 . Reference Topics . Donation . Dollar a . Graduation . Christening Etiquette . Emily Post . A friend has invited me to her one - year - old son ' s . ( She emphasized a not a christening ) . Is is to bring a ? Can I expect good eats ? If you do need a , items that can be used by the baby are best . . Etiquette What is an ? What is proper etiquette when attending a christening . Are you sure your expected to give a ? I have never heard of giving a What is an ? What is proper etiquette when attending a christening . Should you give a to the baby that is being baptized ? . Posted by at 22 / 04 / 2011 Comments No comments exist for this post . Leave a comment | [
"Gift Amount",
"Baptism"
] |
http://garethrussellcidevant.blogspot.com/2011/07/july-6th-1553-death-of-king-edward-vi.html | Confessions of a Ci - Devant Wednesday , 6 July 2011 July 6th , 1553 : The Death of King Edward VI Edward VI ' s untimely death at the age of fifteen has given rise to the rumour that he was always a sickly child . This image of the frail boy - king , whose life was snuffed out by faulty Tudor and Seymour genetics , is not borne out by the accounts of Edward which pre - date the last eighteen months of his life . It may be that , like his late uncle Arthur , we have exaggerated his physical weakness and assumed that simply because he died young , he must have been infirm . Sixteenth Either way , the once - robust health of the young monarch who had reigned since his father ' s death six years earlier , had given way to an agonising series of physical complaints . In a panic , his advisers had moved him from palace to palace - trying the cleaner air of Greenwich , away from the dust and dirt of the city or inflicting a series of increasingly desperate medical " remedies " on the young man , all of which prolonged his life , rather than saving it , and plunged him into ever - Edward VI had been England ' s first truly Protestant monarch and , despite his youth ( or perhaps because of it ) , he had embraced his faith with a zeal so intense that sometimes his own Protestant councillors found it difficult to reason with him . The constant bullying he had subjected his elder sister Mary to on account of her Catholic faith was as mean - spirited as it was consistent and it rightly evokes considerable sympathy for Mary . ( Although some modern writers seem to be getting rather carried away , bearing in mind that Edward knew that with his eldest sister on the throne , all of his life ' s work to bring Protestantism to his kingdoms would be destroyed and that she would preside over the restoration of Catholicism with the same militant efficiency he had devoted to Protestantism . Time was to show that he under - estimated Mary on that point , but the general assessment was correct and it is this fear which tortured Edward , as much as his many illnesses , as he lay dying . Weak of body , but sound in mind , Edward colluded The inheritance would skip over the two sisters and pass instead to their second cousin , Lady Jane Grey , now rather conveniently married to Northumberland ' s son , Guildford . Jane , fifteen years - old , prim , devout , intellectually brilliant and ferociously Protestant was , in many ways , a female version of Edward and , with Northumberland ' s backing , she seemed the ideal candidate to oust Mary from her position as heiress to the throne . Whether Edward ' s disinheritance of his two sisters was legal or not hardly seems to matter outside its immediate context . Sixteenth century law , both canon and secular , was a minefield of interpretation , loop - holes , confusion and , often , outright lies . The standard interpretation of Edward ' s actions is that they were illegal , because it meant over - turning the terms and conditions of his father ' s will , which had named Mary as next - in - line if Edward died without children . Jane Grey ' s Either way , with Mary and Elizabeth stricken from the list and Jane ' s succession seemingly secured , the young man slipped back into the protracted process of dying . The imperial ambassador later heard that during the last two weeks of his life , Edward was forced to lie flat on his back at all times and vomited up everything he ate , living ' entirely on restoratives and obtaining little or no repose ' . As the numerous diseases and ailments his body ' s failing immune system had opened him up to began to consume him No - one knows , or knew then , exactly what it was which lead to Edward VI ' s horrific natural death . The Venetian ambassador to London believed it must be tuberculosis , since only that could explain the wasting away of the King ' s physique . Rumours that he had been poisoned either by Northumberland or by Mary are part and parcel of the habitual paranoia of sixteenth century politics and bear no more closer consideration than the idea that Anne Boleyn poisoned Katherine of Aragon or Elizabeth I poisoned Marie de Guise . Two of Charming , brilliant , athletic , handsome and musically gifted , Edward could , and did , show himself to be ruthless and cold , like his father , and pedantic and often inscrutable in sentiment and motivation , like his mother . His attempts to create a Protestant monarchy in the British Isles were , ironically , only to be secured by the actions of his sister , Elizabeth , who he had disinherited in order to prevent Mary from becoming queen . More immediately , however , as Edward ' s disfigured corpse was prepared for burial in Posted by Gareth Russell at 10 : 41 Labels : Death London Monarchy Religion Tudors Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers Blog Archive βΊ 2017 ( 3 ) βΊ 2016 ( 5 ) 2015 ( 15 ) 2014 ( 33 ) 2013 ( 46 ) 2012 ( 73 ) βΌ 2011 ( 169 ) December ( 6 ) November ( 12 ) October ( 8 ) September ( 8 ) August ( 6 ) βΌ July ( 14 ) July 28th , 1540 : Henry VIII ' s fifth marriage The Crown Princess ' s brother was a victim of the N . . . My interview on BBC Radio Ulster ' s " ArtsExtra " The King leads Norway ' s mourning The Pope ' s letter of condolence to the Austrian ro . . . New biography of an Irish Catholic pioneer The Assassination of William the Silent My interview on BBC Radio Ulster July 6th , 1553 : The Death of King Edward VI Caylee Marie Writing Cleopatra Obituary : Otto von Hapsburg , Crown Prince of Austr . . . Claire Ridgway reviews " Popular " Defending royal expenditure June ( 15 ) May ( 28 ) April ( 20 ) March ( 28 ) February January ( 9 ) 2010 ( 166 ) About Me Gareth Russell Gareth Russell is the author of four works of non - fiction , including the critically - acclaimed biography of Queen Catherine Howard , " Young and Damned and Fair " , and two novels set in his native Belfast . View my complete profile | [
"King Edward VI",
"Protestant monarch"
] |
http://garfieldhighschoolalumni.com/seattle-wa/class-of-1983.html | Garfield High GHS Class of 1983 Alumni List Help us Update the Garfield High 1983 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below Previous Class of 1984 Next Class of 1982 Registered Alumni Shoshana Weisfield Joyce Stefanie Ima Lindgren Lisa Alhadeff Shultz Dana Keene Teather Kathleen Vanhee Add Your Name 1983 Class List Tamra Hanson Tracy Heliton Shoshana Weisfield Joyce Stefanie Ima Lindgren Elizabeth Meyher Joyce Moore Anthony Morris Sheila Obrien Lisa Alhadeff Shultz Adrian Steik Matt Talley Matthew Talley Dana Keene Teather Kathleen Vanhee Know Garfield High Class of 1983 graduates that are NOT on this List Help us Update the 1983 Class List by adding missing names Add Missing Alumni to the Class List Entertainment The most popular movie of 1983 was Star Wars Ep VI Return of the Jedi which has grossed over 309205079 since its release The TV series 60 Minutes was the most popular show of 1983 Hit Songs From 1983 All Right Christopher Cross Mickey Toni Basil Shes A Beauty Tubes Heartbreaker Dionne Warwick Hot Girls In Love Loverboy Sweet Dreams Are Made Of This Eurythmics Ive Got A Rock N Roll Heart Eric Clapton Solitaire Laura Branigan Your Love Is Driving Me Crazy Sammy Hagar Maniac Michael Sembello Hit Movies From 1983 WarGames Trading Places Star Wars Episode VI Return of the Jedi Hit TV Shows From 1983 The ATeam on NBC NBC Monday Night Movie on NBC AfterMASH on CBS ABC Monday Night Movie on ABC Falcon Crest on CBS Reunions and Garfield High School News Search Classmatescom for News Submit GHS News More 1983 alumni from Garfield HS Seattle WA have posted profiles on Classmatescom Click here to register for free at Classmatescom and view other 1983 alumni Missing some friends from Garfield High that graduated with you in 1983 Check the list below that shows the Garfield Seattle WA class of 83 While you are reminiscing about the times you spent in high school at Garfield High School you should also check out alumni photos yearbook listings and share any reunion info if possible | [
"Garfield High 1983 Class List"
] |
http://gas2.org/2013/06/06/video-how-fast-will-the-tesla-model-s-go/ | Electric Vehicles Video : How Fast Will The Tesla Model S Go ? June 6 , 2013 Christopher DeMorro 0 Comments Tesla Model S Tesla Model S cost Tesla Model S price Tesla Model S specs Tesla Model S top speed Tesla Model S top speed video Tesla Model S video Tesla Motors Tesla top speed Tesla video The Tesla Model S is many things ; an electric car , sure , but it β s also billed as a luxury car as well . But wait , it β s also a performance vehicle , capable of beating such venerable sports cars like the Dodge Viper . So just how fast is the Tesla Model S ? Let β s go on a top speed run to find out . Our intrepid driver Elliot states that the expected top speed of the Tesla Model S is around 130 mph , but he wanted to prove it . In possibly the quietest top speed run of all time , Elliot pegs the accelerator and in just 12 seconds gets the Model S up to 100 mph . It takes another 14 seconds to reach a top speed of 133 mph . Maybe he had a tailwind ? It β s as simple as that , and I imagine once an EV aftermarket starts to gain momentum , we β ll see even faster speeds out of the very - capable Tesla Model S . It β s definitely an EV , a luxury car , and a performance car all wrapped up in one gorgeous package . Source : Motor Authority Christopher DeMorro A writer and gearhead who loves all things automotive , from hybrids to HEMIs , Chris can be found wrenching or writing - or else , he ' s running , because he ' s one of those crazy people who gets enjoyment from running insane distances . | [
"Tesla Model S",
"luxury car",
"Dodge Viper"
] |
http://gas2.org/2017/01/15/much-will-tesla-model-3-really-cost-lot/ | Electric Vehicles How Much Will Tesla Model 3 Really Cost ? A Lot ! January 15 , 2017 Steve Hanley 38 Comments federal ev tax credit Model 3 options Model 3 prices Tesla Model 3 cost Believe it or not , the Tesla Model 3 is supposed to start production on July 1 . Now , even Elon Musk knows that is a highly ambitious goal andnhas allowed for some slippage in that time table , but he still maintains the company will build 50,000 to 100,000 Model 3 sedans this year . The Model 3 is the third phase of Musk β s Master Plan . After years of making super expensive luxury electric cars , the Model 3 is supposed to be an affordable alternative β the Tesla that ordinary people can actually buy . The base price of the car has been touted as $ 35,000 since Tesla first announced the Model 3 more than a year ago . The allure of the car is so strong , 380,000 people around the world have ponied up $ 1,000 to reserve one . Any federal or state incentives will lower the cost even further . In theory , a buyer in California could pay as little as $ 22,500 for one after all incentives , including those from local communities , are figured in . But is that realistic ? No , according to Model 3 reservation holder and YouTuber Shots of Jameson . He claims that a fully loaded Model 3 could retail for more than $ 130,000 if all the options Tesla offers on the Model S are included and cost the same as they do for the larger car . That β s unlikely , he admits . But assuming Model 3 accessories are discounted 25 % , the bottom line could still pencil out to a staggering $ 75,000 β more than double the base price . Shots of Jameson speculates that the base car will have base level appointments β no fancy alloy wheels or red painted brake calipers and no upmarket interior or exterior trim bits . He also thinks the heads up display most people expect in the Model 3 will not be included in the base car . Most people will want upgraded wheels , premium interior appointments , and the very cool glass roof . They will also want a larger battery and dual motors . Expect that mid - level car to sell for as much as $ 50,000 . At the top end , adding full Autopilot , sunroof , premium sound , and a few other luxury bits could push the price to $ 75,000 or more . For those who want a basic car , the wait will be long . Tesla says right up front it will build cars with the highest profit value first . Tesla has already sold more than 100,000 cars in the US . The federal tax credit begins to ratchet down once the company has built more than 200,000 cars . By the time all the high content cars are built , the federal tax credit for Tesla cars will have disappeared , making the odds of getting a Model 3 for under $ 30,000 very slim indeed . Will any of this matter to Tesla customers ? Probably not . The Model 3 is the most anticipated new car in history . Tesla will likely sell every one it can put together , at least for the first year or so . But those who thought they would be able to score a Tesla as a bargain price are apt to be disappointed . The Model 3 will cost less than a Model S or Model X , but it will be far from an entry level car . It β s nearest competitor will be the BMW Shots of Jameson has no insider knowledge about Tesla or the Model 3 . He is just a fan who has made some realistic assumptions . When the Model 3 configurator goes live later this year , we β ll know for sure how accurate his prognostications are . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . β Mass AG , ExxonMobil locked in titanic courtroom battle Next Mazda SkyActive Engine Will Have No Sparkplugs β Steve Hanley Closely following the transition from internal combustion to electricity . Whether it ' s cars , trucks , ships , or airplanes , sustainability is the key . Please follow me on Google + and Twitter | [
"Tesla Model 3",
"affordable alternative"
] |
http://gasalley.thetumbleweeds.net/tech_archive/general/engine_weights.htm | Engine Weight / Size FYI version 00.02.04 by Dave Williams , dave . williams @ chaos . lrk . ar . us It is n ' t really a Frequently Asked Question , so I ' ll call it an " FYI " , For Your Information . This was originally a list I ' d compiled long ago on paper , then moved to the computer , then posted on the net as a response to some questions . It wound up being popular , but since I did n ' t keep track of the origin of the | [
"Engine Weight"
] |
http://gascoengineering.com.pk/contact-us/ | Contact Us Map data 2018 Google Terms of Use Amber Estate Bangalore Town Block A Bangalore Town Karachi Karachi City Sindh Pakistan Save View larger map Gasco Contact Us GASCO Head Office 501 Amber Estate ShahraeFaisal Karachi 75350 Pakistan 92 21 34548275 92 21 3432063536 92 21 3432077071 92 21 34390284 92 21 34547334 gascoengineeringcompk | [
"GASCO"
] |
http://gasprocessingnews.com/news/dcp-midstream-starts-up-rawhide-gas-processing-plant-in-permian-basin.aspx | DCP Midstream starts up Rawhide gas processing plant in Permian basin DENVER - - DCP Midstream β s Rawhide Plant , a 75 million cubic feet per day , deep - cut , cryogenic natural gas processing plant in Glasscock County , Texas , and the associated low - pressure gathering and compression systems are now in commercial operation . " We are pleased to provide Permian basin producers highly efficient processing and transportation solutions , " said Greg Smith , president of DCP Midstream s Permian business unit . The new processing plant has been part of DCP s expansion program for the liquids - rich Permian basin . The program includes the Sand Hills Pipeline , a major , new natural gas liquids pipeline that began providing takeaway service from the Permian to fractionation facilities along the Texas Gulf Coast and the Mont Belvieu , Texas , market hub earlier this summer . DCP is working to expand its high - pressure gathering system , linking the Goldsmith / Fullerton system with the Triad system for increased reliability and flexibility in the Permian basin . The company also continues to scope new plants and build out assets for additional processing capacity and increased reliability in the Permian . Copyright Β© 2018 . All market data is provided by Barchart Solutions . Futures : at least a 10 minute delay . Information is provided ' as is ' and solely for informational purposes , not for trading purposes or advice . To see all exchange delays and terms of use , please see disclaimer FEATURED COLUMNS A New Approach to Large Medium Voltage Drives Register Now By attending this webinar , you will learn the benefits of using a single - channel , Variable Frequency Drive ( VFD ) solution for applications above 9,000Hp with operating voltages from 11kV to 13.8kV . We will explore a VFD solution that does not require a step - up output transformer but still provides maximum control , environmental and motor flexibility to the end user . We will also discuss how to provide maximum reliability using power cell redundancy and the removal of water cooled components . The topics covered in the webinar include : β’ A brief review of the multi - cell M2C topology β’ A review of the physical implementation and the advantages it offers to the end user β’ A presentation of the various implementations and ratings available for use on typical pump , compressor and fan applications . May 7 , 2019 10 : 00 AM CDT Register Now | [
"DCP Midstream"
] |
http://gastrogays.com/caledonian-sleeper/ | April 24 , 2015 Caledonian Sleeper : Travelling From London To Scotland Imagine travelling up through the entire UK in the dead of night , slowly clip - clopping along the tracks as you pass by sleepy towns and deserted rail stations before waking β sun breaking the horizon β as you enter a new country , then pulling into a vibrant new city to explore β¦ magical ! London to Edinburgh is over 400 miles , about 6 hours β car journey , 4 hours by fast train or an hour in the sky . The Highlands are even farther flung . Whether you β re looking for a UK - based staycation that β s easy to travel to or you β re planning a first - time trip to Scotland , we suggest starting the journey in London Euston Station and climbing aboard The Caledonian Sleeper The Caledonian Sleeper leaves Euston Station in north central London six nights a week with final destinations including Edinburgh , Glasgow , Fort William , Aberdeen and Inverness . Affectionately dubbed The Deerstalker , this cross - country train has been running between England and glorious Caledonia since the heyday of great British rail travel . There β s an unmistakably special , old - school feeling when you climb aboard β we get all wistful and channel all the glamour and grandeur of rail travel in the 1960s . We β ve suffered through the claustrophobic London Underground for quite a few years , so a train service which guarantees a touch of luxury in the form of personal space is instantly going to win our hearts . Not a lot of space , mind , but enough for a night . Navigating Euston Station We β ve been on the service twice , first to Edinburgh in March 2015 and then to Aberdeen in November 2017 , so we will talk about both because of the different destinations and we travelled in First Class on the latter , too ! Following a few years of refurbishment , Euston is now far more spacious and has a good array of places to eat and shop before boarding the Sleeper . A large Marks & Spencer stays open β til 11 : 30pm which is perfect for grabbing a few nibbles and a ( potentially very necessary ) bottle of wine to have on the train . There β s also a WH Smith for all your reading material , or Leon and Byron Burgers if you β re feeling peckish beforehand . If you β re travelling in First Class ( as we did just the once , in 2017 ) , you receive complimentary access to the Virgin Trains Lounge on the upper mezzanine level . A nice quiet retreat away from the manic stress of the station concourse below . Do n β t expect airport - style luxury , this is basic . It has all the essentials and lots of seating , but it β s in need of a little TLC and a bit of a refurb would n β t go amiss . But the staff Departure Time For the Lowlands destinations , like Edinburgh , we boarded the service at Euston at the stroke of 11pm for a 11 : 50pm departure . The Highlands service towards Aberdeen , Fort William and Inverness departs earlier in the evening , about 8 : 30pm for a 9 : 15pm departure . When it β s time to board , you simply walk up to the platform . You β ll be staggered by the length of the Caledonian Sleeper trains . We certainly were . A work out and a half , because they depart London as one service before splitting into two on the Lowlands , and three on the Highlands . Travel Class On board the Sleeper there are three choices of accommodation : a reclining seat , a standard sleeper berth or the first class sleeper berth . Different levels of comfort , each level priced appropriately β no surprise there . We have n β t yet travelled in the reclining seat option , though we do know the seats are slightly larger than your average railway seat , and are in a 2 + 1 formation ( similar to most First Class railway coaches ) . Passengers in the seated class are unfortunately not permitted to use the lounge car For cabin passengers , at your assigned carriage , you β ll meet your train attendant for the evening , who will tick your name ( s ) off the list , bring you to your cabin and point out the features ( lights , wash basin , call button , etc . ) , toilets and dining car as needed . Our wonderful attendant for Edinburgh was a young girl called Terri who was so lovely . The attendant asks what your breakfast preferences are and leaves you to get comfortable in the cabin . If you β re planning on booking a trip on the Caledonian Sleeper and you , like us , are part of the smartphone generation , listen up . There are NO power points in the cabins . There are USB sockets above the sink ( a new , very welcome addition ) but no standard sockets . There are a limited number of power sockets in the dining car which can be used for the likes of laptops and whatnot . There is no WFi on board either , so if you β re looking to work whilst travelling make sure you β re charged up and you have your own internet access . Standard Class When we travelled standard it was a twin cabin , bunk beds one atop the other . Space - wise , it β s worth remembering , always , that this is a train so do n β t be alarmed when you find space is extremely tight . Even for two skinny β¦ ish boys like ourselves , it was a case of only one of us being able to stand at any given time . But in saying that , it β s functional and an efficient use of space . There β s room to leave a The beds are surprisingly comfortable , firm and very clean . Each berth is gifted a small vanity pack with an eye mask , earplugs and a bar of soap . You β re also provided with a small hand towel and a small bottle of water in the cabin . Note : there β s no shower facilities on the train . First Class The cabins for First Class are exactly the same in design and size as Standard class . However , there is no upper bunk , leaving you with a bit more headroom and no need to share space . You also receive a slightly more luxurious amities kit , which includes body wash and lotion a pillow spray from Arran Aromatics which we really enjoyed . If you β re travelling as a pair , like we did , make sure to book two cabins that are connected . There is an internal connecting door between cabins which can open to , so you can sort of turn your cabin into a suite . Why first class ? Well , if you β re travelling solo , it β s added peace of mind that you β re the only one in the room . Some may be a bit less comfortable sharing sleeping space with strangers , and that β s totally understandable , so it β s great to have the option of sharing or having a private cabin . We genuinely found we slept better in First Class than Standard β it felt less enclosed and cluttered β but both options got us to our end destination like everyone else , preference and budget . First Class passengers are also entitled to access the lounges at their end destinations , where available . They β re also given priority for tables in the dining lounge on busier evenings . After getting ourselves right at home , naturally we find ourselves venturing towards the dining car β¦ The Dining Car The dining car feels like real luxury to us and it β s romantic in an Agatha Christie novel type - of - way , though we β re guessing that anyone who travels First Class all the time is well used to this type of luxury . Forget all that you know about dining on - the - go . Wrapping your lips around a sloppy sandwich on the Tube , being served a sad - tasting , re - heated microwave meal 30,000 feet in the air β on the Caledonian Sleeper you β re served on real plates with actual cutlery while lounging in a comfortable seat with lots of legroom . A winning experience , compared to other forms of transport . In fact , the Caledonian Sleeper was awarded a Taste Our Best Award by VisitScotland in 2017 ! As luck had it , the evening we travelled on the Caledonian Sleeper for the first time was the first evening of a new operator ( Serco ) . So therefore there were a number of improvements and changes that were implemented just that day . One of which was a newly - improved menu , slightly tweaked from before and slightly elevated in price . We ate both times we travelled , so read on as we recount our experiences . For our 2015 trip , we were giddy with excitement as we had never tried haggis before ! the time we were served , the train just began its journey out of London . As the train just began to pull out of its station of origin , we had placed our orders and were nursing a glass of wine each . When the haggis arrived just shy of midnight , we were n β t disappointed . So delicious , well , we love black pudding and it β s not an altogether dissimilar flavour , so we had On our second visit in 2017 , the menu had been updated considerably again , two years into service . As we were traveling on the Highland service , we were eating at a slightly more palatable time of 9pm . Again , we found ourselves in the dining car before the train had even left and as the wheels began to move , we were already enjoying a drink each β a Caorunn ( Scottish gin brand ) and tonic , Β£ 6.70 , and a Ginger Laddie cocktail , Β£ 7.50 . We were happy to see the The Ginger Laddie is simply a pre - mixed whiskey cocktail that passengers pour over ice . Some might n β t be too impressed , but it β s certainly miles better than a measly gin - in - a - tin in your cabin ! We β ve previously enjoyed Mr . C β s award - winning , hand - shaped pies and were similarly elated to see them offered on the menu and we chose the salmon one to share as a wee starter . Naturally , we both also ordered the haggis again on this The menu now further emphasises that the Caledonian Sleeper has sourced products from carefully - selected producers across Scotland , offering passengers the best flavour of Scotland possible on board the train service . Looking around the dining car , the cheeseboard ( featuring Highland Brie , Strathdon Blue and Tain Truckle Cheddar ) was incredibly popular β almost everyone ordered it with their libation of choice . As tempting as it was , after two courses we finished the eve with a traditional Scottish nightcap of a wee dram of whisky from the esteemed selection - Arran 10 year There was no rush to get us out of the dining car , despite it ticking ever closer to midnight . Customers are welcome to stay until about 1am , but with an early start beckoning for all on board , it β s unlikely too many chase closing time . We β ll be back at breakfast time . The Burning Question : How Did You Sleep ? It β s hard to say . We all enjoy a peaceful night β s sleep in darkness and virtual silence , but honestly you β re never going to get while creaking along through the Great British countryside . In fairness , you do n β t get that while on an overnight flight across the globe either . There is always that constant noise , from the hum of the engine to the rattling of the tracks , tunnel reverberation to birdsong in the early AM . It β s aim is to be as comfortable as possible We both woke ( both times ) surprisingly more refreshed than anticipated . Not a perfect night β s sleep but it did the job , we were energised and not in any way cranky or disorientated like we had just endured a disrupted night β s sleep . As promised , your attendant gently knocks the door early enough to rise in plenty of time for disembarking , armed with a hot drink and biscuit to enjoy with the sunrise view across the Scottish countryside . As we both grew up somewhat rural Ireland , this was one of You can pre - book to have a cooked breakfast in the cabin , from a Highland Breakfast , to Smoked Salmon and scrambled eggs and porridge . If you travel first class , you get complimentary breakfast included as part of your fare , which you can have either in the lounge or in your cabin . We both ordered the Highland Breakfast which was perfectly fine , though served in a slightly less desirable style than the meals the night before ( on proper plates etc . ) but we β ve heard good things about the salmon The Future When the new operators came on board in 2015 , they committed to investing in a new fleet of trains , ready for the next chapter of the Caledonian Sleeper story . These trains will add that extra , modern and luxurious touch many are seeking with sleeper train travel . ( C ) Serco The new stock will include a Club Car , taking the best of the current lounge , and making it far more contemporary as an ultra desirable place to work or relax . WiFi throughout the train will also be as standard . First class rooms will come wth en - suites and showers , while new suites will include double beds as well . Seated class will be given a new lease of life and will include lockers for passengers to stow some personal items safely as they sleep . ( C ) Serco Why The Caledonian Sleeper ? We hope in reading everything that β s come before this point , you β ve already been inspired and this question has been answered . But we can think of many other reasons . We β re old - school lovers of traditional rail travel , and it β s sad to see that across Europe more and more sleeper services are being discontinued by rail operators . Whether that β s customer demand as we β re all spoiled with short - hop budget air travel or just the expense , time and effort of running the services What β s more , if you β re travelling around the UK , it β s actually the most economical means of transport , where time is concerned . Think about it : if you fly , say , London Gatwick to Edinburgh you need to get a train or taxi to the airport , arrive an hour or two earlier , pay the air fare , then get a bus , tram , train or taxi on the other side into the city before checking in to an expensive hotel after a substantial amount of hours travelling . As we say , and many others echo , there β s something quaint , wistful and romantic about travelling on a sleeper train . It β s a different , unusual and unique experience we think everyone should try at least once ! Tickets for the Caledonian Sleeper can be booked on the Caledonian Sleeper website up to a year in advance , where you β ll generally get the best fare . Valid railcards can also be used for additional discounts . Disclaimer : We paid for our first journey in 2015 on the Caledonian Sleeper with no assistance from the operator whatsoever . For our journey in 2017 , we were assisted by the operators in order to update our original post to include changes made since then . Opinions and views all our own . Like this : Loading . . . | [
"CALEDONIAN SLEEPER",
"LONDON",
"SCOTLAND"
] |
http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=442221 | GATHERER Strionic Resonator Sets Legality Discussion Community Rating Community Rating 5 5 0 votes Click here to view ratings and comments Printed Card Name Strionic Resonator Mana Cost Converted Mana Cost 2 Types Artifact Card Text Copy target triggered ability you control You may choose new targets for the copy A triggered ability uses the words when whenever or at Flavor Text Its tines can not be rung by mere physical force Only magic of great power can start its eldritch resonance Watermark Magic 2014 Expansion Masters 25 Rarity Rare All Sets Card Number 232 Artist Noah Bradley Rulings 3162018 Triggered abilities use the word when whenever or at Theyre often written as Trigger condition effect 3162018 Strionic Resonator targets a triggered ability that has triggered and is on the stack and creates another instance of that ability on the stack It doesnt cause any object to gain an ability 3162018 The source of the copy is the same as the source of the original ability 3162018 If the triggered ability is modal that is if it says Choose one or similar the mode is copied and cant be changed 3162018 If the triggered ability divides damage or distributes counters among a number of targets for example the ability of Bogardan Hellkite the division and number of targets cant be changed If you choose new targets you must choose the same number of targets 3162018 Any choices made when the triggered ability resolves wont have been made yet when its copied Any such choices will be made separately when the copy resolves If the triggered ability asks you to pay a cost such as that of Frenzied Goblin you pay that cost for the copy 3162018 If a triggered ability is linked to a second ability copies of that triggered ability are also linked to that second ability If the second ability refers to the exiled card it refers to all cards exiled by the triggered ability and the copy For example if Fiend Hunters entersthebattlefield ability is copied and two creatures are exiled they both return when Fiend Hunter leaves the battlefield 3162018 In some cases involving linked abilities an ability requires information about the exiled card When this happens the ability gets multiple answers If these answers are being used to determine the value of a variable the sum is used For example if Elite Arcanists entersthebattlefield ability is copied two cards are exiled The value of X in the activation cost of Elite Arcanists other ability is the sum of the two cards converted mana costs As the ability resolves you create copies of both cards and can cast none one or both of the copies in any order | [
"Strionic Resonator"
] |
http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=6150 | GATHERER Survival of the Fittest Sets Legality Discussion Community Rating Community Rating 4589 5 157 votes Click here to view ratings and comments Printed Card Name Survival of the Fittest Mana Cost Converted Mana Cost 2 Types Enchantment Card Text Discard a creature card Search your library for a creature card reveal that card and put it into your hand Then shuffle your library Expansion Exodus Rarity All Sets Card Number 129 Artist Pete Venters Rulings 1042004 Because the search requires you to find a card with certain characteristics you dont have to find the card if you dont want to | [
"Survival of the Fittest"
] |
http://gator-tail.com/ | GTRXD Maintenance Tips Keep Your XD Model Motor Up To Speed Watch Video Here PERFORMANCE IS EVERYTHING GatorTail ' s NEW Predator Series Watch Video EXTREME VERSATILITY Gatortail ' s Extreme Series Watch Video 40 HORSEPOWER IS HERE GatorTail ' s most powerful motor yet Learn More Introducing the Savage Series Gator - Tail ' s Beast of the Timber Learn More GTRXD Maintenance Tips Keep Your XD Model Motor Up To Speed Watch Video Here PERFORMANCE IS EVERYTHING GatorTail ' s NEW Predator Series Watch Video Previous Next Motors Boats Dealers Package Deals THE ORIGINAL BELT DRIVEN , SURFACE DRIVE MUD MOTOR At Gator - Tail , we love to hunt & fish just like you . That β s why we build the most dependable and durable mud motors and boats on the planet . There are others who claim they make the best mud motor out there , but they ' re only kidding themselves . Gator - Tail is the fastest , the best in quality , and the only mud motor on the market that has had a proven instant reverse option on our motors for over a decade . To compliment our mud motors we also build We Are Gator - Tail 15 YEARS STRONG Watch Our Video UNIQUE INSTANT REVERSE We are the only surface drive that has had a proven instant reverse option on our motors for over a decade . EXCLUSIVE LIFETIME WARRANTY Gator - Tail goes where no other has by offering the only lifetime drive belt warranty in the industry . ORIGINAL THE ONLY ORIGINAL We are the creators of the original belt driven surface drive mudmotor . WE β RE WITH YOU Born and bred in the bayous of Loreauville , Louisiana , Gator - Tail was built by hunters and fishermen just like you . MEET THE TEAM Not sure where to start ? Contact a Gator - Tail dealer Find A Dealer Motors Boats Blinds Package Deals Dealers Our Story Our Technology Careers Contact Us Warranty Β© 2019 . Gator - Tail , LLC . All Rights Reserved . Site by : Three Sixty Eight Contact Us | [
"ORIGINAL BELT DRIVEN",
"MUD MOTOR"
] |
http://gatorhydroponics.com/what-is-static-solution-culture/ | What is Static Solution Culture ? Home Types of Hydroponics Systems What is Static Solution Culture ? 10 Jan 0 54 Post by gladmin By placing the plant on top of the water , have it float like a lily pad the plants can survive and thrive quite well . However if the plant your trying to grow using this method is heavy you must create a flotation devise to keep it from sinking to the bottom of your reservoir . Also for this method to be affective you have to fend off root rot . Using deep - water culture oxygen diffusers to provide the roots with the oxygen needed can keep root rot at bay . In this type of system the Prev post Next post | [
"STATIC SOLUTION CULTURE"
] |
http://gaukartifact.com/2013/03/27/the-staffordshire-potteries-directory-for-1868/ | The Staffordshire Potteries β Directory for 1868 gaukartifact 6 years ago comparing prices from then to today ( 2010 ) β¦ . . total exports for the first six months of : 1865 β Β£ 680,112 worth in 2010 β Β£ 64,000,000 1866 β Β£ 805,954 worth in 2010 β Β£ 76,000,000 1867 β Β£ 827,834 78,000,000 1867 half year ( Jan to June ) export markets Hanse Towns β Β£ 25,371 worth in 2010 β Β£ 2,400,000 France β Β£ 24,480 worth in 2010 β Β£ 2,300 , 00 British India β Β£ 41,352 worth in 2010 β Β£ 3,900,000 Australia β Β£ 43,962 worth in 2010 β Β£ 4,100,000 Brazil β Β£ 50,089 worth in 2010 β Β£ 4,700,000 British North America β Β£ 383,759 worth in 2010 β Β£ 36,000,000 Other Countries β Β£ 291,172 worth in 2010 β Β£ 27,000,000 Tunstall [ 20 manufactories ] Adams , Wm . & Thos . , Greenfield , Tunstall β Earthenware . Adams , Wm . , Jan . , Newfield , Tunstall β Earthenware . Beech & Hancock , Swan Bank Pottery , Tunstall β Earthenware suitable for Home Trade . Blackhurst & Dunning , High Street , Tunstall - Earthenware . Blackhurst & Co . , Sandyford Pottery , Tunstall β Earthenware . Bowers , Fredk . T . , Brownhill β s Pottery , Tunstall β All kinds of Earthenware and China ; London Agent , Thos . Bayley , Hatton Garden . Challinor , Edward , High Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Clarke , Edward , High Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Elsmore & Foster , Clay Hills Pottery , Tunstall β Earthenware . Emberton , Wm . , Brownhills , Tunstall β Earthenware . Ford , Challinor , & Co . , Sandiford Pottery , Tunstall β Earthenware . Hammersley , Ralph , Tunstall β Black Earthenware . Hancock , Sampson , Victoria Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Holdcroft & Wood , George Street , Tunstall β All kinds of Plain and Decorated Earthenware ; London Agency , 58 , St . Paul β s Street , New North Road . Keeling , Anthony , Well Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Meir , Henry , & Son , Greengates , Tunstall β Earthenware . Oulsnam , W . B . , High Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Turner & Tomkinson , High Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Wedgwood & Co . , Unicorn Pottery , Tunstall β Earthenware . Wood , Edmund T . W . , Woodland Street , Tunstall β Earthenware . Burslem [ 54 manufactories ] Alcock , Henry , & Co . , Cobridge Works , Burslem β Earthenware . Alcock & Diggory , Hill Top Works , Burslem . Allman , Broughton , & Co . Wedgwood Place , Burslem β Earthenware , General Earthenware for Home and Foreign Markets . Bates , George , & Co . , Cobridge . Bates & Co . , Cobridge β Earthenware . Beech , Jane , Queen Street , Burslem β Toys and Fancy . Bennett , William , Sneyd Pottery , Albert Street , Burslem β Earthenware for General Home use and for Exportation ; London Agent , Geo . Marshall , 13 , Lime Street , E.C . Bodley , E . P . , & Co . , Wedgwood Place , Burslem β Earthenware . Boote , T . & R . , Waterloo Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Boughton , R . T . , & Co . , Fountain Place , Burslem β Earthenware . Brough , Joynson , & Co . , Bourne β s Bank , Burslem β Earthenware . Brownfield , William , Cobridge β Improved Ironstone and Earthenware . Burgess & Leigh , Market Place , Burslem β Earthenware . Cartwright , Thomas , Sneyd Green Pottery , Cobridge β Ironstone , China , Earthenware , Enamelled , Gilt , Bronze Lustre Ware , etc . Cockson , Chetwvnd , & Co . , Granite Works , Cobridge β Granite Ware , Table Toilette , Tea and Dessert Services , and Articles adapted for the American Markets . Collinson , Chas . , & Co . , Fountain Place , Burslem β Chemical and Sanitary Articles . Cork , Edge , & Malkin , Navigation Road , Burslem β Earthenware and Lustre . Corn , W . , & Co . , Navigation Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Corns , James , Amicable Buildings , Burslem β Creel Steps . Daniel & Cork , Navigation Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Davenport , Wm . , & Co . , Davenport Street , Burslem β China and Earthenware . Dean & Stokes , Mill Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Edwards & Son , Newcastle Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Elliott & Son , Dale Hall Works , Newcastle Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Evans & Booth , Hamil Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Forrester , John , Podmore Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Furnival & Co . , Cobridge β Earthenware . Godwin , John , Sneyd Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Halling , Harden , Wellington Street , Burslem β Creel Steps . Hancock , Whittingham , & Co . , Swan Bank Works , Chapel Square , Burslem β Earthenware . Hawthorne , John , Albert Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Heath , Blackhurst , & Co . , Hadderidge Pottery , Burslem β Plain and Ornamental Earthenware . Hobson , Charles , Albert Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Holdcroft , Hill , & Mellor , Queen Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Hope & Carter , Fountain Place , Burslem β Earthenware . Hughes , Thomas , Cunard Pottery , Burslem β Granite . Hughes , Elijah , Bleak Hill Pottery , Cobridge β Granite , Printed and Painted , Edged Ware , etc . Lawton , John W , Waterloo Road , Burslem . Lea , Smith , & Boulton , Market Place , Burslem β China and Earthenware . Macintvre , James , & Co . , Washington Works , Burslem β Mortice Lock and Bell Lever Furniture , Finger Plates , Shutter Drawer and Door Knobs , Mortars and Pestles , Sign Letters , Garden Labels , Artists β Palettes , Slabs , Colour Tiles , etc . Maddock , John , & Son , Newcastle Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Massey , Nehemiah , Kilncroft , Burslem β Teapots and Figures . Meakin Brothers , Peel Street , Burslem β Earthenware . Meakin & Co . , Cobridge β Earthenware . Pearson , Edward , Sneyd Green , Burslem β Earthenware . Pinder , Bourne , & Co . , Nile Street Works , Burslem β Ironstone , China , and Earthenware ; London Agency , 17 , Gracechurch Street , E.C . Plant & Gardener , Bourne β s Bank , Burslem : β Earthenware . Shaw , Anthony , Newport Lane , Burslem β Earthenware . Till & Sons , Liverpool Road , Burslem β China and Earthenware . Vernon , James , Waterloo Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Wallet , John , High Street , Burslem β Teapots and Toys . Wigley , William Henry , Sylvester Square , Burslem β Black and Lustre . Wigley , George , Sylvester Square , Burslem β Creel Steps . Wood , Morgan , & Co . , Liverpool Road , Burslem β Earthenware . Hanley [ 54 manufactories ] Allen , H . G . , Broad Street , Hanley β China . Ash , George , Broad Street , Hanley β Parian and Majolica . Ashworth , G . L . , & Brothers , Broad Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Baddeley , Jas . H . , Gloucester Street , Hanley β Rustic Ware . Baguley , George , Broad Street , Hanley β China . Bailey & Bevington , Elm Street , Hanley β Parian . Bamford , John , Nelson Place , Hanley β Jugs and Figures . Bennett & Rathbone , Wharf Lane , Hanley β Earthenware . Bentley , Noah , Bryan Street , Hanley β Parian . Bevington , John , Great York Street , Hanley β Parian . Bevington , J . & T . , Marsh Street , Hanley β China and Parian . Brown Westhead , Moore , & Co . , Cauldon Place , Hanley β China , Earthenware , Parian , Sanitary and Druggists β Ware ; London Office and Show Room , 107 , Hatton Garden . Buckley , Jas . , Vine Street , Hanley β Sanitary Ware . Buller , W . W . , & Co , Eastwood Vale , Hanley . Clementson Brothers , Phoenix Works , Broad Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Cooper , Wm . Thos . , Trustees of the late , , Royal Victoria Manufactory ( Charles Brock , Manager ) Hanley β Every kind of China and Earthenware of Useful and Ornamental Descriptions ; London Agent , Mr . John Leslie , Crosby Hall Chambers , E.C . Daniel & Lett , China Works , Shelton , Hanley . Davenport , Banks , & Co . , Castle Field Pottery , Etruria , near Stoke - on - Trent β General Earthenware , White Ware , Porous , Antique , and Fancy Goods . Dimmock , John , & Co . , Albion Works , Hanley β Stone and Earthenware , Plain and Decorated . Dudson , James , Hanover Street , Hanley β Earthenware and Parian . Evans & Coyne , Brunswick Street , Hanley β China and Earthenware . Ford , Thos . & Chas . , Cannon Street , Hanley β China . Ford , Chas . , Parker Street , Hanley . Gelson , William , & Co . , Hanley . Harding , W . & J . , Marsh Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Hodgkinson , Elijah , Mayer Street Works , Hanley β Stone and Parian . Hodgkinson , William , New Street , Hanley β Earthenware and Parian . Holloway , John , Market Street , Hanley β Parian . Howson , George , Paxton Street , Hanley β Sanitary Ware . Livesley , William , Cannon Street , Hanley β Earthenware , Ornamental China Figures , Parian , Statuary , etc . Meakin , J . & G , Eagle Pottery , Hanley β Earthenware . Mills Brothers , George Street , Hanley β Parian . Mills , John , Clough Street β Brown Ware . Old Hall Pottery Company , Limited , Old Hall Street , Hanley β Earthenware , Parian , and China . Oldham , James , Ranelagh Works , Hanley β Earthenware , Mosaic and Ornamental Stoneware , China Door Furniture , Lustre , Parian , etc . ; London Agency , Ely Place , Holborn . Pankhurst , James W . , & Co . , Old Hall Street , Hanley β White Granite Earthenware . Pointon , William B . , Parker Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Powell & Bishop , Miles β Bank and Church Works , Hanley β Earthenware and China , China Figures and Parian Statuary . Ridgway , Edward J . , Bedford Works , Hanley β Earthenware . Sale , John , Bryan Street , Hanley β Parian . Smith , John , Hope Street , Hanley β Parian . Stanway , Horne , & Adams , Eastwood Vale , Hanley β Parian . Stubbs , William , Eastwood Pottery , Hanley β Egyptian Black , Stone Ware , Lustre , Figures , Candlesticks , Toys , etc . Taylor , William , Brook Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Taylor Brothers , Market Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Twyford , Christopher , New Street , Hanley β Sanitary Ware . Twyford , Thomas , Bath Street , Hanley β Beer Pump Handles and Spirit Barrels , Water Closets , Blue and Marble Pan Basins , Plug Basins , Blue , Marble , Enamelled , Gilt , Yellow Closets and Traps and Sanitary Ware . Unwin , Holmes , & Worthington , High Street , Hanley β Earthenware . Venables , Henry , Mill Street , Hanley β Porous and Etruscan . Warrington , William , Brewery Street , Hanley β Parian . Wardle , James , William Street , Hanley β Parian and Majolica . Wedgwood , Josiah , & Sons , Etruria Potteries , Stoke - upon - Trent β Earthenware , Stoneware , Chemical Ware , Sanitary Ware , Majolica , Jasper , Parian , etc . Worthington & Son , Brook Street , Hanley β Toilet Ware , Ornamental Figures , Stone Ware , and Coloured Bodies . Worthington & Harrop , Tinker β s Clough , Hanley β Parian Stoke [ 12 manufactories ] Close , J . T . , Church Street , Stoke - upon - Trent . Copeland , W . T . , & Sons , ( late Spode & Copeland ) Stoke - on - Trent β Porcelain , Earthenware , and Glass ; London House , 160 , New Bond Street , Goss , William Henry , John Street , Stoke - on - Trent β China , Parian Statuettes , etc . , Terra Cotta , Fire Clay , and Patent Goods . Grose & Co . , Church Street , Stoke - on - Trent β Earthenware . Hill , Leveson , Executors of , Wharf Street , Stoke - on - Trent β Parian . Jones , George , & Co . , Trent Pottery , Church Street , Stoke - on - Trent β Earthenware . Kirkham , William , London Road , Stoke - on - Trent β Earthenware , Terra Cotta , Stone Ware Lamps , Chemists β Ware , Boxes , Jars , etc . ; London Agent , 13 , Lime Street , E.C . Kirkham , William , North Staffordshire , Brick and Tile Works , Stoke - on - Trent β Plain and Ornamental Tiles , Ridges , Quarries , etc . Minton , Herbert , & Co . , Stoke - upon - Trent β China and Earthenware of every Description , Majolica Vases , Flower Pots , Sec . , Parian Statuary , Plain and Enamelled Tiles , etc . ; London Agency , 50 , Conduit Street , Regent Street , W . Minton , Hollins , & Co . , Stoke - upon - Trent β Encaustic Tiles ; London Agency , 50 , Conduit Street , Regent Street , W . Robinson & Leadbeater , Glebe Street , Stoke - on - Trent β Parian Statuary . Turner , Hassall , & Peake , Copeland Street , Stoke - on - Trent β Earthenware , China , and Parian . Fenton [ 14 manufactories ] Baker , W . , & Co . , High Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Challinor , Edward & Charles , King Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Edwards , John , King Street , Fenton β China and Earthenware . Gimson , Baker , & Challinor , Market Street , Fenton . Green , Mary , & Co . , Minerva Works , Park Street , Fenton β China . Hawley & Co . , King Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Jackson & Gosling , King Street , Fenton β China . Knight , Joseph , King Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Malkin , Ralph , Park Works , Fenton β Earthenware . Pratt , F . R . , & Co . , Fenton Potteries β Druggists β Sundries , Terra Cotta , and Uniquely Ornamented Earthenware . Pratt , John , & Co . , Park Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Robinson , Hudson , & Co . , King Street , Foley , Fenton β China . Wathen , James B . , Market Street , Fenton β Earthenware . Wileman , J . & C , Foley Pottery , Fenton β China and Earthenware . Longton [ 68 manufactories ] Adams , John , The Executors of , Park Place , and Victoria Works , High Street , Longton β China ; London Agent , Mr . Samuel Statham , 5 , Featherstone Buildings , E.C . Adams , Scrivener , & Co . , Sutherland Road , Longton β China , Tea , Breakfast , and Dessert Ware ; Ornamental Vases , etc . ; London Agent , Mr . T . E . Small , 17 , Ely Place , E.C . Adams & Cooper , High Street , Longton β China . Adderley , Shaw , & Goldstraw , Daisy Bank Works , Longton β Chimney Pots , Etc . Allerton , Chas . , & Son , Park Works , High Street , Longton β China and Earthenware , and Gold and Silver Lustres . Aynsley , John , Sutherland Road , Longton β China . Baddeley , William , Drury Works , Longton β Rustic Ware , Terra Cotta , for Floral mid Horticultural Purposes ; London Agent , Mr . Saml . Bowen , 83 , Farringdon Street , E.C . Baddeley , Elizabeth , Commerce Street , Longton β Rustic Ware and Terra Cotta . Barlow , Thomas , Cyple β s Old Pottery , Longton β China . Barlow , T . W . , Commerce Street , Longton β Earthenware . Beech , James , & Son , Albert Works , Longton β China , Tea , Breakfast , and Dessert Services , Trinkets , etc . ; London Agent , W . Large , Sen . , 9 , Hatton Garden . Bentley , Thomas , & Co . , Church Street , Longton β China , various . Bettany , Thos . , Crown Works , Stafford Street , Longton β - China . Birks , Thomas , High Street , Longton β China , Earthenware , Gold and Silver Lustre . Bold , Henry , Daisy Bank , Longton β Rustic Ware and Terra Cotta . Brammall & Repton , Heathcote Road , Longton β China . Bridgwood , Sampson , & Son , Anchor Works , Sutherland Road , Longton β China and Earthenware . Broadhurst , James , Crown Pottery , Stafford Street , Longton β Earthenware . Brough Brothers , & Co . , Gold Street , Longton β Earthenware . Cartledge , John , & Co . , Market Street , Longton β China . Cartwright , Moses , Cornhill Passage , Longton β Insulators . Cartwright & Edwards , Russell Street , Longton β Earthen ware . Cheetham , J . R . & F . , Chancery Lane , Longton β Earthenware . Cooper & Nixon , Viaduct Works , Longton β Earthenware . W . Copestake Brothers , Anchor Road , Longton β China . Copestake & Allin , High Street , Longton β China . Dawson , James , Commerce Street , Longton β Earthenware . Edwards , Jas . , & Son ; Market Street , Longton β China . Edwards , Geo . , & Co . , Cyple β s Lane , Longton β China . Elkin , Saml . , Stafford Street , Longton β Earthenware . Ferneyhough , John , & Co . , Dresden Works , Stafford Street , Longton β China . Finney & Co . , Victoria Works , Stafford Street , Longton β China for Home and Export Markets . Gibson & Hallam , St . Martin β s Lane , Longton β China . Grove , R . H . , Palissy Works , Chancery Lane , Longton β Rustic Ware , Lustre , China , and Earthenware . Hackney & Co . , Daisy Bank , Longton β Parian . Hampson Brothers , New Street , Longton β Earthenware . Hammersley , Freeman , & Co . , Prince of Wales β Works , Sutherland Road , Longton β China , Tea , Breakfast , Trinket , and Dessert Services . Hodson , Richard , Chancery Lane , Longton β China . Holdcroft , Joseph , St . Martin β s Lane , Longton β Silver Lustre . Holland & Green , Stafford Street , Longton β Earthenware . Hopwood , W . , Executors Of The Late , Church Street , Longton β China . Hudden , J . T . , Stafford Street , Longton β Earthenware . Hulse , Nixon , & Adderley , Daisy Bank Pottery , Longton β China and Earthenware , White and Decorated , for Home , Colonial , Continental , South American and other Markets . Jones , Frederick , Stafford Street , Longton β Earthenware . Jones , H . , & Co . , Chadwick Street , Longton β Earthenware . Jones , Shepherd , & Co . , Portland Works , Church Street , Longton β Earthenware of all descriptions . Keeling , Walker , & Co . , High Street , Longton β Gold and Silver Lustre and Figure Lockett , John , King Street , Longton β China , Earthenware , and Lustre . Lowe & Abberley , Waterloo Works , Longton β Earthenware . Mason , Holt , & Co . , Normacott Road , Longton β China . Moore & Son , St . Mary β s Works , Longton β China . Page & Dale , Church Street , Longton . Poole , Sutherland , & Hallam , Cornhill Passage , Longton β Gold and Silver Lustre , Parian , etc . Proctor , J . H . , & Co . , High Street , Longton β Earthenware . Robinson & Son , Wellington Works , Stafford Street , Longton β China . Shepherd & Co . , Eagle Works , Stafford Street , Longton β Decorated China and Earthenware . Shepherd & Jones , Church Street , Longton . Smith , Sampson , Sutherland Works , Barker Street , Longton β China and Gold and Silver Lustre . Stubbs , Tomlinson , & Billington , High Street , Longton β China and Parian . Sutherland & Sons , Parkhall Street , Longton β Parian and Tena Cotta . Tams & Lowe , High Street , Longton β Lustre , Egyptian Black , Turquoise , Cain , Sage , and Printed Ware , Stone Mortars , etc . Taylor , William , & Co . , Church Street , Longton . Walker , Carter , & Co . , Anchor Road , Longton β Earthenware . Webb & Co . , Peel Pottery , Stafford Street , Longton β China , all sorts , for Home and Foreign Markets . Webb & Walters , Stafford Street , Longton β Gold and Silver Lustre . Webberley , William , High Street , Longton β China . Williams & Co . , Clayton Street , Longton β China . Wood & Co . , Mount Pleasant , Longton β China . Yearsley , George , Market Lane , Longton β Parian . Newcastle [ 4 manufactories ] Baker & Co . , Shelton New Road , Newcastle β Parian . Brough & Son , Silverdale Tileries , Newcastle β Metallic Blue Tiles and Bricks , Facing and Paving Bricks , Roofing , Ridge , and Flooring Tiles , Garden Border , etc . Duckett , Charles , King β s Field , Newcastle β Earthenware . North Staffordshire Brick & Tile Company , Limited , Chesterton , near Newcastle β Tiles , Bricks , etc . Credits : http : / / www . thepotteries . org / 5 ( 100 % ) 1 vote gaukartifact Posts Website Facebook | [
"Staffordshire Potteries",
"Directory"
] |
http://gawker.com/5099414/barbara-walters-tries-fails-to-sell-her-dog-to-the-obamas | Barbara Walters Tries , Fails To Sell Her Dog to the Obamas 5.46K Kyle Buchanan 11 / 26 / 08 05 : 10PM Filed to : Barbara Walters Clearly , the most pressing aspect of President - elect Barack Obama ' s transition is what kind of freaking puppy he will be getting his daughters Malia and Sasha β and everyone ' s weighing in with their opinion . Frequent watchers of The View know that Barbara Walters is borderline obsessive about imploring the Obamas to adopt a pooch similar to her Havanese dog Cha Cha ( short for " Cha Cha Cha , " natch ) , so when it was announced that Walters would be interviewing the couple for a special to air this week , we immediately combed through the transcript to see if she would take the opportunity to push Cha Cha on them once more . WALTERS : I have one final , very important question . Mrs . Obama , I sent you a picture of my dog , Cha Cha β¦ MICHELLE OBAMA : Uh - huh . WALTERS : Who is a Havanese , and a very perfect dog , and β¦ BARACK OBAMA ( suddenly stonefaced ) : Cha Cha ? WALTERS : Cha Cha . Cha Cha is a dog , he ' s a Havanese , he ' s from Havana β¦ real name is " Cha - cha - cha . " BARACK OBAMA : Cha - cha - A deflated Walters demurred before she had a chance to pitch her backup mutt . Sadly , America will never know whether Sheetzucacapoopoo is , indeed , Barack Obama ' s kind of dog . [ Photo Credit : George Burns for ABC News ] Obama on Auto Execs ' Private Jets : ' A Little Tone Deaf ' [ ABC News ] | [
"Barbara Walters",
"Obamas",
"Dog"
] |
http://gawker.com/5392766/anderson-cooper-is-a-giant-homosexual-and-everyone-knows-it | Anderson Cooper Is a Giant Homosexual and Everyone Knows It 585.19K Brian Moylan 10 / 29 / 09 01 : 03PM Filed to : Scared straight Page Six today has a not - very - thinly - veiled item about Anderson Cooper going on a very gay vacation with his very gay boyfriend who owns a very gay bar . Enough : Anderson Cooper is very gay . It ' s time he said it . Here ' s the New York Post ' s gossip column item about Cooper going to the " best hotel in the world " in India Anderson Cooper has been consoling himself over falling ratings by living it up in Jaipur , India , at one of the world ' s most opulent hotels . The CNN star was spotted Tuesday with his muscular friend , Benjamin Maisani , an owner of East Village bar Eastern Bloc , at the Rambagh Palace , named the best hotel in the world by Conde Nast Traveler . Cooper ' s $ 3,200 - a - night room features a four - poster mahogany bed and views of the gardens of the former Maharaja palace . Our source said Saying Cooper is gay is no longer a scoop . It ' s not a scandal . Even the humor involved in all the clever winking and nodding is past its expiration date . With today ' s item Page Six may have exhausted all the ways to say " He ' s GAY GAY GAY ! " : the room only has one bed , Maisani ' s " muscular , " and perhaps most blatantly , he owns Eastern Bloc . Every ' mo in New York knows Eastern Bloc is a gritty , dirty gay bar ( " a true man meat bar " ) that often has boy - on - boy porn playing on its TVs . ( The stencil over the DJ booth offers " Free Moustache Rides " and one outside once read " One Gay at a Time , Sweet Jesus . " ) All the patrons know Maisani , because he ' s big , and know he ' s dating Cooper . Word on the street is that Madonna ' s recent appearance there had less to do with her getting back to her East Village gay roots and more to do with the fact that she was with Cooper , who wanted to play " whose boy toy is hotter " with Madge . Cooper ' s see - through closet is such a joke that it does n ' t make sense to call him in the closet anymore . If he wo n ' t say it , we will : Anderson Cooper is officially out . There ' s no difference between him and Neil Patrick Harris . They both play it straight at their day jobs and then openly go about town with their boyfriends and do TV interviews about how much they love Kathy Griffin and The Real Housewives of Atlanta Real Housewives NeNe Is Undeterred in Her Pursuit of Anderson Cooper It ' s no secret that NeNe of Real Housewives of Atlanta has a massive crush on Anderson Cooper , β¦ It ' s not like Cooper ' s in a club all of his own , either . He is part of an increasingly large crowd of notables who wo n ' t come out but have given up trying to hide that they are gay . Queen Latifah denied that she was going to marry her girlfriend , a girlfriend who she tries to pass off as her " trainer . " Kevin Spacey got busted lying about being mugged in a London cruising park . Ricky Martin has stopped even trying to fight the gay rumors . Jodie Foster has never said she ' s a lesbian out loud , but she basically came out when she thanked her partner in an acceptance speech . These gay - not - gay celebrities are different from the Hugh Jackmans , John Travoltas , Tom Cruises , and Kenny Chesneys , who are all constantly plagued with gay rumors that they strenuously try to deny or deflect . If they ' re gay , they ' re doing it in secret . Cooper and his set of cohorts live openly gay lives β and that ' s a good thing β but they refuse to acknowledge what the public already knows . In Anderson Cooper ' s specific case , we sort of understand why he wo n ' t open his mouth and let the rainbows fly . All the guy has ever wanted to do was be an old - fashioned newsman and unfortunately him coming out would make him a part of the story . Every time he tried to cover something having to do with gay civil rights ( or Madonna or Fire Island ) plenty of people would claim that his reporting was biased because of his sexual orientation . It ' s not fair : Katie Harry Smith when discussing new medicine that will eradicate baldness . Coming out would open Cooper up to irrational accusations from those waiting to pounce on the " liberal media " just as quickly as A.C. pounces on his muscle man in an Indian hotel room . That sucks , but it ' s the way it currently is . How does it get changed ? Well , by having some major national news figures come out and show that they can still get blown over in a hurricane or report live from a war zone without breaking into a anti - Prop 8 rant . That ' s right , Anderson , it ' s going to take you to change it . Rachel Maddow has paved the way , but all the baby gays out there need you to man up and be our Jackie Robinson . The first step is the easiest , you just have to say what everyone already knows . Top pic of Cooper and Maisani snapped in June by Pacific Coast News ; pic of Eastern Bloc via Alice Bartlett ' s Flickr | [
"Anderson Cooper",
"Giant Homosexual",
"Maharaja palace"
] |
http://gawker.com/5877271/come-back-zooey-deschanel-we-dont-really-hate-you | Come Back , Zooey Deschanel , We Do n ' t Really Hate You 93.38K Brian Moylan 01 / 18 / 12 04 : 00PM Filed to : Celebrities In the past we have called satchel of fairy dust Zooey Deschanel a living dog sweater Bambi ' s rabbit friend , and hipster labradoodle with bangs , that does n ' t mean we hate her . No , Zooey , we want you to come back and read Gawker . Why Not Look Through Zooey Deschanel ' s Finances ? Living dog sweater Zooey Deschanel is getting a divorce from her husband , sweaty - looking Death Cab β¦ In their new cover story , Zooey told Allure , " " I ca n ' t go on Gawker . I actually think the writing is really funny , but there is a chance that somebody is undercutting me . " Aw , Zooey , do n ' t do us like that . Those names are n ' t insults they ' re just whimsical descriptions . I ' m not going to launch a full on " In Defense of Zooey Deschanel , " because like abortion , Cadbury Creme Eggs , and veganism , the sides of the Zooey debate are fiercely divided and horribly intractable . She is the most love it or hate it proposition in modern culture . Personally , I get why she is annoying to some people , but I find her to be kind of charming . I also enjoy her show New Girl and find it to be funny , different , and rather entertaining . I still like Raising Hope better , but that is some seriously tough competition . I ' m not going to tell you to like her or list all her good qualities . I ' m not going to tell you to hate her and give a litany of reasons why . No , I ' m just going to say that maybe we should be a little nicer to Zooey so that she can come here on this webpage and enjoy some celebrity gossip , strange internet culture exposes , and news funnies . Maybe if she could , you ' d like her a bit more . Maybe all the detractors can say Can we agree on that ? Because we really want you to come back to the five and dime , Zooey D , Zooey D . Image via Getty | [
"Zooey Deschanel",
"living dog sweater"
] |
http://gawker.com/5930334/in-victory-for-the-internet-pitbull-visits-alaska-receives-gift-of-bear-spray | In Victory for the Internet Pitbull Visits Alaska Receives Gift of Bear Spray 20243K Taylor Berman 073012 0652PM Filed to Pitbull Americas sweetheart Pitbull made good on his promise to fulfill the internets longstanding dream of sending him to a far off inaccessible place when he visited Kodiak Alaska earlier today The visit was the result of a contest Pitbull held with a company that sells energy strips which promised to send the multitalented rapper to the WalMart with the most likes on Facebook Naturally forces of the internet trollrigged the competition so that Kodiak Alaskas WalMart won by a significant margin Almost making up for all the other shit hes put us through Pitbull played along and seemed to enjoy himself even agreeing to flyout David Thorpe one of the pranks organizers The Internet Has Spoken Pitbull Is Headed to Alaska And Hes Taking Along the Prankster Who Sent Him There Following a threeweek trolling campaign organized by Something Awful goons David Arr Lucky for us Thorpe livetweeted the event Pitbull arriving now Non media asked to move to the back of the room There are three nonmedia people back of the room is 5 ft from front David Thorpe Arr July 30 2012 Just met Pitbull He shook my hand and said Keep bullshitting Next thing you know well be on the moon David Thorpe Arr July 30 2012 The mayor presented Pitbull with a key to the city while a WalMart manager gave him a more practical gift Kodiak LOVES Pitbull Hes up on the stage now with Scott local Walmart manager Hes presenting him with a gift bag of bear repellant David Thorpe Arr July 30 2012 And Kodiak residents welcomed him with a performance Pitbull is now being honored with local song twittercomArrstatus230 David Thorpe Arr July 30 2012 Pitbull signed autographs and met with local Kodiak folks at the towns WalMart before flying back on a private jet And Thorpe did his part by thanking the people responsible for the event Big shout out to Kmart and Listerine Fresh Strips for making this whole thing happen David Thorpe Arr July 30 2012 Image via Pitbull | [
"Pitbull",
"Alaska",
"Bear Spray"
] |
http://gawker.com/5985096/beyonce-has-never-been-less-convincing-about-the-veracity-of-her-pregnancy-than-she-was-in-her-own-movie | BeyoncΓ© Has Never Been Less Convincing About the Veracity of Her Pregnancy Than She Was in Her Own Movie 393.59K Rich Juzwiak 02 / 18 / 13 02 : 21PM Filed to : Conspiracies [ There was a video here ] I never realized how not pregnant BeyoncΓ© might have been until the Saturday premiere of her HBO documentary , Life Is But a Dream . Since announcing her pregnancy at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards ( in August of that year ) , there have been naysayers , referred to with tongue in cheek as " BeyoncΓ© birthers . " There was that footage of her apparently pregnant belly folding in on itself when she made an appearance on Australian TV in the fall of 2011 . Months later , BeyoncΓ© addressed it with a pithy explanation : " It was a fabric that folded - does fabric not fold ? Oh my gosh , so stupid . " Life Is But a Dream covers a . . .period of time before the supposed birth of BeyoncΓ© and Jay - Z ' s daughter , Blue Ivy . It ' s hard to say exactly how long because particulars like where and when are barely telegraphed β there ' s not a single explanatory chyron in the entire film . Cynically , I wonder if this is a sign of co - director BeyoncΓ© ' s egocentrism ; she assumes that we ' ve been following her closely enough to know what she ' s talking about without bothering to explain certain key facts Regardless , it makes sense that given the time examined , BeyoncΓ© ' s movie would chronicle BeyoncΓ© ' s pregnancy and the controversy it birthed . The problem with ' s treatment of her pregnancy is n ' t that it protests too much β it protests too weirdly . We never see a full , clear shot of BeyoncΓ© ' s pregnant , swanlike body . Instead it ' s presented in pieces , owing to the limitations of her Mac webcam . When her body is shown in full , it ' s in grainy , black and white footage in which her face is shadowed . Why , though ? If you ' re going to present an image of your pregnant self to prove the naysayers wrong , why do it in such an obscure way ? Why bother ? The footage seems to exist to be described as " beautiful . " Is it just art , or more lies ? That question could apply to the whole of , in which the notoriously tight - lipped BeyoncΓ© consciously unveils parts of her life and , in the process , reveals nothing . On firing her father , Matthew Knowles , as her manager , she says , " It was a stressful , sad , difficult time . " Gee . Imagine . On her general feelings , she says , " If I ' m scared , be scared , allow it , release it , move on . " On her humanity , she says , " I know that people see celebrities , and they a video message she recorded for journalists attending a listening session for her I Am . . .Sasha Fierce album in 2008 . Prefab on top of prefab . Much like in Madonna ' s Truth or Dare , there is a great sense of performance in . BeyoncΓ© Knowles is BeyoncΓ© Knowles . But unlike Madonna , who got off on being bad and pushing buttons , BeyoncΓ© ' s aesthetic is perfection . She lives to be admired , and the supposed grittiness in exists so that we admire her more . Look at how critical BeyoncΓ© is of herself when she watches herself ! Look at how pretty she looks naturally ! ( Never mind that her several made - under looks clearly required makeup . ) Listen to how well she articulates herself when presented softball questions by an interviewer that she hired for a movie she is orchestrating and directing ! Truth or Dare : How Madonna ' s Documentary Changed the Next 20 Years " There ' s nothing to say off camera , " goes Warren Beatty ' s famous roast of β¦ Again , I wonder : Why bother ? Is it all for money ? Is the point to promote a brand ? To keep fresh in minds for her imminent upcoming album ? Maybe . But if you read as sincere expression , it becomes something far weirder , the product of an extraordinarily talented , extraordinary bland person who is never not stilted . What if this were an accurate depiction of BeyoncΓ© ' s limited , surface - level capacity to express herself in daily life that reaches savant - like highs only through her art ? That is a fascinating life worth capturing . Like the black - and - white footage of her supposedly pregnant self , all of provokes more questions than it answers . We leave knowing nothing and talking and talking and talking , essentially doing the heavy - lifting for the privileged star . " All I need is not me , because I ca n ' t do it by myself , " says BeyoncΓ© on the makings of BeyoncΓ© . It takes a nation to fuel a machine this big . | [
"BeyoncΓ©",
"HBO documentary"
] |
http://gawker.com/here-is-a-list-of-all-the-ways-your-spanx-are-probably-1505811471 | Here Is a List of All the Ways Your Spanx Are Probably Killing You 32.37K Adam Weinstein 01 / 21 / 14 01 : 10PM Filed to : workin ' on our fitness " Shapewear " makes you look shapely . Allegedly . It definitely makes you feel shapely , because it squeezes the bejeezus out of your vital organs . Science now says that this pressure is potentially hazardous to your health . But hey , you ' ll leave a svelte - looking corpse , right ? In its never - ending quest to be the New York Times of searchable service journalism , HuffPo talked to some medical specialists to see how the popular Spanx line of women ' s ( and , just recently , men ' s ! ) compression clothing wrecks your bodily functions . Here ' s a list of the potential maladies that could spank you : Erosive esophagitis : The clothing ' s tightness " leaves your stomach , intestine and colon compressed , which Dr . Kuemmerle says can worsen acid reflux and heartburn . " That can lead to erosion , and who knows ? Maybe even Barrett ' s esophagus and esophageal cancer ! Breathing problems : " When you inhale , your diaphragm expands and your abdomen flares out , Dr . Erickson says , but shapewear restricts this movement and decreases the excursion in respiration . " Digestive difficulties : " The intestines are supposed to contract and move food along , but when they ' re compressed over a long period of time , the flow of digestion is stifled . " Pooping and peeing yourself : " In someone who has weakness down below and a tendency towards incontinence . . . increasing intra - abdominal pressure can certainly provoke episodes of incontinence . " Nerve pain : " Sitting in shapewear can lead to a reversible condition called meralgia paresthetica , which is when the peripheral nerve in your thigh is compressed . This leads to tingling , numbness and pain in your legs , all of which can come and go or become constant . " Circulatory disorders : " This rubber band effect can also decrease your circulation and lead to blood clots . " Pus - filled infections : " Shapewear is occlusive , meaning it traps moisture and anything else under it , which predisposes shapewear wearers to both yeast and bacterial infections . Dr . Mikhail says that the most common infection she sees is folliculitis , since bacteria often gets trapped among hair follicles and causes red puss - filled [ sic ] bumps . " Good God , sounds awful . Who would wear this stuff ? The physicians HuffPo consulted , apparently : " Everyone I know owns shapewear β it ' s kind of a miracle , " says one . It ' s just not every - day wear , the doctors say . Quick , ask them what brand of cigarette they think tastes best ! Photo credit : CREATISTA / Shutterstock | [
"Shapewear",
"Spanx line",
"wrecks"
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http://gawker.com/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imag-30818160 | The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable 306M Adrian Chen 060111 0320PM Filed to Exclusive Making small talk with your pot dealer sucks Buying cocaine can get you shot What if you could buy and sell drugs online like books or light bulbs Now you can Welcome to Silk Road About three weeks ago the US Postal Service delivered an ordinary envelope to Marks door Inside was a tiny plastic bag containing 10 tabs of LSD If you had opened it unless you were looking for it you wouldnt have even noticed Mark told us in a phone interview Mark a software developer had ordered the 100 micrograms of acid through a listing on the online marketplace Silk Road He found a seller with lots of good feedback who seemed to know what they were talking about added the acid to his digital shopping cart and hit check out He entered his address and paid the seller 50 Bitcoinsuntraceable digital currencyworth around 150 Four days later the drugs sent from Canada arrived at his house It kind of felt like I was in the future Mark said Silk Road a digital black market that sits just below most internet users purview does resemble something from a cyberpunk novel Through a combination of anonymity technology and a sophisticated userfeedback system Silk Road makes buying and selling illegal drugs as easy as buying used electronicsand seemingly as safe Its Amazonif Amazon sold mindaltering chemicals Here is just a small selection of the 340 items available for purchase on Silk Road by anyone right now a gram of Afghani hash 18th ounce of sour 13 weed 14 grams of ecstasy 1 grams tar heroin A listing for Avatar LSD includes a picture of blotter paper with big blue faces from the James Cameron movie on it The sellers are located all over the world a large portion from the US and Canada But even Silk Road has limits You wont find any weaponsgrade plutonium for example Its terms of service ban the sale of anything whos purpose is to harm or defraud such as stolen credit cards assassinations and weapons of mass destruction Getting to Silk Road is tricky The URL seems made to be forgotten But dont point your browser there yet Its only accessible through the anonymizing network TOR which requires a bit of technical skill to configure Once youre there its hard to believe that Silk Road isnt simply a scam Such brazenness is usually displayed only by those fake online pharmacies that dupe the dumb and flaccid Theres no sly Craigsliststyle code names here But while scammers do use the site most of the listings are legit Marks acid worked as advertised It was quite enjoyable to be honest he said We spoke to one Connecticut engineer who enjoyed sampling some silver haze pot purchased off Silk Road It was legit he said It was better than anything Ive seen Silk Road cuts down on scams with a reputationbased trading system familiar to anyone whos used Amazon or eBay The user Bloomingcolor appears to be an especially trusted vendor specializing in psychedelics One happy customer wrote on his profile Excellent quality Packing and communication Arrived exactly as described They gave the transaction five points out of five Our community is amazing Silk Roads anonymous administrator known on forums as Silk Road told us in an email They are generally bright honest and fair people very understanding and willing to cooperate with each other Sellers feel comfortable openly trading hardcore drugs because the real identities of those involved in Silk Road transactions are utterly obscured If the authorities wanted to ID Silk Roads users with computer forensics theyd have nowhere to look TOR masks a users tracks on the site The site urges sellers to creatively disguise their shipments and vacuum seal any drugs that could be detected through smell As for transactions Silk Road doesnt accept credit cards PayPal or any other form of payment that can be traced or blocked The only money good here is Bitcoins Bitcoins have been called a cryptocurrency the online equivalent of a brown paper bag of cash Bitcoins are a peertopeer currency not issued by banks or governments but created and regulated by a network of other bitcoin holders computers The name Bitcoin is derived from the pioneering filesharing technology Bittorrent They are purportedly untraceable and have been championed by cyberpunks libertarians and anarchists who dream of a distributed digital economy outside the law one where money flows across borders as free as bits To purchase something on Silk Road you need first to buy some Bitcoins using a service like Mt Gox Bitcoin Exchange Then create an account on Silk Road deposit some bitcoins and start buying drugs One bitcoin is worth about 867 though the exchange rate fluctuates wildly every day Right now you can buy an 18th of pot on Silk Road for 763 Bitcoins Thats probably more than you would pay on the street but most Silk Road users seem happy to pay a premium for convenience Since it launched this February Silk Road has represented the most complete implementation of the Bitcoin vision Many of its users come from Bitcoins utopian geek community and see Silk Road as more than just a place to buy drugs Silk Roads administrator cites the anarcholibertarian philosophy of Agorism The state is the primary source of violence oppression theft and all forms of coercion Silk Road wrote to us Stop funding the state with your tax dollars and direct your productive energies into the black market Mark the LSD buyer had similar views Im a libertarian anarchist and I believe that anything thats not violent should not be criminalized he said But not all Bitcoin enthusiasts embrace Silk Road Some think the association with drugs will tarnish the young technology or might draw the attention of federal authorities The real story with Silk Road is the quantity of people anxious to escape a centralized currency and trade a longtime bitcoin user named Maiya told us in a chat Some of us view Bitcoin as a real currency not drug barter tokens Silk Road and Bitcoins could herald a black market eCommerce revolution But anonymity cuts both ways How long until a DEA agent sets up a fake Silk Road account and starts sending SWAT teams instead of LSD to the addresses she gets As Silk Road inevitably spills out of the bitcoin bubble its drugswapping utopians will meet a harsh reality no anonymizing network can blur Update Jeff Garzik a member of the Bitcoin core development team says in an email that bitcoin is not as anonymous as the denizens of Silk Road would like to believe He explains that because all Bitcoin transactions are recorded in a public log though the identities of all the parties are anonymous law enforcement could use sophisticated network analysis techniques to parse the transaction flow and track down individual Bitcoin users Attempting major illicit transactions with bitcoin given existing statistical analysis techniques deployed in the field by law enforcement is pretty damned dumb he says | [
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http://gaykeywestfl.com/ | Corporate Partners The primary mission of the Key West Business Guild is to attract LGBTQ visitors to the island every year all year long The Guild could not do its work and produce the variety of events each year without the help and support of its key Corporate Partners We are deeply grateful to them and we encourage all of our members and event participants to patronize their businesses Events The Key West Business Guild plans and produces seven legacy events here on the island every year Some of these events are decades old while others are relatively new All of them are designed to attract members of the LGBTQ community from around the globe Photo Gallery Pictures are indeed worth a thousand words Take a look at how much fun we really do have down here on this special little island in the stream And come make some fun memories of your own Add your favorite Gay Key West photos by using gaykeywestfl Top column Top Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Is Key West still gay Please girlfriend Were still here Were still queer Now come visit us Seriously Just like Provincetown Palm Springs Ft Lauderdale and West Hollywood weve all heard the same question Where did the gays go Back when gay life existed in a parallel universe separate from jobs birth families and a harshly intolerant mainstream the LGBT community opted to vacation in outoftheway destinations And Key West was one of the few truly accepting comeasyouare places where LGBT visitors could express their creativity their freedom their love Key West has ignored stereotypes and refused to see boundaries for centuries Today that acceptance | [
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http://gbn.gd/en/gbnnews/10/ | Television GBN TV ADVERTISEMENT online dating Your browser does not support HTML5 video Your browser does not support HTML5 video Your browser does not support HTML5 video Your browser does not support HTML5 video Your browser does not support HTML5 video Your browser does not support HTML5 video GBN Live TV Your browser does not support the playback of this video Please try using a different browser ADVERTISEMENTS | [
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http://gbs.mayoclinic.org/solutions/health-plan-administration.php | Changing Lives Products that empower and inspire . Solving Problems Solutions designed to improve lives . Delivering Knowledge Content developed by clinical experts . Changing Lives Products that empower and inspire . Solving Problems Solutions designed to improve lives . Delivering Knowledge Content developed by clinical experts . Our Products and Services Our products and services are designed to extend Mayo Clinic ' s specialized knowledge and expertise to improve the health and well - being of people around the globe . Healthy Living Solutions Educational products and experiences rooted in Mayo Clinic knowledge and research that are designed to empower individuals to take an active role in their health and well - being . Licensable Content World - renowned content based on 150 + years of clinical practice and research β and now commercially available for mass syndication via API on any kind of device . Why Mayo Clinic For more than a century , Mayo Clinic has been transforming lives through innovation in patient care and the application of research and education . Mayo Clinic Global Business Solutions delivers a portfolio of market - leading products and services to meet the needs of people across the health spectrum β and throughout their lives . Learn More Ask Alexa Mayo Clinic First Aid is now a skill available through Amazon Alexa - enabled devices . The voice - activated skill provides first aid advice when and where you need it . Just ask Alexa ! Learn More Ranked # 1 Mayo Clinic is honored to be ranked the # 1 hospital in the nation . In the U.S. News & World Report rankings of top hospitals , Mayo Clinic is the # 1 hospital overall , as well as # 1 in more specialties than any other hospital in the nation . What ' s New The latest book from the experts at Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy . Mayo Marketplace has health and wellness education products including best - selling books , DVDs , and more . Shop Now OMNI - CHANNEL Mayo Clinic licensable content is available in multiple languages and ready for any user environment . Content is ready for any delivery channel including websites , apps , social , voice and more . I want to thank you for the amazing presentation ( from Dr . Sood on Mayo Clinic Resilience Mind ) and positive impact you made on my team . It was the absolute best presentation and best team meeting we had , ever ! You made an incredible impact on each and every one of us , even those who were skeptical about coming . Including Mayo Clinic β s health education library in Hale ' s remote care solution offers our providers access to world class content that supports and improves patient communication and compliance . The content provided to us by Mayo Clinic is an invaluable resource for our clients . Our company focuses on natural health treatment approaches to prevention and wellness . Mayo Clinic provides timely insight on topics that are relevant in today β s world , where many people prefer to try a natural approach , but also need science - backed information from a credible independent source . We β ve found that Mayo Clinic is willing to tackle topics as they arise in mainstream thought , with the evidence based approach demanded by our clients . Contact Us 800.430.9699 | [
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http://gc-lighting.com/products/direct-pll-17w/ | PAR MR ATYPE BR T8 Tube T5 Tube PLL PLS HID Retrofit Decorative Filament Accessories Legacy Product Catalog Products Lamps PLL DIRECT PLL 17W Download Product Catalog DIRECT PLL 17W This PL EDGE SERIES PLL lamp has been designed and engineered for demanding commercial applications This plug and play direct replacement lamp is compatible with Instant Start and Programmed Start Ballasts and requires no rewiring during installation This 010V dimmable lamps innovative wide beam design and compact light engine produce a 280 light emitting area This lamp is also suitable for use in totally enclosed fixtures Simply install in your existing fixture and turn ON the savings Need help finding which lamp to choose Use the GREEN CREATIVE PL LAMP CFL CROSS REFERENCE Tool 40W CFL replacement Exceptional efficacy 124 LPW 010V dimming Universal voltage 120277V Compatible w Instant Start Programmed Start Ballasts Plug Play DIRect installation 3000K 3500K 4000K CCT Suitable for use in totally enclosed fixtures Extralong 50 000 hr lifetime Downloads Download PDF Adobe Reader required Product Data Sheet Full Installation Guide Ballast Compatibility IES Files Dimmer Compatibility Gallery | [
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http://gcaptain.com/ghost-ship-flying-dutchman/ | Ghost Ship β The Flying Dutchman July 15 , 2010 by Tim Konrad The legend of The Flying Dutchman is said to have started in 1641 when a Dutch ship sank off the coast of the Cape of Good Hope : In the year 1729 , a Dutch ship called the Flying Dutchman 1 , captained by the infamous Vanderdecken , set sail towards the Cape of Good Hope , Africa β s southernmost tip which has long been associated with difficult sailing conditions and shipwrecks . Vanderdecken was a violent and disturbed captain who feared nothing and refused to back away from any situation . As the ship approached the Cape a violent storm broke out . The fierce winds , gigantic waves and terrible lightening threatened to sink the Flying Dutchman , but the twisted and fearless captain had Omen of Disaster From that fateful day to the present , many sailors claim to have seen the Flying Dutchman haunting the seas . It is believed that anyone who sees the ship will have misfortune fall upon them . So powerful is this belief that King George V of England himself , as a young prince during his naval days , purported to have encountered it , although a prince is not someone who immediately springs to mind when considering unfortunate people . www . bbc . co . uk One method used by mariners to ward off the curse of the Flying Dutchman was to nail horseshoes to the masts of their ships , as this was supposed to bring good luck . The Flying Dutchman β an Explanation Many people would be sceptical of the existence of a β ghost ship β and quite rightly so . No conclusive evidence for any type of ghost has ever been gathered and most scientists refuse to believe that they exist at all . To this end they have come up with an explanation for the supposed sightings and even those people who do believe in ghosts would have to admit that it is quite a good one . The theory goes that the ghost ship is nothing more than an optical illusion . Apparently modern day mariners are used to the sight of hazy - looking ships appearing over the horizon ; they are simply mirages caused by the refraction of light rays . Although the existence of the Flying Dutchman and Captain Vanderdecken is known , it is likely that the stories of a phantom ship were started by superstitious sailors who saw exactly this kind of mirage . Nevertheless , no definitive proof exists either way so it would be advisable for anyone going on a cruise to steer clear of glowing ships with billowing sails , hovering several feet above the water . Provided by : www . bbc . co . uk Filed Under : Uncategorized Tagged With : Ghost Ship Uncategorized | [
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http://gearsofwar.wikia.com/wiki/Fenix_Family | in : Families Fenix Family Edit Share The Fenix family in a post Locust era Sera . The Fenix family was an influential family in Tyrus . The family lived in the Fenix Estate , located in the confines of East Barricade Academy , and was highly influential on the COG . Blue eyes were a dominating feature in the Fenix men ; Marcus , along with Adam and his father , all had blue eyes . Contents show Family Tree Edit Roland Fenix - - + - - Adam Fenix ' s grandmother | | Adam Fenix ' s father - - + - - Adam Fenix ' s mother | | Adam Fenix - - + - - Elain Fenix | | Marcus Fenix - - + - - Anya Stroud | | James Fenix Family Members Adam Fenix Main article : Major Adam Fenix - also referred to as " Doctor " or " Professor " - was the father of Marcus Fenix and husband to Elain Fenix . As a former Gear serving the Coalition of Ordered Governments , he fought in the 26th Royal Tyran infantry during the Pendulum Wars in Kashkur together with Lt . Helena Stroud . He was promoted to major after the battle of Shavad , but decided to withdraw from the frontline . Instead , he accepted the offer for the post at the Defense Research Agency weapons division , wanting to make a change in future warfare . He was later involved in Operation Leveler as its architect and eventually developed the COG version of the Hammer of Dawn . His relationship with Marcus was distant at best , something Adam often regretted . Main article : Doctor Elain Fenix , Adam Fenix ' s wife , was a developmental biologist , specialising in fields such as morphology . She used to do research after newly discovered and still unknown lifeforms , even near the Hollow . When Marcus was thirteen years old , nine years before Emergence Day , Adam Fenix lied about Elain ' s fate , telling everyone that she had gone missing , while in truth , she had died doing field research in the Hollow . Marcus Fenix , the only child of Adam and Elain Fenix , was born twenty - one years before Emergence Day . At the age of ten , he met Dominic and Carlos Santiago at Olafson Intermediate School . They became best friends , and Marcus would come to spend more time at the Santiago ' s residence than at the Fenix Estate . When they were sixteen years old , Marcus and Carlos decided to become Gears in the COG as soon as they were old enough . Adam Fenix disapproved of Marcus joining the army , wanting him to become a scientist instead , but he did n ' t stop him . Marcus fought in the Twenty - Sixth Royal Tyran Infantry battalion , just like his father . Together with Carlos - at the Sarfuth during the Pendulum Wars . Two years later , both of them fought in Operation Leveler at Aspho Fields . It was there that Carlos Santiago died before Marcus ' eyes . Later , during the Locust War , ten years after Emergence Day , Marcus was imprisoned for dereliction of duty , and sentenced to forty years in Jacinto Maximum Security Prison . He had left his post in an attempt to save his father ' s life , resulting in the death of many soldiers and , eventually , the loss of Ephyra . After four years of detention , Marcus was freed from his cell by Dominic Santiago . In the following years , he continued to prove to be an excellent Gear , even being promoted to Sergeant and becoming leader of Delta Squad , but undoubtedly he carried many burdens underneath his fixed attitude . James Dominic Fenix James Dominic Fenix James Dominic " JD " Fenix , the son of Marcus Fenix and Anya Stroud , was born in the post - Locust War era . JD befriended Delmont Walker in boarding school , and together they ran away to join the militia of the restored Coalition of Ordered Governments . A classified incident caused JD and Del to go AWOL and seek refuge among the Outsiders , where they met Kait Diaz and began to investigate a new threat to humanity . References β Gears of War : Aspho Fields pg 57 β Gears of War : Aspho Fields pg 314 - 318 Categories Families Add category | [
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http://gecoolplaces.com/related.php?place=golden_gate | Home In your country Sort Suggest Can you find these ? How does this work ? Download Google Earth Login The Golden Gate bridge , USA Information about The Golden Gate bridge The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the opening into the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean . It connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County as part of US Highway 101 and California State Highway 1 . The Golden Gate Bridge was the largest suspension bridge in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco . It is currently the second longest suspension bridge in the United States after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . This information was provided by Wikipedia under the GNU license . Read more about this placemark on Wikipedia Some random placemarks in USA World maze , Washington ( grade 3.33 of 5 ) Air plane in flight , Detroit ( grade 3.24 of 5 ) Mount St Helens , Washington ( grade 3.98 Anomaly , North Carolina ( grade 2.64 Two jets and a bus , St Louis ( grade 3.88 Bad traffic , Fort Worth , Texas ( grade 2.32 Georgia Dome , Atlanta , GA ( grade 2.71 Nuke test sites , Nevada ( grade 4.08 Maxim cover , Nevada ( grade 3.84 IBM research center blurred , New York ( grade 2.85 Five completely random placemarks from the database Cirque Du Soleil in Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh PA ( grade 3.37 Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire ( grade 3.24 Weird Circles , Arizona ( grade 2.54 Buckingham fountain , Chicago ( grade 3.00 Three gorges dam , Gezhouba ( grade 3.15 | [
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http://gedblog.com/2014/09/29/muting-messages-in-ios-8/ | September 29 , 2014 Muting Messages in iOS 8 One of the most useful ( and hidden ) features I β ve come across in iOS 8 is the ability to mute IM threads in Messages . Think of it like Do Not Disturb but on a case by case basis . I first noticed it by accident when a tiny crescent moon icon appeared next to one of my IM threads and so I Googled it to figure out what exactly it was . When do not disturb is turned on for a particular message thread , you wo n β t be notified when that person ( s ) replies via text or iMessage . This can be really great if you want a way to ignore a person or group discussion that β s gotten out of hand . It can also be really frustrating if you happen to activate it by accident as I apparently I did without realizing it ( or perhaps a bug in iOS 8 ? ) . To turn Do Not Disturb for individual message threads on or off , tap the Details text at the top right of the Messages window to open that thread β s detail view . Next , scroll down to Do Not Disturb and toggle on or off as desired . When this feature is turned on , you wo n β t receive notifications when the person sends text messages or IM β s and you can go about your life notification free . The Details view also gives you quick access to all the images that person has shared with you , as well as the ability to share your location information with the people you β re chatting with which is a nice feature as well . The more I play with iOS 8 , the more little things I find that truly set it apart from iOS 7 . It β s wonderful that Apple is giving us more control over our digital world , I ca n β t wait to see what else is in store . PS β I love Louie to death and would never mute his IM β s . He was gracious enough to let me use our conversation as an example . Thanks Louie ! Design Geek iOS apple IM iMessage ios iphone message mobile mute text | [
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http://geekbeat.tv/a-guide-to-cellular-radios/ | Home > News > GSM , CDMA and LTE : A Guide to Mobile Network Standards GSM , CDMA and LTE : A Guide to Mobile Network Standards March 4 , 2013 By Benjamin J . Roethig If you have a cell phone , there is a hodgepodge of wireless technology behind it . To help ( or confuse ) the customer , carriers use a generic term like β 2G β , β 3G β , or β 4G β . However , they are not always consistent carrier to carrier , even between carriers using the same technology . I β m going to delve into the alphabet soup to tell you what all this means . There are two current voice technologies : Global Systems for Mobile communications ( GSM ) and Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) . While these are the voice standards for Galaxy S8 Release date , they are also informally used as a blanket term to include the cooperating data technology . GSM : World Heavyweight Champion GSM was developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute to replace the analog networks we knew and did n β t love . The first GSM networks started popping up in the early - to - mid 1990s . In the decade and a half since , it has become the de facto standard when it comes to worldwide communications , with a couple notable exceptions . While it was not part of the initial specification , modern GSM devices use a Security Identity Module . This little chip card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity ( IMSA ) Number , carrier information , and your contact information . Assuming the phone is not carrier locked , the SIM card slot allows you to easily migrate your phone between carriers . Galaxy Note 8 Release date will be on 2017 and it will be released with LTE . GSM is the technology behind AT&T and T - Mobile USA ( plus some regional carriers ) here in the states . Elsewhere , it β s either the dominant or even sole cellular technology present . Its dominance , combined with the SIM slot for using cheap local SIMs , makes ideal technology for travel . GSM - type phones also have the ability to simultaneously connect on voice and data radios which until very recently set it apart from CDMA . GSM has used a lot of data specifications and unfortunately for you , most of them were grouped together . For 2G data , GSM uses GPRS or enhanced GPRS aka Edge . They were phased out of most metropolitan areas in the U.S for Galaxy S8 Specs . by late 2011 , but assuming you can find coverage , Edge is prominent in rural areas with even the occasional GPRS tower . In areas where faster service exists , Edge is typically used as a backup network . 2G data also typically used the same radio band as the GSM voice radio . 3G gets really confusing . Unlike 2G , 3G standards have their own dedicated radio bands for data . The benefit is more bandwidth for faster speeds , the downside is fragmentation which we will get to later . UMTS came first , followed up with HSPA , HSPA+ , and dual - carrier HSPA+ . What does this mean ? Your 3G smartphone can be anywhere from 3.5 Mbps UMTS to a nearly LTE - like 42 Mbps HSPA+ . Because of this wide discrepancy , T - Mobile USA and then AT&T started referring to the more advanced CDMA : The American Contender The other well - travelled cellular technology is CDMA . CDMA was developed by Qualcomm . The CDMA brand name encompasses two different standards : IS - 95 aka CDMA One , a 2G digital service , and its modern 3G successor CDMA - 2000 . As far as i can tell , just about every CDMA carrier is using the later standard . While there is an analog to the SIM card called RUIM , they have not been widely used with carriers in the Americas . In those markets , that data is stored on the phone itself β 3G β Data is provided by Evolution Data Optimized ( EV - DO ) . EV - DO is technically on its 4th version , Rev . C , but the majority of carriers are using Rev . A . From a technical standpoint , EV - DO has two historical disadvantages compared to UTMS / HSPA data on the GSM path . First off , CDMA phones have not been able to conduct simultaneous voice and data sessions . In other words , if you β re talking , you ca n β t use cellular data . CDMA has traditionally been dominant in the US and Canada , especially in rural areas and with regional carriers . It also has traction in Japan , India , and the former eastern block states . That said , CDMA β s day is ending . Canada β s CDMA providers , while continuing support for legacy devices , have transitioned to a GSM / HSPA+ network in advance of their LTE transition . US and Japanese CDMA providers are also transitioning to LTE , but keeping the CDMA network . LTE : The Future is Here While Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) is part of the GSM path , it will be the only cellular technology going forward . It has been introduced in data form by most carriers and in widespread use by Verizon . Voice over LTE ( VoLTE ) will eventually handle your voice calls as well . That being said , LTE is not fully baked by any means and requires some technology advancement to be fully realized . LTE also comes in two different flavors : Frequency - Division Duplexing ( FDD ) used in the west , and Time If you β ve used it on a carrier with sufficient bandwidth , LTE is fast . Unless you β re in Kansas City with Google Fiber , LTE will probably be faster than your home broadband connection . That β s both a blessing and a curse . Since data allotments have not changed with the faster speeds and larger file sizes , you can find yourself with an excessively large phone bill if you β re not not careful . An upgraded version , LTE advanced , will make it even faster . Once all is said and done , there will be one global LTE based network . However , it faces a major problem β¦ spectrum . Spectrum and radio technology With 2G technology , you had basically four radio bands to support data and voice . For 3G , there were 4 data bands , plus additional bands in the Americas and Japan . For LTE there are 27 FDD Bands and an addition 12 TDD bands . Of course all of them wo n β t be used , but you have carriers currently using three different bands for LTE data alone . That could rise to four or even five bands . This presents a giant - sized problem and a complete contradiction of LTE β s promise . Current technology allows for pentaband radio technology . With EV - DO and UTMS / HSPA data , that β s a world phone . With LTE , that β s enough to support all the bands of a single carrier . What this means is while fallback 3G networks are worldwide , the chipset makers basically have to craft a custom LTE radio for each individual carrier . For a new class of world phones to come forth , there has to Closing If you wanted clarity , I β m sorry that just does n β t come with this subject . It β s a chaotic subject in a very chaotic time . What I do hope you came away with is knowledge in my brief summary . Trust me people , that was the cliff notes . I β ll end with one piece of advice , make sure you know what spectrum your LTE provider has . It could affect your service . In fact , a rundown of LTE spectrum that might even be my next article . Filed Under : News Tagged With : cellular LTE mobile networks About Benjamin J . Roethig Ben is an external Associate Editor at Geek Beat . He can be described connoisseur of things technological . Ben ' s hobbies include reading up on Military , Naval , and Aeronautical history , playing around with his Macs and iDevices , exploring the mountainous bluffs of Dubuque , IA and Galena , IL , and proving that 15 + years of practice does not make perfect on his guitars . If you want to find him Ben can be found on Twitter ( @ benroethig ) , Google ( gplus . to / benroethig ) , and as | [
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http://geeknewscentral.com/2013/11/10/unprotecting-excel-spreadsheets-without-a-password/ | Unprotecting Excel Spreadsheets Without The Password November 10 , 2013 application Information Microsoft Security Software Excel Microsoft office Security spreadsheet Andrew Spreadsheets and Microsoft Excel in particular are great tools for any kind of numerical analysis , but they β re good for handling and storing other data as well . I seem to recall a survey a few years ago that Excel was the # 1 database in the world with Access , Oracle and SQL Server lagging very far behind . Of course , it all depends on your definition of a database but the point is made . Excel has useful features for developing forms and hiding information so that it β s easy to create mini apps which take user entered information , combine with data stored in the spreadsheet and provide an answer . Some of the spreadsheets are very sophisticated and Excel offers a β protect β feature that locks down a sheet ( or workbooks ) and prevents unwanted meddling or fiddling with the data . The protect feature even lets the owner set a password so that the more determined meddler can be thwarted and confidential data kept confidential . Except it does n β t . Any protected Excel spreadsheet can be unprotected in three steps . Here β s how . With the Excel spreadsheet open , Press Alt + F11 ( or go to View Code in the Developer β s Tab ) In the window that appears , paste in this code ( courtesy of University of Wisconsin - Green Bay Sub PasswordBreaker ( ) ' Breaks worksheet password protection . Dim i As Integer , j As Integer , k As Integer Dim l As Integer , m As Integer , n As Integer Dim i1 As Integer , i2 As Integer , i3 As Integer Dim i4 As Integer , i5 As Integer , i6 As Integer On Error Resume Next For i = 65 To 66 : For j = 65 To 66 : For k = 65 To 66 For l = 65 To 66 : For m = 65 To 66 : For i1 = 65 Press F5 ( or click Run ) and wait a minute or so β¦ . .hey presto , spreadsheet unprotected . On my modest PC it takes about 80 seconds to crack the password and it seems to come up with a password such as AABBAAABBB which is n β t the original password but nevertheless works . Spreadsheet is now unprotected . Try it for yourself . Shocked ? Surprised ? Worried about a .xls that you sent last week with confidential data in it ? I β m sure lots of people would be very worried if they knew how easy it was to unprotect a sheet . To be fair to Microsoft , the help page says , β IMPORTANT Worksheet and workbook element protection should not be confused with workbook - level password security . Element protection can not protect a workbook from users who have malicious intent . For optimal security , you should help protect your whole workbook file by using a password . β Personally , I think setting a password sets unrealistic expectations about the level of protection ; in some ways it would be better if there was no password option as there would be no expectation . Overall , it β s best to think of protecting an Excel spreadsheet as a way of making the spreadsheet more convenient to use and do n β t ever think of protecting an Excel spreadsheet as a way to hide secret information . Did you like this article . Did it Save you Time β¦ Throw us a bone support this sites Podcast Sponsor or share the codes on Twitter , Facebook , Google Plus Support my Show Sponsor : 30 % off on New GoDaddy Orders cjcgeek30 $ .99 for a New or Transferred .com cjcgeek99 @ GoDaddy . com $ 1.00 / mo Economy Hosting with a free domain . Promo Code : cjcgeek1h $ 1.00 / mo Managed WordPress Hosting with free Domain . Promo Code : cjcgeek1w Become a GNC Insider : Support this podcast About Andrew Based in the UK - Phone : OnePlus 3T - Tablet : Huawei Mediapd M5 - Watch : Omega Seamaster View all posts by Andrew β 3 thoughts on β Unprotecting Excel Spreadsheets Without The Password GeekLifeNews November 10 , 2013 at 3 : 56 pm Unprotecting Excel Spreadsheets Without The Password http : / / t . co / mL5vMQmJ94 andrewhpalmer November 10 , 2013 at 3 : 23 pm Unprotecting Excel Spreadsheets Without The Password β Geek News Central β http : / / t . co / KIxro0B55w # GNC pm_girl November 10 , 2013 at 12 : 55 pm Unprotecting Excel Spreadsheets Without The Password http : / / t . co / yElehIsEjw # tech # news Comments are closed . | [
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http://geff1.tripod.com/ | The Primary concern of every hunter should be SAFETY . The number one cause of turkey hunting accidents is hunters being shot in mistake of game ! To keep the sport as safe as possible please try to practice the following safety tips : Positively Identify Your Target : Be positive of the game you are shooting at and make sure the shot path is clear ! Make Your Position Known to Other Hunters : Wear 100 square inches of flourescent orange ( visible 360 degrees ) when moving and display a flourescent orange band within 5 yards of your calling location ! Never Stalk a Turkey or Turkey Sounds ! Assume Every Noise You Hear Is Another Hunter ! Protect Your Back ! Select a large tree or rock while setting up or calling ! Shout STOP to approaching hunters Do Not Wear Clothing with the colors RED , WHITE , or BLUE while hunting turkey ! Preselect a ZONE and RANGE of fire ! By following these simple rules we can all have a safe and enjoyable hunting season Some Facts About Wild Turkeys A wild turkey has excellent vision and hearing . There field of view is about 270 degrees . Thisis the main reason they continue to elude some hunters . A spooked turkey can run at speeds up to 20 miles per hour . They can also burst into flight approaching speeds between 50 - 55 mph in a matter of seconds . They are able to adapt to a wide variety of habitats . But , most turkeys are found in hardwood forests with grassy openings . Turkeys spend the night in trees . They fly to their roosts around sunset . They fly to the ground at first light and feed until mid - morning . Feeding resumes in mid - afternoon . Turkeys can cover several miles during the course of the day . The best time to see turkeys are best on warm clear days or in a light rain . Gobbling starts before sunrise and can continue through most of the morning . Strutting is used to attract hens prior to and during the breeding season . Young gobblers can be distinguished from adults from the longer middle tail feathers of the fan . When scouting if you come across turkey tracks that have a middle toe longer than 4 inches you canbe sure it was made by an adult Gobbler ! Droppings of a Tom are usually long and J shaped . Those of a hen are shorter . But , droppings fromeither can be soft without any definite shape . Turkey hunting has the potential for being very dangerous because you are making turkey calls and sounds like a turkey and are wearing camo clothing , making you nearly invisible . Other hunters may be attracted to your location or mistakenly identify you as a target . 1 . For your personal safety , wear a camo turkey hunter ' s vest that features blaze orange panels you can display when moving around . Or , for additional safety , wear a camo turkey hunter ' s Ballistic Vest that will protect against shotgun blasts . 2 . Never stalk a turkey . The chances of getting close enough for a shot are slim , but the chances of becoming involved in an accident are increased . 3 . Eliminate the colors red , white and blue from your turkey hunting outfit and gear . Red is the color most hunters count on to differentiate a gobbler ' s head from the hen ' s blue - colored head . White can look like the snowball - colored top of a gobbler ' s head . Leave those white T - shirts and socks at home . Not only will these colors put you in danger , but they can be seen by turkeys as well and will alert them to your presence . 4 . Never move , wave or make turkey sounds ( calls ) to alert another hunter of your presence . A quick movement may draw fire . Yell in a loud voice and remain hidden until you are sure the person recognizes you as a human . 5 . Never attempt to approach closer than 100 yards to a roosting turkey . The wild turkey ' s eyesight and hearing are much too sharp to let you get any closer . 6 . Be particularly careful when using a gobbler call . The sound and motion may attract other hunters . Using one in a heavily hunted public area is especially dangerous . 7 . When selecting your calling position , do n ' t try to hide so well that you ca n ' t see what ' s happening around you . Remember , eliminating movement is your SECRET to success , not total concealment . 8 . Select a calling position that provides a background as wide as your shoulders , and one that will completely protect you from the top of your head down . Small trees wo n ' t hide slight movements of your hands or shoulders which might look like a turkey to another hunter who might be stalking your sweet calls . Position yourself so that you can see at least 180 degrees in front of you . 9 . Camouflage conceals you . It does not make you invisible . When turkey hunting , think and act defensively . Avoid all unnecessary movement . Remember , you are visible to both turkeys and other hunters when you move even slightly . Sitting perfectly still will help you bag more turkeys than all the camo you can wear , even if you wear the newest patterns available . 10 . Never shoot at sound or movement . When turkey hunting , assume that every sound you hear is made by another hunter . Be 100 % certain of your target before you pull the trigger . You can never take the shot back if you make a mistake . The number of hunters being shot has grown , but so have the numbers of hunters in the field . If all hunters would use basic common sense before deciding to pull the trigger , no accidents would happen . Despite this simple solution , accidents still happen . Wearing blaze orange is often cited as the solution to this problem . Studies have shown , however , that while hunters wearing orange apparel can call in and bag gobblers , their success rates are reduced by as much as one - third . This seems unacceptable in a sport that is inherently as difficult as turkey hunting , even for hunters in full camouflage . Blaze orange certainly has a place for those concerned about safety . It can be used effectively to advertise your presence when walking to and from your hunting spot , and for wrapping a dead turkey that you have to carry out of the woods on your back . Some turkey hunting vests have flaps and panels of blaze orange that can be displayed when needed , and hidden while sitting and calling . Even while wearing orange , there is still plenty of danger I ' m talking about hunters who are color - blind . They may see blaze orange as a red color , exactly the color of a gobbler ' s head . Because of the possibility that you may be mistaken for a gobbler as you move around the woods , and for personal safety , Ballistic Vests , made with Kevlar and other high - tech materials , have been developed for turkey hunters . These vests will repel shotgun blasts , are comfortable to wear and come in many camo patterns . Some will even stop rifle / pistol bullets and broadheads . Turkeys are shot by necessity at close range , mostly in situations where there is ample time to identify the target . Continued hunter education , coupled with specialized safety gear , and plenty of common sense will keep turkey hunting a safe sport . The wild turkey is one of our most spectacular game birds , especially the impressive adult male gobbler . They are certainly one of the most difficult to hunt based on the fact that probably no more than 30 % of hunters nationwide bag a bird each year . Myths and legends have developed over generations of turkey hunters to explain why we ' re consistently outwitted by a bird . Many turkey hunters are so in awe of wild turkeys that they ' ve created the image of a SUPERBIRD ! A bird that is smarter than any normal human , especially smarter than us hunters ! ? I ' ve heard and read so - called experts say that a turkey : Has X - Ray like vision Can hear 10 times better than a man Can detect the smallest error in your calling Is so smart that if you call him in and do n ' t bag him , no one will ever be able to call him in again I even had one of my seminar students tell me that he thought a turkey could hear the ticking of a watch at 20 yards ! None of those previous comments about turkeys are true . . . .they are all Myths . If you believe these type of old wives ' tales , your development as a turkey hunter will not advance far . Yes , turkeys have keen senses for survival that have been honed over centuries . But , they are not intelligent in human terms . They ca n ' t think well independently . They do learn to a degree from past experiences . For example , they know the frightening shape of a human and that it means danger . But , I ' ve bagged gobblers that had shot in them from prior experiences with man I think humans have mistakenly identified the wild turkey ' s tremendous capabilities for survival as intelligence . If it was n ' t for the strong mating instincts of gobblers in the spring , almost nobody would tag one , because at other times of the year , it ' s hard to even lay an eye on a tom because they are so quiet and secretive . After a turkey gobbles , deciding where to sit and call from can be the most critical decision you make . Inexperienced hunters , and some seasoned ones too , regularly sit in places turkeys just wo n ' t come to . Or , they put themselves in places where they wo n ' t be able to see or shoot from if a turkey does approach . Always try to get as close as possible to a gobbler without spooking him , no matter what time of day . This will help you from having a hen or another hunter cut in between you and the tom . 150 yards or less is best . . .and sometimes you can get within 60 yards , especially if you know right where he is and you can move within being heard and seen . You ' re plenty close when his gobble sounds low and guttural , like he ' s gobbling in a barrel . Stay out of and away from brush piles . You may be able to stay well hidden in them , but you ca n ' t see or shoot very well when you ' re concealed in one . Also , you may not be able to maneuver your gun into shooting position easily if the tom appears in a place you did n ' t expect . Areas with heavy underbrush are not good either . Gobblers prefer to travel through open areas when coming to a call . I ' ve watched plenty of them hang - up on the other side of thick brush . For best success , the SECRET is to pick an open area . A place where you and the turkey can see for at least 50 yards . In this type of location , a bird can not sneak up on you without being seen . An area that is too open , such as a small clump of trees in the middle of a field , can be too open , causing a tom to hang up because he can see everything . He may not see what he ' s looking for . . . .namely hens . In a very open set - up like that , be sure to use a few Hen Decoys and add a Movement Hen Decoy for added realism . In this way , he may feel comfortable coming over to investigate . Try to get on the same contour and ridge with the bird . A gobbler that must cross an obstacle , like a creek , fence , thick brush , or ravine to get to you , often hangs up on the opposite side and refuses to come through . If you encounter one of these situations , and decide you ca n ' t get across the obstacle , set - up as close to the obstacle as possible in the hopes of having the bird approach the obstacle within range . Do n ' t sit too close to a deep ravine . Sit at least 40 yards away from the edge of the drop - off . If you ' re too close , a bird may be coming to your calls , and you wo n ' t know it or see him until he ' s right in your face . Usually you will have had no idea he was coming and he ' ll spot you and retreat before you can shoot . Sit against a tree at least as wide as your shoulders for protection , camouflage and comfort . Face the direction you expect the bird to approach from , with your left shoulder pointed in that direction ( if you are a right - handed shooter ) . In this way you have a wider swing with your gun in case he does n ' t appear where you expect him to . Before you settle in , cut any brush , branches , and roots that will interfere with your comfort and handling of the gun . A good pair of Pruning Shears will do the job quickly and quietly . Last , sit on a Seat Cushion or Seat for comfort . Sit with your knees drawn up and your gun ready in both hands . Rest the gun on one of your knees . Do n ' t lay down - - - it ' s uncomfortable , fouls up your sight picture when a shot presents itself , is noisy when shifting position , and restricts your vision . When your gobbler finally appears , do n ' t shoot at him when he ' s strutting . . .it ' s a poor shot because his head and neck are screwed into an " S " shape , restricting the size of the target . Make a sharp cluck or " alarm putt " with your mouth call , or clear your throat , and he ' ll come out of strut and jerk his head up . . . .take him in the head and neck now ! But , do n ' t make him come out of strut like this unless you have the gun aimed at him and are ready to shoot . . . .otherwise he ' s gone and you lose Turkey Calls This page continues to be under construction . Go To The Whitetail Deer Home Page LinkExchange Member E - Mail me at : Rich G . You are visitor number to visit this page . Thank You ! | [
"turkey hunting accidents",
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http://gegadrama.blogspot.com/2014/09/heartstrings-youve-fallen-for-me-full.html | Heartstrings Youve Fallen for Me Full Episode With Eng Sub Title λ λ΄κ² λ°νμ΄ Neon Naege Banhaesseo Youve Fallen for Me Chinese Title ηΊζθθΏ· Also Known as Falling in Love Heartstrings Previously known as νμ€ν°λ² Festival Genre Romance music Episodes 15 1 Special Broadcast network MBC Broadcast period 2011June29 to 2011Aug18 Air time Wednesday Thursday 2155 Synopsis Lee Shin is a university student majoring in modern music He is also the vocalist and guitarist of the band The Stupid Shin is known for his good looks and strong passion for music but in reality he is cold lacks interest in anything unrelated to music and has neither dreams nor plans for the future He initially likes Jung Yoon Soo a dance professor at university but this all changes when he meets Lee Kyu Won Downlod Episode 01 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 02 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 03 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 04 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 05 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 06 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 07 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 08 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 09 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 10 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 11 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 12 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 13 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 14 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 15 Torrent English Subtitle Episode 16 Special Torrent English Subtitle 0 Ψ§ΩΨͺΨΉΩΩΩΨ§Ψͺ Ψ₯Ψ±Ψ³Ψ§Ω ΨͺΨΉΩΩΩ Ψ±Ψ³Ψ§ΩΨ© Ψ£ΩΨ―Ω
Ψ§ΩΨ΅ΩΨΨ© Ψ§ΩΨ±Ψ¦ΩΨ³ΩΨ© | [
"Heartstrings"
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http://gehnabazaar.com/articles/8/what-is-enamel-or-enamelling.html | Error . Page can not be displayed . Please contact your service provider for more details . ( 12 ) | [
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http://gem5.com/stone/37/diamond/ | Diamond is a mineral with a hardness of 10 out of 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness [ ] . These Cubicly structured gems are made of carbon , their full chemical compound being nothing more than C . . In fact Diamond is the only gem material comprised of a single chemical element : pure carbon , like graphite . But the atoms in diamond have been forced into a compact , three - dimensional structure by the high pressures in the upper mantle , where it is formed . Thus diamond is much harder and has a higher specific gravity ( 3.52 ) than graphite . There is nothing comparable to it in hardness ; it is therefore nearly imperishable . It is resistant to any form of abrasion by other minerals . Its cutting resistance is 140 However , the hardness of a diamond is different in the individual crystal faces . This allows one to cut diamond with diamond ( or diamond powder , in which various diamond hardnesses occur ) . It is usually colorless , but may be colored by yellow , red , brown , grey or black impurities . It has a brilliant adamantine to greasy luster . It is usually transparent , but can be translucent to opaque when very dark - colored . Its very strong luster enables the experienced eye to differentiate between a diamond and its imitations . X - rays are not transmitted through diamonds ( in contrast to diamond - like minerals and synthetics ) . A diamond is generally not sensitive to chemical attack . Only chromic sulphuric acid can transform it at 392 degrees Fahrenheit to carbon dioxide . It is only meta - stable at room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure . In an inert atmosphere , diamond can safely be heated to at least 1500 C without damage . However , once the temperature exceeds 1800 C there is rapid transformation to graphite . It occurs as isolated crystals , which may be in the form of a more or less perfect octahedron , or other more complex octahedron forms . The crystal can also be in the form of a rhombic dodecahedron , or a tetrahexahedron with rounded corners and slightly curved faces , to the point of being almost spherical . Basically triangular twinned forms are also frequent , but cubic forms are rare . Rough - looking surfaces display display superficial irregularities either in the form of fairly large cavities or hundreds of smaller irregularities , only recognizable under a lens . Pieces of diamond are often found that are clearly cleavages of other larger stones . When the faces are curved or fairly rough , the crystals are generally translucent , even though it may be evident from cleavage surfaces that these imperfections are in an outer " skin " and that the crystals are transparent on the inside . Transparent stones are usually colorless , but can be various shades of yellow to dull yellow , or more rarely , yellow with a brownish tinge . As an extreme rarity , there are diamonds that are blue , pale green , pink , violet , and even reddish . The strongest colors are usually confined to the less transparent , outer layer . Diamond is mined from kimberlite and alluvial deposits , though gem diamonds did not crystallize directly from its host rock , but carried through them by volcanism . Kimberlites are rare and ultrabasic rocks which form rough cylindrical pipes or sometimes dykes , found in continental shield areas , and diamonds are also found in deposits in rivers running from such rocks . The largest recorded diamond is the Cullinan , from the Transvaal in South Africa . Uncut it weighed 3106 carats . The most important diamond fields are those of Kimberley ( South Africa ) , also Tanzania , Yakutia , India , Brazil , and Namibia . Zaire is responsible for up to 60 percent of annual diamond production , mainly for industrial uses . Diamonds are only said to be worth exploiting where they occur in average concentrations of one part in twenty million , or where twenty tons of rock have to be worked for each gram of diamond . The specific gravity [ ] for Diamond is 3.52 , it ' s refractive index [ ] is 2.42 , and it ' s double refraction [ ] is None . History Its strength and hardness compared to other minerals , even of similar composition , is reflected in its name , which comes from the Greek word " Adamas , " for " invincible , " or " unconquerable . " The optical properties of diamonds are exceptional : they make the stone the king of gems . It has been used for adornment since very early times . There is still considerable uncertainty to the origin of diamond . Like ruby , diamond is a gemstone whose true geological source has been obscured by volcanic activity . The most widely accepted theory is that it was formed at greater depths in the earth ' s crust , or even mantle , at very high pressures and temperatures . Explosive types of volcanic phenomena would then have been responsible for driving it to the surface , with such a rapid drop in temperature that it was impossible for the diamond to be transformed into graphite , which is the Microanalysis indicates that the oldest diamonds found so far are about 3300 Ma old , and stones of this age occur in the Kimberley and Finsch kimberlite pipes in South Africa . Diamond was extremely rare up to the eighteenth century and was only fully appreciated after the modern type of brilliant cut , which shows it in all its glory , developed at the beginning of the 20th century . For many centuries , the only place where diamonds were found was India , where very small quantities were mined . Early in the 18th century , diamonds also began to be mined in Brazil , which shortly afterwards became the principal world supplier . In the second half of the nineteenth century , diamond began to be mined from deposits in South Africa . Since the beginning of the twentieth century , diamonds have been found in Angola , Zaire , Ghana , Guinea , Ivory Coast , Tanzania ( one of the largest primary deposits in the world ) , and the Soviet republics . Diamonds are also found in Guyana , Venezuela , and in limited quantities , Borneo . They have been mined in China , and considerable quantities have been discovered in Australia . During the last thirty years it has been recognized that there are various types of diamond which differ from each other in their absorption spectra , fluorescence , electric conductivity , and cleavage . Today , science differentiates between type Ia , Ib , IIa , and IIb . Industrial Usages Only 20 percent of all diamonds are suitable for use in jewellery . Gem - quality diamonds are colorless , transparent , and unflawed . Care has to be taken during mounting because of perfect cleavage . High temperatures induce etchings on the facets and care must be taken during soldering . The market value of diamonds is determined by complex grading systems that divide them into a wide range of categories . Basic characteristics considered are weight , color , and purity . Less crucial factors are the proportions of the cut and surface finish . Varieties of diamond are " bort , " which has a rounded , fibrous , radiate structure , and " carbonado , " which is black and microcrystalline . Both are used for industrial purposes only . The majority of diamonds are used for drilling , cutting , and grinding - tools . Low - quality diamonds are used as industrial abrasives . At present the production of synthetic diamonds , which are not suitable for jewellery , is greater than the output of natural diamonds . High pressure high temperature ( HPHT ) methods now allow synthetic diamonds weighing a few carats to be grown on a commercial scale . Today HPHT methods also enable the production of large synthetic diamonds for gem - quality or ornamental use . The color of crystals is normally yellow to brown . Colorless diamonds are difficult to produce , so current production of gem - quality synthetic diamonds is fancy yellow . They can also be given a pink color , using radiation and annealing . Synthetic moissanite is manufactured to imitate the ornamental and gem properties of diamond , but the properties of moissanite may be detected easily by a gemologist with simple equipment . Zirconia is another imitation or synthetic diamond . You May Also Like . . . Andradite : Andradite is a name given to members of the garnet that contain manganese and titanium . The 3 types Andradite are . .1 . ) Demantoid , 2 . ) Melanite , and 3 . ) Topazolite Demantoid - the word means diamond like . It is yellow green to green in color and is the most valuable of the 3 types . Demantoid is soft enough that older gems will have facet edges that are slightly worn . Largest deposits ( read full Cassiterite : Cassiterite may form as short or slender prismatic , or bipyramidal , elbow - shaped crystals . It has a crystal surface reflecting light as in a mirror . They may occur as massive , granular , botryoidal , and reniform . When found in granular , banded , fibrous masses , it looks like wood . When found in groups of large bright crystals , it is usually called " diamond tin . " A red variety cut for collectors is k ( read full Rock Crystal ( Quartz ) : Rock Crystal is the purest water - clear and colorless from of Quartz . It is known as mountain crystal ( Bergkristall ) . It is the presence of impurities that gives other varieties of quartz their colors . It is found in beautifully formed crystals , often with complex terminations . These are usully bounded by the faces of six - sided prisms , which are almost always striated horizontally . Very often they ( Enstatite : Enstatite is the most common silicate under the Orthopyroxene group in the larger classification of Pyroxene minerals ( which are rock - forming silicates ) . Orthopyroxenes form a chemical series composed of the magnesium - rich enstatite , and the iron - containing bronzite and hypersthene . It has an orthorhombic crystal system and appears rarely as stubby , prismatic crystals , but more commonly in fibr ( Scheelite : Scheelite is a mineral in the group of Sulfates , Chromates , Molybdates , Tungstates . It has the same crystal structure and outside appearance as powellite . But scheelite is a calcium - tungstate , while powellite is a calcium - molybdate . In rocks , scheelite may appear as crystals like two pyramids connected at its bases , or pseudo - octahedral , or having table - like faces , with detectable p ( Tags diamond carbon graphite incomparable hardness resistant colorless yellow red brown adamantine meta stable octahedron dodecahedron tetrahexahedron kimberlite alluvial cullinan bort carbonado hpht annealing moissanite zirconia Terms Double Refraction or dr is the ability of a mineral to separate a refracted ray of light into 2 rays . If held over an image or text it will display the object 2x its original size . Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness is the standard used to categorize a mineral ' s ability to resist scratching . It gets its name from Friedrich Mohs , the German geologist who first created the scale . RI or Refractive Index defines light ' s ability to move through the mineral or in a general sense , any material . SG or Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of any substance to that of pure water at temperature of 3.98 Β° C ( 39.2 Β° F ) and standard atmospheric pressure . This is important to note when actively seeking these minerals in the wild . Minerals with a higher SG will settle below material with a lower sg over time . | [
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http://gemstonemeanings.us/birthstone-for-october/ | Home BIRTHSTONES MONTH Birthstone for October Birthstone for October pubalen December Opal Birthstone for October The general birthstone for October is the opal stone . The opal stone is very beautiful since the color is very vivid and sparkling . Some people say that the color of the opal stone is orange . The others say that the color is unclear because of the sparkling things . It flashes different colors with the beautiful designs . Opal stones are very unique and have the special powers . The color shows the power of the purity . Because of that , the user will get the unclear color that can change depends on the situation . Some people say that the color means the innocence and pure . There are some people that believe about the healing power from this stone . The others say that the user of the birthstone for October is good with the friendship . Those are a little explanation about the birthstone for October . You have to know how to use the birthstone and not choose the random stones based on your likes . You have to choose the suitable stone for you . To have the suitable stone , you need to choose the stone based on your born day . For the example if you were born at October , you can choose the October birthstones like Opal . And then you should know Opal stone meaning as your birth stone . Opal birthstone for october Fact About Birthstone For October Birthstone has been the popular topic for the present day . A person loves to talk about the birthstone and the advantages of that stone . There are so many different opinions from different people about the birthstone . Some of them say that the birthstone is special stone with special power that will work if the user is matching with the requirements of the stone . Some of them are saying that the stone will work according to the time of the birthstone . If you are curious about the correct explanation , you may want to read this Before we talk about the birthstone , we have to know about the history of these stones . Birthstone is special stones with many different kinds . Do you know that the stone is different because of what ? The stone is arranged according to special time . The people from the ancient times have known this fact and consider the zodiac as the main requirements of the birthstones . This means that the certain stones will only work for certain people with the same zodiac . Because the number of the zodiac is twelve , there are twelve kinds The modern birthstones are different with the ancient birthstones . The new stones do n β t use the zodiac as the consideration of the power . They are according to the months . However , this is very unique , because the number of the months is also twelve . The same number of the zodiac list . And the effects are also different for each stones . We can say the is different with the other stones . Tweet Pin It About The Author pubalen Seek information and share it with other people is my hobby . I ' ve been doing it since the days of school . I hope my writing is useful for the reader . If you think this is helpful , please share it with other people . If You think it not benefit , say to me . | [
"Birthstone",
"for October"
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http://gemstonemeanings.us/tanzanite-stone-meaning/ | Home GEMSTONE MEANINGS Tanzanite Stone Meaning β The Valuable And Rare Stone Properties Tanzanite Stone Meaning β The Valuable And Rare Stone Properties pubalen January Tanzanite is very rare stone and only discovered in Kilimanjaro ( Tanzania ) . This fact makes it one of the most valuable gems in the world . The mining area is not even large , namely , only 4 kilometers wide and 2 kilometers deep . Tanzanite is actually a semi - transparent gemstone which each side can transform based on the surroundings and light refraction encompassing it . A variation of zoisite , tanzanite is a sorosilicate gemstone that has indigo , blue and purple colors , which are the rarest colors you can find in nature ( especially purple ) . The luster is also very brilliant ; it is described as pearly and vitreous . It is no wonder that Tanzanite stone holds special properties and it is very revered in crystal healing and therapy . Tanzanite stone meaning comes from its rare color , which are very hard to find and thus having special elements . Natural Tanzanite is one of most stone that has a high vibration , with a strong metaphysical properties . It is a powerful stone to help you to develop inner strength , so that this is an aspect that can help you if considering to use psychic power . tanzanite stone Generally , Tanzanite is regarded a gemstone that has deep spiritual meaning . Purple color is always attributed to higher wisdom , spirituality and profound understanding . Tanzanite meaning becomes a good symbol of mysticism and spiritual understanding . It is also regarded as positive qualities in communication , religious aspects and profound understanding about the world around you . The meaning of Tanzanite is also believed as a tool to make people more perceptive especially about other people β s hearts and perspectives . Therefore , it ( especially purple or indigo stone ) is great to grow one β s perceptiveness about other people β s perspectives and point of view . This makes you gain more wisdom , patience and other positive qualities required to grow infinite wisdom . Types Of Tanzanite Stone and Meaning Main colors of Tanzanite stones are blue , purple and deep indigo , and each believed to have different meaning . Blue tanzanite meaning was related to sky , and blue is a common symbol for patience , friendship , loyalty , calm feeling , faithfulness and respect . The blue Tanzanite properties is a good to help in growing more patience and developing self - awareness as well as acceptance . Purple Tanzanite meaning is often regarded with mysticism . In addition , purple is also a symbol of noble elements and often used as good luck color to invoke passion , spirit and intentions to meet great things , both material and spiritual . Purple is also associated with the ability to invoke meaningful dreams , helping you finding inspiration and ideas to reach infinite self . Finally , indigo tanzanite stone meaning is much deeper than other stones . Since indigo tanzanite is the one that has deepest color , this stone reflects infinite wisdom , spirituality and higher self . Tanzanite stone is a symbol of your spiritual journey and accomplishments , and a great charm for self - finding . Tweet Pin It About The Author pubalen Seek information and share it with other people is my hobby . I ' ve been doing it since the days of school . I hope my writing is useful for the reader . If you think this is helpful , please share it with other people . If You think it not benefit , say to me . | [
"Tanzanite Stone",
"Meaning",
"gemstone"
] |
http://gemstonetreatments.com/applications.html | GemLab LED microscope - maxxiLED - 2 Untreated - treated rubies - sapphires for study , reference and research " The Heat Treatment of Ruby - Sapphire - Alchemy & Science " by Ted Themelis Read below interesting topics on gem treatments Heat treatment technology Heat treating ruby - sapphire Beryllium detection with LIBS Lead - filled rubies Cranking up the heat Treatment disclosure A REMINDER " Forty years ago , I used to sell Ted ' s first microscope and other accessories . Before his death , R.T. Liddicoate saId Ted Themelis was one of the three individuals whose ideas pose the greatest threat to the GIA . " " Dr . W . Hanneman Practical Applications in Heat Treating Ruby - Sapphire Gemlab furnaces have been engineered for heat - treating rubies , sapphires and other gemstones at temperatures between 1200oC and 1800oC . Most heat - treatment applications for ruby - sapphire require maximum temperature at 1700oC , fewer above 1700oC . All Gemlab furnaces utilize MoSi2 elements , thus heating processes below 1200oC are not recommended due to oxidation nature of the MoSi2 heating elements that will reduce their life expectancy . The heat treatment of ruby - sapphire is based upon the knowledge and experience of the heat treater to develop the " know - how " technology . All furnaces regandless of the maker merely execute the heat treatment profile based on temperature , time , rate and other parameters set by the operator - heat treater . Samples of heating processes performed using Gemlab high temperature furnaces REDUCE BLUISH - PURPLISH TINGE IN RUBY - PINK SAPPHIRE MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF ORANGE , PAD - LIKE SAPPHIRE MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF BLUE FROM " GEUDA " , " OTTU " MODLES : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF BLUE FROM " OTTU " SAPPHIRE MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF BLUE FROM GREEN - BLUE MODLES : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF LILAC , COLOR CHANGE MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 REDUCING ASTERISM - SILK IN RUBY - SAPPHIRE DEVELOPMENT OF BLUE FROM GREYISH STAR REDUCE BLUE PATCH - STREAK IN RUBY - PINK ALTERING LIGHT YELLOW SAPPHIRE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE COLOR MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE ASTERISM - SILK MODELS : MB50 , M50 , M76 , M80 LEAD - BASED FRACTURE FILLING PROCESS MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 BORAX - BASED FRACTURE FILLING PROCESS MODELS : M50 , M76 , M80 BERYLLIUM PROCESS OF RUBY - SAPPHIRE M50 , M76 , M80 HEATING PROCESSES OF SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM NOTES In some cases , heating is preformed first using a combustion furnace , thereafter using any model of Gemlab furnace . Fast cooling to prevent re - crystallization of silk requires elevator mechanism ( Models M50 , M76 M80 ) , Lead filling process is suitable only if heating above 1200oC If additives are used for Pb - based , borax - based and beryllium heating processes the use of muffle tube is strongly recommended to avoid contamination with the furnace parts . This way , the same furnace can be used for applications which do not require flux and other additives ; | [
"Ruby-Sapphire",
"Heat Treating",
"Practical Applications"
] |
http://genchem.rutgers.edu/spot.html | Spot tests are simple chemical procedures which uniquely identify a substance . They can be done on small samples , even microscopic samples of matter with no preliminary separation . In a typical spot test , a drop of chemical reagent is added to a drop of an UNKNOWN mixture . If the substance in question is present , it produces a chemical reaction characterized by one or more unique observables . These observables can include . . . . . gas bubbling , color change , odor , precipitation . Occasionally the presence of one substance will interfere with the identification of another . This is referred to as an . . . . . Interference . Alternative or additional tests must be used to get correct results . . . . IDENTIFYING an UNKNOWN 1 . CO 3 - 2 adding H + produces effervescence ( CO 2 2 . SO 4 - 2 acidified Ba + 2 produces a white precipitate 3 . PO 4 - 3 ( NH 2 MoO + HNO 3 produces a yellow precipitate 4 . CrO acidified H O produces a blue solution + O 5 . SCN acidic Fe + 3 produces a blood red solution 6 . Cl acidified Ag + gives a white curdy precipitate 7 . CH CO acidification produces a vinegar odor 8 . NH heating with base produces a basic gas ( NH NOTES ( numbers refer to above ions ) 1 . No heat necessary . To see effervescence may require shaking the tube . This effervescence will also be seen in acidifying UNKNOWN for other tests . 2 . Acidify to prevent precipitation of BaCO , Ba ( PO or BaCrO 3 . Heat may be necessary . Must form yellow precipitate ! Yellow solution indicates only a trace of PO - 3 4 . Very characteristic test ! 5 . May require many drops of Fe + 3 if ions such as PO are present . 6 . If SCN is present it must first be destroyed by oxidizing with boiling HNO 7 . Use H SO 4 to acidify because it is less volatile than other strong acids . Caution your nose can become less effective at recognizing the vinegar odor after smelling it for a while . 8 . Heat solution and test vapors with moist red litmus paper to confirm presence of NH . Caution : placing litmus paper in the test liquid will turn it blue due to the NaOH present . . . . PLEASE READ : I n filling out your DATA SHEET , particularly for your UNKNOWN , enter enough information so that you could reproduce the experiment without using your Manual . Save your UNKNOWN until you get a grade on this experiment . It does not matter if it evaporates . The UNKNOWN itself is nonvolatile . If there is a mistake in making up your UNKNOWN , it can be corrected but only if it exists and we can test it | [
"Spot tests"
] |
http://genderlitutopiadystopia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale | The Handmaid ' s Tale View source Comments Share The Lack of Women Unity in The Handmaid β s Tale In the Republic of Gilead , a new society overthrows their government , taking charge of what used to be the United States of America . The novel revolves around Offred , the protagonist , who gives a first person narration about the experiences that she encounters in this new society . Among the many problems plaguing Gilead is becoming low in reproduction rate . During the revolt , citizens were exposed to a toxic chemical that caused majority of men and women to become sterile . Offred is a woman whose ovaries are still β jumping β and is The Handmaid β s Tale , creates a dystopic world of female oppression by stressing various factors that lead to the lack of women unity in Gilead . These strategic and intentional stressors are represented by the social division between women , religious and personal dissociation from the female being , and the dehumanizing portrayal of women in society . The novel illustrates a social structural division from the very beginning when characters are introduced along with their statuses : the housewives , aunts , handmaids , econowives , marthas , and the unwomen . The highest ranking females are the house wives who are married to a commander . The handmaids are the fertile women and the aunts are the women who train the handmaids . Martha β s are old infertile women and econowives are married to low - ranking husbands . Lastly , unwomen are widows , lesbians , and nun . This structural division not only identifies women role and states their β She does n β t turn her head . She does n β t acknowledge my presence in any way , although she knows I β m there . I can tell she knows β¦ It β s not the husbands you have to look out for , said Aunt Lydia , it β s the wives . You should always try to imagine what they must be feeling . Of course they will resent you β ( Atwood 46 ) . This competition and tension between women is a foundation of oppression . Through this imposed social structure , women end up oppressing one another . Thus this social structure allows its creator to control women by keeping them divided . The house wives dislike the handmaids for sleeping with their husbands . The housewives can potentially torture the handmaids , even though the handmaids are just following orders of the new society created by the men . In return , the handmaids view the housewives as a potential threat to their safety . Since housewives are not able to identify sex category . However , the housewife β s denial of Offred β s existence shows that the women in this society remains oppress because they do n β t acknowledge that they are all victims of Gilead . The tension over the attention of men draws their attention away from the problem of oppression . Without realizing that by doing this , the women are empowering the men . The last sentence is suggesting that the women should try to relate to each other , but at the same time justifying that the handmaids should accept why they are being Instead of blaming the men who created the new policies in their society , the women blame each other and use religion as a form of justification . Atwood challenges how extreme usage of the biblical references , which were created by men , can cause women to oppress other women . β But whose fault was it ? Aunt Helena says , holding up one plump finger . Her fault , her fault , her fault , we chant in unison . Who led them on ? Aunt Helena beams , pleased with us . She did , she did , she did . Why god allow such a terrible thing to happen ? Teach her a lesson , teach her a lesson , teach her a lesson β ( Atwood 72 ) . Janine , a handmaid , shares her experience of being rape to the rest of the other handmaids . Their response to this tragic story is to blame Janine . No form of sympathy is shown towards Janine . Aunt Helena is pleased with the rest of the handmaid β s reaction . This lack of sympathy for another being of the same sex further demonstrates how women of Gilead can not relate to each other . The emphasis on the repeated and italicized words such as β her , β β who , β β she , β and normal and do not attempt to combat them . The women remain oppressed when they can not work together and blame each other for their downfalls . The dystopic world of Gilead also oppresses women in that it dehumanizes them . In the novel , there is a ceremony once a month where the handmaids are to sleep with their assigned commanders in attempt to become pregnant . β I wait , washed , brushed , fed , like a prize pig . Sometime in the eighties they invented pig balls , for pigs who were being fattened in pens . Pig balls were large colored balls ; the pigs rolled them around with their snouts . The pig marketer said this improved their muscle tone , the pigs were curious , they liked to have something to think β ( Atwood 69 ) . Women are compared to prize pigs , which is a form of oppression because this dehumanizes them . Pigs are regarded as lazy , brainless , and helpless animals . By comparing Offred to a pig , Atwood depicts how men in Gilead view the women . The handmaids are locked in their room in their commander β s house and waits around for the day of the ceremony and for the men . They are taken care of very meticulously on the day of the ceremony as if they can not take care of themselves . This shows that I used to think of my body as an instrument , of pleasure , or a means of transportation , or an implement for the accomplishment of my will . . . Now the flesh arranges itself differently . I β m a cloud , congealed around a central object , the shape of a pear , which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping β ( Atwood 95 ) . As Offred takes a bath , she views her naked body and believes what Gilead was teaching her . The handmaids are not human , but just a walking form of pleasure for the men . The words β instrument , pleasure , transportation , and accomplishment β are all words used to describe a non - tangible or non - living thing . Nonetheless , the handmaids are forced to associate these words with themselves . Through this depiction , Atwood illustrates how women are oppressing themselves when they start to view their own body as an object . Margret Atwood is a writer who brings attention to women oppression and struggles in Gilead . Through her depiction of a dystopic world in The Handmaid β s Tale , Atwood uses the character Offred and other women in this society as a representation on how women are being oppressed due to their lack of unity . Dividing women into categories , creating dissociation from being female and dehumanizing women in society has caused a lack of union between the women in Gilead . If there is no union , women can not combat the system that men created to keep the women oppressed . This novel is Atwood β s attempt to bring up these issues and to instead of seeing each other as competition they should unite Citation : Atwood , Margret . The Handmaid ' s Tale . New York : First Anchor Books Edition , 1986 . Print . | [
"The Handmaid 's Tale",
"Republic of Gilead",
"United States of America"
] |
http://genderqueeries.tumblr.com/identities | Gender Queeries For all your genderqueer and non - binary needs . Home Archive Random Ask me anything Submit some genderqueer identities gender queer / neutral titles genderqueer characters unisex and gender neutral names gender queer and neutral pronouns Some Genderqueer Identities Agender : Someone who has no gender . They are genderless . Aliagender : Someone who defines their gender as β other β or apart from existing genders . Androgyne : Someone who identifies as androgynous , gender - wise . Androgynous : A style of clothing or appearance , androgyny is also a type of genderqueer , the state of being inbetween man and woman , or both man and woman . Bigender : Someone who has two genders , typically man and woman ( but not necessarily ) . They either identify as both , or they move between the two . Boi : From the Butch and Femme Lesbian communities , the Black / POC Lesbian and Trans * communities , queer Kink communities , and probably many others , boi is a variation on boy and can mean butch lesbians , young gay men , tomboy - like identity , DFAB trans people , sub / bottom , etc . Demiboy : Someone partly a boy , and partly something else , without defining that other part . Demigirl : Someone partly a girl , and partly something else , without defining that other part . Enby ( or NB ) : Short for Non - Binary , someone whose gender is simply non - binary . Genderfluid ( or fluid ) : Someone who is genderfluid moves between genders ; their gender is not something that they or anyone can pin down and define . Genderfuck ( or genderf * ck ) : Someone who is a genderfuck purposefully messes with people concepts of gender , literally , they fuck gender . Genderqueer : An umbrella term for all genders other than man and woman , or someone who simply identifies as another gender , a queer gender . Gender Variant : Someone whose gender is varied , either in a fluid or static way . Intergender : Someone whose gender is in between two other , β full β genders , such as an androgyne feeling that theit gender falls between man and woman . Often used by intersex people . Neutrois : Similar to agender , but often including transition , someone whose gender is null or neutral . Non - Binary : An umbrella term for all genders completely outside of the man / woman binary , or someone who simply identifies as outside of the gender binary . Pangender : Someone who is all genders . This , by literal definition , includes culturally specific genders and is problematic and probably appropriative . Polygender : Someone who has more than one gender , either identifying as more than one gender at once , or moving between genders . Situational Genderfluid ( or situational fluid ) : Someone who is situationally genderfluid moves between genders based on their enviroment . As a sub - section of genderfluid , it implies a pattern . Third gender : Not the best terminology , as this phrase was used by Colonialists to other and pathologise traditional genders and gender roles . Unlike androgynous and agender , some people consider themselves to be a third gender , one outside the concepts of masculine and feminine , although this is hard to pinpoint , as different people experience this feeling differently . Trigender : Someone who has three genders , either at once or moving between them . Please help me include as many identities that come under genderqueer as possible ! | [
"Genderqueer Identities"
] |
http://gene-eden-kill-virus.com/ | Lilac Corp specializes in developing new formulas of natural ingredients for use in the improvement of human health . The company develops these formulas using an Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) computer program called Computer Intuition . The program analyzes the text found in scientific papers . The results help the developers select natural ingredients that produce a desired biological effect . In some cases , the program analyzed more than 50,000 scientific papers during the development of a single formula . After completing the development , the company patents the formula and invites a team of scientists to test clinical studies . The results are reviewed by leading scientists and published in peer - reviewed medical journals . Currently , Lilac Corp is offering four products : 1 . Gene - Eden - VIR ( antiviral ) , 2 . Novirin ( antiviral ) , 3 . Nolopecia ( stimulates hair growth ) , and 4 . Noacnin ( stimulates skin renewal ) . Gene - Eden - VIR and Novirin were designed to target latent viruses , including the herpes virus ( HSV ) , HPV , CMV , and EBV $ 42.99 + S&H BUY NOW $ 52.99 + S&H BUY NOW Nolopecia was designed to stimulate hair growth . $ 48.99 Noacnin was designed to help the skin rejuvenate . $ 48.99 Many doctors prescribe the Lilac Corp products to their patients . See , for instance , the following four prescriptions for Gene - Eden - VIR ( some information was blacked out to protect the privacy of the people involved ) . | [
"Gene-Eden-VIR",
"Antiviral Treatments"
] |
http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/cooper.htm | Humanities History & Culture COOPER Surname Meaning and Family History What does the last name " Cooper " mean ? Getty / Leon Harris by Kimberly Powell Updated May 18 , 2018 The surname Cooper is an English occupational name for one who made and sold casks , buckets and tubs . The name derives from the Middle English couper cowper , adapted from Middle Dutch kuper , a derivative of kup , meaning " tub " or " container . " Cooper may also be an Anglicized version of a similar sounding surname such as the Dutch Kuiper , or the Jewish Kupfer or Kupper . Origin and Popularity of COOPER Cooper is the 64th most popular surname in the United States and the 29th most common surname in England . The prevalence of the surname is due to the cooper trade ' s importance during the Middle Ages throughout Europe . As a Dutch surname , Cooper may have originated as an occupational name for a buyer or merchant , from the Middle Dutch coper Surname Origin : English Dutch Alternate Surname Spellings : KOOPER , KOEPER , KUPFER , COOPERS , COOPERMAN , COPER , COOBER , COOPEY , COPPER Famous People With the COOPER Surname James Fenimore Cooper - 19th - century American novelist Gary Cooper - American actor of the silent film era Martin Cooper - American engineer who conceived the first mobile cellular phone Peter Cooper - American industrialist and inventor ; best known for designing and building the first steam locomotive in the United States Jackie Cooper - American actor , director and producer Bradley Cooper - American actor Where Is the COOPER Surname Most Common ? Forebears identifies Cooper as the 927th most common surname in the world , with the greatest numbers of individuals with the name living in the United States , where the name ranks 61st . Based on surname density , Cooper is also a very common last name in England ( where it ranks 35th in the country ) , Liberia ( 4th ) , Australia ( 43rd ) , New Zealand ( 37th ) and Wales ( 67th ) . While the Cooper surname is very common throughout the United Kingdom , WorldNames PublicProfiler shows it as most common in central England , especially in Staffordshire . Genealogy Resources for the Surname COOPER 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames & Their Meanings Smith , Johnson , Williams , Jones , Brown . . . Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census ? Cooper Genealogy DNA Project The Cooper DNA group project was begun in 2002 by Gary S . Cooper of Lexington , North Carolina , as a " tool to use in conjunction with other written documentation in genealogy research to help identify and define different Cooper - Lines and validate existing Cooper family history . " Cooper Family Crest - It ' s Not What You Think Contrary to what you may hear , there is no such thing as a Cooper family crest or coat of arms for the Cooper surname . Coats of arms are granted to individuals , not families , and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male - line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted . Cooper Family Genealogy Forum Search this popular genealogy forum for the Cooper surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors , or post your own Cooper query . FamilySearch Explore over 6.7 million historical records which mention individuals with the Cooper surname , as well as online Cooper family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . COOPER Surname & Family Mailing Lists RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Cooper surname . GeneaNet - Cooper Records GeneaNet includes archival records , family trees , and other resources for individuals with the Cooper surname , with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries . The Cooper Genealogy and Family Tree Page Browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Cooper from the website of Genealogy Today . References Cottle , Basil . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books , 1967 . Dorward , David . Scottish Surnames . Collins Celtic ( Pocket edition ) , 1998 . Fucilla , Joseph . Our Italian Surnames . Genealogical Publishing Company , 2003 . Hanks , Patrick and Flavia Hodges . A Dictionary of Surnames . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Hanks , Patrick . Dictionary of American Family Names . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Reaney , P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames . Oxford University Press , 1997 . Smith , Elsdon C . American Surnames . Genealogical Publishing Company , 1997 . Continue Reading | [
"COOPER",
"surname"
] |
http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/torres.htm | Humanities History & Culture Torres Surname Meaning and Origin What Does the Last Name Torres Mean ? The Torres surname comes from the Latin word for tower . Ken Glaser / Getty Images by Kimberly Powell Updated January 25 , 2019 Torres is a surname often given to a person who lived in or near a tower , from the Latin turris , meaning " tower . " It was also bestowed as a habitational name from any of the many places named Torres . Torres is the 50th most popular surname in the United States and the 11th most popular Spanish surname . Surname Origin : Spanish , Portuguese , Italian , Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings : TORREZ , TORES , TOREZ Famous People with the Surname TORRES Dara Torres - American Olympic swimmer Juan JosΓ© Torres - Bolivian general and president TomΓ‘s de Torres - Portuguese astrologer Luis VΓ‘ez de Torres - 17th - century explorer Where Do People With the Surname Torres Live ? Torres is the 150th most common surname in the world , according to surname distribution data from Forebears , found in greatest numbers in Mexico and with the highest density in Puerto Rico , where it is the 3rd most common surname . Torres is also very common in Ecuador ( 6th ) , Peru ( 8th ) , Mexico ( 12th ) , Colombia ( 12th ) , Cuba ( 13th ) , and Andorra , Venezuela , and Argentina ( each 15th ) . Within Europe , Torres is most frequently found in Spain , according to WorldNames PublicProfiler , especially in the Balearic Islands , followed by the other regions of southern Spain . Genealogy Resources for the Surname Torres 100 Common Hispanic Surnames & Their Meanings Garcia , Martinez , Rodriguez , Lopez , Hernandez . . . Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names ? How to Research Hispanic Heritage Learn how to get started researching your Hispanic ancestors , including the basics of family tree research and country - specific organizations , genealogical records , and resources for Spain , Latin America , Mexico , Brazil , the Caribbean , and other Spanish speaking countries . Torres Family Crest - It ' s Not What You Think Contrary to what you may hear , there is no such thing as a Torres family crest or coat of arms for the Torres surname . Coats of arms are granted to individuals , not families , and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male - line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted . Torres Family Genealogy Forum Search this popular genealogy forum for the Torres surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors , or post your own Torres query . FamilySearch - TORRES Genealogy Access over 5.5 million free historical records and lineage - linked family trees posted for the Torres surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . GeneaNet - Torres Records GeneaNet includes archival records , family trees , and other resources for individuals with the Torres surname , with a concentration on records and families from France , Spain , and other European countries . TORRES Surname & Family Mailing Lists This free mailing list for researchers of the Torres surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages . DistantCousin . com - TORRES Genealogy & Family History Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Torres . The Torres Genealogy and Family Tree Page Browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Torres from the website of Genealogy Today . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - References : Surname Meanings & Origins : Cottle , Basil . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books , 1967 . Dorward , David . Scottish Surnames . Collins Celtic ( Pocket edition ) , 1998 . Fucilla , Joseph . Our Italian Surnames . Genealogical Publishing Company , 2003 . Hanks , Patrick and Flavia Hodges . A Dictionary of Surnames . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Hanks , Patrick . Dictionary of American Family Names . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Reaney , P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames . Oxford University Press , 1997 . Smith , Elsdon C . American Surnames . Genealogical Publishing Company , 1997 . Continue Reading | [
"Torres"
] |
http://genealogy.familyeducation.com/browse/origin/slavic | Slavic Last Names Many Slavic surnames are created by adding the possessive suffixes to given names and other chosen words . Popular Slavic Last Names on FamilyEducation : Dulik , Sofka , Valky Image : Moscow , Russia Slavic Last Names Dulik Dulka Hennigar Kalchik Kamen Kaschak Kobliska Kriska Marta Nemitz Ourada Ouradnik Petska Sekelsky Sofka Spiva Stefka Telep Velky | [
"Slavic surnames"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/geo/rabun/bios.htm | BLECKLEY LOGAN EDWIN Logan Edwin Bleckley was born in Rabun County Georgia on July 3 1827 and in 1846 was admitted to the bar To accumulate a small working capital he obtained a clerical position with the State Railroad of Atlanta and subsequently secured the appointment of secretary to the governor In 1851 he opened an office for practice in Atlanta served as reporter of the Supreme Court in 186467 in 1875 was appointed one of the judges of the State Supreme Court and served as chief justice of that body in 188794 Whether as a practitioner or a judge he stood in A Standard of Georgia and Georgians Volume 6 1917 submitted by C Danielson BLECKLEY SYLVESTER During a residence of more than forty years at Anderson Sylvester Bleckley acquired a fortune as a merchant and identified himself so completely with the life and spirit of the community that he deserves permanent memory as one of the builders of the city He was born at Clayton Rabun County Georgia July 16 1832 son of Judge James and Catherine Lutz Bleckley Grandfather James Bleckley was a North Carolinian of English and Irish lineage and a teacher by profession Judge James Bleckley was born in Lincoln County North Carolina in 1803 His wife was a native of Burke County in the same state born in 1800 daughter of John Lutz and granddaughter of George Lutz who came from Germany settling first in Pennsylvania and afterward in North Carolina James Bleckley and Catherine Lutz were married in 1823 and soon afterward moved to Rabun Sylvester Bleckley grew up on a farm in his native county acquired a fa1r education at Clayton and at the age of nineteen was working as a clerk and bookkeeper at Athens Georgia In March 1853 at the age of twentyone he came to Anderson and forthwith became a member of the firm England Bleckley Company general merchants He soon became the leading sp1rit in the organization and finally sole proprietor and continued the business alone until he admitted his soninlaw J J Fretwell as a partner He was engaged in business with Mr Fretwell at the time of his He was a democrat but held only minor positions of a political nature He was a member of the Baptist Church and his influence was always sought in support of every public spirited enterprise He is remembered as a gentleman of fine appearance large portly and dignified He died at Anderson in 1896 In September 1856 he married Miss Ann Elizabeth Hammond She was born in Anderson County a daughter of Benjamin F Hammond and she survived her husband several years Mr and Mrs Bleckley became the parents of five daughters Josephine widow of John E Peoples of Anderson Mary History of South Carolina Volume 3 1920 submitted by C Danielson MUNSEY DAVIS Interview David Munsey father of Dr Munsey was by nature no ordinary man After he deserted his family he went to Georgia married again in the lower walks of life straightened up was relicensed to preach for he had been a local preacherand was so good a preacher that he sometimes preached to packed audiences Occasionally presiding elders would send him to take their places in the pulpit at their quarterly meetings when they could not attend But it seems that this second probation was not more successful than the first The Rev H W Bays gives the following account of an interview with Mr Munsey in his last days I met David Munsey father of the famous W E Munsey in September 1869 in the little village of Clayton Rabun County Ga He was then an old man but straight and finely built He was poorly clad I was standing in the store of Mr Newton McConnell in Clayton when a tall poorly clad old man came in and asked for some tobacco Before I had learned his name I was struck with the inherent force of his utterance and with the marks of intelligence in his face As soon as he had gotten the tobacco he left without Learning who he was I followed him to the street hailed him and told him who I was He seemed glad to meet me and yet saddened at the meeting We stepped behind an old building near by and had a hasty conversation I said to him You are the father of William E Munsey He replied Yes sir and I am proud of him He then drew from the inner pocket of his wellworn coat a neat little photograph of that great preacher and added Here sir is a small picture of my son Elbert which he sent me I begged him to go to his son and he said that he would but he never did for he was murdered by a negro not long after the interview He was at that time miller in a little grist mill and was perhaps accustomed to lodge in the mill While standing in the door of his mill after night a negro man approached him and shot him fatally This killing took place near Clayton Ga in the winter of 1870 There was something in David Munseys makeup which f1lled me with regret and at the same time with admiration He must have been six feet and three or four inches in height and at the time of the above interview he was as straight and erect as an Indian His speech was measured his grammar correct and he spoke with a force rarely heard in private conversation His head was oval and well balanced on his shoulders his legs and arms were long and wellshaped his eye was deep skyblue large and of a somewhat melancholy cast Holston Methodism Volume 5 1913 submitted by C Danielson ROGERS CHARLES A Charles A Rogers Undoubtedly the diversified knowledge the prudence the practical judgment and the persistent industry whereby men become successful agriculturists are the same desirable and even necessary qualities for thorough understanding and satisfactory performance of the duties of many public offices Technical details may soon be learned but these are only a small part of the measure of usefulness expected in a responsible public official A long and successful contest with the soil through changing seasons and under both favorable and unfavorable conditions well prepare a man for the proper consideration of other problems and for the exercise of Charles A Rogers was born in Rabun County Georgia September 8 1879 and is a son of Clennie and Mollie Hummicut Rogers the latter of whom was born in Georgia in 1857 and still resides in Rabun County The father of Charles A Rogers was born in Tennessee and in boyhood accompanied his parents to Rabun County Georgia where he was reared educated and married He engaged in agricultural pursuits and continued the same until his death when aged fiftyfour years Of his family of six children Charles A was the second born the others being Catherine Mrs Monte Rogers Through boyhood Mr Rogers who is now secretary and treasurer of the Clayton Board of Education attended the public schools here after which he assisted his father and in the course of time embarked in farming for himself continuing to be actively engaged until 1913 when he was elected county clerk of Rabun County since which time his attention has been largely given to the duties of his office He retains the management of his farm however one of the best in this section of the state Mainly through his own efforts has Mr Rogers become a man of ample In 1900 Mr Rogers was united in marriage with Miss Eva Mozeley a daughter of William Madison Mozely of a well known old family of the county Mr and Mrs Rogers have four children Alma Annie Brandon and Maude the youngest having been born at Clayton February 1 1915 Mr Rogers and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church Fraternally he belongs to the Masonic Blue Lodge and Chapter and also to the Odd Fellows and the Red Men A Standard of Georgia and Georgians Volume 6 1917 submitted by C Danielson Martin V Russell M D F A C S More than forty years have gone by since Martin V Russell received his doctors degree During all those years he has practiced in Arkansas and for half of that time he has been a practicing physician in the city of El Dorado After seven years as a general practitioner Dr Russell took special studies and qualified as an eye ear nose and throat specialist The medical world has conferred high honors on Dr Martin V Russell and even more than that he treasures the heartfelt gratitude of the multitude he has relieved from pain and possible handicap In time of On July 3 1881 Martin Van Buren Russell was born in Town Creek Gilmer County Georgia His father Elijah Russell was a native of Raborn County Georgia He was a farmer and being a man of considerably more than average ability he was prominent in public life He was Justice of the Peace and was Ordinary of Gilmer County Georgia for several years Devout in his religious beliefs he was a Deacon in the Baptist Church and he also was a prominent member of the Masonic Order Dr Russells mother was Amanda Jordan Russell She was a daughter of William Martin Russell went to school near his home in Town Creek Georgia When he was fifteen years of age his mother died and he was sent to Cartecay Georgia where he graduated from Oakland High School Then followed a period of study at Ellijay Seminary and from there he set out to teach His first school was in Gilmer County Georgia and the salary was eighteen dollars per month After two years teaching in Gilmer County an offer came from a school in Falcon Arkansas The salary was to be forty dollars per month meager according to presentday standards but Dr Russells first practice after graduation was at Bodcow Arkansas This was a real horseandbuggy medical practice embracing the village and county and offering a challenge to every variety of medical knowledge After five years Dr Russell had a right to feel that he was indeed well grounded in the general practice of the profession He decided to specialize in diseases of the eye ear nose and throat Accordingly he took post graduate work in the Eye Ear Nose Throat Hospital in New Orleans Louisiana He then established himself in specialized practice at Hope Arkansas where he remained for twelve In December 1904 Martin V Russell married Letha Elma Hamilton daughter of Mr and Mrs A S J Hamilton Falcon Arkansas Dr and Mrs Russell are the parents of a daughter who is a graduate of Ouachita College and also graduated from Chicago College of Music She married Dr Garth Akridge who is president of Jacksonville Florida Junior College They have a young son named Russell Akridge Dr and Mrs Russell worship at the Baptist Church where Mrs Russell is a particularly valued active member She is State President of Delphins 1933 and takes a lead in various other organizations SMITH JAMES F James F Smith was born in Rabun County Georgia in September 1851 and is a son of John F and Sarah H Fuller Smith Both parents of Judge Smith were born in Georgia and their entire lives were spent in the state Farming was the fathers occupation and practically his only absence from his estate was during the years he gave to serving as a private in a Georgia regiment in the Confederate army during the war between the states He survived to the age of eightyone years passing away in 1905 having reared a family of eleven children James James F Smith attended the country schools in boyhood and then became a farmer and still continues to manage a large farm in his native county owning many acres of well improved land although since 1909 he has not been actively engaged He has been a factor in democratic politics for a long time and occasionally has accepted a public office at one time serving two terms as tax collector of Rabun County prior to being elected to his present office of ordinary The close of his first term found his public duties so efficiently performed that his party and In 1871 Judge Smith was united in marriage with Miss Clarissa A King who is a daughter of Marcus L King a representative citizen of old family settlement in Rabun County The following children have been born to Judge and Mrs Smith Mrs Sarah Burrel who is a resident of Clayton Georgia Mrs Mary A Blaylock who is a resident of Burton Georgia Mrs Georgia E Flanders who resides in Emanuel County Georgia James L who lives in Stevens County Thomas F and Augustus L both of whom live at Clayton Georgia Hope who lives in Stevens County and Buren Although for many years a man of affluence owning valuable property at Clayton in addition to his farm Judge Smith has known less prosperous days and what he has accomplished in every way has been due largely to his own industry and enterprise He is widely known over Rabun County and is one of the ablest judges o Northern Georgia A Standard of Georgia and Georgians Volume 6 1917 submitted by C Danielson Visit our National Genealogy Trails Website | [
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http://genealogytrails.com/ill/lee/leetownshipamboy.html | History of Amboy Lee County IL A Frenchman by the name of Filamalee is believed to have been the first white settler in Palestine Grove , within the present limits of Amboy Township . His shanty is said to have been located about a mile below Rocky Ford . He was a roving character and soon disappeared . The first permanent settler was John Dexter , who emigrated from Canada in the spring of 1835 and staked out a claim on the northwest quarter of Section 14 , north of Palestine Grove . His nearest neighbors were at Inlet Grove . In 1836 James Doan and wife settled at Palestine Grove . The district known as Palestine Grove was not confined to the timber , but extended to the site of the city of Amboy , and also eastward about two miles beyond the Lee Center town line . In 1837 Dexter ' s brother - in - law , Andrew Bainter , located in the neighborhood . In October of the same year , Asa B . Searles arrived from New York , whence he had driven with a horseteam . He came by way of Peoria where Benjamin Wasson joined him . Mr . Searles staked off a claim in the south half of Section 14 , on which he later laid out the Villagc of Binghamton . He was the first Postmaster in the settlement . Warren Badger succeeded him . His commission was dated May When Mr . Searles arrived he found a sawmill in operation at Rocky Ford , owned by Timothy Perkins and Hence Bowen . After passing through several hands , in 1848 it became the property of F . R . Dutcher . A log dam created the mill pond , and the mill was run by a " flutter - wheel . " The year 1838 seems to have been a notable one for the arrival of settlers ; for in this year , James Blair and three sons , William , Winthrop and Edwin , arrived , and John S . Sawyer and four sons erected a cabin south of the ground now occupied by the Illinois Central shops . In 1841 Sawyer sold a part of his claim to Joseph Farrell and the remainder to Joseph Appleton . Alexander James likewise became a resident that year , and a year later sold his claim to Chester S . Badger , who The Badger ' s located their homestead about a mile and a half east of Amboy . Henry Badger came in 1849 and lived in Binghamton up to the date of his death , a few years ago . The father , Chester S , brought hardwood lumber from Franklin Grove and built the first frame house in the settlement . John C . Church , William Church , Curtis Bridgman and two sons , and Wm . Hunt arrived in the summer and fall of 1838 . Also came this same year , Martin Wright , Frederick Baldwin , Binghamton promised to be the town of the section . It was laid out in 1848 by Asa B . Searles . It had a store and a hotel . Robert G . Ingersoll , who lived to impress the country with his oratory aad agnosticism , then about fifteen , was a boy of all work about the inn for a year or so . In 1844 the first flouting mill in the county was built , and in 1858 passed into the hands of Chester and Henry Badger . Chester Badger made thirteen trips to Chicago , some Rocky Ford ( also known as Shelburn ) was likewise a place of activity in the early days . The Indian trail from Council Bluffs to Chicago crossed Green River or Inlet Creek , at this point It had a saw mill , a distillery and two stores . In 1856 the Shelburn Manufacturing Company erected an extensive distillery and fiouring mills combined , at a cost of $ 65,000 . In 1859 the property was wrecked by an explosion , and ten years later , fire finished the work . This was practically the last of Shelburn . A plat of " Palestine " was made May 10 , 1854 , and serves to mark the probable center of the Palestine Grove settlement . The plat was located about a quarter of a mile northwest of Rocky Ford , and consisted of three blocks of ground , two of which were on the Dixon and Peoria road . It was laid out for Rhoda E . Hook who , it is to be presumed , owned the ground . It was here on one of the Palestine lots that those of the Mormon faith laid the corner stone CITY OF AMBOY Amboy is an offspring of the Illinois Central Railroad . The town was laid out in 1854 . The first residences were those of L . W . Borden , B . S . Reynolds and Dr . David Bainter , erected that year . In 1855 the extensive shops of the company were built . By the spring of 1856 the population was estimated at 1,000 . R . D . Peironett was the first merchant to start business in the town , and Samuel Goldman the second . Next came Josiah Little in 1854 , his line consisting The town became incorporated as a village under the general law in 1854 - 5 . A . E . Wilcox was President of first Board of Trustees . It was incorporated as a city by act of the Legislature , March 2 , 1857 . John B . Wyman was its first Mayor . It was incorporated under the general law , May 8 , 1888 . The shops of the Illinois Central Railroad , above referred to , frequently employed 400 men . In 1885 reduction of the force was commenced , so that in 1894 there were about 200 at work . In that year the machinery was removed , principally to Freeport and Clinton , and the extensive buildings were vacated . One is now occupied by the bridge building works of C . C . Jacobs , and the others are rapidly going to decay . The loss of these shops was a severe blow to Amboy , from which , however , she has slowly recovered until she has at last reached a stage of prosperity probably equaling , if not surpassing , that of the factory days , when the shops dominated the town . She has water works , electric lights , long stretches of cement walks and shows evidence of general thrift and steady growth . Her water supply is drawn from a well 2,000 feet deep . Fires . - Amboy has been visited by several disastrous fires . The first occurred December 10 , 1863 , from which there was a total loss of $ 35,000 , with insurance amounting to $ 14,000 . The next occurred in the same locality November 10 , 1864 , and destroyed five business houses ; loss $ 45,000 , with $ 38,000 insurance . Another fire did its destructive work , March 10 , 1865 , sweeping away seven business buildtags . Again , August 24 , 1867 , sixteen buildings were licked up by the flames - the School Houses . - The first school building in Amboy was the two story brick now in use , erected in 1857 . Next , in 1864 came the onestory frame building in Gilson ' s Addition . Following this , the old Methodist church was purchased and , in 1868 , the two story brick on the west side was added to the number . About 1896 a modern building was erected for the use of three departments , at a cost , all complete and ready for school , of a trifle less than $ 15,000 . Churches . - Father Gorbus , a Methodist minister , was the first to hold service in the section covered by Amboy Township . Father Hetcher , a German Baptist , was probably the next . It is supposed that Rev . Curtis Lathrop was the third , and Father White the fourth both Methodists . In 1843 , the " Congregational Church of Palestine Grove " was formed at the home of Amos Crombie , the first of that denomination in the county . The first pastor was John Morrel , who was followed by the father of the One branch of the Mormon church secured a considerable foothold in the neighborhood of Rocky Ford , near which they were instrumental in having the town of Palestine laid out . At one time there were sixty members . The founder , Joseph Smith , visited friends at Palestine Grove , where he was arrested in 1843 on requistion of the Governor of the State , issued at the instance of the Governor of Missouri . In 1860 the annual conference of the branch referred to convened in Amboy . A meeting for the organization of the Baptist church of Amboy was held March 24 , 1855 , resulting in the founding of the First Baptist church of Amboy . Messrs . Hill and Bryant were deacons and W . E . Ives clerk . Rev . P . Taylor was the first pastor , and services were held in a small church building , on Main Street west of the railroad tracks , which cost about $ 500 . During Mr . Taylor ' s pastorate the present church building was erected at a cost of $ 4,500 . The second church to be built was by the Methodists in 1857 . It was afterwards converted into a school house as already mentioned . A Rev . Mr . Thayer was the first pastor . The present church of this society was dedicated April 1 , 1866 . The earliest religious society in the place came into being June 27 , 1854 , ante dating the sale of town lots . It named itself " Church of Jesus Christ . " A Congregational Church was established June 17 , 1856 . Its first regular pastor was David Wert , and its first house of worship was dedicated April 1 , 1858 . The present edifice was dedicated June 10 , 1866 . The Episcopal Church was established in spring of 1859 by organization of St . Thomas parish . Mr . Brodnax was the first rector . A suitable church was built but the date of its erection is not at hand . The first Evangelical Lutheran Church in Amboy was formed by Rev . William Angelberger , of Franklin Grove , January 30 , 1870 , who acted as first pastor . Rev . Anthest was the second . Following him in succession came : W . Framm , G . Hagemann , H . Schmidt , H . Linder , S . E . Hoffmeister , F . W . Kampmeier , S . Pritschel , M . Ren and L . Lentz . Rev . H . F . Schmidt , of Dixon , the present pastor , has been In 1854 the Catholics of Amboy began holding service at the residence of Michael Egan . Father Anthony was the first to celebrate mass . The first building for the use of the society was erected in 1857 , but before completion it was destroyed by fire . It was rebuilt and completed in the spring of 1859 . The society owns a priest ' s residence on the same lot . Under the management of Father Gallagher , the present incumbent , a commodious onestory brick building was erected in 1900 for the purpose of a hall to accommodate large gatherings . The Free Methodists ' Society was organized about 1864 . Rev . Miller was the first regular preacher . The society was eventually merged into and replaced by the United Brethren . John Dobson and J . W . Lewis were the first pastors . In 1871 a meeting house was built . The Advent Christian Church was organized at Binghamton in 1859 , and later worshipped at Amboy . The society never built a meeting place . Newspapers . - In February , 1855 , the " Lee County Times " was launched with Augustus N . Dickens , brother of the noted author , Charles Dickens , as editor . It was fathered by the Amboy Printing Association , of which W . E . Ives , Alonzo Kinyon , Henry E . Badger , A . E . Wilcox and others were stockholders . By August 1st of that year it passed into the hands of H . B . Judkins , and Dickens ceased to be connected with the paper . When the paper The " Amboy News " was first issued by W . M . Geddes , proprietor , at PawPaw , May 6 , 1878 , with Henry Adams local editor . With the issue of July 1 , 1882 , the proprietorship changed to the News Publishing Company , with Capt . William Parker as editor in chief and Henry Adams as local editor . From that date the paper has continued to be printed and published at Amboy . W . M . Geddes became proprietor and editor June 30 , 1883 . Henry Adams still continuing as local Grand Army of the Republic . - The date of the organization of the first Post ( No . 65 ) of the Grand Army of the Republic and particulars regarding it , are not accessible , as the records are supposed to have been lost or destroyed . Amboy Post , Na . 572 , was mustered in May 10 , 1886 , with twenty four members . The first officers were : George Ryan , P . C . ; C . E . Loomis , S . V . ; W . H . Hyde , J Banks . - In 1868 Josiah Little established a private bank which continued until November 1 , 1899 , when it was organized as a National Bank , with $ 50,000 capital and $ 10,000 surplus , with Josiah Little as President ; Lemuel Bourne , Vice - President ; Fred N . Vaughan , Cashier , and H . H . Badger , Assistant Cashier . Mr . Vaughan has been connected with the bank continuously since 1864 . The largest deposits were last year , when the sum reached $ 640,000 . Normally they run from $ 500,000 The " Amboy Bank " was organized in 1899 , with Henry Kline as President and Cashier , and J . C . Preston as Assistant Cashier . It is a private institution with $ 100,000 personal responsibility . The deposits of January 1 , 1903 , were $ 100,000 , and loans and discounts $ 150,000 . Mr . Kline has been a resident of Amboy for the past forty five years . Bonded Indebtedness . - In the summer of 1872 the Chicago & Rock River Railroad was built through Amboy Township . To secure the construction of this road the town , by vote of 517 for the proposition to 92 against it , issued $ 100,000 of bonds . A bitter contest was waged in the courts against the payment of these bonds , resulting in judgments in the United States Courts against the town . These judgments were in part compromised by two issues of refunding bonds , some at the rate of 40 cents on the dollar , Miscellaneous . - The Illinois Central brought to Amboy John B . Wyman as its Superintendent , of whom the town came to be proud as a General in the War of the Rebellion , where he laid down his life . He was the city ' s first Mayor . August 5 , 1856 , a Fremont Club was organized in Amboy with John B . Wyman as President , Henry Badger as Secretary and W . E . Ives Corresponding Secretary . This recalls the visits of some of the men who afterwards became great . In the days of the Illinois Central building Geo . B . McClellan , in war times Commander of the Army of the Potomac , was the Civil . Engineer of the road with headquarters at Amboy . And he who became Lieutenant General of all the armies and one of the greatest September 11 , 1856 , Owen Lovejoy , who had attended an abolition theeting ten years before at the log school house west of Lee Center village , spoke at the corner of Main Street and Adams Avenue , and in October following , addressed the first meeting in the incompleted Baptist church , as already mentioned . Amboy once possessed a court , the like of which was nowhere else to be found in the county . Alonso Kinyon , one of the ambitious men of the period , was a member of the Legislature in 1869 , and procured the passage of an act , approved , March 11th of that year , establishing " The Court of Common Pleas of the City of Amboy . " It was an effort to duplicate the Circuit Court . The Judge and clerk were to be elected and receive the same salaries as the Judge and Clerk of In the fall of 1846 Rev . John Cross , of " Temperance Hill , " now in China Township , called a meeting at a log school house about one mile west of Lee Center village , to form an abolition society . Owen Lovejoy , the great anti slavery orator and leader , addressed the meeting , and in the course of his speech said he had sworn over the dead body of his brother eternal hatred of slavery . At the close of the meeting a " Free Soil Club " was organized . Among those who The Wasson school house , which stood west of the road at the center of Section 14 in Amboy , was built about 1846 , and was the first frame school building in the town . For many years it was the meeting center and rallying point of that section for miles around . When the division of the county into towns under the township organization law was about to take place , it is said on good authority that a meeting was held at the Wasson school house to choose a name for the town . The choice was " Bath , " but Lorenzo Wasson , who went to Dixon to meet the County Commissioners , took the responsibility of changing the name to " Amboy . " In the winter of 1854 - 5 the postoffices at Binghamton and Shelburn were discontinued , and one office was established at Amboy , with Orange D . Reed as Postmaster . The Mayors of the city have been : J . B . Wyman , 1857 ; John R . Stevens , 1858 ; Jos . Rosebrugh , 1859 ; J . B . Wyman , 1860 ; W . E . Ives , 1861 ; C . M . Butler , 1864 - 5 ; C . D . Vaughan , 1866 - 7 ; Michael Egan , 1869 - 70 ; Isaac Edwards , 1871 - 3 ; Robt . Richards , 1874 ; Isaac Edwards , 1875 - 7 ; J . B . Felker , 1878 to The Clerks have been : D . T . Wood , 1857 ; W . B . Andrus , 1858 - 9 ; R . H . Mellen , 1869 - 1 ; W . C . Sears , 1862 - 3 ; H . G . Pratt , 1864 ; N . H . Ryan , 1865 - 7 ; Lee Cronkrite , 1869 ; Everett E . Chase , 1870 to 1883 ; A . E . Merwine , 1883 - 4 ; Geo . E . Young , 1884 - 6 ; R . C . Bear Transcribed by Rays Place From : Encyclopedia of Illinois and the History of Lee County Edited by : Mr . A . C . Bardwell . Munsell Publishing Company Chicago 1904 . It is claimed for a Frenchman named Filmalee that he was the first settler of Amboy township and that he lived in Palestine Grove about a mile south of Rocky Ford . It has been said that in a burr oak stump , he placed mortar and therein pounded grain into meal and flour for bread . He left the country as settlers began reaching the country , and John Dexter in 1835 became the first settler . He came from Canada and made his claim on the northwest quarter of section 13 . The cabin which he built immediately Searls located on south half of section 14 and Wasson on section 14 and 15 . Later Searls laid out Binghampton , a mile east of the present city of Amboy . Nathan Meek settled near Rocky Ford about 1837 . Rocky Ford was so named from the ford over Green river to the southwest of Amboy where Frederick R . Dutcher afterwards established a store , a mill and distillery and where for a time a village of respectable proportions flourished . Meek was not reputed to be a desirable citizen during the days of the banditti . Three In 1837 , James Blair and his sons , William Winthrop , Winthrop and Edwin came here and settled on Section 29 . The same year John S . Sawyer and his four sons erected a cabin south of the Illinois Central shops . In 1841 , Sawyer sold part of his claim to Joseph Farewell and the remainder to Joseph Appleton . Alexander Janes came in about 1837 , but in a year or so , sold his claim to Chester S . Badger and moved to Bureau county . In 1838 Mr . Badger and his son Simon In 1839 Cyrus Davis and his son , Cyrus A . Davis came here from Massachusetts and claimed a home in the southeast quarter of section 15 , later Wyman ' s addition to Amboy . John and William Hook , brothers , located at Rocky Ford in 1840 . Aaron Hook came two years before . The Joseph Farwell claim on the northeast quarter was platted into the original town of Amboy . Jesse Hale came in 1841 , and Samuel and Lyman Bixby in 1844 . The first public land sales were held at the Dixon land office Later , the settlers around Palestine Grove organized and held meetings at the homes of Sherman Hatch and William Dolan . In 1847 all need for this latter association having vanished , it was discontinued . While individual associations existed everywhere , they all were confederated together for any emergencies which may have arisen . On the 16th of Mach 1839 , George E . Haskell , was chosen president of the claim association for Inlet and Martin Wright , clerk . The committee elected consisted of Rnasom Barnes , D.H. Birdsall , Orzo C . Wright , Daniel M In the spring of 1850 , April 2nd , the first annual town meeting was held in Amboy . Joseph Farwell acted as moderator and Joseph B . Appleton as clerk . Miles Lewis suggested that the township be named Amboy and the name was adopted . David Searls was made supervisor ; J.B. Appleton , town clerk ; Martin Wright , assesor and A.H. Thompson , collector . The old road from Peru to Grand Detour , mentioned already was the first to run through Amboy township . The second ran from Inlet to Prophetstown taking in Binghampton and In 1855 , the Illinois Central Railroad , was finished through Amboy to Freeport , and on Febraury 1 , it was thrown open for traffic . The first train to reach Amboy was in November 1854 . During the session 1868 - 69 of the Illinois legislature , Alonzo Kinyon of Amboy was a member of the lower house . During this session , he procured a charter for the Chicago & Rock River railroad company to run from Rock Falls to Calumet . In 1869 , Kinyon was elected president and on July 26 , 1869 , Amboy Under Kader , shops and all manner of good things for Amboy were promised but when the C.B. & Q Railway Co . obtained possession of the road and contracted it with Chicago & Iowa railroad at Shabbona , Amboy was doomed . The bonds were fought bitterly for years . All sorts of subterfuges were resorted to in the efforts made to escapeservice of process but to no purpose . Their payment had to come at sometime . A settlement was made at last , and every dollar was paid off . Many times the burden became intolerable but Lucy Ann Church was the first teacher to teach in this township . The schoolhouse built of logs was located on the Sublette road , just south of the railroad crossing . Leonard Pratt , John Carey , Ira Hale , David Hale , and Charlotte Doan followed Miss Church . The second school in the township was the famour Wasson school , a frame building erected over towards Lee Center in 1845 . At this school Misses Rowena Badger and Roxy Wasson taught for awhile . John Scott an able teacher , H.F. Badger and Lyman C . Wheat Private school never were attempted to any great extent . At Rocky Ford a few irregular terms were ventured but in the face of failure they were not continued . Church services were furnished first by Father G ? ? a Methodist who came from the Indian Creek country . The next minister to appear so far as known was a German Baptist named Fther Hetchet . Rev . Curtis Lathrop came along third . Father White , a Methodist wa snext to appear . In 1831 the Rev . Donaldson assisted in organizing a Congregational society said to be the first in the county . This was done at the house of Moss Cromlee and the name adopted was " The Congregational Church of Palestine Grove ' . Services were held for many years in the Wasson school house . Rev . John Morrel was the first regular pastor The Palestine Grove Baptist church as another . . 1817 . Rev Charles . . was its pastor . The Mormon church attempted to secure a foothold in this townshp and what is . . was actually secured . The first teacher William Anderson held his services in John Hooks house . Both Joseph and H . . Smith came up here often from Nauvoo . Joseph the prophet married a Miss Emma Hale , sister of ALva Hale of Sublette and David Hale and Mrs . ? ? ? of Amboy . Asa Searls was a boyhood acquaintance of Aaron Hook , who had gone to Nauvoo and who had been ordained an elder returned now to Rocky Ford . William Smith anothe brother of the prophet came over to Lee county from Nauvoo about this time and a very considerable Mormon following was obtained in Lee county . Among the members were the Hooks , Edwin Caldwell , Wentworth Blair , Stepehn Stone and David L . Doan . It was a deplorable circumstance however that none of the Smiths could get along with his neighbors . This William Smith was no exception . He was arrested here for bigamy , released and then he left the country . In 1860 , April 6th , the anniversary of the founding of the church , the annual conference was held in Amboy . Joseph Smith Jr . was installed prophet and high priest in the old Mechanics hall where the meeting was held . Amboy township was . . . early by enterprising people . So soon as the settlers got their bearings they proceeded at once to build their homes and schools and churches and then to establish villages for trading and manufacturing purposes . Binghampton was laid out by Asa B . Searls and named in honor of Binghampton , New York . The date was April 1848 . Warren Badger laid off some lots contiguous . Here Mr . Searls opened and maintained the Binghampton House . He erected a store as well and took into partnership Edward Wates . Later Binghampton became a flour mill center . John Dexter in 1844 built one on Green River and the Badger brothers , Warren and Painter built another . The latter was killed by a bank of earth falling on him and Chester Badger took his place in the partnership . In 1858 Chester and henry Badger took over the property and introduced steam power instead of water power . On Thursday night July 18 , 1872 the bill wsa burned and a loss of $ 6,000 was sustained . The mill was rebuilt and H.F. Badger and son took it over There were two blacksmith shops , a shoe shop , a wagon shop , the Reed House and in 1850 it had secured from Shelburn the state headquarters and the postoffice . At this time Binghampton was one of the propserous places of the country . Binghampton is one mile east of Amboy . There the cemetery was established in the early day and in it , Patience , wife of A.B. Searls , was first to be buried . She died Dec . 19 , 1846 . Rocky Ford was settled early and became the center of manufacturing interests without being platted . The old Indian trail from west to east crossed the river here . Timothy Perkins settled here first . He and Horace Brown erected a sawmill , which passed successively into the hands of Lee , Mason , Van Arnam and Ditcher . In 1849 , Frederick R . Dutcher platted the property and named the plat , Shelburn . The river was the dividing line , Dutcher erected a distillery at once and in 1853 , he added a store . Jacob Doan The mill was a stone building 60 x 60 feet , four stories high . The distillery was 40 x 140 , two and a half stories high . The dam was built of solid masonry , the whole costing $ 65,000 . Col . John B Wyman for a time was an influential member of the company . In 1859 , by reason of an explosion , the south wall was partially thrown down and the boiler was buried 30 rods across the creek . The engineer , John Bailey was injured badly . Loss - $ 4,000 . When the Illinois Central was built , Shellburn and Binghampton collapsed and became deserted villages . The first postal facilities were furnished by Dixon . Then Asa B . Searls became first postmaster and the office was maintained in his house . Warren Badger followed when Searls resigned . Dutcher was made postmaster at Shelburn , but when Binghampton secured its removal , Dutcher secured its re - establishment under the name of Equator . Shelburn hd all the opportunity to lead . When the mail route was changed from Peoria to Peru , Shelburn became the stage headquartes . Two lines were run - one by Frank Walker and another by Dixon & Andruss . But the Binghamptonpeople outgenerated their rivals at every turn and finally secured the state lines . Midway between Binghampton and Shelburn stands Amboy , made by the entrance of the Illinois Central Railroad . In 1851 , a corps of engineers under Roswell B . Mason , ran lines through this locality . T.B. Blackstone had charge of the In June , 1853 , Michael Egan came here to begin work on the station buildings . Plans for the machine shops were made and Mr . Egan pushed their construction with rapidity . The year 1854 became the birth year of Amboy . Town lots were sold rapidly . Farwell ' s and Wymans ' additions and Gibson ' s addition were platted and residence lots went off rapidly . R.D. Peironet and Samuel Goldman opened the first stores , the first named had a stock of knick - knacks . Goldman sold clothing . In the spring of David Bainter was the first doctor to settle here . William E . Ives the first lawyer to settle here came in December 1854 . Alfred Tooker and James H . Filch came the next year . Alonzo Kinyon , who read law here came about the same time . Desirous of securing facilities of a court , Kinyon secured the passage of an act by the legislature establishing " the court of common please of the city of Amboy . " with jurisdiction concurrent with the Circuit court , cases of treason and murder excepted . In 1869 , Incorporation of the town followed soon . In the winter of 1854 - 55 the town was incorporated . Allen E . Wilcox became the first president of the board of trustees . H.R. Judkins became the second clerk . On Dec . 23 , 1856 , a citizens ' meeting was held in Mechanics hall to consider the question of city organization . J.B. Wyman , William F . Ives , Alonzo Kinyon and Edward Southwick were appointed a committee to draft a charter . On the 30th at an adjourned meeting at the Orient House , the charter In 1854 - 55 , the postoffices at Shelburna dn Binghampton were discontinued and Amboy secured the same . Orange D . Reed was made first postmaster . The first birth in the new village was that of Medora Bell , daughter of Mr . and Mrs . Charles Bell , Aug . 29 , 1854 . The first birth in the township was that of Simon , son of Mr . a nd MRs . John Dexter in 1836 ; the second as that of William C . Doan , son of James Doan , Oct . 16 , Two tragedies occurred in Amboy , Owen O ' Connor shot and killed Dennis Allen , a saloon - keeper , Oct . 11 , 1872 . On April 18 , 1873 , John McGrath stabbed and killed Edward Egan . A negro killed another negro in the passenger station by striking him with his fist . Amboy has made several fights to secure the county seat and always she has been vigilant to see that Dixon obtained no advantages . For that reason , until the erection of the present courthouse , Dixon always had been compelled to build Amboy has been subjected to fearful fires . The first big fire on the morning of Dec . 10 , 1863 originated under the brick city hall , three stories high . A 435,000 loss followed ; insurance $ 14,000 . In 1864 a $ 45,000 fire followed ; insurance , $ 38,000 . March 10 , 1865 another big fire followed . OTher fires occurred April 2 , 1868 ; April 25 , 1871 and Aug . 25 , 1871 , the last one entailing a loss of $ 175,000 ; insurance $ 103,000 . In the last fire After the railroad debt had been saddled upon the community , the struggles of Amboy were hopeless , many times . No money could be secured for improvements . The railroad shops were taken away . The division offices were removed , yet she struggled forward bravely and beginning with the administration of Mayor John P . Harvey , splendidly paved streets made their appearnace . Boulevard lamps followed . His uncompromising efforts for order , beauty and development have been responsible very largely for the new Amboy of today . Dixon Evening Telegraph 25 - 26 October 1948 The weekly newspaper , organized in 1854 before the city was organized , the second largest city in Lee County and located near the Geographical center of the county . It was incorporated Febuary 16 , 1857 and sprang into prominence with the coming of the railroad . Some of the pioneers , and the wanderers , the travelers and those lonely settlers seeking a home , a wife , and family came , since 1837 , in the communities of Shelburn , Binghampton , Rockyford , and finally Amboy . The first newspaper called " Amboy Times " was Amboy ' s newspaper changed hands from time to time . World Wars I and II and the progress of time , changes in farming with better methods and better agriculture equipment , bigger yields in crops thru fertilizing hybred seed , also bettor dairying , hogs , and beef cattle . All this contributed to the prosperity of Amboy . The name Amboy has quite a story behind it . On April 4 , 1850 , the story was told to me , a man met a little Indian boy and asked " What are you " ? meaning Stage coach lines from Peree to Grand Detour were the first in Amboy township . The second line ran from Inlet to Frophetstown stopping at Binghampton and Rockyford . The earlist religious groups to settle in Amboy , was the mormons in the late l830 ' s and 1840 ' s . They organized in the John Hooker home , now known as the Tim Arond farm . The Mormon cometery was on the road south of the Rockyford bridge . Amboy was the mecca of religious churches . Joseph and Hyrum Smith ofter cane from Nauvoo to enhance a certain occassion . Joseph Smith as you all know , was the founder of the sect of Morman religion . He marriod Emma Hale , sister of Alva Hale of Sublette , and of David Hale and Mrs . Benjamin Wasson of Amboy . At one time the Morman ' s planned to build an elaborate temple north of Rockyford on a knoll on the Tim Arend farm . The cornerstone is still used as a step to enter the old On one occasion in 1858 , Abraham Lincoln stopped in Amboy to make a speech . Before he made his speech he stopped across the street to the barber shop run by Philip Elder Flach . Mr . Flach finally came to his senses and realized he had shaved the future president . He still has the razor and mug he used to shave Lincoln with . The shave , by the way , was ten cents . Patrick Henry became the first Territorial Govornor the State of Illinois June 15 , 1779 ( known as the Northwest Territory . The first county in Illinois was St . Clair in 1790 . The first three counties were St . Clair , first , Knox County , second , and Randolph , third . Ninian Edwards was the second governor of Illinois and Nathaniel Pope , Esquire was the Secretary of the Treasury , 1795 - 1812 . Later , two more counties , Madison , Gallatin and Johnson making a total of six counties in the State of Illinois . Amboy did prosper like all the other communities in Lee County . Carson Piere Scott and Company , one of the largest clothing establishments in the county started business in Amboy . In 1934 at the 80th anniversary , Carson Piere Scott gave a cut stone drinking fountain too the city . It was dedicated by Gov . Henry Horner . Church membership in Amboy is large with five churches serving the spiritual needs of its citizens . They are St . Patricks Cathalic , First Baptist , First Methodist , First Congregational , and the Immanual Lutheran chruches . The schools ef Amboy are the very best . Amboy Community Unit School District number 272 was organized in l949 . It includes most of the territery formerly in the Amboy Township High School District and operates a fully accredited four year high school as well as the Amboy Central Grade School Attendance Center . Also several other grade attendance centers including Sublette , Maytown , and Eldena , in addition to some of the original Rural District Schools . Additions are now being built to the High School and grade schools to modernize them and to aid in the Dairying was another of Amboys great industrys where milk was processed and cheese and candy made at the factory . So , Amboy is another city in Lee County which we will say came a long way from the Indian trail of long , ago . Source : Pioneers of Dixon , Lee County & Vicinity by Bill M . Tyne | [
"Filamalee",
"first white settler",
"Palestine Grove"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/iowa/appanoose/abandoned_towns.htm | Appanoose County , Iowa Abandoned Towns , Villages And Post Offices Albany On cast line of section 1 , Union Township . A prosperous village in the sixties . Had a pust office from 1857 to 1860 when it was transferred to the portion of the village on the east side of the road , which placed it in Davis County . Source : ABANDONED TOWNS , VILLAGES AND POST OFFICES OF IOWA - By David C . Mott Submitted by Dennis Danielson Beetrace Near center of section 32 , Washington Township . Post office , 1859 - 85 . Source : ABANDONED TOWNS , VILLAGES AND POST OFFICES OF IOWA - By David C . Mott Submitted by Dennis Danielson - - - - - - - - - - Beetrace is situated six miles cast of Centreville , in Washington township , on the road to Bloomfield . It contains two churches , Methodist and Baptist . The township is principally prairie . [ Iowa State Gazetteer , 1865 ; submitted by cddd ] Bellair In the northern part of the southwest section of Bellair Township , section 18 , Township 08 north , range 18 west . It Was platted in 1854 . The building of the railroad town of Numa about a mile to the south in 1871 transferred the business to that place . Brazil In Bellair township . [ Past & Present of Appanoose County , Iowa , Vol . 1 , 1913 ; transcribed by cd ] Caldwell City In the eastern part of section 32 , Caldwell Township , A post office was established in 1857 and the town was laid out in 1873 . In 1879 the name of the town and post office was changed to Exline . - - - - - - - - - - Caldwell City is in a township of the same name , eight miles from Centreville , on the Chariton river . It contains three churches , Baptist , Christian and Methodist ; also one flour mill , three saw mills , and one general store . Population of township , 985 . [ Iowa State Gazetteer , 1865 ; submitted by cddd ] Calhoun A post office listed In U . S . Official Reegister , 1855 - 57 , but not found on maps of that period . Camden A post office listed in U . S . Postal Guide of 1881 , but not found on maps of that period . Chaldea The pioneer name of Centerville . Platted in I846 . The post office was Chaldea from 1846 to 1847 when the name of the post office and town was changed to Centerville . Crete A post office in Johns Township , 1880 - 83 , as listed in the U . S . Postal Guide , but not found on maps of that period . Coal City In Wells township . [ Past & Present of Appanoose County , Iowa , Vol . 1 , 1913 ; transcribed by cd ] Darby In 1892 . Darbyville An embryo village in section 1 , Walnut Township . Post office , 1894 - 1910 . Dayton Shown on maps of 1862 in northern part of Douglas Township . Dennis A post office in western part of Douglas Township , 1863 - 90 . A station on the Missouri , Iowa & Nebraska ( R.R. ) . A village or post office in this county . Diamond In Bellair township . Diff Post office listed in U . S . Postal Guide , 1887 - 1910 . Now known as Sedan . Elizabethtown In the southeastern part of section 15 and the northeastern part of section 22 , township 68 north , range 10 west . Platted in 1867 , but soon thereafter was incorporated into and became a part of the town of Moulton . Forbush A coal mining town about four miles north of Centerville . Post office , 1894 - 1903 . Griffinsville An embryo village in southern part of section 23 , Independence Township . Postoffice , 1869 - 1900 . Hibbsville Near the northeast corner of Franklin Township . It was laid out in 1852 and prospered as a village until the coming of nearby railroads . Post office , 1854 - 1900 . Hibbsville is situated on the northeast quarter of Section 35 , Township 68 , Range 19 , and was surveyed for James and Pleasant Hibbs , September 15 , 1862 . A glance at the map will show that the plat lies near the northeast corner of the township . The laying - off of the plat induced quite a number of families to settle here at an early day . A post office was established in 1853 which yet remains . A schoolhouse was built in 1854 . This was a frame structure , and probably the very first of the kind in the county . James Hibbs , the proprietor of the plat , started a store in 1851 , and in 1853 started a saw - mill . In 1855 , the facilities of the town for doing business were further increased by the building of a flouring - mill , in connection with which a carding machine was started . In 1857 , the town had a hotel , three general stores , a drug - store , a blacksmith - forge and a shoe - shop , all doing a good business . The mutations of population affected the little town unfavorably , and when the Chicago & Southwestern Road was built across the county , leaving Hibbsville two miles on one side , the people migrated in various directions , and most of the buildings were removed at the same time . So it goes - the engineer ' s transit makes unavailing the plans laid by the pioneers for the location of towns . Had not Numa been established , it is probable that the business of Hibbsville would have long remained . There is one store in the place , owned by James Hibbs . [ The History of Appanoose County , Iowa , 1878 ; submitted by Cathy Danielson ] A village or post office in this county . Hilltown In the southern part of section 10 , Wells Township , one - half mile from the state line . A former hamlet dependent on milling and coal mining . Known on the records as Pleasant View , with a post office named Wells Mills . Iconium At the center of section 5 , Chariton Township . Platted in 1854 and a prosperous village until railroads came nearby . Post office , 1853 - 1903 . Iconium , in the northeastern portion of the county , contains two general stores and one grocery . Jerome Johns Post Office Shown on maps 1856 in western part of the county . Johnston Post Office - In Southwestern part of Johns Township . Post office , 1859 - 63 . Johnstown Kemigala In Wells Township . Post office , 1903 . Kennegela In Wells township . Kirkwood In central part of Sharon Township . Post office , 1873 - 1900 . Laneville In southeastern part of section 29 , Bellair Township . A coal mining town . Lebanon In section 5 , Lincoln Township , as shown on maps of 1857 . Leetown A coal mining town near Brazil . Leona Near the central part of section 2 , Wells Township . Platted in 1858 , but never built up . Livingstone In central part of Franklin Township . Post office , 1858 - 1900 . Livingstone is in the centre of Franklin township , in the western part of the county , fourteen miles southwest from Centreville . It has a Baptist church , one drug store , one grocery , one flouring mill and one saw - mill . Population of village , 75 ; of the township , 500 . Maine In Taylor township . Mardensville Post office listed in U . S . Postal Guide of 1894 , but not found on maps of that period . Memphis In central part of Johns Township . Post office , 1857 - 67 . Millard Post Office Shown on Henn - Williams map of 1855 in east part of Caldwell Township . Milledgeville Near center of section 30 , Independence Township . The village was founded in 1857 and prospered until the coming of nearby railroads . Post office , 1857 - 1900 . Mount Gilead Post Office Shown on maps from 1857 to 1862 . In central part of Independence Township . New Hope In the east part of section 28 , Caldwell Township . A town was laid out in 1857 , hut never materialized . New Plains Post Office Shown on maps of 1856 in central part of Washington Township . Niles Post Office Listed in U . S . Postal Guide of 1851 , but not found on maps of that period . Orleans In southeastern corner of section 35 , Washington Township . The village was laid out in 1851 and flourished until about 1870 . Post office , 1860 - 87 . Orleans is in the eastern part of the county , twelve miles from Centreville . It has one Christian Church , and a Lodge of Good Templars ; also two general stores . Population , 100 . Orrville Another mining town laid out in 1892 . Orville A mining town in Walnut Township established in 1892 with a post office named Clarkdale . Pearl City A hamlet with a coal mine in section 22 , Pleasant Township . Post office , 1894 - 1903 . Pleasant View Same as Hilltown . Pleasantville Another name for Pleasant View . See Parker ' s map , 1856 . Rathbun Established in 1892 , a mining town . Ray The name of the post office at Maine , section 18 , Taylor Township . Post office , 1892 - 1903 . Risong Sun In southeast part of Udell Township as shown on maps of 1868 . Sharon To the northeast part of section 33 , Sharon Township . This village was laid out in 1856 and was on the west side of the Chariton River , and not in the same location as the later station of the same name on the east side of the river . The post office was from 1851 to 1859 . Sharpston A post office listed in U . S . Postal Guide of 1892 , but not located on the maps of that period . Shawville A coal mining town of Pleasant Township . Streepyville A coal mining town of Pleasant Township . Tranquillity In southeastern part of section 16 , Johns Township . Post office , 1871 - 79 . Walnut City In the northwestern part of Walnut Township . Never more than a hamlet and neighborhood center . Post office , 1867 - 97 . The place which we now consider , Walnut City , is only a city in name . No matter what the original intentions of its founders may have been , it never became entitled to any more dignified title than hamlet . Hamlet it was in the beginning and hamlet it is today , after an existence of many years . The town is situated on sections 4 and 5 , and was dedicated to public use by it owners , John Scott , Francis Childers , James Bartlett and Madison Hollman , November 17 , 1858 . J . H . Darrah was the surveyor . The first store was opened in the place by McNeff brothers soon after the town was laid out , and then came two other stores , a wagon and blacksmith shop and a few dwellings . There was also a postoffice in 1866 , but it exists no longer . Rural free delivery has made one unnecessary . The Christian church of Walnut City was organized in 1855 , by David Scott and wife , John Scott and wife , William Myers , W . H . Clark and wife , and George Elgin and wife . The early preachers were Elders E . E . Harvey and J . C . Porter . A church building was erected in 1856 . [ Past & Present of Appanoose County , Iowa , Vol . 1 , 1913 ; transcribed by CD ] Walsh Post office listed in U . S , Postal Guide , 1890 - 97 . Welland In southeast corner of Franklin Township . Post office , 1859 - 63 . Wells Mills The post office , 1851 - 71 , at Hillstown , see Hillstown . Wells Mills , in the southeastern part of the county , on the Chariton River , contains one general store , one grocery and one flour mill . | [
"Appanoose County , Iowa",
"Abandoned",
"Towns Villages And Post Offices"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/kan/shawnee/ | Welcome to Shawnee County K ansas Genealogy Trails ! Volunteers Dedicated to Free Genealogy Our goal is to help you track your ancestors through time by transcribing genealogical and historical data and placing it online for the free use of all researchers . If you are interested in joining Genealogy Trails as the host of this state site or any of our county websites , view our Volunteer Page for all the ins and outs of becoming a host . ( Enough knowledge to make a basic webpage and a desire to transcribe data is required ) Check your attics ! Dust off your family scrapb ooks ! We ' re looking for DATA for our sites ! ! ! We would very much like to make you part of this project . If you have information that you ' d like to share about any town , family , county or subject , please send it to us and we ' ll make sure it gets posted to the right county . Types of Data We ' re Looking to Post Online Send transcribed biographies , obituaries , vital records , census records , newspaper gleanings , military records , or if you have walked cemeteries and have transcribed those names and dates , and any other type of data you think would be helpful to researchers . Email Us with Your Data Regretfully , we do not have time to do research for anybody . All data we come across will be added to these sites . We thank you for visiting and hope you ' ll come back again to view the updates we make to these sites Shawnee County Shawnee County was one of the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legislature in 1855 and it was named for the Shawnee tribe of Native Americans . TOWNSHIPS Auburn . . Dover . . Grove . . Menoken . . Mission . . Monmouth . . Rossville . . Silver Lake . . Soldier . . Tecumseh . . Topeka . . Williamsport CITIES Auburn . . Rossville . . Silver Lake . . Topeka . . Willard Shawnee County , Kansas Data Biographies Land Records Births & Birthdays Marriages Cemeteries Military Census Native Americans Churches Newspaper Items Clubs & Organizations Obituaries Death Records Railroads Directories Schools Divorces Taxes Family Histories Voters Fire & Law Departments RESEARCH RESOURCES History UPDATES AUGUST , 2018 ~ Obits Join our Genealogy Trails Midwest States Mailing List to get email notices when our county sites are updated . For the Midwest States of : Nebraska Iowa Indiana Missouri Ohio Kansas You never know who you might meet and what family data they may share with you - - it could start a whole new branch of the family ! We also use the mailing lists to announce our website updates . Submit Obits here for any County ! SEARCH ENGINE This search engine will let you search all of Genealogy Trails or limit your search to a single state ! Visit the Counties Bordering Shawnee County JACKSON County , Kansas Genealogy Trails JEFFERSON County , Kansas Genealogy Trails DOUGLAS County , Kansas Genealogy Trails OSAGE County , Kansas Genealogy Trails WABAUNSEE County , Kansas Genealogy Trails POTTAWATOMIE County , Kan sas Genealogy Trails Visit Our National Site Copyright Β© Genealogy Trails All data on this website is Copyright by Genealogy Trails with full rights reserved for original submitters | [
"Shawnee County",
"Kansas Genealogy"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/main/stagecoaches.html | Stagecoach History " Typical stage of the Concord type used by express companies on the overland trails . Buffalo Soldiers guard from atop , ca . 1869 . " [ Picture from the Library of Congress ] BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONCORD COACH TRAVEL DIARIES - - STAGECOACH DECORUM PONY EXPRESS Capt . John Silas , Pioneer Stage and Rail Man CONCORD STAGECOACHES The first Concord stagecoach was built in 1827 . Costing $ 1200 - $ 1500 , these coaches weighed more than two thousand pounds . Abbot Downing Company employed leather strap braces under their stagecoaches which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up and down of a spring suspension . The company manufactured over 40 different types of carriages and wagons at the wagon factory in Concord , New Hampshire . Abbot Downing Company disbanded in 1847 . They merged again in 1865 , when Lewis Downing , Jr . , and J.S. and E.A. Abbott Company formed Each coach was given a number by the Abbot - Downing factory . The Concord Coaches had a reputation for being sturdy , roomy , and comfortable . At the front and back of the stagecoach were leather ' boots ' where baggage , mail and valuables were stored during the journey , with the remainder of the luggage being placed on top of the coach . Sometimes , even passengers sat atop the coach , but most chose to endure the rugged trip inside , if it was n ' t too crowded . If it was , a A sample fare schedule posted at Lincoln , New Hampshire : - 1st class : $ 7.00 ( rode all the way ) - 2nd class : had to walk at bad places on the road - 3rd class : same as above , but also had to push at hills During the Civil War , when sectional tensions were tearing the United States apart , stagecoaches provided regular transportation and communication between St . Louis , Missouri in the East and San Francisco , California in the West . MAIL DELIVERY Although the Pony Express is often credited with being the first fast mail line across the North American continent from the Missouri River to the Pacific Coast , the Butterfield Stage predated the Pony Express by nearly three years . Butterfield Overland Stage began rolling on September 15 , 1858 , when the twice - weekly mail service began . A Butterfield Overland Concord Stagecoach was started in San Francisco and another Overland Stage in Tipton , Missouri where they ran over the better roads . As the going got rougher , the passengers and mail were transferred to " celerity wagons " designed The last American chapter in the use of the stage coaches took place between 1890 and about 1915 . In the end , it was the motor bus , not the train , that caused the final disuse of these horse - drawn vehicles . After the main railroad lines were established , it was frequently not practical to go to a place of higher elevation by rail lines if the distance was short . By 1918 stage coaches were only operating in a few mountain resorts or western National Parks as part of the " old west " romance [ Source : Excerpted from Wikipedia . org and other various sources Stagecoach Decorum While today ' s travelers may be put off by the increased security hassles of air travel post 9 - 11 , consider what travelers had to put up with during the days when stagecoaches rumbled across Arizona . In the late 19th century , travelers on the Butterfield Stage line discovered the discomfort of close quarters , dusty trails and lonely stage stations , as well as the threat of Indian attacks and outlaw robbers . But as hard as travel was in those days , the Old West still had a code of etiquette for stagecoach passengers . β’ When a driver asked a passenger to get out and walk , one was advised to do so , and not grumble about it . β’ If the team of horses ran away , it was better to sit in the coach because most passengers who jumped were seriously injured . β’ Smoking and spitting on the leeward side of the coach was discouraged . β’ Drinking spirits was allowed , but passengers were expected to share . β’ Swearing was not allowed , and neither was sleeping on your neighbor ' s shoulder . β’ Travelers should n ' t point out spots where murders had occurred , especially when " delicate " passengers were aboard . β’ Greasing one ' s hair was discouraged because dust would stick to it . And according to the Omaha Herald in 1877 , " Do n ' t imagine for a moment you are going on a picnic . Expect annoyance , discomfort , and some hardships . If you are disappointed , thank heaven . " [ Source : From " Arizona Highways " , contributed by Sara Hemp ] | [
"Stagecoach",
"CONCORD STAGECOACHES"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/ncar/johnston/marriagebonds.html | Early Marriage Bonds Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Avera Samuel Ingram Zilpha Feb 10 1779 Samuel Avera John Smith Wm Ward W Bailey Jesse Thorn Sarah Jan 12 1779 Jesse Bailey James Glasglow Boon Joseph Powell Lydey Mar 12 1779 Joseph x Boon Joseph x Sims Lewis Bryan W Bush John Bryan Susannah Mar 15 1779 John Bush Bryan Whitfield George Elias Rains Sarah Jan 4 1779 Elias George Charles Wilkerson Lewis Bryan W Gulley John Brown Ann Dec 26 1779 John Gulley John Watson Lewis Bryan W Jernigan Arthur Crafford Winifred Dec 6 1779 Arthur Jernigan John Rayford Johnson Arthur Baile Thomas Cloe Jan 25 1779 Arthur Belle x Johnson David x Bailey Lewis Bryan W Moore Lewis Sanders Elizabeth May 11 1779 Lewis Moore John Moore Lewis Bryan W ONeil Isom Arrundall Ann Apr 23 1779 Elisha Thomas Wm Ward W Talton William Stallings Judith Dec 16 1779 Zadoc Stallings Warren Elijah Ingram Polly Oct 16 1779 Richard Warren Elijah Warren Wiggins Willis Stevens Mourning Dec 17 1779 Willis Wiggins Jacob Stevens Williams Samuel McCullers Feraba Dec 22 1779 Samuel Williams Saul Smith 1780 Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Bawkham James Rogers Sarah Jan 30 1780 Green Rogers John Rayford W Durham William Nichols Ann May 5 1780 William Durham Britain Smith Felp Smith W Gulley Nathan Thomas Temperance May 30 1780 Nathan x Gulley Geo Warren Robt Gulley Musslewhite William Stricklon Margaret Mar 11 1780 Edmond Griffin Hardy Bryan W Price Lucous ONeill Mary May 17 1780 Isom ONeil Hardy Bryan Wise James Warren Ruth Feb 6 1780 James Wise Richard Warren Esq 1781 Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Vaughn Stephen Hinson Mary Jun 1 1781 Stephen x Vaughn Arthur Bryan 1782 Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Green Thomas Yelverton Unity Sep 5 1782 Thomas Green Amos x Atkinson Wm Ward w Hill Thomas Garner Elizabeth Jan 5 1782 John Garner Richard Bailey Hood Nathaniel Gurley Susannah Nov 13 1782 Nathaniel Hood Kedar Powell Wm Ward w Langley Miles Clarke Ann Sep 21 1782 Miles Langley James Lockhart Wm Ward w Musslewhite Drury Capse Annis Dec 10 1782 Drury x Musslewhilte Matthew x Capse Nairn Aquilla Bailey ________ Nov 15 1782 Wiliam Holliman Wm Ward w Rhodes John Unledgible Aug 26 1782 John Rhodes Samuel Lee Roberts William Tucker Margaret Aug 20 1782 William Roberts Charles Parish Wilkerson Elkany Rogers Patience Dec 27 1782 Charles Wilkerson Wilson John Davis Patty Sep 14 1782 John Wilson Jacob Davis 1783 Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Baldwin Samuel Reves Elizabeth Jan 13 1783 Wm Ward w Barber Reuben Speight Edy Apr 8 1783 Reuben Barber Brannon James Martin Rose Jan 27 1783 James Brannon William Green Brown Elisha Bullock Ann Oct 9 1783 Elisha Brown Nicholas Thompson Gray Alexander Lightfoot Ann Feb 10 1783 Alexander Gray Joseph Boon Kearn John Whitington Elizabeth Jul 25 1783 Thomas Kearn Aaron Vinson Wm Ward w Lee John Altman Mourning Oct 25 1783 John Lee Dixon Fail Moore Randolph Stansel Elizabeth Jun 10 1783 Randolph Moore Amos Atkerson Wm Ward w Oliver John Edwards Sarah Jan 22 1783 John Oliver Elisha Thomas Reynolds Michael Chambers Polly May 16 1783 Michael Raynolds Joseph Edwards Strickland Jeremiah Gurley Elizabeth Apr 1 1783 Jeremiah Strickland Benjamin Strickland H Lightfoot w Underwood Thomas Thornton Sarah Mar 10 1783 Thomas Underwood John Whitley Warren George Blackman Mary May 15 1783 George Warren Richard Warren 1784 Groom Bride Bond Date Bondsmen Officials Bellington Ezekiel Penny Elizabeth Nov 8 1784 Edward Penny Wm Ward w Copeland Charles Jr Jones Barbary Mar 10 1784 Charles Copeland Jr Charles Copeland Sr Evans Francis Brewer Jenny Mar 13 1784 Francis Evans Abrose Rams Jno Bryan w Hooks Robert Raiford Sarah Mar 10 1784 Needham Whitley Wm Ward w Jackson William Price Priscilla Aug 26 1784 William x Jackson John x Brady Wm Ward w Johnson Mosses Clark Susannah Dec 6 1784 Mosses Johnson Thomas x Tomlinson Joiner Jessie Not legible May 30 1784 James Joiner John Whittley Lee Bryant Faulk Elizabeth Feb 3 1784 Bryant Lee Elisha Woodard Lee William Naron Milley Feb 3 1784 William Lee Richard Price Mott Benjamin Guven Guin Esther Aug 31 1784 Benjamin Mott Solomon Staton Murry Duncan Not Legible Nov 2 1784 John Barefoot Wm Ward w Nelson Wilson Wall Sarah Aug 6 1784 Wilson Nelson Jesse Wall Wm Ward w Oneal William Claney Phereby Dec 1 1784 Thomas Gray Pender John C Stevens Theney Feb 2 1784 William Fellow Wm Warde Penny Edward Bagget Edith Sep 1 1784 William Ryals Wm Ward w Price Thomas Ryals Ann Jun 23 1784 Thomas Price Charles Ryals Wm Ward w Price Zachariah Moore Molly Dec 1 1784 Zachariah Price Thomas Gray Shaw Hugh V Jernigan Mary Mar 10 1784 Hugh Shaw Joseph Iven Spicer James Price Peguila Mar 30 1784 James x Spicer Joseph Spicer x Jno Bryan w Stallings Jacob Avera Edith Apr 13 1784 Jacob Stallings Isaac Stallings | [
"Early Marriage Bonds"
] |
http://genealogytrails.com/ny/seneca/Ovid.html | Seneca County New York Genealogy and History AXE - MAKER . Nathan Seeley . The extensive grist - , flouring - , saw - , shingle - , and planing - mills owned by G . W . Jones & Brother were erected by George W . Jones in 1867 , at a cost of twenty thousand dollars . The business was continued by him until 1871 , when his brother William Jones purchased an interest . Six hundred thousand feet of lumber has been sawed in a year , and the average annual amount is five hundred thousand . Various kinds of grain to the amount of forty thousand bushels are ground annually SOCIETIES . OVID chapter , R . A . M . The original warrant of Constitution of this Chapter was granted on the 2d day of February , 1825 , to Josiah B . Chapman , High Priest ; John De Mott , King ; and Samuel M . Porter , Scribe . The said warrant was surrendered in 1830 , and was accepted by the Grand Chapter , February 3 , 1830 . The Chapter was revived by the Grand Chapter , February 8 , 1850 , and Peter Himrod was appointed High Priest ; John De Mott , King ; and Arad Joy , Scribe . And , in UNION LODGE , NO . 114 , F . AND A . M . No member of the Lodge was able to furnish the date of the original charter , nor the date of its surrender . The charter was renewed June 13 , 1846 , and destroyed by fire October 14 , 1875 . W . Halsey Kinnie is present Master , William L . Foster , S . W . ; C . H . Swarthout , J . W . WILLARD LODGE , NO . 311 , I . O . O . F . This Lodge was instituted March 20 , 1872 . The following were the charter members , - viz . , John Turk , Sr . , William Coe , Lorin Conklin , George W . Wilkins , Willoughby Fighley . The first officers were , β J . Turk , Sr . , N . G . ; William Coe , V . G . ; L . Conklin , Sec . ; G . W . Wilkins , T . The present officers are , - G . W . Wilkins , N . G . : John Turk , Jr . V . G . ; E . C . Terry , Sec . ; J . M . Foster , Per . Sec . ; W . Fighley , T . ; Ely Beary , L . R . S . ; Guy Conklin , L . S . ; L . Conklin , W . ; Charles Griffen , L . S . S . ; E . Backman , R . S . S . ; I.O.G.T . The Lodge of the Independent Order of Good Templars , of Ovid , was chartered April 15 , 1874 , and charter burned in 1874 . A new charter was a granted in 1875 . The following were the charter members : William E . Franklin , H . W . Torrence , Kinnie Dart , John F . Seeley , Oliver C . Cooper , chester Brown , A . Hunt , H . R . Westervelt , N . J . Dart , Robert Crawford , A . T . Slaight , Della Dart , Sarah Earle , G . A . R . A Post of the Grand Army of the Republic , consisting of honorably discharged soldiers of the United States army and navy who served in the late war of the Rebellion , was organized in Ovid Village on the evening of October 3 , 1874 , by J . Marshall Guion , of Seneca Falls , of the Council of Administration , and C . M . Woodward , of Waterloo , Medical Director of the Department of New York , G . A . R . The following is the charter : GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC . To all unto whom these presents come , Greeting : Know Ye , That reposing full trust and confidence in the fidelity and patriotism of Comrades Francis M . Rappleye , Henry C . Covert , John M . Chambers , James M . Conniver , Lewis D . Woodruff , John C . Williams , Joseph M . Foster , Patrick Carroll , Abram B . Hart , Archibald M . Covert , Jacob Dickens , John M . Harrington , Abram Wilson , H . V . L . Jones , Eugene C . Baker , H . Peterson , John A . L . Bodine , Alton I DO HEREBY , in conformity of the Rules and Regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic , and by virtue of the power and authority in me vested , constitute them and their associates and successors a Post of the Grand Army of the Republic , to be known as Charles P . Little Post , No . 40 , Department of New York . And I authorize , in accordance with the rules and Regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic . [ L.S. ] Dated at the Headquarters of the Department of New York , of the Grand Army of the Republic at New York City , on the eighth day of August , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy - three , and of our Independence the ninety - seventh . John K . Perley , Stephen P . Corliss , Assistant Adjutant - General Department Commander . The following were the original charter officers : Henry V . L . Jones , Commander ; Henry Peterson , Senior Vice - Commander ; Archibald M . Covert , Junior Vice - Commander ; Lewis D . Woodruff , Adjutant ; Francis M . Rappleye , Officer of the Day ; James M . Conover , Officer of the Guard ; Abram Wilson , Chaplain ; Patrick Carroll , Quartermaster ; John A . L . Bodine , Quartermaster - Sergeant ; Alton Van Horn , Sergeant - Major . During the two and one - half years of this Post ' s existence , several hundred dollars have already been expended by it in fitting up a soldiers ' lot in the village cemetery , for the burial of poor soldiers who served in the late war ; in depositing therein the bodies of those already dead and buried in Potter ' s Field , and placing suitable headstones over their graves ; for the relief of their sick and disabled comrades , and other charitable acts , meriting the just praise of a grateful and appreciating community . The maximum of membership has reached fifty - six ; but , from death , removals , transfers , and other causes , the Post now numbers twenty - one members in good standing , of which the following are their respective names : H . V . L . Jones , Commander ; Joseph Burden , Senior Vice - Commander ; Frank Frantz , Junior Vice - Commander ; N . T . Brown , Adjutant ; Abram Wilson , Quartermaster ; Rev . William L . Hyde , Chaplain ; Hon . Lewis Post , M.D. , Surgeon ; F . M . Rappleye , Officer of the Day ; Terrance Keenon , Officer of the Guard ; Isaac D . Conley , Sergeant - Major ; J . M . Foster , Quartermaster - Sergeant ; A . Van Horn , Bugler ; E . C . Baker , Assistant Bugler ; Peter C . Hunter , Orderly Sergeant ; Patrick Carroll , Henry Peterson , O . C . Cooper , Darwin Spencer , Stephen B . H . V . L . Jones , Henry Peterson , and Alton Van Horn represented the Post as delegates in the last Department Encampment , held at Albany , January 25 and 26 , 1876 . VILLAGE OFFICERS . β The Board of Trustees is composed of the following persons : Clement Jones , Jr . , Pres . ; James D . Purdy , Lorrin Conklin , Ezra C . Terry , and Frank Frantz . The Ovid Academy was opened in this village in 1825 . In 1855 its name was changed to the Seneca Collegiate Institute . The East Genesee Conference subsequently assumed control of the institution , and conducted it under the name of the East Genesee Conference Seminary . It is now conducted as a Union school , and is in a flourishing condition . The following are the names of the Faculty : William L . Hyde , Principal ; Elizabeth Weaver , Preceptress ; Mary McQuigg , Mattie Seeley , and Delia Crane , Teachers . The following compose the Board of Education The Ovid Bee was started in this village in 1838 , by David Fairchild & Son . At the close of one year it passed into the hands of the son , Corydon Fairchild , who published it until 1874 , when it was discontinued , and changed to the Ovid Independent ; Hyatt & Cooper , editors and proprietors . The office of the Independent was destroyed by fire October 11 , 1874 , and the paper was re - established by Oliver C . Cooper , the present editor and proprietor . It is a prosperous and influential sheet , independent in politics and religion . Ovid is a flourishing village of eight hundred inhabitants , finely located upon the dividing ridge between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes . From the seminary observatory the eye sweeps over portions of nine counties , viz . ; Tompkins , Chemung , Steuben , Yates , Ontario , Wayne , Cayuga , Onondaga , and Seneca , while the waters of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes are plainly discernible , the former at a distance of three , and the latter at six miles . POPULATION . The population of Ovid in 1835 was 2997 ; in 1840 , 2721 ; in 1845 , 2129 ; in 1850 , 2248 ; in 1885 , 2274 ; in 1860 , 2538 ; in 1865 , 2382 ; in 1870 , 2403 ; in 1875 , 2397 . MILITARY RECORD . When war β s loud alarum sounded over this republic and our imperiled country called for brave men to strike at the hideous head of rebellion , the patriotic citizens of Ovid responded promptly , and on the 29th day of April , 1861 , the first war - meeting was held in the village of Ovid . Colonel John Y . Manning was President of the meeting , and James B . Thomas and James Ferguson , Secretaries . This war - meeting was addressed by Thaddeus BoDine , Esq . , who , at the close of his The following list comprises the names of those who enlisted in the war of the Rebellion from the town of Ovid , together with the number of the regiments to which they belonged , with date of discharge or death . Armstrong , Jehial , enlisted in the 148th Regiment , at Ovid , August 30 , 1862 . Died on hospital boat en route to Fortress Monroe . Ackley , J . Corey , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 30 , 1862 . Discharged December 31 , 1863 . Anderson , Isaac , enlisted in Company F , 148th Regiment , August 26 , 1864 . At Lee β s surrender . Bolter , William Alfred , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1864 . Discharged June 29 , 1865 . BoDine , William Alfred , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , September 5 , 1864 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 , at Richmond . Bogardus , George W . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 29 , 1862 . Was at Lee ' s surrender , and discharged June 3 , 1805 . Brown , Marvin Aurelius , enlisted in Company A , 148th Regiment , December 22 , 1863 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Bishop , James , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 18 , 1863 . Discharged August ' 28 , 1865 , at Richmond , Virginia . Burlew , Noyes Stephen , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Discharged for physical disability October 4 , 1863 . Bodine , John Augustus L . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 21 , 1862 . Discharged March 31 . 1865 . Banker , Austin , enlisted in Company E , 14Sth Regiment , August 27 , 1862 . Discharged June 29 , 1865 . Brokaw , Abram , enlisted in Company F , 148th Regiment , August 1 , 1864 . Discharged July 1 , 1865 . Bennett , Martin Luther , enlisted in Company G , 148th Regiment , December 22 , 1863 . Discharged June 14 , 1865 . Bumpus , Henry , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Killed in battle before Petersburg , Virginia , June 18 , 1864 . Buried at Petersburg . Bogardus , De Witt C , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 27 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Brokaw , Isaac , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1862 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Bride , Patrick , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , January 11 , 1864 . Discharged July 15 , 1865 . Boyce , Darwin Covert , enlisted in Company F , 148th Regiment , November 2 , 1864 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Blue , Samuel , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Killed at Gettysburg July 2 , 1863 . Blue , Oscar Ditmars , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Died at Camp Douglas , Chicago , November 26 , 1862 . Barnum , Abram Covert , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 29 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Bingham , Denton Elijah , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 28 , 1862 . Discharged December 25 , 1864 . Bishop , Jerome Madison , enlisted in Company G , 148th Regiment , December 19 , 1863 . Died in regimental hospital at Yorktown , March , 1864 . Bird , James , enlisted in Company C , 148th Regiment , December , 1863 . Died from wounds received at battle of Cold Harbor in June , 1864 . Bloomer , Bennett Beardsley , enlisted in 111th Regiment , August 29 , 1864 . Discharged November 30 , 1864 . Boyer , James Brooks , enlisted in 50th Regiment , September 4 , 1864 . Discharged April 27 , 1865 . Brokaw , Leroy , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 29 , 1862 . Bunn , Jacob , enlisted in Company H , 15th Regiment , September 2 , 1864 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Brown , Sidney E . , enlisted in Company C , 120th Regiment , July , 1862 . Caywood , David Genoa , enlisted in Company 1 , 33d Regiment , September 30 , 1861 . Wounded at Fredericksburg May 4 , 1862 . Discharged June 6 , 1862 . Covert , Archibald McNeal , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 21 , 1863 . Discharged October 28 , 1864 . Covert , Abijah Barnum D . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 4 , 1862 . Discharged June 5 , 1865 . Clarkson , Andrew B . , enlisted in Company I , 50th Regiment , September 1 , 1864 . Discharged July 1 , 1865 . Countryman , George W . , enlisted in Company H , 15th Regiment , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged June 13 , 1865 . Covert , Henry Handford , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . DischargedJune5 , 1865 . Covert , Darwin C , enlisted in Company G , llUh Regiment , February 5 , 1804 . Discharged April 24 , 1865 . Cary , Edward , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 30 , 1862 . Died in hospital at Point of Rocks , Virginia , February 8 , 1862 . Craven , Hamilton B . , enlisted in Company E , 14Sth Regiment , August 30 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Carragher , Alexander , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , December 26 , 1863 . Discharged July 27 , 1865 . Covert , Daniel F . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 11 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Carl , Patrick , enlisted in Company H , 148th Regiment , December 23 , 1863 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Carl , Owen , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 18 , 1863 . Chambers , John M . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Craver , William Harris , enlisted in 50th Regiment , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged May 19 , 1865 . Cory , Samuel D . , enlisted in Company D , 50th Regiment , August 22 , 1862 . In hospital at Elmira until discharged on surgeon ' s certificate of disability , January 2 , 1863 . Chambers , Samuel , enlisted in Company B , 3d Artillery , August 5 , 1864 . Died at Morris Island . Coshun , Stephen , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Died at Union Mills , Virginia , February 6 , 1863 , of smallpox . Covert , Abram C , enlisted in Company F , 50th Regiment , August 28 , 1862 . Discharged June 28 , 1865 . Covert , Rynear Beech , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . Covert , William Henry , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . Close , Sidney C , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 22 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Covert , Abram V . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July , 1862 . Corey , Andrew J . , date of enlistment and number of regiment unknown . Corvet , Lyman , enlisted August 10 , 1862 , and was taken prisoner at Harper ' s Ferry . Close , Edwin , enlisted in April , 1861 . Croix , St . Dc Louis Philippe , enlisted in April , 1861 . Dickens , Jacob , drafted July , 1863 , and joined Company I , 97th Regiment . Discharged November , 1864 . Dondle , Patrick , Jr . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 27 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 , at Richmond , Va . Darling , Alfred , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 8 , 1862 . Discharged June 4 , 1865 . Dart , Jonathan , enlisted in Company H , 33d Regiment , August 30 , 1862 . Discharged May 25 , 1865 . Daley , Owen , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Demond , Isaac , enlisted in Company E , 26th Regiment , February 18 , 1864 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Donelly , James , enlisted in Company G , 148th Regiment , August 1864 . Discharged June 29 , 1865 . Denning , Charles A . , enlisted in December , 1863 . Derham , George , enlisted in 1st New York Battery December , 1863 . Decker , Muses , enlisted in 111th Regiment , January , 1864 . Davis , Alfred , enlisted in 1861 . Dean , Elisha H . , enlisted October 25 , 1861 . Davis , Eugene W . , enlisted in April , 1861 . Everts , Calvin Damon , enlisted in Company H , 33d Regiment , August 30 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Finnegan , Stephen , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , December 26 , 1863 . Discharged July 15 , 1865 . Flimn , Peter , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , January 12 , 1864 . Discharged June 17 , 1865 . Feeghan , John , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 25 , 1864 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Finnegan , Michael , enlisted August 24 , 1862 , and was killed at the battle of Cold Harbor , August 24 , 1862 . Foster , Joseph M . , enlisted in April , 1861 . Gilchrist , Alexander , Jr . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , September 4 , 1862 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Gorman , George , enlisted in Company E , 14Sth Regiment , August 27 , 1862 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Garnett , George Adam , drafted July 24 , 1863 , and joined Company D , 94th Regiment . Discharged from hospital June 20 , 1865 . Griffon , James , enlisted in . 50th Regiment . Galloup , William A . , enlisted in Company D , 3d New York Artillery , September 1 , 1864 , and was discharged May 29 , 1865 . Harris , Frederick James , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Discharged June 16 , 1865 . Hoagland , Benjamin M . , enlisted in Company M , 3d Light Artillery , August 27 , 1864 . Discharged July 8 , 1865 . Huff , Omar , enlisted in Company K , 21st Cavalry , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged July 29 , 1865 . Harris , Charles F . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Killed at the battle of Gettysburg , July 3 , 1863 , during the last charge . Herdsell , George , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 21 , 1863 . Discharged January 26 , 1865 . Huff , James Burt , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Killed in battle of the Wilderness May 6 , 1864 . Hubbs , Daniel , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , in July , 1862 . Hunt , Byron , enlisted in 111th Regiment , March , 1864 . Hartigan , Harrison , enlisted in April , 1861 . Hadley , Alfred , enlisted in 108th Regiment , July 28 , 1862 . Wounded July 3 , 1863 , at Gettysburg . Ike , Charles , enlisted in Company H , 3d Light Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Detailed . Discharged July , 1865 . Jeffrey , James , enlisted in 50th Regiment , September 3 , 1864 . Detailed at Elmira . Discharged May 18 , 1865 . Judd , Walter , enlisted in 1st New York Independent Battery December 18 , 1863 . Discharged June 23 , 1865 . Jamerson , David Hulsey , enlisted in Company D , 50th Regiment , August 29 , 1862 . Discharged June 28 , 1865 . Jump , George V . , enlisted September 3 , 1864 . Johnson , Mather , enlisted September 19 , 1864 . Jones , Jacob E . , enlisted in April , 1861 . Jones , Elijah , enlisted in April , 1861 . Krug , George , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Died in hospital , at Philadelphia , July 18 , 1864 , from wounds received in battle of Drury ' s Bluff , May 16 , 1864 . Kinch , Washington Irving , enlisted in Company M , 3d Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged June 26 , 1865 . King , John , enlisted January 9 , 1865 . Lewis , John G . , enlisted in Company H , 1st Light Artillery , October 26 , 1861 . Discharged June 11 , 1865 . Lounsbury , Thomas E . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 28 , 1862 . Discharged June 16 , 1865 . Lyon , Alonzo , enlisted in Company A , 50th Regiment , December 31 , 1864 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Lyons , Eugene , enlisted in Company K , 50th Regiment , December 25 , 1863 . Discharged June 30 , 1S65 . Lindsley , Joseph , enlisted in Company K , 3d New York Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Mack , Daniel , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 25 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . McLaughlin , Andrew , enlisted in Company C , Thirty - third Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged June 16 , 1865 . McDonald , Francis , enlisted in Company D , 3d Light Artillery , September 1 , 1804 . Discharged July 15 , 1865 . McDonald , Owen , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , December 23 , 1863 . Discharged November 20 , 1864 . Manderville , Samuel , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Discharged June 16 , 1865 . Middleton , Augustus , enlisted in 39th Regiment February 18 , 1864 . McCann , John , enlisted m Company I , 164th Regiment , December 25 , 1863 . Killed at Cold Harbor June 3 , 1864 . McArdle , Peter , enlisted in Company I , 164th Regiment , June 20 , 1864 . Discharged July 15 , 1865 . Mathews , Horace Smith , enlisted in Company K , 50th Regiment , December 25 , 1863 . Discharged June 25 , 1865 . McKinnie , Andrew , enlisted in Company B , 3d Artillery , August 28 , 1864 . Discharged July , 1865 . Mathews , George Whiteman , enlisted in Company B , 3d Artillery , August 5 , 1864 . Discharged July , 1865 . Martin , Alfred , enlisted in Company 6 , 148th Regiment , December 18 , 1863 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Murray , Henry , drafted , and joined Company G , 8th Pennsylvania Regiment , in July , 1863 . Discharged November 10 , 1865 . Mason , Robert , enlisted in Company F , 50th Regiment , August 28 , 1862 . Discharged June 28 , 1865 . McArdle , James , enlisted in Company G , 94th Regiment , January 4 , 1864 . DischargedJune3 , 1865 . Miller , John , enlisted in 111th Regiment in March , 1864 . Morton , James , enlisted February 14 , 1865 . Martin , James D . , enlisted in Company M , 11th Artillery , April 18 , 1863 . Martel , Paul , enlisted April , 1861 . Dead . Mathews , John , enlisted in April , 1861 . Murrell , Thomas , enlisted in April , 1S61 . Parish , Augustin S . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 1 , 1862 . Discharged February 5 , 1863 . Parish , Lyman W . , enlisted in Company E , 14Sth Regiment , August 31 , 1S62 . Discharged July 24 , 1865 . Purcell , Joshua B . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Killed in battle of Gettysburg July 3 , 1863 . Pentz , Thomas , enlisted in Company D , 50th Regiment , September 1 , 1862 . On detached service . Discharged December , 1862 . Payne , William , enlistedSeptember12 , 1864 . Polhamus , John . Roll , Jonathan S . , enlisted in 50th Regiment September 3 , 1864 . Detailed at Elmira . Discharged May 18 , 1865 . Rumsey , Harrison , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July , 1862 . Ross , Noah F . , enlisted September 19 , 1864 . Raynolds , Theodore , enlisted February 14 , 1865 . Smith , George , Jr . , enlisted in Company E , 14Sth Regiment , December 18 , 1863 . In battle of Cold Harbor . Wounded and sent to hospital . Seeley , James Henry , enlisted in Company H , 148th Regiment , December 21 , 1863 . DischargedJuly21 , 1865 . Swick , William H . , enlisted in Company M , 3d Artillery , August 29 , 1864 , Was at evacuation of Richmond . Discharged July 12 , 1865 . Simpson , John H . , enlisted in Company K , 3d Artillery , September 1 , 1864 . Was at evacuation of Richmond . Discharged July 18 , 1865 . Scott , John Covert , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 29 , 1862 . Wounded at Gettysburg July 2 , 1363 . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . Scott , George B . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , March 17 , 1864 . Was at Lee ' s surrender . Discharged October 5 , 1865 . Stewart , Wilmar , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 22 , 1862 . Wounded at Gettysburg July , 2 , 1863 , and died August 27 , 1863 . Stull , James Henry , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , July 29 , 1862 . Wounded at Gettysburg July 3 , 1863 . Discharged June 14 , 1865 . Scott , Winfield ( Captain ) , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 19 , 1862 . Wounded severely at Spottsylvania . Discharged September 26 , 1864 . Swick , Peter , enlisted in Company F , 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1864 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Substitute . Stevens , Isaac Heminway , enlisted in the 9th New York Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Was at Lee ' s surrender . Discharged July 6 , 1865 . Simpson , Andrew H . , enlisted in 148th Regiment . Simpson , Darwin C , enlisted in 1863 . Stewart , Jacob D . , enlisted in the 33d Regiment in September , 1862 . Smith , John D . , enlisted in September , 1864 . Tharp , James R . , enlisted in Company K , 3d Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Was at the evacuation of Richmond . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Treadwell , Bennett , enlisted in Company E , 126th Regiment . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . Toner , John , enlisted in 9th Artillery , August 31 , 1864 . Was at Lee ' s surrender . Discharged July 8 , 1865 . Thomas , James , enlisted September 10 , 1864 . Thomas , William J . , enlisted in 75th Regiment , October 26 , 1861 . Discharged November 25 , 1864 . Taylor , Theodore R . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged June 30 , 1865 . Voorheis . William C , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 3 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Voorheis , Augustus C , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 30 , 1863 . Discharged April 30 , 1864 . Voorheis , John B . , enlisted in Company K . 50th Regiment , December 28 , 1863 . Discharged June 13 , 1865 . Wilson , Irving B . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 7 , 1862 . Discharged February 5 , 1863 . Wilson , Abram , enlisted in Company G , 148th Regiment , December 22 , 1863 . Discharged November 5 , 1864 . Woods , Peter , enlisted in Company E , . 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Woods , Arthur , enlisted in Company H , 148th Regiment , December 26 , 1863 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . McElroy , William , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged May 9 , 1865 . Graves , John J . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Recent , August 22 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Wilson , Almon H . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regimient , August 11 , 1862 . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . Eaton , Milo , enlisted August 25 , 1864 . Little , Charles P . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 21 , 1863 . Mortally wounded at Petersburg . VanHorn , John A . , enlisted in 15th Regiment , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged June 3 , 1865 . McGee , James , enlisted in Company E , 160th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Died October 20 , 1864 . Whiteman , Peter H . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December , 1863 . Died at Fortress Monroe , July 29 , 1864 . Voorhies , Wisner , enlisted in Company I , 33d Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Killed at battle of the Wilderness . West , Irving A . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , December 19 , 1863 . Killed at battle of Drury ' s Bluff , May 12 , 1864 . Reeder , Stephen S . , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1S62 . Discharged June 23 , 1865 . Quinn , Michael , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged April 3 , 1865 . Van Sickle , William , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 31 , 1862 . Discharged April 3 , 1865 . McNany , Philip , enlisted in Company E , 148th Regiment , August 29 , 1862 . Discharged June 22 , 1865 . Van Horn , Cornelius , enlisted in Company H , 126th Regiment , December 18 , 1863 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Williams , Charles H . , enlisted in 50th Regiment , September 4 , 1864 . Dis - charged May 18 , 1865 . Randolph , Harrison , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 1 , 1862 . Discharged June 15 , 1865 . Quigley , David 0 . , enlisted in Company M , 3d Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged June 26 , 1865 . Townsend , John H . , enlisted in Company I , 94th Regiment , January 27 , 1804 . Discharged July 28 , 1865 . Gibbs , Albert , enlisted in Company B , 94th Regiment , August 10 , 1864 . Discharged June 28 , 1865 . Thomas , Elijah K . , enlisted in Company H , 3d Artillery , September 3 , 1864 . Discharged in July , 1865 . Van Sickle , John , enlisted in Company B , 3d Artillery , August 5 , 1864 . Discharged July 13 , 1865 . Lockhart , Richard C , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 6 , 1862 . Discharged May 17 , 1865 . Garrett , Thomas , enlisted in Company D , 50th Regiment , August 28 , 1862 . Discharged August 28 , 1865 . Covert , Madison , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , in July , 1862 . Discharged July 1 , 1865 . Van Horn , Tunis S . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , in July , 1862 . Babcock , James P . , enlisted September 11 , 1864 . Webb , William L . , enlisted September 13 , 1864 . Petkio , John R . G . , enlistedJanuary 9 , 1865 . Kruce , Henry , enlisted February 14 , 1865 . Brown , Nelson , enlisted in Company D , 3d Artillery , August 26 , 1864 . Dis - charged July 5 , 1865 . Brokaw , Isaac N . , enlisted in Company H , 50th Regiment , December 10 . 1801 . Died at Bottom Bridge , Virginia , June 17 , 1862 . Wyckoff , John E . S . , enlisted in Company F , 75th Regiment , October 26 , 1861 . Discharged November 25 , 1864 . Osgood , William , enlisted in Company K , 94th Regiment , October 10 , 1861 . Discharged March 31 , 1865 . Covert , Lyman , enlisted August 10 , 1862 . Taken prisoner at Harper ' s Ferry . Bartlett , Martin , enlisted in April , 1861 . Bradley , Austin S . , enlisted in April , 1861 . Vescelius , Alanson S . , enlisted in April , 1861 . Vaughn , Darwin E . , enlisted in Company C , 126th Regiment , August 5 , 1862 . Killed at Gettysburg . Mulcohey , Lawrence , enlisted in the navy September 1 , 1864 , and served on the vessel " Old Vermont . " ' Thirty - seven additional persons were accredited to Ovid , but it is impossible to obtain their names , as their certificates were not left at the Provost Marshal ' s Office in this district , nor their names at the Paymaster - General ' s Office in Albany . PERSONAL SKETCHES . THE WILSON FAMILY . In the late winter , or early spring , of 1732 , Ralph Wilson and his wife left their home in Ireland and emigrated to America . Just as their voyage was ended and the vessel reached the American shores , they had a son born to them , whom they named David . The family soon made for themselves a home in Tinicum , Bucks County , Pennsylvania . In 1739 , after establishing a residence in this new land , Ralph and his wife obtained a certificate of church - membership from the Presbyterian Church of Stow , Soon other settlers located near them , and in a few years a goodly number of sturdy men and women had settled in this beautiful and healthy country . In April , 1793 , a triple marriage took place , the first in the town of Ovid . The parties were Joseph Wilson and Anna Wyckoff , Abram A . Covert and Catharine Covert , Enoch Stewart and Jane Covert . They were obliged to cross Seneca Lake to find a justice of the peace to perform the ceremony . The marriage certificate of Joseph Wilson and Anna Wyckoff is " This certifieth that the bearer , Joseph Wilson , was born in the bounds of this congregation , of sober , creditable parents , with whom he lived until the spring of the year 1789 , and supported a fair and unspotted character ; and was then , and , as far as our knowledge serves , is yet , free from publick scandal or church censure . β Thomas Stewart , β Certified by β James Wilson , Elders , β David Wilson , β Tinicum Presbyterian Church , Jan β y 12th 1792 . β The privations and hardships endured by all pioneers were encountered by Joseph Wilson and his neighbors . The produce raised in excess of home consumption found no market nearer than what is now Elmira . In a few years , the family of Joseph Wilson growing up about him , and having the help within himself to carry it on , he erected a distillery , the products of which were mostly sold in Philadelphia . This , it must be remembered , was at a time when it was universally thought necessary to have their glass of some kind He had little to do with politics , but for many years had largely to do with making the highways of the town , and in all such matters his judgment was conclusive . He and his wife died amidst the comforts their own energy had so largely created . His wife died December 12 , 1846 , aged seventy - four years . Joseph Wilson died April 14 , 1849 , aged eighty - five years . They had twelve children . The oldest , David Wilson , who was a soldier in the war of 1812 , is since 1789 . Aaron Wilson and his wife do not boast of having done any great thing , but have made it the best efforts of their lives , by precept and example , to bring up their family to ornament and benefit society . And now they say , " Let another man praise thee , and not thine own mouth . " They feel that their life - work is nearly ended , and hope what is left to them of this life may not be spent in vain . Ovid , May 18 , 1876 . | [
"Seneca County New York",
"Genealogy"
] |
http://geneofun.on.ca/cems//ONGRY10924/G?page=2 | Mobirise Mobirise v466 best free web site maker Greenwood Cemetery Grey County ON Street Address 2nd Avenue East Community Owen Sound Township Derby Township Concession 2 Lot 14 Locality Grey County Municipality Owen Sound Province ON GPS 445484180941848 Registered to City of Owen Sound map of cemetery Established 1854 GENEALOGY RESOURCES Add Remove a link These links are provided for your convenience and may take you to websites that offer products andor services for sale CanadaGenWebs Cemetery Project does not control the content offered take note of our site design if it changes youve left this website On the Internet CanadaGenWebs Cemetery Project see below Transcript City of Owen Sound Photos Find A Grave Not on the Internet Microfilm Archives of Ontario SOURCES THANKS City of Owen Sound Greenwood Cemetery City of Owen Sound Legacy Archives Marilyn Smith Favaro AMCTO The Municipal Experts Todd Harvey Photos courtesy of Raina Stevenson 2011 David Hook Ian McInnis Bruce Nuckowski Paul Sigmundson Indexed by Steph Clay Deb Belcher Marilyn Whiting Kate Ford Susan Leitch Patricia Green Correct cemetery information Add to cemetery information Add a genealogy resource Frequently Asked Questions Search surnames within Greenwood Cemetery A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All Some persons named in this index may not be interred in this cemetery They are designated as spouse or parent on appropriate stones and may not have their own birth and death recorded here Women if maiden names are known will appear under both their maiden and married names Correct or Remove a name Add a new name Submit transcript Question about the name index Raina Stevenson photographed Song Bird Vista Chapel Hill Harmony Green Heritage Valley Hill Crest Nature View Spruce Haven and Serenity Point sections in full Only four sections Skyview Terrace Sundial Meadow Hedge Wood Maple Rest were not photographed due to lack of time This index does NOT include every headstone in this cemetery Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Previous 1 2 3 4 5 GARVIE Walter Allan 1931 2009 GARVIE Wilbur 1891 1977 GASKELL Charles 1881 1926 GASKELL Charles Edward 1863 1938 GASKELL Harry 1870 1872 GASKELL Mabel 1880 1881 GASKELL Mary Webster 1842 1910 GASKELL Sarah Bagnall 1865 1946 GASKELL Thomas Shaw 1831 1881 GAULEY ES Ted 1918 2010 GAULEY Freda E Bates 1921 2009 GAULT Elwood Russell 1933 2001 GAULT Hazel M 1912 1984 GAULT Lavern K 1942 1990 GAULT Vera Harpell 194 2010 GAUTHIER Philip A 1938 1987 GAVARIS Demitrios 1993 GAVARIS G 1912 GAVARIS Maria 1952 2007 GAVILEY Ann 1835 1900 age 65 GAVILEY Thomas GAVILLER Charles spouse GAVILLER Charles 1918 1957 GAVILLER Florence A Atkinson 1884 1912 GAWLEY Catherine Sinclair 1872 1934 GAWLEY Emily M 1868 1945 GAWLEY Martha J 1862 1947 GAWLEY Thomas Albert 1862 1953 GAWTHROUP Jeannette A Mercer 1910 1994 GAWTHROUP Stuart 1906 GEDDES Agnes 1872 1936 GEDDES Dorothy J McLean 1913 1991 GEDDES Harriett Maude 1870 1953 GEDDES James 1884 1945 GEDDES Kate Ethel Cochrane 1882 1959 GEDDES Walter J 1907 1964 GENDRON Raymond J F 1916 1990 GENDRON Stella V Whitehead 1913 2003 GENGE Katherine J 1880 1959 age 79 GEORGAS Living GEORGAS Christos 1888 1940 GEORGAS George C 1917 1980 GEORGAS Kathryn 1945 1945 GEORGAS Louis 1919 2008 GEORGAS Sadie Scopis 1897 1995 GEORGAS William 1918 2007 GEORGAS William 1883 197 GEORGE Allan 1876 1946 GEORGE Audrey Beandon 1916 1962 GEORGE Charles spouse GEORGE Eleanor Gertrude Osborne 1887 1950 GEORGE James 1901 1943 GEORGEINA Maggie Luke 1888 1960 GEROLAMY Elida 1850 1943 GEROLAMY Hannah M 1835 1930 GEROLAMY Mary 1841 1877 age 36 GERRIE Elmer J 1902 1984 GERRIE Ethel B Robinson 1902 1992 GERRY Alexander spouse GERRY Alma A 1892 1985 GERRY Bessie 1870 1872 age 2 GERRY Charles E 1882 1885 GERRY Frances J 1884 1978 GERRY Jane 1847 1899 GERRY John J 1845 1918 GERRY Johnathan S 1878 1939 GERRY Margaret C Dandy 1876 1951 GERRY Nellie Shirley 1875 1940 GERRY Susan parent GERRY Susan Brooks 1850 1925 age 75 GERRY Thomas J 1872 1910 GERRY William J parent GERRY William J 1842 1904 age 62 GETCHELL Donna E Betty 1922 1999 GETCHELL Levi Theodore 1891 1971 GETCHELL Sarah Mildred Nelson 1890 1971 GIB J Marie Bell 1927 1978 GIBBONS Anita 1972 1977 GIBBONS Bernie A 1897 1978 GIBBONS Beulah Jane GIBBONS Catharine McMillan 1895 1961 GIBBONS Clayton T 1920 1999 GIBBONS Daisy M Cook 1928 2008 GIBBONS Dennis G 1920 1978 GIBBONS Doris M 1929 2007 GIBBONS Eileen McIntosh 1915 1943 GIBBONS Eliza Bradbury 1897 1994 GIBBONS Elizabeth White 1877 1917 GIBBONS Elsie May 1902 1994 GIBBONS Eric G 1918 1990 GIBBONS Ewart 1898 1956 GIBBONS Gordon M 1927 2006 GIBBONS H Pearl Wardell 1922 2009 GIBBONS Helen 1918 1976 GIBBONS Howard G 1915 1998 GIBBONS J Owen 1945 GIBBONS Kathleen P 1954 1993 GIBBONS Louise A 1922 1987 GIBBONS Mabel M Curtis 1888 1975 GIBBONS Mary Amy Alberta 1902 1965 GIBBONS Norman 1894 1985 GIBBONS Norman J 1924 1985 GIBBONS Orville 1941 1941 GIBBONS Orville W 1921 1980 GIBBONS Philip 1947 1947 GIBBONS Rosetta C Hutton 192 198 GIBBONS Vera L Richards 1923 2009 GIBBS George F 1914 1995 GIBSON A Leona Strong 1911 1987 GIBSON Agnes M 1907 1979 GIBSON Colleen D 1933 2005 GIBSON Cora C A 1853 1950 GIBSON Frances J 1886 1956 GIBSON Herbert S 1889 1943 GIBSON Hugh W 1890 1896 age 6 GIBSON Jane 1850 1933 GIBSON Kathleen 1922 2000 GIBSON Kenneth 1920 1967 GIBSON Louisa 1840 1916 GIBSON Margaret E 1894 1945 GIBSON Mary 1820 1894 age 74 GIBSON Mary J 1882 1955 GIBSON Susan 1859 1942 GIBSON Thomas 1809 1865 GIBSON Wallace T 1914 2008 GIBSON Christina 1877 GIBSON Hugh spouse GIDLEY Mary Margaret 1908 1995 GIES 1881 1952 GILBANK 190 GILBANK F 1921 2008 GILBANK edra G Richardson 1920 1989 GILBANK Dorothy E 1908 1979 GILBANK Gladys Naomi 1907 1990 GILBANK J Victoria Pal 1876 1961 GILBANK Margaret Pattison 1919 2006 GILBANK Wilfred Charles Palmer 1912 2004 GILBANK William Frederick 1885 1971 GILBERDS Edith Dalton 1886 1959 GILBERDS Ruth Maud Brown 1902 1979 GILBERDS Sarah J 1888 1956 GILBERDS Sarah Jane 1879 1926 GILBERDS W Isaac 1895 1948 GILBERDS Walter G 1949 1994 GILBERDS Walter J 1924 1995 GILBERDS William George 1923 2002 GILBERT Elsie M 1928 1999 GILBERT George R 1889 1959 GILBERT Ida May Hopkins 1893 1953 GILBERT John T 1919 1937 GILBERT Thomas 1844 1922 GILBERT Violet E 1898 1972 GILCHRIST 1768 1867 age 99 GILCHRIST Ann 1838 1922 age 84 GILCHRIST Annie M 1882 1972 GILCHRIST Bessie Beattie 1858 1890 GILCHRIST Betsy 1873 1891 GILCHRIST Charles E 1887 1981 GILCHRIST Donald 1832 1913 GILCHRIST Donald J 1931 GILCHRIST Dorothy A Hetu 1908 1991 GILCHRIST Dorothy M 1923 2004 GILCHRIST Dougald A 1873 1950 GILCHRIST Dugald H 1849 1908 GILCHRIST Edna M 1896 1977 GILCHRIST Eleanor J Ramage 1939 1987 GILCHRIST Elizabeth 1815 1872 GILCHRIST Esther 1874 1963 GILCHRIST Flora 1881 1883 GILCHRIST Flora Brown 1841 1932 GILCHRIST Fred A 1929 2004 GILCHRIST George 1873 1950 GILCHRIST Grace 1867 1899 GILCHRIST Helen Donaldson 1881 1967 GILCHRIST Hugh Hector 1884 1956 GILCHRIST Isabella 1843 1914 GILCHRIST James 1830 1908 GILCHRIST James H 1878 1903 GILCHRIST Janet 1900 1984 GILCHRIST Janet 1900 1984 GILCHRIST Janet Strain 1900 19 GILCHRIST Jessie Agnes 1888 1979 GILCHRIST Lachlan 1874 1962 GILCHRIST Mary Hunter 1801 1874 age 73 GILCHRIST Mary Sinclair 1882 1948 GILCHRIST Mary Louise 1879 1972 GILCHRIST Neil spouse GILCHRIST Neil 1802 1876 age 74 GILCHRIST Ronald 1875 1960 GILCHRIST Ronald 1848 1879 age 31 GILCHRIST Sarah Monford 1881 1968 GILCHRIST William 1883 1905 GILCHRIST William 1860 1952 GILDNER Hilda A 1894 1980 GILES Frances I GILES Sarah GILHULY M C Pearson 1851 1935 GILHULY R M 1858 1925 GILKINSON Margaret J 1868 1946 GILL Ann 1845 1874 Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Correct a name Request a removal Corrections removal requests can be made using the form found on the name page From the index above locate the name in question click on it and fill out the form on that page | [
"Greenwood Cemetery"
] |
http://geneontology.org/page/molecular-function-ontology-guidelines | Gene Ontology overview An ontology is a formal representation of a body of knowledge within a given domain . Ontologies usually consist of a set of classes ( or terms or concepts ) with relations that operate between them . The Gene Ontology ( GO ) describes our knowledge of the biological domain with respect to three aspects : Molecular Function Molecular - level activities performed by gene products . Molecular function terms describe activities that occur at the molecular level , such as β catalysis β or β transport β . GO molecular function terms represent activities rather than the entities ( molecules or complexes ) that perform the actions , and do not specify where , when , or in what context the action takes place . Molecular functions generally correspond to activities that can be performed by individual gene products ( i.e . a protein or RNA ) , but some activities are performed by molecular complexes composed of multiple gene products . Examples of broad functional terms are catalytic activity and transporter activity ; examples of narrower functional terms are adenylate cyclase activity or Toll - like receptor binding . To avoid confusion between gene product names and their molecular functions , GO molecular functions are often appended with the word β activity β ( a protein kinase would have the GO molecular function protein kinase activity ) . Cellular Component The locations relative to cellular structures in which a gene product performs a function , either cellular compartments ( e.g . mitochondrion ) , or stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts ( e.g . , the ribosome ) . Unlike the other aspects of GO , cellular component classes refer not to processes but rather a cellular anatomy . Biological Process The larger processes , or β biological programs β accomplished by multiple molecular activities . Examples of broad biological process terms are DNA repair or signal transduction . Examples of more specific terms are pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process glucose transmembrane transport . Note that a biological process is not equivalent to a pathway . At present , the GO does not try to represent the dynamics or dependencies that would be required to fully describe a pathway . In an example of GO annotation , the gene product β cytochrome c β can be described by the molecular function oxidoreductase activity , the biological process oxidative phosphorylation , and the cellular component mitochondrial matrix The GO vocabulary is designed to be species - agnostic , and includes terms applicable to prokaryotes and eukaryotes , as well as single and multicellular organisms . GO classes ( also known as terms ) GO classes are composed of a definition , a label , a unique identifier , and several other elements . Elements of GO terms are described here The GO graph The structure of GO can be described in terms of a graph , where each GO term is a node , and the relationships between the terms are edges between the nodes . GO is loosely hierarchical , with β child β terms being more specialized than their β parent β terms , but unlike a strict hierarchy , a term may have more than one parent term ( note that the parent / child model does not hold true for all types of relations , see the relations documentation ) . For example , the biological process term hexose biosynthetic process has two parents , hexose metabolic process and monosaccharide biosynthetic process . This reflect the fact that biosynthetic process is a subtype of metabolic process and a hexose is a subtype of monosaccharide One ontology β¦ or three ? As the diagram above suggests , the three GO domains ( cellular component , biological process , and molecular function ) are each represented by a separate root ontology term . All terms in a domain can trace their parentage to a root term , although there may be numerous different paths via varying numbers of intermediary terms to a ontology root . The three root nodes are unrelated and do not have a common parent node , and hence GO is three ontologies . Some graph - based software may require a single root node ; in these cases The three GO ontologies are is a disjoint , meaning that no is a relations operate between terms from the different ontologies . However , other relationships such as part of regulates do operate between the GO ontologies . For example , the molecular function term β cyclin - dependent protein kinase activity β is part of the biological process β cell cycle β . More information about relations is available here GO as a dynamic ontology GO aims to represent the current state of knowledge in biology , hence it is constantly revised and expanded as biological knowledge accumulates . Changes are made on a weekly basis ( most relatively minor ) . Revisions to the ontology are managed by a team of ontology editors with extensive experience in both biology and computational knowledge representation . These updates are made collaboratively between the GOC ontology team and scientists who request the updates . Most requests come from scientists making GO annotations ( these typically impact only a few terms each ) , and from domain experts submit requests for either new terms , new relations , or any other improvements to the ontology Details about the ontology GO term elements : Description of the format of GO terms . Ontology relations : Documentation on the inter - term relations used in GO . | [
"Gene Ontology"
] |
http://general-hospital.wikia.com/wiki/Tamara_Braun | in : Actors and actresses Current GH actors / actresses Actors / actresses who portrayed multiple characters Tamara Braun Edit Comments ( 6 ) Share Tamara Braun Profile Born April 18 , 1971 Evanston , Illinois Age 47 Series General Hospital Character Carly Corinthos Kim Nero Duration 2001 - 05 ; 2014 ( Carly ) ( 2017 - present ) ( Kim ) Tamara Braun is an American actress and was the second actress that played Carly Corinthos on GH . She portrayed the character from 2001 to 2005 . She also starred on All My Children as Reese Williams and Days of Our Lives playing two roles , first as Mafia princess Ava Vitali for which Tamara won the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress , and as Taylor Walker . Background Braun was born on April 18 , 1971 and raised in Evanston , Illinois . She was a psychology major University of Wisconsin - Madison Braun was the second person to portray after Sarah Joy Brown left the show . She would replaced briefly by Jennifer Bransford and then by the current Carly , Laura Sisk Wright . In 2008 , Braun was casted as Ava Vitail , on the daytime drama , Days of Our Lives . She played the role from February 8 , 2008 to August 4 , 2008 . Braun would then be cast as Reese Williams on ABC ' s soap All My Children ( which is now licensed to Prospect Park that airing on Hulu . com starting April 29 , 2013 ) from October 30 , 2008 to April 29 , 2009 . Her role was playing opposite of lesbian Bianca Montgomery and Zach Slater . In 2011 , Braun rejoined DAYS , but not as Ava . She would then play Taylor Walker , after her fellow GH co - star , Natalia Livingston , was fired from the show . Braun has also appeared on various shows for short lengths like one to five episodes . She has appeared in episodic television shows such as Supernatural , Bosch , Necessary Roughness , Castle , Three Rivers , Saving Grace , Freddie , The Pretender , Magnificent Seven , Party of Five , City Guys , CIS , Cold Case , House , Ghost Whisperer , 7th Heaven , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and Without a Trace and made her acting debut in the series The Sentinel in 1998 . Braun has also made in a few films like Soul Food , Fallen Arches , Limbo Lounge and won critical acclaim for her role as Mary Louise LeBauve in the film Little Chenier . Tamara also won a couple of acting awards for the role . On October 25 , 2017 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that Braun would be returning to as a new character , debuting on November 22 . On November 17 , it was revealed that she will be portraying Kim Nero , Oscar ' s mom . Official sites References β http : / / tvline . com / 2017 / 10 / 25 / general - hospital - tamara - braun - returning - not - as - carly / β https : / / www . soapoperadigest . com / content / tamara - braun - returns - gh / http : / / soaps . sheknows . com / general - hospital / news / 50153 / tamara - braun - rumored - to - be - returning - to - general - hospital https : / / www . soapoperadigest . com / content / exclusive - first - interview - tamara - braun - new - gh - gig / v e Actors and Actresses Current Lexi Ainsworth Denise Alexander Bradford Anderson Vinessa Antoine Maurice Benard Steve Burton Ryan Carnes Leslie Charleson William deVry Chad Duell Michael Easton Sonya Eddy Hayley Erin Genie Francis Nancy Lee Grahn Rick Hearst Carolyn Hennesy Rebecca Herbst Lynn Herring Roger Howarth Finola Hughes Wally Kurth Jon Lindstrom Lisa LoCicero Robin Mattson Kimberly McCullough Billy Miller Kelly Monaco Ryan Paevey Haley Pullos Tequan Richmond Tristan Rogers Emme Rylan Brytni Sarpy Parry Shen Kin Shriner Michelle Stafford Kirsten Storms Kelly Thiebaud Kristina Wagner Maura West Laura Wright Dominic Zamprogna Jacklyn Zeman Former Kristen Alderson Brandon Barash John Beradino Julie Marie Berman Sean Blakemore Sarah Brown Ian Buchanan Rebecca Budig Nathin Butler Dylan Cash Teresa Castillo Tyler Christopher Scott Clifton Bryan Craig Jane Elliot Drew Garrett Anthony Geary Jonathan Jackson Sean Kanan Robert Kelker - Kelly Ted King Anna Lee Lindze Letherman Natalia Livingston Vanessa Marcil Emily McLaughlin Lindsey Morgan Nathan Parsons Ingo Rademacher Scott Reeves Emma Samms Michael Saucedo Rick Springfield Richard Steinmetz Kelly Sullivan Jason Thompson Constance Towers Jack Wagner Megan Ward Billy Warlock Bree Williamson Emily Wilson Categories Actors and actresses Current GH actors / actresses Actors / actresses who portrayed multiple characters | [
"Tamara Braun",
"American actress",
"Evanston"
] |
http://general-hospital.wikia.com/wiki/Valentin_Cassadine_(James_Patrick_Stuart) | in : Characters General Hospital characters Cassadine family and 9 more Valentin Cassadine ( James Patrick Stuart ) Edit Comments ( 35 ) Share This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) . Valentin Cassadine General Hospital Portrayed by James Patrick Stuart Current status Recurring Duration 2016 - present First appearance July 11 , 2016 Created by Robert Guza , Jr . Introduced by Frank Valentini Profile Alias ( es ) Ivan Theodore Theo Hart Gaspar LeBlanc Namesake ( s ) Mikkos Cassadine Nickname ( s ) The Cassadine all other Cassadines fear ( by Helena and Luke The most treacherous Cassadine ( by the Cassadines and Helena Ethnicity Greek - American Russian - American Gender Male Born 1965 ( revised to 1976 ) St . Petersburg , Russia Age 43 Education Attended Bedlington Academy Attended Oxford Occupation Owner and CEO of Cassadine Industries Board member at GH Board member at Shadybrook Criminal Terrorist Mercenary Head of an International Diamond Theft Ring Title Russian Royalty Residence Wyndemere Castle Spoon Island Port Charles , New York Relationships Family Cassadine Parents Mikkos Cassadine ( deceased ) Helena Cassadine ( step ; deceased ) Siblings Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine ( both deceased ) Alexis Davis Kristina Cassadine ( deceased ) ( paternal half ) Irina Cassadine ( step ; deceased ) Spouses Nina Reeves ( 2016 - 18 ; divorced ) Romances Anna Devane ( obsession / crush ; 1980s - 2017 ) Alex Marick ( ONS ; 1980s ) Cassandra Pierce ( lovers ; 1990s ) Daphne ( ONS ; 2008 ) Ava Jerome ( kissed ; 2016 ) Nina Reeves ( lovers ) Children Charlotte Cassadine ( with Lulu ; carried by Claudette Grandparents Ivan Cassadine ( paternal ; deceased ) Great - grandparents Stanislaus and Katya Cassadine ( paternal ; deceased ) Aunts and uncles Victor Cassadine Tony Cassadine Sophia Cassadine - Davidovitch Irina Cassadine ( paternal great ; deceased ) Nieces and nephews Nikolas Cassadine ( via Stavros ; deceased ) Sam McCall Kristina Corinthos - Davis Molly Lansing - Davis ( via Alexis Spencer Cassadine ( great ; via Nikolas Lila McCall ( stillborn ) Danny Morgan Scout Cain ( great ; via Sam Valentin Mikkosovich Cassadine is a fictional character from the ABC soap General Hospital . He is the previously unknown and unseen son of the late Prince and an unknown mistress . He is the father of Charlotte Cassadine with Lulu Spencer - Falconeri who was born via surrogate . He has been portrayed by actor James Patrick Stuart since the character ' s debut on July 11 , 2016 . He is deeply feared in his family , considered to be the most dangerous Cassadine , even more so than herself . However , unlike most of the members of his family he has no interest in the Spencer / Cassadine feud . Contents show Casting In late September 2009 , it was announced that Matt Borlenghi , best known to daytime viewers for his portrayal of Brian Bodine on All My Children had been cast in the role of Valentin Cassadine . Borlenghi expressed his excitement about joining the cast , admitting that he always wanted to work on the series ; " I ca n ' t imagine anywhere I ' d rather be right now " he continued . The actor further stated " I do n ' t know the extent of my stay , but I can only hope it ' s long enough for me to hang my shingle up and get down and dirty with Valentin . " However , the character of Valentin seemed to have been abandoned completely until 2013 , when it was rumored that daytime actor Vincent Irizarry had been hired as a recast . Borlenghi took to Twitter with " Was n ' t enough that I got Franco ' d before ? Hurts . " Then head writer Ron Carlivati denied the rumors immediately , claiming that Borlenghi had no reason to be upset . Borlgenhi released a statement in which he explained that the false news " opened an old wound . " On June 16 , 2016 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that another All My Children alumnus known for his portrayal of Will Cortlandt would debut in July . Soaps In Depth reported that Stuart would debut as Theo on July 8 . " I get bored easily and I love a smorgasbord " , the actor said . So when his agent informed him about , Stuart could n ' t turn it down . At the time , " I was bouncing between soccer games with my children and all of a sudden " Stuart ' s agent contacted him about Frank Valentini ' s interest in him for the role . Stuart consulted with his wife who encouraged him to meet with the producers . " The role that they were talking about was so fun , it just seemed like it would be exactly the way that I would want to go back . " The only catch was that Stuart had to cancel a trip to Hawaii that conflicted with taping dates . The casting reunites Stuart with his former co - star Genie Francis as well as Jon Lindstrom , the husband of his former co - star and close friend Cady McClain While he was flattered to have been handpicked for the role , Stuart credits his close friends Ricky Paull Goldin Michael E . Knight ( also former co - star ) with convincing him to sign on . " To have the chance to get back and do it again has been really yummy " the actor said of his return to daytime . When asked if he would commit to the series long term during his second stint , Stuart joked " Right now , [ the show and I are ] definitely dating . " Characterization Borlenghi described Valentin as " morally bankrupt . " James Patrick Stuart insisted that he would n ' t have taken a role that was too " subtle . " The character was presented to Stuart as " brash and take no prisoners . " Stuart said Theo might have similarities to his former character Will Cortlandt Stuart said the character has " literal crazy confidence . " Stuart said that initially , " you ' re struck by the fact that this guy is just being a jerk . " However , " the more you play it , the more fleshed - out he becomes . " Stuart declared that he had no interest in seeing Valentin become a good guy because he relished in " playing the misunderstood [ bleep ] hole . " Valentin " is not the guy who comes in a raises an eyebrow " Stuart insisted any potential plans to reform the character . The actor continued that Valentin " has much to say . He ' s been wronged and he needs to make sure that you understand that . He has a specific agenda ! " Background Valentin Cassadine is the previously unknown and unseen son of and an unknown woman . He is known for being the most evil of the Cassadine sons . According to , Valentin is the most dangerous and most feared Cassadine of them all , even she was terrified of him to the point that she warned her beloved son Stavros , her hated son Stefan and her hated step - daughter Natasha to not even try to contact him . Shortly after his birth , Valentin was disowned by Mikkos and soon became forgotten in the family , a mere myth , hence making him the most unwanted child in the Cassadine family . Valentin claims that he barely remembers his mother . He was sent to Bedlington Academy in England at the age of 5 and was left there all on his own , and was never returned to Cassadine Island . He hated the academy deeply , as it was a prison to him . He was very lonely during his childhood and he isolated himself to his Shakespeare ' s writings " Ivan Theodore " before surgery During his childhood , he was unable to wear braces to help his scoliosis because he was a ward in his school and there was only money for his tuition . So his scoliosis went untreated and by the time he was a teenager , his distortion was pronounced . After graduating from the academy and thanks to his genius intellect , he found his way to Oxford where he studied linguistics . Later on , under the name Ivan Theodore , he ended up in the WSB Training Academy , thanks to his brilliance in linguistics , where he was forced to train as an analyst because of his scoliosis , yet he was seen by many as the brightest trainee . During that time , he met Anna Devane , while she was training to become a field agent . He had fallen for her , and on her birthday , Valentin tried to make a move on her to which she rejected him because of his deformity . On April , it was revealed to a forgetful Anna that they had a one night stand before she betrayed him . However , it was Anna ' s twin Alex Marick ( disguised as Anna ) , that found him sad at a church drop - site , and took him to a hotel to make love β his first time . In the morning , while she was showering , he found the kill directive and ran . Valentin thought he was betrayed by the only woman who ever truly loved him . He soon remade himself , and it was revealed on May 10 , 2017 , that he illegally sold a powerful bio - weapon named the Chimera Virus to his step - mother Helena , and through this he was able to pay for his surgeries and remake himself at a special clinic in Russia . Valentin as Mercenary Theo Hart Soon after his surgeries , he went into business with international drug lord Cassandra Pierce and later as a freelancer for Cesar Faison , in addition he had some shady dealings with Olivia Jerome during her decades of exile in Asia . Under the alias Theo Hart , he became a remarkably powerful mercenary with a vast global web of connections in different and many continents . He was charged many times for his crimes but never convicted . Becoming internationally feared in the criminal underworld , his evil step mother , whose reputation symbolised her to be more powerful than all the other Cassadines , was also terrified of him . His former affiliation , the WSB has no record of information connected to him prior to 2011 neither under his alias nor his true name . Like his brother and his step - mother Helena , he has been presumed dead at least once in 2009 by the Spencers and Helena till she realized otherwise . In November 2016 , the hidden will of Mikkos Cassadine came to light and it revealed that Mikkos left all of the Cassadine Estate to the eldest living son ; with Stavros and Stefan dead , Valentin is the only living son and hence sole heir to the Cassadine Empire . Valentin and Lulu with their daughter , Charlotte In Nov 4 , 2016 , it was revealed that he has a daughter named Charlotte with Lulu Spencer - Falconeri who was born via surrogate named Claudette . He loves Charlotte deeply and cares for her more than anyone . On December 9 , 2016 , Valentin revealed that Lulu is Charlotte ' s mother . He explains that Helena promised Stavros a child with Lulu , but after Helena discovered that Stavros could not father a child , she sent Daphne to seduce Valentin and recover a sample . Daphne brought Valentin ' s sample to Helena , and by the time Valentin figured out what had happened , the embryo had already been created , so he stole it from Helena and recruited Claudette to On December 20 , 2016 , Valentin revealed to Anna that he is fluent in speaking English , French , and Greek and during the 2017 Nurses Ball , he revealed he has a magnificent singing voice , when performing for Nina . He is close friends with Anna ' s long lost son with Faison , Henrik , later known as Peter August . In May 8 , 2018 , it ' s revealed that Valentin knew Henrik since he was a child . He became a father figure to him , loving and caring for him like he was his own son ; he taught him how to be devious and a brilliant strategist like him . On May 23 , it was revealed that after Anna gave Henrik away ; Valentin tracked down the family that had adopted him and threatened them into giving him the infant , he then delivered him to his father . On New Years Eve 2016 , he married . As of September 5 , Nina and Valentin are still married . However , in May 2018 , he and Nina became separated and she ' s filing for divorce again . As of October 2018 , they are divorced . Storylines Terrified Helena warns Luke of Valentin . In October 2009 , a deathly ill Helena Cassadine confides in her longtime rival Luke Spencer that she needs his help to fend off her evil stepson Valentin . According to Helena , the illegitimate Valentin had been disowned by his father Mikkos upon his birth , denying him the privileges of being a Cassadine . Helena contacts Valentin hoping to use him against her rebellious grandson , Nikolas but instead , Valentin overpowers Helena taking over the family ' s private island in Greece and he slowly poisons Helena . Terrified Helena begs Nikolas to save her from Valentin Valentin ' s henchmen try to keep Luke from escaping with Helena only for Nikolas to come to her rescue . She warns everyone that Valentin has promised to destroy not only the Cassadines , but also the Spencers . Mikkos ' s daughter Alexis Davis reveals that she had only heard of her brother ' s treachery toward their father specifically , but Alexis had come to believe the " never before seen Valentin " was only a front for Helena and her schemes . Luke later accuses Helena of having Valentin murdered and she admits that she thought Valentin had died , but later realized that he is alive and well . Much like Luke and Alexis , Nikolas believes Valentin is long dead and that Helena is just using the threat of Valentin to manipulate him . Enter Valentin Cassadine On July 11 , 2016 , Valentin is seen lurking around on Cassadine Island . He spies on Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Ava Jerome , and Nikolas Cassadine . Jason soon realizes that someone else is on the island . Valentin is seen looking at a book of Cassadine lineage before he knocks over a vase . Jason and Sam lure him out by falsely proclaiming that they are heading to bed . Valentin takes control They corner Valentin and he claims to be a fisherman named Theo , who was forced to come ashore due to the storm . Sam and Jason decide to leave him be , as long as he does what they say . Valentin continues to play his role and goes to warm his hands by the fire . As he is warming his hands , he rolls up his sleeve and you can see the Cassadine family crest tattooed on his forearm . Valentin kills Nikolas On July 16 , Theo blew his cover and he held a gun on everyone present . On July 18 , it was confirmed that Theo is in fact Valentin . On July 19 , Valentin forces Nikolas to hand over the Cassadine family fortune to him . As Valentin tries to shoot Ava , Nikolas attacks him , but ends up getting shot and falling over a balcony . Valentin escapes Cassadine Island On July 22 , Ava seduced Valentin , and then hit him in the head with a book . When Laura lashed at Valentin for shooting Nikolas , Valentin went to shoot her , but Kevin stepped in the way and was shot instead . On July 26 , Valentin is forced to flee after his captives get the upper hand . He escapes into the tunnels and orders his men to make sure none of them escape . Valentin captures Claudette On August 2 , he is seen in Port Charles meeting and then has sex with her . Valentin then leaves her on August 4 in order to kidnap Spencer Cassadine , but was stopped by Sonny outside the summer camp doors , and he is then arrested by the cops . Nina and Curtis Ashford then turned in the cell phone that Valentin stole from Nikolas , which contained a voicemail of Spencer trying to get in touch with his father . While at the PCPD , he has a conversation with Nina before he was taken by the Feds . Valentin returns In August 2016 , Luke sent Robert Scorpio to warn his family of Valentin even though his warning was a bit late since Valentin was arrested in the murder of his nephew , Nikolas and the attempted kidnapping of Spencer . However , according to Robert , Luke was n ' t convinced that Valentin was taken care of and he reminded Laura and Lulu that Luke is not known to be overly cautious and that Valentin spooks him . Valentin reunited with daughter Charlotte On October 24 , he appears on a plane as he proceeds to sit next to Claudette and stated that she took something that belongs to him . On Halloween , Valentin Reveals himself to the Spencers on Wyndemere ' s farewell party . He reveals to Laura and the entire group that he is the owner of the castle and the entire estate . He informs them that he plans to live in Port Charles , and hopes he can redeem himself to them . On November 7 , he reveals to Griffin and Anna that he is Charlotte ' s true father and he finally reunites with her after so long . On December 5 , Valentin takes Charlotte to see Santa Claus and tells him that the only thing she wants is her mom . Afterwards she meets Lulu and Rocco and Lulu feels a very deep connection to her . Valentin offers a play date for their kids in which she and Dante decline . Valentin tells Lulu the truth On December 9 , 2016 , Valentin confirms to the group that Lulu is Charlotte ' s mother . He explains that Helena promised Stavros a child with Lulu , but after Helena discovered that Stavros could not father a child , she sent Daphne to seduce Valentin and recover a sample . Daphne brought Valentin ' s sample to Helena , and by the time Valentin figured out what had happened , the embryo had already been created , so he stole it from Helena and recruited Claudette to carry it . Valentin and Nina wed On December 29 , 2016 ( New Year ' s Eve / Day on the show ) Valentin and Nina got married to strengthen his case in the upcoming custody battle over Charlotte . In January 2017 , Valentin and Nina tell Charlotte that they got married and Charlotte at first appeared emotionless on the news and then surprises Nina ecstatically on how happy that she is her stepmom . She also watches the two exchange wedding rings . Later Valentin got a call from the Canadian authorities that his plan went well . A little while later , Valentin tells Charlotte that Claudette is dead , she mourns for the only mother she has ever known and in a few short moments she suggests that maybe Nina can be her new mommy . Valentin and Nina tell Charlotte they are married On January 17 , 2017 , Charlotte is seen at Nathan and Maxie ' s wedding with her father and stepmother . Later Valentin beats up Griffin and tells him that he β s sick of his preaching . Anna bursts in , slaps Valentin and calls him a vicious thug . At the Metro Court , Anna and Valentin face off . Andre drags Griffin away to leave them to speak . She recalls when they saw each other at the WSB years ago . She remembers his hunchback and twisted face . He claims he β s changed Valentin , Charlotte and Nina watch Nathan and Maxie ' s Wedding On February 1 , at The Floating Rib , Lulu suggests to Valentin that they can hash things out . She admits telling Charlotte she β s her mom with the best intentions . Although the sight of him makes her sick , she knows Charlotte needs him . She β s ready to take Valentin up on his previous offer of joint custody if she , Dante , Nina and he can attend family therapy together . He declines , rescinding his previous offer . Lulu β s screaming at him when Nina arrives as Lulu declares , β Valentin wins custody On Valentines Day , Valentin gets ready at Wyndemere while on his cell with Nina who β s waiting at the Metro Court suite for him . He ends the call when Charlotte joins him . She wonders if mom β s watching from heaven . Valentin β s sure Claudette is , and then asks Charlotte for help with his tie . He shows her the engagement ring he bought Nina , and then gives her an emerald and gold bracelet . They forget the ring when they leave for the babysitter ' s . Valentin came back for Valentin takes Charlotte and Nina to celebrate after winning custody In March 2017 , Valentin ( and Nina ) with their lawyer Nora Buchanan and Lulu ( and Dante ) with their lawyer Diane Miller started a custody battle with both wanting sole custody and joint custody not being on the table . The battle ended with Valentin getting sole custody and Lulu supervised visitation ( one hour a week ) to ensure a smooth transition for Charlotte to accepting Lulu as her mother , for it was believed through the evaluation of Charlotte done by Dr . Andre Maddox that Charlotte will be severely traumatized if she was taken from her father and put in an environment that she felt uncomfortable in . It was also mentioned that in 6 months custody will be revisited . Valentin accuses Anna of lying again On March 20 , Valentin stops by Anna Devane ' s to offer a truce and tell her that he wants to move forward with his life with Nina and Charlotte . She warns her that if she persists in coming after him , he will make her disappear for good . Anna refuses to stop digging until she knows what happened between them . Valentin accuses Anna of either lying about the cruelest thing she ever did to him , or being ashamed that she really has blocked it out . Anna gets worked up yelling and reopens the Valentin informed that Olivia has been taken care of On March 22 , in the Metro Court , Valentin meets the new nanny , Nelle Benson , whom Nina hired for Charlotte . When Nina took Charlotte back up to her office he made her a promise that she better not do anything to harm Charlotte or he will make sure no one will find her body . This spooks Nelle . Later Valentin meets Nora Buchanan he paid her well for her services in the custody battle and thanked her for her services and for helping him in the matter of his associate Olivia Jerome . Nora promised that Olivia would not spend a single day in jail because his associate was on her way to D ' Archam Asylum and likely would n ' t see the light of day again . Valentin was pleased . Valentin reveals he and Anna slept together On March 28 , at the hospital , it is revealed through a file on Valentin procured by Faison to be given to Anna that Valentin was accused of selling secrets to the DVX . Valentin claimed that Anna asked him for that intel , but he soon disappeared and the WSB thought he was lying to cover his tracks . Andre thinks he must have been lying because Anna would n ' t sell secrets , but she says she did . Anna explains she was young and naive , and she sold intel to the DVX . It forced her into hiding for years and she could n β t even raise her own child . Anna " Anna " remembers On April 5 , " Anna " begs Valentin to hear her out when she arrives at Wyndemere . She remembers everything she did to him but she was a victim too . Valentin mocks Anna β s belief that Faison manipulated her . He implores her to share something intimate she remembers of the two of them . Anna recalls finding him sad at a church drop - site and taking him to a hotel to make love β his first time . She was supposed to kill him but he found the kill directive while she was in Valentin ' s reaction to Charlotte saying that he owes Lulu an extra 10 minutes during their next visit During Charlotte ' s first visit with Lulu , Valentin arrived to see his daughter and he is shocked as to how Lulu and Charlotte have bonded well . Later on at the Metro Court , Charlotte expresses that she misses Claudette and how confused she is about how Lulu is mother . Valentin explains that she was created in a very special way and that he and Nina will explain it to her when they get home . Charlotte also tells her papa that she had fun with Lulu but feels guilty because it ' s not fair to Valentin and Lulu argue about Charlotte On May 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that he illegally sold a powerful bio - weapon named the Chimera Virus to his step - mother Helena , and through this he was able to pay for his surgeries . On May 19 , it was revealed that it was Alex , Anna ' s identical twin sister , who Valentin slept with all those years ago and who betrayed him . She wanted to steal the Chimera Virus from him under orders of the DVX . At the same time , Charlotte was left at school by Nelle and they could n ' t get a hold of her father , Valentin so they called her mother and Charlotte ended up spending the night at the Falconeri ' s house . The next morning the Falconeri ' s have a family breakfast and then Valentin shows up and apologizes to Valentin sings for Nina at the Nurses Ball During the 2017 Nurses Ball , Valentin sang on stage " So It Goes " a beautiful song by Billy Joel to try and win Nina ' s heart back , since she doubts he loves her as much as he claims . After the Nurses Ball , Valentin stayed to watch Jake ' s magic act , where he revealed that he has the Chimera Virus . Through the efforts of Jake ' s parents , Jason and Elizabeth , the Chimera was secured before it could be opened . Valentin attempted to dispose of the Chimera on his Valentin flees arrest with his daughter At the hospital , he is well treated and taken care of , and there Anna reveals to him that the Chimera has been disposed of and regretfully reveals that she has been given orders to arrest Valentin for charges on treason , and selling the Chimera virus to Helena Cassadine . She holds his hand in sympathy , symbolizing how sorry she is . The next day , Valentin leaves the hospital in a rush , he arrives at Dante and Lulu ' s house to pick up Charlotte . Lulu warns him that he β s about to Valentin makes a farewell video for daughter Charlotte Valentin took Charlotte to Niagara Falls , where he planned to have him and her to " disappear " . However , soon after Lulu calls Charlotte and then Dante , Lulu and Anna find Charlotte and unknowing to Charlotte , Valentin gives her up and let ' s Dante and Lulu take her as he was about to be arrested . Back in Port Charles , Valentin reluctantly agreed to have Charlotte live with her mother , stepfather and brother per the court as Valentin is going to prison . He was later visited by a recently escaped Alex In July 11 , Valentin returns to Port Charles . He arrives at Wyndemere Castle and sees Nina sleeping on the living room couch . Nina wakes up on the couch at Wyndemere to find Valentin standing over her . She jumps into his arms . Valentin explains the charges against him were dropped , likely because the WSB did n β t want the truth about the Chimera made public in a trial . He hoped on the first plane to return home to his wife . She points out he does n β t have a wife anymore On July 18 , it was revealed that Valentin has temporary visitation . In October , it was revealed that Valentin and Lulu now have shared custody . In February , it ' s revealed that Valentin knows that Anna has a child with her most hated nemesis Cesar Faison . He also seems to have a close association with Henrik Faison . In May 8 , 2018 , it ' s revealed that while he was working as a freelancer for Faison , Valentin got to know Henrik as a schoolboy . He saw a lot of himself in him as he wanted the acceptance of his estranged and cruel father just like how he once wanted the same from his own father . Valentin became a father figure to Henrik ; showing up for his school plays and taking him to lunch . Loving and caring for him like he was his own son , he taught him how to Nina leaves Valentin On May 23 , Valentin revealed that after Anna gave Henrik away ; he tracked down the family that had adopted him and threatened them into giving him the infant , then he delivered him to his father Faison . Nina left him because of his crimes and for being indirectly one of the reasons her brother was killed . Valentin tried to reconcile with Nina but she no longer could take any more of his secrets and lies . Crimes Committed Caused many " incidents " to happen to his father , Mikkos [ pre - 1980s ; revealed Oct 2009 ] [ Rumoured ] Stole the Chimera virus from the WSB [ 1987 ; revealed May 10 , 2017 ] Illegally sold the Chimera to [ 1987 ; revealed May 10 , 2017 ] Burned down Bedlington Academy , along with its Headmaster [ pre - 2016 ] Kidnapped an infant Henrik Faison from his adopted family and delivered him to his father Cesar [ pre - 1990s ; revealed May 23 , 2018 ] Numerous illegal jobs as a freelance for [ pre - 1990s ; revealed May 23 , 2018 ] Countless illegal activities , including obstruction of justice [ pre - 1990s - present ] Head of a diamond theft ring in Ukraine [ pre - 1990s - present ; revealed Dec 7 , 2016 ] Unknown business transactions with crime lord Cassandra Pierce [ pre - 1990s - present ; revealed 2017 ] Unknown business transactions with [ 1990 - 2017 ] Attempted to kill Helena [ 2008 ; revealed Dec 9 , 2016 ] Had his embryo implanted into surrogate without the mother ' s consent [ 2008 ] Kept his daughter ' s existence hidden from her mother , [ 2008 - Dec 9 , 2016 ] Caused lethal havoc on his family , the Cassadines [ pre - 2000s - 2016 ; revealed Oct 2009 ] Brutally took over the Cassadine Island in Greece [ Oct 2009 ] Held hostage and slowly poisoned her [ Oct 2009 ] Had his henchmen attempt to stop Luke from escaping with Helena [ Oct 2009 ] Trespassed onto Cassadine Island [ Jul 8 , 2016 ] Assaulted [ Jul 8 , 2016 ] Held Prince Nikolas Cassadine Drew Cain Sam Morgan Dante Falconeri Laura Spencer Kevin Collins hostage on Cassadine Island [ Jul 15 - 26 , 2016 ] Threatened Sam at gunpoint [ Jul 18 , 2016 ] Handcuffed Drew to a chair [ Jul 18 , 2016 ] Threatened Ava at gunpoint [ Jul 19 , 2016 ] Shot Nikolas in the chest and caused him to fall off a balcony after fighting him for a gun [ Jul 19 , 2016 ; Nikolas was revealed to be dead on Jul 22 , 2016 ] Threatened Ava at gunpoint twice [ Jul 22 , 2016 ] Threatened Laura at gunpoint [ Jul 22 , 2016 ] Shot Kevin in the shoulder [ Jul 22 , 2016 ] Threatened Dante at gunpoint [ Jul 26 , 2016 ] Had the plane that Ava , Drew , Sam , Dante , Lulu , Laura and Kevin escaped on sabotaged [ revealed Aug 1 , 2016 ] Stole Nikolas ' phone [ revealed Aug 2 , 2016 ] Attempted to kidnap and kill his grandnephew , Spencer [ Aug 4 - 5 , 2016 ; Sonny and Drew stopped him ] Threatened Sonny Corinthos at gunpoint [ Aug 5 , 2016 ] Possession of an unregistered firearm [ Aug 5 , 2016 ; arrested ] Threatened henchman Gary and his family if he did not retrieve Valentin ' s daughter Charlotte [ Oct 2016 ] Had Gary kidnap Maxie Jones , hold her captive and tried to kill her [ Oct 21 - 24 , 2016 ] Captured and most likely killed Claudette Beaulieu [ Oct 24 , 2016 - Jan 11 , 2017 ] Had Dr . Bellamy lock Lulu and Maxie in a medical exam room [ Dec 8 , 2016 ] Had his connections in the Canadian authorities falsify records that a woman who committed suicide was identified as Claudette [ Jan 11 , 2017 ] Assaulted Griffin Munro [ Jan 19 , 2017 ] Had the WSB file on him hacked and erased [ Feb 1 , 2017 ] Threatened Nelle Benson [ Mar 22 , 2017 ] Manhandled [ May 16 , 2017 ] Kidnapped Alex ( tied her hands to the bottom of a staircase railing ) [ May 16 - 18 , 2017 ] Struggled with an unidentified attacker over a gun in self - defense [ May 30 , 2017 ] Took his daughter , Charlotte , on the run while he was a wanted fugitive [ Jun 2 - 6 , 2017 ] Anna at gunpoint and struggled for the gun [ Jun 6 , 2017 ] Covered up Nina ' s crime against Cassandra [ Jan 2018 ] Possibly plotted with his associate to have his father Cesar killed [ Jan 2018 ] Covered up Peter August ' s true identity as Henrik Faison [ Feb - May 23 , 2018 ] Drugged and kidnapped Robert Scorpio [ May 4 - 21 , 2018 ] Helped Peter escape from jail [ May 31 , 2018 ] Fraud ; hired Sasha Gilmore to pretend to be Nina ' s daughter [ revealed Nov 2 , 2018 - present ] Health and Vitals Social Alienation [ 1965 - 80s ; revealed Jan 31 , 2017 ] Bullied [ 1965 - 80s ; revealed Jan 31 , 2017 ] Had a cranial - facial distortion on the right side of his face , had surgery to correct it [ 1965 - 80 ; revealed Jan 23 , 2017 ] Had scoliosis from childhood and by the time he was an adult , had a 55 - degree Cobb angle to his spine . It caused the muscles in his left arm to be in a constant state of contraction . His left shoulder was 10 inches higher than his right . It caused his right arm to dangle . His chest was twisted , and his ribs stuck out but later had painful surgery to correct it [ 1965 - 80 ; revealed Jan 23 , 2017 ] Deceived and seduced by Alex into stealing the Chimera virus . [ 1980s ; revealed Apr 5 , 2017 ] Accused of selling secrets to the DVX [ 1980s ; revealed Mar 28 , 2017 ] Put on the WSB Kill List by [ 1980s ; revealed Feb 13 , 2017 ] Drugged by Daphne under orders from Helena [ 2008 ; revealed Dec 12 , 2016 ] Nearly killed by Helena Cassadine [ pre - 2009 ; revealed Oct 2009 ] Held at gunpoint by Drew Cain [ Jul 11 , 2016 ] Attacked by [ Jul 19 , 2016 ] Hit over the head with a book by [ Jul 22 , 2016 ] Assaulted by Det . Dante Falconeri [ Jul 25 , 2016 ] Held at gunpoint by [ Jul 25 - 26 , 2016 ] Assaulted by Sonny Corinthos [ Aug 5 , 2016 ] Assaulted and pinned to the floor by Drew [ Aug 5 , 2016 ] Punched by Griffin Munro [ Nov 18 , 2016 ] Slapped by Lulu [ Dec 9 , 2016 ] Assaulted and pinned to a wall by Dante [ Dec 12 , 2016 ] Assaulted by [ Jan 19 , 2017 ] Slapped by Anna Shot in the stomach [ May 30 , 2017 ] Signed himself out of the hospital while still recovering from a gunshot wound to the stomach [ Jun 2 , 2017 ] Slapped by Laura Spencer [ Jul 18 , 2017 ] Attacked by Laura [ Jul 21 , 2017 ] Arm - wrestled by Laura [ Jul 21 , 2017 ] Assaulted over the head with a crowbar by Laura [ Jul 21 , 2017 ] Beaten up and choked by Drew [ Jul 21 , 2017 ] Tied to a chair and threatened with a knife by Drew [ Jul 24 , 2017 ] Held at gunpoint by Cassandra ' s henchman [ Dec 28 , 2017 ] Held captive and tied to a chair , along with , by Cassandra [ Dec 29 , 2017 - Jan 2 , 2018 ] Assaulted , handcuffed to a chair , and threatened at gunpoint by [ May 21 , 2018 ] Strangled by [ May 23 , 2018 ] See also Valentin Cassadine and Nina Reeves Family tree Stanislaus Cassadine Katya Ivan Mikkos Valentin Lulu Spencer Charlotte References β James Patrick Stuart is credited as Theo Hart in the recurring section on July 15 , 2016 . . . https : / / twitter . com / BillyKellyFans / status / 754054275437703168 β 2.0 2.1 Seen on his birth certificate on April 21 , 2009 . β On September 20 , 2017 , Valentin tells Lulu that he was five when Mikkos died . Charlotte was born in May 2009 , which means conception / implantation would ' ve occurred in 2008 . Revealed on July 19 , 2016 . β 6.0 6.1 Revealed on November 9 , 2016 . . . https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = tbKWa2lGtPg 7.0 7.1 On December 9 , 2016 , Valentin confirmed that Lulu is Charlotte ' s mother and on December 12 , 2016 he explains how Helena orchestrated the whole thing . GH puts its plans for a Cassadine return on ice . Retrieved on July 1 , 2016 . " GH ' s Cassadine Cutoff " . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest ( American Media ( publisher ) ) 34 ( 42 ) : 8 . October 20 , 2009 . GH β s Ron Carlivati Addresses Vincent Irizarry As Valentin Rumor ! Matt Borlenghi Clarifies His Tweet On If He Was Recast ! . Retrieved on July 1 , 2016 . EXCLUSIVE : JAMES PATRICK STUART TO GH American Media Inc . ALL MY CHILDREN ' s James Patrick Stuart Joins the Cast of GENERAL HOSPITAL ! ( en ) . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved on June 30 , 2016 . 13.0 13.1 Levinsky , Mara ( July 25 , 2016 ) . " Will Power " . ( American Media , Inc . ) 41 ( 30 ) : 38 β 41 . 14.0 14.1 " James Patrick Stuart Joins GH " . Late - breaking News . ( American American Media , Inc . ) 41 ( 28 ) : 4 β 5 . July 11 , 2016 . 15.0 15.1 " Is Theo a Baddie ? " . Ins & Outs . ABC Soaps In Depth ( Bauer Media Group ) 20 ( 29 ) : 9 . July 18 , 2016 . 16.0 16.1 " Valentin ' s Back ! " . Ins & Outs . ABC Soaps In Depth ( Bauer Media Group ) 20 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 7 , 2016 . " " Theo ' s " Identity Revealed on GH " . Late - breaking News . ( American Media , Inc . ) ( 30 ) : 6 . July 25 , 2016 . James Patrick Stuart Returns to GENERAL HOSPITAL ! Bauer Media Group . Retrieved on October 21 , 2016 . https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = Cj1KOs0a16s v e Current Contract Characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Franco Baldwin Harrison Chase Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Dr . Hamilton Finn Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Sam McCall Jason Morgan Dr . Griffin Munro Dr . Kim Nero Nurse Elizabeth Webber Current Recurring Characters T.J. Ashford Scott Baldwin Dr . David Bensch Valentin Cassadine Nurse Francesca Cavallo Dr . Ryan Chamberlain Lucy Coe Dr . Kevin Collins Laura Collins Brad Cooper Mike Corbin Kristina Corinthos - Davis Margaux Dawson Nurse Amy Driscoll Chet Driscoll Nurse Felix DuBois Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Stella Henry James Horowitz Nurse Mary Pat Ingles Nurse Epiphany Johnson Dr . Lucas Jones Ric Lansing Molly Lansing - Davis Dr . Kelly Lee Dr . Andre Maddox Diane Miller Dr . Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Dr . Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Olivia Quartermaine Dr . Terry Randolph Madeline Reeves Felicia Scorpio Mac Scorpio Dr . Robin Scorpio - Drake Nurse Bobbie Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Nurse Rupert Watson Heather Webber Current Child Characters Scout Cain Spencer Cassadine Jonah Corinthos Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Wyatt Hoover Josslyn Jacks Avery Jerome - Corinthos Danny Morgan Oscar Nero Emma Scorpio - Drake Noah Scorpio - Drake Aiden Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Georgie Spinelli James West Forthcoming Characters Baby Finn Deceased and Presumed Dead Characters Benny Abrahms Bernie Abrahms Dr . Rachel Adair Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Luis Alcazar Sage Alcazar Ruby Anderson Dr . Andy Archer Tom Baker Dominique Baldwin Lee Baldwin Cooper Barrett Alison Barrington Amanda Barrington Evelyn Bass Kiefer Bauer Warren Bauer Jesse Beaudry Claudette Beaulieu Katherine Bell Kristin Bergman Connor Bishop Mary Bishop Paige Bowen Nurse Jessie Brewer Nancy Brewer Dr . Phil Brewer Carter Kristina Cassadine Petros Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Tony Cassadine Victor Cassadine Stone Cates Dr . Silas Clay Stephen Clay Wiley Cooper - Jones Adela Corinthos Lily Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Dr . Ian Devlin Mickey Diamond Ronnie Dimestico Dr . Pierce Dorman John Durant Bill Eckert Connie Falconeri Andrea Floyd Dr . Russell Ford Summer Halloway Dr . Steve Hardy Peter Harrell , Sr . Peter Harrell , Jr . Abby Haver Logan Hayes Theo Hoffman Lady Jane Jacks John Jacks Aleksander Janacek Victor Jerome Stan Johnson B.J. Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Dr . Tony Jones Dr . Ewen Keenan Rafe Kovich , Jr . Dr . Eve Lambert Trevor Lansing Duke Lavery Dr . Cameron Lewis Victor Lord III Hope Manning - Thornhart Reese Marshall Courtney Matthews Dr . Matthew Mayes Cody McCall Danny McCall Lila McCall Nurse Leyla Mir Trey Mitchell Susan Moore Chloe Morgan Henry Nakamura Dr . Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Dr . Alan Quartermaine Alexandria Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Dr . Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Carlos Rivera Faith Rosco Javier Ruiz Manny Ruiz Gabriel Santiago Nurse Sabrina Santiago Joe Scully Joe Scully , Jr . Kyle Sloane Damian Smith Frank Smith Shirley Smith Zander Smith Lena Spencer Pat Spencer Siobhan Spencer Tim Spencer Cheryl Stansbury Nurse Diana Taylor Martha Taylor Dr . Peter Taylor Tracy Taylor Dr . Asher Thomas Cole Thornhart Nurse Amy Vining Bradley Ward Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Dr . Rick Webber Nathan West Dr . Karen Wexler Dawn Winthrop Deke Woods Dr . Maggie Wurth Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara - Corinthos Off - screen and Former Characters Samira Adin Lila Rae Alcazar Dr . Grant Andrews Terri Arnett Brook Lynn Ashton Larry Ashton Seth Baker Christina Baldwin Dr . Gail Baldwin Serena Baldwin Dr . Tom Baldwin Hayden Barnes Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Melinda Bauer Melissa Bedford Shawn Butler Bailey Caldwell Gia Campbell Peter Carroll Dimitri Cassadine Jagger Cates Lois Cerullo Skye Chandler - Quartermaine Dr . Linda Chu Father Coates Darby Collette Angie Collins Blair Cramer Jolene Crowell Nurse Nadine Crowell Dr . Rae Cummings Marco Dane TΓ©a Delgado Roy DiLucca Landon Dixon Anna Donely Sean Donely Tiffany Donely Dr . Noah Drake Dr . Patrick Drake Naomi Dreyfus Taylor DuBois Toussaint Dubois Jenny Eckert Sly Eckert William Eichner Angel Ellis John Everett Nurse Fletcher Pres Floyd Parker Forsyth Nurse Betsy Frank Ivy Gatling Nurse Audrey Hardy Dr . Simone Hardy Dr . Tom Hardy Dr . Tommy Hardy David Harper Jimmy Lee Holt Paul Hornsby Susan Hornsby Dr . Matt Hunter Anton Ivanov Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Terrell Jackson Miranda Jameson Frisco Jones Dr . Leo Julian Lydia Karenin Rose Kelly Cassius Kibideaux Winifred Leeds Guy Lewis Janice Lomax Victor Lord , Jr . Ethan Lovett Huxley Lynch Starr Manning Todd Manning Dr . Alex Marick Rosalie Martinez John McBain Colleen McHenry Jake Meyer Martina Morales Miguel Morez Hope Morgan Ken Morgan Decker Moss Delores Padilla Blackie Parrish Nurse Penny Bryan Phillips Grant Putnam Celia Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Burt Ramsey Coleman Ratcliffe Dr . Joe Rivera Teddy Rivera Cruz Rodriguez Casey Rogers Aaron Roland Father Mateo Ruiz Delia Ryan Coleridge Juan Santiago Alec Scott Hannah Scott Jeffrey Scribner Rebecca Shaw Charlene Simpson Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Suzanne Stanwyck Nurse Mischa Stephens Holly Sutton Marcus Taggert Nurse Regina Thompson Ellie Trout Claire Walsh David Walters Faith Ward Keesha Ward Dr . Maya Ward Dr . Jeff Webber Dr . Lesley Webber Rick Webber , Jr . Dr . Sarah Webber Dr . Steve Webber Dr . Britt Westbourne Rhonda Wexler Dr . Lainey Winters Grace Yang Johnny Zacchara Current Crew Shelly Altman ( Head writer , 2011 - 2012 , 2015 - present ) ( Executive producer , 2012 - present ) Chris Van Etten ( Head writer , 2017 - present ) Former Crew Ron Carlivati ( Head writer , 2012 - 2015 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( Executive producer , 2001 - 2012 ) Robert Guza , Jr . ( Head writer , 1996 , 1997 - 2000 , 2002 - 2008 , 2008 - 2011 ) H . Wesley Kenney ( Executive producer , 1987 - 1989 ; Head writer , 1988 ) Gloria Monty ( Executive producer , 1978 - 1987 , 1991 - 1992 ; Head writer , 1981 ) Jean Passanante ( Head writer , 2015 - 2017 ) Wendy Riche ( Executive producer , 1992 - 2001 ) Garin Wolf ( Head writer , 2008 , 2011 - 2012 ) Related Topics List of cast members List of current actors History of v e ( married to Stefan Valentin ( married to Kristina ( married to Hayden Barnes Kristina Corinthos - Davis Molly Lansing - Davis Lila McCall Danny Morgan Scout Cain ( Mikkos ' brothers ) Dimitri Cassadine Petros Cassadine ( Mikkos ' cousins ) Westbourne family Madeline Reeves ( Liesl ' s sister ) Liesl Obrecht Valentin Cassadine Britt Westbourne Nathan West ; widowed from Unknown daughter James West ( Nina ' s stepdaughter ) Georgie Spinelli ( Nathan ' s stepdaughter ) Start a Discussion Discussions about Valentin Cassadine ( James Patrick Stuart ) Valentin Cassadine coming to Port Charles in 2014 4 messages A FANDOM user We were told this last year that he would becoming in 2013 2014 - 03 - 07T14 : 40 : 20Z MrAnonymous 192 . 12 . 13 . 1 wrote : I hope you are right I have read his back round and I am looking forward to him coming to port Charles and up setting a lot . . . 2014 - 06 - 09T17 : 05 : 11Z Luke Hollywoodstarr94 Do you guys think that Valentin is the Luke Imposter ? I mean he did vow to get revenge on the Spencers , and only a Cassadine hates Luke enough . . . 2014 - 06 - 04T20 : 00 : 40Z See more discussions > Categories Characters General Hospital characters Fictional nobility Fictional Greek - Americans Fictional princes and princesses Characters created by Robert Guza , Jr . Characters introduced by Frank Valentini 2010s Fictional criminals Westbourne family Fictional secret agents | [
"Valentin Mikkosovich Cassadine",
"Lulu Spencer-Falconeri",
"James Patrick Stuart"
] |
http://generalimp.com/manufacturer/athens-plow-company | Athens Plow Company Visit their Website Athens Plow Company currently manufactures 22 models of tillage tools out of the original Athens Tennessee plant including a chisel plow levee plow and a wide variety of disc harrows Athens Plow Company products are available in Arizona California Colorado Idaho Minnesota Montana Nevada North Dakota Oregon South Dakota Utah Washington Wyoming Select a state to see what products are available in that state State not listed General Implement products are not available in all states Dealer Toolbox FOB Rates Parts Online Ordering Invoice Manager Invoice Manager Registration Parts Manuals Locations Billings Boise Division Management Jamestown Portland Salt Lake City Waco | [
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http://genericitguy.blogspot.com/2012/09/removing-x400-addresses-from-exchange.html | genericITguy Thursday , September 27 , 2012 Removing X . 400 addresses from Exchange 2010 At my company , we have upgraded Exchange from 5.5 to the current 2010 . In the process we still have some legacy email addresses from the X . 400 as well as CC : Mail and Microsoft Mail days . If you are like me and would like to get rid of it , here is how I was able to do it . I found this article with the command below : http : / / social . technet . microsoft . com / Forums / sv / exchangesvradmin / thread / 6e005cc5 - de5a - 4ed8 - bb65 - fd299e431d65 The important bit is this code snippet : foreach ( $ mbx in ( get - mailbox - resultsize unlimited ) ) { $ addrs = $ mbx . emailaddresses | ? { $ _ . prefixstring - ne " x400 " } set - mailbox $ mbx - emailaddresses $ addrs This will remove all the X . 400 mail addresses from all of your users . I would suggest testing this on one or more mailboxes before running this . If you also have CC : Mail and Microsoft mail , simply replace the " x400 " entry with " ccmail " or " ms " . That ' s it ! Good Luck ! Dave Posted by dotteman at 3 : 03 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Exchange 2010 powershell removing X . 400 Newer Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Blog Archive βΌ 2012 ( 4 ) βΊ October ( 2 ) βΌ September ( 2 ) Updating VMWare Tools on a guest Windows OS Removing X . 400 addresses from Exchange 2010 About Me dotteman As long as there is a lower class , I am in it . As long as there is a criminal element , I am of it . As long as there is a soul in prison , I am not free . - Eugent Victor Debs View my complete profile | [
"genericITguy",
"X . 400 addresses"
] |
http://geneseecounty.oarsystem.com/cityofbatavia/Home.aspx | Important Dates 5 / 1 / 2019 Tentative Roll Date 5 / 30 / 2019 2 : 30 PM Grievance Day 7 / 1 / 2019 Final Roll Date Important Links Residential Inventory and Valid Sales Residential Valid Sales Streets Within Neighborhoods Residential Review Application 2019 I mportant NYS Dept . Tax and Finance Links FAQ ' s Town Information By clicking above you agree to all of the Terms outlined in the Terms of Use for this webpage Use the search link above to see only the 2018 Assessment Data To find comparable properties for a 2019 Assessment Review you MUST use the data to the left in red . Announcements To fill out an Informal Review for 2019 You MUST use the new data to the left in red . Assessor Information Rhonda Saulsbury , Assessor Vickie Klein , Assessment Clerk One Batavia City Centre Batavia , NY 14020 ( 585 ) 345 - 6301 rsaulsbury @ batavianewyork . com www . batavianewyork . com Assessment Rolls 2018 Final Roll Powered by | [
"City of Batavia",
"Rhonda Saulsbury",
"Assessor"
] |
http://geneticallymodifiedorganisms.weebly.com/benefits.html | Home Background How Its Done Uses Benefits Works Cited Feedback Printable Version Benefits of Genetically Modified Organisms The reason for the great expansion of the use of genetically modified animals is the many economic and other benefits of using the new product . The benefits include : Selling the new product to foreign nations that have not yet engineered Genetically Modified Organisms which raises the nations GDP . Using the new genetically modified organisms to grow more of a product at a more cost efficient price . The less price of a product the more that will be produced , therefore causing an increase in products on the market . The higher the yield a farmer gets a year at a lower initial seed cost , the likelier they are to sell on a down market therefore lowering the prices of those crops . When using GMO β s in beef cattle , the cows are more likely to put on weight in a cost efficient time period With all the cost efficient practices for farmers , their extra profits can lead to a jumpstart of the economy , with them buying more equipment and products . Also along with the farmer β s profits , it will trickle down to the consumers . With the profit for farmer and the rising chance they will sell on a down market , the costs of products are likely to decrease therefore giving a cost break to a consumer buying the products . Science , GMOs , and Food Security In this video Dr . Nina Fedoroff , Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary of State and USAID Administrator discusses the benefits of GMO ' s . | [
"Genetically Modified Organisms",
"Nina Fedoroff"
] |
http://genetics.thetech.org/about-genetics/mutations-and-disease | Mutations and Disease DNA is constantly subject to mutations , accidental changes in its code . Mutations can lead to missing or malformed proteins , and that can lead to disease . We all start out our lives with some mutations . These mutations inherited from your parents are called germ - line mutations . However , you can also acquire mutations during your lifetime . Some mutations happen during cell division , when DNA gets duplicated . Still other mutations are caused when DNA gets damaged by environmental factors , including UV radiation , chemicals , and viruses . Few mutations are bad for you . In fact , some mutations can be beneficial . Over time , genetic mutations create genetic diversity , which keeps populations healthy . Many mutations have no effect at all . These are called silent mutations . But the mutations we hear about most often are the ones that cause disease . Some well - known inherited genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis , sickle cell anemia , Tay - Sachs disease , phenylketonuria and color - blindness , among many others . All of these disorders are caused by the mutation of a single gene . Most inherited genetic diseases are recessive , which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to inherit a disorder . This is one reason that marriage between close relatives is discouraged ; two genetically similar adults are more likely to give a child two copies of a defective gene . Diseases caused by just one copy of a defective gene , such as Huntington ' s disease , are rare . Thanks to natural selection , these dominant genetic diseases tend to get weeded out of populations over time , because afflicted carriers are more likely to die before reproducing . Scientists estimate that every one of us has between 5 and 10 potentially deadly mutations in our genes - the good news is that because there ' s usually only one copy of the bad gene , these diseases do n ' t manifest . Cancer usually results from a series of mutations within a single cell . Often , a faulty , damaged , or missing p53 gene is to blame . The p53 gene makes a protein that stops mutated cells from dividing . Without this protein , cells divide unchecked and become tumors . Sickle Cell These are the sickle - shaped blood cells of someone with sickle cell anemia , a genetic disease common among those of African descent . Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation , a change in just one nucleotide in the gene for hemoglobin . This mutation causes the hemoglobin in red blood cells to distort to a sickle shape when deoxygenated . The sickle - shaped blood cells clog in the capillaries , cutting off circulation . Having two copies of the mutated genes cause sickle cell anemia , but having just one copy does not , and can actually protect against malaria - an example of how mutations are sometimes beneficial . Sickled blood cells ( left ) and normal blood cells . | [
"Mutations",
"Disease",
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http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/codominant-dominant-incomplete-dominant-traits | Dominant vs . Recessive Back to Dominant vs . Recessive Why is it that some traits show as codominant , but others show as incomplete dominant ? - A middle school student from Illinois May 27 , 2015 Great question ! The answer has to do with how different genes work to give traits . And how differences in genes affect those traits . Before we go into the why , let β s back up and go over different kinds of traits . Then , we β ll review how genes cause traits . And then finally , we β ll tackle the why of your question ! There Are Different Kinds of Traits Kids inherit traits from their parents . Sometimes when two parents with different traits have kids , all the kids end up with only one parent β s trait even though the children inherited both . In this case , one trait is said to be dominant over the other recessive one . Red hair is a great example of this . When one parent has red hair and the other does n β t , sometimes none of their kids end up with red hair ! Other times two traits will blend . This situation is called incomplete dominance . A great example of this is when a plant with red flowers is paired with a plant with white flowers and the seeds give plants with pink flowers . Finally , there are examples when the child ends up with both parents β traits . This is called codominance . One good example of this is blood type . A parent with A blood type and a parent with B blood type can have a child with AB blood type . Here , the child has both traits from their parents at the same time . Genes Cause Traits A gene is like a set of instructions for making a certain trait . For example , people have a gene that can give them red hair or a gene that decides their blood type . A plant might have a gene that decides what color its flowers will be . And so on for most traits for every living thing . People ( and many plants ) have two copies of most genes . One copy comes from mom and the other from dad . It is important to remember that we all have the same genes ( the genes that make us people , and not cows ! ) . But those genes come in different versions , which scientists call alleles . It is these different alleles that give us different traits . Let β s take our red hair trait as an example . There is n β t a gene for red hair and a gene for not having red hair . Instead , a single gene comes in different alleles β one for red hair and one for not red hair . A trait is actually the result of the mix of alleles that you have at a certain gene . Dominant and Recessive Traits Let β s start with what most of us learned about traits in school β dominant and recessive . We will focus on the trait for red hair as an example . In this example , we will represent the not - red hair version with an R and the red hair version with an r . Now imagine we have a parent with red hair and one without . In this case we know the parent with red hair probably has two r versions . This parent is rr . And to make things simpler , we will say that the parent without red hair has two R β s , and so is RR . In this case , each child will get an R from one parent and an r from the other . Each will be Rr . And it turns out , none of the kids will probably have red hair . ( Click here for why I had to put in probably . ) Red hair is recessive to not having red hair . The R allele being dominant over r makes perfect sense when you look at the genes . The job of R is to turn red pigment into brown . The r version ca n β t do this . So if you have an R and an r , you still have one copy of the gene that can get rid of red pigment . That one copy of R is enough . This is why R is usually dominant over r and why most people with Rr do not have red hair . Incomplete Dominant Traits Now we can move on to incomplete dominant traits . We will focus the trait for flower color as an example . In this example , imagine that the trait for flower color comes in two alleles , R for red flowers and r for white flowers . Now let β s say that one parent plant has white flowers and another parent plant has red flowers . This means that the parent plant with white flowers is rr . And for reasons we β ll discuss below , the parent plant with red flower is RR . When these parents are paired , the Rr seeds make plants with pink flowers ! This is an example of incomplete dominance , when the inherited alleles of a trait blend . This happens when the dominant trait is not totally dominant , and the recessive trait is not totally recessive . It β s like mixing paint : red paint + white paint = pink paint . Of course the plant does n β t make paint ! But it does make pigments . In this case , we can imagine that the R allele makes red pigment and the r allele makes white . In an Rr you get a mix of red and white which makes pink ! The difference with our red hair example is that in this case , both alleles are working . Both make something that mix or blend to give a new trait . Having said this , there is a potential wrinkle . Imagine that the white allele is indeed broken and makes no pigment . In this case , two working copies ( RR ) make twice as much pigment as one working copy ( Rr ) . Now you β d get a dark red flower and a light red flower . If it β s light enough , it just might be pink β¦ So there are different ways for traits to be dominant , recessive , or incompletely dominant . It all depends on what the genes do and what the difference in the allele does to the gene . Codominant Traits Now let β s tackle codominant traits . For this situation we will use the example of blood type . There are three alleles for blood type : A , B and O . For codominant traits , we will focus on blood types A and B . ( If you want to learn about how type O fits into the mix , click here ) . Imagine we have one parent with type A blood and the other with type B blood . To keep things simple , we will say that the parent with type A blood is AA and the other parent with type B blood is BB . The kids inherit A from one parent and B from the other and are AB . The tricky thing here is that the kids with AB blood type have type A and type B blood rather than just a blend of part A and part B . It works this way because each allele makes something different that does n β t mix . So that the A allele makes A and the B allele makes B . Unlike pigments , these two things are discrete and do n β t mix together . Think about A and B like marbles . Red and white marbles do not make pink marbles . You still have a mix of the two different kinds of marbles . Same thing with A and B blood types ! Conclusion As you can see , depending on what the gene does , a trait can be dominant and recessive , incomplete dominant , or codominant . These situations are determined by how the different alleles for that trait interact . By Amanda Jacobson , Stanford University More Information More on dominant , recessive , and incomplete dominant genes Another example of codominant genes in humans For more on how the genetics of blood type works Back to | [
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"Recessive",
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http://genomesunzipped.org/2010/12/estimating-heritability-using-twins.php | Friday Links Friday Links Estimating heritability using twins 13 / 12 / 2010 Categories : Background Written by Luke Jostins Last week , a post went up on the Bioscience Resource Project blog entited The Great DNA Data Deficit . This is another in a long string of β Death of GWAS β posts that have appeared around the last year . The authors claim that because GWAS has failed to identify many β major disease genes β , i.e. high frequency variants with large effect on disease , it was therefore not worthwhile ; this is all old stuff , that I have discussed elsewhere ( see also my β Standard GWAS Disclaimer β below ) . In this case , the authors argue that the genetic contribution to complex disease has been massively overestimated , and in fact genetics does not play as large a part in disease as we believe . The one particularly new thing about this article is that they actually look at the foundation for beliefs about missing heritability ; the twin studies of identical and non - identical twins from which we get our estimates of the heritability of disease . I approve of this : I think all those who are interested in the genetics of disease should be fluent in the methodology of twin studies . However , in this case , the authors come to the rather odd conclusion that heritability measures are largely useless , based on a small statistical misunderstanding of how such studies are done . I thought I would use this opportunity to explain , in relative detail , where we get our estimates of heritability from , why they are generally well - measured and robust , and real issues need to be considered when interpreting twin study results . This post is going to contain a little bit of maths , but do n β t worry if it scares you a little , you only really need to get the gist . The Standard GWAS Disclaimer The first thing to say , and this argument is really starting to get old , is that it is crazy to call GWAS an unqualified failure , regardless of how much heritability is left unexplained , and how good prediction is or is not . Many diseases have had a massive boost from the dozens of new variants associated with them via GWAS ; even if they can not effectively predict risk , they do effectively shed light on the molecular biology of the disease . Beyond this , GWAS results are also shedding some light ( finally ! ENCODE project ) . We can also add Mendelian randomisation to the mix . Even if GWAS results are n β t ( yet ) directly applicable in the clinic , we will be seeing improved treatment and care in the form of better understanding of the diseases , including their environmental , molecular and genetic causes . In fact , the structure of disease risk that GWAS has uncovered ( a large number of low effect variants ) turns out to be far more useful for medical science , if less useful for clinical practice . Now that that is out of the way : How we calculate heritability We can measure the variance in a trait ( we will call it variance in liability , L , and assume that it corresponds to a normally distributed variable ) as a mixture of different effects : variance due to genetics ( which we will call A , for β additive β ) , and variation due to environment . We can express this as : L = A + E The heritability , which is called h 2 is the proportion of the total variance that is genetic . It is thus given by the equation : h 2 = A / ( A + E ) The authors of the Bioscience Resource Project post assume that A and E are both measured within families , and thus E is a major underestimate of the environmental variance in the population . This is not what we do : in fact , E is measured between families , and thus is a good estimate of the population variance , assuming that our families are representative of the population . The BRP β s claim that heritability values are inflated is a direct result of this statistical mixup So how do we measure these values ? As both genetics and environment vary between families , the variance between families is A + E . We can measure A from identical ( monozygotic , or MZ ) twins , by assuming that they have perfectly correlated genetics , but non - correlated environment , so the shared variance ( the Covariance ) is A . The heritability can be calculated using this equation : h = A / ( A + E ) = [ covariance within MZ twinships ] / [ variance between families ] Note that above , we assumed that MZ twins do not share a common environment ; this is a bad assumption , because often they will ( duh ) . So , instead , we model the liability as having some shared environmental component C ( for common ) , so that L = A + E + C Assuming monozygotic and dizygotic twins share the same environment ( a much less dodgy assumption ) , the covariance between monozygotic twins is A + C , and between dizygotic twins is 0.5 x A + C ( as they have the same environment , but half the same DNA ) . We can thus calculate the heritability using = A / ( A + C + E ) = 2 x ( [ A + C ] β [ 0.5 A + C ] ) / ( A + C + E ) = 2 x ( [ Covariance within MZs ] β [ Covariance within DZs ] ) / [ Variance between families ] So now we can calculate the heritability , taking into account shared environment , as a proportion of the variance in the population as a whole . All of this has been done assuming a normally distributed continuous trait ( like height ) , but we can use something called liability threshold modeling to study yes - no binary traits ( like β does he have diabetes ? β ) , which works in pretty much the same way . The heritability estimates can be turned into best case scenarios for prediction , which is how we know that for many traits , prediction could , if we could properly model all genetic risk , could be more clinically useful than standard predictors . We can also use the heritability to find out how much of the genetic effect ( A ) we have accounted for with our GWAS results ; for virtually all diseases we find that the majority of genetic risk is still left undiscovered . We do have to take into account of the fact that error bars from twin studies for rare diseases tend to be pretty large , due to the inability to find enough twins with the disease . For example , in Crohn β s disease we generally find error bars that place h between 40 and 80 % , so our estimate of how much heritability we captured with the 71 variants of our latest meta - analysis varies from 16 - 32 % . Either way , we know that there is still a lot of heritability left to find . Some ( Less Specious ) Objections There are genuine criticisms of the method of calculating heritability that you need to consider before you take heritability estimates at face value . We assume MZ twins share no environment that DZ twins do not also share . They both share age , family environment and intrauterine environment , but MZ twins also [ edit : usually ] share a placenta , and a somewhat different social environment ( MZ twins may copy each other more , or be more likely to deliberately develop their differences ) . However , comparisons between twin studies and siblings - raised - apart studies in easy - to - collect traits like height show broadly the same heritability , suggesting that this effect probably is n β t a major problem . We assume that we can disregard gene / environment interaction , which can have complicated twin - sharing properties . One potential worry is that selecting twins with rare diseases could select for twins from a high risk environment , and there is some evidence to suggest that disease progression in high - risk individuals is more genetically determined than in low - risk individuals ( e.g . odds ratios for obesity are larger for low - activity individuals We assume that DZ twins share half the genetic effect , i.e. that the correlation in risk is equal to the number of shared alleles ( no gene - gene interaction ) : if this is false , heritability can be overestimated . We can get around this by extending the study to include other family members ( e.g. a children - of - twins study ) , or by looking at twins raised apart and raised together , which allows us to model dominance effects Note that the assumption that the twins are representative of the general population is a big one , though in general people tend to go to lengths to make sure the twin datasets are representative ( e.g. the Swedish and Australian twin registries aim to sample all twins born in their respective countries ) , and you can compare between twin registries to find how robust they are . However , you should be careful extrapolating heritability between populations ( e.g. extrapolating heritability from European twin studies to African populations ) , and you should definitely not be using heritability within populations to try and infer genetic differences between populations . The general rule is that heritability only applies to a particular population , with its own values of E , A and C , and there is no simple β For a nice review of heritability in humans and animals , that discusses many of these issues in more detail , see this paper from Peter Visscher and crew . Interestingly , the Bioscience Resource Project post cites this paper , which makes their mistake somewhat surprising . The imagine above is of the Carlsons Twins , two notably concordant ( if you know what I mean ) MZs . It is taken from their wikipedia article Tags : blogs genetic epidemiology GWAS heritability missing heritability prediction 17 Comments 17 Responses to β Estimating heritability using twins β Keith Grimaldi 13 / 12 / 2010 at 16 : 51 Thanks for the clear explanation about heritability . This site is becoming the default resource for clarity . Re the silly Bioscience Resource article , it was not just β death of GWAS β but death of genetics full stop . It was nicely done over at the OpenHelix blog http : / / bit . ly / hsbHNk I commented there : re the article , it β s too too long and it reminds me of the streets of Napoli , near where I live , as the world will know , they are full of rubbish . This short quote from the article says most of what needs saying : β genetic predispositions ( i.e. causes ) β Melanoma is a complex disease , it β s caused by UV from the sun is n β t it ? But why do n β t all those Africans and Australian aborigines get it then ? Ah yes , it β s caused by those white skin genes , sorry . Hang on maybe it involves both , maybe white skin is a genetic predisposition ( bravo Homer β¦ ) It β s a totally stupid article and the authors must surely know it . I believe that they do have an agenda rather than being totally stupid themselves . Maybe they are quite aware of the distortions and plain untruths but they justify it to themselves because they think genetic determinism is too strong . Indeed some scientists and many journalists are guilty of exaggerating the role of genes but that β s no excuse . In their resources section they link to the UK β s Genewatch β now they are gene deniers par excellence , have been for a decade or so . I guarantee that in almost all their comments on commercial genetics there will be the phrase β the marketing of fear β So NO their mission is not : β To provide the highest quality scientific information and analysis to enable a healthy food system and a healthy world . β http : / / bit . ly / f4q0Mq It β s something else Misha 13 / 12 / 2010 at 19 : 59 Thanks very much for that and for the link to Visscher β s paper , which I am looking forward to reading . Jeff Barrett 14 / 12 / 2010 at 09 : 26 Nice job , Luke . Regarding your closing point about whether twins are representative of populations , there β s at least some evidence to support this . Visscher has another nice paper where they estimate the heritability of height based on the relationship between sibling height correlation and actual genome - wide identity by descent . In other words , sibs are expected to share half their genomes , but there β s some variance around it , and you can estimate heritability by seeing if sibs who are genetically more related have more similar heights than those who Luke Jostins 14 / 12 / 2010 at 09 : 44 @ Jeff Kate just pointed me towards that paper . It is pretty damn awesome . Also , it answered a question I have wanted to know that answer to for a while β what is the range of relatedness between siblings ( apparantly , the 95 % range is 43 % β 57 % ) . The paper is here : http : / / www . plosgenetics . org / article / info % 3Adoi % 2F10 . 1371 % 2Fjournal . pgen . 0020041 Neil 14 / 12 / 2010 at 11 : 36 @ Keith In their resources section they link to the UK β s Genewatch β now they are gene deniers par excellence , have been for a decade or so . I guarantee that in almost all their comments on commercial genetics there will be the phrase β the marketing of fear β Certainly β marketing of fear β features on their page on Genetic Horoscopes β but only after a section that says : Genes are poor predictors of common complex diseases in most people and targeting a minority of β genetically susceptible β individuals is usually a poor health strategy . The health impacts of smoking , poor diets , poverty and pollution are not limited to individuals with β bad genes β and require population - based preventive strategies ( such as providing better sports facilities , healthier school meals and banning fast food ads to children ) . Anyone here disagree with any of that ? And their top topic today , as it is most times I β ve looked , is the overly inclusive UK Police DNA Database β see : http : / / www . genewatch . org / sub - 539478 So , while one might disagree with the strident tone of much / most of their output , there is good civil liberties work being done here too . Keith Grimaldi 14 / 12 / 2010 at 11 : 54 @ Neil β yes quite right , not many would disagree with that statement . Many of the things that they say are sensible but they really ruin their own case with the dogmatic anti - genetics . They are anti pharmacogenetics as well , not just the DTC type stuff of 23andMe et al . Maybe that is the real pity , they have an opportunity to be useful but they miss it with their blanket anti - stance , a bit like the GAO missed it β s opportunity recently . They could make some attempt to separate the serious and generally not over - hyped market from the real scams and fraudsters . They could also appreciate that none of the serious companies are claiming that personal genetics should be used as general population based preventive strategies . Most agree that it β s β not ready for prime time β in the By being so dogmatic their sensible positions lose a lot of their impact , it β s impossible to debate with them 14 / 12 / 2010 at 12 : 05 Wow Neil I just went back and read that horoscope stuff again . The first bullet point is as you say , OK . the rest though β¦ it β s mostly alarmist nonsense : β Promoting genetic testing wrongly implies that reducing pollution , smoking or obesity is important only for a minority of people . β Creating a genetic underclass β Undermining civil liberties β The patenting of life β Wasting resources and eroding trust β distorts the health research agenda and they want to stop me from knowing my own genotype just out of pure curiosity Anyone disagree with any of that ? John Holloway 14 / 12 / 2010 at 12 : 18 I loved the post . The best bit for me was the β standard GWAS disclaimer β . It is something I always feel I must highlight when speaking to clinical audiences , that genetic studies will primarily provide insight into disease biology , ( as they are like a big natural experiment in humans on subtly altering gene expression / protein function ) , and prediction of disease may ( or may not depending on your perspective ) be another outcome ( that again may or may not be of clinical use depending on disease and specificity / sensitivity The big question is of course is where is that missing heritability coming from β¦ β¦ . must get back to the lab . Neil 14 / 12 / 2010 at 13 : 10 Ah β so this is the connection between Genewatch and twin studies β and which I β d like to re - iterate does not invalidate the civil liberties work : http : / / www . tbiomed . com / content / 3 / 1 / 35 and it is close to full - blown DNA denialism : Conclusion The results show that the potential for reducing the incidence of common diseases using environmental interventions targeted by genotype may be limited , except in special cases . The model also confirms that the importance of an individual β s genotype in determining their risk of complex diseases tends to be exaggerated by the classical twin studies method , owing to the β equal environments β assumption and the assumption of no gene - environment interaction . In addition , if phenotypes are genetically robust , because of epistasis , a largely environmental explanation for shared sibling risk is plausible The results therefore highlight the possibility β previously rejected on the basis of twin study results β that inherited genetic variants are important in determining risk only for the relatively rare familial forms of diseases such as breast cancer . If so , genetic models of familial aggregation may be incorrect and the hunt for additional susceptibility genes could be largely fruitless . Written in 2006 , just pre - GWAS . JRLatham 14 / 12 / 2010 at 16 : 30 @ Luke I thought I β d reply to your post since it concerns our article The Great DNA Deficit Your reply is more or less the standard heritability defence and our contention is that its wrong . I say more or less because it is wrong of you to say you β measure β environment . In a GWAs study of height ( for example ) , one measures height ( and relatedness ) . You dont actually measure environment ( what would you measure ? ) . The estimate of environment results effectively from what β s left over . This matters for the following reason : You have nevertheless identified roughly the difference between us . We think the estimate of environment is too low ( as explained in the article ) and this is a reputable argument not resolvable by arguing we have made a β statistical mistake β . Presumably you think Francis Collins and the other Manolio et al . authors ( Finding the missing heritability ) also are guilty of a β statistical mistake β when they write that : Many explanations for this missing heritability have been suggested , including β¦ β¦ . inadequate accounting for shared environment among relatives . The bottom line is no - one is finding the heritability and its beyond time to ask if it β s an artefact . 14 / 12 / 2010 at 16 : 58 @ JRLatham The heritability is defined as the proportion of total phenotypic variance in the population that is attributable to genetic variance . We measure the variance from the population , i.e. the variance between families , and the genetic variance from within families , exactly as outlined above . Your statement on your blog , β only the variation within each twin pair is actually being measured β , is a transparently clear mistake . Estimating heritability does not involve a direct measurement of environment at all , it only involves measuring the amount of variation in the population . There are many legitimate discussions that can be had about twin studies , and variance component modeling , such as the ones I discuss above . I expect that the authors of the paper you link to there are referring to some such discussion ( probably how to properly model gene - environment interaction , mentioned above ) . It is , and indeed has been for a while , the right time to discuss twin studies and estimates of heritability , and whether they are overestimated . However , this is not what you are doing : all you have done is drawn a conclusion based on a simple misunderstanding of how one measures variation . mark 14 / 12 / 2010 at 18 : 17 A very useful overview of heritability and some nice followup discussion points . Thanks for the tips on the Visscher papers . Eric Lander is arguing that gene - gene interactions ( including epistasis ) can account for substantial amounts of missing heritability with common variant causes . Probably true in part , but he seems also to have some bias against rare variants unnecessarily . Mutation rates are extremely high , we all carry several hundred private , heterozygous coding variants ( i.e. each extremely rare ) which could easily include high penetrance alleles affecting these common trait variables Alex Stoddard 14 / 12 / 2010 at 19 : 22 @ Luke Thank for a simple and clear explanation of heritability from twin studies . It does appear to me that the β missing heritability β in GWAS studies strikes at the hypothesis that common variants acting additively are the explanation for human disease risk . But I am coming to the conclusion that that hypothesis has always been naive . And conflating the failure of common variant additive effects with the failure of medical genetics and the study of heritability is specious at best . Am I correct in thinking that MZ twins share not only all their individual genetic variants ( ignoring epigenetics for now ) but also all the possible interactions between these variants ? Would extensive gene - gene interaction be a valid hypothesis for the apparent discrepancy between GWAS effect sizes and the heritability measured in twin studies in your opinion ? 14 / 12 / 2010 at 20 : 32 @ Alex Yeah , epistatic effects could account for some missing heritability , though it depends very much on how the heritability was estimated in the first place . Many heritability studies take into account a dominance term D , which includes both dominance at one loci and pairwise epistatis , and these studies often only include this in β broad sense heritability β ( with strictly additive variance alone being called the β narrow sense heritability β ) . If pairwise epistatic interactions contribute a variance D to liability , they give a covariance D / 4 to DZ twins ( So yes , I would guess that epsistasis is both leading us to miss some GWAS heritability ( through not fully getting the risk model ) , and overestimate some twin study heritability . However , I am somewhat sceptical about there being massive amounts of heritability hiding in epistatis , as the known GWAS loci have stuck extremely closely to additivity so far , as I wrote about at ASHG this year : http : / / www . genetic - inference . co . uk / blog / 2010 / 11 / ashg - epistasis - and - the - missing - heritability / Robert Cook - Deegan 15 / 12 / 2010 at 16 : 21 I hope this back - and - forth does not devolve too much further . It β s really great to have a debate about the notion of heritability , which does no end of mischief precisely because of the forced choice nature of the statistics , which assume genetic and environmental factors add linearly . We of course know they do not . PKU , the original human genetic disease , is highly malleable in its * effects * depending on diet . Likewise sickle cell . The traits are inherited , but the effects of those inherited factors The * really * hard work will be figuring out the interactions with behavior , environment ( the residual ) , and social factors that affect health ( and biology ) . But we do n β t have to divide into camps about which matters more , genes or environment , when in most diseases in most conditions , both matter . The point is to use whatever tools we have to figure out how . The tools on the genetics side are going to advance faster and drop in cost faster than the other tools , which suggests that part of the science will move faster , but not that it is ore complete or more important . For those who want to look at the roots of this controversy , Fisher β s original paper is really interesting reading , and you can see how he thought about β environment β as a residual , not with any specificity , and not really as part of a causal pathway ; he was mainly interested in dissecting out the genetic factors from everything else , assuming they were the bottom layer of a causal pyramid , and he called everything else β environmental . β His article is available online : Fisher , R . A . ( 1918 ) . β The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance . β Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 52 , 399 β 433 . Retrieved from http : / / digital . library . adelaide . edu . au / coll / special / / fisher / 9 . pdf Sheraz Ahmed 07 / 01 / 2012 at 06 : 10 how would we calculate combined heritability ( BS ) in two environments having 3 replications in each environment . i mean what would be the formula / equation ? I am Agriculturist . Want Solar Power 25 / 01 / 2012 at 10 : 47 I β ll right away snatch your rss as I ca n β t in finding your e - mail subscription link or e - newsletter service . Do you β ve any ? Kindly let me understand so that I could subscribe . Thanks . Friday Links Friday Links Comments are currently closed . | [
"heritability",
"DNA Data",
"twin studies"
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http://gentranserver.blogspot.com/2011/09/three-secrets-to-worry-free-gentran.html | Gentran Server for Windows Tips and Tricks Sunday , September 25 , 2011 Three Secrets to a Worry Free Gentran Server For Windows . How can I keep my Gentran Server running smoothly ? I β m not sure what it is , but I have been getting this question a lot recently and I can only speculate that it has something to do with aging Gentran Servers and the high turnover of employees do to the economy . What ever the reason behind the surge in maintenance related questions , I figure it β s about time I blogged about what 15 years of Sterling Commerce Gentran Server for Windows projects have taught me about the product . So enjoy and please feel 1 ) Keep process data clean β Process data are the active logs and data files currently in Gentran . Questions regarding process data are by far the number one question I get ; like : Our system keeps running out of space ? It takes so long to find anything ? Why is Gentran so slow ? All these questions generally stem from a misguided belief that every transaction ever processed or something close to it has to be kept in active history all the time . This simply is not true , even the IRS only requires 7 years and Archives β ( weekly ) Run the Archive utility from the process controller on a regular schedule and keep track of the archive names and the date period of the data contained within each archive . This way you can quickly retrieve transactions as needed utilizing the archive viewer . Transactions can also be moved back to the active process data if needed . By doing this you free up the number of transactions Gentran has to keep track of and quite possibly your biggest gain in performance . Database Maintenance β ( Monthly ) After Gentran has finished archiving especially if it was a large archive ; find a time when you can shut down the Gentran services and ask your DBA to go ahead and compact the database . Data Store Maintenance β ( Monthly ) One word β GICheck β . GICheck is a utility that comes with Gentran that verifies the integrity of the Data Store against the records contained in the database . This utility basically looks for and removes any orphaned files and database records . Note : if you β re getting file system related errors occasionally while trying to view transactions , GICheck will be your best friend . 2 ) Separation β Ok I can go on forever on this subject as I β ve seen thousands of installations and it β s always the same : We open up the directory Gentran was installed to and there is like literally hundreds of sub - directories right off the root and about half of them are no longer being used or even worse , users are actively doing their daily processing right out the bin directory . Here is what I recommend : Create two directories β Not inside the Gentran application directory β , The first directory will be for the Gentran data store . The second directory will be for any user access data and utilities ( example : scripts and the directories needed to support then , also any import and export directories ) . Follow the instructions contained in Gentran β s documentation , share the new data store directory and move your existing data store to the new data store directory . Make the necessary changes needed to move the any user access data and utilities to their new home . 3 ) Stay Organized β Simply put , keep it clean and organized . Things like naming conventions for scripts , maps and mailboxes along with approaching everything with a reusable object objective , can go a long way towards helping to keep your sanity . Posted by Stephen Case at 4 : 52 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Gentran Server maintenance Newer Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
"Gentran Server",
"Windows Tips"
] |
http://genxfinance.com/crock-pot-bbq-pulled-pork-recipe-for-under-15-easy-and-frugal/ | Crock Pot BBQ Pulled Pork Recipe for Under $ 15 β Easy and Frugal By Jeremy Vohwinkle 190 Comments Tweet Cheap BBQ Pulled Pork Recipe Can Feed a Crowd One of the best ways to save money on food is cooking at home using recipes that utilize an inexpensive cut of meat . The problem is that many people think cheap cuts of meat equals tough , or otherwise poor quality meat . This is not always the case . In fact , some of the cheapest cuts of meat produce the best tasting dishes you β ve probably ever had . Cheap foods can still be healthy , good and save you money . No , this is not traditional barbecue , which requires low and slow cooking with real smoke . While I do have a smoker and make traditionally smoked pulled pork , this is a great winter substitute , or simply a way for those of you without smokers to achieve a great pulled pork dish from the comfort of your kitchen . That β s why today we β re looking at the pork butt , Boston butt , pork shoulder , or whatever you want to call it . It β s a cut of meat that hardly anyone buys because it β s something you ca n β t just whip together in 15 minutes and requires low and slow cooking . If you β re a busy parent you may be thinking this recipe is n β t for you , but you β re wrong ! The magic of this dish is that it only requires a crock super bowl party and if you pair it up with your own home brewed beer your guests will be sure to have a great time . For the working person this is an ideal crock pot recipe because you can literally dump everything into the pot before you leave for work in the morning , turn it on , and come home to the most tender and delicious pork shoulder you β ve ever had . Since you should ideally cook this for 8 - 12 hours it β s perfect for those long days at the office or just cooking overnight on a Saturday so you have a no - fuss meal ready for Sunday with leftovers to last most of the coming week . Ingredients and Cost Above you β ll see everything you need to make this recipe . 5 - 7 pound whole pork shoulder ( Pork Butt , Boston Butt , etc . ) $ 0.99 - $ 1.39 / lb ( Around $ 7 total ) 1 medium to large onion $ 0.99 A few cloves of garlic $ 0.25 BBQ Rub Seasoning $ 2 - $ 3 Liquid Smoke $ 1.49 BBQ Sauce $ 3.00 Salt and pepper I want to talk about a few of these ingredients before we get started . First , the pork itself . What it β s actually called will vary by location . In some places it β s just a pork shoulder , in others it β s a butt , and sometimes even specifically referred to as a Bostom Butt . Regardless of what it β s called , it β s a hunk of meat from the top part of the front shoulder of a hog and in the whole form as we have here , usually includes Here β s mine . As you can see , we call it a Boston Butt up here . You β ll also notice I picked it up for just a dollar a pound . This was actually marked down slightly because it was one day before the sell by date . Regular price was $ 1.39 / lb . Since this cut is n β t very popular it β s not uncommon to see these sit on the shelves for a few days and then get marked down to try and get rid of them . If you I also wanted to touch on the two other ingredients that may be a little confusing to you . First is the liquid smoke . If you recall from my award - winning chili recipe , I use liquid smoke as part of a marinade . This is the same stuff and we use it in this recipe because we β re trying to replicate some of that authentic smoked barbecue flavor . Before the hate mail begins flooding in I do want to make a note that even though we β re making BBQ pulled pork , this is not authentic barbecue . In order to achieve that you need to smoke the meat for a number of hours low and slow . If you have a smoker and can do this yourself , Finally , we have the BBQ rub seasoning . I happen to keep Stub β s brand on hand in our house , but if you already have a favorite BBQ rub that you use that β s fine too . If you do n β t have a pre - made rub you can easily make your own with a few household spices you already have . In a small bowl mix in some salt , pepper , chili powder , paprika , garlic and onion powder . This is a real common mixture and it is a great Total Cost So far our cost for this recipe is a little under $ 15 , and that β s if we have to buy everything listed . If you already stock onions , garlic , BBQ sauce and spices in your pantry you β re e really only looking at the cost of the meat itself . I ca n β t think of a cheaper meal . Preparing the Pork Do you hate spending a bunch of time in the kitchen chopping and cutting food just to get it ready for cooking , which then requires you to stand around tending to it for another half hour ? Me too , which is why you β re going to love this recipe . First , take the onion and few cloves of garlic and give them a rough chop . Just quarter the onions if you want . Nothing fancy at all . Now , just dump the onions and garlic into your crock pot . Go ahead and give them a good few pinches of kosher salt and some freshly ground black pepper . That β s it , we β re done with the vegetables already . Now you just need to season the pork . Give it a nice good coating of the store - bought BBQ rub or your own spice mix . Do n β t be shy as it β s nearly impossible to over season it at this point . If you really want some flavor you can season it and then wrap it in plastic wrap and keep it in the fridge overnight so that some of the flavors begin to really get absorbed into the meat . That is totally optional , but also totally delicious . Drop the pork into the crock pot with the rest of the ingredients and it β s time to add some of the liquid smoke . This stuff is concentrated so a little bit goes a long way . For this recipe I usually use 1 - 2 tablespoons . We will be discarding the cooking liquid when we β re done anyway . To top things off you β re going to want to fill it about two - thirds of the way with water . Be careful and do n β t over fill it because it will get boiling and bubbling and you do n β t want to make a mess on your counter to clean . This picture is n β t very exciting , but this is your pork β s home for the next eight hours or so . How long you cook this is really up to you . If you crank it out on high you can finish it in about 3 - 4 hours . Personally , I usually put it on low and then let it go overnight for at least 8 hours . On a few occasions I got busy and it β s cooked for 12 + hours and it β s still fine . We β re After letting it cook for a number of hours this is what you β re left with . A big brown juicy hunk of awesome . The only thing left to do now is separate the meat from the bone and most of the fat so that we can drain all of the liquid . So , go ahead and grab the single shoulder blade bone and just pull it out . The meat is so tender at this point it will slide right out . Once you remove the bone you can just take a slotted spoon or some tongs and fish out all of the chunks of meat from the crock pot and set it all aside in a large bowl . This is also your chance to separate all of the fat and everything sticking to some of the meat so in the end you β re actually left with a relatively lean pile of meat . After you β ve pulled all the meat from the crock pot you can go ahead and dump all of the liquid , fat , onions , and everything that remains . I β m sure you could find a use for this stock if you wanted , but in my experience it tends to be really fatty since you render almost all of the fat out of the meat so it is n β t the most useful . Once you β ve dumped the liquid and fat you can throw the meat back into the crock pot . Now we get to actually make it look like pulled pork . The meat is so tender at this point that there β s not much pulling involved . All you have to do is take two forks and use them to shred the meat . As you can see above I β d hold one in each hand in the position they are and then drag them toward the outside of the pot . Repeat this for a few minutes and you β ll have a perfectly shredded pile of pork . All that β s left now is to add the BBQ sauce . I prefer Sweet Baby Ray β s , but any sauce that you love is perfect . Depending on how big your pork shoulder is you may need anywhere from a half a bottle to a whole 40 oz bottle of sauce . In my case , the 7 pounder required nearly a full 40 oz bottle of sauce . Start by adding a small amount and then mix it in to see how it looks before adding more . You can always add more sauce , And there you have it . After adding all of my sauce and mixing it in for a few minutes I β ve reached the consistency I wanted , which was perfect for putting on a bun to make a sandwich . At this point the pork probably needs to be heated up a bit , but here β s a little tip . Because you β ve now added sauce to the mix that is high in sugar you have to be careful with the heat . Even on low , if you let it sit for maybe a And here is my final product . This is how I eat it , nice and simple . A pack of hamburger buns , a quick toast on a hot pan , and a big pile of pork . It does n β t get much better than that . When serving them to others I always like to keep some cole slaw and dill pickles on - hand to go with it , which are very traditional sides . But how you eat it is up to you . My wife is happy with just scooping some into a With so many options and the fact that it freezes nicely it β s great to make a big batch of it and then eat it fresh for a day or two and then freeze the rest so you have a quick meal on - hand for those busy nights when you do n β t feel like cooking . For us , this is just one of those things that β s perfect for entertaining . When we have a poker party or a group of people over to watch a game it β s easy to just let If you enjoyed this recipe , be sure to check out some of my others : Award - Winning Chili Recipe Homemade Salsa Recipe Fresh Refrigerator Pickles Homemade Applesauce Recipe Grilled Potatoes and Sour Cream Sauce Recipe Author : Jeremy Vohwinkle My name is Jeremy Vohwinkle , and I β ve spent a number of years working in the finance industry providing financial advice to regular investors and those participating in employer - sponsored retirement plans . | [
"BBQ Pulled Pork",
"Recipe"
] |
http://genxfinance.com/deducting-vehicle-registration-fees-if-you-itemize-your-tax-deductions/ | Deducting Vehicle Registration Fees If You Itemize Your Tax Deductions By Jeremy Vohwinkle 2 Comments Tweet Not long ago I wrote about how your car is making you poor . It β s true , and your vehicle expenses can eat up a lot of your budget . One expense people rarely consider is the annual vehicle registration . This can vary greatly from state to state , but if you have a vehicle , then you β re probably aware of this expense . The good news is that you may be able to get some of that money back in the form of a tax deduction . That β s right , if you itemize your deductions on Schedule A and your registration fee is based on vehicle value ( not weight ) , you can itemize that deduction . This is an often overlooked deduction , but given the value of some vehicles , it could be worth checking into . I know this is helpful for us because we have two vehicles that each cost roughly $ 125 a year for registration and it β s based entirely on value . That β s a quick and easy $ 250 tax deduction each year . The IRS states : It has to be a personal property tax , not an excise tax , in order to be deductible . Deductible personal property taxes are only those based on the value of personal property such as a boat or car . The tax must be charged to you on a yearly basis , even if it is collected more than once a year or less than once a year . To be deductible , the tax must be charged to you and must have been paid during your tax year . Taxes may be claimed only as an itemized deduction So , you will want to check with your state to determine whether your vehicle registration fee is calculated by value , weight , or a combination . If all or part of the fee is based on value , you should be able to deduct that portion on line 7 of Schedule A . For more information : IRS Publication 17 β Personal Property Tax Section Author : Jeremy Vohwinkle My name is Jeremy Vohwinkle , and I β ve spent a number of years working in the finance industry providing financial advice to regular investors and those participating in employer - sponsored retirement plans . No related posts . | [
"vehicle registration",
"IRS",
"Itemized Deductions"
] |
http://genxfinance.com/why-you-need-a-home-maintenance-and-repair-fund/ | Why You Need a Home Maintenance and Repair Fund By Jeremy Vohwinkle 5 Comments Tweet Owning a home has long been considered part of the American Dream . It can be quite satisfying as a young adult to finally break free from a life of paying rent to a landlord and staking claim on your own piece of property where you β re free to do as you please and begin building equity in something that will hopefully appreciate in value over time . While the decline of real estate values in many parts of the country have diminished that dream somewhat , as the market slowly begins to stabilize and recover , that means there are a For those of you who currently own , or have owned a home in the past , I β m sure you remember the first few months after getting the keys to your new home . The sense of pride and accomplishment fuels excitement and you β re quickly on your way to making your house a home with little improvements and personal touches . I also do n β t need to remind current or past homeowners about the maintenance and repair expenses that nobody told you about when you signed your life away on the mortgage documents . When it comes to owning a home there are three big expenses that everybody factors in : mortgage payments , homeowners insurance , and property taxes . Obviously , these expenses make up the bulk of home ownership expenses , but for new homeowners there are usually some ugly , hidden , and unexpected expenses that can really put a hurt on your budget if they are n β t accounted for . Home Maintenance Costs As a renter , maintenance costs typically never even cross your mind . When it snows , your sidewalk and parking lot gets cleared and salted . In the summer , the common areas and landscaping get watered and taken care of . And when the building needs a new coat of paint or updates to keep it current , the landlord takes care of it . When you own your own home these responsibilities suddenly fall on your shoulders . New homeowners often underestimate how much it actually costs to maintain a home . For example , take someone who finally moves out of an apartment and buys a nice little ranch out in the suburbs . Chances are this house has a lawn and probably even some landscaping around the house . Coming from an apartment where lawn maintenance was n β t even a distant thought , suddenly you β d need to come up with a lawn mower , rakes , a trimmer , and various garden tools just to keep things looking nice ( or be Depending on the size of the lawn you may even want or need a riding mower . That means you could be looking to spend anywhere from a couple hundred dollars for a push mower to upwards of a few thousand for a riding mower . And remember , these things require gasoline , and at four buck a gallon that can add up . And all of those yard and gardening tools ? A rake here , a snow shovel there , and a weed trimmer and such will add up . You may not realize it , but Did you happen to buy a home with an irrigation system ? Say hello to additional unexpected costs . In cool climates you β ll typically need to have the system winterized each fall to keep the pipes from freezing . That β s easily $ 50 - $ 100 a year . And when your new lawn mower hacks up a sprinkler head , get ready to shell out some money to fix it . And if you β re on city water , be prepared for an increased water bill as well . This is just the tip of the home maintenance iceberg . Sure , maintaining the outside of your home can obviously become costly , but as you know there is always work to be done to keep your home in proper working order . We have n β t even stepped through the front door yet and you could be on the hook for hundreds of extra dollars a year , not to mention plenty of hours of your free time spent keeping up good appearances from the curb . Home Repair Costs While maintaining a home can prove to be a costly added expense , where you really get hit is with repairs or replacing broken items . Most people assume that it β s mainly older homes that are subject to frequent repairs , but that β s not necessarily true . Appliances break and accidents happen even in new homes . I can attest to this because we bought a home just a couple of years ago , and the home itself is only about six years old now , but we β ve had plenty of things that needed Sewage ejector pump went bad . Luckily I caught it , but the ejector pump in the basement stopped working and waste water started coming back up through the drains . It happened at about one in the morning and luckily I was awake to notice it and was able to siphon the water away temporarily , otherwise it could have caused thousands of dollars in damage to the wood flooring and drywall . In the end , it cost over $ 300 to have it all taken care of . Siding repair . After a pretty nasty storm a few pieces of siding got ripped off one of the peaks near the roof of the house . A $ 150 repair with materials and labor . Microwave replacement . The microwave , which was also the hood vent over the range , just decided to stop working one day . A local appliance repair shop wanted a $ 100 service fee just to come look at it , and any repairs to fix it would be extra . So , we just bought another one . There β s another $ 300 . Dishwasher replacement . Same sort of deal here and the dishwasher crapped out . After searching and reading about the problem online , it looked like we could either spend about $ 300 trying to repair it , or get a brand new one for about $ 500 . Either way , we β re out another few hundred bucks . Oven / stove replacement . Yes , this is the third kitchen appliance in just two years to go out . Granted , whoever built this house put in the cheapest possible stove imaginable , so the repair costs would have been as much as the thing was worth , so we opted to upgrade and splurge a bit since we cook virtually every meal at home . There goes another $ 1,500 . Irrigation backflow preventer . We had a really early and hard freeze about a year ago and the exterior pipes froze and busted the backflow valve . This is by design to prevent even worse damage to other items , but it still resulted in a service call and about $ 100 in repairs . Hot water heater . Nothing like waking up in the morning to a cold shower . The hot water heater was n β t lighting . I spent an hour or two troubleshooting and was able to fix it myself , but not after wasting the better part of a Saturday afternoon running back and forth from the hardware store and spending at least $ 50 in tools and parts . Garage door repair . Most recently , I came home and hit the garage door opener in my car so I could get in , and to my surprise the garage door was n β t opening . Low and behold , I walk around into the garage and find one of the springs snapped . $ 180 and two days later , I can park in the garage again . In less than three years in a home that β s less than ten years old , we β ve spent over $ 3,000 on relatively expensive repairs or replacements . And these are just the large items off the top of my head . Obviously , there are plenty of little day to day type repairs that do n β t cost much at the time , but certainly add up . Clearly , everybody β s home will be different . You may go years without a single repair needed , or you might get hit with a bunch in a short amount of time . Either way , these expenses almost always seem to come at the worst possible time , and if you have n β t budgeted for them , guess what ? They usually get put on a credit card , and if that is n β t paid off right away , becomes even more costly with interest . Creating a Home Maintenance and Repair Fund Since there β s usually little warning when something is about to break or if a repair will be needed , your best bet is to prepare and set money aside before it happens . You do n β t want to come home to broken plumbing flooding your basement only to be further stressed because the only way you can afford to fix it is to throw it on a high - interest credit card . If you β ve got a little emergency reserve set aside just to cover these types of situations you can rest much easier The next big question is how much should you set aside . With anything about savings , more is always better , but here β s a good rule of thumb to follow . Take 10 percent of your monthly mortgage payment , ( just the principal and interest ) and divert that into a high - yield savings account . For example , if your mortgage payment is $ 1,000 , aim to put $ 100 a month into a special home maintenance and repair fund . Chances are you wo n β t need to dip into this fund all that often , but the idea is to essentially tack on 10 % to your base mortgage payment and use that to cover the costs that are n β t advertised when you buy a home . Then when something does break , needs to be repaired , or you simply need to buy another lawn tool , the money will be there for you and it wo n β t siphon money away from the rest of your budget . And guess what ? Worst case scenario is you β re lucky and you can go a few years without needing to spend money on costly repairs and your home maintenance fund builds up nicely and is earning interest the entire time . That will help make the next home - improvement project go even smoother . So before you β re ready to become a homeowner , make sure you β re thinking beyond the mortgage , insurance , and property taxes . Those items certainly make up the bulk of what it costs to own a home , but do n β t get caught off guard and set aside 10 percent to create a cushion to cover those inevitable maintenance and repair costs . Author : Jeremy Vohwinkle My name is Jeremy Vohwinkle , and I β ve spent a number of years working in the finance industry providing financial advice to regular investors and those participating in employer - sponsored retirement plans . | [
"Home Maintenance",
"Repair Fund"
] |
http://geo.msu.edu/geogmich/outwash_plains.html | OUTWASH PLAINS The large quantities of water that flowed from the melting ice deposited various kinds of materials , the most important of which is called glacial outwash . Outwash plains made up of outwash deposits are characteristically flat and consist of layers of sand and other fine sediments . Such plains with their sandy soils are often used for specialized kinds of agriculture , such as the potato production in Montcalm County . As the margins of the ice lobes retreated , glacial meltwater and precipitation drained southward to the Gulf of Mexico because higher land or glacial ice blocked flow in other directions . Ice - marginal lakes ( or proglacial lakes ) form when the land in front of the ice margin slopes toward the ice , allowing meltwater to pond directly in contact with the ice , as shown below . However , when the land sloped away from the ice , as was the case in most of extreme southern Michigan , and in certain locations elsewhere , water could not pond in front of it . Instead , meltwater streams formed , washing sediment out , away from the ice . Sand and gravel , which these streams could not carry , was laid down as outwash , in broad , flat outwash plains ( see the diagram above ) . Rapid melting of the ice as it stood at end moraines produced rapidly - flowing , broad sheets of water along the ice front . Moving swiftly over the morainic material , the water worked it over , sorted it , carried it out from the moraine , and as the currents slackened , dropped the sorted debris , leaving the coarse cobbles , gravel and sand β spread in that order in front of the moraine . These stratified gravelly , gently undulating to flat plains are called outwash plains β they can be best seen as the flat Outwash plains were built over the top of landscapes that had been only recently deglaciated , and hence some ice blocks from that previous ice advance often still lay on the landscape . Some of these ice blocks became buried by outwash sand as sedimentation continued and their melting was delayed for hundreds of years . Eventually the debris - covered ice melted and left basins which have since been filled with water and form " pit " lakes . Higgins Lake , Gull , Cadillac , and many other lakes , are in depressions of " pitted outwash . The map above shows that , as of about 14,800 years ago , the ice margins were positioned such that meltwaters flowed away from the ice ( were not ponded in front of it ) . Thus , large outwash plains formed , and can be seen today as flat , sandy plains in many parts of Cass , St . Joseph , and Hillsdale Counties . Cutover forest lands are frequently found on outwash plains . From this we may get the impression that all outwash plains are waste land . However , broad stretches of outwash make up the farm lands between the Tekonsha , Kalamazoo , Valparaiso moraines and others in the southwestern part of the State . In the southwestern part of the State the early settlers found large unforested , very fertile , areas which they called " oak openings " or prairie . They are situated mainly on outwash plains . If irrigated , these outwash plains provide very fertile farmland end moraine in the background . In places , glacial meltwater flowing from the ice was confined to channels , and cut spillways through the moraines or was forced to flow in a narrow channel along the ice front . Melt water , so restricted , built valley trains in the drainageways - - - deposits of stratified sand and gravel which extended out from and along the borders of the ice . They are similar to the outwash in material and structure , but usually quite limited in extent . Outwash plains are wide and formed in places where the water flowed out in a Today , outwash plains are one of Michigan ' s main sources of aggregate - - sand and gravel . The map below shows how sand and gravel operations are located near large population centers . Note , in the image below , the large proportion of gravel in this outwash sediment . In other areas , outwash is mostly sand ( below ) , and hence of less value . In all instances , however , the outwash sediment has been stratified ( sorted into distinct layers ) by the running glacial meltwater . This material has been compiled for educational use only , and may not be reproduced without permission . One copy may be printed for personal use . Please contact Randall Schaetzl ( soils @ msu . edu ) for more information or permissions . | [
"OUTWASH PLAINS",
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"proglacial lakes"
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http://geocachinghq.com/ | ABOUT GEOCACHING HQ Geocaching HQ is where the tools for your geocaching adventures are created and maintained From the wickedly smart developers to our artistic geniuses to the community and volunteer support teams Geocaching HQ is where all the magic happens Were excited and frankly a little flattered that youre interested in coming to visit us As a working office we do not give tours of our office spaces but we love welcoming visitors into our Visitor Center HQ Visit our Schedule a Visit page for all the details to plan your trip During your visit you can log the GCK25B HQ geocache shop in our gift shop and even collect a new souvenir on your account Before your visit we encourage you to check out our amazing neighborhood Fremont by completing the Geocaching HQ GeoTour Print out your GeoTour passport at home then stamp the spaces as you find each geocache These nine geocaches will lead you to some of the best geocaches in the neighborhood as well as great shops restaurants and sights The entire walking GeoTour takes 25 to 3 hours to complete Once completed bring your passport to us and well top it off with a gold stamp of completion To get started schedule your visit | [
"Geocaching",
"adventures",
"volunteer"
] |
http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/envdeterminism.htm | Humanities Geography What is Environmental Determinism ? A Topic Later Replaced by Environmental Possibilism xavierarnau / Getty Images by Amanda Briney , Contributing Writer Updated January 10 , 2019 Throughout the study of geography , there have been some different approaches to explaining the development of the world ' s societies and cultures . One that received much prominence in geographic history but has declined in recent decades of academic study is environmental determinism . Environmental Determinism Environmental determinism is the belief that the environment , most notably its physical factors such as landforms and climate , determines the patterns of human culture and societal development . Environmental determinists believe that ecological , climatic , and geographical factors alone are responsible for human cultures and individual decisions . Also , social conditions have virtually no impact on cultural development The main argument of environmental determinism states that an area ' s physical characteristics like climate have a substantial impact on the psychological outlook of its inhabitants . These different outlooks then spread throughout a population and help define the overall behavior and culture of a society . For instance , it was said that areas in the tropics were less developed than higher latitudes because the continuously warm weather there made it easier to survive and thus , people living there did not work as hard to ensure their survival . Another example of environmental determinism would be the theory that island nations have unique cultural traits solely because of their isolation from continental societies . Environmental Determinism and Early Geography Although environmental determinism is a relatively recent approach to formal geographic study , its origins go back to ancient times . Climatic factors , for example , were used by Strabo , Plato , and Aristotle to explain why the Greeks were so much more developed in the early ages than societies in hotter and colder climates . Additionally , Aristotle came up with his climate classification system to explain why people were limited to settlement in certain areas of the globe . Other early scholars also used environmental determinism to explain not only the culture of a society but the reasons behind the physical characteristics of a society ' s people . Al - Jahiz , a writer from East Africa , for instance , cited environmental factors as the origin of different skin colors . He believed that the darker skin of many Africans and various birds , mammals , and insects was a direct result of the prevalence of black basalt rocks on the Arabian Peninsula . Ibn Khaldun , an Arab sociologist , and scholar was officially known as one of the first environmental determinists . He lived from 1332 to 1406 , during which time he wrote a complete world history and explained that the hot climate of Sub - Saharan Africa caused dark human skin . Environmental Determinism and Modern Geography Environmental determinism rose to its most prominent stage in modern geography beginning in the late 19th Century when it was revived by the German geographer Friedrich RΓ€tzel and became the central theory in the discipline . RΓ€tzel ' s theory came about following Charles Darwin ' s Origin of Species in 1859 and was heavily influenced by evolutionary biology and the impact a person β s environment has on their cultural evolution . Environmental determinism then became popular in the United States in the early 20th Century when RΓ€tzel β s student , Ellen Churchill Semple , a professor at Clark University in Worchester , Massachusetts , introduced the theory there . Like RΓ€tzel β s initial ideas , Semple β s were also influenced by evolutionary biology . Another one of RΓ€tzel β s students , Ellsworth Huntington , also worked on expanding the theory around the same time as Semple . Huntington ' s work though , led to a subset of environmental determinism , called climatic determinism in the early 1900s . His theory stated that the economic development in a country could be predicted based on its distance from the equator . He said temperate climates with short growing seasons stimulate achievement , economic growth , and efficiency . The ease of growing things in the tropics , on the other hand , hindered their The Decline of Environmental Determinism Despite its success in the early 1900s , environmental determinism β s popularity began to decline in the 1920s as its claims were often found to be wrong . Also , critics claimed it was racist and perpetuated imperialism . Carl Sauer , for instance , began his critiques in 1924 and said that environmental determinism led to premature generalizations about an area β s culture and did not allow for results based on direct observation or other research . As a result of his and others criticisms , geographers developed the theory of environmental possibilism to explain cultural development . Environmental possibilism was set forth by the French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blanche and stated that the environment sets limitations for cultural development , but it does not wholly define culture . Culture is instead defined by the opportunities and decisions that humans make in response to dealing with such limitations . By the 1950s , environmental determinism was almost entirely replaced in geography by environmental possibilism , effectively ending its prominence as the central theory in the discipline . Regardless of its decline , however , environmental determinism was an important component of geographic history as it initially represented an attempt by early geographers to explain the patterns they saw developing across the globe . Continue Reading | [
"Environmental Determinism",
"human culture"
] |
http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/municipalwastelandfills.htm | Humanities Geography An Overview of Municipal Waste and Landfills How Cities Deal With Garbage , Recycling , Landfills , and Dumps Bulldozers move a mountain of municipal waste at the Shelford Landfill near Canterbury , England . Getty Images by Amanda Briney Updated August 15 , 2018 Municipal waste , commonly known as trash or garbage , is a combination of all of a city ' s solid and semisolid waste . It includes mainly household or domestic waste , but it can also contain commercial and industrial waste with the exception of industrial hazardous waste ( waste from industrial practices that causes a threat to human or environmental health ) . Industrial hazardous waste is excluded from municipal waste because it is typically dealt with separately based on environmental regulations . Five Categories of Municipal Waste The second category of municipal waste is recyclable materials . Paper is also included in this category but non - biodegradable items like glass , plastic bottles , other plastics , metals and aluminum cans fall into this section as well . Inert waste is the third category of municipal waste . For reference , when discussed with municipal waste , inert materials are those that are not necessarily toxic to all species but can be harmful or toxic to humans . Therefore , construction and demolition waste is often categorized as inert waste . Composite waste is the fourth category of municipal waste and includes items that are composed of more than one material . For example , clothing and plastics such as children ' s toys are composite waste . Household hazardous waste is the final category of municipal waste . This includes medicines , paint , batteries , light bulbs , fertilizer and pesticide containers and e - waste like old computers , printers , and cellular phones . Household hazardous waste can not be recycled or disposed of with other waste categories so many cities offer residents other options for hazardous waste disposal . Municipal Waste Disposal and Landfills Today , landfills are engineered to protect the environment and prevent pollutants from entering the soil and possibly polluting ground water in one of two ways . The first of these is with the use of a clay liner to block pollutants from leaving the landfill . These are called sanitary landfills while the second type is called a municipal solid waste landfill . These types of landfills use synthetic liners like plastic to separate the landfill ' s trash from the land below it . Once trash is put into these landfills , it is compacted until the areas is full , at which time the trash is buried . This is done to prevent the trash from contacting the environment but also to keep it dry and out of contact with air so it will not quickly decompose . About 55 % of the waste generated in the United States goes to landfills while around 90 % of waste created in the United Kingdom is disposed in this manner . In addition to landfills , waste can also be disposed using waste combustors . This involves the burning of municipal waste at extremely high temperatures to reduce waste volume , control bacteria , and sometimes generate electricity . Air pollution from the combustion is sometimes a concern with this type of waste disposal but governments have regulations to reduce pollution . Scrubbers ( devices that spray liquids on smoke to reduce pollution ) and filters ( screens to remove ash and pollutant particles ) are commonly used today . Finally , transfer stations are the third type of municipal waste disposal currently in use . These are facilities that where municipal waste is unloaded and sorted to remove recyclables and hazardous materials . The remaining waste is then reloaded onto trucks and taken to landfills while the waste that can be recycled for example , is sent to recycling centers . Municipal Waste Reduction Composting is another way cities can promote municipal waste reduction . This type of waste is comprised solely of biodegradable organic waste like food scraps and yard trimmings . Composting is generally done on the individual level and involves the combination of organic waste with microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down the waste and create compost . This can then be recycled and used as a natural and chemical free fertilizer for personal plants . Along with recycling programs and composting , municipal waste can be reduced via source reduction . This involves the reduction of waste through the alteration of manufacturing practices to reduce the creation excess materials which get turned into waste . The Future of Municipal Waste To further reduce waste , some cities are currently promoting policies of zero waste . Zero waste itself means reduced waste generation and the 100 % diversion of the remainder of waste from landfills to productive uses via materials reuse , recycling , repair and composting . Zero waste products should also have minimal negative environmental impacts over their lifecycles . Continue Reading | [
"Geography",
"Overview of Municipal Waste",
"Landfills"
] |
http://geography.about.com/od/mexicomaps/a/Mexico-States.htm | Humanities Geography Mexico ' s 31 States and One Federal District by Amanda Briney Updated October 08 , 2018 Mexico , officially called the United Mexican States , is a federal republic located in North America . It is south of the United States and north of Guatemala and Belize . It is also bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico . It has a total area of 758,450 square miles ( 1,964,375 sq km ) , which makes it the fifth largest country by area in the Americas and the 14th largest in the world . Mexico has a population of 124,574 , 7957 ( July 2017 estimate ) . Its capital and largest city is Mexico City . It ' s the 10th largest country in the world by population , and Mexico City , when you take the entire metro area ' s population into account , is fifth in the list of the most populous of the Mexico is divided into 32 federal entities , of which 31 are states and one is a federal district . The following is a list of Mexico ' s states and federal district arranged by area . The population ( as of 2015 ) and capital of each have also been included for reference . Federal District Mexico City ( Ciudad de Mexico or formerly , Mexico , D.F. ) β’ Area : 573 square miles ( 1,485 sq km ) β’ Population : 8.9 million ( 21.581 million in the greater metropolitan area ) Note : This is a separate city from the 31 states , similar to Washington , D.C . , in the United States . States 1 ) Chihuahua β’ Area : 95,543 square miles ( 247,455 sq km ) β’ Population : 3,569,000 β’ Capital : Chihuahua 2 ) Sonora β’ Area : 69,306 square miles ( 179,503 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,874,000 β’ Capital : Hermosillo 3 ) Coahuila de Zaragoza β’ Area : 58,519 square miles ( 151,503 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,300,000 β’ Capital : Saltillo 4 ) Durango β’ Area : 47,665 square miles ( 123,451 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,760,000 β’ Capital : Victoria de Durango 5 ) Oaxaca β’ Area : 36,214 square miles ( 93,793 sq km ) β’ Population : 3,976,000 β’ Capital : Oaxaca de JuΓ‘rez 6 ) Tamaulipas β’ Area : 30,956 square miles ( 80,175 sq km ) β’ Population : 3,454,000 β’ Capital : Ciudad Victoria 7 ) Jalisco β’ Area : 30,347 square miles ( 78,599 sq km ) β’ Population : 7,881,000 β’ Capital : Guadalajara 8 ) Zacatecas β’ Area : 29,166 square miles ( 75,539 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,582,000 β’ Capital : Zacatecas 9 ) Baja California Sur β’ Area : 28,541 square miles ( 73,922 sq km ) β’ Population : 718,000 β’ Capital : La Paz 10 ) Chiapas β’ Area : 28,297 square miles ( 73,289 sq km ) β’ Population : 5,229,000 β’ Capital : Tuxtla GutiΓ©rrez 11 ) Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave β’ Area : 27,730 square miles ( 71,820 sq km ) β’ Population : 8,128,000 β’ Capital : Xalapa - Enriquez 12 ) Baja California β’ Area : 27,585 square miles ( 71,446 sq km ) β’ Population : 3,349,000 β’ Capital : Mexicali 13 ) Nuevo LeΓ³n β’ Area : 24,795 square miles ( 64,220 sq km ) β’ Population : 5,132,000 β’ Capital : Monterrey 14 ) Guerrero β’ Area : 24,564 square miles ( 63,621 sq km ) β’ Population : 3,542,000 β’ Capital : Chilpancingo de los Bravo 15 ) San Luis PotosΓ β’ Area : 23,545 square miles ( 60,983 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,724 β’ Capital : San Luis PotosΓ 16 ) MichoacΓ‘n β’ Area : 22,642 square miles ( 58,643 sq km ) β’ Population : 4,599,000 β’ Capital : Morelia 17 ) Campeche β’ Area : 22,365 square miles ( 57,924 sq km ) β’ Population : 902,000 β’ Capital : San Francisco de Campeche 18 ) Sinaloa β’ Area : 22,153 square miles ( 57,377 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,977,000 β’ Capital : Culiacan Rosales 19 ) Quintana Roo β’ Area : 16,356 square miles ( 42,361 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,506,000 β’ Capital : Chetumal 20 ) YucatΓ‘n β’ Area : 15,294 square miles ( 39,612 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,102,000 β’ Capital : MΓ©rida 21 ) Puebla β’ Area : 13,239 square miles ( 34,290 sq km ) β’ Population : 6,183,000 β’ Capital : Puebla de Zaragoza 22 ) Guanajuato β’ Area : 11,818 square miles ( 30,608 sq km ) β’ Population : 5,865,000 β’ Capital : Guanajuato 23 ) Nayarit β’ Area : 10,739 square miles ( 27,815 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,189,000 β’ Capital : Tepic 24 ) Tabasco β’ Area : 9551 square miles ( 24,738 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,401,000 β’ Capital : Villahermosa 25 ) MΓ©xico β’ Area : 8,632 square miles ( 22,357 sq km ) β’ Population : 16,225,000 β’ Capital : Toluca de Lerdo 26 ) Hidalgo β’ Area : 8,049 square miles ( 20,846 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,863,000 β’ Capital : Pachuca de Soto 27 ) QuerΓ©taro β’ Area : 4,511 square miles ( 11,684 sq km ) β’ Population : 2,044,000 β’ Capital : Santiago de QuerΓ©taro 28 ) Colima β’ Area : 2,172 square miles ( 5,625 sq km ) β’ Population : 715,000 β’ Capital : Colima 29 ) Aguascalientes β’ Area : 2,169 square miles ( 5,618 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,316,000 β’ Capital : Aguascalientes 30 ) Morelos β’ Area : 1,889 square miles ( 4,893 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,912,000 β’ Capital : Cuernavaca 31 ) Tlaxcala β’ Area : 1,541 square miles ( 3,991 sq km ) β’ Population : 1,274,000 β’ Capital : Tlaxcala de XicohtΓ©ncatl Sources Central Intelligence Agency . " CIA - The World Factbook - Mexico . " Retrieved from : https : / / www . cia . gov / library / publications / the - world - factbook / geos / mx . html Continue Reading | [
"Mexico",
"States",
"Federal District"
] |
http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/fourspheres.htm | Humanities Geography The Four Spheres of the Earth Hugo Lin / ThoughtCo by Matt Rosenberg Updated October 15 , 2018 The area near the surface of the earth can be divided into four interconnected spheres : lithosphere , hydrosphere , biosphere , and atmosphere . Think of them as four interconnected parts that make up a complete system , in this case , of life on earth . Environmental scientists use this system to classify and study the organic and inorganic materials found on the planet . Did You Know ? The names of the four spheres are derived from the Greek words for stone ( litho ) , air or vapor ( atmo ) , water ( hydro ) , and life ( bio ) . The Lithosphere The lithosphere , sometimes called the geosphere , refers to all of the rocks of the earth . It includes the planet ' s mantle and crust , the two outermost layers . The boulders of Mount Everest , the sand of Miami Beach and the lava erupting from Hawaii ' s Mount Kilauea are all components of the lithosphere . The actual thickness of the lithosphere varies considerably and can range from roughly 40 km to 280 km . The lithosphere ends at the point when the minerals in the earth ' s crust begin to demonstrate viscous and fluid behaviors . The exact depth at which this happens depends on the chemical composition of the earth , and the heat and pressure acting upon the material . The lithosphere is divided into 15 tectonic plates that fit together around the earth like a jagged puzzle : African , Antarctic , Arabian , Australian , Caribbean , Cocos , Eurasian , Indian , Juan de Fuca , Nazca , North American , Pacific , Philippine , Scotia and South American . These plates are n ' t fixed ; they ' re slowly moving . The friction created when these tectonic plates push against one another causes earthquakes , volcanoes and the formation of mountains and ocean trenches . The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is composed of all of the water on or near the planet ' s surface . This includes oceans , rivers , and lakes , as well as underground aquifers and the moisture in the atmosphere . Scientists estimate the total amount at more than 1,300 million cubic feet . More than 97 percent of the earth ' s water is found in its oceans . The remainder is fresh water , two - thirds of which is frozen within the earth ' s polar regions and mountain snowpacks . It ' s interesting to note that even though water covers the majority of the planet ' s surface , water accounts for a mere 0.023 percent of the earth ' s total mass . The planet ' s water does n ' t exist in a static environment , it changes form as it moves through the hydrological cycle . It falls to the earth in the form of rain , seeps into underground aquifers , rises to the surface from springs or seeps from porous rock , and flows from small streams into larger rivers that empty into lakes , seas , and oceans , where some of it evaporates into the atmosphere to begin the cycle anew . The Biosphere The biosphere is composed of all living organisms : plants , animals and one - celled organisms alike . Most of the planet ' s terrestrial life is found in a zone that stretches from 3 meters below ground to 30 meters above it . In the oceans and seas , most aquatic life inhabits a zone that stretches from the surface to about 200 meters below . But some creatures can live far outside of these ranges : some birds are known to fly as high as 8 kilometers above the earth , while some fish have been found as deep as 8 kilometers beneath the ocean surface . Microorganisms are known to survive well beyond even these ranges . The biosphere is made up of biomes , which are areas where plants and animals of a similar nature can be found together . A desert , with its cactus , sand , and lizards , is one example of a biome . A coral reef is another . The Atmosphere The atmosphere is the body of gasses that surrounds our planet , held in place by earth ' s gravity . Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earth ' s surface where it is most dense . The air of our planet is 79 percent nitrogen and just under 21 percent oxygen ; the small amount remaining is composed of argon , carbon dioxide , and other trace gasses . The atmosphere itself rises to about 10,000 km in height and is divided into four zones . The troposphere , where about three - quarters of all atmospheric mass can be found , stretches from about 6 km above the earth ' s surface to 20 km . Beyond this lies the stratosphere , which rises to 50 km above the planet . Next comes the mesosphere , which extends to about 85 km above earth ' s surface . The thermosphere rises to about 690 km above the earth , then finally the exosphere . Beyond the exosphere lies Conclusion All four spheres can be and often are present in a single location . For example , a piece of soil will contain minerals from the lithosphere . Additionally , there will be elements of the hydrosphere present as moisture within the soil , the biosphere as insects and plants , and even the atmosphere as pockets of air between soil pieces . The complete system is what makes up life as we know it on Earth . Continue Reading | [
"The Four Spheres of the Earth",
"Lithosphere",
"Hydrosphere"
] |
http://geography.about.com/od/politicalgeography/a/taiwancountry.htm | Humanities Geography Is Taiwan a Country ? On Which of the Eight Criteria Does It Fail ? Peace Park in Taipei , Taiwan . ( Photo by Daniel Aguilera / Contributor / Getty Images ) by Matt Rosenberg Updated January 25 , 2018 There are eight accepted criteria used to determine whether a place is an independent country ( also known as a State with a capital " s " ) or not . Let us examine these eight criteria in regard to Taiwan , an island ( approximately the size of the U.S. states of Maryland and Delaware combined ) located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China ( the People ' s Republic of China ) . Taiwan developed into its modern situation following the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949 when two million Chinese Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government for all of China on the island . From that point and until 1971 , Taiwan was recognized as " China " in the United Nations . Mainland China ' s position on Taiwan is that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China ; the People ' s Republic of China is awaiting reunification of the island and mainland . However , Taiwan claims independence as a distinct State . We will now determine which is the case . Has Space or Territory That Has Internationally Recognized Boundaries ( Boundary Disputes Are OK ) Somewhat . Due to political pressure from mainland China , the United States , and most other significant nations recognize one China and thus include the boundaries of Taiwan as being part of the boundaries of China . Has People Who Live There on an Ongoing Basis Absolutely ! Taiwan is home to almost 23 million people , making it the 48th largest " country " in the world , with a population slightly smaller than North Korea but larger than Romania . Has Economic Activity and an Organized Economy Absolutely ! Taiwan is an economic powerhouse - it ' s one of the four economic tigers of Southeast Asia . Its GDP per capita is among the top 30 of the world . Taiwan has its own currency , the new Taiwan dollar . Has the Power of Social Engineering , Such as Education Absolutely ! Education is compulsory and Taiwan has more than 150 institutions of higher learning . Taiwan is home to the Palace Museum , which houses over 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze , jade , calligraphy , painting , and porcelain . Has a Transportation System for Moving Goods and People Absolutely ! Taiwan has an extensive internal and external transportation network that consists of roads , highways , pipelines , railroads , airports , and seaports . Taiwan can ship goods , there ' s no question about that ! Has a Government That Provides Public Services and Police Power Absolutely ! Taiwan has multiple branches of the military - Army , Navy ( including Marine Corps ) , Air Force , Coast Guard Administration , Armed Forces Reserve Command , Combined Service Forces Command , and Armed Forces Police Command . There are almost 400,000 active - duty members of the military and the country spends about 15 - 16 % of its budget on defense . Taiwan ' s main threat is from mainland China , which has approved an anti - secession law that allows a military attack on Taiwan to prevent the island from seeking independence . Additionally , the United States sells Taiwan military equipment and may defend Taiwan under the Taiwan Relations Act . Has Sovereignty - No Other State Should Have Power Over the Country ' s Territory Mostly . While Taiwan has maintained its own control over the island from Taipei since 1949 , China still claims to have control over Taiwan . Has External Recognition - A Country Has Been " Voted into the Club " by Other Countries Somewhat . Since China claims Taiwan as its province , the international community does not want to contradict China on this matter . Thus , Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations . Plus , only 25 countries ( as of early 2007 ) recognize Taiwan as an independent country and they recognize it as the " only " China . Due to this political pressure from China , Taiwan does not maintain an embassy in the United States and the United States ( among most other countries ) has not recognized Taiwan since January 1 , 1979 However , many countries have set up unofficial organizations to carry out commercial and other relations with Taiwan . Taiwan is represented in 122 countries unofficially . Taiwan maintains contact with the United States through two through an unofficial instrumentality - American Institute in Taiwan and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office . In addition , Taiwan issues globally recognized passports that allow its citizens to travel internationally . Taiwan also is a member of the International Olympic Committee and this sends its own team to the Olympic Games . Recently , Taiwan has lobbied strongly for admission into international organizations such as the United Nations , which mainland China opposes . Therefore , Taiwan only meets five of the eight criteria fully . Another three criteria are met in some respects due to mainland China ' s stance on the issue . In conclusion , despite the controversy surrounding the island of Taiwan , its status should be considered as a de facto independent country of the world Continue Reading | [
"Taiwan a Country"
] |
http://geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/coastal_processes.html | You are here : home > geotopics > coasts > coastal processes Coasts menu Waves Wave Action Coastal Processes What is coastal erosion ? What is coastal transportation ? What is coastal deposition ? Erosional Landforms Cliff Recession Landforms overview Bays and headlands Erosion Of A Headland Deposition Landforms Beaches Spit Marshes Salt Marshes Sand Dunes Coastal Management Why defend the coast ? Hard Engineering Hard Engineering Techniques Soft Engineering Soft Engineering Techniques Case Study The Holderness Coast Coasts Gallery Swell Coastal Processes Erosion Transportation Deposition Online Activities [ Online activities ] : n Activities related to this topic Coastal Erosion - Match up game Waves - Match up game Coastal Deposition - Match up game Coasts Interactive revision diagram Coastal Processes - Quiz Coastal Erosion Landforms - Quiz Podcast [ Podcast ] : n Audio file for playback on mobile devices and personal computers Waves and Coastal Erosion Right click on the link above and select save link as Gallery View images of coastal environments in the coastal galler y . Video View videos of coastal environments in the video gallery There are three main processes at work in the sea . These are erosion , transportation and deposition . What is coastal erosion ? Erosion is the wearing away of the land by the sea . This often involves destructive waves wearing away the coast . There are five main processes which cause coastal erosion . These are corrasion , abrasion , hydraulic action , attrition and corrosion / solution . Corrasion is when waves pick up beach material ( e.g. pebbles ) and hurl them at the base of a cliff . Abrasion occurs as breaking waves which contain sand and larger fragments erode the shoreline or headland It is commonly known as the sand paper effect . When waves hit the base of a cliff air is compressed into cracks . When the wave retreats the air rushes out of the gap . Often this causes cliff material to break away . This process is known as hydraulic action Attrition is when waves cause rocks and pebbles to bump into each other and break up . Corrosion / solution is when certain types of cliff erode as a result of weak acids in the sea . You can view animations of each of these processes here ( this will open in a new window / tab ) . You can find out about the landforms created as the result of coastal erosion here What is coastal transportation ? Transportation is the movement of material in the sea and along the coast by waves . The movement of material along the coast is called longshore drift . What is Longshore Drift ? Longshore drift is the movement of material along the shore by wave action . Longshore drift happens when waves moves towards the coast at an angle . The swash ( waves moving up the beach ) carries material up and along the beach . The backwash carries material back down the beach at right angles . This is the result of gravity . This process slowly moves material along the beach . Longshore drift provides a link between erosion and deposition . Material in one place is eroded , transported then deposited elsewhere . How does the sea transport material ? Although longshore drift is the main process of transportation the material moves in four different ways . These are : Traction - large material is rolled along the sea floor . Saltation - beach material is bounced along the sea floor . Suspension - beach material is suspended and carried by the waves . . Solution - material is disolved and carried by the water . Deposition Deposition is when eroded material is dropped by constructive waves . It happens because wave have less energy . Deposition creates a range of landforms . You can find out more on the depositional landform geotopic . | [
"coastal erosion",
"coastal transportation",
"Longshore Drift"
] |
http://geography.unt.edu/~williams/GEOL_1610/fieldtripsites/austin_chalk.htm | Stop 2 . Austin Chalk Austin Chalk is exposed along Tenmile Creek in DeSoto ( site 2 , Fig . 1 ) . Figure 8 . Austin Chalk exposed in the banks of Tenmile Creek . Like the Taylor Marl , this rock contains common fossils , confirming its marine origin . Figure 9 . Large fossil shell in the Austin Chalk . Unlike Taylor Marl , Austin Chalk does not contain abundant clay , although there are some clay - rich layers such as the one in the center of the view below . The rock is not fissile . Figure 10 . Clay - rich layer in the Austin Chalk . Austin Chalk is relatively resistant to erosion - at this site much erosion is in the form of rock falls , where large blocks of chalk become detached along joints ( fractures in the rock ) in the steep creek banks . Figure 11 . Recent rockfall . These joints also allow groundwater seepage through the chalk , which dissolves the chalk and stains the rock with precipitated minerals , as shown below . Figure 12 . Staining of the rock by groundwater seepeage . Austin Chalk produces thick , clayey , organic - rich soils and gently sloping prairies . Figure 13 . Surrounding landscape . Because of its resistance to erosion , Austin Chalk forms a prominent ridge in western Dallas County - the White Rock Escarpment , which overlooks the valley of Mountain Creek ( site 3 on Fig . 1 ) . Eagle Ford Shale | [
"Austin Chalk"
] |
http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSEIndustry.htm | GCSE Industry Glossary 22 @ : a high - tech zone located on a brownfield site in Barcelona . Agglomeration : a group of industries in the same location . Agglomeration Economies : savings which arise from the concentration of industries in urban areas and their location close to linked activities . e.g. A car factory attracts component suppliers to locate close by , saving on transport costs . Other savings are made in labour and training costs , and the use of the services found in urban areas , e.g. housing , banking , roads , electricity , etc . Assembly Industries : see Screw Driver Industries . Assisted Areas : see Development Areas . Balance of Trade : the value of exports minus the value of imports ; there may be a trade deficit or trade surplus . Break of Bulk Location : a location such as a coastal port which takes its advantage from a position where there is a forced transfer of raw materials or goods from one form of transport to another . Coastal locations are favoured for iron and steel plants in the UK since the coal and iron ore raw materials are now imported . Brownfield Site : an inner - city derelict site which can be cleared and reused for new industry . Business Parks : these are mainly found on edge - of - city greenfield sites , although some are part of inner city redevelopment schemes . Usually over 70 % of the land is converted into ornamental gardens and lakes . They are ideal locations for high - tech industries such as electronics and research institutions . By - products : what is left over after something is made e.g. chemicals following the refining of oil . Some by - products can be treated to make other products . Capital : wealth created for use in the production of further wealth . Examples of capital are money , machines and buildings . Capital Intensive : an activity which requires a lot of money . Cheap Labour : See Overseas Competition . Colonial Period : the structure of world trade today has its origin in the colonial period when MEDCs used LEDCs as sources of raw materials for their factories . Commercial : used to describe the business activities of trading and buying or selling goods . Commodity : products produced for export . Components : parts of a product that are transported to a factory ( plant ) for final assembly e.g. brakes , lights , wheels , glass , seals etc . are all car components . Congestion : usually concerned with transport when there is so much traffic it stops or slows down the movement . Containerisation : goods being packed into large metal boxes for transport by road and / or sea . Core Region : an area at the heart of economic activity e.g. a well - off industrial region of a country e.g. South - East England . See Industrial Development Certificates , Cumulative Causation , Multiplier Effect and Agglomeration Economies Cumulative Causation : the process by which one region of a country becomes increasingly the centre of economic activity . ( See agglomeration economies and multiplier effect ) . Cycle of Decline ( Deprivation ) : as traditional industries close , job losses lead to less money in the area , with a ' knock - on ' effect on other businesses such as suppliers , shops , etc . More businesses are forced to close and the problem becomes worse and worse . The most able workers move away to other areas ; the area becomes more run - down with high crime , vandalism etc . and an ageing population . Decentralisation : the movement of shops , offices and industry away from urban centres in MEDCs and NICs into retail and business parks in the suburbs . Recent trends have been to decentralise still further out into many semi - rural locations . High land and labour costs are two of the main push factors . Declining Region : one where traditional heavy industries are closing down leading to high unemployment and out - migration e.g. South Wales . See Deindustrialisation and Cycle of Decline Deindustrialisation : the decline of a country ' s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials , loss of markets and competition from NICs . Derelict Land : waste land with decaying houses and closed - down industry , typical of inner city areas in MEDCs . Development Areas : areas of high unemployment in the UK ; the government tries to encourage industries to move to these areas by offering incentives : labour subsidies purpose - built , rent - free factory sites tax - free periods of up to 10 years grants for machinery and equipment excellent communications ( motorways ) retraining schemes to provide a skilled workforce Division of labour : increased productivity gained when workers specialise in one particular part of the manufacturing process e.g. fitting windscreens in a car plant . They become faster and more skilled . Economic Base : a wide economic base is typical of MEDCs where many industries contribute to generating wealth . A narrow economic base is typical of LEDCs where only a few industries contribute . Economic Development : the generating of wealth through the development of industry . Economic Infrastructure : transport networks ; gas , electricity , water grids ; sewerage systems , etc . Economies of Scale : savings made as a result of large - scale production , through buying in bulk , division of labour etc . Employment Structure : See Occupational Structure Enterprise Zones : small run - down inner - city areas and other areas of industrial decline with high unemployment in the UK where financial incentives are available to encourage investment and renewal . The government gives tax concessions to firms , grants for buildings and machinery , removes various planning restrictions and improves communications and infrastructure e.g. London Docklands . Exports : goods sold abroad . Feedback : the reinvestment of some of the profits into new inputs within the factory system . Fixed Industry : one which is tied to a particular location . Footloose Industry : one which could set up in many different locations . It is not tied to a fixed location . It may locate where labour is cheaper , or where the government offers incentives . Formal Employment : where people work to receive a regular wage and are assured certain rights e.g. paid holidays , sickness leave . Wages are taxed . Global Economy : industrial location is no longer linked to one specific country ; choices of location are global and depend on strategies to sell the maximum number of products with the lowest costs possible . See Overseas Competition Globalisation : This is the trend where people are becoming more interconnected and interdependent . Information technology is driving this trend by enabling companies to move money and ideas instantly at the click of a mouse . The ways in which goods and information are moved between countries are becoming easier . Government Disincentives ( Controls ) : include Green Belt and Industrial Development Certificates . Government Incentives : include Grants , Labour Subsidies , Tax - Free Periods , Rent - Free Periods , Removal of Planning Controls , improvements in Infrastructure and Communications , Purpose - Built Factories , Greenfield Sites , worker Retraining schemes and New Towns . Government Policy : aims at attracting labour - intensive industries e.g. assembly plants to areas of high unemployment . UK has been called ' Taiwan of Europe ' with Japanese trans - nationals locating their branch plants in areas of cheapest labour , taking advantage of government grants . See Government Disincentives and Government Incentives Grants : money paid to an industry towards the cost of new machinery , training etc . These are given in Development Areas to attract new industry . Greenbelt : a zone of farmland , parkland or open countryside which surrounds an urban area and is designed to prevent urban sprawl . The zone is protected from new developments by law . Greenfield Site : an industrial site often located on the edge of of town , previously used for farming or other rural activity . Gross National Product ( GNP ) per capita : the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country in a year , divided by the total number of people living in that country . Heavy Industry : one with heavy / bulky raw materials and heavy / bulky finished products e.g. Iron and Steel . These industries tend to be very polluting . High - Tech Industries : these involve the use of research and development to create high value , technology - based products and processes . High - Tech Agglomerations : by locating near each other , high - tech firms are able to exchange ideas and information , share training services and amenities such as calibration laboratories and research facilities . They have access to a pool of highly - skilled labour . See Business Parks Human and Economic Location Factors : include labour supply , capital ( money ) , markets , transport , government policy , economies of scale , improved technology , recreation / environment . Imports : goods bought from abroad . Import Substitution : when a country ( LEDC ) tries to produce all its own goods and services in order to limit imports . Industrial Classification : the categorization of industry into Primary , Secondary , Tertiary , Quaternary sectors . Industrial Development Certificates : these are issued by the UK government to control where industry can locate ; they are difficult to obtain for firms wishing to locate in the South - East of England . See Core Region Industrial Estate : an area of land planned and zoned for industry , usually with good access to the motorway network . Industrial Inertia : the survival of an industry in an area even though the initial advantages of location are no longer relevant . e.g. the survival of the steel works in Sheffield is due to the prestige of Sheffield cutlery . Informal Sector : This is particularly strong in LEDCs and made up of work done without the official knowledge of the government and therefore without paying taxes . Informal Work : this involves jobs people have set up for themselves , such as shoe shining . The jobs require little capital to set up , require few skills , are labour intensive , small scale and can often be done from home . Infrastructure : the facilities which provide the essential framework for industry e.g. roads , power supply , sewerage etc . Inputs : the things needed to run a factory e.g. capital , raw materials , power , labour etc . Invisible Trade : trade in products that can not be ' seen ' e.g. tourism , financial services and technological ' know - how ' . Job Rotation : workers are skilled in a number of different jobs and several people are capable of doing each job . This ensures that each job can be covered in the case of absence . It also means that jobs can be regularly rotated to prevent a worker from becoming bored in a particular role . Just - in - Time : a production system where components are delivered just in time for assembly . This saves transport and storage costs as well as theft . Kaizen : a Japanese concept meaning ' continuous improvement ' . Kaizen requires workers thinking about improvements day by day and minute by minute . Knowledge Economy : the new economies based on the processing of knowledge and information using telecommunications . Labour - intensive : industries where labour costs are high compared to capital costs , e.g. clothing . Labour Location : access to skilled labour is a very important factor in the location of modern industry today . Land - locked : countries with no access to a seaport . This is a particular problem for LEDCs , e.g. Zaire and Zambia that are heavily reliant ( 60 % and 98 % ) on the export of copper . L.D.D.C . : London Docklands Development Corporation given the task by the government of clearing large areas of derelict land in London Docks and selling the sites to property developers . The L.D.D.C. was also involved in improvements in infrastructure to attract new industry . Light Industry : manufacturing industry which has light raw materials / components and finished products . Locational Factors : things that affect where industry decides to set up - usually in the most profitable place . Logistics : the management and control of the flow of goods and services from the source of production to the market . It involves knowledge , communication , transport and warehousing . London Docklands : a declining inner city area designated an Enterprise Zone by the government to attract new industry and employment after the closure of the docks . Machinery : used in industrial processes to produce the finished product for sale . ( Manufacturing ) . Market : where industrial products are bought and sold . Market Location ( for industry ) : where transport costs for the finished product exceed the transport costs of the raw materials . Transport costs are lowest if the raw materials are transported to the factory located at the market and processed there . Today , since power ( electricity ) can be transported over long distances , a market location is more important than a raw material ( coal ) location . Minerals : found in rock . They may be mined or quarried and then either melted down like iron ore ( iron ) or bauxite ( aluminium ) , or used as a source of power ( coal , oil ) . Multiplier Effect : the ' snowballing ' of economic activity . e.g. If new jobs are created , people who take them have money to spend in the shops , which means that more shop workers are needed . The shop workers pay their taxes and spend their new - found money , creating yet more jobs in industries as diverse as transport and education . Natural Routes : river valleys and flat areas were essential transport routes in the days before the railway , car or lorry . Newly lndustrialising Country ( NIC ) : LEDCs which are developing manufacturing industries , usually with the help of Trans - national Corporations attracted by cheap labour and Government Incentives . e.g. South Korea , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Malaysia , Brazil , India . Occupational Structure : the balance between the different sectors of a country ' s workforce e.g. primary , secondary , tertiary , quaternary . See table below . MEDC NIC LEDC Mainly tertiary Mainly secondary Mainly primary Open - Cast Mine : a large quarry where a large pit is excavated on the Earth ' s surface to remove rock . Ore : a rock containing minerals useful to people , e.g. iron ore , gold ore . Outputs : products from a factory system , which include pollution and waste . Overheads : costs which do not vary with output ; these costs include rent , wages , electricity , etc . Overseas Competition : NICs have the advantage of cheap labour , expanding national markets and the newest technology . This has led to a global shift of manufacturing industry towards South - East Asia . Peripheral Region : an area on the fringe of economic activity e.g. a poor backward region of a country . An example is South Wales . Physical Factors affecting Location of Industry : include raw materials , energy ( power supply ) , natural routes , site and land . Post - Industrial Economy : the economies of economically developed countries where most employment is in service industries . Power : this is needed to work the machines in the factory . Early industry needed to be sited near to fast - flowing rivers or coal reserves , but today electricity can be transported long distances and the size and location of markets have become more important as a location factor . Prestige : the image of a company , gained from its headquarters address ( e.g. Oxford Street , London ) or its its traditional high - quality manufacturing location e.g. Sheffield ( steel ) . See Industrial Inertia Primary Industry : industry concerned with extracting natural resources from the ground or the sea , e.g. agriculture , fishing , forestry , mining and quarrying . The output of such primary production often needs further processing . Primary Product Dependency : see Single Product Dependency Processes : the activities that take place within a factory e.g. rolling out steel . Producer Services : services for manufacturing and other tertiary industries , e.g. advertising , legal services , management consultancy , market research . Profits : money left over when wages , interest , rent , raw materials and other costs have been paid by businesses . Profits are the financial reward for taking risks . Quarry : a large pit dug to obtain a mineral from the ground . Rocks and ore are quarried . Quaternary Industry : one which uses modern technology to carry out research , handle information and give advice to other industries . Raw materials : items from which more complex items are made . Steel is made using coal , iron and limestone : coal , iron and limestone are raw materials . Raw Material Location : the bulkier and heavier these are to transport , the nearer the factory should be located to the raw materials . With the decline of traditional heavy industry , the three main factors deciding industrial location today are the nearness to a large market , the availability of skilled labour and government . Recreation : leisure activities ; what people do in their non - working time . Research and Development : the branch of a manufacturing firm concerned with the design and development of new products . R&D employs highly skilled workers and is often located close to the company HQ . Retraining Schemes : government - funded schemes to retrain unemployed workers in Declining Areas in the new skills required by high - tech Assembly industries attracted by Government Incentives . Science Parks : An area of land , often located near university sites , where high - tech industries are located . Scientific research and commercial development are carried out in co - operation with the university . Screwdriver industries : industries based on the routine assembly of products manufactured elsewhere e.g. Sony , South Wales . Seam : see Coal Seam . Secondary Industry : the manufacturing of goods using the raw materials from primary industry . Service Industry : see Tertiary Industry . Silicon Glen : a high - tech zone in Scotland . Silicon Valley : a high - tech zone in California . Single Product Economy : a country ( usually LEDC ) which relies on one , or a very small number , of products ( usually raw materials ) for its export earnings . e.g. Zambia , copper makes up 98 % of its exports ; Uganda , 95 % coffee beans . Site : ground on which a factory stands or is to stand or be located . Last century many sites were in today ' s inner city areas whereas now they tend to be on cheaper edge - of - city Greenfield locations Structure of Trade : the differing proportions of primary , secondary and tertiary products that make up a country ' s exports and imports e.g. LEDCs export low - value raw materials and commodities and import high value machinery and consumer goods from MEDCs . See Single Product Economy Subcontract : where a large company , e.g. Nike , arranges for its goods to be produced by another company . Subsidy : a grant of money made by the government to industries locating in Development Areas ; industries locating in South Wales receive a labour subsidy per worker , which encourages them to employ more people , reducing their costs and increasing profits . Sunbelt : a growth region of high - tech industry in the south west of the USA . Sunrise Industries high - tech industries . Sunrise Strip : a high - tech industrial zone following the route of the M4 westwards to South Wales . Tariffs : tax ( customs duties ) charged on imported goods . e.g. manufactured goods from LEDCs to the EU face a tariff of 30 % . Japanese companies have located in the EU to avoid tariffs ; these do not apply if 60 % of the components are made in Europe . Teleworking : using telecommunications to work from home . Terms of Trade : the relationship between the average price of exports and the average price of imports . Terms of Trade always favour MEDCs at the expense of LEDCs . See Structure of Trade . Tertiary Industry : does not produce anything but involves work in the service sector of the economy . It includes activities associated with commerce and distribution ( wholesaling and retailing ) as well as banking , insurance , administration , transport , tourism , health , education and entertainment services . Trade Deficit : where a country imports more goods than it exports . Trade Surplus : where a country exports more goods than it imports . Trading Blocs : groups of countries who join together for tax - free trading purposes e.g. the EU . Traditional Industries : old heavy industries located where cheap energy ( coal ) and raw materials , e.g. iron ore were found . Trans - national Corporation ( TNC ) : large companies which have branch plants throughout the world ; their headquarters are often found in MEDCs . Urban Diseconomies : the rising costs to industry as cities increase in size , due to increasing cost of land and labour , traffic congestion , crime etc . Urban - Rural Shift : the movement of industry away from urban areas in recent years due to urban diseconomies , improvements in communications ( motorways ) and telecommunications ( internet / fax / computer links ) , counter - urbanisation ( the move of the middle class workforce to small towns and villages ) and planning policies ( government incentives , new towns , green belts ) . Work : employment at a job or occupation ; either formal or informal . Zoning : where industry is separated from residential areas to avoid pollution , traffic congestion etc . Zoned areas are a result of planning . | [
"GCSE",
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http://geolib.com/essays/sullivan.dan/greenlibertarians.html | Greens and Libertarians The Libertarian Party is made up mostly of former conservatives who object to the Republican Partys penchant for militarism and its use of government to entrench powerful interests and shield them from market forces The Green Party is made up mostly of former liberals who object to the Democratic Partys penchant for centralized bureaucracy and its frequent hypocritical disregard for natural systems of ecological balance ranging from the human metabolism and the family unit to the ecology of the planet Both minor parties attempt to adhere to guidelines that are much clearer than those of either major party Libertarians focus on rights of individuals to control their own lives limited only by the prohibition against interference with the rights of others These rights include their right to the fruits of their labor and the right to freely associate and form contracts They advocate limiting government to protecting those basic rights Greens advocate ten key values ecological wisdom grass roots democracy social justice nonviolence decentralization communitybased economics postpatriarchal values respect for diversity personal and global responsibility and sustainable future focusas a guide for government as well as for their own party organization These different guidelines underscore basic differences between the approaches of the two parties and their members Libertarians tend to be logical and analytical They are confident that their principles will create an ideal society even though they have no consensus of what that society would be like Greens on the other hand tend to be more intuitive and imaginative They have clear images of what kind of society they want but are fuzzy about the principles on which that society would be based Ironically Libertarians tend to be more utopian and uncompromising about their political positions and are often unable to focus on politically winnable proposals to make the system more consistent with their overall goals Greens on the other hand embrace immediate proposals with ease but are often unable to show how those proposals fit in to their ultimate goals The most difficult differences to reconcile however stem from baggage that members of each party have brought with them from their former political affiliations Most Libertarians are overly hostile to government and cling to the fiction that virtually all private fortunes are legitimately earned Most Greens are overly hostile to free enterprise and cling to the fiction that harmony and balance can be achieved through increased government intervention Republicans and Democrats will never reconcile these differences for whatever philosophical underpinnings they have are overwhelmed by vested interests that dominate their internal political processes These vested interests thrive on keeping the distorted hostilities alive and suppressing any philosophical perspectives that might lead to rational resolution of conflict But because minor parties have no real power they are still primarily guided by values and principles Committed to pursuing truth above power they should be more willing to challenge prejudices and expose flaws in their current positions There is nothing mutually exclusive between the ten key values of the Greens and the principals of the Libertarians By reconciling these values and principles we can bring together people whose allegiance to truth is stronger than their biases This could be of great value to both parties partly because any new party that wants to break into a twoparty system has to appeal to a broad spectrum of voters But even more importantly each party needs attributes the other has to offer Libertarians need the intuitive awareness of the Greens to keep them from losing touch with peoples real values and Greens need the analytical prowess of the Libertarians to keep them from indulging in emotional selfdeception Libertarians can teach Greens about the spirit of enterprise and the wonders of economic freedom and Greens can teach Libertarians about Reconciliation is absolutely necessary Even if one of the parties could rise to power it could do great harm by implementing its current agenda in disregard for the perspective of the other Moreover proposals that violate values and principles of one party often violate those of the other If members of both groups come together to discuss each others proposals they are likely not only to find areas of agreement but to find conflicts between each groups proposals and its own principals If this happens and the two parties work in concert they stand a real chance of overtaking one Many third parties have had important impacts on American politics but the last time a political party was dislodged was when the Republicans knocked the ailing Whig party out of contention over 130 years ago It should be noted that the Republicans were a coalition of several minor parties with seemingly differing agendas including the Abolitionist Party the FreeSoil Party the American or KnowNothing Party disaffected northern Democrats and most of the members of the dying Whig Party A similar coalition of parties has a much better chance of repeating this success today Anyone who looks at current national platforms of Greens and Libertarians will conclude that bringing these groups together is no easy task For example the Libertarian platform states dogmatically that they oppose any and all increases in the rate of taxation or categories of taxpayers including the elimination of deductions exemptions or credits in the name of fairness simplicity or neutrality to the free market No tax can ever be fair simple or neutral to the free market On the other hand the national platform of the Greens leaves one with the impression that they never met a tax they Yet the historical roots of the Greens and the Libertarians are quite similar That is early movements for alternative intentional communities that live in harmony with nature greatly influenced and were influenced by anarchosyndicalists who advanced principals now embraced by the Libertarian Party This essay will attempt to show that the differences that have emerged are due less to stated principals and values of either group than to the baggage members have brought to each party from their liberal and conservative backgrounds On Conservatism and Liberalism In the United States today where power has been vested in private institutions conservatives want less government and liberals want more What passes for conservative and liberal philosophies is merely a set of rationalizations that powermongers hide behind Conservative support for traditional approaches and liberal support for new ways of doing things also follows from the desire for power Traditional approaches have supported those now in power and change threatens to disrupt that power Changes are often embraced by conservatives once they prove unable to disrupt the underpinnings of power For Greens and Libertarians to rise above the powerbased proclivities of liberalism and conservatism they must focus on their roots and reconcile their positions with their philosophical underpinnings On the Roots of the Greens Actually all the innovative and vital features of the Greens stem from an earlier Green movement The influx of disaffected liberals to the movement since the sixties has actually imbued that movement with many features early Greens would find offensive The Green movement grew slowly and steadily and quite apart from mainstream liberalism throughout the sixties and seventies In the eighties however it became clear that the liberal ship and even more clear that the socialist ship was headed for the political rocks The left had simply lost credibility even among those who felt oppressed by the current system Gradually at first discouraged leftists discovered the Green movement provided a more credible platform their positions Because of their excellent communications network additional members of the left quickly discovered the Greens embraced their values at least superficially joined their ranks and proceeded to drastically alter the Green agenda For example early Greens pushed for keeping economies more diverse and decentralized by promoting alternative voluntary systems and by criticizing lavish government expenditures on interstate highways international airports irrigation projects and centralized bureaucracies that discriminated against small independent entrepreneurs Today the National Platform of the Green Party calls for municipalization of industry that is decentralized socialism limits on foreign trade to save American jobs which they insist is not protectionism and other devices to create artificial decentralization under the guiding hand of some benevolent central authority The influence of Greens who are fond of government intervention referred to as Watermelons by more libertarian Greens seems to be strongest at the national level and weakest within most Green local organizations Despite the National Green Platforms resemblance to a new face on the old left many people who are genuinely attracted to Green principles are either undermining or abandoning the leftdominated Green Party USA Specifically the principal of decentralism is being used to challenge the right of a national committee to dictate positions to local Greens This is fortunate for those of us interested in a coalition of On the Roots of the Libertarianism Libertarian bias tends to show up more in prioritization of issues than in any particular issue For example Libertarians are far more prone to complain about the capital gains tax than about many other taxes even though there is nothing uniquely unlibertarian about that particular tax Many Libertarians ignore classic libertarian writings and dwell on the works of Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard and Ludwig von Mises The classical libertarians get mere superficial attention For example few have read Tragedy of the Commons but many quote the title Specifically they are unwilling to recognize that the ecological mishaps like those referred to in that work had been absent for centuries when almost all land was common As with the tragedy of the reservations commons were abused because so many people had to share access to so little land All this was a result of government sanction allowing Just as contemporary Greens have fondness for government and contempt for private property that their forebears did not share Libertarians take an extreme position on private property and have hostility to all forms of government that their philosophical predecessors did not share Their refusal to acknowledge natural limits to private property and their insistence of unlimited protection of property by the state is their one great departure from their predecessors and their principles For example they dismiss the following statement by John Locke known as the father of private property God gave the world in common to all mankind Whenever in any country the proprietor ceases to be the improver political economy has nothing to say in defense of landed property When the sacredness of property is talked of it should be remembered that any such sacredness does not belong in the same degree to landed property They similarly ignore Adam Smiths statement that Ground rents land values are a species of revenue which the owner in many cases enjoys without any care or attention of his own Ground rents are therefore perhaps a species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them Private ownership of the earth and its resources is the one area where Libertarians depart from their own philosophy After all their justification of property is in the right of individuals to the fruits of their labor Because the earth is not a labor product land value is not the fruit of its owners labor Indeed all land titles are stategranted privileges and Libertarians deny the right of the state to grant privileges Even here Libertarians are on solid ground when they argue that freedom could not survive in a society where land tenure depended on bureaucratic discretion They are split however over devices like land value taxation that would with a minimum of bureaucracy put the landless in a more tenable position with respect to land monopolists Just as liberals dominate the National Greens conservatives dominate the Libertarian position on this issue though many Libertarians including Karl Hess former editor of the Libertarian Times do not share that conservative position Again this is a key issue for reconciliation The Green tradition can not be reconciled with pseudolibertarian claims that a subset of the people can claim unlimited title to the planet The Magic of Honest Compromise If the Libertarians accept that ownership of land is a privilege and agree to pay a fair rent or land value tax for that privilege they will hold the key to getting rid of property building tax income tax sales tax amusement tax and a host of other taxes Furthermore statistical evidence indicates that land value tax promotes compact harmonious use of land and eliminates a root cause of poverty In this case adopting land tax can reduce the need for zoning and protection of rural land and for housing projects welfare and a host of bureaucratic services for the Greens who study this issue will find that small and simple combination taxes that are essentially payments for exclusive access to common resources will address most of thier interests without complicated and intrusive bureaucracies Land tax itself will eliminate land speculation and land monopoly and will promote orderly development of land in cities and towns taking developmental pressure off suburban and rural land Severence taxes on our common heritage of nonrenewable resources can evenhandedly reduce the rate of exploitation of these resources conserving them for future generations Finally taxes on pollution are really payments for exclusive use of our common rights to clean air and water It reflects that the air and water is less valuable to the rest of us when it is polluted and those who pollute literally owe us for the right to tresspass on our air and water | [
"Greens and Libertarians"
] |
http://geology.about.com/cs/basics_roxmin/a/aa011804a.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Everything You Need to Know About Igneous Rocks Rocks Shaped by a Molten History SinghaphanAllB / Getty Images There are three great categories of rocks , igneous , sedimentary and metamorphic , and most of the time , they ' re simple to tell apart . They are all connected in the endless rock cycle , moving from one form to another and changing shape , texture and even chemical composition along the way . Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava and compose much of the Earth ' s continental crust and nearly all of the oceanic crust . How to Tell Igneous Rocks The key concept about all igneous rocks is that they were once hot enough to melt . The following traits are all related to that : Because their mineral grains grew together tightly as the melt cooled , they are relatively strong rocks . They ' re made of primary minerals that are mostly black , white or gray . Any other colors they may have are pale . Their textures generally look like something that was baked in an oven . The even texture of coarse - grained granite is familiar from building stones or kitchen counters . Fine - grained lava may look like black bread ( including gas bubbles ) or dark peanut brittle ( including larger crystals ) . Origin of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks ( derived from the Latin word for fire , " ignis " ) can have very different mineral backgrounds , but they all share one thing in common : they formed by the cooling and crystallization of a melt . This material may have been lava erupted at the Earth ' s surface , or magma ( unerupted lava ) at depths of up to a few kilometers , or magma in deeper bodies Those three different settings create three main types of igneous rocks . Rock formed of lava is called extrusive , rock from shallow magma is called intrusive and rock from deep magma is called plutonic . The deeper the magma , the slower it cools and the larger its mineral crystals form . Where Igneous Rocks Form Igneous rocks form at four main places on Earth : At divergent boundaries , like mid - ocean ridges , plates drift apart and form gaps that are filled by magma . Subduction zones occur whenever a dense oceanic plate is subducted underneath another oceanic or continental plate . Water from the descending oceanic crust lowers the melting point of the above mantle , forming magma that rises to the surface and forms volcanoes . At continental - continental convergent boundaries , large landmasses collide , thickening and heating the crust to melting . Hot spots , like Hawaii , form as the crust moves over a thermal plume rising from deep in the Earth . Hot spots form extrusive igneous rocks . People commonly think of lava and magma as a liquid , like molten metal , but geologists find that magma is usually a mush β a partially melted fluid loaded with mineral crystals . As it cools , magma crystallizes into a series of minerals , some of which crystallize sooner than others . Not just that , but as the minerals crystallize , they leave the remaining magma with a changed chemical composition . Thus , a body of magma evolves as it cools and also as it moves through the crust , interacting with other rocks . Once magma erupts as lava , it freezes quickly and preserves a record of its history underground that geologists can decipher . Igneous petrology is a very complex field , and this article is only a bare outline . Igneous Rock Textures The three types of igneous rocks differ in their textures , starting with the size of their mineral grains . Extrusive rocks cool quickly ( over periods of seconds to months ) and have invisible or microscopic grains or an aphanitic texture . Intrusive rocks cool more slowly ( over thousands of years ) and have visible grains of small to medium - size , or phaneritic texture . Plutonic rocks cool over millions of years and can have grains as large as pebbles β even meters across . Because they solidified from a fluid state , igneous rocks tend to have a uniform fabric without layers , and the mineral grains are packed together tightly . Think of the texture of something you would bake in the oven . In many igneous rocks , large mineral crystals " float " in a fine - grained groundmass . The large grains are called phenocrysts , and a rock with phenocrysts is called a porphyry ; that is , it has a porphyritic texture . Phenocrysts are minerals that solidified earlier than the rest of the rock , and they are important clues to the rock ' s history . Some extrusive rocks have distinctive textures . Obsidian , formed when lava hardens quickly , has a glassy texture . Pumice and scoria are volcanic froth , puffed up by millions of gas bubbles that give them a vesicular texture . Tuff is a rock made entirely of volcanic ash , fallen from the air or avalanched down a volcano ' s sides . It has a pyroclastic texture . Pillow lava is a lumpy formation created by extruding lava underwater . Igneous Rock Types : Basalt , Granite , and More Igneous rocks are classified by the minerals they contain . The main minerals in igneous rocks are hard , primary ones : feldspar quartz amphiboles , and pyroxenes ( together called " dark minerals " by geologists ) , and olivine along with the softer mineral mica . The two best - known igneous rock types are basalt and granite , which have distinctly different compositions and textures . Basalt Lava Rocks . Design Pics / Getty Images Basalt is the dark , fine - grained stuff of many lava flows and magma intrusions . Its dark minerals are rich in magnesium ( Mg ) and iron ( Fe ) , hence basalt is called a " mafic " rock . It can be either extrusive or intrusive . Granite Stones . Franz Wogerer / Getty Images Granite is the light , coarse - grained rock formed at depth and exposed after deep erosion . It is rich in feldspar and quartz ( silica ) and hence is called a " felsic " rock . Therefore , granite is felsic and plutonic . Basalt and granite account for the great majority of igneous rocks . Ordinary people , even ordinary geologists , use the names freely . ( Stone dealers call any plutonic rock at all " granite . " ) But igneous petrologists use many more names . They generally talk about basaltic and granitic or granitoid rocks among themselves and out in the field , because it takes laboratory work to determine an exact rock type according to the official classifications . True granite and true basalt are narrow subsets of these categories . A few of the less common igneous rock types can be recognized by non - specialists . For instance , a dark - colored plutonic mafic rock , the deep version of basalt , is called gabbro . A light - colored intrusive or extrusive felsic rock , the shallow version of granite , is called felsite or rhyolite . And there is a suite of ultramafic rocks with even more dark minerals and even less silica than basalt . Peridotite is the foremost of those . Where Igneous Rocks Are Found The deep seafloor ( the oceanic crust ) is made almost entirely of basaltic rocks , with peridotite underneath in the mantle . Basalts are also erupted above the Earth ' s great subduction zones , either in volcanic island arcs or along the edges of continents . However , continental magmas tend to be less basaltic and more granitic . The continents are the exclusive home of granitic rocks . Nearly everywhere on the continents , no matter what rocks are on the surface , you can drill down and reach granitoid eventually . In general , granitic rocks are less dense than basaltic rocks , and thus the continents actually float higher than the oceanic crust on top of the ultramafic rocks of the Earth ' s mantle . The behavior and histories of granitic rock bodies are among geology ' s deepest and most intricate mysteries . Continue Reading | [
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http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/talus.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Mechanical Weathering Through Physical Processes Pablo Cersosimo / Getty Images by Andrew Alden Updated March 02 , 2019 Mechanical weathering is the set of weathering processes that break apart rocks into particles ( sediment ) through physical processes . The most common form of mechanical weathering is the freeze - thaw cycle . Water seeps into holes and cracks in rocks . The water freezes and expands , making the holes larger . Then more water seeps in and freezes . Eventually , the freeze - thaw cycle can cause rocks to split apart . Abrasion is another form of mechanical weathering ; it ' s the process of sediment particles rubbing against each other . This occurs mainly in rivers and at the beach . Alluvium Ron Schott of Flickr under Creative Commons license Alluvium is sediment that has carried by and deposited from running water . Like this example from Kansas , alluvium tends to be clean and sorted . Alluvium is young sediment β freshly eroded rock particles that have come off the hillside and been carried by streams . Alluvium is pounded and ground into finer and finer grains ( by abrasion ) each time it moves downstream . The process can take thousands of years . The feldspar and quartz minerals in alluvium weather slowly into surface minerals : clays and dissolved silica . Most of that material eventually ( in a million years or so ) ends up in the sea , to be slowly buried and turned into new rock . Block Weathering Andrew Alden Blocks are boulders formed through the process of mechanical weathering . Solid rock , like this granitic outcrop on Mount San Jacinto in southern California , fractures into blocks by forces of mechanical weathering . Every day , water seeps into cracks in the granite . Every night the cracks expand as the water freezes . Then , the next day , water trickles further into the expanded crack . The daily cycle of temperature also affects the different minerals in the rock , which expand and contract at different rates and cause the grains to loosen . Between these forces , the work of tree roots and earthquakes , mountains are steadily dismantled into blocks that tumble down the slopes . As blocks work their way loose and form steep deposits of the talus , their edges begin to wear down and they officially become boulders . When erosion wears them down smaller than 256 millimeters across , they become classified as cobbles . Cavernous Weathering Martin Wintsch / Flickr CC Roccia Dell ' Orso , " Bear Rock , " is a large outcrop on Sardinia with deep tafoni , or large weathering cavities , sculpting it . Tafoni are largely rounded pits that are formed through a physical process called cavernous weathering , which starts when water brings dissolved minerals to the rock surface . When the water dries , the minerals form crystals that force small particles to flake off the rock . Tafoni are most common along the coast , where seawater brings salt to the rock surface . The word comes from Sicily , where spectacular honeycomb structures form in the coastal granites . Honeycomb weathering is a name for cavernous weathering that produces small , closely spaced pits called alveoli . Notice that the surface layer of rock is harder than the interior . This hardened crust is essential to make tafoni ; otherwise , the whole rock surface would erode more or less evenly . Colluvium Colluvium is sediment that has moved downhill to the bottom of the slope as a result of soil creep and rain . These forces , caused by gravity , yield unsorted sediment of all particle sizes , ranging from boulders to clay . There is relatively little abrasion to round the particles . Exfoliation Josh Hill Sometimes rocks weather by peeling off in sheets rather than eroding grain by grain . This process is called exfoliation . Exfoliation can occur in thin layers on individual boulders , or it can take place in thick slabs as it does here , at Enchanted Rock in Texas . The great white granite domes and cliffs of the High Sierra , like Half Dome , owe their appearance to exfoliation . These rocks were emplaced as molten bodies , or plutons , deep underground , raising the Sierra Nevada range . The usual explanation is that erosion then unroofed the plutons and took away the pressure of the overlying rock . As a result , the solid rock acquired fine cracks through pressure - release jointing . Mechanical weathering opened up the joints further and loosened these slabs . New theories about this process have been suggested , but are not yet widely accepted . Frost Heave Steve Alden The mechanical action of frost , arising from the expansion of water as it freezes , has lifted the pebbles above the soil here . Frost heave is a common problem for roads : water fills cracks in asphalt and lifts sections of road surface during the winter . This often leads to the creation of potholes . Grus Grus is a residue formed by weathering of granitic rocks . Mineral grains are gently teased apart by physical processes to form clean gravel . Grus ( " groos " ) is crumbled granite that forms by physical weathering . It β s caused by hot - and - cold cycling of the daily temperatures , repeated thousands of times , especially on a rock that is already weakened from chemical weathering by groundwater . The quartz and feldspar that make up this white granite separate into clean individual grains , without any clay or fine sediment . It has the same makeup and consistency of the finely crushed granite you would spread on a path . Granite is not always safe for rock climbing because a thin layer of grus can make it slippery . This pile of grus has accumulated along a roadcut near King City , California , where the basement granite of the Salinian block is exposed to dry , hot summer days and cool , dry nights . Honeycomb Weathering Mechanical or Physical Weathering Gallery From stop 32 of the California Subduction Transect . Sandstone at San Francisco ' s Baker Beach has many closely spaced , small alveoli ( cavernous weathering pits ) due to the action of salt crystallization . Rock Flour U.S. Geological Survey photo by Bruce Molnia Rock flour or glacial flour is raw rock ground by glaciers to the smallest possible size . Glaciers are huge sheets of ice that move very slowly over the land , carrying along boulders and other rocky residue . Glaciers grind their rocky beds exceeding small , and the smallest particles are the consistency of flour . Rock flour is quickly altered to become clay . Here two streams in Denali National Park merge , one full of glacial rock flour and the other pristine . The rapid weathering of rock flour , coupled with the intensity of glacial erosion , is a significant geochemical effect of widespread glaciation . In the long term , over geologic time , the added calcium from eroded continental rocks helps pull carbon dioxide from the air and reinforces global cooling . Salt Spray Saltwater , splashed into the air by breaking waves , causes widespread honeycomb weathering and other erosive effects near the world ' s seacoasts . Talus or Scree Niklas SjΓΆblom / Flickr CC Talus , or scree , is the loose rock created by physical weathering . It typically lies on a steep mountainside or at the base of a cliff . This example is near HΓΆfn , Iceland . Mechanical weathering breaks down exposed bedrock into steep piles and talus slopes like this before the minerals in the rock can alter into clay minerals . That transformation occurs after the talus is washed and tumbled downhill , turning to alluvium and eventually into soil . Talus slopes are dangerous terrain . A small disturbance , such as your misstep , can trigger a rock slide that may injure or even kill you as you go downhill with it . Additionally , there is no geological information to be gained from walking on scree . Wind Abrasion The Wind can wear away rocks in a process like sandblasting where conditions are right . The results are called ventifacts . Only very windy , gritty places meet the conditions needed for wind abrasion . Examples of such places are glacial and periglacial places like Antarctica and sandy deserts like the Sahara . High winds can lift sand particles as large as a millimeter or so , bouncing them along the ground in a process called saltation . A few thousand grains might hit pebbles like these over the course of a single sandstorm . Signs of wind abrasion include a fine polish , fluting ( grooves and striations ) , and flattened faces that may intersect in sharp but not jagged edges . Where winds come persistently from two different directions , wind abrasion can carve several faces into stones . Wind abrasion can carve softer rocks into hoodoo rocks and , at the largest scale , landforms called yardangs | [
"Physical Weathering",
"freeze-thaw cycle",
"Alluvium"
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http://geology.about.com/od/geotime_dating/a/Geologic-Time-Scale-Eons-Eras.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Geologic Time Scale : Eons and Eras A Broad View of Geologic Time Stromatolites in Shark Bay , Australia . Stromatolites are Earth ' s oldest fossils , first appearing in the fossil record during the early Archean Eon . Terry Carter / Dorling Kindersley Collection / Getty Images by Andrew Alden Updated January 27 , 2019 This table shows the highest - level units of the geologic time scale : eons and eras . Where available , the names link to more detailed descriptions or significant events that occurred during that specific eon or era . More details beneath the table . Eon Era Dates ( m.y. ) Phanerozoic Cenozoic 66 - 0 Mesozoic 252 - 66 Paleozoic 541 - 252 Proterozoic Neoproterozoic 1000 - 541 Mesoproterozoic 1600 - 1000 Paleoproterozoic 2500 - 1600 Archean Neoarchean 2800 - 2500 Mesoarchean 3200 - 2800 Paleoarchean 3600 - 3200 Eoarchean 4000 - 3600 Hadean 4000 - 4600 ( c ) 2013 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com , Inc . ( fair use policy ) . Data from Geologic Time Scale of 2015 All of geologic time , from the Earth ' s origin about 4.54 billion years ago ( Ga ) to today , is divided into four eons . The oldest , the Hadean , was n ' t recognized officially until 2012 , when the ICS removed its informal classification . Its name is derived from Hades , in reference to the hellish conditions - rampant volcanism and violent cosmic collisions - that existed from the formation of Earth to 4 billion years ago . The Archean remains somewhat of a mystery to geologists , as most fossil or mineral evidence from that time has been metamorphosed . The Proterozoic is more understood . Oxygen levels in the atmosphere began increasing around 2.2 Ga ( thanks to cyanobacteria ) , allowing eukaryotes and multicellular life to flourish . The two eons and their seven eras are together informally referred to as Precambrian time . The Phanerozoic encompasses everything within the past 541 million years . It ' s lower boundary is marked by the Cambrian Explosion , a rapid ( ~ 20 million year ) evolutionary event in which complex organisms first evolved . The eras of the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons are each further divided into periods , shown in this geologic time scale The periods of the three Phanerozoic eras are divided in turn into epochs . ( See the Phanerozoic epochs listed together . ) Epochs are subdivided into ages . Because there are so many ages , they are presented separately for the Paleozoic Era , the Mesozoic Era and the Cenozoic Era The dates shown on this table were specified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2015 . Colors are used to indicate the age of rocks on geologic maps . There are two major color standards , the international standard and the U.S. Geological Survey standard . ( All of the geologic time scales here are made using the 2009 standard of the Committee on the Geologic Map of the World . ) It used to be that the geologic time scale was , dare I say , carved in stone . The Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and so on marched in their rigorous order , and that ' s all we needed to know . The exact dates involved were hardly important , since the assignment of an age relied only on fossils . More precise dating methods and other scientific advancements have changed that . Today , the time scale is updated yearly , and the boundaries between time spans have become more clearly defined . Edited by Brooks Mitchell | [
"Geologic Time Scale",
"Eons",
"Eras"
] |
http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicmylonite.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Types of Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock is formed by heat and pressure . FotografΓas Jorge LeΓ³n Cabello / Getty Images by Andrew Alden Updated November 03 , 2017 Metamorphic rocks are those that form by the effects of heat , pressure , and shear upon igneous and sedimentary rocks . Some form during mountain - building by forces of others from the heat of igneous intrusions in regional metamorphism others from the heat of igneous intrusions in contact metamorphism . A third category forms by the mechanical forces of fault movements : cataclasis and mylonitization 01 of 18 Amphibolite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2006 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( fair use policy Amphibolite is a rock composed mostly of amphibole minerals . Usually , it ' s a hornblende schist like this as hornblende is the commonest amphibole . Amphibolite forms when basaltic rock is subjected to higher temperatures between 550 C and 750 C ) and slightly greater pressure range than that which yields greenschist . Amphibolite is also the name of a metamorphic facies - - a set of minerals that typically forms at a specific range of temperature and pressure . For more photos see the metamorphic rocks gallery 02 of 18 Argillite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2013 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( fair use policy ) This is the rock name to remember when you find a hard , nondescript rock that looks like it could be slate but does n ' t have slate ' s trademark cleavage . Argillite is a low - grade metamorphosed claystone that was subjected to mild heat and pressure without strong directionality . Argillite does have a glamorous side that slate ca n ' t match . It is also known as pipestone when it lends itself to carving . The American Indians favored it for tobacco pipes and other small ceremonial or decorative objects . 03 Blueschist Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2005 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( fair use policy Blueschist signifies regional metamorphism at relatively high pressures and low temperatures , but it is n ' t always blue , or even a schist . High - pressure , low - temperature conditions are most typical of subduction , where marine crust and sediments are carried beneath a continental plate and kneaded by changing tectonic motions while sodium - rich fluids marinate the rocks . Blueschist is a schist because all traces of original structure in the rock have been wiped out along with the original minerals , and a strongly layered fabric has been imposed . The bluest , most schistose blueschist β like this example β is made from sodium - rich mafic rocks like basalt and gabbro Petrologists often prefer to talk about the glaucophane - schist metamorphic facies rather than blueschist , because not all blueschist is all that blue . In this hand specimen from Ward Creek , California , glaucophane is the major blue mineral species . In other samples , lawsonite , jadeite , epidote , phengite , garnet , and quartz are also common . It depends on the original rock that is metamorphosed . For instance , a blueschist - facies ultramafic rock consists mainly of serpentine ( antigorite ) , olivine and magnetite . As a landscaping stone , blueschist is responsible for some striking , even garish effects . 04 Cataclasite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo courtesy Woudloper on Wikimedia Commons Cataclasite ( kat - a - CLAY - site ) is a fine - grained breccia produced by grinding rocks into fine particles , or cataclasis . This is a microscopic thin section . 05 Eclogite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2005 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Eclogite ( " ECK - lo - jite " ) is an extreme metamorphic rock formed by regional metamorphism of basalt under very high pressures and temperatures . This type of metamorphic rock is the name of highest - grade metamorphic facies This eclogite specimen from Jenner , California , consists of high - magnesium pyrope garnet , green omphacite ( a high - sodium / aluminum pyroxene ) and deep - blue glaucophane ( a sodium - rich amphibole ) . It was part of a subducting plate during Jurassic times , about 170 million years ago , when it formed . During the last few million years , it was raised and mixed into younger subducted rocks of the Franciscan complex . The body of eclogite is no more than 100 meters across today . For more photos see the Eclogite Gallery . 06 Gneiss Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2008 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Gneiss ( " nice " ) is a rock of great variety with large mineral grains arranged in wide bands . It means a type of rock texture , not a composition . This type of metamorphic was created by regional metamorphism , in which a sedimentary or igneous rock has been deeply buried and subjected to high temperatures and pressures . Nearly all traces of the original structures ( including fossils ) and fabric ( such as layering and ripple marks ) are wiped out as the minerals migrate and recrystallize . The streaks contain minerals , like hornblende , that do n ' t occur in sedimentary rocks . In gneiss , less than 50 percent of the minerals are aligned in thin , foliated layers . You can see that unlike schist , which is more strongly aligned , gneiss does n ' t fracture along the planes of the mineral streaks . Thicker veins of large - grained minerals form in it , unlike the more evenly layered appearance of schist . With still more metamorphism , gneisses can turn to migmatite and then totally recrystallize into granite Despite its highly altered nature , gneiss can preserve chemical evidence of its history , especially in minerals like zircon which resist metamorphism . The oldest Earth rocks known are gneisses from Acasta , in northern Canada , that are more than 4 billion years old . Gneiss makes up the largest part of the Earth ' s lower crust . Pretty much everywhere on the continents , you will drill straight down and eventually strike gneiss . In German , the word means bright or sparkling . 07 Greenschist Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2008 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Greenschist forms by regional metamorphism under conditions of high pressure and fairly low temperature . It is n ' t always green or even a Greenschist is the name of a , a set of typical minerals that form under specific conditions - - in this case relatively cool temperatures at high pressures . These conditions are less than those of blueschist Chlorite epidote actinolite , and serpentine ( the green minerals that give this facies its name ) , but whether they appear in any given greenschist - facies rock depends on what the rock originally was . This greenschist specimen is from northern California , where seafloor sediment has been subducted beneath the North American plate , then thrust to the surface soon afterward as tectonic conditions changed . This specimen consists mostly of actinolite . The vaguely defined veins running vertically in this image may reflect the original bedding in the rocks from which it formed . These veins contain mainly biotite 08 Greenstone Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types From stop 31 of the California subduction tour . Photo ( c ) 2006 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Greenstone is a tough , dark altered basaltic rock that once was solid deep - sea lava . It belongs to the greenschist regional In greenstone , the olivine and peridotite that made up the fresh basalt have been metamorphosed by high pressure and warm fluids into green minerals - - epidote actinolite or chlorite depending on the exact conditions . The white mineral is aragonite , an alternative crystal form of calcium carbonate ( its other form is calcite ) . Rock of this kind is manufactured in subduction zones and is seldom brought to the surface unchanged . The dynamics of the Californian coastal region make it one such place . Greenstone belts are very common in Earth ' s oldest rocks , of Archean age . Exactly what they mean is still not settled , but they may not represent the kind of crustal rocks that we know today . 09 Hornfels Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo courtesy Fed on Wikimedia Commons Hornfels is a tough , fine - grained rock that is made by contact metamorphism where magma bakes and recrystallizes the surrounding rocks . Note how it breaks across the original bedding . 10 Marble Marble is made by regional metamorphism of limestone or dolomite rock , causing their microscopic grains to combine into larger crystals . This type of metamorphic rock consists of recrystallized calcite ( in limestone ) or dolomite ( in dolomite rock ) . In this hand specimen of Vermont marble , the crystals are small . For fine marble of the sort used in buildings and sculpture , the crystals are even smaller . The color of marble can range from the purest white to black , ranging through the warmer colors in between depending on the other mineral impurities . Like other metamorphic rocks , marble has no fossils and any layering that appears in it probably does not correspond to the original bedding of the precursor limestone . Like limestone , marble tends to dissolve in acidic fluids . It is quite durable in dry climates , as in the Mediterranean countries where ancient marble structures survive . Commercial stone dealers use different rules than geologists to distinguish limestone from marble . 11 Migmatite Migmatite is the same material as gneiss but brought close to melting by regional metamorphism so that the veins and layers of minerals became warped and mixed . This type of metamorphic rock has been buried very deep and squeezed very hard . In many cases , the darker part of the rock ( consisting of biotite mica and hornblende ) has been intruded by veins of lighter rock consisting of quartz feldspar . With its curling light and dark veins , migmatite can be very picturesque . Yet even with this extreme degree of metamorphism , the minerals are arranged in layers and the rock is clearly classified as metamorphic . If mixing is even stronger than this , a migmatite can be hard to distinguish from granite . Because it is n ' t clear that true melting is involved , even at this degree of metamorphism , geologists use the word anatexis ( loss of texture ) instead . 12 Mylonite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo by Jonathan Matti , US Geological Survey Mylonite forms along deeply buried fault surface by crushing and stretching of rocks under such heat and pressure that the minerals deform in a plastic way ( monetization ) . 13 Phyllite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2009 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Phyllite is one step beyond slate in the chain of regional metamorphism . Unlike slate , phyllite has a definite sheen . The name p hyllite is from scientific Latin and means " leaf - stone . " It ' s typically a medium - gray or greenish stone , but here sunlight reflects off its finely wavy face . Whereas slate has a dull surface because its metamorphic minerals are extremely fine - grained , phyllite has a sheen from tiny grains of sericitic mica graphite chlorite and similar minerals . With further heat and pressure , the reflective grains grow more abundant and join each other . And whereas slate usually breaks in very flat sheets , phyllite tends to have a corrugated cleavage . This rock has nearly all of its original sedimentary structure erased , although some of its clay minerals persist . Further metamorphism converts all of the clays into large grains of mica , along with quartz and feldspar . At that point , phyllite becomes See the Phyllite Picture Gallery for more about this type of metamorphic rock . 14 Quartzite Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2008 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Quartzite is a tough stone composed mostly of quartz . It may be derived from sandstone or from chert by regional metamorphism . ( more below ) This metamorphic rock forms in two different ways . In the first way , sandstone or chert recrystallizes resulting in a metamorphic rock under the pressures and temperatures of deep burial . A quartzite in which all traces of the original grains and sedimentary structures are erased may also be called metaquartzite . This Las Vegas boulder is a metaquartzite . A quartzite that preserves some sedimentary features is best described as a metasandstone metachert The second method in which it forms involves sandstone at low pressures and temperatures , where circulating fluids fill the spaces between sand grains with silica cement . This kind of quartzite , also called orthoquartzite , is considered a sedimentary rock , not a metamorphic rock because the original mineral grains are still there and bedding planes and other sedimentary structures are still evident . The traditional way to distinguish quartzite from sandstone is by viewing quartzite ' s fractures across or through the grains ; sandstone splits between them . 15 Schist Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2007 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Schist is formed by regional metamorphism and has schistose - - it has coarse mineral grains and is fissile , splitting into thin layers . Schist is a metamorphic rock that comes in almost infinite variety , but its main characteristic is hinted at in its name : S chist comes from the ancient Greek for " split , " through Latin and French . It is formed by dynamic metamorphism at high temperatures and high pressures that aligns the grains of mica , hornblende , and other flat or elongated minerals into thin layers , or foliation . At least 50 percent of the mineral grains in schist are aligned this way ( less than 50 percent makes it gneiss ) . The rock may or may not be actually deformed in the direction of the foliation , although a strong foliation probably is a sign of high strain Schists are commonly described in terms of their predominant minerals . This specimen from Manhattan , for example , would be called a mica schist because the flat , shiny grains of mica are so abundant . Other possibilities include blueschist ( glaucophane schist ) or amphibole schist 16 Serpentinite Pictures of Metamorphic Rock Types . Photo ( c ) 2009 Andrew Alden , licensed to About . com ( Serpentinite is composed of minerals of the serpentine group . It forms by regional metamorphism of deep - sea rocks from the oceanic mantle . It is common beneath the oceanic crust , where it forms by the alteration of the mantle rock peridotite . It is seldom seen on land except in rocks from subduction zones , where oceanic rocks may be preserved . Most people call it serpentine ( SER - penteen ) or serpentine rock , but serpentine is the set of minerals that make up serpentinite ( ser - PENT - inite ) . It gets its name from its resemblance to snakeskin with a mottled color , waxy or resinous luster and curving , polished surfaces . This type of metamorphic rock is low in plant nutrients and high in toxic metals . Thus the vegetation on the so - called serpentine landscape is dramatically different from other plant communities , and serpentine barrens contain many specialized , endemic species . Serpentinite can contain chrysotile , the serpentine mineral that crystallizes in long , thin fibers . This is the mineral commonly known as asbestos 17 Slate Slate is a low - grade metamorphic rock with a dull luster and strong cleavage . It is derived from shale by regional metamorphism . Slate forms when shale , which consists of clay minerals , is put under pressure with temperatures of a few hundred degrees or so . Then the clays begin to revert to the mica minerals from which they formed . This does two things : First , the rock grows hard enough to ring or " tink " under the hammer ; second , the rock gets a pronounced cleavage direction , so that it breaks along flat planes . Slaty cleavage is not always in the same direction as the original sedimentary bedding planes , thus any fossils originally in the rock are usually erased , but sometimes they survive in smeared or stretched form . With further metamorphism , slate turns to phyllite , then to Slate is usually dark , but it can be colorful too . High - quality slate is an excellent paving stone as well as the material of long - lasting slate roof tiles and , of course , the best billiard tables . Blackboards and handheld writing tablets were once made of slate , and the name of the rock has become the name of the tablets themselves . See other pictures in the Slate Gallery 18 Soapstone Soapstone consists largely of the mineral talc with or without other metamorphic minerals , and it is derived from hydrothemal alteration of peridotite and related ultramafic rocks . Harder examples are suitable for making carved objects . Soapstone kitchen counters or tabletops are highly resistant to stains and cracking . For more photos see the Metamorphic Rocks Gallery Continue Reading | [
"Metamorphic Rocks",
"Amphibolite",
"Argillite"
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