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http://ibew532.com/currentaffair/?page_id=25 | Inside Apprenticeship JOINT APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING COMMITTEE NOTICE REGARDING ELECTRICAL APPRENTICESHIP APPLICATIONS The Montana Electrical JATC is accepting written requests for applications January 1 2016 through December 31 2016 for the purpose of establishing a roster for apprenticeship applicants for the Inside Wireman Residential and Low Voltage programs pertaining to the Electrical Industry for all Montana counties We will test and interview on a calendar quarterly basis NAME OF PROGRAM Montana Electrical Joint Apprenticeship Training Committee TRADE Inside WiremanResidentialLow Voltage WHERE TO APPLY Montana Electrical JATC 2616 Bozeman Ave Helena Mt 59601 ONLINE APPLICATION REQUEST httpwwwmtelectricaljatcorgindexcfmzoneunionactiveform_pagecfmformID7102 406 4497173 REQUEST An application for inside wireman residential and low voltage apprenticeship must be made in writing with a postmark date All applications will be placed in a twoyear list file Applicants must request new applications at the end of the two years if choosing to remain in consideration NUMBERS OF APPRENTICES REQUIRED FOR THE ENTIRE STATE WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE AMOUNT OF CONSTRUCTION WORK BEING PERFORMED IN THE VARIOUS AREAS MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS REQUIRED 1 Must be a High School graduate or have a GED Must provide a official transcript or transcripts from High School and any post High School courses REQUIRED 2 Must have completed one full year of high school algebra with a passing grade transcripts required equivalent to Algebra l REQUIRED 3 Must submit evidence that applicant is at least 18 years old birth certificate REQUIRED 4 Must be a Montana resident as evidenced by a Montana Drivers License REQUIRED 5 A 5000 application fee payable by check or money order at the time of submitting completed application and all support documents Questions concerning this policy please call Montana JATC Office at 4064497173 All applicants upon receipt of the above requirements mailed by the applicant to the JATC office will be notified by mail on invitation to Selection Testing to be conducted by the JATC in major cities of Montana All applicants will be selected without regard to their race color sex or national origin For additional information please go to the Montana Electrical JATC website wwwmtelectricaljatcorg or | [
"Inside Apprenticeship",
"ELECTRICAL APPRENTICESHIP APPLICATIONS"
] |
http://ibguides.com/biology/notes/genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology | Genetic engineering and biotechnology 4.4.1 Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA . Polymerase chain reaction is used to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA . It can be useful when only a small amount of DNA is available but a large amount is required to undergo testing . We can use DNA from blood , semen , tissues and so on from crime scenes for example . The PCR requires high temperature and a DNA polymerase enzyme from Thermus aquaticus ( a bacterium that lives in hot springs ) . 4.4.2 State that , in gel electrophoresis , fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size . In gel electrophoresis , fragments of DNA move in an electrical field and are separated according to their size . 4.4.3 State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling . Gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling . 4.4.4 Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations . Organisms have short sequences of bases which are repeated many times . These are called satellite DNA . These repeated sequences vary in length from person to person . The DNA is copied using PCRand then cut up into small fragments using restriction enzymes . Gel electrophoresis separates fragmented pieces of DNA according to their size and charge . This gives a pattern of bands on a gel which is unlikely to be the same for two individuals . This is called DNA profiling . DNA profiling can be used to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations to get 4.4.5 Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations . For a suspect look for similarities between the DNA found at the crime scene and the suspect . For a paternity test , look for similarities between the child and the possible father . 4.4.6 Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome . It is now easier to study how genes influence human development . It helps identify genetic diseases . It allows the production of new drugs based on DNA base sequences of genes or the structure of proteins coded for by these genes . It will give us more information on the origins , evolution and migration of humans . 4.4.7 State that , when genes are transferred between species , the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal . When genes are transferred between species , the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal . 4.4.8 Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids , a host cell ( bacterium , yeast or other cell ) , restriction enzymes ( endonucleases ) and DNA ligase . The human gene that codes for insulin can be inserted into a plasmid and then this plasmid can be inserted into a host cell such as a bacterium . The bacterium can then synthesis insulin which can be collected and used by diabetics . This is done as follows . The messenger RNA which codes for insulin is extracted from a human pancreatic cell which produces insulin . DNA copies are then made from this messenger RNA by using the enzyme reverse transcriptase and these DNA copies are then given extra guanine nucleotides to the end of the gene to 4.4.9 State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals . The transfer of a gene for factor IX which is a blood clotting factor , from humans to sheep so that this factor is produced in the sheep ’ s milk . The transfer of a gene that gives resistance to the herbicide glyphosate from bacterium to crops so that the crop plants can be sprayed with the herbicide and not be affected by it . 4.4.10 Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification . It is quite common to see genetic modifications in crop plants . An example of this is the transfer of a gene that codes for a protein called Bt toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to maize crops . This is done because maize crops are often destroyed by insects that eat the corn and so by adding the Bt toxin gene this is prevented as the toxin kills the insects . However this is very controversial as even though it has many positive advantages , it can also have some harmful consequences . The table below summarizes the benefits and possible harmful effects of genetically modifying the maize crops . Benefits Harmful Effects Since there is less damage to the maize crops , there is a higher crop yield which can lessen food shortages . We are not sure of the consequences of humans and animals eating the modified crops . The bacterial DNA or the Bt toxin itself could be harmful to human as well as animal health . Since there is a higher crop yield , less land is needed to grow more crops . Instead the land can become an area for wild life conservation . Other insects which are not harmful to the crops could be killed . The maize pollen will contain the toxin and so if it is blown onto near by plants it can kill the insects feeding on these plants . There is a reduction in the use of pesticides which are expensive and may be harmful to the environment , wild life and farm workers . Cross pollination can occur which results in some wild plants being genetically modified as they will contain the Bt gene . These plants will have an advantage over others as they will be resistant to certain insects and so some plants may become endangered . This will have significant consequences on the population of wild plants . 4.4.11 Define clone . Clone : a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of genetically identical cells derived from a single parent cell . 4.4.12 Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells . Dolly the sheep was cloned by taking udder cells from a donor sheep . These cells were than cultured in a low nutrient medium to make the genes switch off and become dormant . Then an unfertilized egg was taken from another sheep . The nucleus of this egg cell was removed by using a micropipette and then the egg cells were fused with the udder cells using a pulse of electricity . The fused cells developed like normal zygotes and became embryos . These embryos were then implanted into another sheep who ’ s role was to be the 4.4.13 Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans . There are many ethical issues involving therapeutic cloning in humans . Below is a table summarizing the arguments for and against therapeutic cloning in humans . Arguments for Arguments against Embryonic stem cells can be used for therapies that save lives and reduce pain for patients . Since a stem cell can divide and differentiate into any cell type , they can be used to replace tissues or organs required by patients . Every human embryo is a potential human being and should be given the chance of developing . Cells can be taken from embryos that have stopped developing and so these cells would have died anyway . More embryos are generally produced than are needed and so many are killed . Cells are taken at a stage when the embryos have no nerve cells and so they can not feel pain . There is a risk of embryonic stem cells developing into tumour cells . « Previous Next » | [
"Genetic engineering",
"biotechnology",
"polymerase chain reaction"
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http://ibguides.com/biology/notes/photosynthesis | Photosynthesis 3.8.1 State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy . Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy . 3.8.2 State that light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths ( colours ) . The light from the sun is composed of a range of wavelengths ( colours ) . 3.8.3 State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment . Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment . 3.8.4 Outline the differences in absorption of red , blue and green light by chlorophyll . Chlorophyll can absorb red and blue light more than green . Chlorophyll can not absorb green light and so instead reflects it making leaves look green . 3.8.5 State that light energy is used to produce ATP , and to split water molecules ( photolysis ) to form oxygen and hydrogen . Light energy is used to produced ATP and to split water molecules ( photolysis ) to form oxygen and hydrogen . 3.8.6 State that ATP and hydrogen ( derived from the photolysis of water ) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules . ATP and hydrogen derived from photolysis of water are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules . 3.8.7 Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide , or indirectly by an increase in biomass . Photosynthesis can be measured in many ways as it involves the production of oxygen , the uptake of carbon dioxide and an increase in biomass . For example , aquatic plants release oxygen bubbles during photosynthesis and so these can be collected and measured . The uptake of carbon dioxide is more difficult to measure so it is usually done indirectly . When carbon dioxide is absorbed from water the pH of the water rises and so this can be measured with pH indicators or pH meters . Finally , photosynthesis can be measured through an increase in biomass . 3.8.8 Outline the effects of temperature , light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis . As temperature increases , the rate of photosynthesis increases more and more steeply until the optimum temperature is reached . If temperature keeps increasing above the optimum temperature then photosynthesis starts to decrease very rapidly . As light intensity increases so does photosynthesis until a certain point . At a high light intensities photosynthesis reaches a plateau and so does not increase any more . At low and medium light intensity the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the light intensity . As the carbon dioxide concentration increases so does the rate of photosynthesis . There is no photosynthesis at very low levels of carbon dioxide and at high levels the rate reaches a plateau . « Previous Next » | [
"Photosynthesis"
] |
http://ibillpayonline.com/amerimark-bill-pay/ | AmeriMark Online Bill Pay Page Summary Pay by Phone Payment Resources Registrant Info FAQ Pay your bills at AmeriMark . com using the officially confirmed page . Payments are collected by mobile app or online as available from the service provider . The official AmeriMark bill pay login is available through a web browser or use the phone number on AmeriMark bill pay for quicker payments . Login to AmeriMark . com on the payment page for processing with a credit card or debit . eChecks may also be accepted at select locations . Bill pay for AmeriMark is faster on the web from a secure browser or mobile device at this sign - in : https : / / www . amerimark . com / view_account . html Page Summary : Beauty products , health related items , jewelry , women ’ s clothing , shoes , cosmetics , dresses , fragrances , and accessories . Contact information for users with problems making payments online for AmeriMark are listed below on this page if you need it . Pay by Phone Number : 1 - 877 - 268 - 9594 A lost password or login issue requires information from the resources payment section when bill pay for AmeriMark is not accessible . Any listings below can be used for support on AmeriMark . com online . Payment Resources : https : / / www . amerimark . com / edit_account . html https : / / www . amerimark . com / view_cart . html https : / / www . amerimark . com / orderstat . html Registrant : Registrant Name : Louis Giesler Registrant Organization : AmeriMark Direct LLC Registrant Street : 6864 Engle Rd . Registrant City : Cleveland Registrant State / Province : OH Registrant Postal Code : 44130 Registrant Country : US Registrant Phone : + 1.4403252000 Registrant Phone Ext . : Registrant Fax : Registrant Fax Ext . : Registrant Email : tealten @ amerimark . com HTTP Code GOOD : No problem with the web page http status . NOTICE : The web page http code is 200 OK status . Load Time GOOD : No problem with the web page load time . NOTICE : The web page load time is less than 2 seconds ( 1.82s ) . Page Size GOOD : No problem with the web page size . NOTICE : The size of the web page is 3308 bytes . Do not proceed until you have confirmed you are using the official AmeriMark . com payments page to make a AmeriMark bill pay transaction . You can confirm this by comparing the AmeriMark bill pay security image that appears below . Rate this AmeriMark . com feature of online paying for ease of access . One rating per AmeriMark user can use the rating for support reporting reasons . Frequently Asked Questions About AmeriMark Online Bill Pay Is online bill pay available for AmeriMark What ' s the login page for AmeriMark ? I need help logging in to my AmeriMark account . Where ' s the best place to get help ? Can I access my account or pay AmeriMark from my phone or tablet ? How do I contact AmeriMark if I have a question about my account or bill ? Can I pay AmeriMark with a debit card ? Can I pay AmeriMark with a credit card ? Is online bill pay available for AmeriMark Yes ! You can pay all of your AmeriMark bills online by visiting their bill pay website at https : / / amerimark . com , or calling the number listed above . What ' s the login page for AmeriMark ? You can login to the AmeriMark website at https : / / amerimark . com . I need help logging in to my AmeriMark account . Where ' s the best place to get help ? If you need help logging into the AmeriMark site , please contact their customer service at the phone number listed above . Can I access my account or pay AmeriMark from my phone or tablet ? Yes , you can access your AmeriMark account via any web browser , phone , tablet or desktop device . How do I contact AmeriMark if I have a question about my account or bill ? If you have a question about your AmeriMark bill , please contact their customer service department via their website at https : / / amerimark . com Can I pay AmeriMark with a debit card ? Due to constantly changing procedures and policies , please contact the AmeriMark customer service department to double check on your ability to pay with a debit card . Can I pay AmeriMark with a credit card ? Due to constantly changing procedures and policies , please contact the AmeriMark customer service department to double check on your ability to pay with a credit card . Date Modified - 03 / 10 / 2019 | [
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http://ibkb.interactivebrokers.com/node/911 | Tax : Dividends and Distributions : How do these dates apply to mutual fund distributions ? Investments made within a mutual fund pay dividends and earn capital gains . Mutual funds declare dividends and capital gain distributions at certain times during the year . Dividend distributions ( income distributions ) are generally paid quarterly , capital gains distributions once a year usually at year end . These distributions are taxable . Unlike dividends from individual securities which are taxed in the year dividends are paid , mutual fund distributions declared as payable to shareholders of record in October , November or December and paid in January of the following year are taxable to shareholders based on Refer to IRS Publication 564 , Mutual Fund Distributions , Publication 550 , Investment Income and Expenses , and consult your tax advisor for guidance in this area . In compliance with Treasury Department Circular 230 , unless stated to the contrary , any information contained in this FAQ was not intended or written to be used and can not be used for the purpose of avoiding tax penalties that may be imposed on any taxpayer . Tax Reporting | [
"mutual fund distributions"
] |
http://ibmmainframes.com/about57762.html | How to move null values to a field in cobol IBMMAINFRAMES . com Support Forums - > COBOL Programming IBM Manuals Quick References View previous topic : : : : View next topic Author Message dkalyan_c New User Joined : 06 Apr 2006 Posts : 17 Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 6 : 09 pm Post subject : How to move null values to a field in cobol Can some one tell me how to move null values to a field , which is defined as Nullable . I want to do this in a Cobol program Back to top Robert Sample Global Moderator Joined : 06 Jun 2008 Posts : 8436 Location : Dubuque , Iowa , USA Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 6 : 44 pm Post subject : Quote : Can some one tell me how to move null values to a field , which is defined as Nullable . This can not be done , period . There is no such thing as a " null value " on a mainframe ( nor on a PC nor any other device ) . And this question has absolutely nothing to do with COBOL - - it is a general statement . If you are referring to a DB2 ( or other database ) field that is defined to allow null values , that is handled in the data base by having an indicator variable . If the indicator variable is some specific value ( - 1 for example ) , then the data base field is considered to be NULL . However , note that neither the data base field nor the indicator variable actually have a " null value " in them - - the indicator variable has a value that by convention indicates the associated data base field is NULL while the actual data base field may have anything from X ' 00 ' to X ' FF ' ( in COBOL terms , anything from LOW - VALUES to HIGH - VALUES ) . Byut the data base field WILL have some value , since by definition every byte has a value and can not be " null value " . Back to top dkalyan_c New User Joined : 06 Apr 2006 Posts : 17 Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 7 : 05 pm Post subject : THANKS FOR THE RESPONSE . My question here is the field has a default value of NULL and later updated to ' 01 ' . So , currently the field has a value ' 01 ' and i want to update it back to NULL thru a cobol program . Is thr a way it can be done Nic Clouston Global Moderator Joined : 10 May 2007 Posts : 2160 Location : UK Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 7 : 22 pm Yes - update the null indicator variable and update the table . dbzTHEdinosauer Joined : 20 Oct 2006 Posts : 6970 Location : porcelain throne Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 7 : 24 pm it is friday and you obviously do not want to refer to the manual , but i am going to provide a link which you can read ( drop down towards the bottom a look at the syntax diagram and keywod explanations , paying particular attention to the assignment clause ) Robert Sample Joined : 06 Jun 2008 Posts : 8436 Location : Dubuque , Iowa , USA Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 7 : 28 pm You did not reply if you are using a data base or not . If you are using COBOL but not using a data base , then your statement Quote : the field has a default value of NULL is ABSOLUTELY , CATEGORICALLY WRONG ! That field has a value , period . Files and COBOL varaibles can not , under ANY circumstances , have NULL values in them . If you are using COBOL and using a data base , you need to find out from your data base documentation exactly how to set the value to NULL . For DB2 , for example , there would be a pair of variables for the field - - the indicator varible ( IIRC defined as PIC S9 ( 04 ) COMP for DB2 ) and the data base variable . You would set the indicator variable to the appropriate value ( - 1 IIRC for DB2 ) and update the data base . The fact that the indicator variable is set to a paritcular value that means NULL indicates the Phrzby Phil Active Member Joined : 31 Oct 2006 Posts : 980 Location : Richmond , Virginia Posted : Fri Mar 09 , 2012 8 : 12 pm And since it is Friday , that would explain why ( unbelievably ) no one has mentioned that if the user is talking about a database , he should say " column " instead of " field . " Time for the weekend for everyone ! enrico - sorichetti Senior Member Joined : 14 Mar 2007 Posts : 10584 Location : italy Posted : Sat Mar 10 , 2012 1 : 45 am Post subject : Reply to : how to move null values to a filed in cobol one of the reason for not remarking the field column whatsoever miswording is that we all are getting fed up of repeating over and over the same thing Phrzby Phil Active Member Joined : 31 Oct 2006 Posts : 980 Location : Richmond , Virginia Posted : Sat Mar 10 , 2012 10 : 18 am I have been wondering just when this correction would finally poop out . Looked like it would be aleph null . View previous topic View next topic IBMMAINFRAMES . com Support Forums - > COBOL Programming All times are GMT + 6 Hours Page 1 of 1 Search our Forum : Similar Topics Topic Author Forum Replies Posted Can we pass cobol pointer to cobol - db . . . rohanthengal DB2 4 Tue Mar 19 , 2019 1 : 04 pm Call DB2 user defined function from C . . . Ziko13 DB2 5 Thu Mar 14 , 2019 4 : 46 pm z / VM z / VSE Get CPU - time of a COBOL Ba . . . Andi1982 2 Mon Mar 11 , 2019 3 : 36 pm COBOL Table Question GAPX1 3 Thu Mar 07 , 2019 9 : 48 pm Display Signed ZD field socker_dad DFSORT / ICETOOL 11 Thu Feb 28 , 2019 1 : 17 am | [
"move null values",
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http://ibmsystemsmag.com/aix/administrator/systemsmanagement/power8-hardware-entitlement/ | AIX Administrator Systems Management POWER8 Hardware Entitlement Update Access Keys March 2015 by Charlie Cler POWER8 servers have a new hardware service entitlement component called update access keys Similar to server software entitlement which is used to verify access to newer versions of system software IBM has introduced the concept of hardware entitlement for system firmware updates All POWER8 servers must have a valid update access key present on a server before firmware updates can be applied This article will provide more details on the update access key including checking its expiration date and how theyre renewed Introduction to Update Access Keys Update access keys provide a hardware entitlement check for all POWER8 servers Each POWER8 server covered by an IBM warranty or hardware maintenance contract is entitled to an update access key The initial update access key is installed by IBM Manufacturing This key will have an expiration date which aligns with the hardware warranty period for the server If extended IBM maintenance services are purchased with the server or at a later date youll need to request and enter a new update access key prior to the end of the servers warranty period This extends the expiration date to coincide Checking the Access Key Expiration Date As part of the firmware update planning process you should verify that the server has a valid update access key You can use one of the following methods to check the update access keys expiration date ASMI When you connect to the ASMI the update access key expiration date will show in the upperright corner of the ASMI welcome page HMC Choose the server of interest and then select view system information On the next window choose None Display Current Values and click on OK AIX command prompt Enter the command lscfg vpl sysplanar0 The expiration date will be listed in the output Linux command prompt Enter the command lscfg p Note that you must have the following service toolsets installed librtas ppc64utils and lsvpd IBM i command Use the display firmware status command DSPFMWSTS from an IBM i command line A server is entitled to all firmware updates that are made available during the time period for which the server has a valid update access key If the update access key has expired you can still install these previously available firmware updates The firmware updates will continue to be available for download from a public IBM website even after an update access key has expired Prior to upgrading firmware you should also make use of the Fix Level Recommendation Tool FLRT FLRT will check the validity and provide recommendations for specific combinations of server model system firmware HMC code version OS level and attached disk subsystems Renewing Update Access Keys If a POWER8 servers hardware entitlement had been extended beyond the initial warranty period through an IBM Hardware Service contract the server is eligible to receive a new update access key with a lifespan of 180 days that can continue to be updated through the end of the service contract To renew the update access key go to the My Entitled Hardware website After logging into this site click on My entitled hardware in the lefthand column You will be presented with an option to View Download and Request update access keys Select this option and youll be prompted to enter the 4digit server type eg 9119 for E870E880 servers and its full 7digit serial number Click the add button If youve provided a valid server typeserial combination the update access key expiration date for this server will be displayed For newer servers this should correspond with the end of the warranty period If you select the checkbox next to the server you Delete Removes this server from your working set of servers for this session Shows the license key information for this server Download Downloads and opens an update access key file with an ASCI file browser Sends the update access key to your email address Request New Standard Key Requests a new key when your current key is nearing its expiration date When the Request New Standard Key option is selected the system will check to see if theres been a status change in hardware entitlement such as a hardware maintenance contract renewal If there has been a change and no update access key has been created based on this change a new key will be generated When you receive a new update access key you can use the HMCs Enter CoD Code panel to add it to the server A new access update key wont be created if there hasnt been a change in the ending date for hardware entitlement Firmware Maintenance Strategy Refresher The POWER8 flexible service processor FSP continues with the familiar flash memory design that has two sides Permanent Pside and temporary Tside A generally accepted best practice for managing system firmware is to keep an N1 version of the firmware on the Pside and always boot the server from the Tside which has the N or current version of firmware When youre ready to update the system firmware its recommended that you copy the Tside to the Pside so that you have a safe copy of known working firmware stored on the Pside Proceed to install the new firmware version Add Update Access Key Verification to Your Checklist As you plan for POWER8 system firmware updates be sure to include a check of the update access key expiration date This is also a simple way to verify that you have IBM hardware warranty or IBM maintenance service active for your POWER8 servers Charlie Cler supports customers in a solutionsarchitect role at Forsythe Technology Inc He can be reached at cclerforsythecom More Articles From Charlie Cler Like what you just read To receive technical tips and articles directly in your inbox twice per month for the EXTRA enewsletter here Sorry the browser you are using is not currently supported Disqus actively supports the following browsers Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 Safari arl 3 years ago to see from lpar lscfg vpl sysplanar0 grep i date Microcode Build Date20141219 20140610 20141219 Update Access Key Exp Date20171103 Dale King 3 years ago Really dissapointed IBM are locking up hardware like this Think in 5 years when all this hardware is EOL it will kill the second hand market and make it hard for enthusiast hobbyists to run the kit reliably Thanks again for contributing to eWaste and planned obsolescence IBM techietubby 3 years ago Dale I could not agree more This looks more and more like IBM are determined to completely destroy their server business It does not take a genius to see why Linux is so popular because its open and why IBMs customers are now leaving in droves I do work for two of the biggest banks in Europe and both are currently converting to Linux on Intel and they are not alone Tim Alten 3 years ago How do you update the key if you are not using a HMC Advertisement Advertisement 2018 Solutions Edition A Comprehensive Online Buyers Guide to Solutions Services and Education | [
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http://ibmsystemsmag.com/blogs/i-can/archive/ibm-i-job-structures/ | By Dawn May Prestart Server Jobs and Exit Programs April 2 , 2019 TE ’ s Pick ' n ' Mix Client Edition March 25 , 2019 IBM i Job Accounting and Prestart Server Jobs March 7 , 2019 QSQSRVR Job Considerations February 20 , 2019 Client Special Registers are Special February 12 , 2019 Links IBM i Knowledge Center IBM i developerWorks IBM i IBM i Resources Performance Management on IBM i Upgrade Planning and Future Software Support COMMON Blog of Blogs Previous Post | Next Post | See All Posts IBM i Job Structures January 11 , 2011 Last week , I wrote about detaching spooled files . As I was writing that article , I started to describe the IBM i job structures . It became apparent that there was too much information for that one blog , so this week I ' ll review IBM i job structures . There is little formal documentation on job structures . You can find bits and pieces in the Information Center if you look at the documentation for the Display Job Table ( DSPJOBTBL ) command or the Create Job Structures API . The Display Job Table online command help ( ' green screen ' help ) probably has the most information regarding job structures . Every job on the system has three main pieces that I generally refer to as “ job structures ” : an entry for the job in the job table permanent job structures temporary job structures The “ job table ” is also called the “ work control block table ” and is the primary data structure used to keep track of all jobs in the system . Jobs on job queues , active jobs and ended jobs with spooled output all consume an entry in the job table . The job table is of limited size and can hold approximately 485,000 entries ; thus the upper limit on the Maximum Number of Jobs ( QMAXJOB ) system value . It ' s not a good idea to run near the maximum number of jobs , as I described last week . The system job table should be kept to a reasonable size , and if you generally have a consistent number of jobs , the system will automatically do this for you . The system has a built - in notification mechanism for when the job table is nearing its maximum capacity , as configured by the QMAXJOB system value . By default , the system will send the CPI1468 message ( “ System job tables nearing capacity ” ) to the QSYSOPR message queue ( and to the QSYSMSG message queue if it exists ) when the job tables are 90 percent full . IBM has provided the capability to customize the percentage at which this message is sent . PTFs for 5.4 ( SI29585 ) and 6.1 ( SI30171 ) provide this support ( no PTFs are needed for 7.1 as this support is part of the operating system ) . You create a data area named QMAXJOBPCT in QSYS to control the percentage at which you want the warning message to be sent . See the PTF cover letters or the redpaper referenced at the end of this blog for the detailed instructions . If you have a ' run - away ' job situation occur where you have many more jobs than is typical , you may want to consider compressing the job table . This is an action that is done at IPL and can be long - running . You should only do this when necessary . The system IPL attribute of Compress Job Tables controls this ; the default value is * NONE and is recommended . If you have a need to compress the job tables , use the value of * NEXT . The Rochester Support Center has Slow IPLs and Job Table Compression Job Table Capacity The permanent job structures are as the name implies - - permanent and survive IPLs . These job structures are what allow ended jobs with output to remain on the system until the output is deleted or detached from the job . The permanent job structures consist of three main pieces : the spool control block the job message queue ( for job log messages ) the local data area The temporary job structures are temporary , do not survive IPLs and are only associated with a job when it is active . There are many parts to the temporary job structures and they include such things as : the process control space the qtemp library for the job the job performance data space for performance data … and several other structures The permanent and temporary job structures are created ahead of time and managed by the system . They are recycled for reuse ; that is , once a job ends , the temporary job structures can be used by another job . Once the job has left the system ( ended and no spooled files associated with it ) , the permanent job structures can be used by another job . The Total Jobs ( QTOTJOB ) and Active Jobs ( QACTJOB ) system values define the initial values for the total permanent and temporary job structures . The Additional Total Jobs ( QADLTOTJ ) and Additional Active Jobs ( QADLACTJ ) system values define how many additional permanent and temporary job structures are created when necessary . As I wrote last week , ended jobs with spooled output continue to use a job table entry and the permanent job structures for that job . Detaching spooled files can free up those structures for use by other jobs and reduce the number of jobs on the system . Jobs can also have their job logs in an pending state ( job log pending ) . I have n ' t yet written about job log pending , but jobs with pending job logs also consume an entry in the job table entry and a permanent job structure . Good job log management can reduce the number of jobs on the system and I will write more in the future about job log management . The redpaper “ Best Practices for Managing IBM i Jobs and Output ” has more information on this topic along with recommendations for setting the system values to control job structure management by the system , considerations for job table compression , more information on the job table warning PTFs , as well as suggestions for reducing the number of jobs on the system . This redpaper is one I consider a “ must read ” for all IBM i administrators . Posted January 11 , 2011 | Permalink Post a Comment Note : Comments are moderated and will not appear until approved | [
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http://ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/business-strategy/roi/energy_estimating/ | MAINFRAME > Business Strategy > ROI Calculating TCO for Energy Realistically estimate electric use and cost to compare servers December 2011 | by Scott Barielle Print Power Sources IT organizations and the consultants and salespeople who serve them often generate business cases to project costs of alternatives . Though commonly termed total cost of ownership ( TCO ) , these analyses involve variable costs of IT infrastructure . A trend of the exhaustion of data - center electrical capacity has raised the importance of electrical consumption and costs . In this article , you ’ ll learn how to estimate server electric consumption and calculate the resulting operating expenses for business cases . Server Electric Values The first information needed is the amount of electricity each server consumes . This might not seem straightforward . A 70 - watt ( 70 W ) light bulb consumes 70 W when on . A 1725 W - rated server does n ’ t consume 1725 W , though . Even for the same brand and model , different configurations consume different amounts of electricity . This value is the nameplate rating . The 1725 W example is used by the system central electronic complex enclosures of many Power Systems * servers . Unlike a light bulb ’ s value , the nameplate rating does n ’ t state the server ’ s electrical consumption . It states the power supplies ’ capacity . Calculating electrical use or cost by the nameplate rating results in significant overestimation . Finding Typical Power Values What should be used to calculate server electric use and costs ? Use typical power , the estimate of a server model / configuration ’ s average electric use . Because modern servers often have large variations in configurations , published typical power values are rare . To get reasonable estimates of typical power for servers built since about 2005 , use the vendor ’ s power calculators . Different brands often have separate power estimation ( see “ Power Sources ” ) . For servers built before 2005 ( e.g. , eServer * pSeries * and RS / 6000 * platforms ) , find the site planning documentation . A copy of the Site and Hardware Planning Information , document SA38 - 0508 - 12 , is available at http : / / bit . ly / o5h5Hn ( link not active ) . Many of the models listed have typical power values . Site - planning documentation is the authoritative source for electric and space information for all vendors , brands and models . Always use site or installation documents to get values when a calculator is n ’ t available . Many older x86 servers will have electrical information in either an installation guide or user guide . Avoid brochures , datasheets and at - a - glance type marketing materials . Estimating Typical Power If the vendor does n ’ t have a calculator and the site - planning information does n ’ t list typical power , estimate based on either the category or derivation based on the nameplate rating . Categorically , commodity x86 servers can be estimated reasonably . Average typical power consumption for servers ranges in the following categories : 1U rackmount x86 : 300 W - 350 W 2U rackmount , 2 socket x86 : 350 W - 400 W 4U rackmount , 4 socket x86 : average 600 W , heavy configurations 1000 W Blades : average chassis uses 4500 W ; divide by number of blades per chassis ( IBM BladeCenter * H is 14 per chassis , so 320 per blade server ) To estimate within these ranges , consider that electrical consumption increases with higher clock - speed CPUs , larger numbers of memory cards such as DIMMs and physical disks , and with greater processor utilization . Servers that do n ’ t fall into one of the listed categories can have typical power estimated by multiplying the nameplate rating by 70 percent . This estimation is reasonable only for a large population of servers , such as a whole data center . It ’ s not accurate with any granularity , and certainly not at the single - server level . If the example server is unplugged and its workload deployed elsewhere , $ 333 per year in electrical expense will be saved . Next Page > > 1 2 3 Tweet Scott Barielle is a consultant with IBM STG Lab Services and specializes in IT energy efficiency , optimization and finance . More Articles From Scott Barielle | [
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http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=2a87fa28f20f1e66b5f663e76873fd8c&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3401802046&userGroupName=lnoca_hawken&jsid=f44511ddfece4faafab082109e34a539 | Smaller Larger Indian Reservations Dictionary of American History 3 rd ed . 2003 . Lexile Measure : 820L . COPYRIGHT 2003 Charles Scribner ' s Sons , COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale , COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale , Cengage Learning From U.S. History In Context Listen Full Text : INDIAN RESERVATIONS INDIAN RESERVATIONS . Reservations have been a fundamental aspect of Native American existence for more than two centuries . For some , reservations are a living reminder of Euro - American colonialism and nation building exacted against indigenous people . Others insist that reservations today are the last remaining stronghold of sovereignty and cultural traditions , a reservoir that insures the perpetuation of Native American survival . While the competing European colonial powers evolved political and legal mechanisms to deal with questions of Native American land title , the United States essentially followed the British model . The core principle was that Native American societies possessed a natural right to the soil as its original occupants . Thus , indigenous lands must be acquired by purchase , primarily negotiated through treaties and agreements . In addition to the treaties , the United States government used the concept of discovery , the rite of conquest , and military force to incorporate indigenous lands into the national fold . In both the colonial period and the years that followed the American Revolution , reservations were an outgrowth of government land acquisition . Before the Revolution , various colonies created reservations that were subsequently recognized by legislatures as Indian reserves . The Second Continental Congress in 1775 established an Indian Department to deal with Indian affairs . After independence , the United States adopted a national policy of Indian administration by Constitutional mandate . The Constitution granted Congress plenary powers over Indian affairs in trade , treaties , warfare , welfare , and the right to take Indian lands for public purposes . After 1778 , Congress established federal Indian reservations by federal treaty or statute , conferring to the occupying tribe ( s ) recognized title over lands and the resources within their boundaries . Despite government promises of protection in exchange for land cessions , Secretary of War Henry Knox in 1789 lamented , " that all the Indian tribes once existing in those States , now the best cultivated and most populous , have become extinct … in a short period , the idea of an Indian on this side of the Mississippi will only be found in the page Indian Removal , 1816 – 1846 After the War of 1812 , increasing conflicts between Native Americans and expanding Euro - American settlements demanded a solution . In 1830 , Congress acted to create a policy of removal that would relocate Native Americans to " reserved lands " west of the Mississippi . President Andrew Jackson was the principal advocate of this policy , declaring in 1830 that " Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country , … but its progress has never for a moment been arrested , and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the Between 1828 and 1838 , more than 80,000 Native Americans , particularly from the Southeast and the Old Northwest , were removed west of the Mississippi River . After relocation , the U.S. government acquired 15,355,767 acres of Indian lands for its citizens . Tribes suffered population losses when they were forced west and many tribal governments were weakened and disrupted as they attempted to create new governments on their western territories . The removal of Native American societies continued until 1877 , although most relocations occurred before 1846 . Reservation Period , 1851 – 1880 While the removal created temporary space between " American civilization " and Indian Territory , that space quickly disappeared . As Euro - America pushed beyond the Mississippi river , policy makers had to devise new ways of alienating indigenous societies from their lands . To accomplish this task , on 3 March 1849 Congress created the Department of the Interior to manage public land , Indian land , and Indian affairs . The Indian Office moved quickly to address the " Indian problem . " Under pressure from an expanding American population and American industry ' s demand for In the years following the publication of the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) , the desire to " domesticate " and " incorporate " Indians into American society was driven by the application of Darwinian evolutionary principles to the development of social life . Native Americans , like all non - Europeans , were believed to be intellectually , emotionally , and culturally inferior , but social evolution predicted that it might be possible to push Native Americans along the societal hierarchy toward civilization if they were forced to adopt Euro - American ways of life . For the remainder of the nineteenth century , this reasoning encouraged further acquisition Although treaties were the primary mechanism for creating reservations , Congress suspended formal treaty making in 1871 . Thereafter , federal reservations would be established by executive order , congressional act , or any legal combination recognized by the federal government . Before the turn of the century , 56 of 162 federal reservations were established by executive order . After 1919 , however , only an act of Congress could establish reservations . Forced Assimilation , 1880 – 1934 The rationale behind the twentieth - century reservation system was two fold : Native American resources could be further exploited with a minimum of cost and effort and , the controlled environment of the reservation would provide for a laboratory in social engineering . The reservation was conceived as a refuge for a declining race that could be elevated from their inferior status by assimilation . The Indian Office promoted these objectives by breaking up the " habits of savage life " by instilling " civilized " values through forced education , by insisting on agricultural labor , and by The principal legal instrument for these new policies was the General Allotment Act , passed in 1887 . After the law ' s passage , more than one hundred reservations saw their lands fragmented into individual tracts of 160 acres or less . In 1906 , the Burke Act granted local Indian Office officials the power to transfer land from trust status to fee patent status through application . The act expedited the transfer of Indian lands into Anglo hands . Over the next fifty years , the U.S. government was able to divest Native Americans of about 90 million acres . Indian lands decreased from 136 million acres in 1887 to about 48 million acres in 1934 , when Despite oppressive government policies and actions , Native Americans were not passive victims of this new authoritarian reservation system . Native Americans continued to practice their cultural traditions and invent new ones . The Ghost Dance and the Native American Church stand as examples of Native American cultural persistence during this bleak period . In addition , the boarding school experience brought together young from various tribes who laid the seeds for the emergence of a pan - ethnic identity that cut across tribal lines . Some tribes also resisted government policies in court or before Congress . Federal officials pressed their assimilationist agenda through the first decades of the twentieth century . The 1910 Omnibus Act , for example , though designed to solve heirship problems , authorized the Secretary of Interior to lease Indian lands , whether allotted or unallotted , and sell Indian resources . Between 1916 and 1920 , Commissioner Cato Sells encouraged Indian Office personnel to force fee patent status of trust land of all competent Indians . By the 1920s , most tribes had lost the ability to control their resources and were in danger of losing valuable reservation resources . As the federal government was dismantling Native American lands and societies , it also pressed them to volunteer for military service and to become U.S. citizens . After World War I , Indian veterans were granted U.S. citizenship under the Act of 1919 . Five years later , all American Indians would be granted citizenship after the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act . Both pieces of legislation were intended to undermine Indian ties to their tribes . Tribal Reorganization , 1928 – 1945 By the mid - 1920s Native American leaders , sympathetic Indian rights organizations , and even some federal officials began to question the effectiveness of forced assimilation policies . In 1928 , the Meriam Report , a nationwide study sponsored by the Indian Office , found that federal legislation injured American Indian progress . The report also noted that reservation life was plagued by endemic poverty , ill health , poor education , and social and economic dependency . The failures of allotment , forced assimilation , and deplorable living conditions on reservations outlined in the Meriam Report led to Waiting for Rations . This 1890 photograph by George Trager shows Indians confined to the Pine Ridge Reservation , S.D. , where they depended on meager U.S. government rations ; starvation and resentment of white corruption led to the Sioux breakout that year , ending in the massacre at nearby Wounded Knee . NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION American cultural traditions and practices , and authorized a political mechanism for strengthening self - government for federally recognized tribes . Two years later , the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936 restored tribal governments ( but did not reestablish reservations ) to Oklahoma tribes . Alaskan Natives achieved similar reforms under the 1936 Alaskan Native Reorganization Act . One hundred and seventy - four tribes , bands , and communities incorporated themselves by this legal mechanism . While such legislative acts held the potential for economic and social development , the most important portion of the act suspended allotment Termination , 1945 – 1961 Many policies strengthening Native American reservation societies were reversed following World War II . In addition to general hostility to all New Deal reforms , there was a growing belief among federal officials that the Bureau of Indian Affairs had outlived its purpose because it actually kept Indians from assimilating into American society . To " get out of the Indian business , " Congress passed the Indian Land Commission Claims Act of 1946 , a measure designed to settle outstanding legal claims as a prelude to severing the government ' s ties to tribal nations . The desire to withdraw federal trusteeship for federally recognized tribes also led to a series of legislative acts that undermined reservation life . House Concurrent Resolution 108 , adopted in 1953 , declared Congress ' s intent to make the Indians subject to the same laws and entitled them to the same privileges and responsibilities as are During the 1950s and 1960s , Congress acted to abolish ( or " terminate " ) about 120 reservations . These included the Alabama - Coushatta of Texas , several California rancherias and reservation tribes , the Klamaths and the scattered tribes of Oregon , the Menominees of Wisconsin , and three Oklahoma tribes . For those terminated tribes the impact of the policy was devastating . Although Congress did not officially reverse its termination policy until 1973 , the program effectively ended in the early 1960s . Commissioner of Indian Affairs Phileo Nash , an anthropologist , introduced new programs to strengthen reservation political and economic development by building an economic infrastructure , promoting education , and on - the - job - training programs . By 1965 , approximately fifty - six industrial plants were located on or near reservations . Self - Determination , 1961 through the Early Twenty - first Century From 1961 through the early 2000s , Native American political and legislative policies moved toward the general principle of self - determination on Indian reservations . Native American reaction against termination , combined with a growing sense of an indigenous pan - ethnic consciousness led to a reassertion of treaty rights among a number of tribes . Reservation - based tribes demanded greater authority over their affairs and urban Indians began to form organizations to bring attention to indigenous issues , including the need for strong reservation governments . The most successful urban protest group was the American Indian Movement At the federal level , Lyndon B . Johnson ' s administration developed the War on Poverty to improve conditions in neglected areas of the country . Several tribes used these programs to take control of their own social welfare programs and to strengthen the administrative structure of their governments . The Bureau of Indian Affairs routinely opposed these efforts . On the legislative front , congressional leaders grew increasingly sympathetic to tribal rights and reservation governments . The termination policy was officially renounced and several previously terminated tribes ( most prominently the Menominees and Klamaths ) were returned to tribal status . In 1975 , Congress passed the Indian Self - Determination and Education Assistance Act , which established the principle that reservation governments could administer their own education and social service programs . While resisted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs , this new law opened the possibility that tribes could function as autonomous governments within the boundaries of Other pieces of legislation were passed to address social and cultural issues . In 1978 , Congress passed the American Indian Religious Freedom Act with the intent to provide constitutional protection of indigenous religious freedom under the First Amendment . That same year , the Indian Child Welfare Act ended the practice of placing Indian children in non - Indian households and gave tribal courts a prominent role in adoption proceedings involving tribal members . While reservation policies changed little in the 1980s , Congress approved two important pieces of legislation . The 1982 Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act that permitted tribal governments to issue tax - exempt revenue bonds and the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act permitted gaming on reservations . During the Clinton Administration the government - to - government relations between reservations and the United States was affirmed . President Clinton acknowledged that reservation communities were still plagued by poverty , poor health care , and unemployment , but he outlined a program for improvement that included greater tribal control over education , health care , and economic policy . Despite these declarations , throughout the 1990s , political attacks against Native American tribal sovereignty on reservations increased . Efforts were made to weaken the Indian Child Welfare Act and the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act . Amendments were made It was discovered that billions of dollars held in trust by the federal government had been grossly misused and mismanaged . Many reservations and culturally sensitive sites off reservation were being targeted again for natural resource development . The federal government ' s relationship with tribes wavered between respect for tribal sovereignty and rights and attempts to extinguish tribal existence . The administration of George W . Bush was in the process of " downsizing " in order to meet balanced budget promises . Despite these attacks , reservation communities continued to persist into the twenty - first century . The Reservation Situation in the Early Twenty - first Century Census data since the 1960s reveals that the Native American population is growing at a tremendous rate . According to the 2000 census , there are 2,475,956 Native Americans in the United States , but only a portion of those individuals are citizens in one of the 510 federally recognized Native American tribes . Of that number , 437,079 American Indians , 182 Eskimos , and 97 Aleuts resided on 314 reservations and trust lands . About 50 percent of the 437,358 American Indians , Eskimos , and Aleuts reside on the ten largest reservations and trust lands . A total of 56.2 million acres of land are held in trust by the United States for various tribes and individuals . About 82 percent of trust lands are owned by tribes , with 140 reservations entirely owned by tribes ; approximately 17 percent are held by individuals ; and less than one percent is held by the federal government . The largest reservation is the sixteen - million - acre Navajo reservation . It is home to about 269,202 Navajos . The Navajo reservation is unique in that since its establishment in 1868 , it has progressively grown in The number of Native Americans living on reservations and trust lands vary substantially . According to the 2000 census , only ten reservations had a resident population of more than 7,000 . These were the Navajo , Fort Apache , Gila River , Papago , Rosebud , San Carlos , Zuni Pueblo , Hopi , and Blackfeet reservations . Most had fewer than 1,000 residents . Since most reservation and trust lands are in the West , more than one - half of American Indians reside in Oklahoma , California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Washington . Indian reservations in the early 2000s , despite progress in health care and socio - economic development , remained a contradiction across the U.S. landscape . As reservation tribes struggled toward greater sovereignty and self - determination , they had to contend with numerous issues on a number of fronts . Many reservation communities struggled with a fragmented land base because of allotment , a growing hostility from non - Indian residents living on or near reservations , the need for greater economic self - sufficiency , and the task of building stronger cultural identities . Despite these challenges , BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkhofer , Robert F . , Jr . The White Man ' s Indian : Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present . New York : Knopf , 1978 . Bureau of the Census . We the … First Americans . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Commerce , 1993 . Bureau of the Census . " American Indian Reservation Households Crowded in 1990 . " Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Commerce , 1995 . Champagne , Duane , ed . Chronology of Native North American History : From Pre - Columbian Times to the Present . Detroit : Gale Research , 1994 . Debo , Angie . The Road to Disappearance : A History of the Creek Indians . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1941 . Dippie , Brian W . The Vanishing American : White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy . Middletown , Conn . : Wesleyan University Press , 1982 . Drinnon , Richard . Facing West : The Metaphysics of Indian - Hating and Empire Building . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1980 . Foreman , Grant . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1953 . Green , Michael D . The Politics of Indian Removal : Creek Government and Society in Crisis . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1982 . Haller , John S . , Jr . Outcasts from Evolution : Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority , 1859 – 1900 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press , 1995 . Hoxie , Fredrick . A Final Promise : The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians , 1880 – 1920 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . Jorgensen , Joseph B . " A Century of Political Economic Effects on American Indian Society , 1880 1980 . " The Journal of Ethnic Studies 6 , no . 3 ( 1978 ) : 1 74 . Marino , Cesare . " Reservations . " In Native America in the Twentieth Century . Edited by Mary B . Davis . New York : Garland , 1994 . 544 557 . Meredith , Howard . A Short History of the Native Americans in the United States . Malabar , Fla . : Kreiger , 2001 . Passel , Jeffery S . , and Patricia A . Berman . " Quality of 1980 Census Data for American Indians . " Social Biology 33 , nos . 3 – 4 ( 1986 ) : 163 182 . Pearce , Roy H . Savagism and Civilization : A Study of the Indian and the American Mind . Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press , 1965 . Rosenstiel , Annette . Red and White : Indian Views of the White Man , 1492 – 1982 . New York : Universe Books , 1983 . Stuart , Paul . The Indian Office : Growth and Development of an American Institution , 1865 – 1900 . Ann Arbor , Mich . : UMI Research Press , 1979 . Thornton , Russell . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History since 1492 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1987 . Trigger , Bruce G . A History of Archaeological Thought . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . Ubelaker , Douglas H . " Patterns of Demographic Change in the Americas . " Human Biology 64 , no . 3 ( June 1992 ) : 361 379 . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Indian Affairs . American Indians Today : Answers to Your Questions . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of the Interior , 1991 . Wissler , Clark . " The Rebirth of the ' Vanishing American . ' " Natural History 34 , no . 5 ( 1934 ) : 415 430 . Gregory Campbell See also Bureau of Indian Affairs Dawes General Allotment Act Indian Policy , Colonial Indian Policy , U.S . Indian Political Life Indian Removal Indian Reorganization Act Indian Self - Determination and Education Assistance Act Indian Territory Removal Act of 1830 Westward Migration Source Citation ( MLA 8 th Edition ) Campbell , Gregory . " Indian Reservations . " Dictionary of American History , edited by Stanley I . Kutler , 3rd ed . , vol . 4 , Charles Scribner ' s Sons , 2003 , pp . 297 - 302 . U.S. History in Context http : / / link . galegroup . com / apps / doc / CX3401802046 / UHIC ? u = lnoca_hawken&sid = UHIC&xid = 8235c410 . Accessed 27 Mar . 2019 . Gale Document Number : GALE | CX3401802046 | [
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http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=94380188dbc3fe3e3aa174acae02765d&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3425000972&userGroupName=mari95571&jsid=7864e7af21671180a65f7a5c8727717e | Smaller Larger First Amendment Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 2 nd ed . 2000 . Lexile Measure : 1480L . COPYRIGHT 2000 Macmillan Reference USA , COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale , COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale , Cengage Learning Listen Full Text : FIRST AMENDMENT The First Amendment today protects the overlapping realms of the spirit — of belief , emotion , and reason — and of political activity against intrusion by government . The amendment directly forbids federal violation of the individual ' s RELIGIOUS LIBERTY , freedom of expression , FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY , and associated political liberties . The amendment indirectly forbids state violation because it is held to be incorporated into the FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT ' S restrictions upon the powers of the states . The body of law presently defining First Amendment liberties has been shaped not so much by the words or intent of the original sponsors as by the actors and events of much later history . The story is one of the continual expansion of individual freedom of expression , of the FREEDOM OF THE PRESS , and , until 1980 , of widening SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE The CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1787 saw no need to include guarantees of religious liberty , FREEDOM OF SPEECH , or other human rights . Most of the Framers believed in some such rights but supposed that the powers proposed for the new federal government were so severely limited by specific enumeration as to leave scant opportunity for either Congress or President to threaten individual liberty . The threats would come from state law and state governments . For protection against these , the Framers looked to the constitutions of the individual states . In the struggle for RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION , however , those who feared abuse of federal power exacted an undertaking that if the proposed Constitution were ratified by the states , the first Congress would be asked to propose amendments constituting a BILL OF RIGHTS . The First Amendment is thus the first and most far - reaching of the ten articles of amendment submitted by JAMES MADISON , proposed by Congress , and ratified by three - quarters of the states in 1791 solely as restrictions upon the new federal government , the powers of which were already severely limited . The assumption that the amendment would have only a narrow function made it possible to ignore fundamental differences that would produce deep divisions more than a century later , after the amendment had been extended to the several states . The colonists held a variety of religious beliefs , though nearly all were Christian and a majority were Protestant . Whatever the limits of their tolerance back home in their respective states where one church was often dominant , they had reason to understand that the coherence of the federal union could be fixed only if the new federal government federal ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION shoulder to shoulder with the deist THOMAS JEFFERSON and other eighteenth - century rationalists who opposed any link between church and state . Similarly , in applying ROGER WILLIAMS ' S vision of " the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world , " there was originally no need to choose between his concept of protection for the church against the encroachments of worldly society and Jefferson ' s concept of protection for the state against the encroachments of religion . The conditions and political assumptions of 1791 also made it easy to guarantee " the freedom of speech or of the press " without accepting or rejecting the Blackstonian view that these guarantees bar only licensing and other previous restraints upon publication , leaving the government free to punish SEDITIOUS LIBELS and like unlawful utterances . Because the original amendment left the states unhampered in making and applying the general body of civil and criminal law , except as the people of each state might put restrictions into its own constitution , there was no need to consider how the First Amendment would affect the law of LIBEL and slander , the power of the judges to punish CONTEMPT of court , or the operation of laws punishing words and demonstrations carrying a threat to the public peace , order , or morality . Such questions could and would arise only after the First Amendment was extended to the states . The fulcrum for extending the First Amendment to the states was set in place in 1868 by the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment , which provides in part : " … nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW . " The effects of the new amendment upon religious and political liberty and upon freedom of expression were slow to develop . As late as 1922 the Court declared in Prudential Insurance Co . v . Cheek that " neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor any other provision of the Constitution of the United States imposes upon the States any restrictions about " freedom of speech . " Within another decade , however , the First Amendment ' s guarantee of freedom of expression had been incorporated into the Fourteenth by judicial interpretation . INCORPORATION of the other clauses , including the prohibition against laws " respecting an establishment of religion , " followed somewhat later . Today the First Amendment restricts both state and federal governments to the same extent and in the same fashion . Yet the historic sequence is important . Many questions of First Amendment law can not be resolved truly in terms of the original intention because the questions could not arise while the original assumption held . Resolution of the issues was thus postponed until the middle decades of the twentieth century , an era in which liberalism , secularism , and individualism dominated American jurisprudence . Disparate strains of thought were merged even in the writing of the First Amendment . Subsequent events , including current controversies , have poured new meaning into the words , yet the juxtaposition of the key phrases still tells a good deal about the chief strains in the philosophy underpinning and binding together guarantees of several particular rights . The Framers put first the prohibition against any law " respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . " The sequence attests the primacy ascribed to religion . The colonists belonged to diverse churches . Many had fled to the New World to escape religious oppression . Rigid though some might be in their own orthodoxy , probably a majority rejected the imposition of belief or the use of government to stamp out heresy . Certainly , they rejected use of federal power . It was natural for the authors of the amendment to link " the freedom of speech , or of the press " with freedom of religious belief and worship . The one church was breaking up in late sixteenth - and seventeenth - century Britain . New faiths were emerging based upon individual study of the Holy Word . The man or woman who has discovered the road to salvation has a need , even feels a duty , to bring the gospel to others . Liberty of expression benefits more than the speaker . Suppression would deny the opportunity LISTENERS RIGHTS . ) Concern for a broader spiritual liberty expanded from the religious core . The thinking man or woman , the man or woman of feeling , the novelist , the poet or dramatist , and the artist , like the evangelist , can experience no greater affront to his or her humanity than denial of freedom of expression . The hearer and reader suffer violation of their spiritual liberty if they are denied access to the ideas of others . The denial thwarts the development of the human potential , the power and responsibility of choice . Although concerned chiefly with JOHN MILTON stated the broader concern in Areopagitica ( 1644 ) , the single most influential plea , known to the Framers , for unlicensed access to the printing press . The Enlightenment gave the argument a broader , more rationalistic flavor . Thomas Jefferson and other children of the Enlightenment believed above all else in the power of reason , in the search for truth , in progress , and in the ultimate perfectibility of man . Freedom of inquiry and liberty of expression were deemed essential to the discovery and spread of truth , for only by the endless testing of debate could error be exposed , truth emerge , and men enjoy the opportunities for human progress . After JOHN STUART MILL one should perhaps speak only of the ability to progress toward truth , and of the value of the process of searching . The compleat liberal posits that he has not reached , and probably can never reach , the ultimate truth . He hopes by constant search — by constant open debate , by trial and error — to do a little better . Meanwhile he supposes that the process of searching has inestimable value because the lessons of the search — the readiness to learn , the striving to understand the minds and hearts and needs of other men , the effort to weigh their interests with his own — exemplify It was not chance that America ' s most eloquent spokesman for freedom of speech , OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES , was also a profound skeptic . Dissenting in ABRAMS V . UNITED STATES ( 1919 ) , he wrote : When men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths , they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas — that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market , and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried out . That at any rate is the theory of our Constitution . On the far side of the First Amendment ' s guarantee of freedom of speech and of the press one finds the political rights " peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . " ( See FREEDOM OF PETITION FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION . ) The juxtaposition recalls that freedom of speech and of the press have a political as well as a spiritual foundation ; and that the First Amendment protects political activity as part of and in addition to the world of the spirit . American thought , especially in Supreme Court opinions , puts the greater emphasis on the political function of free expression . In Garrison v . Louisiana ( 1964 ) , for example , the Court explained that " speech is more than self - expression ; it is the essence of self - government . " ALEXANDER MEIKLE - JOHN , perhaps the foremost American philosopher of freedom of expression , argued that whereas other constitutional guarantees are restrictions protecting the citizens against abuse of the powers delegated to government , the guarantees of freedom of speech and of the press hold an absolute , preferred position because they are measures adopted by the people as the ultimate rulers in order to retain control over the government , the people ' s legislative and executive agents . James Madison , the author of the First Amendment , expressed a similar thought in a speech in 1794 . " If we Despite the eloquence of Justice Holmes , most of us reject the notion that the ability of an idea to get itself accepted in free competition is the best test of its truth . Some propositions seem true or false beyond rational debate . Some false and harmful , political and religious doctrines gain wide public acceptance . Adolf Hitler ' s brutal theory of a " master race " is sufficient example . We tolerate such foolish and sometimes dangerous appeals not because they may prove true but because freedom of speech is indivisible . The liberty can not Constitutional law has been remarkably faithful to this philosophy in dealing with both religious and political ideas . In the prosecution of the leader of a strange religious cult for obtaining money by false pretenses , as in UNITED STATES V . BALLARD ( 1963 ) , the truth or falsity of the leader ' s claims of miraculous religious experiences is legally irrelevant ; conviction depends upon proof that the defendant did not believe his own pretenses . Similarly , although distaste for political ideology may have influenced some of the decisions in the 1920s affirming the convictions of anarchists and communists for advocacy of the overthrow of the government by force and violence , the social , political , or religious activists seeking changes that frighten or annoy all " right - minded " people receive wide protection in their resort SITINS , PICKETING , marches , mass demonstrations , coarse expletives , affronts to personal and public sensibilities , and other unorthodox vehicles that are so often their most effective means of expression . Such methods of expression may prejudice opposing public and private interests because of the time , place , or manner of communication , regardless of the content of the message ; therefore , the amendment allows regulation of particular forms of expression , or of expression at a particular time or place , regardless of content , provided that the restriction protects important interests that can not be secured Distrust of official evaluation of the worth of ideas may also lie behind the decisions barring regulation of political debate in the interest of " fairness " or equality of opportunity . In BUCKLEY V . VALEO ( 1976 ) , holding that the freedom of speech clause bars laws restricting the dollars that may be spent in a political campaign , the Court observed : " The concept that government may restrict the speech of some elements of our society in order to enhance the relative voice of others is wholly foreign to the First Amendment . " Similarly , in MIAMI HERALD V . TORNILLO ( 1974 ) the Court held a state law granting a political candidate a right of space in which to reply to a newspaper ' s attacks upon his or her record to be unconstitutional interference with the editorial freedom of the newspaper . Only in the area of BROADCASTING has the Court thus far recognized that realization of the ideal of free competition of ideas may be irreconcilable with total freedom from regulation in an era in which the public ' s chief sources of ideas and information are expensive media of mass communication , which are often under monopolistic control . Federal statutes and regulations subject radio and television broadcasters to loosely defined duties to present public issues fairly and to give a degree of access to political candidates and parties . Although only deliberately false religious or political representations fall wholly outside the First Amendment , the law is more willing to try to separate the worthless from the valuable in the field of literature and the arts . The amendment gives no protection to " obscene " publications . For many years the definition of OBSCENITY was broad enough to cover works containing individual words or short passages that would tend to excite lustful thoughts in a particularly susceptible person . This standard condemned Lady Chatterley ' s Lover , An American Tragedy , and Black Boy . From 1930 to 1973 the legal definition of obscenity was gradually narrowed so tightly that many jurists concluded that the First Amendment would protect the most prurient of matter unless it was " utterly without redeeming social value . " After 1973 changes in the composition of the Court led to a somewhat less permissive formulation . A work is obscene if a person applying contemporary community standards would find that it appeals to the prurient interest ; if it represents or describes ultimate sexual acts , excretory functions , or the genitals in a patently lewd or offensive manner YOUNG V . AMERICAN MINI THEATRES ( 1976 ) suggests that explicity sexual books and motion pictures , even when not obscene , may be regulated as to the places and perhaps the time and manner of their distribution in ways that are forbidden for other materials . These exceptions from the principle that bars any branch of government , including the judiciary , from judging the value of ideas and sensations seem attributable partly to the emphasis that American law puts upon the political values of the First Amendment , partly to the diminishing but still traditional concern of government for public morals , and partly to the actual or supposed links between producers and distributors of commercial pornography and the criminal underworld . So long as one is dealing with beliefs and expressions separable from conduct harmful to other individuals or the community , the essential unity of the philosophical core of the First Amendment makes it unnecessary to distinguish for legal purposes among religious beliefs , political ideologies , and other equally sincere convictions . In upholding the First Amendment privilege of Jehovah ' s Witnesses to refuse to join other school children in a daily salute to the United States flag , the Court pointedly refrained from specifying whether the privilege arose under the free exercise clause or the guarantee of FLAG SALUTE CASES . ) Test oaths , like particular beliefs , can not be required for holding public office or receiving public grants . In upholding the conviction of a Mormon for POLYGAMY in REYNOLDS V . UNITED STATES ( 1879 ) , despite his plea that the free exercise clause protected him in obeying his religious duty , the Supreme Court sought to erect this distinction between the realm of ideas and the world of material action into a constitutional principle : " Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . " As the guarantees of the freedoms of speech and press and of free exercise of religion seek to bar hostile governmental intrusion from the realm of the spirit , so do modern interpretations of the establishment clause bar state sponsorship of , or material assistance to , religion . In the beginning religion and established churches were dominant forces in American life . Nearly all men and women were Christians ; Protestants were predominant . In South Carolina the Constitution of 1778 declared the " Protestant religion to be the established religion of this State . " Church and state SUNDAY CLOSING LAWS were universal . Oaths were often required of state officials . Legislative sessions began with prayer . The crier in the United States Supreme Court still begins each session by invoking divine blessing . The coinage states , " In God We Trust . " Church property was and remains exempt from taxation . As public education spread , prayers and Bible - reading became the first order of each school day . These traditional links between church and state were challenged after incorporation of the First Amendment into the Fourteenth Amendment , not only by anticlerical secularists but also by religious minorities whose members were set apart by official involvement in religious practices and who were fearful that their isolation would hamper full assimilation into all aspects of American life and might stimulate INVIDIOUS DISCRIMINATION . The Supreme Court was then forced to choose among the competing strains of religious and political philosophy whose adherents had agreed only that the federal government , but not the States , should be barred from " an establishment of religion . " The majority ' s inclination during the years 1945 – 1980 toward Jefferson ' s strongly secular , anticlerical view of the wall of separation between church and state led to two important lines of decision . One line bars both state and federal governments from giving direct financial aid to sectarian primary and secondary schools even though the same or greater aid is given to the public schools maintained by government . The decisions leave somewhat greater latitude not only for aid to parents but also to include religious institutions in making grants for higher education . ( See GOVERNMENT AID TO SECTARIAN INSTITUTIONS . ) The second important line of decisions required discontinuance of the widespread and traditional practice of starting each day in the public schools with some form of religious exercise , such as saying an ecumenical prayer or reading from the Bible . The latter decisions provoked such emotional controversy that in the 1980s , more than two decades after the decisions were rendered , fundamentalist groups were actively pressing for legislation abolishing the Supreme Court ' s JURISDICTION to enforce the establishment clause in cases involving school prayer , thus leaving interpretation of the clause to the vagaries of judges in individual states . ( See RELIGION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Even though the line between the realm of the spirit and the world of material conduct subject to government regulation is fundamental to the jurisprudence of the First Amendment , the simple line between belief and conduct drawn in the polygamy cases was too inflexible to survive as a complete constitutional formula . Religious duties too often conflict with the commands of civil authority . Conversely , the public has compelling interests in the world of conduct that sometimes can not be secured without interference with the expression of ideas . Two cases suggest the line limiting constitutional protection for religious disobedience to the commands of the state . In WISCONSIN V . YODER ( 1972 ) the Supreme Court held that the free exercise clause secured Amish parents the privilege of holding fourteen - and fifteen - year - old children out of high school contrary to a state compulsory attendance law but pursuant to their religious conviction that salvation requires simple life in a church community apart from the world and worldly influence . The Court ' s constitutional , judicial duty — the Court said — required balancing the importance of the interests served by the state law against the importance to believers of adherence to the religious practice in question Negre v . Larsen ( 1971 ) that a faithful Roman Catholic ' s belief that the " unjust " nature of the war in Vietnam required him to refuse to participate did not excuse his refusal to be inducted into the armed forces . When belief is invoked to justify otherwise unlawful conduct , it may become significant that the First Amendment speaks of the free exercise of " religion , " but not of other kinds of belief held with equal sincerity . In UNITED STATES V . SEEGER ( 1965 ) the Court skirted establishment clause questions by refusing to make any distinction between the teachings of religion and other moral convictions for the purposes of the Selective Service Act . That act exempted from military service CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS opposed to war in any form by reason of their " religious training and belief " and defined such belief as one " in relation to a Supreme Being involving duties superior to those arising from any human relation . " A majority held that , despite the references to religion and a belief in a Supreme Being , the exemption extended " to any belief that occupies a place in the life of its possessor parallel to that filled by the orthodox belief in God of one who clearly qualifies for the exemption . " In the Yoder case , on the other hand , the opinion of the Court by Chief Justice WARREN E . BURGER , calling upon the example of Henry D . Thoreau , stated that a " philosophical and personal " belief " does not rise to the demands of the Religion Clauses . " Perhaps this declaration of orthodoxy puts an end to the question , but in an age of subjectivism it is likely to press for fuller debate and deliberation . Where religious objectors seek exemption from laws of general application , both federal and state governments must walk a narrow line . On the one hand , the free execise clause may require exception . On the other hand , excepting religious groups from laws of general application may be an unconstitutional " establishment of religion . " Here again the decisions call for ad hoc balancing of the individual and public interests affected by the particular legislative act . The requirement of self - preservation exerts the strongest pressures upon government to violate the realm of the spirit by suppressing the publication of ideas and information . Here , as in other areas , judicial elaboration of the First Amendment has been increasingly favorable to freedom of expression . The expansion of the freedom by interpretation began within a decade from ratification . WILLIAM BLACKSTONE had taught that the freedoms of speech and press were freedoms from PRIOR RESTRAINTS , such as licensing , and did not bar subsequent liability or punishment for unlawful words , including seditious libels . Dispute arose when Congress enacted a Sedition Act and the Federalist party then in office prosecuted the editors of journals supporting their political opponents , the Jeffersonian Republicans , for publishing false , scandalous , and malicious writings exciting the hatred of the people . ( See ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS . ) Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the attack upon the constitutionality of the Sedition Act by drafting the VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS declaring that the act violated the First Amendment . The lower federal courts followed the orthodox teaching of Blackstone , upheld the act , and convicted the Republican editors . Jefferson pardoned them after his election to the presidency . Still later , Congress appropriated funds to repay their fines . Events thus gave the speech and press clauses an interpretation extending the guarantees beyond mere prohibition of previous restraints . The Supreme Court subsequently ratified the teaching of history . The modern law defining freedom of expression began to develop shortly after WORLD WAR I when pacifists and socialists who made speeches and published pamphlets urging refusal to submit to conscription for the armed forces were prosecuted for such offenses as willfully obstructing the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States . In affirming the conviction in SCHENCK V . UNITED STATES ( 1919 ) , Justice Holmes coined the famous CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER test : " The question in every case is whether the words used are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . " When Justice Holmes wrote these words , they gave little protection to propaganda held subversive by dominant opinion . Speaking or circulating a paper , the Justice held , is not protected by the First Amendment if the " tendency " of the words and the intent with which they are uttered are to produce an unlawful LOUIS D . BRANDEIS in a series of dissenting opinions tightened their definition of " clear and present danger " and laid the emotional and philosophical foundation for the next generation ' s expansion of the First Amendment guarantees . Justice Brandeis ' s eloquent opinion in WHITNEY V . CALIFORNIA ( 1927 ) is illustrative : Those who won our independence by revolution were not cowards . They did not fear political liberty . To courageous , self - reliant men , with confidence in the power of free and fearless reasoning applied through the processes of popular government , no danger flowing from speech can be deemed clear and present , unless the incidence of the evil apprehended is so imminent that it may befall before there is opportunity for full discussion . If there be time to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies , to avert the evil by the processes of education Moreover , even imminent danger can not justify resort to prohibition of these functions essential to effective democracy , unless the evil apprehended is relatively serious . … There must be the probability of serious injury to the state . Among freemen , the deterrents ordinarily to be applied to prevent crime are education and punishment for violations of the law , not abridgement of the rights of free speech and assembly . In the 1920s a majority of the Justices consistently rejected the views expressed by Justices Holmes and Brandeis . GITLOW V . NEW YORK ( 1925 ) held that ( 1 ) a state , despite the First Amendment , may punish utterances inimical to the public welfare ; ( 2 ) a legislative finding that a class of utterances is inimical to the public welfare will be accepted by the Court unless the finding is arbitrary or capricious ; ( 3 ) the Court could not set aside as arbitrary or capricious a legislative finding that teaching the overthrow of the government by force or violence involves danger to the peace and security of the State because the spark of the utterance " Ironically , in the very years in which the Court was deferential to legislative restrictions upon radical political expression , the Court was going behind legislative judgment to invalidate minimum wage laws , the regulation of prices and other restrictions upon FREEDOM OF CONTRACT . Beginning in 1937 , however , a philosophy of judicial self - restraint became dominant among the Justices . " We have returned to the original proposition that courts do not substitute their social and economic beliefs for the judgment of legislative bodies , who are elected to pass laws , " the Court declared in FERGUSON V . SKRUPA ( 1963 ) . ( See JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT Such sweeping denigration of JUDICIAL REVIEW put civil libertarians in a dilemma . On the one hand , the need for consistency of institutional theory cautioned against activist judicial ventures even under the First Amendment . On the other hand , self - restraint would leave much CIVIL LIBERTY at the mercy of executive or legislative oppression . The only logical escape was to elevate civil liberties to a " preferred position " justifying standards of judicial review stricter than those used in judging economic regulations . The dissenting opinions by Justices Holmes and Brandeis seemed to point the way . Three rationales were offered : In a famous footnote in UNITED STATES V . CAROLENE PRODUCTS COMPANY ( 1938 ) , Justice HARLAN FISKE STONE suggested that legislation restricting the dissemination of information or interfering with political activity " may be subject to more exacting judicial scrutiny … than most other types of legislation " where the legislation " restricts those political processes which can ordinarily be expected to bring about the repeal of undesirable legislation . " The rationale fails to justify STRICT SCRUTINY in cases involving religious liberty , freedom of expression in literature , entertainment , and the arts , and other nonpolitical , personal liberties . " Personal liberties " deserve more stringent protection than " property rights . " The rationale does not explain why holding property is not a preferred " personal " liberty . Stricter review is appropriate in applying the First Amendment , and the First when incorporated into the Fourteenth , because the guarantees of the First Amendment are more specific than the general constitutional prohibitions against deprivation of life , liberty , or property without due process of law . The difference in specificity is considerable , but its relevance is less obvious . Justice HUGO L . BLACK stood almost alone in the supposition that the language of the First Amendment could be read literally . ( See ABSOLUTISM . ) Perhaps the most that can be said is that the Bill of Rights marks particular spheres of human activity for which the Framers deemed it essential to provide judicially enforced protection against legislative and executive oppression . During the debate in Congress , James Madison observed : " If they [ the Amendments ] are incorporated into the Constitution , independent tribunals of justice will consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardian of those rights ; they will be an impenetrable bulwark against every assumption of power in the Legislative or Executive . … " At bottom all the rationales assert that the ultimate protection for minorities , for spiritual liberty , and for freedom of expression , political activity , and other personal liberties comes rightfully from the judiciary . In this realm the political process , filled with arbitrary compromises and responsive , as in some degree it must be , to short - run pressures , is deemed inadequate to enforce the long - range enduring values that often bespeak a people ' s aspirations instead of merely reflecting their practices . Propelled by this judicial philosophy , the Court greatly expanded the First Amendment guarantees of freedom of expression . The Court avowedly adopted the strict Holmes - Brandeis " clear and present danger " test for judging whether prosecution for a subversive utterance is justified by its proximity to activities the government has a right to prevent . The amendment bars restrictions upon the publication of information or ideas relating to public affairs because of harm which the government asserts will result from the impact of the message unless the government shows pressing necessity to avoid an immediate public disaster NEW YORK TIMES V . UNITED STATES . ) A consultant to the Department of Defense , cleared for access to classified information , gave copies of highly secret papers describing military operations and decision making to newspapers for publication . The Department of Justice upon instructions from the President asked the courts to enjoin publication , making strong representations that the risks of injury to national interests included " the death of the soldiers , the destruction of alliances , the greatly increased difficulty of negotiation with our enemies , the inability of our diplomats to negotiate … and the prolongation of the war . " After 1940 the PREFERRED FREEDOMS theory coupled with the incorporation of the First Amendment into the Fourteenth led to Supreme Court review and invalidation or modification of many familiar state statutes and well - established COMMON LAW doctrines restricting or penalizing sundry forms of expression : libel and slander , contempt of court , obscenity , BREACH OF THE PEACE , and laws limiting access to the streets , parks , or other public places for the purposes of expression . A short reference to the law of contempt will illustrate the trend . The interest in the impartial disposition of judicial business solely upon the evidence and arguments presented in court often conflicts with the interest in free discussion of public affairs . Newspaper editorials and like public pressures upon a judge may improperly influence or seem to influence the disposition of a pending judicial proceeding . In English and early American law such publications were enjoinable and punishable as contempt of court . Today the First Amendment is held to protect such expression . Similarly , the English law and some American decisions treated the pretrial publication of EVIDENCE as contempt of court where , as in a notorious criminal case , the publicity might reach actual or prospective jurors and serve to make it difficult to assure the accused a FAIR TRIAL and a jury verdict based solely upon the evidence presented in the court room . The Supreme Court has now set its face firmly against GAG ORDERS forbidding newspapers to print or broadcast or publicize confessions or other damaging evidence before their admissibility has been determined and they have been received in court . The heavy emphasis that constitutional law puts upon the role of the First Amendment in the operation of representative government has led some commentators to ascribe special significance to the amendment ' s particular mention of " the freedom of the press " in addition to the more general guarantee of " the freedom of speech . " In a crowded society , newspapers , radio , and television not only are the most effective vehicles for disseminating ideas and information but also have by far the best , if not the only , adequate resources for gathering information concerning GRAND JURY in compliance with the general testimonial obligation of all citizens . ( See REPORTER SPRIVILEGE . ) On the other hand , the near - immunity from liability for libels upon public figures which the Court has granted to the press under the First Amendment has not yet been extended by that Court to other writers and publishers . The words of the First Amendment move from religion to speech and press and then to the purely political rights of free assembly and petition for redress of grievances . Denials of the rights of assembly and petition have been infrequent . The express mention of a " right of the people peaceably to assemble " is also taken , however , to symbolize the much broader freedom of association that the amendment is held to secure . The freedom of association thus far held to be protected by the First Amendment , while broad , is narrower than the freedom of individuals to associate themselves for all purposes in which they may be interested , the right debated by Thomas Hobbes and Jean - Jacques Rousseau , on one side , and , on the other side , by JOHN LOCKE . The enactment of labor relations acts securing employees the right to form , join , and assist labor unions made it unnecessary for workers to appeal to a constitutional right of freedom of association . Only the antitrust laws barring unreasonable restraints on competition impose substantial restrictions upon business combinations . In consequence , the decisional law treats association as a necessary and therefore protected incident of other First Amendment liberties : speech , political action , and religious purposes . Associations formed to provide legal services in litigation have been treated as " political " not only in CIVIL RIGHTS but also in the incongruous instances of actions for damages for personal injuries . Legislative efforts to outlaw associations formed for religious or political purposes have been infrequent , except in the case of the Communist party . A decision in 1961 sustained the power of Congress to require the party to register and disclose its membership as a foreign - dominated organization dedicated to subversion of the government , but the sanctions directed at members , for example , denial of passports and employment in defense facilities , were held unconstitutional . Associations and their members have had more occasion to complain of coerced disclosure under disclosure laws and in LEGISLATIVE INVESTIGATIONS . Prima facie the First Amendment protects privacy of association . Governmentally compelled disclosure must be justified by a showing of important public purpose . Where the unpopularity of the association makes it likely that disclosure will result in reprisals , an even stronger justification may be required . Similarly , a state must justify by a strong public purpose any interference with the conduct of a religious organization ' s or political party ' s internal affairs . Any pressure for substantial new growth in First Amendment interpretation will probably come in three areas . First , the amendment was intended and has nearly always been construed as a prohibition against active government interference . Today government has a near - monopoly upon much information essential to informed self - government . Although FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACTS may at least partially satisfy the need , there is likely to be pressure to read into the First Amendment ' s explicit verbal barrier to abridgment affirmative governmental duties to provide access to official proceedings and even to supply otherwise inaccessible information in the government ' s possession . Second , in the crowded modern world broadcasters , newspapers , and other media of mass communication dominate the dissemination of information and formation of public opinion . New technologies make prediction hazardous , but the concentration of control over the most influential media appears to be increasing . In this context the old assumption , that the widest dissemination of information and freest competition of ideas can be secured by forcing government to keep hands off , is open to doubt . Such questions as whether the First Amendment permits government regulation to secure fair access to the mass Third , the electoral influence of political advertising through the mass media , coupled with its high cost , gives great political power to the individuals and organizations that can raise and spend the largest sums of money in political campaigns . Even though decisions already rendered tend to accord political expenditures the same protection as speech , important future litigation over legislative power to limit the use and power of money in elections seems assured . ( See CAMPAIGN FINANCING The First Amendment secures the people of the United States greater freedom against governmental interference in the realms of the spirit , intellect , and political activity than exists in any other country . The future may bring shifts of boundary lines and emphasis . A threat to national survival could revive earlier restrictions . Generally speaking , however , the modern First Amendment appears to meet the nation ' s needs . A RCHIBALD C OX ( 1986 ) SEE ALSO Children and the First Amendment . ) Bibliography A BERNATHY , G LENN 1961 The Right of Assembly and Association . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . C HAFEE , Z ECHARIAH , J R . 1948 Free Speech in the United States . Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press . C OX , A RCHIBALD 1981 Freedom of Speech in the Burger Court . Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press . E MERSON , T HOMAS I . 1970 The System of Freedom of Expression . New York : Random House . H OWE , M ARK D EWOLFE 1965 The Garden and the Wilderness . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . K ONVITZ , M ILTON 1957 Fundamental Liberties of a Free People : Religion , Speech , Press , Assembly . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . L EVY , L EONARD W . 1963 Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History : Legacy of Suppression . New York : Harper & Row . — — 1972 " No Establishment of Religion : The Original Understanding . " Pages 169 – 224 in Judgments : Essays in American Constitutional History . Chicago : Quadrangle . M EIKLEJOHN , A LEXANDER 1960 Political Freedom : The Constitutional Powers of the People . New York : Harper & Bros . P FEFFER , L EO 1967 Church , State , and Freedom . Rev . ed . Boston : Beacon Press . S TOKES NSON P HELPS 1950 Church and State in the United States . 3 Vols . New York : Harper & Bros . — — 1964 Church and State in the United States . Rev . ed . , with Leo Pfeffer . New York : Harper & Row . Source Citation ( MLA 8 th Edition ) COX , ARCHIBALD . " First Amendment . " Encyclopedia of the American Constitution , edited by Leonard W . Levy and Kenneth L . Karst , 2nd ed . , vol . 3 , Macmillan Reference USA , 2000 , pp . 1045 - 1053 . U.S. History in Context http : / / link . galegroup . com / apps / doc / CX3425000972 / UHIC ? u = mari95571&sid = UHIC&xid = 9dc6b2b0 . Accessed 29 Mar . 2019 . Gale Document Number : GALE | CX3425000972 | [
"First Amendment",
"religious liberty",
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http://icafhealth.blogspot.com/2011/05/role-of-oxalates-in-chronic-disorders.html | The Role of Oxalates in Chronic Disorders like Interstitial Cystitis Oxalates ( the salt form of oxalic acid ) are extremely painful when deposited in the body . About eighty percent of kidney stones are caused by oxalates and they are by far the most common factor in kidney stone formation . There is also a large degree of genetic variability in the ability to detoxify the chemicals that produce oxalates . Perhaps twenty percent of the population has a genetic variance that increases their likelihood of producing oxalates , even when not consuming a high - oxalate diet . Oxalates can form all throughout the kidney and the urinary tract , and can also form in the ureter as well as in the bladder . These star - shaped crystalline stones cause pain as the pressure in the urinary filtrate builds up , and perhaps also by tearing into the walls of the urinary tract itself . Kidney Stones Kidney stones are one of the most common medical ailments — ten to fifteen percent of adults will be diagnosed with a kidney stone in their lifetime . One million Americans develop kidney stones each year and most of these are oxalate related . Seventy - five to ninety percent of kidney stones are made of oxalic acid bound to another compound , usually calcium . Once you have experienced a kidney stone attack , you have a very high chance of having another unless you change your way . The common symptoms are pain in the side and the back below the ribs . The episodes of pain last between twenty to sixty minutes , and it is common to hear women who have suffered kidney stones claim that they are more painful than childbirth . The pain radiates from the side and the back to the lower abdomen and groin . There may be bloody , cloudy and foul - smelling urine . If there is infection , there may also be fever and chills . Pain with urination may accompany nausea and vomiting , and the sufferer may have a persistent urge to urinate . NOT JUST IN THE KIDNEYS Even though oxalate crystals are most common in the kidney , they also can form in virtually any other tissue in the body , including the brain and the blood - brain barrier . Oxalate crystals resembling pieces of glass can form in the heart muscle . As the heart muscle contracts , these pieces of oxalate crystals actually tear into the tissue . If these crystals are deposited in skeletal muscle , normal movement and exercise can be very painful . I ’ m convinced this is also one of the factors responsible for fibromyalgia . Oxalates may also Other diseases in which oxalates may play a role include arthritis , joint pain and interstitial cystitis . A FUNGAL ORIGIN An unexpected finding is the fact that oxalate crystals are produced in very high amounts by molds and fungus . Aspergillus — a common organism that causes infection in humans and also is found in the black fungi that you see in your bathroom — produces oxalates . VULVODYNIA Another condition associated with oxalates is vulvodynia , or pain in and outside the vagina . The oxalate crystals act like tiny pieces of glass , which are deposited in the tissue . The oxalate is extremely acidic so it is corrosive as well . The pain is often described as burning or stinging , with a feeling of rawness or irritation . One of the published studies on the treatment of this condition states that this is due to a reaction with yeast . There is indeed a connection of vulvodynia with yeast , most often Candida . There are about a dozen different species of Candida yeast normally associated with humans , the most common of which is Candida albicans . It was found that the main way to treat volvodynia was anti - fungal treatment to get rid of Candida , along with a low - oxalate diet . These two approaches have been very effective in correcting this condition Children who take oral antibiotics will frequently have much higher amount of oxalates . Antibiotics severely disrupt the balance of normal flora in the gut , with a consequent exponential proliferation in the growth of Candida , which is resistant to antibiotics . Oral antibiotics first appeared in the early 1950s , and the pharmaceutical companies actually included antifungal drugs along with the antibiotics because they knew about this problem . The FDA disallowed the addition , declaring that there was no approval for the prophylactic use of anti - fungals , thereby washing their hands of the whole business CHRONIC FATIGUE AND FIBROMYALGIA Yeast is a common factor in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia , and antifungal therapy is very useful in treating these problems . Jacob Teitelbaum has written several books about the treatment of fibromyalgia and indicates two - thirds of individuals improved their chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia after anti - fungal therapy . A Dr . Eaton in England found that individuals who had chronic fatigue would actually produce alcohol from their sugar intake . He describes patients who would do a baseline blood - alcohol test , then take some glucose dissolved in a flavored drink , and measure the blood alcohol one or two hours later . The blood alcohol would be substantially higher if the person had a severe Candida problem . The OH component readily attaches to minerals like calcium , zinc and mercury , forming oxalates . Oxalates in the body come from food , can be formed in the gut by yeasts and fungi , or can result from an interruption in the glycolate pathway . Nutritional deficiencies and inborn errors of metabolism cause the formation of oxalates rather than the protein glycine . Eaton found that by using this test he could monitor patients undergoing different treatments for chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia and found that 42 percent of patients improved just with sugar restriction alone . If he combined a low - sugar diet together with anti - fungal drugs , he had about a 78 percent success rate . The most comprehensive study was that of a Dr . Jessop in California , who treated over one thousand people with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia using a single anti - fungal drug , ketoconazole . Eighty - four percent of the patients improved . Of the 1,100 patients , 685 were on disability payments . After the treatment with anti - fungal treatment , only twelve remained on disability . It was an extremely effective treatment ! OXALATES IN FOOD People who are vegetarians really have to be aware of all the oxalates they take in . The biggest culprit for all vegetarians is soy protein , and the second is spinach . Spinach is so high I would not recommend eating it even cooked , as a main course . Lettuces , by the way , are very low in oxalates . The biggest problem vegetarians face is eating a diet high in soy protein and spinach . ( Baby Spinach has not matured enough to contain large amounts of oxalate so please eat it , greens are good Dr . Massey at Washington State University found that textured soy protein is very high in oxalates . There are 638 milligrams of oxalate per 85 - gram serving , which is about the size of one of these small soy burgers and as much as you would find in a typical serving of spinach . The recommended amount of oxalate for people who have kidney stones is less than 30 mg a day . One soy burger contains twenty times the recommended daily dose in just one single portion . How much oxalate is in the typical diet ? There ’ s a very large range — from 97 to 930 mg a day . To reduce kidney stones you should consume less than 30 to 50 mg a day . TREATMENT Even though we can avoid the worst offenders — soy foods and spinach — if you are enjoying a varied diet , it is difficult to reduce dietary oxalate levels to near zero because they occur in so many foods — grains , nuts , vegetables and fruits . The most effective way to get rid of oxalates is the use of calcium citrate . This supplement exerts a double potency action in eliminating oxalate . The calcium part of calcium citrate binds to the oxalate and causes it to precipitate out in the stool so it will not be absorbed . But part of the oxalate escapes . The citrate is a second line of defense , which competes directly with the oxalate for absorption . For the treatment to be effective , the calcium citrate must be taken at the same time as the oxalate - containing food . If you have problems with any of conditions caused by oxalates — kidney stones , autism or vulvodynia — then taking calcium citrate with each meal can be very effective . If there is an adequate amount of calcium in the diet — if supplementing with calcium citrate , for example — it will combine with the oxalate in the GI tract , precipitate out in the stool , and then be eliminated in the stool The optimum dosage is approximately 300 - 350 mg calcium as calcium citrate for a total of 1000 mg ( one gram ) of calcium a day . If you ’ re taking this you do n ’ t need additional sources of calcium . An even better approach would be to use magnesium citrate . The adult dosage is about 300 - 400 mg a day . Some practitioners recommend up to 1000 mg but many people report problems with diarrhea if they exceed 400 mg . Again , a divided dose would be best , taking the magnesium The amino acid arginine helps to prevent the depositing of oxalates in the tissues . The omega - 3 fatty acids and cod liver oil are also very effective in preventing oxalate deposition . The omega - 6 fatty acids , mostly from commercial vegetable oils , behave in the reverse , and accelerate the deposition of oxalate . The supplement that is most helpful is vitamin B6 . This costs only pennies a day and is extremely safe . There are a number of medical tests for oxalate status , it is too bad that doctors do n ' t take the extra steps to meausre IC patients oxalates and they seldom test for yeast markers . Typically when the yeast marker is very high , the oxalate marker is also very high . SUPER HIGH OXALATE FOODS Spinach Lime peel Chocolate Soy protein Rhubarb Instant coffee Tofu Swiss chard Leeks Peanuts Parsley Tea Peanut butter Sweet potatoes Okra Pecans Pokeweed Wheat germ Lemon peel Black pepper Posted by I.C. Action at 4 : 13 PM Reactions : like 0 dislike 0 helpful informative Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest | [
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http://icarwash.com.au/ | ICar Wash 1 2 3 Silver from 25 Exterior only Hand car wash Chamios dry Tyres dressed Gold from 50 Exterior Interior Vacuum Interior windows Interior Dusting Platinum from 80 Superior Services Exterior Interior Mini interior detailing Hand wax Polish Detailing Cost Estimated Time Interior Clean 185 Cut and Polish 185 Full detail 300 Estimated Time of Service 24 hours Extras Cost Estimated Time Seats steam clean 85 Carpets steam clean 85 Leather treatment 85 Estimated Time of Service 12 hours Cut Polish Perfect for Preparing your car for sale Cars not maintained with regular washing Restoring your paintwork to the best possible condition Leather treatment Perfect for Keeping your leather in the best possible condition We clean every inch of the leather using a soft sponge and leather soap Once cleaned we moisture the leather with conditioner Seats steam cleaned Perfect for Seats and cloth trim are soiled or stained or have in ground dirt that can not be removed with vaccuuming Using the most suitable brush from our range of brushes we massage the upholstery with our shampoo and remove stains and dirt Removes bacteria and odours Cleans and restores seats and cloth trim | [
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http://icatalog.dau.mil/onlinecatalog/CareerLvl.aspx?lvl=1&cfld=9 | Expand Career Fields / Paths and Select Level Career Fields / Paths Auditing Business Cost Estimating Business Financial Management Contracting Engineering Facilities Engineering Industrial Contract Property Management Information Technology International Acquisition Life Cycle Logistics Production , Quality and Manufacturing Program Management Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Purchasing Science and Technology Manager Test and Evaluation Next Level CERTIFICATION STANDARDS & CORE PLUS DEVELOPMENT GUIDE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT LEVEL I Type of Assignment Representative Activities Weapon Systems Participates in an IPT delivering a weapon system , C2 / network - centric system , or space system . Performs financial and status reporting and basic logistic activities . Supports pre - award contract activities and workload planning and scheduling . Services Assists in acquisition planning , assessing risk ( technical , cost and schedule ) , and contract tracking and performance evaluation . Business Mgt Systems / IT Participates in a business process IPT , fundamentals of enterprise integration , and outcome - based performance measures . Core Certification Standards ( required for DAWIA certification ) Acquisition Training ACQ 101 Fundamentals of Systems Acquisition Management Functional Training ENG 101 Fundamentals of Systems Engineering CLB 007 Cost Analysis CLV 016 Introduction to Earned Value Management Education Formal education not required for certification Experience 1 year of acquisition experience with cost , schedule , and performance responsibilities Core Plus Development Guide ( desired training , education , and experience ) Type of Assignment Training Wpn Sys Services Bus Mgt / IT CLC 011 Contracting for the Rest of Us CLL 011 Performance Based Logistics ( PBL ) CLM 017 Risk Management LOG 100 Life Cycle Logistics Fundamentals TST 102 Fundamentals of Test and Evaluation Education Baccalaureate degree , preferably with a major in engineering , systems management , or business administration Experience One ( 1 ) acquisition experience ( in addition to core certification experience ) Notes : 1 The Core Certification Standards section lists the training and / or education and experience REQUIRED for certification at this level for this career field within 24 months of assignment . 2 “ ( R ) ” following a course title indicates the course is delivered as resident - based instruction . 3 When preparing your IDP , you and your supervisor should consider the training , education , and experience listed in this Core Plus Development Guide if not already completed . 13 Some continuous learning ( CL ) modules have been created by extracting lessons in their entirety from a training course . If this is the case for the CL module ( s ) identified in the above Core Certification Standards , the course from which the CL module was extracted is identified in the “ Notes ” section of the CL course description and the course can be substituted to meet the certification standard . | [
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http://icatcare.org/advice/cat-health/feline-infectious-peritonitis-fip | Feline infectious peritonitis ( FIP ) Feline infectious peritonitis ( FIP ) is a viral disease of cats that occurs throughout the world and is almost invariably a fatal disease . > Causes > Signs > Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Causes The disease is caused by infection with a virus known as feline coronavirus . Infection with coronavirus is actually very common in cats , but most of the time it does not cause any problems , other than perhaps mild self - limiting diarrhoea . Uncommonly , the virus mutates ( changes ) to a strain of coronavirus which has the potential to cause disease . This mutated strain is the cause of FIP . In an affected cat , the virus spreads throughout the body and can cause a wide range of different signs ( including peritonitis with the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen , but in other cats fluid may accumulate in the chest cavity ; in others the virus may cause inflammation affecting the brain , eyes , liver , kidneys or elsewhere ) . What are coronavirus infections ? Coronaviruses are a common group of viruses that often infect the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract in different animals . Different species of coronavirus are adapted to cause disease in different animals . In humans , coronaviruses are one of the frequent causes of the common cold . Coronaviruses that infect cats are called ' feline coronaviruses ' or FCoV . In cats , FCoV most frequently causes gastrointestinal infections , but in unusual cases ( with a mutated form of the virus ) it can spread through the body and cause FIP . How do cats get infected with coronavirus ? Coronavirus infection is extremely widespread in cats , especially where large numbers of cats are kept together . It is estimated that 25 to 40 per cent of household pet cats have been infected with FCoV , but the infection rate increases to 80 - 100 per cent for cats kept in multi - cat households or colonies . The virus mainly infects the intestinal tract , where it replicates . FCoV is shed in the faeces and may survive in the environment for a short while ( several days or a few weeks ) , but is readily destroyed by common disinfectants . Infection is caused when a cat ingests the virus ( e.g. , through licking ) . The relationship between the virus and the cat is complex - some cats may remain persistently infected with FCoV and shed virus in their faeces the whole time ; others may be infected , develop a strong immunity and In most cases , infection with FCoV will cause mild signs of enteritis ( mild , self - limiting diarrhoea ) , or sometimes no signs at all . Diarrhoea is more likely to be seen in young cats , but because it is mild and self - limiting a specific diagnosis of FCoV infection is almost never made . How does FCoV cause FIP ? Infections with FCoV are usually limited to the intestinal tract , with very limited viral replication elsewhere . Strains of FCoV causing these infections are referred to as feline enteric coronavirus ( or FECV ) . During infection , and while the virus replicates in the intestine , it undergoes spontaneous mutations . This leads to the development of different strains of the virus , and occasionally a strain may develop that has dramatically altered disease - causing potential - this viral strain is referred to as feline infectious peritonitis virus ( FIPV ) . FIPV strains of FCoV differ In most cases , it appears that an FIP - producing strain of FCoV probably arises within a cat already infected with FCoV . In many ( or even most ) cases of FIP , the FIP - producing strains of the virus are not shed in the faeces of a cat with FIP . When an FIP - producing strain of FCoV emerges , whether a cat will develop FIP or will remain healthy depends on the quality of its immune response . A strong immune response ( especially the type of immunity termed ' cell mediated immunity ' ) may enable the cat to control the infection and prevent signs developing . What are the clinical signs of FIP ? FIP can cause a very wide range of clinical signs , and unfortunately none of these are unique for FIP – a diagnosis can not therefore be based on clinical signs alone . Early signs of FIP are usually very vague with a fluctuating fever , lethargy and inappetence being common . After a period of several days or weeks ( or sometimes even many months ) other signs usually develop . Two main forms of the disease are recognised known as ' wet ' or ' effusive ' disease , and ' dry ' or ' non - effusive ' disease . Many cats may in fact have a mix of these two types : ' Wet ' or effusive FIP Cat with feline infectious peritonitis showing a distended abdomen due to fluid accumulation . Purebred cats ( like this Sphynx ) seem to be affected more commonly by the disease . Courtesy of Hannah Dewerchin , Ghent University In this form of disease there is accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity ( resulting in abdominal distension ) and / or the chest cavity ( resulting in breathing difficulties ) . The fluid accumulates because infection with FIPV causes damage to and inflammation of blood vessels ( called ' vasculitis ' ) which results in fluid leaking from the blood into the abdomen or chest . Cases that develop fluid accumulation in the abdomen are responsible for the original name of this disease , ' peritonitis ' referring to the inflammation that occurs in the lining of the In effusive FIP , the fluid that accumulates typically has a very high protein content , and is often a clear - yellowish colour . However , other diseases ( including some liver diseases and neoplasia ) can also cause a similar fluid accumulation . ' Dry ' or non - effusive FIP With non - effusive disease , infection with FIPV predominantly causes chronic ( long - standing ) inflammatory lesions to develop around blood vessels in many different organs and sites in the body . The type of changes present is usually what is known as ' pyogranulomatous ' inflammation . This inflammation affects the eyes in around 30 % of cases and the brain in around 30 % of cases , but can also affect almost any tissues in the body including the liver , kidneys , lungs and skin . Thus , a wide range of signs may be observed including neurological disease ( e.g. , a wobbly and unsteady gait ) , bleeding in the eyes and other vague signs of disease that may occur with lesions in the liver or other internal organs . In most cases of FIP , once clinical signs have started , they tend to get progressively worse over time , and in most cases ( though not all ) the time course for disease is rapid , with cats deteriorating to the point that euthanasia is usually required within a matter of days or weeks . It is thought that non - effusive cases of FIP are where the cat has developed a partially effective immune response that helps to limit viral replication - this may prevent development of effusions , but is not sufficient to stop disease development In a number of cats , signs may develop that are a combination of both effusive and non - effusive disease . What cats are most often affected with FIP ? Although FIP can occur in cats of any age , it is most often seen in young cats . Around 80 % of cases diagnosed are in cats less than 2 years old , and many cases are seen in kittens around 4 - 12 months old . FIP is also more common in cats kept in groups or colonies ( especially breeding households ) as this is an environment where FCoV infections are spread easily . A crowded environment may also contribute to stress , which can be a factor in disease development as it compromises the cat ' How can FIP be diagnosed ? FIP is a very difficult disease to deal with because there are no clinical signs that are specific for the diagnosis of FIP , and no simple blood test to confirm a diagnosis . FIP may be considered more likely when : Cats are showing clinical signs compatible with FIP Cats are in a higher risk category ( e.g. , younger cats , colony cats , etc . ) Typical changes are seen on routine blood tests - these may include Lymphopenia ( low numbers of lymphocytes , a type of white blood cell ) Neutrophilia ( increased numbers of neutrophils , a type of white blood cell ) Anaemia Elevated globulin concentrations ( one of the major groups of proteins in the blood ) Elevated liver enzymes ( eg , ALT , ALP ) Elevated bilirubin ( and jaundice or yellowing of the gums and eyes ) None of these blood changes are specific for FIP , occurring with other diseases too , but if multiple changes are seen in combination with appropriate signs , a diagnosis of FIP becomes more likely . Many of these abnormalities may also not be present in the early stages of the disease , but may become evident as the disease progresses . Thus some tests that give normal results may have to be repeated later . If an effusion is present in the abdomen or chest cavity , obtaining a sample of the fluid and analysing the cell and protein content can be extremely helpful . With FIP the fluid invariably has a high protein content ( greater than 35 g / l ) and at least 50 % of the proteins are globulins . Because this test is very helpful , and because few other diseases cause this type of fluid accumulation , when FIP is suspected a vet will often take X - rays or do an ultrasound examination to see if fluid is Other tests that can also sometimes be helpful include : Further analysis of proteins in the blood ( e.g. , looking at globulin sub - types or measuring the protein acid - 1 - alpha glycoprotein [ AGP ] ) Evaluation of a cerebrospinal fluid sample ( the fluid that surround the brain and spinal cord ) in cases where there are neurological signs Looking for the presence of antibodies against the virus in a blood sample ( coronavirus serology ) is of very limited value - antibodies against FCoV develop irrespective of the type of virus infecting a cat and the antibody test can not differentiate between different strains of the virus . A very large number of perfectly healthy cats are therefore positive on this test . Confirming a diagnosis of FIP The best test to confirm a diagnosis of FIP is to collect a biopsy ( usually done through a surgical operation ) from affected tissues . Typical FIP - type inflammation is usually seen , which is highly suggestive , but the diagnosis can be confirmed using a technique called ' immunohistochemistry ' which will demonstrate the presence of the virus itself within the damaged tissues . With FIP , unfortunately , a cat may be too sick for surgery to be performed , and so in many cases a definitive diagnosis may only made on post - mortem examination ( using immunohistochemistry , as above ) . The virus itself can also be detected by the use of PCR ( polymerase chain reaction , a molecular technique to show the presence of the virus ) . This can be useful - for example if fluid is present in the chest or abdomen which has typical characteristics of FIP ( see above ) , and if the fluid is also PCR positive for coronavirus , this is highly suggestive that FIP is the underlying cause . However , because PCR can not distinguish different types of coronavirus ( FIP - producing strains from enteritis - producing strains ) Treatment for FIP Once clinical signs of FIP develop , it is generally an incurable and fatal disease . Supportive treatment ( e.g. , anti - inflammatory drugs ) may help relieve some signs and improve quality of life temporarily but in most cases euthanasia is the most humane course of action to avoid suffering . There are some reports of cats responding to therapy with injectable interferon ( recombinant feline interferon omega ) , but there is currently no evidence for this being genuinely effective . Prevention of FIP A commercial vaccine is available in some countries to help protect against FIP . However , this vaccine ( while showing some efficacy ) can only be given to kittens over 16 weeks of age . The major indication for using such a vaccine would be in breeding households , especially with a history of FIP , but by the time a kitten can be vaccinated ( at 16 weeks ) they would almost invariably have already been exposed to FCoV infection and so the vaccine probably has little or no value . Reducing the risk in breeding households FIP is least common in household pets . The risk can be minimised by obtaining cats from a source with relatively few cats and by keeping cats in small stable groups ( less than five cats in a household ) . In breeding catteries , eradicating coronavirus infections is extremely difficult , as the virus is so ubiquitous , and it is unsuitable in most situations to attempt this . A more practical approach is to use measures to reduce the risk of FIP occurring , but recognising that on occasions , this may happen even in the best run catteries . Good practice to minimise the risk of FIP would include : Avoid keeping large groups of cats and having multiple litters of kittens at any one time Keep cats in small isolated groups ( ideally no more than four cats in each group - this reduces the risk of endemic FCoV infection ) Have at least one litter box for every two cats , located in easy to clean and disinfect areas Keep litterboxes away from food and water bowls , and clean / disinfectant them regularly ( at least daily ) Avoid stress and maintain good hygiene and preventive healthcare for all cats Wherever FIP occurs is a problem in a group of breeding cats : Consider preferentially breeding from older cats , as these will less likely be shedding FCoV Consider isolating queens just before they give birth and keeping the queen and kittens isolated from all other cats until the kittens are homed , as a means of reducing the risk of FCoV spread to kittens Stop breeding from any queens or tom cats that repeatedly produce litters of kittens that develop FIP as they may be passing on FCoV infection or may be passing on genetic susceptibility to disease Carefully review management and hygiene policies If faced with an outbreak of FIP , stop all breeding for several months Reducing the risk in rescue and rehoming facilities Good hygiene and avoiding overcrowding are essential strategies for minimising the risk of FIP . Cats should ideally be housed individually , or if this is not possible , they should be kept in small stable groups . Litter boxes and cleaning / disinfection should be managed as in breeding households . advice Keeping Cats Safe campaign general care cat health A to Z of conditions and treatments Life stages Keeping your cat healthy cat behaviour cat care videos cat handling videos cat professionals cat breeds | [
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http://icd10coded.com/cm/ch17/ | International Classification of Diseases , 10 th Revision Apr 09 , 2019 Home ICD - 10 CM Chapter 17 ICD 10 Diagnosis Codes - Chapter 17 ICD 10 Codes for Congenital malformations , deformations & chromosomal abnormalities ( Q00 - Q99 ) This chapter of the ICD 10 Clinical Modification ( diagnosis ) codes contains approximately 979 diagnosis codes and pertains strictly to Congenital malformations , deformations & chromosomal abnormalities . Pay close attention to any notes Include Exclude codes , and any other special notations when indicated . Note : ICD 10 CM - Table of Contents Chapter 17 - ( Q00 - Q99 ) Sections in Congenital malformations , deformations and chromosomal abnormalities ICD 10 Codes Section Name Q00 - Q07 Congenital malformations of the nervous system Q10 - Q18 Congenital malformations of eye , ear , face and neck Q20 - Q28 Congenital malformations of the circulatory system Q30 - Q34 Congenital malformations of the respiratory system Q35 - Q37 Cleft lip and cleft palate Q38 - Q45 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system Q50 - Q56 Congenital malformations of genital organs Q60 - Q64 Congenital malformations of the urinary system Q65 - Q79 Congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system Q80 - Q89 Other congenital malformations Q90 - Q99 Chromosomal abnormalities , not elsewhere classified Excludes2 inborn errors of metabolism ( E70 E88 ICD 10 Diagnosis Code Lookup Perform a reverse code lookup for any valid diagnosis code Clinical Concepts Common ICD 10 codes used in the following Allergy Cardiology Endocrinology Family Practice Internal Medicine OB / GYN Orthopedics Pediatrics Physical Therapy See also Procedure Codes - ( ICD - 10 - PCS ) ICD 10 Procedure Code Lookup ICD 10 Diagnosis Code Lookup Index of Diseases & Injuries Table of Neoplasms Table of Drugs & Chemicals External Causes of Injuries Convert ICD - 9 Code to ICD - 10 Home ICD - 10 - CM ICD - 10 - PCS Convert ICD - 9 FAQs Sitemap Terms of Use Privacy Policy → ICD - 10 vs CPT vs HCPCS Codes 2.41 | [
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http://icdlist.com/icd-9/340 | Chapter : 320 – 359 Section : 340 - 349 Block : 340 Multiple sclerosis 340 - Multiple sclerosis ICD - 9 Diagnosis Code 340 Multiple sclerosis 340 Related Codes Diagnosis Code 340 ICD - 9 : 340 Short Description : Multiple sclerosis Long Description : This is the 2014 version of the ICD - 9 - CM diagnosis code 340 Code Classification Diseases of the nervous system ( 320 – 359 ) Other disorders of the central nervous system ( 340 - 349 ) 340 Multiple sclerosis Information for Medical Professionals Convert to ICD - 10 G35 - Multiple sclerosis Index of Diseases and Injuries References found for the code 340 in the Index of Diseases and Injuries : Adenocarcinoma ( M8140 / 3 ) - SEE ALSO Neoplasm , by site , malignant follicular ( M8330 / 3 ) and papillary ( M8 / 3 ) 193 papillary ( M8260 / 3 ) and follicular ( M8 / 3 ) 193 Carcinoma ( M8010 / 3 ) - SEE ALSO Neoplasm , by site , malignant follicular ( M8330 / 3 ) and papillary ( mixed ) ( M8 papillary ( M8050 / 3 ) and follicular ( mixed ) ( M8 Dementia 294.20 due to or associated with condition ( s ) classified elsewhere multiple sclerosis with behavioral disturbance [ 294.11 ] without behavioral disturbance [ 294.10 ] Demyelination , demyelinization global Diabetes , diabetic ( brittle ) ( congenital ) ( familial ) ( mellitus ) ( severe ) ( slight ) ( without complication ) 250.0 dorsal sclerosis 250.6 [ due to secondary diabetes 249.6 [ secondary ( chemical - induced ) ( due to chronic condition ) ( due to infection ) ( drug - induced ) 249.0 dorsal sclerosis 249.6 [ Disease , diseased - SEE ALSO Syndrome demyelinating , demyelinizating ( brain stem ) ( central nervous system ) 341.9 multiple sclerosis Skevas - Zerfus 989.5 Myelosclerosis 289.89 disseminated , of nervous system Psychosis 298.9 organic NEC 294.9 due to or associated with multiple sclerosis with behavioral disturbance [ 294.11 ] without behavioral disturbance [ 294.10 ] sclerosis , multiple Sclerose en plaques Sclerosis , sclerotic ascending multiple brain ( general ) ( lobular ) 348.89 disseminated insular miliary multiple bulbar , progressive cerebrospinal disseminated multiple combined ( spinal cord ) - SEE ALSO Degeneration , combined dorsal insular pancreas 251.8 multiple ( brain stem ) ( cerebral ) ( generalized ) ( spinal cord ) plaques spinal ( cord ) ( general ) ( progressive ) ( transverse ) 336.8 combined - SEE ALSO Degeneration , combined Tumor ( M8000 / 1 ) - SEE ALSO Neoplasm , by site , unspecified nature calcifying epithelial odontogenic ( M9 / 0 ) 213.1 upper jaw ( bone ) 213.0 odontogenic ( M9270 / 1 ) 238.0 calcifying epithelial ( M9 / 0 ) 213.1 upper jaw ( bone ) 213.0 Information for Patients Multiple Sclerosis Also called : MS Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is a nervous system disease that affects your brain and spinal cord . It damages the myelin sheath , the material that surrounds and protects your nerve cells . This damage slows down or blocks messages between your brain and your body , leading to the symptoms of MS . They can include Visual disturbances Muscle weakness Trouble with coordination and balance Sensations such as numbness , prickling , or " pins and needles " Thinking and memory problems No one knows what causes MS . It may be an autoimmune disease , which happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake . Multiple sclerosis affects women more than men . It often begins between the ages of 20 and 40 . Usually , the disease is mild , but some people lose the ability to write , speak , or walk . There is no single test for MS . Doctors use a medical history , physical exam , neurological exam , MRI , and other tests to diagnose it . There is no cure for MS , but medicines may slow it down and help control symptoms . Physical and occupational therapy may also help . NIH : National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF ) collection CSF oligoclonal banding Daily bowel care program Multiple sclerosis - discharge Palatal myoclonus Swallowing problems Read More Previous Code 339.89 Next Code 341.0 | [
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http://icdlist.com/icd-9/844.9 | Chapter : 800 – 999 Section : 840 - 848 Block : 844 Sprains and strains of knee and leg 844.9 - Sprain of knee & leg NOS ICD - 9 Diagnosis Code 844.9 Sprain of knee & leg NOS 844.9 Related Codes Diagnosis Code 844.9 ICD - 9 : 844.9 Short Description : Sprain of knee & leg NOS Long Description : Sprains and strains of unspecified site of knee and leg This is the 2014 version of the ICD - 9 - CM diagnosis code 844.9 Code Classification Injury and poisoning ( 800 – 999 ) Sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles ( 840 - 848 ) 844 Sprains and strains of knee and leg Information for Medical Professionals Convert to ICD - 10 S83 . 90XA - Sprain of unspecified site of unspecified knee , init encntr ( approximate ) S86 . 919A - Strain of unsp musc / tend at lower leg level , unsp leg , init ( approximate ) Synonyms Complete tear , knee ligament Injury of ligament of knee Leg sprain Posterior shin splints Sprain of knee Sprain of knee and leg Sprain of ligament of lower limb Strain of knee Strain of muscle and / or tendon of lower leg Tendon injury - lower limb Traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee joint Index of Diseases and Injuries References found for the code 844.9 in the Index of Diseases and Injuries : Laceration - SEE ALSO Wound , open , by site tendon 848.9 lower limb NEC with open wound NEC 894.2 Shin splints Sprain , strain ( joint ) ( ligament ) ( muscle ) ( tendon ) 848.9 cartilage knee with current tear ( SEE ALSO Tear , meniscus ) 836.2 femur ( proximal end ) 843.9 distal end fibula ( proximal end ) distal end 845.00 knee and leg old 717.5 collateral lateral 717.81 medial 717.82 cruciate anterior 717.83 posterior 717.84 leg and knee thigh ( proximal end ) 843.9 distal end tibia ( proximal end ) distal end 845.00 Information for Patients Knee Injuries and Disorders Your knee joint is made up of bone , cartilage , ligaments and fluid . Muscles and tendons help the knee joint move . When any of these structures is hurt or diseased , you have knee problems . Knee problems can cause pain and difficulty walking . Knee problems are very common , and they occur in people of all ages . Knee problems can interfere with many things , from participation in sports to simply getting up from a chair and walking . This can have a big impact on your life . The most common disease affecting the knee is osteoarthritis . The cartilage in the knee gradually wears away , causing pain and swelling . Injuries to ligaments and tendons also cause knee problems . A common injury is to the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . You usually injure your ACL by a sudden twisting motion . ACL and other knee injuries are common sports injuries . Treatment of knee problems depends on the cause . In some cases your doctor may recommend knee replacement . NIH : National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases ACL reconstruction ACL reconstruction - discharge Anterior crucate ligament ( ACL ) injury Anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury - - aftercare Anterior knee pain Baker ' s cyst Broken kneecap - aftercare Collateral ligament ( CL ) injury - - aftercare Getting your home ready - knee or hip surgery Iliotibial band syndrome - - aftercare Knee arthroscopy Knee arthroscopy - discharge Knee CT scan Knee microfracture surgery Knee MRI scan Knee pain Kneecap dislocation - aftercare Lateral collateral ligament ( LCL ) injury Medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) injury of the knee Meniscal allograft transplantation Meniscus tears Meniscus tears - - aftercare Osgood - Schlatter disease Osteotomy of the knee Posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) injury Posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) injury - - aftercare Read More Leg Injuries and Disorders Your legs are made up of bones , blood vessels , muscles , and other connective tissue . They are important for motion and standing . Playing sports , running , falling , or having an accident can damage your legs . Common leg injuries include sprains and strains , joint dislocations , and fractures . These injuries can affect the entire leg , or just the foot , ankle , knee , or hip . Certain diseases also lead to leg problems . For example , knee osteoarthritis , common in older people , can cause pain and limited motion . Problems in your veins in your legs can lead to varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis . Blount ' s disease Bowlegs Common peroneal nerve dysfunction Femoral nerve dysfunction Femur fracture repair - discharge Foot , leg , and ankle swelling Iliotibial band syndrome - - aftercare Ischemic ulcers - - self - care Knock knees Leg CT scan Leg lengthening and shortening Leg or foot amputation Leg pain Shin splints - self - care Skeletal limb abnormalities Tibial nerve dysfunction Venous insufficiency Venous ulcers - - self - care Read More Sprains and Strains A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament . Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint . Falling , twisting , or getting hit can all cause a sprain . Ankle and wrist sprains are common . Symptoms include pain , swelling , bruising , and being unable to move your joint . You might feel a pop or tear when the injury happens . A strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon . Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone . Twisting or pulling these tissues can cause a strain . Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time . Back and hamstring muscle strains are common . Many people get strains playing sports . Symptoms include pain , muscle spasms , swelling , and trouble moving the muscle . At first , treatment of both sprains and strains usually involves resting the injured area , icing it , wearing a bandage or device that compresses the area , and medicines . Later treatment might include exercise and physical therapy . NIH : National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Ankle sprain - aftercare Elbow sprain - - aftercare Foot sprain - aftercare Hamstring strain - aftercare Hip flexor strain - - aftercare Sprains Strains Tendon repair Wrist sprain - aftercare Previous Code 844.8 Next Code 845.00 | [
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http://iceage.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Species | in : Articles requiring cleanup Species List of characters by species Edit Share File : UglySid . png " A good - lookin ' article like you ? " This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of article quality . Please discuss major or controversial changes on the talk page Contents show Saber - toothed squirrel Scrat : Protagonist in Ice Age . Deceased saber - toothed squirrel : Minor character in Scrat ' s Continental Crack - up Part 2 King of Scratlantis : Minor character in Ice Age : Continental Drift Freaky mammal Macrauchenia : characters in Ice Age Macrauchenias : in Ice Age : The Meltdown Macrauchenias kids and adult : ' Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Cameos : ' Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Cameos : ' Ice Age : Continental Drift Start Palaeotherium : minor character in Ice Age The Starts : minor characters in Ice Age : The Meltdown Claire : character in Surviving Sid Geotopia Palaeotherium : character in Ice Age : Collision Course Mariachi Band Palaeotherium : minor character in Ice Age : Collision Course Glypto Sal : minor character in Eddie : minor character in Other Glyptos : minor characters in Stu : deceased character in Billy Glypto boy : minor character in Surviving Sid Aardvark Characters : in James Father Aardvark : minor character in James brothers : minor characters in Mother Aardvark Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Johnny Cindy Geotopian Aardvark Mammoth Manny : Protagonist in Ellie : Protagonist in and other movies Peaches and other movies Julian Manny ' s first mate and son : Deceased characters in Ethan : Character in Buddy : Minor character in Steffie : Secondary character in Ice Age : Continental Drift Katie : Secondary character in Meghan Woolly Mammoths : Minor characters in Sloth Sid : Protagonist in Ice Age Sylvia Cut scene on the 2 - Disc DVD in Sylvia ' s Father : Character in ( deleted scenes only ) Sloth Siren Sid ' s family : Mentioned characters in and minor characters Sid ' s Grandmother Jennifer and Rachel : Minor characters in Rose Francine Brooke Rhino Carl and Frank : minor antagonists in Young Brontotherium : minor character in Young enemy : in ( video game ) Carl ' s Grandmother : mentioned in the Spanish version of Neanderthal Roshan : Protagonist in Runar : secondary character in Nadia Tribe of Humans : minor characters in Albert Einstein : deceased character in No Time For Nuts Santa Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Saber - toothed tiger Diego : protagonist in Ice Age Shira : protagonist in Soto : antagonist in Zeke : antagonist in Oscar Several others that were hunted by humans : Deceased in Scimitar - toothed cat Lenny : secondary antagonist in Dodo Dab : minor villain in Tae Kwon Dodos : minor villains in Dodo : minor character in Enemies : in ( videogame ) Enemies : in ' Elk Male Elk : minor character in Young Elk : minor character in Female Elk : minor character in Teen Elk : friend for Ethan in Beaver Ashley : minor character in Beaver Dad Beaver Mom Beaver Mariachi Band Beaver Diving bird Baptornis Mariachi Band Baptornis Piranha Frozen Piranha : minor character in Piranhas : minor villains in and Enemies : in Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( video game ) Shovelmouth Shovelmouth ( character ) Little Shovelmouth : minor character in Ronald Shovelmouth : in Cameos in : Bird Young Bird : minor character in Bird : minor character in Birds : cameos in Armadillo Fast Tony : secondary character in Vulture The Lone Gunslinger : secondary antagonist in Traffic Vulture : minor villain in Vulture Chick : character in Other Vultures : minor characters in Diatryma Mother Gastormis : minor character in Gastormis : minor playable character in Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown ( video game ) Madison : minor character : Mother of Madison : Other Gastornis : in Geotopia Diatryma Molehog Grandpa Molehog : Smarty Pants : Unnamed Grumpy Molehog : Enemies : in Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( video game ) Cameos : in Louis Dung Beetle Father Dung Beetle : minor character Female Dung Beetle : minor character Dung Beetle ' s Mother : mentioned character S ' More : cameo character in Ichthyosaur Cretaceous : main antagonist in Pliosaur Maelstrom : main antagonist in Bear ( chalicothere ) Cholly and secondary character in Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade Musk ox Vera Vera husband : minor character in Angry Musk Ox : minor character in Ox : minor characters in ' Geotopia Musk Ox Opossum Crash : primary and secondary character in Ice Age films Eddie : primary and secondary character in Ice Age films Mother Opossum Cousin Wilton : mentioned character in Ellie ' s grandma : deceased character in Mini - sloth Layla Zee : minor antagonist turned good in Tribe of Mini - sloths : minor antagonists turned good in Mini - Sloths : Characters in ' Head Mini - Sloth : Character in ' Condor Condor Chick : minor antagonist in Mother Condor : minor character in Saber - toothed flying squirrel Scratte : secondary antagonist in Gazelle Gazelle Tyrannosaurus Rex Momma : secondary antagonist turned hero in Yoko : secondary character in Egbert : secondary character in Shelly Ankylosaurus Ankylosaurus : minor villain in Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus : minor character in Kentrosaurus Kentrosaurus Iguanodon Iguanodon Pachycephalosaurus Pachycephalosaurus and enemy in Weasel Buck : main protagonist in Neil deBuck Weasel Triceratops Triceratops baby : minor character in Mother Triceratops Baby Triceratops Giant Butterfly Giant Butterfly Carnivorous Plant Carnivorous Plant : minor villain in and enemy in Dragonfly : enemy in Venus Fly Trap : enemy in 2nd Spitting Plant : enemy in Troodon Troodon Baryonyx Rudy and cameo in Guanlong Guanlong : minor antagonists in Harpactognathus Roger and Quetzalcoatlus Quetzalcoatlus : minor enemy in Reindeer Prancer : main character in Dasher : minor character in Dancer : minor character in Blitzen : minor character in Comet : minor character in Cupid : minor character in Donner : minor character in Vixen : minor character in Giraffe Giraffe : cameo in Scrat ' s Continental Crack - up Part 2 Crab Red Crab : minor character in Giant crab : secondary villain in Shark Shark Gigantopithecus Captain Gutt Siren Gutt : minor character in Blue - footed booby Silas Elephant seal Flynn Rabbit Squint Clint : protagonist in Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade Teddy : protagonist in Badger Gupta Procoptodon Raz Boar Dobson : secondary antagonists in Boar : animals in Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown ( video game ) Rat Pirate Rats : minor characters in Narwhal Narwhals : minor antagonists in Hyrax Hyrax : secondary heroes in Fuzzy Siren Sirens : minor villains in Eohippus / Minicorn Eohippus : deleted characters in Ice Age Continnental Drift Bubbles Misty Llama Shangri Llama : character in Dino - bird Gavin : villan turned good in Gertie : villan turned good in Ice Age : Collision Course Roger Penguin Penguin : mini - game in Ice Age : The Meltdown video game Spider Spider Queen : secondary villain in Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown Spiders minions : in Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown Cave Spider : in Ice Age 3 : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Spider Dilophosaurus Dilophosaurus : enemy in Axolotl Axolotl : animal in Ice Age Village . White Tiger White Tiger : animal in Ice Age Village . Wolf Wolf : minor villain in Ice Age 2 video game Bear Bear : Minor villain Ice Age 2 video game Polar : Minor villain in Spider Monkey Spider Monkey . and mentioned and deleted in Bat Bat : secondary enemy in Bullfrog Bullfrog : minor enemy in Intestinal Parasite Intestinal Parasite : minor villain in Hornet Hornets : minor villains in Snail Giant Snail : enemy in Ice Age ( video game ) Eagle Eagle ( boss ) : A boss in Ice Age ( video game ) Uintatherium Uintatherium : animal in Ice Age Adventures Pufferfish Pufferfish : Enemies in Ice Age Village Categories Articles requiring cleanup Species Recent Wiki Activity Brooke Tayo Johnson • 20 hours ago Reindeer EDITE APARECIDA • 23 hours ago Lol Thisisnotepic • 1 day ago Momma Dino / Gallery Nerfmaster8 • 2 days ago Help us grow Ice Age Wiki Get Started | [
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http://iceandfire.wikia.com/wiki/Theon_Greyjoy | in : POV Character Characters House Greyjoy and 9 more Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy Biographical Information Born In 279 AC At Pyke Title Prince Prince of Winterfell ( formerly ) Lord of Winterfell ( formerly ) Allegiance House Greyjoy House Stark Culture Westeros Ironborn Alias The Prince of Fools Theon Turncloak The Squid Prince Reek Theon Kinslayer The Prince of Stink The Rightful Lord of the Iron Islands Office Predecessor Brandon Stark ( as Prince of Winterfell ) Robb Stark ( as Lord of Winterfell ) Successor Roose Bolton ( as Lord of Winterfell ) Family Father Balon IX Greyjoy Mother Alannys Harlaw Siblings Rodrik Greyjoy Maron Greyjoy Asha Greyjoy Physical Description Hair Dark Features Lean , dark , and handsome , with a cocky smile Prince is the fourth and youngest child of Lord Balon Greyjoy , ruler of the Iron Islands , and his wife Lady Alannys . He is the younger brother of Rodrik Maron , and Asha Greyjoy . He serves as a ward to Lord Eddard Stark Contents show Appearance and Character Edit Theon Greyjoy is described as being an arrogant nineteen - year - old at the start of A Game of Thrones , with black hair and a cocky grin . He was callous , ambitious and a shameless glory - seeker who lusted after the appreciation and loyalty of others . Theon proved himself to be an incredibly ruthless and almost monstrous man in his subjugation of Winterfell , but suffered greatly for his arrogance and Winterfell was taken from him However , after later events in the books , specifically his torture at the hands of Ramsay Bolton , he becomes subdued and hopeless . His hair gray , he is thin and malnourished , and he has lost several fingers , toes , and teeth . Some think he is mad and he seems brainwashed as he struggles with his identity . History Edit After the Greyjoy Rebellion against Robert Baratheon was crushed , Balon Greyjoy was forced into fealty . He offered his son Theon to Eddard Stark as a hostage , to ensure his loyalty to the throne . While living in Winterfell and practically being raised as a member of House Stark , he grew to become like a brother to the Stark children , Robb Sansa Bran Arya Rickon , and Jon Snow Books A Game of Thrones Theon is part of the group that rides out to pass judgement on Gared , a deserter of the Night ' s Watch . After Eddard beheads the man the head roles over to Theon , who kicks it , laughing . Theon is prepared to kill the direwolf pups when they are found , but is stopped by Eddard Stark . Theon sits at the high lords table for the feast celebrating the arrival of King Robert . He enters the Great Hall alongside Benjen Stark . Theon has to hold Robb back after a confrontation in the courtyard with Prince Joffrey Baratheon Theon is amongst those gathered that Catelyn Stark tells of her belief that Ser Jaime Lannister threw Bran from the First Keep . While the brothers are out hunting , Bran is nearly taken by some wildlings and a Night ' s Watch deserter , including Osha . He saves Bran with some quick action . He fights closely alongside Robb Stark at the beginning of the War of the Five Kings A Clash of Kings Robb Stark sends Theon to treat with Balon Greyjoy , who he has not seen in ten years . The idea is that Balon will be offered independence ( his desire for independence was the cause of the Greyjoy Rebellion if he agrees to help Robb defeat House Lannister . However , Balon rejects Theon ' s proposal and taunts him for growing up wealthy with House Stark . He also meets his sister who teases him and seduces him under a false identity to embarrass him . Eventually he is given a position of minor authority and allowed to take some crew members to raid coastline villages . On his own authority he decides to attack Torrhen ' s Square to draw forces out of Winterfell , a decision Theon made when he was jealous of his sister for her accomplishments . He then seizes the castle and takes Rickon and Bran hostage , but when they escape he has two miller ' s sons killed and burns their bodies , mounting two Rodrik Cassel , and is seriously considering joining the Night ' s Watch , which was advice given to him by Maester Luwin , who offers to show him a way out . However , before he can go to the Wall , a prisoner he released , Ramsay Bolton has arrived with his own men and begin attacking then northern forces surrounding them . They pretend to be Theon ' s allies , but when Theon opens the gate , they kill the Ironborn , capture Theon , and sack Winterfell . Theon begins to thank Ramsay for annihilating Rodrik ' s forces before Ramsay takes Theon hostage . A Storm of Swords Though Theon does not appear as a POV character , Catelyn Stark receives a piece of Theon ' s skin from Roose Bolton and learns that he is being flayed by Ramsay Bolton . A Feast for Crows Theon is believed dead . A Dance with Dragons Theon is being tortured by Ramsay Bolton . He ' s had flesh , teeth , and small limbs removed and is implied to have been castrated to some extent by Ramsay . He takes on the guise of Reek , Ramsay ' s servant , and is not allowed to bathe . He looks as though he has aged forty years , as Ramsay has removed some of his teeth , his hair has turned white , and he has trouble walking . He escapes Dreadfort with Kyra , a former sexual partner . However , Ramsay made it easy for them on purpose so he could hunt them with his hounds later . Theon is taken back to Dreadfort , and Kyra dies at the hands of Ramsay . To reward the Boltons for their betrayal of the Starks , the Lannisters name Ramsay the new Lord of Winterfell and betroth him to Arya Stark . When Theon meets the new bride , he recognizes her as Jeyne Poole , a friend of Sansa . Ramsay knows that she is a substitute , but as long as no - one else knows that she is n ' t Arya , he can claim the Stark lands by marrying her . Theon who lived with the Starks gives the bride away to reinforce this false identity . Theon must lay witness to Ramsay ' s cruel treatment and actions . He and Jeyne make their escape when a Winterfell musician and his court ( actually Mance Rayder ) stage a scene , though this is more out of fear of Theon . The pair is eventually captured and handed over to Stannis Baratheon , who also has his sister Asha captive , and the two are reunited . Categories POV Character Characters Eunuchs A Clash of Kings A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Robb Stark ' s personal guard House Stark retainers Characters from the Iron Islands House Bolton retainers Add category | [
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http://iceartva.com/prices-delivery/ | Prices Delivery NEW We also offer 20 lb bags of cubed ice for your events The prices below reflect our average pricing each piece is custom made Please call for exact prices on your design ideas Preferably orders should be placed at least two weeks before your event Depending on the season and date we are often able to accommodate rush orders with less notice NOTE Sculptures must be paid in full before the event in order to be scheduled to carve unless otherwise agreed upon We accept personal checks MCVisaDiscoverAmEx Full Size Sculptures Virtually any custom design or logo AVERAGE price range 375 450 Please call for exact pricing on specific designs Liquor Luges Shooters Luges can be engraved with logos message or designs or have objects frozen inside Shooters have clear tubing inside a 3D sculpture Luges start at 85 135 for small wedge luge picked up or delivered Average luge prices 200400 and up for custom larger luges shooters Ice Bars All Sizes and Styles Check out our photo gallery to view a sampling of the possibilities Mini bars 40 wide starting at 775 Full size bars 5 6 and larger 1395 and up Suspended Ice Beads Crystals Letters etc Please call for exact quotes priced at 4000 per square foot Delivery Ice Art will carefully deliver and set up at your location Your custom sculpture will arrive already carved and thermal wrapped for protection and insulation It will then be carefully set up by the owner Steve or by one or more of our experienced delivery team We arrive approximately one hour to one and a half hours prior to your guests arrival unless alternate plans are discussed We will be happy to coordinate the setup with your caterer florist venue or event designer Each sculpture is set up with a clear heavy plastic or acrylic display pan and drain system Lighting displays are optional The sizes of the display equipment vary by sculpture and we will advise you of the table space needed Ice Art does not provide the table linen skirting liquor food nor florals but we are happy to recommend fabulous vendors for each We deliver to all Tidewater locations plus Richmond Petersburg Charlottesville Blue Ridge Williamsburg Northern Neck the Peninsula and the Eastern Shore of VA Franklin Smithfield Emporia the Outer Banks and Elizabeth City NC We are able to deliver outside this range to DC Baltimore MD and other areas of Virginia and North Carolina or we can refer you to another ice sculpture company that is closer Please call to discuss delivery options and charges There is a fee for breakdown and removal by Ice Art at the end of the event if needed We also offer a discount for no Virtually anything an be carved out of ice or frozen inside and we urge you to be creative with us Lighting your Sculpture When it comes to the display of your sculpture you may choose to have it lighted from beneath We generally recommend illuminating your sculpture Lighting truly grabs attention while defining and highlighting the intricate details Unless your event is outside in the daytime or in an extremely welllit room lighting will be a big part of the wow factor Included in the price of your sculpture is a clear display pan drain hose and drain bin Pictured below is our disposable equipment mainly for out of the area deliveries or self disposal at end of events The tray sizes are 18 x 24 21 x 27 or 20 x 40These trays and the drain equipment are disposable no return is necessaryThe sculpture will sit in the tray surrounded by cubed iceAs the sculpture begins to drip the excess water drains through the hose and into a bucket placed beneath the table So no one sees the drain bucket we Or for local deliveries we can return at the end of your event to remove the sculpture and retrieve our rented display equipment It is a bit more sturdy and there are more sizes available There is a fee for Ice Art to return breakdown and retrieve this equipment You also have the option of adding lighting to a disposable display in clear white light or nearly any color This is 303540 50 additional depending on tray size Disposable equippictured above Rental trays with light units are also 3540 50 depending on tray size The method of drainage is essentially the same whether you choose to have lighting or not | [
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http://ichoseguthrie.org/ | Physicians Search Why Physicians Choose Guthrie You went into medicine to make a difference But youd also like to have a life Discover Guthrie where youll have the opportunity to do both One visit to Guthrie and youll agree that things are a bit different here Maybe its because were physicianled and follow our founders patientcentered model of care Maybe its because the people we work with every day really want to be here and it shows Or maybe its just something visceral that you cant quite name grounded in the natural beauty that surrounds us Take a look through this portal your central hub for all opportunities here at Guthrie If youd like to talk with us click the Contact Us tab to set up a call or drop us an email Who knows maybe Guthrie will end up being a great fit for you If so youll be glad you gave it a shot And so will we Leadership You went into medicine to make a difference But youd also like to have a life Discover Guthrie where youll have the opportunity to do both One visit to Guthrie and youll agree that things are a bit different here | [
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http://icnachicago.org/eidfest/ | Events July 6 – 8 : Eid Fest 2018 ICNA Chicago Webmaster June 25 , 2018 Assalamu Alaikum , It is with great pride and happiness that we present to you : The 8th Annual ICNA Eid Fest ! ! ! Each year as a community , we saw Eid Fest grow into something bigger and better than the year before Alhamdulillah . Slowly but surely , our dream as a community of having a united celebration of Eid , gathering people from across the Chicagoland area became a reality . Our team is very excited to announce that this year Eid Fest will be not one , not two , but a THREE day celebration once again ! Not only that , but after reviewing the past seven years and discussing and deliberating as a team , we have decided to take it to a whole new level , deciding that Eid Fest this year will once again be an all out carnival with many more new attractions InshaAllah . In the coming days , we will be announcing all details such as rides , food , attractions and much more ! So please stay tuned and help us spread the word ! HOURS : Fri : 4 - 11 PM Sat : 2 - 11 PM ( FIREWORKS @ 9 : 15PM ) ( Ponys Rides & Petting Zoo all day ) Sun : 2 - 9 PM ( Ponys Rides & Petting Zoo all day ) Booth / Sponsorship : 855 - 343 - 3378 eidfest @ icnachicago . org Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Jazzakalahu Khayrun , Assalamu Alaikum , Eid Fest Team Ph : 855 - 343 - 3378 eidfest @ icnachicago . org icnachicago . org / eidfest Eid Fest on Facebook ! Next post ILF Previous post May 5th : Adhan Competition 2018 | [
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http://icohol.com/what-is-an-aperitif/ | Home Bar Search What is an Aperitif ? What is an Aperitif ? What is an Apéritif ? Some of the lingo that ’ s used in the alcoholic beverage industry can be a bit confusing to a newcomer or even a person who ’ s familiar with things such as beer , wine , and cocktails . An apéritif is one of those words that get used quite often but funnily enough , not very many people know what it actually means . Most people with a solid knowledge of fine alcoholic drinks claim that the aperitif is simply a drink that is consumed before a meal . However , there is actually much more to it How to Say It First of all however , a pronunciation lesson is needed . Apéritif comes from the French language and is pronounced “ a - pair - ee - TEEF ” , not “ AA - peratif ” or “ a - PER - ative ” . Practice saying the word out loud a few times . You do n ’ t need to pronounce it like you ’ re from Paris ; just remember to stress the word on the last syllable and you ’ ll be fine in any tony restaurant or bar . What it Is An aperitif is indeed an alcoholic beverage that is served before a meal ; however , it is n ’ t any old drink . It must be an alcoholic drink that is specifically consumed to stimulate the appetite . In other words , it ’ s a drink that will make you feel hungry or will prepare you for a meal . In some cases , the word apéritif may refer to a small snack that is served before a main meal ; however , in most English - speaking situations , apéritif refers to the drink , and The word comes from the Latin verb aperire which means “ to open ” . By consuming a light alcoholic beverage before a meal , you are in fact , “ opening ” your appetite . Apéritifs are usually light - bodied and do not contain heavy ingredients such as cream , eggs , or excessive amounts of sugar which would kill an appetite and make a person feel “ stuffed . ” Still , dry , and light white wines can be used as a before - dinner drink and are a popular choice . A Brief History Apéritifs were introduced to the world as a specific drink in 1846 , when French chemist Joseph Dubonnet , as a way to deliver the incredibly bitter malaria - fighting chemical quinine in the most pleasant manner possible , developed a wine - based drink flavored with spices and herbs to mask the bitterness . The resulting beverage was so pleasant , that Dubonnet is still a very popular drink to this day and has ardent aficionados all around the globe . However , before 1846 , aperitifs were being consumed in Italy since the 1700 ’ s . Vermouth was developed in Turin by Antonio Benedetto Carpano in 1786 , and present day vermouth brands that are still popular are Martini , Cinzano , Dolin , and Noilly Prat . By the 1900 ’ s , apéritifs were common everywhere ; the trend had even crossed over to North America . It must be said that apéritifs in Spain and some parts of Latin America have been around for centuries ; or in the case of Spain , possibly for over a millennia . In the Iberian Peninsula , it has been a tradition for eons to have a light drink before a meal , and the drink is almost always accompanied by a snack . This drink - and - snack tradition is known by its Spanish - language name of tapas . Common Types The types of apéritif are incredibly varied . The most popular are fortified wines such as Madeira , Sherry , or white Port wine ; some liqueurs are also used as apéritifs , and many people , especially in the United States , like to have white wine or champagne before a “ fancy ” meal . In France , some of the common apéritifs are pastis , which is taken before meals in the southern part of the country , Calvados brandy is a favorite in Normandy , and Crémant D ’ Alsace , a type of sparkling white wine , is taken in the eastern regions . Champagne and Cognac are also frequently served in homes as dinner apéritifs . Kir cocktails , the recipe for which is below , are famous in France and are becoming more well - known in North America . Young , fresh red wines like Beaujolais Nouveaux can also In Italy , bitters ( alcoholic beverages that are herbal in nature with a bitter taste ) such as Cinzano , Campari , Byrrh , Salers and Suze are often used as before - dinner drinks . Vermouth and amaro are also popular items in bars and in homes alike . In Greece , a popular and almost iconic drink to have before eating a meal is ouzo , an anise - flavored beverage , while in the Eastern Mediterranean nations of Palestine , Israel , Syria , Lebanon and Jordan , arak is the apéritif of choice . Our Top Five Picks If you ’ ve never had an apéritif before , we recommend these top five to try : 1 . Dubonnet Pronounced “ doo - bon - NAY ” , this beverage has been a favorite for over a hundred and fifty years now with people on both sides of the Atlantic . Sweet , herbal flavored and with a rather delightful hint of bitterness , a glass of Dubonnet on the rocks is the ideal way to start a dinner party with friends . 2 . Kir cocktail This refreshing pre - dinner beverage is flavorful without being overpowering and has the power to make you enjoy your food even more . It ’ s easy to make : Simply pour an ounce or two of blackcurrant liqueur in a champagne flute , and fill the glass with a light white wine . To make a Kir Royale , use sparkling white . 3 . Pastis This apéritif is clear and anis flavored ; however , it is usually taken with water added to it , which will change the color to a milky white . If ice is desired , it should be added after the water has been poured into the glass or else the consistency will change ; the cold will crystallize the anethole present in the liquor . 4 . Campari and Soda Campari is one of Italy ’ s most famous bitters , and while it may be too bitter to drink on its own and has been described as “ an acquired taste ” , when it is mixed with soda water or even sparkling water it develops into something quite sublime . 5 . Sherry A beautiful fortified wine from the Jerez region of Andalusia in southern Spain , a Sherry is like an amplified version of a great white wine . A must - have if you ’ ve never tried it before . Tweet It ! : # Aperitif You might also like : How to open a bar Top 10 Drinks with Vodka Yucatan Peninsula ’ s Best Daiquiris and Pina Coladas How To Make Your Own Wine At Home Sake : Japan ’ s Rice Brew Top 10 Wine & Spirit Christmas Gift Ideas | [
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http://icopd.org/ | Home Planning Housing Infrastructure Uniform Construction Code Economic Development Municipal Information Contact Us Welcome to the Indiana County Office of Planning and Development The Indiana County Board of Commissioners established the Indiana County Office of Planning Development ICOPD in 1987 to meet the growing needs of our community Since its establishment the ICOPDs role in County government has continuously evolved to meet the everchanging needs of the County The Office of Planning Development continues to take a proactive approach to addressing countywide concerns and issues Our cooperation with the 14 boroughs and 24 townships throughout the County contributes to the balance between existing land uses and growth considerations so that the quality of life in Indiana County can be improved for future generations The overall purpose of the Office of Planning Development is to facilitate orderly growth and development that contributes to the health safety and welfare of the public Videos of presentations from the THRIVE Sustainable Economy Summit held at the Rustic Lodge on April 21 2017 are now uploaded to the LWVPA YouTube channel and are available here CLICK HERE FOR VIDEOS In accordance with requirements of title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ADA the County of Indiana will not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities on the basis of disability in its services programs or activities Employment The County of Indiana does not discriminate on the basis of disability in its hiring or employment practices and complies with all regulations promulgated by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under title I of the ADA Effective Communication The County of Indiana will generally upon request provide appropriate aids and services leading to effective communication for qualified persons with disabilities so they can participate equally in Indiana Countys programs services and activities including qualified sign language interpreters documents in Braille and other ways of making information and communications accessible to people who have speech hearing or vision impairments Modifications to Policies and Procedures The County of Indiana will make all reasonable modifications to policies and programs to ensure that people with disabilities have an equal opportunity to enjoy all of its programs services and activities For example individuals with service animals are welcomed in Indiana Countys offices even where pets are generally prohibited Anyone who requires an auxiliary aid or service for effective communication or a modification of policies or procedures to participate in a program service or activity of Indiana County should contact the Indiana County Department of Human Services located at 300 Indian Springs Road Indiana PA or by telephone at 7244638200 as soon as possible but no later than 72 hours before the scheduled event The ADA does not require the County of Indiana to take any action that would fundamentally alter the nature of its programs or services or impose an undue financial or administrative burden Complaints that a program service or activity of Indiana County is not accessible to persons with disabilities should be directed to Lisa Spencer Executive Director of the Indiana County Department of Humans Services at 300 Indian Springs Road Indiana PA or by telephone at 7244638200 Michael A Baker Chairman Indiana County Board of Commissioners 825 Philadelphia Street Indiana PA 15701 COUNTY OF INDIANA NOTICE UNDER THE AMERICAN WITH DISABILITIES ACT POLICY OF INDIANA COUNTY NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY STATUS The County of Indiana does not discriminate on the basis of handicapped status in the admission of access to or treatment or employment for all its programs or activities Robin Maryai Chief Clerk 825 Philadelphia Street Indiana PA 15701 Telephone Number 724 4653805 Voice and TDD has been designated to coordinate compliance with the nondiscrimination requirements contained in the Department of Housing and Urban Developments HUD regulations implementing Section 504 24CFR Part 8 dated June 2 1988 Michael A Baker Chairman Indiana County Board of Commissioners Social Media Civility and Respect Statements We want to hear your voice The Indiana County Office of Planning and Development ICOPD encourages you to comment on our social media pages so we know what interests you However we ask that you treat this as a public space and communicate with others in a respectful and civil way that enhances rather than detracts from our social media interaction We will be moderating comments ICOPD will not discriminate against comments based on identity or personal beliefs but comments will be removed if they do not meet our standards of civility and respect though ICOPD Social Media Standards of Civility and Respect No comments that display the following behaviors will be tolerated on ICOPD social media pages Decency No 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"Indiana County Office of Planning and Development"
] |
http://icover.org.uk/cover-letter-for-a-receptionist/ | Home Receptionist Cover Letter for a Receptionist Cover Letter for a Receptionist Cover letter example for a Receptionist position in the UK . You should amend this letter example as suitable and then apply for the latest job vacancies . If you are hoping to apply for a role as a Receptionist then you will usually have some previous reception experience and have be a confident communicator . A receptionist is usually the first point of contact at a company both on the telephone and face to face so it is important that you have a professional and mature manner and can provide excellent customer service skills when dealing with visitors and callers to the company . If you are ready to apply for a role and want some help with a covering letter , please see the below letter which you can use as a guide . Related Receptionist CV Example Receptionist Covering Letter Example Ms Jane Brown 101 Any Road Every Town XX1 1YY Mr John Smith ABC Company All Streets Any Town AA1 1ZZ ( Date ) Dear Mr Smith Application for the post of Receptionist I am very interested in the above advertised position and enclose my CV for your consideration . You will see from my CV that I have two years of office experience , including reception , in my current role . When I am allocated to reception , I operate a multiple line system and am able to handle and transfer calls politely and efficiently . I also greet visitors to our offices and ensure that they are comfortable in our waiting room . I have first rate communications and customer service skills and a pleasant and friendly manner . In addition , I have very good word processing and database administration abilities . I am confident that my skills match the requirements of your vacancy and that I can meet the demands of the post . I believe that I would be a valuable addition to your team and give a professional face to the company . If you would like to take my application forward , I would be delighted to attend for interview to provide further information on my experience and abilities . Thank you for your time . Yours sincerely Jane Brown Receptionist cover letter example Cover Letter for Receptionist Dear Sir / Madam , Application for the role of Receptionist I would like to apply for the role of Receptionist which you have got advertised in ( where and when ) . I have a solid background in reception work and enjoy being the first point of call for a company . I have excellent communication skills and feel that I have a good attitude and I am able to provide good customer service and help to people calling into or visiting the company . As a receptionist I also do other duties as part of my role such as general admin skills and I enjoy this as it develops my skills further and allows me to be more involved in a company and get to know and understand their business . I am eager to learn and willing to train at further skills in my own time . I am very organised , methodical and self motivated . I like to work hard and I find this very challenging . I have got good time management skills and like to ensure that I complete my work accurately and efficiently . Please find enclosed my up to date CV . If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me . Thank you for taking the time to read my letter and CV . Yours sincerely NAME SURNAME Good luck with your job applications and let us know what do you think about this letter sample . Filed Under : Receptionist | [
"Cover Letter",
"Receptionist"
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http://icthealth.com/ | HIN AI HIN AI is a mobile first intelligent HealthIT platform conceived around a blockchain EHR an XDS compatible clinical content manager cloud deployed multipletenant PAS practice management with ad hoc data query analysis capabilities The first release of HIN AI features clinical decision support intelligent alerts scheduler with embedded CPOE results viewer that make it a powerful emedicine workstation housing your private data securely on your smart phones tablets or desktops FROM THE COLLECTIVE 0 Users 0 Patient Encounters 0 Lab Orders 0 Radiology Images AN INTELLIGENT FRAMEWORK EXCLUSIVE TO HEALTHCARE DEEP LEARNING Deep learning is all about identifying patterns by connecting the dots HIN AI uses deep learning approaches to translate extensive EHR data to gain knowledge and provide actionable insight BLOCKCHAIN ARCHITECTURE Blockchainenabled HIN AI supports health data interoperability integrity and security portable userowned data through data exchange systems that are cryptographically secured and irrevocable PRECISION MEDICINE Information coming from wearable health trackers and sensors could be analysed together with health condition to provide patients with instructive pieces of information and help the physicians to design healthcare based on the needs and habits of patients Designing for Physicians The EHR application has an extremely configurable user interface which can be tailored to physicians taste and convenience From arranging information and defining the layout to selecting a color theme all the aspects of personalization endorse ease and simplicity The availability of complete patient information on a single page supplemented by clinical decision support tools improves physicians ability to make wellinformed treatment decisions quickly and safely Designing for Radiologists The process of care involves the interpretation of multiple images acquired from modalities spread across a care setting and often beyond the boundaries of one hospital Designed to the last detail the system is unique in its ability to easily acquire images from modalities of multiple vendors stream them onto a central archive facilitates instant access to clinicians for viewing and reporting Designing for Nurses The idea is not only to ensure that the key information is present but the design should emphasize it Now nurses can sort things get timely notifications and be informed of meaningful alerts for error free administration and efficient task management Designing for Administration Smart planning requires seeing the big picture and specific details at the same time Our advanced scheduler helps you to define shifts with a set of hard constraints that must be followed and a set of soft constraints which define the relative quality of the solution Finally Designing for Patient Delight A care facilitys honest approach towards maintaining an optimal relationship with its patients is the original thought behind this idea It is important for a hospital to make its patients feel that they are supported in the post care process Unlike the traditional CRM which shoots the same email to hundreds of its customers We design apps to make it relevant to the patients Future with HIN AI HIN AI platform supports smart information and clinical technology solutions that help healthcare professionals instantly access vital information from patients medical devices laboratories radiology systems and pharmacies thereby enabling the most appropriate clinical intervention based on the most relevant patient information at the point of care | [
"Designing for Physicians",
"Designing for Radiologists"
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http://icuban.com/food/tostones.html | Jorge Castillo : Plantains are a staple in the Cuban diet . We use them in many different dishes , but you most frequently see them served as maduros ( fried sweet plantain ) and tostones . Glenn Lindgren : Tostones are unique because they are fried twice . This double frying technique is very popular in Cuba ! Many cooks use this technique to make French fried potatoes and boniato ( sweet potatoes ) . Many of the French fries served at State fairs and carnivals in the U . S . are now made using this method . The frying , NOT the smashing part ! Raúl Musibay : The tradition of the tostone comes from African slaves . In the Congo , the people prepare plantains in the exact same way , even to this day . Glenn Lindgren : Some purists insist on a completely starchy tostone with no sweetness . For them , only a perfectly green plantain will do . Raúl Musibay : They must be green , green , green ! That ' s the only way . Glenn Lindgren : Others like a little sweetness in the tostones , and a plantain with a few speckles of black makes a sweeter version . I actually like them this way , although Raúl may never forgive me ! Many of the tostones you get in restaurants today are more on the sweet side . In fact , many places are serving the sweeter Hawaiian plantains ( plátanos hawaianos ) made into tostones . Jorge Castillo : You ' ll know you ' re eating a Hawaiian plantain tostone by the size - - they are lot larger . We also know that many restaurants are now using pre - cooked Hawaiian tostones . Glenn Lindgren : We ' ve eaten them many times and surprise - - they are very good ! Tostones Recipe By Three Guys From Miami Prep time : 10 minutes Cook time : 10 minutes Total time : 20 minutes Yield : 4 servings Tostones are unique because they are fried twice . INGREDIENTS 2 large green plantains , peeled and cut into 2 - inch slices 2 / 3 cup vegetable oil ( approx . ) 1 / 4 teaspoon salt ( to taste ) Peel the plantain : Cut the ends of each plantain off with a sharp knife . Use the knife to cut through the peel only the entire lenth of the plantain . Loosen the peel along the cut and remove peel by hand . Cut the plantain into slices , about 2 to 2 1 / 2 - inches wide . Fill a large skillet a third full with oil and heat over medium - high heat to a temperature of about 300 degrees F . Once the oil is hot , fry the plantain slices for approximately 3 to 5 minutes , turning once , just long enough to make them soft . Remove the plantains and drain on paper towels . Use a plantain press or a brown paper bag folded over to smash the plantains to about half their thickness . Let the oil come back to a higher temperature - - this time about 375 degrees F . Fry once again , turning occasionally , until golden brown on both sides . Remove and use paper towels to absorb excess oil . Sprinkle with plenty of salt and serve . All iCuban photos on this page by Nancy Bundt . This new Kindle version contains all of the recipes and editorial copy from the original print edition . As a bonus , the new Kindle edition includes 24 new photos of the prepared dishes . FREE PREVIEW HERE OUR COOKBOOKS ARE NOW AVAILABLE AS KINDLE EBOOKS ! This new Kindle version contains all of the recipes and editorial copy from the original print edition . As a bonus , the new Kindle edition includes 14 new photos of the prepared dishes . FREE PREVIEW HERE No Kindle ? Use the FREE Kindle Reading App and view our cookbooks on your notepad , tablet , laptop , or computer . Three Guys From Miami Show You How to Make the Best Cuban , Spanish , and Latin American Food ! About Us / Contact | Home Page | Search Recipes Cookbooks THE RECIPES : Drinks Appetizers Salads Main Dishes | Soups Side Dishes Desserts Index NEW ! Photo Search Search or Browse All of the Recipes by Photo | [
"Tostones",
"Recipe"
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http://idahocorestandards.org/ | 1 2 3 Building a better , stronger academic foundation Idaho Core Standards Standards Vs Curriculum The Idaho Core Standards aim to set higher expectations in math and English by setting goals for what students should know in each grade . This short video explains the difference between standards and curriculum . Now you ’ ll know your children are learning what they should , when they should . You know they ’ re keeping up and staying on track to graduate from high school , ready for anything . » Learn More The Idaho Common Core Standards for Idaho Kids The Idaho Common Core Standards are essential to creating an education system that prepares our young people for success in school , work , and life . The Common Core Standards raise the bar for what Idaho ’ s kids learn in math and English , giving them the ability to think critically , absorb information , draw conclusions and communicate orally and in writing . They give our students the skills to be life - long learners and they give parents peace of mind to know that their children are well - prepared for college and career . Why did Idaho adopt the new standards ? Idaho parents , business leaders , legislators and policymakers were concerned that Idaho students are not being prepared for college or the workforce under the old , lower standards so they chose to set higher expectations for students by adopting the Common Core Standards in 2011 . “ From a business point of view , the Idaho Core Standards are important because they will help ensure that we have the highly educated and skilled workforce needed to compete in the 21st Century . ” – Skip Oppenheimer , CEO , Oppenheimer Companies and Chair , Idaho Business for Education Copyright © 2019 Idaho Core Standards Idahoans for Excellence in Education Coalition PO Box 1515 Boise , ID 83701 info @ idahocorestandards . org Who Supports Idaho Core Idaho Business for Education Idaho Education Association Idaho Association of Commerce and Industry Idaho School Superintendents ’ Association Idaho Parents and Teachers Together Treasure Valley Education Partnership Emmett School District West Ada School District Boise School District Gooding School District Mountain Home School District Catholic Schools of Idaho Idaho Charter School Network Idaho State Alliance of YMCAs Idaho Digital Learning Idaho Technology Council Micron Technology Idaho Leads Transform Idaho Idaho Voices for Children Meridian Chamber of Commerce Boise Chamber of Commerce Mountain Home Chamber of Commerce Caldwell Chamber of Commerce Idaho Association for the Education of Young Children Idaho State Board of Education J . Anthony Fernandez , President , Lewis Clark State College Donald L . Burnett , Jr . , President , University of Idaho Robert W . Kustra , President , Boise State University Arthur Vailas , President , Idaho State University | [
"Idaho Core Standards",
"Curriculum",
"Idaho Kids"
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http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/birds_of_prey/facts3.cfm | About Science Trek Full Topic List For Teachers Blog Contact Us Home IdahoPTV Home > Science Trek > Birds of Prey > Facts : Types of Raptors Home Facts Links Games Teachers Books Glossary Videos What Makes a Bird a Bird ? What Makes a Bird a Raptor ? Types of Raptors Raptor Silhouettes Threats to Birds of Prey Facts : Types of Raptors Definition The word raptor is derived from " rapere , " a Latin word which means to seize or capture . More specifically , a raptor is a bird of prey . A bird of prey is a carnivore ( meat eater ) that kills and eats mammals , reptiles , amphibians , insects , rodents as well as other birds . Many birds hunt , kill , and eat meat , but they may not be raptors . There are three distinguishing traits that make raptors different from other birds : hooked beaks with sharp edges feet with sharp , curved claws or talons keen eyesight Orders and Groups Raptors belong to two scientific orders , the Strigiformes and Falconiformes . The orders are divided into six groups with a total of about 446 species worldwide . They include : secretary bird ( 1 species in Africa ) falcons ( 63 species ) osprey ( 1 species ) hawks and eagles ( 226 species ) vultures ( 7 species ) owls ( 148 species ) Diurnal ( daytime ) hunters include members of the order Falconiformes such as hawks , eagles , kites , vultures , harriers , osprey , falcons , etc . shared traits include the hooked beak , sharp talons , and keen vision ; a fleshy cere at the base of the beak ; a hind toe which opposes the other toes ; and powerful flight Nocturnal ( nighttime ) hunters members of the order Strigiformes , which includes all owls shared traits include rounded heads with large , forward - directed eyes set in feathered disks ; asymmetrical ear openings ; and soft - edged flight feathers that allow silent flight Types of Raptors The raptors that live in or visit our state include owls , vultures , and hawks ( falcons , eagles , kites , buteos , accipiters , harriers , and osprey ) . Below is a list of the raptors representing each group . Check out the different kinds of Raptors with these Raptor Silhouettes Falconiformes ( Diurnal ) Vultures Turkey vulture Buteos Broad - winged hawks * Ferruginous hawk Red - tailed hawk Rough - legged hawk Swainson ' s hawk Hawks / Falcons American kestrel Gyrfalcon * Merlin * Peregrine falcon Prairie falcon Harriers Northern harrier Accipiters Cooper ' s hawk Northern goshawk Sharp - shinned hawk Eagles Bald eagle Golden eagle Kites White - tailed kite * Osprey Osprey Strigiformes ( Nocturnal ) Owls Barn owl Barred owl Burrowing owl Flammulated owl Great gray owl Great horned owl Long - eared owl Northern pygmy owl Northern saw - whet owl Short - eared owl Snowy owl Western screech - owl Note : Starred * items are uncommon or rarely seen in our region . Learn About Vultures Vultures are large black raptors with a long wingspan that are often seen soaring in groups in high wide circles , rocking and tilting in flight , usually gliding in a strong " V " shape . Vultures usually have bare , featherless heads , which helps reduce infection when feeding on rotten meat . There are 3 species of vultures in North America — the turkey vulture , black vulture , and the California condor . The only one of these species to be found in our area is the turkey vulture . These raptors are known to gather by the hundreds or even thousands to roost together ! A vulture ' s diet consists mostly of carrion ( dead meat ! ) , which they spot from the air by sight and smell ! But , they are known as " honest " foragers , meaning they scavenge for their food , using a refined sense of smell . Studies reveal that vultures wo n ' t find carrion on the day that it is killed , but almost always find it on the second or third day when it has begun to rot , and will rarely visit a kill on the fourth day when it is in a state of full - blown foul smell ! Phewy ! Scientists believe that the carrion is too fresh on the first day and does n ' t stink enough to be located by vultures . On the second and third days there is enough decay to give it a With the ability to sustain life on half - rotten meats , Vultures have extreme tolerance for microbial toxins ( botulism ) that exceeds the capacities of many other birds . Vultures are pretty quiet unless they are cornered , then they will " hiss " or make a " low grunt " sound . Vultures usually do n ' t build a nest and will lay eggs on the ground , in caves , hollow stumps , or in swamps . They feed their young through regurgitation . These raptors use their sharp , hooked beaks for tearing meat and have weaker legs and feet and small hind toes . Did you know ? Vultures have weak legs and feet because they eat dead meat instead of capturing their prey ! All About Owls Owl species vary in size , but typically have large , round heads , with forward - facing eyes framed by a feathered facial disk . They have wide wings , short tails , lightweight bodies , and unusually soft , fluffy body feathers . Owls are typically nocturnal predators , relying on their excellent vision and hearing to catch food . Some owls have tufts of feathers on the tops of their head , often called horns or ears . They are not really horns or ears but are thought to serve as camouflage or behavioral signaling devices . Owls have large asymmetrical ear holes located behind the eyes on each side of the face , underneath their feathers which aid in hearing and flight direction to catch prey . Each ear catches sound at a different time allowing for pinpoint accuracy of prey location . The round face and facial disks of feathers around the eyes also help in hearing and funneling light to increase visibility Owls have binocular vision . Their eyes are fixed in sockets so they are only able to see what is in front of them . To see the things around them , owls must use the added bones in their neck ( 14 total ) to rotate their head . They can rotate their heads about 270 ° in one direction – not in a complete circle ! Owls have four toes ; a permanent back toe and three front toes , one of which when the feet are spread wide apart is capable of rotating to the front or back to improve their grip on prey once captured . Most owls have feathers down to their sharp toenails unlike most birds of prey . It ' s believed to help keep them warm and protect from prey bites . Owls have soft - edged flight feathers that allow them to fly almost silently ; the flight feathers of an owl are slightly spaced to allow air to move around and through them when flying which helps to keep noise down . An owl ' s diet consists of rodents and small mammals . Their digestive system makes use of the nutritious portions of the prey , and the undigested parts ( hair , bones , claws , teeth , etc . ) are regurgitated in the form of a pellet . Learn about Hawks ! " Hawks " is a general term used to describe the entire group of diurnal ( active by day ) raptors . Worldwide there are over 200 species of meat - eating birds that comprise the order Falconiformes , the scientific name for hawk . Some hawk species undertake long migration journeys , traveling thousands of miles each year - a testimony to their strength and stamina . Hawks have excellent hearing and eyesight . Their vision is 8 times greater than that of a human ! In our region , hawks typically breed in early spring , and many will pair for life , unless a mate is lost to death . Some species pairs remain together year round , while others may separate after the breeding season and return to the same breeding / nesting site the next year ( after the migratory season is over ) . Eagles Eagles are large bodied raptors , mostly dark brown in color with long , broad wings , and fan - shaped tails and have large , strong feet and a powerful beak . You can often spot eagles soaring high and gliding in the sky . There are 2 species of eagles widespread throughout North America , the bald eagle and the golden eagle ; both can be observed in our region ! The bald eagle is America ' s national symbol — has been since 1782 — and is unique to North America ! The average wingspan of an eagle can vary from six to seven feet ! WOW ! That ' s a BIG bird The mature bald eagle appears very different than its relative the golden eagle in color ; it has a distinctive white head and tail , and a bright yellow beak . These distinguishing bald eagle traits do not appear until the bird reaches adulthood when they are three to four years old . Bald eagles usually live near water ( oceans , rivers , lakes ) , while golden eagles live in open , mountainous country . Eagles ’ nests are very large , possibly measuring up to six feet wide and weighing 100 pounds ; many of the nests are used year after year . Eagles may roost singly or in groups exceeding 100 birds ! Harriers There are 10 species of harriers worldwide but only 1 species in North America , the northern harrier also known as the " marsh hawk " . The marsh hawk is a medium - sized , slim raptor with long legs and tail with a white rump patch at the base of the upper tail . Marsh hawks live in open areas , often hunting in fields , meadows , or marshes . This raptor has a distinctive hunting flight called " coursing " , where they fly low over the ground following the contours of the land and holding the wings in a V - shape . Unlike other daytime raptors , this bird has a facial ruff which helps to focus sound toward the ears . Marsh hawks nest on the ground and their diet consists of rodents , small birds , and insects . Most species are sexually dimorphic — meaning that the female is larger in size and brown and white in color , and the male is smaller in size and gray and white in color . Osprey are large eagle - like raptors that live and nest near fresh or salt water , on treetops or on the tops of man - made poles with platforms . Ospreys eat fish ; and their fishing is made easy with their long legs and sharp talons . They like to hover , and then dive into water for fish . These raptors have long , narrow wings with a characteristic gull - like crook and dark patch at its wrist ; their back is dark brown and their breast is white . They have a distinct dark eye stripe ( malar stripe ) , and lack the protective bony ridge above the eye like other raptors . Accipiters Accipiters are small to medium - sized raptors and have short , rounded wings and long tails , traits useful for speed and maneuvering in forested habitats ! There are three species of accipiters found in North America , the northern goshawk , the Cooper ' s hawk , and the sharp - shinned hawk ; all of which can be observed in our region . Adult accipiters typically have dark gray backs , barred or streaked breasts and tails , red eyes , and long toes . Young accipters typically have brown backs , streaked breasts , and yellow eyes . Their flight pattern includes rapid wing beats alternating with longer glides , and occasionally soaring . Accipiters are fierce , stealthy hunters and their diet consists mostly of other birds and small mammals . Falcons Falcons are a group of hawks that vary in size from small to medium , and are identified by their large head , notched beak , dark eyes , and distinct stripe ( s ) below their eyes called malar stripes . Their powerful short beaks have a tomial tooth on the upper jaw , which with the hooked tip create a notch for cutting the spinal cord of prey . Falcons are powerful fliers and divers with long , narrow , pointed wings and long tails . Among the most aerial and acrobatic of the raptors , their flight ability is legendary . Scientists say these raptors can fly at speeds of over 100 miles per hour ! These raptors do not build their own nests , but scrape out spots on cliffs or in cavities and typically live in open country . Five falcon species can be found in our region . They are the American kestrel , merlin , prairie falcon , peregrine , falcon , and the gyrfalcon . It is this group of birds around which the sport of " falconry " revolves . Buteos Buteos are medium to large , stout bodied hawks . These raptors are soaring hawks , but also hover or fly low along areas where prey are thought to be . Many species have a variety of color phases most commonly dark . Their diet consists primarily of small mammals , but as a group they will capture a wide variety of prey . You often can see this type of raptor perched on large limbs of trees , utility poles , or fences . Kites Kites are medium - sized raptors which have falcon - like flight appearance , but distinctly different tails . These raptors have long , pointed wings and graceful , flight . The kites that children love to fly are named after these graceful fliers . Some species of kite have a slightly different wing and beak shape , in order to eat snails . Many thanks to the Bureau of Land Management for their partnership and assistance with the Birds of Prey information ! All of the information , activities , figures , and diagrams gathered for this site were compiled from the following : U.S. Department of Interior , Bureau of Land Management , Lower Snake River District . 1998 . Raptors In a Box Teacher Instruction Notebook . Boise , ID . U.S. Department of Interior , Bureau of Land Management , Lower Snake River District . 1998 . Raptors In a Box Traveling Trunk . Boise , ID . Photographic images were provided by the Bureau of Land Management and other individuals as indicated . Click on a Topic : Ages Past Animals Earth Science Environment Human Body Science Fundamentals Space Technology Other | [
"Raptors",
"Definition",
"Strigiformes"
] |
http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/gravity/facts.cfm | About Science Trek Full Topic List For Teachers Blog Contact Us Home IdahoPTV Home > Science Trek > Gravity > Facts Home Facts Links Games Teachers Books Glossary Videos Gravity : Facts See the Top 10 Questions Gravity Gravity represents the attraction between objects . All objects with mass are affected by gravity . Gravity acts like a magnet — pulling objects together . What causes gravity is not really known . The Earth has gravity . Gravity holds everything close to this planet . Trees , water , animals , buildings , and the air we breathe are all held here by gravity . All of the planets , their moons , and the stars in the universe have gravity . Even our own bodies have gravity . The Earth ' s gravity is far stronger than our own so we do n ' t notice the gravity our bodies possess . Gravity is affected by the size and proximity of objects . The Earth and the moon have a stronger pull on each other than the Earth and , say . . . , Jupiter because the Earth and moon are closer to one another . Likewise , Earth exerts a stronger pull than the moon because it is larger , so there is more pull on our bodies here on the Earth than we would feel on the moon if we were astronauts visiting there . We do n ' t actually " feel " gravity . We only feel the effects of trying to overcome it by Mass or Weight ? Mass is the " stuff " that matter is made of . People often confuse mass with weight . But weight is actually the result of gravity pulling on the mass . Gravity ' s pull on an object decreases with distance from it . So , a climber on top of Mt . Everest weights a little less than at sea level . If a spaceship travels far enough from Earth , it will eventually escape Earth ' s pull completely . We measure mass in grams . We measure weight in ounces and pounds . Your mass would stay the same if you could travel from planet to planet , but your weight would vary depending on how the gravity of that planet pulls on you . Check out how much you would weigh on another planet . Orbits When one space object revolves around another , it is referred to as an orbit . The earth orbits the sun . Our moon orbits the earth . Many of the other planets in our solar system also have moons that orbit them . It is gravity that holds the Moon in orbit around the Earth , and gravity that enables the Sun to hold onto its family of planets . Earth now has many man - made objects orbiting it . Satellites are placed in orbit around the earth to assist with telephone calls , television broadcasts , and other forms of communication . Astronauts have sometimes left debris orbiting our earth too . Gloves , tools , and other junk continuously orbit our earth , floating for an unknown period of time in space . Two forces — centripetal and centrifugal — work to keep the planets and their moons in orbit around each other . Learn more about these forces below Falling Objects If a person drops a 10 pound ball and a 5 pound ball off a building at the same time , which one will hit the ground first ? Will gravity pull harder on the 10 pound ball ? This was the subject of a famous story about the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei , who is said to have tried dropping two objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to find the answer to this question . You might be surprised to find out that the two objects hit the ground at almost the same time . Gravity works the same on all objects unless wind resistance gets in the way . So if one of those balls had been attached to a parachute , it would have slowed the ball down . Amazing science ! Read more about Galileo ' s story Black Holes How strong can gravity get ? Imagine gravity pulling on everything and not letting it escape — not even light ! This is the essence of a black hole . The gravity in a black hole pulls everything back in toward its center which may be as small as a single atom . This makes a black hole invisible because even light is unable to break away from its effects . Scientists believe there may be millions of black holes in the Milky Way Galaxy Floating in Space ? So how do astronauts float in space if the pull of gravity is so strong ? Astronauts do n ' t actually float . They are being pulled by the Earth ' s gravity just the same as the rest of us . But they are also orbiting the Earth , or moving sideways . This is known as centrifugal force . This sideways movement actually is pulling them away from the Earth at the same time that the Earth is pulling them down , so it appears as if they are floating . Microgravity Microgravity — is that like small gravity ? Not really . Let ' s explain it this way . If something is falling near the earth , or normal gravity , it accelerates at 32.2 feet per second per second or 32.2 ft / sec² . Objects in space not only fall toward the earth , but also sideways or around the earth . So if you see a video of an astronaut using a tool and that tool seems to float , it is because the astronaut and the wrench are both falling at the same time . This is a free fall or microgravity . Visit NASA ' s site for additional information on this concept . Tides The Earth ' s tides are caused by the moon ' s gravitational pull on the oceans . Tides are the rise and fall of the ocean level as related to the shoreline . High tides occur when Earth and moon are facing each other , and the moon is exerting its greatest pull on the ocean waters . To a lesser degree the moon also pulls on the rivers , lakes and land . Find out more about tides by visiting this page on How The Moon Affects Ocean Tides Floating on Water ? When an object floats on the top of water , gravity is still in play , pulling objects toward the earth . For an object to float , it must displace enough water to make up the same mass as the object itself . Once that happens , the remaining mass then sits on top of the water . For example : if a boat has a mass of 45 grams , it will displace 45 grams of water , and if that has happened before the whole thing has sunk below the surface level of the water , the boat floats . A ball of clay may sink right away , but if you flatten the clay out into the shape of a raft , it moves aside water equal to its mass , and floats . Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton ( 1642 – 1727 ) is the scientist credited with explaining gravity . According to the story , Newton was in his garden when he saw an apple fall from a tree . He began to wonder why the apple had fallen to the earth instead of just floating away . He came up with the idea that some unseen force must attract the apple towards the Earth . He named this force " gravity . " You would think that gravity would have been a well - known concept before Newton . After all , most of us played with gravity when we were toddlers in high chairs , dropping our spoons on the floor just to make mom come and get them . And no doubt kids from centuries ago played similar games with their mothers . But it was n ' t until Newton published his ideas in a book in 1687 that the scientific world understood how gravity works as a universal physical law . In addition to his work on gravity , Newton is known for his Three Laws of Motion , which explain the relationship between an object and the forces acting on it and how it moves in response to those forces . Helium and Hot Air Balloons Balloons often seem to defy gravity . We ' ve all lost a balloon when we have accidently let it go and watched it drift away in the sky . These balloons are filled with helium . Helium is a gas that is lighter than the other gases that make up our air . Because this gas is so light , it tries to float to the top of our atmosphere and it takes our balloon with it . The poor balloon is not strong enough to hold on to this helium for the ride to the top and so it ends up popping long before its journey is done . Hot air balloons work on similar science . Hot air naturally tends to rise upward because it is less dense than cooler air . A hot air balloon has a heat source that fills the balloon ' s interior with warm air , allowing it to rise . To come down , the pilot allows the air to escape or to cool down , and the balloon descends . Centripetal and Centrifugal Force Two forces working together keep the planets and their moons in orbit around each other . " Centripetal " and " centrifugal " are terms scientists use to explain these forces . They work together to keep objects moving at a steady speed in a circular path . The word centripetal is from a Latin word meaning " towards the center . " It means that the direction of force is inward , coming from the center . You might think of it like a weight tied to a string that you swing around your head . The force is coming from the tension in the string which is pulling on the weight from the center of the large circle you are creating with your motion . Another example of centripetal force is the moon orbiting around the earth , where the force comes from gravity pulling it Centrifugal means " fleeing from the center " in Latin . It is the outward push that a person in a car going around a curve feels toward the outside of the turn . Other examples are mud flying off of a spinning tire , or children being pushed outward on a merry - go - round as it spins . The force the children feel is centrifugal force pushing them outward . . Flight Flying has been done by birds for millions of years . Yet flight is still an amazing science , as it seems to be about the ability of heavy objects to break away from gravity . For birds it is all about the structure of their bones , wings and feathers . For humans that do n ' t have those structural positives , we have to design machinery that mimics the science that enables birds to fly . Airplane wings are designed after bird wings with a special curve in an effort for air to " lift " the plane . As a wing moves through the air , the curve of the top of the wing speeds up the air as it flows across . This reduces the pressure of the air over the top of the wing . Air on the underside then pushes upward . This is known as Bernoulli ' s Principle , for the famous scientist Daniel Bernoulli , who determined that the higher the velocity of a liquid , the lower the pressure it exerts . This also applies to air and is what allows kites , airplanes , space shuttles , and even plastic discs to fly . It helps fans blow air and propellers to push boats through the water . Escape Velocity The gravity of the earth is intense enough to make escaping its pull a real challenge for scientists when it comes to heading out into space . A rocket or other craft must reach a very high speed , or velocity , in order to break away from the pull of the earth . Escape velocity is the minimum speed an object must attain in order to leave the gravitational pull of another body . In most cases this is referring to the earth . That was the first body of mass that scientists could learn how to leave . Later on it was the moon . Perhaps some day we will learn to leave other bodies in our solar system . For earth , escape velocity is about 7 miles per second or 25,000 miles per hour . Learn More From Science Trek Visit these other Science Trek websites to learn more about related topics . Astronauts Astronomy Flight Force and Motion Planets The Moon The Sun Click on a Topic : Ages Past Animals Earth Science Environment Human Body Science Fundamentals Space Technology Other | [
"Gravity",
"attraction between objects",
"Mass or Weight"
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http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/mountain_goats/facts.cfm | About Science Trek Full Topic List For Teachers Blog Contact Us Home IdahoPTV Home > Science Trek > Mountain Goats > Facts Home Facts Links Games Teachers Books Glossary Videos Mountain Goats : Facts Mountain goats live in the United States and Canada . In Idaho , most goat populations are located in the central part of the state . Mountain goats can be found in the steep rocky areas of Idaho ' s White Clouds , Sawtooths , Seven Devils , and Bitterroot Mountains . The Selkirk Range in Northern Idaho also plays host to mountain goats . Mountain goats are native to North America . Their scientific name is oreamnos americanus , which actually means " a mountain lamb belonging to America . " Mountain goats are not really goats at all but are actually members of the antelope family . Mountain goats are about three and a half feet tall at the shoulder , and weigh between 150 and 220 pounds . Or about the same weight as a grown man . It can be difficult telling the difference between males and the females , unless you ' re a keen observer of their behavior . The males , known as a billies , are slightly larger than the females , called nannies . Baby mountain goats are called kids . The billies tend to spend a lot of time alone , while nannies live in small groups with the kids . Here are some characteristics shared by both males and females . Both have slender black horns . Both grow " beards " on their chins as they grow older . Both have large , powerful shoulders that help them climb and paw at the ground for food . A group of mountain goats is called a band . The number in a band will change frequently . A healthy population of goats will have goats of all ages . Sometimes billies will form their own band . Horns Mountain goats have slender , pointed horns that extend up and away from their long , narrow faces . Goat horns grow continuously and are never shed , unlike the antlers of elk , deer and moose . A Mountain goat ' s horns tell us the age of a goat similar to the way the rings of a tree or the scales of a fish do . Seasonal rings form on a goat ' s horns each year . The horns of a mountain goat will have one less ring than its age . So , the horn of a goat that is two years old will have one ring , a three year old will have two rings and so on . Females have a big curve at the tip of their horns while males have A Goat ' s Coat Mountain goats do n ' t have to worry about the cold . During the winter two layers of fur keep them warm . The fur close to their bodies is like the soft wool of a sheep ; it provides a base layer of insulation . Long thick hairs , called guard hairs , cover over the woolly fur . Guard hairs protect the goat ' s body from wind , rain , and snow . These features help the goat to handle the bitter cold weather of the mountainous places they call home . By late spring mountain goats start to shed their winter coats . Their heavy fur comes off in chunks , making them look shaggy . They will rub against bushes and trees leaving behind chunks of fluffy balls of fur . On Their Toes The hoof on each foot of a mountain goat has a hard outer shell and a rubbery , concave footpad which acts like a suction cup when weight is applied . Goat toes spread when they step . This feature helps goats get around in the mountain environment with ease and agility . The goat ' s foot design gives the track a square shape with a V in front . They tend to drag their feet , creating a trough between prints . This is especially obvious when they leave tracks in the snow . Short , sturdy legs and a heavy - set body also aid goats in agility and balance . Mountain goats have been known to leap 10 feet from one ledge to another , and turn around in spaces that are only inches wide . Mountain goats can also pull themselves up from ledge to ledge with just their front feet . One false step in this terrain can mean a broken leg , or even death , so sure footing is a must . Mountain Goat Habitat A mountain goat ' s choice of habitat makes it especially unique . A goat lives in locations where many other big game animals can not survive . Not only do goats live in what we would consider a hostile environment , but they stay there year around . Unlike other animals that migrate to lower land or hibernate to survive in the winter , mountain goats do not leave their " comfortable " homes . They may travel downhill a bit to get to areas with warmer temperatures . They also prefer south - facing slopes in the winter . Warmer temperatures in these areas mean less snowfall and more melting of the snow . Food is easier to find in these warmer areas as well . Survival and Aging Although goats usually do n ' t have to worry about the cold , conserving energy in the winter is important for goats . Repeated disturbances can stress animals and lower their chances for survival . For this reason , mountain goats should be viewed from a distance . A goat ' s lifespan is about 11 years . Some old mountain goats will starve to death because their teeth wear down and they are no longer able to chew their food . Injuries from falling are more common as mountain goats get older , too . Dinner Time The eating habits of mountain goats vary throughout the year . Their diet is made up mainly of grasses , woody plants , mosses , lichen and other vegetation . The goats also seem to be drawn to salt licks , although there is no evidence that salt is a required mineral for them ; they just really seem to like the taste ! Predators Mountain goats do not have a lot of predators . They live in areas that make it difficult for any predators to go chasing them up a steep cliff . The most common predator is the mountain lion . Golden eagles will occasionally snatch up a kid . Some people hunt mountain goats for their meat and for trophies . But really , as long as habitat is plentiful , the majority of mountain goats will survive . They are more likely to suffer death due to falls , accidents , avalanches , and sometimes lack of food . The Order of Goats Each mountain goat has a rank . Rank determines who gets the best sleeping and feeding spots and who gets to use the salt licks first . Usually the larger nannies are at the top of the ranking order . The kids rank the same as their mothers . If a billy goat happens to be around , he ranks the lowest of all , except during mating season Family Life Mating season takes place in late November and early December . Billies will follow the nannies for up to a month and are so busy finding the right nanny that they lose interest in food . If two billies are interested in one nanny , the two will fight . The fighting is n ' t done head to head like elk will fight . The mountain goat tends to fight head to side . They run at one another ' s sides or flanks with their horns . Thick skin in this area protects the goats from serious damage , at least most of the time . Only about half of the nannies in a band will give birth . They usually leave the herd a short time before giving birth . Most commonly a nanny will have one kid at a time . Occasionally twins are born . Birth takes place in the spring when there is plenty to eat and the weather is n ' t too cold . Kids can stand up and walk soon after birth and grow quickly . Although a kid ' s first taste of food comes from drinking their mother ' s milk , they begin eating plants in just a few days . These plants become their entire diet after about one month . The nannies teach their kids all they need to know to live in the mountain habitat . The kids learn from each other as well . They play by pushing and wrestling . Once they grow horns they make less contact with one another , probably to avoid injuries . Kids leave their mothers when they are about one year old . The first and second years of life are the most difficult for a young goat . Studies have shown a heavy loss of young during this time . Click on a Topic : Ages Past Animals Earth Science Environment Human Body Science Fundamentals Space Technology Other | [
"Mountain Goats",
"United States",
"Seven Devils"
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http://ideas-inspire.com/foam-plate-and-plastic-straw-gliders/ | Foam Plate and Plastic Straw Gliders Ideas and Inspiration In my presentations lately I have been talking much about “ ideas and inspiration ” . The FPG9 foam plate glider designed by Jack Reynolds has been a huge inspiration for me to expand on the idea of quick to build gliders built primarily out of foam . I was introduced to this simple glider through the activities of the Academy of Model Aeronautics and their Aerolab program . From their inspiration I have introduced the FPG9 to other people including a local hobby shop owner Kevin Guy who has introduced the FPG9 to hundreds of young people . The Civil Air Patrol has recently partnered with AMA and is inspiring thousands of young people with ideas in aviation . Instead of a gradual progression of difficulty , I jumped ahead to a more ambitious foam gliders first the Foam Jet II and then the Hammer Down Catapult Glider . My thoughts lately have turned to creating gliders from only foam plates and plastic straws held together with masking tape . Combine a lesson of the basics of flight and practical math in Basic Aerodynamics With a Lesson Update 11 / 10 / 2015 Check Flight Club Experiments with Simple Foam Glider on Website Watch 1 Minute Flight Club One Video of Indoor Test Flights Traditionally model airplanes have been constructed with balsa wood or a balsa framework covered with tissue or thin paper . I really like working with balsa wood ; it is so easy to cut , bend , sand , and glue together . Incredibly lightweight structures can be built from balsa wood . The record duration flight for a model airplane powered by rubber flown indoors in a very large room is over one hour built from balsa with a very lightweight covering . So why use foam ? Foam is light in weight , has no grain , water The FPG - 9 by Jack Reynolds was my main inspiration for building new designs of foam gliders . Slightly modified version of FPG - 9 glider . The vertical fin is shaped different and the penny is taped to the area of the bulge in the front . Newest Video of Flight Club Glider Flights Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Why This is a Great Activity * Very inexpensive and easy to find materials . * Most people are thrilled to build something that flies . * Gliders can be flown in fairly small areas indoors such as hallways , lunch rooms , theatre , or classrooms . * Safe to build and fly only a scissor needed for tools . * Much can be learned from doing small adjustments about aerodynamic theory . * This can be a very creative activity . What are The Very Basics A Glider Needs to Fly Lift – the majority of the lift for the glider will come from the wing , if the wing has a slight curve in it , known as “ camber ” , the lifting force will be greater . If the curve is too great , the wing will generate too much drag and the glide will not be good . A flat wing will generate lift but not as well as a wing with some camber . Stability – the glider needs some stability to fly through the air in a fairly level manner . Without stability it would tumble or dive straight into the ground . For your gliders you will need the glider to balance at close to a spot 1 / 3 of the width of the wing back from the front of the wing . For less conventional type gliders such as flying wing or canard ( tail first ) this will be different . To keep your glider from tipping too much from side to side stability is normally achieved through “ dihedral ” which is where the wings angle upwards from the center out to the ends of the wings . Sometimes the center of the wing is flat but it angles upward just towards the ends of the wing . Lift : Different Airfoils Will Affect Properties of Lift Flat Plate airfoil simple but not the best performing airfoil . Airfoil for gliders will typically look like this with just a slight curve . Airfoil with this much curve ( camber ) would create too much drag for a good glide . Another method to create an airfoil is to create a bend over a straight edge . Glider will gradually drop at an angle known as the “ glide angle ” . If the angle is steep the distance traveled will be short . This illustration and the next come from a lesson plan created by Gary Hinze , known as the Simple Gliders Curriculum The length that a glider will travel is determined by the “ lift to drag ratio ” often expressed as L / D . To be more efficient the wing should produce the lift needed to keep it flying while producing the least amount of drag . Factors for drag would be the airfoil , shape and size of the wing . Stability : Dihedral is Primary Method for Stability in Roll Center of Gravity Gliders with a fuselage normally should balance at around 1 / 3 of the width of the wing back from the front of the wing . This gives the glider stability in pitch . General Building Concepts Typically these are all the materials needed to create the gliders : foam plates , plastic straws , masking tape , and clay . Tools The only tool really needed are scissors for this project . To draw straight lines it can be helpful to have rulers . More About Materials To build a bunch of gliders you will probably need to purchase the straws at a grocery store . These straws might be shorter than the ones found at fast food outlets but it is easy to splice straws together . There seems to be a fair amount of difference in the cost of masking tape , the cheaper prices seem to be where it is sold in paint department . Ideas for Wing Shapes Even with the limited amount of useable foam in a 9 ” foam plate , it is possible to make many different wings using multiple plates . The following are some ideas I have tried . Using just two foam plates and splicing in the middle , it is possible to make this wing with a double taper . Looks like a good wing for a jet aircraft . This wing is made from just two plates by creating a straight center section from one plate and the two tip pieces from another plate . With no joint in the middle this should make for a stronger wing . This is a glider using the double taper wing . With the straw taped to center of wing at dihedral joint it makes for a strong wing . I have been trying to limit the foam planes I build to that which can use the 9 ” diameter plates easily found in any grocery store . There are 10 ” diameter plates but are not easily found . Larger sections of flat foam can be found from many sources like this foam “ to go ” container . Problem is most likely you will not be able to purchase these containers in grocery stores . The flat surface area in a 9 ” foam plate is just shy of 5 ¾ ” diameter or about 25.97 square inches . Cutting Wing Sections From Foam Plates On one edge you will need an almost straight edge from the plate so this will further reduce the length of foam available from 5 ¾ ” . This means one wing half from a plate or possibly two wing tips and a center section from two plates . There might be enough extra foam for in one wing half plate for horizontal stabilizer too and from another wing half plate the vertical fin could be cut also . The vertical line at the left side of foam is where you need to cut the foam so it will match up with the her wing half . There might be just enough foam from a wing half to cut out the horizontal stabilizer . With the left over area from one wing half there might be enough foam left to cut out the vertical fin also . This is how the curve was put in the foam for the wing , roll a dowel on the bottom of the surface so it starts to curl . This is a side view of what the tape angle should look like . Stick one side of angle to straw side and the other sticky side should stick out level with top of the straw . This is how the tape should be sticking out from the straw , the top surfaces should be sticky . The vertical fin is attached to the stabilizer by using a 90 - degree tape angle on each side of the vertical fin and the tape sticking out is pressed down on the stabilizer . In this picture I used green masking tape and drew a dark line at the joint between vertical fin and stabilizer to better demonstrate the attachment method . Another view looking down . Joining Straws Together To create a longer fuselage , straws can be easily spliced together by squeezing the end of one straw and pushing it into the inside of another straw . Squeeze the end of one straw so that one side bends inward . Push the squeezed end into the fully open end of the other straw until it will not push any farther . This is what the joint should look like . Wrap masking tape over the joint where the seam between the two straws is visible . Wing halves are joined with masking tape joined down the center . I start with putting tape on the top first and then on the bottom . Try to get the tape to cover equally each wing half down the middle and raise one wing up while taping to get dihedral in the wing . Wrap around the leading and trailing edge slightly . Use another length of tape across the bottom . Bend two lengths of masking tape the width of the wing at a 90 degrees down the middle to serve as a bracket to attach the plastic straw fuselage to the center of the wing . If the wing is on top of the fuselage , I would suggest a small foam shim be placed between the bottom of the wing and the straw fuselage . Straw glider will need some nose weight to achieve proper Center of Gravity balance point . Press the clay into the end of the straw , it easy to add or take away small amounts of clay to get the correct balance point . You may wish to remove a tiny amount of clay and tape over the clay so it does not fall off . Completed glider , be sure to read instructions on launching and adjusting . Launching Foam plate and Straw Gliders Gliders made from foam plates and straws most likely will not handle a toss with a large amount of speed . The foam and plastic straw will flex at high speeds and make consistent trim adjustments difficult . Your gliders will be better launched level with medium force . If you can find a balcony which provides a safe place to launch your glider from a higher altitude that works really well . Gripping the straw underneath the wing is slightly difficult so I created a tab from masking tape doubled over to grab when launching . Glider launch tab grasped between thumb and forefinger , release at this point level or slightly down . If the glider has too much lift the nose will rise up until the angle of attack increases too much causing the glider to loose lift . At this point normally the nose will drop and the glider will go into a dive . If the glider is balanced with too much weight ahead of the CG or the angle of attack is not great enough it may dive towards the ground . This glider went into a stall when launched into wind outdoors and then into a very steep dive . Launching from a Balcony If there is a safe spot to launch gliders from such as a balcony it gives for a longer flight and a better chance to observe the flight characteristics . It also gives the glider greater potential energy . M aking Adjustments to the Flight Path – Trimming Tiny adjustments can be made to the tail surfaces of the glider to change the flight path of the glider . By bending the rear edges of the foam on the vertical fin for turning or the rear of the stabilizer for changes in pitch . Adjustments to the foam need to be really tiny with deflection from straight being no more than 1 / 16 ” . The rear edge of the vertical fin that moves is known as the “ rudder ” . Bending the rudder trailing edge towards the right should alter the flight path to the right . Bending to the left will cause the opposite reaction . The rear end of the horizontal stabilizer can be adjusted up or down also which is known as the “ elevator ” on airplanes with movable surfaces . Bending the surface upwards should cause the glider to climb , bending down will do the opposite . For right turn bend rear edge of vertical fin towards the right by a tiny amount . Bend to the left for left turn . Bend the rear edge of the horizontal stabilizer upward if the glider is diving in the glide . Bending downward if the glider is stalling . Hand Launch Glider Books More Ideas for Gliders This is a “ canard ’ glider which means the small wing is in front . The Wright Brothers used this configuration on all their gliders and powered airplanes . Using three foam plates it is possible to make a flying wing glider with a much longer wingspan . This is known as “ high - aspect ratio ” and improves the efficiency of the glide beyond just adding wing area . Ideas for simple foam gliders can come from anywhere , I just received a radio control glider kit the “ Alula ” which has a shape like a hawk . With some foam plates I created a free flight glider with much of the same look . Using more area from the foam plate by using part of the curved portion of the plate . Student Designed Gliders Student designed and built gliders for College for Kids class . This glider flew pretty good when launched from balcony . Educational Aspects Potential Energy – the altitude above the ground gives the glider potential energy as gravity pulls it along the glide path . Kinetic Energy – after the glider is launched the mass of the glider moves with the kinetic energy given to it by the throw and the glide down the glide path . Drag will oppose this force . Related Articles Efficiency in Model Aviation Simple Glider Curriculum Basic Aerodynamics with a Lesson Rubber Powered Foam Model Airplanes Want to learn More and Connect With Others on Simple Foam Free Flight Airplanes Join My Facebook Group for Simple Free Flight Foam Airplanes | [
"Foam Plate",
"Plastic Straw Gliders",
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http://ideas.health.vic.gov.au/bluebook/campylobacter.asp | Campylobacter infection Key messages Campylobacter infection must be notified by pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis . Campylobacter infection may be subclinical or cause disease of variable severity . Infection occurs most commonly by the ingestion of the organism via contaminated food or water , particularly raw or undercooked meats ( especially poultry ) or raw milk , and from contact with pets ( especially puppies and kittens ) , farm animals and infected infants . On this page : Notification requirements for Campylobacter infection Primary school and children ’ s services centre exclusion for Campylobacter infection Infectious agent of Campylobacter infection Identification of Campylobacter infection Incubation period of Campylobacter Public health significance and occurrence of Campylobacter infection Reservoir of Campylobacter Mode of transmission of Campylobacter Period of communicability of Campylobacter infection Susceptibility and resistance to Campylobacter infection Control measures for Campylobacter infection Outbreak measures for Campylobacter infection Notification requirements for infection infection is a ‘ routine ’ notifiable condition and must be notified by pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis . Medical practitioners are not required to notify cases of Campylobacter infection . This is a Victorian statutory requirement . Back to top Primary school and children ’ s services centre exclusion for infection Exclude cases from primary school and children ’ s services until there has not been a loose bowel motion for 24 hours . Laboratories are required to notify Campylobacter jejuni C . coli or C . lari isolated from water supplies or C . jejuni detected in food . Back to top Infectious agent of The most common species that cause infection are C . jejuni C . coli C . fetus C . lari and C . upsaliensis Identification of Clinical features infection may be subclinical or cause disease of variable severity . infection typically results in abdominal pain , malaise , nausea and / or vomiting and diarrhoea ( which is frequently bloody ) . In 50 per cent of people , the diarrhoea is preceded by a febrile period . Symptoms usually occur 2 – 5 days after exposure and may persist for 1 – 2 weeks . infection has been associated with rare sequelae , including reactive arthritis , urticaria , erythema nodosum , febrile convulsions and Guillain - Barré syndrome . Less common forms include a typhoid - like syndrome , or a meningeal syndrome . Human infection with C . fetus may cause localised abscesses or generalised sepsis , particularly in immunosuppressed people . People who are immunocompromised have an increased risk of infection and re - occurrence , have more severe symptoms and are more likely to become chronic carriers . is also an important cause of traveller ’ s diarrhoea . Diagnosis Infection is diagnosed by culture of spp . from faeces , blood or other clinical specimens . Antibody - based and polymerase chain reaction detection methods have also been developed . Incubation period of The incubation period is usually 2 – 5 days , with a range of 1 – 10 days , depending on the dose ingested . Public health significance and occurrence of infections are now the most commonly notified of the enteric pathogen infections in Victoria . All age groups are affected . Those most commonly affected are children under 5 years of age and young adults . Most cases in Australia appear to be sporadic , but foodborne and waterborne outbreaks occur , and it is likely that many outbreaks are not detected . Reservoir of Many animals may be sources of human infection . Those most often implicated are poultry , other birds , cattle , puppies , kittens , other pets , swine , sheep and rodents . Mode of transmission of Infection occurs most commonly by the ingestion of the organism via contaminated food or water , particularly raw or undercooked meats ( especially poultry ) or raw milk , and from contact with pets ( especially puppies and kittens ) , farm animals and infected infants . The infective dose is often low ( typically fewer than 500 organisms ) . Person - to - person transmission is uncommon , but spread may occur via the faecal – oral route . Period of communicability of Cases are infectious throughout their illness , for several days to several weeks . Excretion of organisms may continue for some weeks after symptoms resolve . Susceptibility and resistance to All non - immune people are susceptible to infection . Immunity to serologically related strains may follow infection and may be more common in high - incidence regions . Control measures for Preventive measures Prevention is dependent on good personal and food hygiene . Raw meats , especially poultry , should be cooked thoroughly and refrigerated if stored after cooking . Wash utensils used to prepare raw meats and poultry in hot , soapy water before using them to prepare non - cooked food such as salads . Unpasteurised milk and dairy products should not be consumed . Recognise pets as sources of infection and encourage handwashing after animals are handled . Control of case Treatment , including fluid and electrolyte replacement , is largely symptomatic . Antibiotics may be indicated , however , for severe illness or where prompt termination of faecal excretion is desired . Antibiotics are not indicated for diarrhoeal disease in which the causative pathogen is not known , except in some very severe illnesses when empirical treatment may be considered . Rising rates of antibiotic resistance , particularly in overseas strains , complicate the choice of antibiotics . To prevent further transmission , the importance of handwashing and personal hygiene should be stressed , particularly with respect to food preparation . Healthcare workers , childcare workers and food handlers should be excluded from work until diarrhoea has ceased . Children in childcare or primary school should be excluded until there has not been a loose bowel motion for 24 hours . As asymptomatic excretion may persist , diligent personal hygiene is required . For hospitalised patients , apply standard precautions . Apply contact precautions for diapered or incontinent people for the duration of illness . Control of contacts The diagnosis should be considered in symptomatic contacts . Investigate related cases to identify a common source . Outbreak measures for Two or more cases suspected to be food - or waterborne should be reported immediately , particularly in institutions . Obtain food histories and investigate other recognised vehicles of infection , such as pets or farm animals , to identify a common source . | [
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http://ideas.health.vic.gov.au/bluebook/impetigo-info.asp | Impetigo ( school sores ) Key messages Impetigo is a rapidly spreading , highly contagious skin infection that frequently occurs in children ’ s settings . Primary school and children ’ s services centre exclusions do apply . Cases are treated with an appropriate antibiotic . Impetigo may be caused by methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus , in which case vancomycin , bactrim or clindamycin may be used to treat cases . On this page : Notification requirement for impetigo ( school sores ) Primary school and children ’ s services centres exclusion for impetigo ( school sores ) Infectious agent of impetigo ( school sores ) Identification of impetigo ( school sores ) Incubation period of impetigo organisms Public health significance and occurrence of impetigo ( school sores ) Reservoir of impetigo organisms Mode of transmission of impetigo organisms Period of communicability of impetigo ( school sores ) Susceptibility and resistance to impetigo ( school sores ) Control measures for impetigo ( school sores ) Outbreak measures for impetigo ( school sores ) Notification requirement for impetigo ( school sores ) Notification is not required . Back to top Primary school and children ’ s services centres exclusion for impetigo ( school sores ) Exclude until appropriate treatment has commenced . Sores on exposed surfaces must be covered with a watertight dressing . Back to top Infectious agent of impetigo ( school sores ) Various strains of Streptococcus pyogenes , group A streptococci ( GAS ) and Staphylococcus aureus cause impetigo . Identification of impetigo ( school sores ) Clinical features Impetigo is a contagious , superficial skin infection seen mainly in children , but it may occur at any age . The infection may present with mildly irritating blisters that become pustular and erode rapidly , leaving a honey - coloured crust . It often appears around the nose and mouth . Local lymph nodes may be enlarged , and the affected child may occasionally be acutely ill . Impetigo due to S . pyogenes is very occasionally associated with scarlet fever and may also rarely cause a glomerulonephritis . Glomerulonephritis usually occurs 3 – 8 weeks after the skin infection . Skin GAS infections may be an important risk factor for rheumatic heart disease , independent of throat GAS carriage . Impetigo in the neonate often follows S . aureus colonisation of the nose , umbilicus , rectum or conjunctivae . The lesions are initially vesicular , and become seropustular and may develop bullae ( bullous impetigo ) . Lesions are most common in the nappy area . Complications are rare . Staphylococcal skin infections rarely result in the more severe ‘ scalded skin syndrome ’ , which varies from a diffuse scarlatiniform erythema to a generalised bullous desquamation of the skin . Diagnosis Diagnosis should be confirmed by isolation of the organism from skin swabs . This also allows confirmation of antibiotic susceptibility . Incubation period of impetigo organisms The incubation period is 1 – 3 days for S . pyogenes and 4 – 10 days for S . aureus Public health significance and occurrence of impetigo ( school sores ) Occurrence is worldwide . Impetigo is a rapidly spreading , highly contagious skin infection that frequently occurs in children ’ s settings such as day - care centres , kindergartens and schools . Reservoir of impetigo organisms Humans are the reservoir . Mode of transmission of impetigo organisms The organisms enter through damaged skin and are transmitted through direct contact with patients or asymptomatic carriers . Nasal carriers are particularly likely to transmit disease . The disease is rarely transmitted by indirect contact with objects . Period of communicability of impetigo ( school sores ) If untreated , purulent discharges may remain infectious for weeks to months . Most cases are no longer infectious after 24 hours of appropriate antibiotic therapy . Susceptibility and resistance to impetigo ( school sores ) Everyone is susceptible to streptococcal and staphylococcal skin infections . People suffering from chronic conditions producing breaks in the skin , such as eczema or atopic dermatitis , may be at greater risk of impetigo . Control measures for impetigo ( school sores ) Preventive measures Preventive measures include good personal hygiene practices , including a daily bath or shower . Emphasise the importance of not sharing toilet articles , and of suitably covering cuts and abrasions . Educate on modes of transmission and possible complications of impetigo , and reinforce the importance of treating cases promptly . Control of case Wash the lesions with soap and water every 8 hours to soften crusts . For cases where Streptococcus pyogenes is suspected or confirmed , treatment is generally phenoxymethylpenicillin or benzathine penicillin . Patients with penicillin hypersensitivity are generally given clindamycin . For cases where is suspected or confirmed , mupirocin ointment is the usual treatment . For severe , widespread or longstanding infections , flucloxacillin , amoxicillin – clavuanate or cephalexin may be used , as each of these drugs is active against both and . When resistant organisms such as methicillin - resistant ( MRSA ) are suspected , intravenous vancomycin may be required , or oral therapies such as bactrim or clindamycin , if susceptible . In all cases , see the current edition of Therapeutic guidelines : antibiotic General advice for patients with impetigo includes : dispose of soiled dressings appropriately emphasise the need for handwashing , especially after changing dressings , and the importance of avoiding sharing toilet articles , towels , clothing or bed linen avoid scratching or touching the lesions , to prevent spread to other areas of the body advise on the importance of completing the recommended antibiotic course . Patients must be excluded from school or childcare services until antibiotic treatment has commenced . Sores on exposed surfaces such as scalp , face , hands or legs must be covered with a watertight dressing . Control of contacts Advice to household members should include : educating about the mode of transmission avoiding direct contact with lesions on the affected person , if possible remembering to wash hands regularly , particularly after touching the lesions or scabs of the infected person , and using gloves where possible referring symptomatic contacts for appropriate treatment . Control of environment See ‘ Control of contacts ’ . Outbreak measures for impetigo ( school sores ) In childcare settings and schools : Exclude all confirmed cases , and refer suspected cases for appropriate treatment and management . Emphasise the need for good handwashing procedures for all staff and children . Advise parents of other children and staff who may have had contact with the cases to remain vigilant for signs of impetigo and seek treatment if symptoms develop . Ensure that sores on exposed skin surfaces of confirmed cases are covered with a watertight dressing while at school . Cohort cases and contacts until all have been discharged . Staff working with colonised infants should not work with noncolonised newborns . Obtain swabs from discharging lesions to determine the organism . Treat confirmed cases with appropriate antibiotics . Draining lesions should be covered at all times with a dressing . In hospital nurseries or maternity wards : Trace and determine source of infection and consider examining staff for active lesions anywhere on the body obtaining nasal swabs from staff to detect asymptomatic carriers , and treating accordingly . Promote the need for good handwashing and hygiene practices among staff and visitors to the unit where the outbreak has occurred . Investigate the adequacy of infection control procedures and the availability of handwashing facilities , including antiseptic hand solutions . Find a health service Victorian health services Contact details Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance Department of Health and Human Services Do not email notifications . Tel . 1300 651 160 or Fax 1300 651 170 infectious . diseases @ dhhs . vic . gov . au 50 Lonsdale Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 | | GPO Box 4057 , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 Notification procedures | [
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http://ideas.time.com/2012/11/06/why-kids-under-14-should-not-play-tackle-football/ | Health & Science Why Kids Under 14 Should Not Play Tackle Football The more we learn about the dangers to children , the more it makes sense to wait By Mark Hyman @ sportsparents Nov . 06 , 2012 Read Later Hill Street Studios / Getty Images Tom Brady is the gifted quarterback of the New England Patriots , widely regarded ( even by Jets ’ fans ) as one of the best ever at his position . But when he was a kid in the late 1980s and early ’ 90s , his father Tom Sr . and his mother Galynn did not allow him to play organized tackle football . For that , Tom had to wait until his freshman year at Junipero Serra High School in San Mateo , Calif . “ The first time I ever saw Tommy seriously throw a football , he was 14 years of age , ” his dad told me . MORE : Kids ’ Concussion Symptoms May Persist for a Year Tom Sr . believed that football was too dangerous . “ As a parent , I did n ’ t want my 7 - or 8 - year - old kid walking off the field with a broken arm or leg , ” the elder Brady said . ( Concussions were just an afterthought at the time . ) Today ’ s parents of peewee players would do well to embrace Tom Brady Sr . ’ s attitude . Last month , in one single Pop Warner football game , five preadolescent players on a team from Tantasqua , Mass . , suffered serious head injuries . The boys were all around the age of 10 and none were over the predetermined weight limit of 120 lb . In spite of the 52 - point lead the opposing team had on Tantasqua , neither coach called for the contest to end . ( Those coaches have since been suspended . ) This year , 3 million kids from the ages of 6 to 14 are playing organized youth tackle football , according to USA Football . Even some 5 - year - olds are in helmets playing in the Tiny Mite division of Pop Warner ( which insists that its gladiators weigh at least 35 lb . ) . MORE : Why the NFL Needs a Concussion Ref In my new book , Concussions and Our Kids , which I co - authored with Dr . Robert Cantu , a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the Boston University School of Medicine , we make the case for delaying organized tackle football until kids are 14 years old . The better game for children is flag football — in which kids grab flags rather than each other to stop the ball carrier . Kids can develop tackle - football skills during these early years by practicing those skills on tackling dummies . The Problem with Football : How to Make It Safer Admittedly , the cutoff age of 14 is somewhat arbitrary . ( That ’ s usually the case with any mandatory minimum or maximum , i.e. “ 10 items or less . ” ) However , there are important reasons to hold off until then , including : Kids are not miniature adults . By age 4 , the heads of kids are 90 % of adult size . However , their necks are much weaker than an adult ’ s neck . The combination creates a danger . When a child takes a hard blow from falling or being struck in the helmet , it is more difficult to keep the head steady . The result is greater force to the brain from being jerked inside the skull . Kids do n ’ t understand the risks . This is as much an ethical as a medical consideration . A teenager entering high school can make a judgment about the ups and downs of playing tackle football . He has the ability to think through the consequences himself , not as an adult would but at least with an understanding of risk and reward . The same is n ’ t true of a 6 - year - old . Much is not known about the long - term effects of repetitive head trauma , especially among young children . How will these kids be affected when they ’ re 70 , or even 50 ? At Emerson Hospital in Concord , Mass . , Cantu treats hundreds of patients a year for concussion symptoms . Cantu is also co - director of the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy at Boston University , which has examined the brains of many deceased professional football players who were found to have the degenerative disease as a result of years of accumulated head trauma . Chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) has also been detected in the brains of a college football player and a high school football player . There are n ’ t any known Sure football is an exciting game . But the more the medical community learns about the risks , the more Tom Brady Sr . seemed to have asked the right question : What ’ s the rush ? MORE : Kids and Concussions Mark Hyman @ sportsparents Hyman the co - author of Concussions and Our Kids : America ' s Leading Expert on How to Protect Young Athletes and Keep Sports Safe . The views expressed are solely his own . Mark Hyman ' s third book is Concussions and Our Kids : America ' s Leading Expert on How to Protect Young Athletes and Keep Sports Safe , a collaboration with Dr . Robert Cantu | [
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http://ideas.time.com/2013/08/16/singing-changes-your-brain/ | Life & Style Singing Changes Your Brain Group singing has been scientifically proven to lower stress , relieve anxiety , and elevate endorphins By Stacy Horn @ StacyHorn Aug . 16 , 2013 Read Later Getty Images Related Do n ’ t Read Too Much Into Brain Scans What Actors Can Teach Us About Memory and Learning Email Print Share Follow @ TIMEIdeas When you sing , musical vibrations move through you , altering your physical and emotional landscape . Group singing , for those who have done it , is the most exhilarating and transformative of all . It takes something incredibly intimate , a sound that begins inside you , shares it with a roomful of people and it comes back as something even more thrilling : harmony . So it ’ s not surprising that group singing is on the rise . According to Chorus America , 32.5 million adults sing in choirs , up by almost 10 million over Glee to strictly amateur groups like Choir ! Choir ! Choir ! singing David Bowie ’ s The Man Who Sold the World As the popularity of group singing grows , science has been hard at work trying to explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people . What researchers are beginning to discover is that singing is like an infusion of the perfect tranquilizer , the kind that both soothes your nerves and elevates your spirits . The elation may come from endorphins , a hormone released by singing , which is associated with feelings of pleasure . Or it might be from oxytocin , another hormone released during singing , which has been found to alleviate anxiety and stress . Oxytocin also enhances feelings of trust and bonding , which may explain why still more studies have found that singing lessens feelings of depression and loneliness . A very recent study even attempts to make the case that “ music evolved as a tool of social living , ” and that the pleasure that comes from singing together is our evolutionary reward for coming together cooperatively , instead of hiding alone , every cave - dweller for him or herself . The benefits of singing regularly seem to be cumulative . In one study , singers were found to have lower levels of cortisol , indicating lower stress . A very preliminary investigation suggesting that our heart rates may sync up during group singing could also explain why singing together sometimes feels like a guided group meditation . Study after study has found that singing relieves anxiety and contributes to quality of life . Dr . Julene K . Johnson , a researcher who has focused on older singers , recently began a five year study to examine group singing as an affordable method to improve the health and well - being of older adults . It turns out you do n ’ t even have to be a good singer to reap the rewards . According to one 2005 study , group singing “ can produce satisfying and therapeutic sensations even when the sound produced by the vocal instrument is of mediocre quality . ” Singing groups vary from casual affairs where no audition is necessary to serious , committed professional or avocational choirs like the Los Angeles Master Chorale or my chorus in New York City , which I joined when I was 26 and depressed , all based on a single memory of singing in a choir at Christmas , an experience so euphoric I never forgot it . If you want to find a singing group to join , ChoirPlace and ChoralNet are good places to begin , or more local sites like the New York Choral Consortium , which has links to the Vocal Area Network and other sites , or the Greater Boston Choral Consortium . But if you ca n ’ t find one at any of these sites , you can always google “ choir ” or “ choral society ” and your city or town to find more . Group singing is cheaper than therapy , healthier than drinking , and certainly more fun than working out . It is the one thing in life where feeling better is pretty much guaranteed . Even if you walked into rehearsal exhausted and depressed , by the end of the night you ’ ll walk out high as a kite on endorphins and good Stacy Horn @ StacyHorn Stacy Horn is the founder of the social network Echo and the author of Imperfect Harmony : Finding Happiness Singing With Others . The views expressed are solely her own . Horn ' s latest book is Imperfect Harmony : Finding Happiness Singing with Others | [
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http://ideas.time.com/2013/10/08/is-the-devil-for-real/ | Is the Devil for Real Getty Images Justice Antonin Scalia said in a recent interview with New York magazine that he believes in Satan You could almost hear the eyes beginning to roll around the country Well guess what Me too Of course said the Justice Yeah hes a real person Hey come on thats standard Catholic doctrine Every Catholic believes that Hes right it is Catholic doctrine Christian doctrine to speak more broadly about it most Christian denominations also profess that belief On the other hand Im not as sure about the characterization of him as a person For a little insight into the Devil or take your pick Satan Lucifer Beelzebub lets look at the Gospels and then some more contemporary experiences Justice Antonin Scalia Thinks He Has Gay Friends Who or what for example does Jesus of Nazareth encounter when meeting someone with an unclean spirit or possessed by a demon as the Gospels describe The Scottish Scripture scholar William Barclay once proposed two possibilities Either we relegate demonic possession to the realm of primitive thought and conclude that this was a way of understanding illness in a prescientific era or we accept the action of the demonic both in New Testament times and today Heres one way to think about it First off some of the possessions in the Gospels seem rather to be the manifestation of physical illness Im not speaking about Jesus healing someone who seems to be truly under the sway of demonic forces but the healing of those called possessed who are in reality suffering from a purely physical ailment The Pope Is No Radical There is for example the moving story of a distraught father told in the three Synoptic GospelsMatthew Mark and Lukewho brings to Jesus a boy who is called epileptic in one Gospel and possessed by a spirit in the other two The fathers love for his son and his anguish over the boys illness will resonate with anyone who has seen a child suffer Desperate the father kneels at Jesuss feet and describes the condition Lord have mercy on my son he says for he is an epileptic and he suffers terribly he often falls into the fire and often into the water When the boy is healed Jesus is described as giving a rebuke to the demon which came out of him instantly Here the ancient mind attributes to a demon what we now attribute to a physiological condition It conflates possession with illness We should also remember that the Gospel writers were not diagnosticians That would be an example of Barclays first possibility Still Jesus heals the boy of a terrible condition that has caused great suffering to him and his father which is the point of the story It remains miraculous But there are some Gospel stories that still 2000 years later do not lend themselves so easily to scientific explanations stories in which the demon is able to identify Jesus as the Messiah at a time when others around him including his closest followers still had no clue about Jesuss identity stories in which the demons speak of themselves oddly in the plural as when they identify themselves as Legion stories in which the demons enable people to do frightening physical feats such as bursting through chains These stories still have the ability to send a shiver up our spines In our own day too there are credible stories of possessions that defy any rational explanations Since entering the Jesuits the religious order asked to help the child whose experiences became the basis for the book and film The Exorcist I have read about and heard stories from very reliable and highly rational witnesses who have assisted at exorcisms or who have seen terrifying things that defy logical explanation Perhaps someday we will have further scientific explanations but to my mind the possibility of possessions is not hard to believe Understanding it is quite another thing From an infinitely less threatening vantage point Ive done enough spiritual counseling to witness the effects of evil in peoples livesevil that is more than something from within them and which seems to exhibit similar characteristics from person to person In my experience there is a certain sameness to the way that people describe this force St Ignatius of Loyola in his classic 16 th century text The Spiritual Exercises once delimited the three ways that the enemy of human nature acts like a spoiled child making a person act childishly selfishly refusing to take no for an answer like a false lover tempting the person to conceal his bad motives or sinful behaviors or like an army commander attacking a person at his weakest point Such descriptions ring true for those who have experienced them And Ive experienced that force enough times in my own life that I believe it to be real Like Justice Scalia I believe in the presence of evil as a coherent force opposed to God and one that can sometimes overtake people But I dont necessarily believe in the popular conception of the Devil Im partial to what the writer CS Lewis once said when asked if he believed in the devil I am not particular about the hoofs and horns But in other respects my answer is Yes I do Rev James Martin SJ JamesMartinSJ Rev James Martin SJ is Editor at Large at America Magazine and the author of the bestselling book The Jesuit Guide to Almost Everything His book Jesus A Pilgrimage will be published in March The views expressed are solely his own Rev James Martin is the author of many books including The Jesuits Guide to Almost Everything | [
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http://ideas.woothemes.com/forums/133476-woocommerce/suggestions/3771433-integration-with-square | How can we improve WooCommerce ? ← WooCommerce Integration with Square I would like to see an integration between WooCommerce ( Inventory Management ) or an alternative that would consolidate my mobile register , inventory and my eCommerce site . 945 votes Vote Shawn shared this idea Flag idea as inappropriate … completed Admin WooCommerce Admin , WooCommerce responded Hi Everyone , The much anticipated WooCommerce Square integration has arrived ! Read more here : https : / / woocommerce . com / 2016 / 07 / square - woocommerce - release / And get your copy of the integration here : http : / / woocommerce . com / products / square / Happy selling , Matty Cohen . Show previous admin responses ( 3 ) Tweet 293 comments Add a comment … Your email address Sign in with : Post comment Perry commented Flag as inappropriate I agree with the comment made by Zachary Goldberg . The extension would make sense if every new square order created a " completed " order in Woocommerce ' s orders page . This would keep reporting accurate and make it so you can just do everything in woo rather than having to export all the data from square ' s interface and import into woo ( which requires another woo extension ) . Zachary Goldberg commented Flag as inappropriate if you can not create new orders from square and write them to woocommerce i dont understand the point of it . Why would I need to pull the product database only to create an order in square but not have it show up in woocommerce which is what I am using for ecommerce . I might as well just use square , there is no point . You really need to sync orders . Helen Great - when will Woo & Square be ready in Australia ? Anonymous Excellent ! Cassie Bone Except if you ' re outside of the US or Canada you ca n ' t use it . . . . so , no fix for me . " Square eCommerce payments is only available in the US and Canada " Anonymous Does the square integration create an invoice in Woocommerce on each transaction and are we able to capture the payers email address ? Eta on when it might be complete ? ? ? Your last comment was almost a year ago ! OchoMedia And live shipping / taxes too ! Thanks . Admin WooCommerce Admin , WooCommerce Hi Bill , We ' re looking good to launch soon . Please keep an eye on the WooCommerce Blog for more information . http : / / woocommerce . com / blog Thanks and regards , Matty . Ill Picasso Well I stumbled across this on google just keeping an eye on when square for woocommerce would be ready . . . woothemes . com / 2016 / 06 / square - woocommerce - release / Jun 28 , 2016 - With Square for WooCommerce , you can accept payments online or . . . with Square to develop this new extension — we ' re excited to finally . . . This was nearly 3 weeks ago so it must be coming very very soon . I hope so . I have a project due first week of august and this was one of the features I was hoping i could include . Transattic Waiting to hear ! We need something like this since WooCommerce does n ' t have an offline POS mode yet . Billc108 7 weeks ago Matty Cohen ( http : / / ideas . woothemes . com / users / 12032501 - matty - cohen ) estimated 6 weeks . We all know how software development often takes longer than initially estimated . . . but how about an update ? Jennifer Also following . I have a number of clients who use Square and would like to integrate it using Woocommerce . Josh Stevens following moyo How this is going ? Any ETA ? Hello , Does the plugin Available in market for payment gateway using square account ? ? ? send the Link if so . . Ca n ' t wait for this to be ready ! Anything yet ? Following thread . Hope this is going well ! Hint hint , well as in ready yet ? Cathy I ' m also very interested . Following thread . Thank you . ← Previous 1 2 3 4 5 14 15 Next → | [
"improve WooCommerce"
] |
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/It's+raining+cats+and+dogs! | it ' s raining cats and dogs ( redirected from It ' s raining cats and dogs ! it ' s raining cats and dogs It is raining extremely heavily . We wanted to have a barbecue this weekend , but it ' s been raining cats and dogs since Friday evening . See also : and cat dog rain Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . BRITISH , OLD - FASHIONED If you say it ' s cats dogs you mean that it is very heavily . You mean she was n ' t wearing a coat , even though it was dogs ? Note : There are several possible explanations for this expression , but none of them can be proved . It may refer to the days when drainage in towns was so poor that sometimes drowned in heavy rainfall . Alternatively , cats dogs ' could be corruption or misunderstanding of the Greek word catadupe ' , meaning waterfall ' , so expression would originally have been it ' s like waterfall ' . The origin may also Norse mythology , where were sometimes associated with spirit storm . See also : cat dog rain Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / It % 27s + raining + cats + and + dogs ! " > it& # 39 ; s raining cats and dogs < / a > References in periodicals archive Rachel Jobson , a fundraiser at the hospice , said : " We are hoping for a beautiful Autumn day on the riverside at Chester - le - Street , but the event will go ahead even if it ' s raining cats and dogs 100 dogs to have their day More results ► Idioms browser ▲ it ' s no skin off my nose it ' s no skin off my , your , his , etc . nose it ' s no use it ' s no use crying over spilled milk it ' s no / small / little wonder . . . it ' s not cricket it ' s not on It ' s not over till it ' s over it ' s not over till / until the fat lady sings it ' s not rocket science it ' s not saying much It ' s not the heat , it ' s the humidity it ' s not the meat , it ' s the motion it ' s not what you know but who you know it ' s now or never it ' s on It ' s on me it ' s one thing after another it ' s one thing to ( do something ) , it ' s another to ( do something else ) it ' s one thing to ( do sth ) , it ' s another thing to ( do sth else ) it ' s one thing to ( do sth ) , it ' s quite another to ( do sth else ) it ' s one thing to do A , it ' s another to do B it ' s only , just , etc . a matter / a question of time it ' s payback time It ' s raining cats and dogs ! It ' s raining pitchforks it ' s six of one and half a dozen of the other It ' s six of one , half a dozen of another it ' s someone ' s funeral it ' s swings and roundabouts it ' s the berries it ' s the old story it ' s the same old rigmarole it ' s the same old story it ' s the story of my life it ' s the thought that counts It ' s time we should be going it ' s tipping down it ' s to die it ' s to die for it ' s to laugh It ' s written all over face it ' s written in the stars It ' s you ! it ' s your funeral It ' s your move its / ( one ' s ) moments it ' s / that ' s a bit steep it ' s / that ' s a fair cop it ' s / that ' s a wrap ▼ Full browser ▲ it ' s only it ' s only a matter of time It ' s Only a Mixtape it ' s only a question of time It ' s Only Love It ' s Only Money It ' s Only Rock ' n Roll It ' s Only Temporary it ' s only , just , etc . a matter / a question of time it ' s only , only , etc . a matter / a question of time it ' s our call it ' s our funeral it ' s our pleasure It ' s over there it ' s payback time It ' s peanut butter jelly time It ' s pretty good It ' s quarter past two It ' s quarter to two It ' s quite a long way it ' s quite another thing to it ' s quite another to It ' s quite expensive It ' s quite far It ' s quite good It ' s Raining It ' s Raining It ' s raining cats and dogS It ' s raining pitchforks It ' s round the corner it ' s roundabouts and swings it ' s six and two threes it ' s six in one a half a dozen in the other it ' s six in one a half dozen in the other it ' s six in one and a half a dozen in the other it ' s six in one and a half dozen in the other it ' s six in one and half a dozen in the other it ' s six in one and half dozen in the other it ' s six in one half a dozen in the other it ' s six in one half dozen in the other It ' s six o ' clock it ' s six of one and half a dozen of the other It ' s six of one , half a dozen of another it ' s small wonder It ' s snowing It ' s So Easy It ' s Someone Else ' s Problem it ' s someone ' s funeral It ' s sore It ' s still under guarantee It ' s still under warranty It ' s stormy It ' s stuck It ' s Sunday third October It ' s Sunday , October third It ' s sunny it ' s swings and roundabouts it ' s Sydney or bust ▼ | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/brush+up | brush up Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Encyclopedia brush up 1 . To refamiliarize oneself with a topic or issue . I need to brush up on factorials before attempting to teach them on Monday . 2 . To improve the appearance of something . We need brush up this old house before any prospective buyers get here . See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . brush something up improve one ' s knowledge of something or one ' s ability do something . ( See also brush up ( on something ) . ) I my French a little bit . my French . See also : brush up ( on something ) knowledge ability do German . My German is weak . had better up . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . 1 . Clean , refurbish , as in We plan get the house brushed in time for party [ c . 1600 ] 2 . Also , Review , refresh memory , as Nell brushed her Spanish going Honduras I ' m brushing town history speak at club [ Late 1700s ] The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . v . collect dispose by using brush : crumbs from table . The kids leaves into pile and played it . refresh its quality appearance , especially superficially modestly : You could your resume with few style changes . have n ' t spoken Italian many years , but if it little , think could speak very well . 3 . facility something : Spanish by reading newspapers from Mexico . The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs . Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Idioms browser ▲ browse among ( something ) browse on browse on ( something ) browse over bruise bruised bruised and battered bruiser bruisin bruit about brunt brush ( something ) under the carpet brush ( something ) under the mat brush ( something ) under the rug brush against brush against ( someone or something ) brush aside brush away brush back brush by brush by ( someone or something ) brush down brush off brush over brush with death brushoff brush - off Brussels brutal brute brute force bruva BSOD BTDT BTDTGTS BTO BTW BTWBO bubble bubble over bubble up bubble water bubblehead bubbles bubbly buck buck ( one ' s ) ideas up buck fever ▼ Full browser ▲ brush past brush past someone or something brush plating Brush Rabbit Brush Rabbit brush rake Brush Ranch Camps Brush Rapid Attack Truck brush rocker brush rocker ring brush somebody back brush someone back brush something back brush something under the carpet brush something under the mat brush station brush stroke Brush Teeth Time brush them aside brush them back brush them off brush turkey brush turkey brush under the carpet brush under the mat brush under the rug brush up on brush us aside brush us back brush us off Brush Valley Preservation Association Brush wheel brush with death brush wolf brush wolf brush wolves brush wolves brush you aside brush you back brush you off Brush Your Shoulders Off Brush your teeth Brush your teeth brush , bristle polishing Brush , Charles brush , clasp brush , Dixon bristle Brush , George Brush , George de Forest Brush , George Marvin brush , interdental brush , interproximal brush , polishing brush , wheel polishing brush , wire polishing ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"brush up"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/dapping | dap ( redirected from dapping Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Encyclopedia dap dæp mod . well - dressed . ( From dapper . ) Man , you look so dap ! McGraw - Hill ' s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . References in periodicals archive The cast need only be a 3ft length of 10lb breaking strain nylon , armed with a bushy dapping fly , which should have been sprayed with flotant the night before and allowed to dry in a tin with other similarly dosed flies . A DAP HAND ; Angling RECORD More results ► Idioms browser ▲ dance with death dance , talk , etc . up a storm dancer dancers dander dander up dandruff dandy dang danger dangerous dangerous ground dangle dangle ( something ) before ( someone ) dangle a carrot in front of ( one ) dangle a carrot in front of someone dangle before dangle from dangle from ( something ) dangling dangly bits Daniel dank DAPL darb Darby and Joan dare dark dark cloud on the horizon dark days dark horse dark side of darken darken ( one ' s ) door darken a church door darken door darken someone ' s door darkest hour is just before the dawn darling darn darn it darn it ! darn tootin ' darn tooting darndest darned darning needle dart dart a glance at ▼ Full browser ▲ dapped dapped dapped beam dapper dapper dapper homolog 1 dapper homolog 1 , antagonist of beta - catenin dapper homolog 2 dapper homolog 2 , antagonist of beta - catenin dapper homolog 3 dapper , antagonist of beta - catenin , homolog 1 dapper , antagonist of beta - catenin , homolog 2 dapper , antagonist of beta - catenin , homolog 3 DAPPER1 DAPPER2 dapperest dapperest Dapperling dapperly dapperly dapperness dapperness Dapping block Dapping block Dapping blocks Dapping blocks Dapping punch Dapping punch DAPPL dapple dapple Dapple gray dapple grays Dapple grey Dapple grey dapple greys dapple - gray dapple - grey dapple - grey dappled dappled dappled - gray dappled - grey ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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"dap"
] |
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/drive+someone+crazy | drive someone crazy drive ( one ) crazy 1 . To upset , irritate , or annoy one to the point of distraction . It drives me crazy seeing all these people just staring at their phones all day long . Would you stop shouting , you ' re driving me crazy ! 2 . To cause one to become unhinged , insane , or mentally unstable . All that pressure finally drove Steve crazy in the end . You kids are going drive of these days with your arguing . See also : drive Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . drive someone crazy Also , someone mad bananas bonkers nuts up wall someone drink Greatly exasperate someone , annoy distraction . For example , His habitual lateness drives Apologizing over and over bananas These slovenly workmen up wall Your nagging is driving drink All hyperbolic expressions describe a person ' s extreme frustration , supposedly point insanity crazy , mad , nuts , bonkers and mean " insane " ) ; alludes climbing walls escape imbibing alcohol induce oblivion . See also : The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / drive + someone + crazy " > drive someone crazy < / a > References in periodicals archive Comparing high school football scores could NO BLOWOUT THIS TIME , BUT BANNING BEST More results ► Idioms browser ▲ drive away drive back drive back on drive back to drive batty drive between drive crazy drive down drive down a / the / ( something ' s ) price drive home drive in drive in ( to ) drive into drive into a corner drive off drive on drive one out of mind drive out drive over drive safely drive somebody insane drive somebody out of their mind / wits drive somebody to drink drive someone around the bend drive someone bonkers drive someone nuts drive someone round the bend drive someone to distraction drive someone up the wall drive something home drive the big bus drive the porcelain bus drive through drive to drive to despair drive to distraction drive to do drive to drink drive to the edge drive up drive up the wall drive / hammer something home drive / run / work yourself into the ground drive / send somebody up the wall drive - in driven driver driving force drizzle down ▼ Full browser ▲ drive round the twist Drive Safely Drive Safely Work Week drive safely ! drive sampling Drive Select Drive Select Interface Drive Self Test drive shaft drive shaft drive shoe Drive side Drive Single Drive Slave Present drive snaky Drive Solenoid Status drive somebody crazy drive somebody insane drive somebody mad drive somebody out of somebody ' s wits drive somebody out of their mind drive somebody out of their mind / wits drive somebody out of their wits drive somebody snaky drive somebody to distraction drive somebody to drink drive somebody up the wall drive someone around the bend drive someone bonkers drive someone insane drive someone mad drive someone nuts drive someone out drive someone out of office drive someone out of someone ' s wits drive someone over the edge drive someone round the bend drive someone snaky drive someone to distraction drive someone to drink drive someone to the wall drive someone up the wall drive something home drive spindle Drive Spring Drive sprocket Drive sprocket Drive Stability Control Drive Status Test Drive System Interface Unit drive the big bus Drive the porcelain bus Drive the porcelain bus drive the price down drive the price up drive their pigs to market drive them around ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"drive someone crazy"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/from+dawn+to+dusk | from dawn to dusk from dawn to dusk Fig . during the period of the day when there is light ; from rising of sun to setting sun . I have to work from dawn dusk on farm . The factory runs dawn dusk produce hats and gloves . See also : McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / from + dawn + to + dusk " > from dawn to dusk < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . References in periodicals archive RIGH under the nose of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources , in Shahzad Town , street No 15 , Islamabad , there is no gas supply Gas supply He stressed that the women living in villages work while standing shoulder to shoulder with their male companions in the fields to live their lives . Shahbaz calls rural women genuine hard workers , committed Fasting - one of the five pillars of Islam is mandatory for all Muslims with sound body and mind to observe month - long fasting by abstaining from food , drink , sex and ill - practices , and develop in the process self - discipline and sympathy for people suffering from hunger and deprivation the whole year round . 27 Lanao towns observe Ramadan in darkness Manama , June 29 - - ( BNA ) : The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs ( SCIA ) has issued a statement ordering all coffee shops and restaurants to refrain from opening during the daytime and also prohibiting any smoking , eating or drinking on the roads , markets or public places everyday throughout the holy month of Ramadan 1435 H . SCIA announcement for Ramadan 1435 H Access is allowed and the season extends until Nov . Fishing season opens on Saturday Our team here have worked very hard , , to ensure conditions are safe and we all hope for a trouble - free meeting , " he said . Worcester pledge to ensure safe ground in wake of fatalities Ramadan is a month of fasting , worship and studying the Holy Qur ' an . Manmohan Singh attends Iftaar party in Delhi Muslims scan the sky at night in search of the new moon to determine the start of Ramadan , the holiest month for the world ' s more than one billion Muslims , during which observant believers fast Saudi , most Gulf Arabs start Ramadan on Wednesday ISLAMABAD , May 09 , 2010 ( Balochistan Times ) : In order to minimize the threat of bursting of dam on Hunza river near Hunza valley , FWO is working with full vigour to deepen and widen the spillway cut by using over 17 plant pieces FWO still working to minimize bursting threat of naturally developed dam near Hunza BOUVERIE ' S DOUBLE : STATE OF PLAY and FROM DAWN TO DUSK REST OF THE AINTREE CARD I remember playing games English Bulldog , Kick The Can and Tracker with a street full of pals SO sad to see childhood [ . . . ] ; TONY LARNER Columnist Lorne Jackson has been laid low by Swine Flu so today the Mercury ' s Content Editor offers personal points of view The civil enforcement officers will work - 8am to 10pm seven days a week - to bring in the 20,000 extra tickets a year the council has targeted . New challenge looms for our blood pressure Muslims scan the sky at night in search of the new moon to proclaim the start of Ramadan , the holiest month for the world ' s more than one billion Muslims , during which people fast Ramadan starts tomorrow They worked each day , milking cows , digging ditches , sowing seeds and harvesting crops to supply the nation with food . At its peak 80,000 Land Girls worked to feed the nation and child is a wordless secret , calling across rooms Her Voice More results ► Idioms browser ▲ fritz friz frizz up fro frog frog face frog in ( one ' s ) throat frog in a small pond frog in one ' s throat frog slicing from a distance from a mile away from A to B from A to izzard from A to Z from afar from all corners of the world from all sides from away from bad to worse from can see to ca n ' t see from coast to coast from cover to cover from Dan to Beersheba from day one from day to day from door to door from far and near from first to last from giddy - up to whoa from git - go from go to whoa from hand to hand from head to foot from head to foot / toe from head to heels from head to toe from hell from hell to breakfast from here on from here till next Tuesday from here to Sunday from hunger from left field from Missouri from Missouri , I ' m from my cold , dead hands from my perspective from now on ▼ Full browser ▲ From Before to After from beginning to end From Behind These Walls From Beirut to Jerusalem From Belgium with Love From Below From Big Island From Biology to Concurrency From Bondage to Freedom From Boy to Man Hemingways First World War From Boy to Man Hemingways First World War From Bricks to Bothans From Brussels With Love From Bubblegum to Sky from can see to ca n ' t see from can see to can not see from cause to effect from central casting from coast to coast from coast - to - coast from competent sources From Concept to Reality , LLC From Consideration to Integration from cover to cover from cradle to grave from Dan to Beersheba From Darkness to Light From Data to Knowledge From Date of Service from day one from day to day From Discovery to Recovery from door to door From Dusk ' til Dawn From Dust to Planetesimals from each one From Earth To The Moon From Emotion to Reason From Emotions to Advocacy from end to end From fair to middling From far from far and near From First to Last From First to Last from force of habit from force of habit From Fuzzy to Formal From Genesis to Revelation from giddy - up to whoa ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"dawn",
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] |
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/gentle | gentle Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . gentle giant Someone who is very large and strong but has a quiet and gentle nature . At first , I was afraid of the big , burly man covered in tattoos , but when I saw him rescue that kitten from the tree , realized he was just a giant . See also : giant be as gentle as a lamb To be pleasant , caring , calm . My rambunctious son is as as lamb with our cat . Mr . Stewart may seem crotchety , he ' s lamb — he ' s actually helped me carry my groceries many times . See also : lamb ( as ) gentle as a lamb Pleasant , caring , calm . My rambunctious son with our cat . Mr . Stewart may seem crotchety , he ' s lamb — he ' s actually helped me carry my groceries many times . Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . * gentle as a lamb Cliché [ of someone ] very gentle . ( * Also : ~ . Do n ' t be afraid of Schaeffer . He look fierce , lamb . Lisa when dealing children . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . gentle as a lamb If someone they are kind never become angry or aggressive . Brian would n ' t hurt anyone . Verdy off field raging lion on it . Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : Idioms browser ▲ gender bender gender bending gender binary gender fluid gender fluidity gender gap gender - bender gender - neutral genderqueer general generalize generalize about generalize from generation generation gap Generation X generic generous generous to a fault genetic modification geneva courage genie genius Genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains Genius is ten percent inspiration and ninety percent perspiration gentle as a lamb gentle giant gentleman gentleman of the four outs gentleman ' s agreement gentleman ' s pact gently genuine genuine article George Georgia geri GERK german German goiter German virgin German wheel Germany Geronimo ! gesture get get ( a lot of ) grief ( from someone ) get ( a lot of ) stick ( from someone ) get ( a ) bad press get ( a ) good press ▼ Full browser ▲ Gentilitial gentilitian gentilities gentilities gentilitious gentility gentility Gentilize Gentilly Gentilly Civic Improvement Association Gentiloni Silveri , Paolo Gentin a Romorantin Gentin a Romorantin Genting Genting Genting International Convention Centre Genting International PLC Genting Inti International College Genting Overseas Holdings Limited gentiobiase Gentiobiose Gentiopikrin gentiotannic acid Gentisic acid Gentisic acid Gentisin Gentlax Gentlax Gentle Annis Gentle Art of Verbal Self - Defense Gentle Ben gentle breeze gentle breeze Gentle Care Animal Hospital Gentle Care Home Services , Inc . gentle distributed coordination function Gentle Dove Ministries International Gentle Giant gentle giants Gentle Molding Vision Center Gentle Persuasive Approach Gentle Revolution gentle sex Gentle Shepherd Metropolitan Community Church Gentle Vision Shaping System gentle wind Gentle - hearted gentled gentled gentlefolk gentlefolks gentlehood Gentlelady Gentlelady ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"gentle"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/give+the+benefit+of+the+doubt | give the benefit of the doubt Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Encyclopedia give ( someone or something ) the benefit of the doubt To retain a favorable or at least neutral opinion of someone or something until the full information about the subject is available . You ' re my sister ! Ca n ' t you give me benefit of doubt , instead believing worst about me right away ? Let ' s give him benefit doubt before we start accusing him . There may be a good explanation for missing money . See also : doubt Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . give the benefit of the doubt Regard someone as innocent until proven otherwise ; lean toward favorable view someone . For example , Let ' s her and assume that she ' s right [ Mid - 1800s ] See also : The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / give + the + benefit + of + the + doubt " > give the benefit of the doubt < / a > References in periodicals archive Hamdi - - even assuming he is an enemy combatant , which he denies - - makes it difficult to to such claims of necessity . U.S. editorial excerpts - 2 - If I were there , I would to ballots coming in from military personnel generally . Mensch at work : the dilemma of Joe Lieberman Says Larry Elliott , director of the NIOSH Office of Compensation Analysis and Support , " We to the claimant , using science to the fullest extent possible in doing so . Compensating for Cold War cancers . ( Spheres of Influence ) Had he got within a head or maybe even a neck , he would have been a shoo - in to get the race , but as the gap was three - quarters of a length , the panel were always likely to to the winner . Opinion If you are not totally sure then Forward to a changing future ; Challenges for new magistrates ' chief On a ball that lands so close to the line that you ca n ' t tell if it was in or out , you ' ve got to to your opponent and play the shot . Etiquette on the links White responded : " I always want to Consciousness raising More results ► Idioms browser ▲ give someone their walking papers give someone up give someone up for lost give someone what for give someone / something a wide berth give someone / something the finger give someone / something the green light give someone / something the once - over give something a facelift give something a miss give something a once - over give something a rest give something a whirl give something the old college try give something the thumbs down give something the thumbs up give something up as a bad job give something your best shot give something / someone the heave - ho give static give teeth to give thanks for small blessings give thanks for small mercies give the ( whole ) show away give the all - clear give the devil his due give the devil his / her due give the eye give the finger give the game away give the gate give the glad eye give the go - by give the heave - ho give the lie to give the lie to ( something ) give the lie to something give the mitten give the nod to give the raspberry give the shaft give the shake give the shirt off back give the shirt off one ' s back give the show away give the slip give the wall give the word give them hell give thought to ( something ) ▼ Full browser ▲ give terms give testimony give thanks give thanks Give Thanks ( Don Moen ) Give Thanks ( Don Moen ) Give Thanks for Life give thanks for small blessings give thanks for small mercies Give Thanks with Don Moen Give Thanks with Don Moen Give Thanks with Don Moen ( album ) Give Thanks with Don Moen ( album ) give that much trouble give the ( whole ) show away give the air give the all clear give the all - clear give the axe give the axe give the back of hand give the back of her hand give the back of his hand give the back of my hand give the back of one ' s hand give the back of our hand give the back of their hand give the back of your hand give the bag give the benefit of give the big E give the big E give the bird give the bird give the boot give the boot give the bounce give the bride away give the brush - off give the bum ' s rush give the bum ' s rush give the business give the can give the chair give the cold shoulder give the cold shoulder give the college try ▼ | [
"Idioms",
"give the benefit of the doubt"
] |
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/go+cold+turkey | go cold turkey go cold turkey To stop doing or using something abruptly and completely . Most commonly said of drug , alcohol , or tobacco use , it can also refer to any bad habit . I tried quitting smoking for several years , using nicotine patches , gums , and even hypnotherapy . Eventually , I just had to go cold turkey rely on my own willpower . was eating way too much junk food was gaining a lot of weight as a result . Finally , just went cold turkey stopped buying anything but healthy food . See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . Inf . stop ( doing something ) without tapering off . ( Originally drug slang . Now concerned with breaking any habit . ) had smoking , so went turkey . It ' s awful ! When heroin addicts go turkey , they get terribly sick . See also : McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . INFORMAL 1 . If someone goes they suddenly taking drugs that depend on . You ca n ' t turkey , because that ' s not how you successfully deal with addiction . Note : People use describe the experience doing this . His book describes the 30 - day heroin addict . 2 . If someone goes suddenly having something that are used to . Unless you leave your mobile phone at home , will have no peace during your vacation . Note : People use describe experience this . Compulsive shopping is like other addiction recession means for Judith Summers . Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 completely taking drugs . The image is one possible unpleasant side effects this , involving bouts shivering sweating cause goose flesh goose pimples , bumpy condition skin which resembles flesh dead plucked turkey . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : References in periodicals archive At Christmas , certainly I was not going to cut myself off entirely but I do n ' t with anything . Pregnant Karen still has the odd tipple If they were drug addicts they would n ' t expect them to without methadone . WEBCHAT ; Smoking to be banned at hospitals , schools and playgrounds by 2019 Moira tries to help Holly without Cain ' s knowledge , Robert ' s dark side re - emerges after the police turn up to talk him about Ryan , and Nicola is forced to confront the seriousness of her condition . soap box Elsewhere , David and Tracy get steamy when they ' re locked in the B&B , plus Moira helps Holly The week in soap Smokers are more likely to kick the habit if they This week ; Your health PENCER MATTHEWS HAVING to leave the I ' m A Celebrity jungafter three days is poHaving to admit it w because you were from steroids is shameful ON THE UP DOWN You have to on the texts and emails , at least for now so you can move on . I ' m heartbroken my no - go guy has found love ; Dear Coleen THE STRAIGHTALKING PROBLEM PAGE Patients like this one , whose brain activity is being monitored by psychologists , from the Web for about four months ; they ' re watched by guards , eat a special diet , and undergo psychological therapy and military - style physical training . Deprogramming China ' s Internet addicts But this perky account probably wo n ' t compel you to Caffeinated EMMERDALE ( 7pm ITV1 ) AS RHONA attempts to at home , Vanessa worries that Paddy does n ' t realise the enormity of the job he ' s taken on and they both face their first serious test tonight when he leaves his vet ' s bag lying temptingly nearby . WE LOVE SOAPS The data , collected from 6,200 current and former smokers by Pfizer as part of its Do n ' t Go Cold Turkey campaign , found that a quarter of smokers have avoided drinking any alcohol whilst trying to quit , the Daily Star reported . Lengths smokers go to for kicking the butt The report has been carried out by Pfizer Limited , who have launched a Do n ' t Go Cold Turkey campaign , having discovered that going ' cold turkey ' is the most popular method Tynesiders use in their bid to quit smoking . Scheme to get smokers to stamp out their habit 30pm ) Phil Mitchell is not a happy man , he ' s been locked in a room to and decides to take matters into his own hands . What to WATCH In the interim between mid - November and February , online productions such as The Lost Experience , ' ' which ran through the summer , will be available for fans who ca n ' t IF YOU ' RE LOST ' . . . WITH FANS WONDERING JUST WHAT THE @ # $ % IS GOING ON , PRODUCERS SAY THEY HAVE A PLAN . . . AFTER JUST ONE MORE CLIP SHOW Joe ends up taking Candy to his parents ' country cottage to help her , but Iggy kidnaps Joe ' s sister . Brooks , Kevin . Candy More results ► Idioms browser ▲ go between the bark and the tree go between the moon and the milkman go beyond go bitchcakes go blank go blooey Go blow it out your ear ! go blue go bonkers go broke go bung go bush go bust go by go by the board go by the name ( of ) go by the name of go by the name of . . . go by the wayside go cap in hand go cap in hand ( to someone ) go cap in hand to someone Go chase your tail ! Go chase yourself ! Go climb a tree ! go commando go co - op go counter go crazy go critical go crook go deep go dotty go down go down a bomb go down a storm go down a treat go down a / the road go down as ( something ) go down badly go down fighting go down for the third time go down in defeat go down in flames go down in the world go down in / make history go down like a lead balloon go down like ninepins go down memory lane go down on ( someone ) ▼ Full browser ▲ go by the board go by the boards go by the book go by the name go by the name ( of ) go by the name of go by the name of . . . go by the name of … go by the wayside go cap in hand go cap in hand ( to someone ) go cap in hand to go cap in hand to her go cap in hand to him go cap in hand to me go cap in hand to one go cap in hand to somebody go cap in hand to someone go cap in hand to them go cap in hand to us go cap in hand to you Go chase your tail ! go chase yourself Go chase yourself ! Go climb a tree ! go co op go co - op Go commando Go commando go contrary to go coop go counter go counter to go crazy go critical go crook Go Cross Campus go cup Go Daddy Go Daddy Group Go Daddy Group , Inc Go Daddy Software Go Daddy Software , Inc Go Dearborn Online Message Board go deep go deep into Go Die in a Fire Go Die in a Hole go different ways Go Do Your Homework go dotty go down ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
"go cold turkey"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/have+a+blast | have a blast Also found in : Acronyms have a blast To have a very fun or exciting time ( doing something ) . A : " So , how was the ski trip ? " B : " We had a blast ! " The kids are having blast running around the beach all day . See also : blast have Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . Inf . to great time ; to lot of fun . The food was good and we had blast . Thanks for inviting us party . See also : McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Idioms browser ▲ have a ( good / solid / sound / etc . ) grasp of / on ( something ) have a ( heavy ) cross to bear have a ( sudden ) rush of blood to the head have a bad attitude have a bad case of the simples have a bad effect have a bad hair day have a bad night have a bad opinion of ( someone or something ) have a bad time have a ball have a bash have a bash at ( doing ) ( something ) have a bash at something have a bear by the tail have a bee in ( one ' s ) bonnet have a bee in your bonnet have a beef with ( someone or something ) have a bellyful have a bellyful ( of something ) have a bellyful of have a big head have a big mouth have a bird have a bite Have a blimp ! have a blond moment have a blowout have a blue fit have a bone on have a bone to pick have a bone to pick with ( one ) have a bone to pick with somebody have a bone to pick with someone have a brick in ( one ' s ) hat have a broad back have a brush with have a brush with ( something ) have a bumpy ride have a bun in the oven have a burr under saddle have a butcher ' s have a buzz on have a cadenza have a card up ( one ' s ) sleeve have a card up your sleeve have a case have a case on have a case on ( someone ) have a change of heart ▼ Full browser ▲ have a beef with them have a beef with us have a beef with you have a belly full have a belly full of have a belly full of something have a belly - full have a belly - full of have a belly - full of something have a bellyful have a bellyful ( of something ) have a bellyful of have a bellyful of something have a bellyfull have a bellyfull of have a bellyfull of something Have A Better One have a bias have a big have a big have a big head have a big mouth have a big pair have a bird have a bite Have A Blessed Day Have a blimp ! have a blond etc . moment have a blond moment have a blowout have a blue fit have a bone on have a bone to pick have a bone to pick with have a bone to pick with have a bone to pick with ( one ) have a bone to pick with her have a bone to pick with him have a bone to pick with me have a bone to pick with one have a bone to pick with somebody have a bone to pick with someone have a bone to pick with them have a bone to pick with us have a bone to pick with you Have a break have a brick in ( one ' s ) hat have a brick in hat have a brick in her hat have a brick in his hat ▼ | [
"Dictionary",
"have a blast"
] |
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/lodge+against | lodge against lodge ( something ) against 1 . To formally make a charge or accusation against someone or something . If you have an issue with something we ' re doing , the best course of action is to lodge a complaint against it with the HR department right away . The company has so far not lodged charges former executive , although spokesperson said they are still considering that as an option . 2 . To wedge prop something forcefully else . Be sure to lodge large stone block of wood each tire so that car does n ' t roll while you ' re working on it . She lodged chair door intruder could n ' t open it . See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . lodge against someone place charge someone . The neighbors complaint us for walking on their grass . I want assault Randy . See also : lodge against place prop something . We chest door , making it difficult impossible open . Let ' s stone side barn help support McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . References in periodicals archive The FIR has been lodge against Shukla by Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) leader Surya Prakash Tiwari . FIR against Congress leader for portraying PM Modi as Ravana More results ► Idioms browser ▲ lock lips lock lips ( with someone ) lock on lock on ( to ) ( someone or something ) lock onto lock onto ( someone or something ) lock out lock out of lock the barn door after the horse has bolted lock the stable door after the horse has bolted lock up lock , stock and barrel lock , stock , and barrel locked down locker locker room talk locker - room locker - room humor locker - room talk locking lockstep loco lodge ( something ) against lodge ( something ) in ( to ) ( something ) lodge in lodge into ( something ) lodge with lodging log log ( one ) for ( something ) log for log in log into log off log on log out log up loggerhead logging loin loiter loiter around loiter away loiter over loiter over ( something ) loiter with intent LOK LOL LOLcat ▼ Full browser ▲ Lodesman lodestar lodestar LodeStar Day Resource Center lodestars lodestars lodestone lodestone lodestones lodestones Lodewijk Elzevir Lodewijk Paul Aalbrecht Boon Lodewijk van Deyssel Lodeynoye Pole LODG lodge ( something ) in ( to ) ( something ) lodge a complaint Lodge and Convention Lodge Chief Lodge Executive Committee Meeting Lodge gate lodge her in lodge her into lodge him in lodge him into lodge in lodge into lodge into ( something ) lodge it against lodge it in lodge it into lodge it with Lodge Leadership Development lodge me in lodge me into Lodge of Instruction Lodge Officer Training Session lodge one in lodge one into Lodge Pole Futon Chair Set Lodge Secretary lodge someone in lodge someone into lodge something against lodge something in lodge something into ▼ | [
"lodge against"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/long+in+the+tooth | long in the tooth Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Financial Encyclopedia long in the tooth Old . Animals ' teeth , especially those of horses , are thought to be an indicator of age . As animals age , their gums recede , and their teeth look longer . Our poor cat is so long in the tooth that he struggles just walking around the house these days . She ' s a little long in tooth to still be working — do you think she ' ll ever retire ? See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . Fig . old . That actor is getting a little play romantic lead . I may tooth , but I ' m not stupid . See also : McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Getting on years , old , as Aunt Aggie ' s helping us move This expression alludes horse ' s gums receding with age and making teeth appear longer . [ Mid - 1800s ] The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . If you describe someone or something as mean that they are getting old , often too old for particular activity or purpose . I ' m bit start being student . Their cars looking rather tooth , with last model launched over 10 years ago . Note : This expression refers fact can judge age horse by looking at its teeth . As horses get older , look longer because receding . Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 rather old . phrase was originally used horses , referring way recede age . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 ( be ) ˌlong in the ˈtooth humorous especially British English old : I ’ m bit for all - night parties . idiom refers fact some animals ’ keep growing they grow older . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 Growing American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Old . Absent conclusive documentation , horse ' s determined by size condition its teeth , which show specific signs growth deterioration over years . For example , groove an upper incisor usually first appears when horse ten , moves halfway down five years , reaches end another five , then begins disappear . There far more flattering ways refer someone being “ long tooth ” — to extent any reference flattering — such French euphemism “ a woman certain age . ” Endangered Phrases by Steven D . Price Copyright © 2011 by Steven D . Price Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / long + in + the + tooth " > long in the tooth < / a > Idioms browser ▲ lonesome long about long absent , soon forgotten long ago long and short of it , the long and the short of it long arm long arm of the law long arm of the law , the long as your arm long bread long dozen long drink long drink of water long face long finger long for long for ( someone or something ) long game long gone long green long haul long home long hours long knife long leash long memory long on ( something ) and short on ( something else ) long on one thing and short on another long pig long pork long run long shot long shot , a long since long story short long suit long time long time no see long time , no hear longer longest way round is the shortest way home longhair long - playing record long - run long - tall - Sally long - winded loo ▼ Full browser ▲ Long home Long hood Long hood Long hop long hops long horse long horse long hours long house long house Long houses Long houses Long Huat Group Berhad Long Huey Pierce Long Huey Pierce long hundred long hundred long hundredweight long hundredweight Long Hunter State Park long ICMP long incubation hepatitis Long Incubation Low Inoculation Test long ink Long Instruction Word Long Interchange File Format Long Intergenic Spacer Region long interspersed elements long interspersed elements Long Interspersed Nuclear Element long interspersed nucleotide element long iron Long Island Long Island Long Island ( NY ) Long Island ( NY ) Long Island Academy Long Island Advanced Rocketry Society Long Island Alarm Association Long Island Alzheimers Foundation Long Island Amateur Hockey League Long Island Amateur Radio Simplex Long Island Amity School Long Island Antiquarian Book Dealers Association Long Island Aquatic Club Long Island Archives Conference Long Island Art Glass Long Island Arts Council Long Island Arts Council at Freeport Long Island Association for AIDS Care ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/make+blood+run+cold | make blood run cold Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Encyclopedia Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Like this video ? Subscribe to our free daily email and get a new idiom video every day ! make ( one ' s ) blood run cold To cause one to feel frightened or unnerved . The screams coming from the old , dark house made my blood run cold . That gruesome scene in the new horror movie made our blood run cold . See also : cold make Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . make someone ' s blood run cold Fig . shock or horrify someone . The terrible story in newspaper my I could tell you things about prisons that would make your See also : cold McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / make + blood + run + cold " > make blood run cold < / a > Feedback TheFreeDictionary presents : Write what you mean clearly and correctly . Idioms browser ▲ make an issue of / out of something make an offer make any sense ( out ) of ( something ) make application make application to ( one ) for ( something ) make arrangements make arrangements for make arrangements to do make as if make as if to ( do something ) make as if to do make as if to do something make as though make at make available to make away with make away with ( someone or something ) make bad weather of it make bail make bed make bed ( up make believe make believe that make big make blood boil make blood run cold make bold make book make book on make book on something make bricks without straw make buckle and tongue meet make capital of / out of something make capital out of make capital out of ( something ) make certain make certain ( that ) something make certain of make certain of ( something ) make certain of something / of doing something make chalk of one and cheese of the other make change make change ( for something ) make chin music make clear to make common cause against ( someone or something ) make common cause with make common cause with ( someone or something ) make contact with ( someone or something ) make conversation make cracks about ▼ Full browser ▲ make beard make beautiful make bed make bed ( up make bed up Make Before Break Make Before Break Contact make believe make believe that make believers of make believers out of make better make big make big play of make big play of something make binding make blood boil make blood curdle make blood curdle make blunt make bold make bold to ask make bones make boo boos make boo - boos make book make book on make book on something make both ends meet make both ends meet make bow make bow make bricks without straw make brief ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/off-the-cuff | off - the - cuff Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Encyclopedia Wikipedia Related to off - the - cuff : in the first place catch up take into account the likes of lined up declasse off the cuff Casually and spontaneously ; without planning or preparation . ( Hyphenated if used as an adjective before a noun . ) I did n ' t have time to organize my thoughts , so I just spoke off the cuff . The senator has become known for making off - the - cuff remarks that create controversy . See also : cuff off Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . Fig . spontaneous ; without preparation or rehearsal . Her remarks were off - the - cuff , but very sensible . I ' m not very good at making speeches off - the - cuff . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . off the cuff Impromptu , extemporaneous , as in His speech was entirely the cuff This term supposedly alludes to practice of speakers last - minute notes on of a shirtsleeve . [ 1930s ] See also : The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . COMMON An remark , speech decision is one that was not planned thought about before . I ' m sorry did n ' t mean any offence . It flippant , remark . She delivered brilliant completely notes . This was n ' t just an decision . Note : If you say something you say it planning it thinking about it . Eisenman speaking cuff , and it ' s possible my tape recorder did catch every last word . His apparently made have raised storm protest . Note : One explanation for this expression is after - dinner speakers used write notes on cuffs their shirts , remind them what say . Another explanation in early days cinema , directors sometimes wrote their cuffs during filming scene , remind them what they wanted actors . Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 preparation . informal expression refers impromptu made speaker ' s shirt aid memory . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 ˌoff the ˈcuff previous thought preparation : do n ’ t know how can stand up give after - dinner like that . ♢ remark refers fact past , people sometimes write ( = end shirt sleeve at wrist ) when they were speaking public , etc . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 In extemporaneous informal manner . American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : References in periodicals archive A spokeswoman for the village centre said : " It is a very , very funny night of comedy where the audience joins in without any risk of embarrassment . Speak up for night of comedy And the next least surprising thing was the huge fuss made about an remark that had newspaper headline writers reaching for Marie Antoinette , ' Let them eat Cake ' comparisons . Let them eat porridge ! Cardiff - based campaigner Lisa Hole , who set up the Tourette Syndrome South Wales Family Support Group in May last year , after her son was diagnosed with the condition , said : " We are trying to raise awareness and to make having Tourette Syndrome acceptable in society , so for somebody in his position to make an remark like that is pretty unhelpful and negative . Cameron apologises over Tourette ' s remark Les Ross ' s contract was not renewed by Radio WM and for listener Darren Murphy it is good news , but Mail reader David Jackson misses the Brummie ' s views and opinions . For and against Les Ross ; YourSay Now as leader of the council for the capital he must learn to avoid making such irresponsible , offensive and typically ill - considered comments like these . ' FLOOD ' GAG IN BAD TASTE CLAIMS COOK Stringfellow said : ' It was an comment . Blair heart ' joke ' This blithe spirit soars even higher in a sampling culled from the twenty " pocket paintings " Picabia exhibited in Cannes in 1942 , oil - on - cardboard throwaways the size of cigarette packs , each marked with an parody of those scary archaic or tribal heads once synonymous with rebellious adventures in modern art . " FRANCIS PICABIA : LATE PAINTINGS " TIMELY CUFFS MAKE an statement with these working clock cufflinks , priced pounds 19 . GOOD BUYS ; ON THE . . . NAIL O ' Reilly , who teaches history at the University of Alaska , writes like a relentless prosecutor marshalling evidence against 42 defendants , collecting every racist slur or innuendo . Nixon ' s Piano : Presidents and Racial Politics From Washington to Clinton Off - the - cuff , casual e - mail conversations among employees are exactly the type of messages that tend to trigger lawsuits , arm prosecutors with damaging evidence , and provide the media with embarrassing real - life disaster stories . Workplace E - Mail Reveals Disasters in the Making , According to New Survey by American Management Association , The ePolicy Institute , and Clearswift BRILLIANT IMPROVISATION His responses to events can be inspirational . WHY ENGLAND ADORES HIM Alan Pardew , the former West Ham and Charlton boss , infuriated women ' s rights campaigners by his remark , for which he has apologised . It ' s time to put a sock in it But now we see a man who can speak extemporaneously , , referring nominally to his notes . PUBLIC FORUM The costumes and songs ( oh yes , they sing ) were preempted by a suitably funny and seemingly introduction section - including Tom Paulin ' s adoring fan mail and a miserable Russian monologue . Surreal , hilarious world of the Boosh A THIRD DIVISION side ' s manager , who remains anonymous for reasons which will soon become clear , is responsible for this , er , , reaction after a recent game : ' I ' m absolutely * * * gutted . Football : Rant of the week More results ► Idioms browser ▲ offensive offer offer ( someone ) ( one ' s ) condolences offer ( something ) for ( something ) offer ( something ) up ( to someone or something ) offer affordance ( s ) offer an olive branch ( to someone ) offer for offer for ( one ) to ( do something ) offer one can not refuse offer the olive branch ( to someone ) offer to offer up offering office officer Officer Friendly officiate officiate ( as something ) at ( something ) offing off - key off - kilter offline off - line off - roader off - the - peg off - the - rack off - the - shelf off - the - wall OFS oft often often as not ogle ogle at ( one ) oh oh boy oh dark hundred oh dark thirty oh my fucking God oh my goodness gracious oh really oh well oh yeah oh yeah ? Oh , boy Oh , boy ! oh , sure Oh , ye of little faith Oh , yeah ? ▼ Full browser ▲ Off - site Data Protection off - site facility off - site improvements Off - Site Manufacturing Off - Site Meeting Off - Site Monitoring and Surveillance Off - Site Safety Review Committee Off - Site Source Recovery Project off - site storage Off - Site Surveillance System off - site transcription off - site treatment facility Off - Site Vital Area off - sitely off - sitely off - speed off - speed pitch off - speed pitch Off - Station Trainer off - street off - street off - street parking off - street parking off - subject Off - Tank off - the beam Off - the - air Off - the - Books Off - the - Books off - the - clock off - the - cuffly Off - the - grid off - the - hook off - the - job off - the - job training off - the - peg off - the - rack off - the - rackly Off - The - Rail off - the - record off - the - record Off - The - Road off - the - road equipment off - the - road hauling Off - The - Road Radial Tire Off - the - Run off - the - run issue Off - the - Run Issues Off - the - Run Treasuries Off - the - Run Treasury off - the - shelf ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/on+the+heels+of | on the heels of on the heels of ( someone or something ) Following close behind or soon after someone or something . Look , the cops are hard on the heels of bank robbers ! The new revelation comes on heels of previous scandal . See also : heel Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . on the heels of something Fig . soon after something . There was a rainstorm windstorm . The team held a victory celebration their winning season . See also : heel McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . on the heels of Also , hard Directly behind , immediately following , as in Mom ' s birthday comes Mother ' s Day Hard flood there was tornado in variant acts as an intensifier , giving it sense " close of " . [ Early 1800s ] Also see at one ' s heels The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : < a href = " https : / / idioms . thefreedictionary . com / on + the + heels + of " > on the heels of < / a > References in periodicals archive a The news of Aston ' s new girlfriend comes hot the boys making their return to the spotlight after taking a well - deserved break . I ' m no longer Aston my own ; JLS HUNK DATING BAND ' S BACK ? UP DANCER pounds SS SSE are foreca SSE are forecast a 14 % rise in profits And it ' s hot British Gas ' s warning on Friday that prices will only go one way - up . E . ON NO PRICE pounds see HIKES PLEDGE ; Power firm freezing bills to 2013 YOUSEF is back in the region again following hot Erick The beat goes on Doucin - Dahlke , who has worked on a variety of Asian design projects , including the Wasabe restaurant at Universal CityWalk , says the Asian trend was last seen in the early ' 60s ( referred to as Chinese Modern and heavy on the black lacquer ) but returned feng shui , the ancient Chinese practice of creating a harmonious flow of life through furniture placement and natural elements such as moving water and potted plants . EAST MEETS WEST IN CHINATOWN BARGAINS Act - On ' s recognition as the Rising Star Company of the Year comes the company ' s record setting company growth . Act - On Software Honored by TechAmerica as 2012 Rising Star Company of the Year Yousef is back in the region again following hot Erick Morillo who once again proved that he is one of the biggest DJ draws around in the North - East . The beat goes on More results ► Idioms browser ▲ on the face of it on the face of the earth on the factory floor on the fast track on the fence on the fence , be on the fiddle on the firing line on the flat on the flip side on the fly on the fringe on the fritz on the front burner on the front foot on the front line ( s ) of ( something ) on the gad on the game on the go on the gooch on the good side of on the good side of ( someone ) on the grapevine on the gravy train on the ground on the heels of ( someone or something ) on the high seas on the high - road to Needham on the hip on the home front on the home straight on the home straight / stretch on the home stretch on the hoof on the hook on the hook for on the hop on the horizon on the horn on the horns of a dilemma on the horse on the hot seat on the hour on the hour / half - hour on the house on the hush on the hush - hush on the in , be on the increase on the inside ▼ Full browser ▲ on the good side of on the good side of ( someone ) on the good side of her on the good side of him on the good side of me on the good side of them on the good side of us on the good side of you on the grape vine on the grape - vine on the grapevine on the gravy train on the Greek calends On The Green On The Grid On the gripping hand on the ground on the grounds on the half - hour on the heels on the heels on the high road to Needham on the high seas on the high - road to Needham on the hip on the home front on the home straight on the home straight / stretch on the home stretch on the home stretch / stretch on the hoof on the hook on the hook for on the hop On the Horizon On the Horizon on the horn on the horns of a dilemma on the horse on the hot seat On the Hour On the Hour ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pep+talk | pep talk Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Wikipedia pep talk A speech given to encourage others . The team was looking lethargic , but the coach gave them a pep talk at half time , and they came out with a lot of energy . I gave Michelle pep talk because I knew she was nervous about starting her new job . See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . a ˈpep talk informal by somebody to give people confidence or encouragement : Just before the exams , our teacher us all talk . See also : Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 n . an informal speech of encouragement . The coach team good talk , but they lost anyway . McGraw - Hill ' s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved . References in periodicals archive Menarini Philippines , PEP Talk is a column series that aims to raise awareness on and enhance understanding of premature ejaculation and its proper diagnosis and treatment . Finally an effective and safe drug for PE The sketch follows last year ' s to the England football team for Comic Relief ' s Red Nose Day . Corden pushes the comedy Button Original calendar girl Beryl Bamforth with the Rylstone WI ' s 2007 effort and ( right ) Beryl with the fundraisers IT ' S A COVER UP ! The day before the president descended into Maryland for his NCLB , the Vatican issued its second annual report on the state of the world ' s children . Innocents lost : despite the grandiose rhetoric , millions of the world ' s children remain left behind A little or instructional lunch with you might be in order for those fresh students / new employees who have been hired into our world . Walking the talk : it ' s up to seasoned insurance and risk professionals to mentor industry newbies on ethics , character and integrity 6 : 45pm - - Inside the club the staff gets a on how to handle out - of - control skaters ( an impossible task ) S.O.T.Y. Party Danny Way : Thrasher magazine Skater of the Year 2004 : great American music hall , SF , CA , Dec . 18 , 2004 Give yourself a daily to put your friendliest self forward . Forever young ? Part diagnosis , part prescription , part lecture , and part , Heal the Ocean is never boring , although occasionally irritating . Heal the Ocean : Solutions for Saving Our Seas In Young ' s Optimum Performance , 2003 , an actor delivered a script by the artist : a vilely " motivational , " casually insulting eliding corporate and art - world uses of terms such as " performance " and " creativity . " A short history of performance - - part II " Whitechapel Art gallery Most players are already on an emotional high and a may only make it more difficult to bring them down to the level of intensity at which they are most effective . The two hours before " Play Ball ! " : Getting ready for the baseball game . ( Baseball ) She chats away , offering a and sounding like a best girlfriend , as if the reader is trying to stuff her legs into a pair of jeans a size too small , or is guiltily sneaking a cigarette . Beauty , Health and Happiness - - A Way of Life Whatever the message is - - a one - on - one or a during a meeting - - deliver . Stabilizing the destabilized work force It ' s handy , it ' s dandy , and James Carville ' s for dispirited Democrats even has a great barbecue recipe in it . We ' re Right , They ' re Wrong The chicken was served but a friendly was not . Trump blasts industry for ineffective lobbying The bank division ' s library of materials just got even better with the addition of the Pioneer Educational Podcast series ' " Financial PEP Talk , " released this Financial Literacy Month in order to give families yet another way to access financial education . MidCountry Bank Division Now Offers Free Financial Education Podcasts More results ► Idioms browser ▲ penny saved is a penny earned , a penny wise and pound foolish penny wise pound foolish penny - ante penny - pincher penny - wise and pound - foolish pennyworth pension off peonied peonied off people people ( something or some place ) with ( someone ) People ( who live ) in glass houses should n ' t throw stones . people in glass houses should n ' t throw stones people power people processor people who live in glass houses should n ' t throw stones people with people ' s republic Peoria pep ( one ) up pep ( something ) up pep pill pep someone up pep up pepped pepped up pepper pepper with pepper - upper peppy per per capita per head perceive perceive ( someone or something ) as ( something ) perceive as percent percentage perch perch on perch on ( something ) percolate percolate through percolate through ( something ) perfect perfect storm perfect stranger perfection ▼ Full browser ▲ pep ( something ) up Pep Assembly Pep Assembly PEP carboxylase PEP group translocation pep me up pep one up pep pill Pep pills Pep pills Pep rallies Pep rallies pep rally pep rally PeP reaction pep someone up pep something PEP syndrome PEP syndrome pep talks pep talks pep up pep you up pep - talk pep - talk pep - talks PEP / LVET PEP / PLP PEP1 Pepa PEPAC PEPAK PEPAN PEPAP PEPAS Pepastic PEPAT PEPB PEPBL PEPC PEPCH PEPCI Pepcid Pepcid Pepcid ac Pepcid ac ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/set+foot+in | set foot in Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Legal Encyclopedia set foot in ( some place ) To enter some location . It was n ' t me — I ' ve never set foot in that building before ! If you ever set foot in my house again , I ' ll have you arrested . See also : Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . set foot in some place to enter into place ; to begin place . The judge ordered him never her house again . I would a place like that . See also : McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . To enter . American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . Idioms browser ▲ set against set alarm bells ringing set an example set apart set apart from set aside set aside ( one ' s ) differences set at set at odds set back set back from set back on one ' s heels set back the clock set before set beside set by set by the ears set cap for set down set down as set eyes on set eyes on ( someone or something ) set fire to set fire to ( something ) set foot set foot in ( some place ) set foot in / on something set foot on set foot on ( something or some place ) set foot somewhere set for set for life set forth set forth on set forward set free set great store by set great store by ( something or someone ) set heart against set heart on set her cap set hopes on set house in order set in set in ( one ' s ) ways set in a place set in a type face set in cement set in concrete set in motion ▼ Full browser ▲ set eyes on somebody set eyes on someone set eyes on something set eyes on them set eyes on us set eyes on you set face against set face against Set Financial Database Language set fire to set fire to ( something ) Set Fire to Flames set fire to something set firmly set foot set foot in something set foot in somewhere set foot in / on something set foot on set foot on ( something or some place ) set foot on something set foot somewhere set for set for a later time Set for Life Set form set format set forth set forth evidence set forth in a will set forth in words set forth on set forth something set forth the character of set forth the meaning set forward ▼ | [
"set foot in",
"Dictionary"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/sleeve | sleeve Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus Medical Acronyms Encyclopedia Wikipedia See : a card up ( one ' s ) sleeve ace up ( one ' s ) sleeve be laughing up ( one ' s ) sleeve be laughing up your sleeve card up one ' s sleeve card up sleeve hang on ( one ' s ) sleeve have ( one ' s ) heart on ( one ' s ) sleeve have ( something ) up ( one ' s ) sleeve have a card up ( one ' s ) sleeve have a card up your sleeve have a trick up ( one ' s ) sleeve have an ace up ( one ' s ) sleeve have an ace up one ’ s sleeve have an ace up your sleeve have an ace / a trick up your sleeve have something up your sleeve have up sleeve have / keep something up your sleeve keep ( something ) up ( one ' s ) sleeve laugh in ( one ' s ) sleeve laugh up ( one ' s ) sleeve laugh up one ' s sleeve laugh up sleeve laugh up your sleeve pin ( one ' s ) heart on ( one ' s ) sleeve pin ( one ' s ) heart to ( one ' s ) sleeve roll ( one ' s ) sleeves up roll sleeves up roll up ( one ' s ) sleeves roll up one ' s sleeves roll up your sleeves stretch your arm no further than your sleeve will reach trick up ( one ' s ) sleeve up ( one ' s ) sleeve up sleeve up your sleeve wear ( one ' s ) heart on ( one ' s ) sleeve wear ( something ) on ( one ' s ) sleeve wear heart on sleeve wear one ' s heart on one ' s sleeve wear your heart on your sleeve References in periodicals archive The condensate pan of the PTAC chassis can drain to the sill of the surrounding sleeve by either overtopping if condensate is excessive , or through a valve in the sill of the chassis that is activated by low temperature to prevent frost forming on coils . PTAC attack : avoid mistakes with packaged terminal air conditioners that undermine wall systems In fitting the to the barrel , it must be measured and marked where the juncture of the barrel and diameters coincide . Barrel sleeving a new way : this in - shop method of barrel sleeving offers real advantages for the shooter and the job fits right in for the gunsmith looking for a unique , cost - effective way to get a quality target / varmint barrel Facilities using both exothermic and insulating sleeves have conflicting practices when opting for a particular type . Insulating or exothermic ? Steel casters state their cases : metalcasters share their practices and preferences for insulating and exothermic riser sleeves in a recent survey Typically , after application it is perforated so that the hologram works as tear tape to remove the Holographic shrink sleeve technology for alcohol How big is too big While wearing a puffed sleeves dress or a top it is important to keep your body frame in mind . From cutesy to chic , puffa sleeves are the hot new trend Briggs & Riley Travelware , a company specialising in luggage and business cases , has announced that it will be introducing SpeedThru laptop Briggs & Riley to release new checkpoint - friendly laptop sleeves com for a Sleeve face archive as well as a How To Sleeve face video . REVIEW The are available in sizes to cover common shaft diameters from 12 to 203mm and , subject to minimum order requirements , custom sizes can also be produced . Sleeve restores worn shaft quickly Burrs are created in the air drive system ' s aluminum , which must meet specification of 16 micro - finish . Deburring system cuts production costs by 40 % : for an air - driven pump manufacturer , trying to remove small burrs from the inside of aluminum sleeves proved to be a time consuming and expensive operation - - especially sending the parts out for manual deburring . But a new system , consisting of a resilient - based hone , has resulted in a more efficient process and a smoother finish Polyzen says Tadco requested it to develop a that was easy to manufacture and versatile , and with peel - down features that would allow easy access for laryngoscopes . Epidemiologists , take note The CT60 is designed as an entry level system and is ideal for upgrading hand - sleeving lines , which still account for 70 % of all packaging operations , says Delford . Sleever has Euro success The method includes the step of applying a heat shrinkable plastics to at least that part of the object most vulnerable to decay . Method of protecting wooden objects from decay . ( Patents ) Mensware gets an updated twist with girlie ruffles and the latest puff GL ' s top ten celeb - inspired must - have back - to - school trends Something up his : Ever wonder why Allen Iverson wears those black and white on his right arm ? 76ERS NOTEBOOK : MCKIE CHIP OFF 76ERS BLOCK The largest coil wound onto the is 86 inches ( 2 . Halting fracture of cast steel sleeves More results ► Idioms browser ▲ sleep off sleep on sleep on ( something ) sleep on it sleep on something sleep out sleep over sleep rough sleep the sleep of the just sleep through sleep tight sleep tight ! sleep together sleep with sleep with ( one ) sleep with one eye open sleep with the fishes sleeper sleepfest sleeping at the switch sleeping giant sleeping partner sleeping policeman sleepwalk sleepy head sleeveless errand sleez sleigh sleight of hand slept slew slewed slews slewy slice slice in slice of life slice of the action slice of the cake slice of the pie slice off slice through slice through ( something ) slice up sliced bread slick slick as a whistle slick back slick down slick up ▼ Full browser ▲ sleepyhead sleepyhead sleepyheaded sleepyheaded sleepyheadedly sleepyheadedly Sleepyheads Sleepyheads Sleepytime Gorilla Museum Sleer sleet sleet Sleetch sleeted sleeted sleetily sleetily Sleetiness sleeting sleeting sleets sleets sleety sleety Sleeve ( clothing ) Sleeve ( clothing ) sleeve antenna sleeve bearing sleeve board sleeve boards sleeve brick sleeve burner Sleeve button sleeve coupling sleeve coupling sleeve dipole antenna sleeve dog sleeve fence sleeve fracture sleeve fracture Sleeve gastrectomy Sleeve gastrectomy sleeve graft Sleeve Housings sleeve joint sleeve link Sleeve links Sleeve note Sleeve notes sleeve piece ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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"dictionary"
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http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/soft+touch | soft touch Also found in : Dictionary Thesaurus a soft touch 1 . A kind and tender way of acting . I do n ' t have the patience to be a kindergarten teacher , but you ' ll be great at it because you have a really soft touch . 2 . Someone who is easy to control or bend one ' s wishes . Julia is soft touch — we can get her help us with this prank . See also : touch soft touch One who easy control or manipulate ; one bends the desires demands of others . My poor dad was always such touch , always jumping through hoops do anything his boss told him to . Julia touch — I bet we can get her shoplift for us . See also : touch Farlex Dictionary of Idioms . © 2015 Farlex , Inc , all rights reserved . 1 . gentle way handling someone something . Bess has and bring both sides together . Kelly lacks kind needed for this negotiation . 2 . gullible person ; likely victim scheme . John touch . You ask him few bucks . Here comes perfect nerd with gleam in his eye . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs . © 2002 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . Someone easily persuaded taken advantage of , especially in giving away money . For example , Ask Dan money ; he ' s [ First half 1900s ] The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer . Copyright © 2003 , 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust . Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . All rights reserved . a soft touch an easy touch COMMON If someone an it make them do what you want give what want . He did not where he today by being either poor judge businesses . Pamela was an when she needed some cash . Note : To person money means approach them persuade let some money as loan gift . Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary , 3rd ed . © HarperCollins Publishers 2012 a soft ( easy ) touch easily manipulated ; person task handled . informal A mid 19th - century criminal slang act getting from person , either by pickpocketing persuasion . Touch later extended refer targeted way , specifically from whom could obtained . 1998 Times Henman something For every leading player touts potential , two basement would relish name draw . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 a soft / an easy ˈtouch informal perhaps deceived whom people ask money , help , etc : Ask Tony lend money . He ’ s OPPOSITE : a tough customer / cookie Touch slang term used criminals refer act stealing something someone , particularly pocket . that steal from . Farlex Partner Idioms Dictionary © Farlex 2017 n . gentle handling something . Kelly lacks negotiation . n . gullible person ; likely victim scheme . John few bucks . McGraw - Hill ' s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . All rights reserved . Want to thank TFD for its existence ? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page , or visit the webmaster ' s page for free fun content Link to this page : References in periodicals archive The calendar features multi - color UV printing , UV gloss spot coating , cold foil , and emboss specialty coatings , multi - level embossing , and intricate die cutting . Diamond Packaging Wins Six Awards in 30th Annual Gold Ink Awards Competition made further I Seeing as the prisons are full , it stands to reason that it must be a ' Schools are for education , not jail ! ' The observers also rated the quality of the on a scale of one to five , with one being a poor match and five being an exact match to the coating ' s respective feel type . New advances in UV - curable soft - touch coatings In addition to the subjectivity of sensory feel properties , coating formulators are challenged to get the right balance between these attributes and performance , including chemical and stain resistance . Formulating soft - touch coatings : a balancing act : finding the right combination of resins that impart a desired rubbery or velvety feel while exhibiting long - term scratch and stain resistance typically involves trial and error and can be a lengthy process Forearm : Molded composite , rubber panels , safety flange Specifications SOFT TOUCH 2 SOFT TOUCH SCOUT troop leader Ryan Jameson was let off without a jail sentence even though he took pictures of children he had blindfolded and tied up which he then uploaded on to his computer . 7,000 PAEDOS FOUND GUILTY . . 2,862 OF THEM ARE N ' T JAILED And when Sir Alex Ferguson can sweet - talk into the phone and persuade the manager to sell Robin van Persie to him , then Arsene Wenger has become a as well . MORE EDGE AT QUEEN ' S CLUB In the field of effects , Xetma Vollenweider offers the new X - TREME XEB machine , which realises production speeds of up to 100 m / min . Xetma Vollenweider presents high performance machines The company claims Soft Touch is the first ever BOPP film with tactile properties that endows printed matter with a unique finish and sharper images that before . Environmentally friendly films for high - end graphics applications PUBLIC SUPPORT : Stephen House spoke out about justice Letter : Your view - House homes in on justice ; Comment OF THE DAY We are the laughing stock of the world because we are a and it ' s been abused . Letter : Your Say - Society of two halves The Soft Touch Driving System is an aid that is said to be easy to install . Driving assistant Within this system are offered fixture plates , fixture towers , a wide selection of standoffs and pin rest pads , magnetic rest pads , and clamps . Complete lines of modular CMM fixturing are for holding parts during inspection Target markets include lawn and garden , hardware , hand and power tools , and other industrial applications where a is needed , or vibration or noise damping is required . Thermoplastic elastomers We ' ve lost Tim Benjamin and now Iwan but we have some real scrappers in the team in Matt Elias , Rhys Williams and Gareth Warburton and although Dai Greene is relatively inexperienced we think we can still surprise a few teams who might see us as a now . ' Iwan loss will make us harder ' More results ► Idioms browser ▲ sofa spud soft answer turneth away wrath soft as a baby ' s bottom soft as shit soft berth soft core soft fire makes sweet malt soft in the head soft job soft life soft mick soft money soft on soft on someone soft on someone or something soft option soft pedal soft pedal something soft power soft sawder soft sell soft shoe soft soap soft spot soft - core soften soften stance soften the blow soften up softie softly softly , softly approach softly , softly , catchee monkey softly - softly softly - softly approach soft - pedal software software as a service software rot softy soggy soil soil ( one ' s ) hands soil diaper sol sold sold cober sold on sold on someone or something ▼ Full browser ▲ soft tissue rheumatism soft tissue rheumatism Soft Tissue Rim Sign Soft tissue sarcoma Soft tissue sarcoma Soft tissue sarcoma staging soft tissue staples soft tissue staples Soft Tissue Swelling Soft tissue therapy Soft tissue therapy Soft Tissue Trauma soft tissue undercut soft tissue undercut soft tissue window Soft tissues Soft tissues soft token soft top Soft Top Command Post Soft Top Hard Top soft tops Soft tortoise Soft Touch Lancet Device Soft Touch Quantum Horsemanship Soft Toy Soft toys soft tree fern soft tube soft tubercle soft ulcer soft ulcer Soft User Terminal Element Soft Value Calculation soft venereal sore soft venereal sore soft verge Soft Virtual Circuit Soft Voice soft ware soft ware Soft ware license soft wart soft wart soft waste soft water soft water ▼ Site : Follow : Facebook Twitter Rss Mail Share : Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Mail Open / Close | [
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http://idubbbz.wikia.com/wiki/IDubbbzTV | IDubbbzTV Edit Comments ( 15 ) Share Ian Aliases Ian Carter , Ian Shrimpton , Ian Kovic Occupation Youtuber Biographical information Date of birth July 27 , 1991 Place of birth San Antonio , TX Physical description Gender Male Nationality American Height 6 ' 2 " Ian , more famously known as iDubbbzTV , is a youtuber known for many video series such as Content Cop , Kickstarter Crap , and Bad Unboxing . His main channel currently has around 7 million subscribers . Personal Life Edit Ian is currently in a relationship with Anisa Jomha . Youtube Career Ian created his first public Youtube channel March 26th , 2010 . Categories Add category | [
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] |
http://ifood.tv/techniques/279586-how-to-reheat-cooked-lobster | Home Techniques Cooking Techniques » How To Reheat Cooked Lobster How To Reheat Cooked Lobster foodjunky Feb . 07 , 2011 " fid " : " 543098 " , " viewmode " : " wysiwyg " , " fields " : " format " : " wysiwyg " , " type " : " media " , " attributes " : " alt " : " " , " title " : " Follow these simple techniques to reheat cooked lobster " , " style " : " border - top - width : 1px border - right - width : 1px border - bottom - width : 1px border - left - width : 1px border - top - style I have been trying to figure out how to reheat cooked lobster because I find it more challenging to reheat cooked lobster than preparing a fresh lobster dish . Most of the time I ended up overcooking that is making the lobster meat tough , which is not edible . And if I do n ' t cook properly then there is a risk of food poisoning which is even more dangerous . So after trying out many ways of reheating cooked lobster , I finally figured out the best method to reheat cooked lobster . Microwave is not the best way to reheat cooked lobster , it needs an elaborate method . So pay attention to the process given below . This is the only way you can reheat cooked lobster without spoiling it . 1 . Firstly , thaw frozen cooked lobster . There are two ways of doing it . Keep the lobster in a covered bowl and place it in the refrigerator for a night . Secondly , if you need to thaw the lobster for immediate heating , then , place the lobster inside a zip lock bag , and place it under running water for about 30 minutes for every pound of lobster that is being thawed . 2 . After thawing the lobster meat , reheating cooked lobster can be done either in a broiler , grill or an oven . A broiler needs pre - heating . Place the cooked lobster inside the boiler by keeping the meat facing in the upward direction . Brush up the meat with some melted butter and lemon juice before starting to heat . 3 . Always keep the lobster about 4 inches away from the heat . Insert a thermometer into the lobster meat and cook until the inner temperature reaches 180 degrees . 4 . You can even use a grill for reheating cooked lobster , but make sure to touch up the meat with lemon and melted butter and the meat should be placed facing the heat or flames . Reheat cooked lobster until the inner temperature touches 180 degrees . 5 . The final method of reheating cooked lobster is by using an oven . Preheat the oven and set the temperature at 350 degrees . Brush up the lobster with some lemon juice and melted butter . Wrap the lobster in an aluminum foil and place in a baking tray . Bake for just 5 - 10 minutes until the lobster meat ' s internal temperature is 180 degrees . By knowing how to reheat cooked lobster , one can enjoy this seafood anytime after cooking . Make every bite delicious ! Image Courtesy : cookstr . com Home Techniques Cooking Techniques » Rectify The Excess Salt In Recipes Rectify The Excess Salt In Recipes Tarla . Dalal Aug . 28 , 2014 Do not lose hope on a scrumptious dish you have made just because its over salted , simply peel a potato , cut it into 2 and with the help of the fork stir it in the dish . Alternatively one could also add a small lump of wheat flour dough to the boiling soup , dal , gravy or vegetable . Let it stay in the soup for a few minutes and discard it . Both these methods help to absorb all the extra salt . | [
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http://ifoodblogger.com/killer-chicken-thigh-marinade/ | Chicken Recipes Killer Chicken Thigh Marinade written by victor April 1 , 2019 JUMP TO RECIPE PRINT RECIPE There are different ways to cook chicken thighs , but I ’ ve got to tell you , this is one of my favorite recipes because of its simplicity and the killer chicken thigh marinade it uses . This marinade has amazing Asian flavors , but also makes use of Worcestershire sauce and maple syrup that add sweetness and additional flavors and balance . You can use this marinade on baked chicken breasts and baked chicken drumsticks as well , it works really well . Just make sure to marinate the chicken overnight and up to 24 hours for best results . Now , you can mix the ingredients up , cover chicken thighs , marinate for 30 minutes and bake , and they will taste quite good . But if you let them marinate in a fridge for a few hours or even longer , say overnight , they will blow your mind with intense , deep and complex flavors , and tender and juicy meat . I like to whip up the marinade in the morning and let the thighs marinate during the day , and then cook them in the evening for dinner . This thigh marinade is salted just enough , so if you let the thighs marinate for longer , they wo n ’ t get too salty . I ’ ve marinated chicken thighs using this recipe for 24 hours , and they only got better in taste , but not even a bit saltier than they should be . How long to cook chicken thighs really depends on the size of the thighs and the oven temperature . For example , if you bake bone - in , skin on thighs at 450 degrees F , they will reach 165 degrees F internal temperature and be ready in about 25 - 30 minutes . On the other hand , skin - on , boneless thighs will take about 20 - 25 minutes to get there . Lately , I ’ ve been experimenting with using my BBQ thermometer when baking meat and poultry in the oven , with excellent results . All you need to do is insert a probe in the meat where it stays throughout the entire cooking time , until the meat reaches target temperature . It ’ s super convenient as you do n ’ t have to run back and forth and check the temperature a dozen times . I am now in love with this fool - proof way of baking . My favorite BBQ thermometer is the ThermoWorks with professional Type K thermocouple probes . I chose this thermometer because it can take high heat probes that wo n ’ t burn out easily when exposed to high temperatures and open flame during grilling or smoking , which I do very often . That said , for kitchen oven use there are many very good and inexpensive BBQ thermometers that will last a long time with basic care . The ThermoPro TP07 or it ’ s more advanced sibling ThermoPro TP08 that adds a second probe for monitoring oven / grill / smoker temperature , are very good . I normally bake my chicken thighs on the top rack , which really helps with browning and crisping up skin . Sometimes I do n ’ t get the colors and crispness I am looking for , so I resort to broiling . Broiling chicken thighs on high for 2 - 3 minutes at the end of baking usually solves that problem . Basting the thighs with own juices during baking will also help with browning and keeping the tops moist . I normally baste once at about 15 - 20 minutes into baking . Looking for more great baked chicken thigh recipes ? Check these out : Baked Mojito Chicken Thighs Honey Mustard Chicken Thighs Baked Maple Chicken Thighs ( Boneless and Skinless ) Killer Chicken Thigh Marinade 4.88 from 74 votes Print Pin Rate Course : Dinner , lunch Cuisine : American , Asian Keyword : chicken marinade , chicken thigh marinade Prep Time : 15 minutes Cook Time : 30 minutes Total Time : 45 Servings : 8 servings Calories : 341 kcal Author : Victor Ingredients 8 bone - in , skin - on chicken thighs ( about 4 lbs ) 2 Tbsp olive oil 1 Tbsp sesame oil 4 low sodium soy sauce 1 Worcestershire sauce 2 lemon juice ( or lime juice ) 5 honey ( or maple syrup ) 6 cloves garlic ( minced ) ½ tsp black pepper ( freshly ground ) tsp kosher salt ( plus more to taste ) Instructions Mix all ingredients for the marinade together in a large bowl or a plastic Ziploc bag . Add the chicken and make sure that every piece is covered evenly . Marinate in a fridge for at least 30 minutes to 2 hours or , better yet , overnight . Preheat oven to 450 degrees F . Place the chicken and all of the marinade in a baking dish . Bake uncovered at 450 degrees F for 25 - 30 minutes with the skin side up , until the internal temperature reaches 165 ° F . To make sure the chicken tops are nicely browned and do not dry out , baste the chicken thighs in the juices and marinade about 15 - 20 minutes into baking . To get a nicely browned , crisped up skin , turn on the broiler for 2 - 3 minutes when the thighs are almost done cooking . Monitor broiling very closely as the tops may burn if broiled for too long . Nutrition Calories : 341 kcal | Carbohydrates : 12 g | Protein : 18 g Fat : 24 Saturated Fat : 5 Cholesterol : 110 mg Sodium : 956 mg Potassium : 269 Fiber : 0 Sugar : 11 Vitamin A : 1.8 Vitamin C : 0.6 Calcium : 1.4 Iron : 6 This post was updated on April 1 , 2019 previous post Broccoli and Cauliflower Salad next post Grilled Corn on the Cob | [
"killer chicken thigh marinade",
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] |
http://igg-games.com/b-17-flying-fortress-the-mighty-8th-free-download.html | B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Free Download Posted by Admin April 16 2015 Simulation B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Feel the power of really flying a B17 See what it was like to be part of the 10man crew on dangerous bombing missions over occupied CRACKED FREE DOWNLOAD TORRENT Game Overview Developer Wayward Design Publisher Retroism Nightdive Studios Release Date 13 Dec 2000 Genre Simulation Feel the power of really flying a B17 See what it was like to be part of the 10man crew on dangerous bombing missions over occupied Europe Outstanding graphics animations and sounds realistically recreate every aspect of the strategic air war in WWII Fly a variety of aircraft from the legendary B17 to the rugged escort fighters you can even fight The Mighty Eight in the role of a German Luftwaffe pilot Take to the skies in any one of ten B17 Flying fortress crew positions Pilot CoPilot Navigator BombadierChin Turret Gunner Radio Operator EngineerTop Turret Gunner Port Waist Gunner Starboard Waist Gunner Ball Gunner and Tail Gunner Strap yourself in fire up the engines and get ready for highflying adventure Features Key Fetures All aircraft are beautifully rendered and astoundingly real Fly highly detailed flight models of the American B17G bomber P38 Lightning P51 Mustang P47 Thunderbolt and the German Bf 109 Fw 190 and ME 262 fighters Take to the skies in Quick Start missions with available Instant Action mode Carry out a realistic 25mission tour of duty based on historically accurate scenarios and targets Plan real missions select authentic flying formations and manage both crews and bombers Experience breathtaking air combat sequences using a myriad of special views Take total control Takeoff and land massive bombers shoot from various crew positions navigate across a realistically mapped Europe operate the radio line up the bomb run release the bombs and bail out if necessary Assess you crews strengths and skills to effectively reposition member to cope with wounded aircrew DOWNLOAD LINKS All links are interchangeable you can download different parts on different hosts Request a game or request reupload visit Game Request If you need help a problem visit FAQ Link MegaUpnet Download HERE Link Megaconz Download HERE Link Openloadco Download HERE Link Upera Download HERE Link KumpulBagi Download HERE Link Link Go4Up Multi Links Download HERE Link MultiUp Multi Links Download HERE Link OwnDrives Download HERE Link TusFiles Download HERE Link Rapidgator Download HERE Link Uptobox Download HERE Link Uploaded Download HERE Link Google Drive Download HERE Watch the video tutorial if you dont know how to install it Video Tutorial 1 ExtractInstall 2 Crack if needed 3 Play game 4 Have fun 5 OPTION Install the update version if they have the future in the link below System Requirement Minimum OS Windows XP Vista 7 Processor 10 GHz Processor Memory 512 MB RAM Graphics 100 DirectX compatible graphics DirectX Version 60 Storage 600 MB available space Sound Card 100 DirectX compatible card or onboard sound Recommended OS Windows 7 Processor 15 GHz Processor Memory 1 GB RAM DirectX Version 90c Storage 600 MB available space Sound Card 100 DirectX compatible card or onboard sound B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Crack B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Free Download B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th REPACK B17 Flying Fortress The Mighty 8th Torrent Previous Next | [
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http://igg-games.com/road-redemption-pc-game-free-download-torrent.html | Road Redemption Free Download Update Oct 03 2018 Posted by Admin October 4 2017 Action Adventure Shooter Simulation Road Redemption Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent Road Redemption lets you lead a biker gang on an epic journey across the country in this driving combat road rage adventure Huge campaign dozens of weapons full 4player coop CRACKED FREE DOWNLOAD TORRENT Game Overview Developer EQGames Pixel Dash Studios Publisher Tripwire Interactive Release Date 4 Oct 2017 Genre Racing Action Simulation Adventure Shooter Road Redemption is an action racing game where you lead your motorcycle gang on an epic journey across the country in a brutal driving combat adventure Earn money by completing races assassinations robberies and other challenges in your path As you collect loot youll upgrade your character your bike and your weapons One Life To Live Driving a motorcycle at 100 mph while trying to hit someone with a pipe is dangerous and death can come quickly Fortunately every time you die all the experience youve collected can be used to upgrade your character your bike and your weapons In the multiplayer mode you can work with your friends or let out some road rage on them Its up to you A Truly Epic Quest Road Redemption takes place in a postapocalyptic world ruled by a brutal dictator Fans of Mad Max will feel right at home here Key Fetures Online Multiplayer Tons of brutal weapons This is more Twisted Metal than it is Mario Kart 4player splitscreen coop Massive expandable skill tree Rack in the loot to upgrade your character your bike and your weapons A deep motorcycle fighting system with grabs kicks counters critical strikes and more Full support for both mouse keyboard and gamepad control configurations DOWNLOAD LINKS All links are interchangeable you can download different parts on different hosts Request a game or request reupload visit Game Request If you need help a problem visit FAQ Link Road RedemptionCODEX TORRENT Download Road RedemptionCODEX Torrent Link Link MegaUpnet Download HERE Link Megaconz Download HERE Link Link Go4Up Multi Links Download HERE Link Rapidgator Download HERE Link Uptobox Download HERE Link Uploaded Download HERE Link Google Drive Download HERE Watch the video tutorial if you dont know how to install it Video Tutorial 1 ExtractInstall 2 Crack if needed 3 Play game 4 Have fun 5 OPTION Install the update version if they have the future in the link below UPDATE 08102017 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded UPDATE 23112017 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded UPDATE 04012018 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded UPDATE 12072018 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded UPDATE 16082018 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded UPDATE 03102018 MegaUp or Mega or Google or TusFile or Rapidgator or Uptobox or Uploaded System Requirement Minimum Requires a 64bit processor and operating system OS Windows XP Vista Processor 14GHz processor or faster Memory 8 GB RAM Graphics DirectX 9compatible graphics card with at least 15GB of video memory DirectX Version 90 Storage 1000 MB available space Recommended Requires a 64bit processor and operating system OS Windows 7 8 10 Processor 2GHz processor or faster Memory 8 GB RAM Graphics DirectX 9compatible graphics card with at least 2GB of video memory DirectX Version 90 Storage 2500 MB available space Road Redemption Crack Road Redemption Free Download Road Redemption GOG Free Download Road Redemption GOG Torrent Road Redemption REPACK Road Redemption Torrent Previous Next | [
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http://igg-games.com/tag/bendy-and-the-ink-machine-free-download | Posts tagged Bendy and the Ink Machine Free Download Bendy and the Ink Machine Free Download Chapter 3 v1313 April 25 2017 by Admin in PC Games Bendy and the Ink Machine Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent Bendy and the Ink Machine is the first person puzzle action horror game Bendy and the Ink Machine PC Game Overview Bendy and the Ink Machine is developed by TheMeatly Games and published by TheMeatly Games Ltd | [
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"PC Game"
] |
http://iguanainvasion.com/iguanas_lizards.html | Home Iguanas and Lizards Exotic Snakes Exotic Birds Other Exotic Animals Laws The Book Services Students & Teachers FAQ Blog U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nuisance Species Hotline : nas . er . usgs . gov A recipe for garlic spray : check out our blog Send letters to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission : Commissioners @ myfwc . com Iguana Invasion Exotic Pets Gone Wild in Florida and what to do about them Iguanas and Lizards Iguanas are Lizards Iguanas are large lizards that look like miniature dinosaurs . They can be green , orange , black , brown , blue , and other colors . There are 350 species of iguanas living around the world today . Only 3 of these species are living and breeding here in Florida : Common Green Iguana Mexican Spinytail Iguana Black Spinytail Iguana The 3 species found in the wild in Florida were imported as pets from South America and Central America , where they live mostly along the coastlines or on islands close to the mainland . Iguanas are also sold by breeders in the U.S . Lizards are reptiles . Like snakes , iguanas have scales , lay eggs , and are cold - blooded . So iguanas shed their skin , lay their eggs in large nests , and bask in the sun to boost their body temperature . Iguanas require year - round warm weather to survive in the wild . If the temperature drops below 40 degrees , iguanas become sluggish . Their metabolism slows and their skin turns dark from the stress . Too many cold days in a row and they will die . Iguanas dig holes in which they lay one to six dozen eggs . Animals that eat the eggs include crows and snakes . Iguana babies are only seven inches long . The babies are eaten by a variety of predators . Herons , owls and other birds prey on them . So do raccoons , opossums , and rats . Dogs and cats will chase little iguanas and sometimes kill them . Once the babies are full grown , however , they may be four to seven feet in length . There are no native predators in Florida to bother Common Green Iguanas Despite its name , the Green Iguana may be brown , gray , black or dark green . The males turn orange when they are mating . Babies and juveniles are bright green , and adults have black bands on their sides and tails . Green Iguanas have a dorsal crest and a large rounded scale on each jowl . The crest is larger on the males . They have a baggy dewlap hanging from the neck which they wag when mating or defending their territory . Their tails are long . The Common Green Iguana lives in trees , usually near water . You can spot them on the branches that hang above a pond , lake , canal or river . They will sun themselves on grassy slopes , tree trunks and limbs . They are excellent climbers and swimmers . They build burrows which can weaken waterside structures like embankments , cement seawalls and docks . Green Iguanas are herbivores and live on vegetation . They like to eat brightly colored flowers like hibiscus , orchids , and bougainvillea . Their poop is generous and they leave it on our pool decks , docks , sidewalks , and rooftops . Because they eat our plantings and poop in our yards , South Florida neighborhoods are waging war with the Green Iguana . If you leave iguanas alone , they will not approach you or threaten you or your pets . However , if you corner them , they may bite , scratch , or whip you with their tail in self - defense . Both males and females are territorial and will defend the trees they live in and the area around them - - including your entire backyard . If you dispose of an iguana in your backyard , another will come to take its place . If you prefer not to share your yard with iguanas , it is best Until the abnormally cold month of January 2010 , the population of Green Iguanas was exploding across South Florida . Wildlife experts estimated that hundreds of thousands of these reptiles were living south of Lake Okeechobee . This was due to a combination of newly released pets with a life expectancy of up to 20 years , multiple breeding periods with nests of up to 50 eggs , and years of extra mild winters south of Orlando . The recent record - breaking stretch of cold weather , however , has reduced the Green Iguana population significantly . During abnormally cold weather , iguanas are known to modify their behavior . They will burrow underground or hide in caverns and hollows in the heat reservoirs found there . They may enter a state of partial hibernation zoologists call “ brumation , ” sleeping for the duration of the cold weather to conserve energy and body fluids . During this state , iguanas will appear rigid , their skin color darkened in a natural attempt to increase heat absorption . If disturbed , the reptile will not rouse . Their skin will feel cold to the touch and they Periods of hibernation are not normal for neo - tropical and tropical animals . If hypothermia sets in , iguanas usually die . Of those that survive , recovery may be slow and some will fall ill due to reduced immunity and organ failure . The iguanas that do make it will return to breeding soon enough , repopulating those areas suddenly devoid of exotic invaders . In time , the Green Iguana population in South Florida will be booming again . Mexican Spinytail Iguana These iguanas were brought to Florida as pets from their native habitat in the western and southern areas of Mexico . Pet owners let them loose in the Miami suburbs and they have reproduced steadily . The male Mexican Spinytail is mostly black with white and yellowish blotches . Breeding causes an orange coloration . Females have a green tint . Babies are bright green with black markings . Adults have a black head and the tail is spiked with spines , which are actually scales . Mexican Spinytails can grow up to four feet in length . The Mexican Spinytail looks a lot like the Black Spinytail Iguana . Wildlife specialists can tell them apart by the markings on their tails . Most of the Mexican Spinytails loose in Florida live in the Miami area and in the Everglades National Park , while the Black Spinytails are populating some islands off the southwest coast of the state . Wary and alert , the Mexican Spinytail is not a common sight in the wild . They are secretive , shy , and hide in burrows they dig under sidewalks , cement seawalls , or rock piles . As babies they have many predators , but as adults they do not . They are unfriendly and will bite . This may explain why they do not make good pets . Black Spinytail Iguana Despite the name , the Black Spinytail Iguana is not always black . They can be brown , tan , yellow - gray or blue - gray in color . When breeding , the males are orange . Babies are bright green and juveniles have a green tint until adulthood . Adults have spiky tails . They usually grow no longer than three feet . Native to southern Mexico and Central America , the Black Spinytail Iguana was brought to this country as a pet . In southwest Florida , some unwanted pets were released into the wild . Since the female can lay a dozen or more eggs in each breeding period , over time this species of iguana evolved into an invasive pest of concern . An unfriendly animal , the Black Spinytail will scratch or bite if trapped . They live in burrows under the concrete foundations of homes and seawalls , which can be problematic . They also burrow into sand dunes , contributing to the erosion of beaches . Carnivores , they will eat other lizards , sea turtle eggs and hatchlings , bird eggs and nestlings . They also take over the burrows of other animals including Gopher Tortoises . The Black Spinytail will hunt through your garbage cans for food , then hiss at you if you attempt to stop them On islands off the west coast of Florida , the Black Spinytail population has exploded over the past 10 years . A few pets were released on Gasparilla Island in the 1970s , for example , and now there are thousands of Black Spinytails living there . Residents complain that the iguanas ruin the landscaping , spark power outages , dig up seawalls , nest in attics and appear inside homes . Environmentalists are concerned because the iguanas are competing with the native animals for food and territory , and weakening the sand dunes required for hurricane protection . And These iguanas have been sighted on neighboring islands and the mainland . The local government has teamed up with state university biologists and wildlife trappers to address the problem . So far , the issue has not been resolved . What to Do You do n ’ t have to be scared of iguanas if they move into your neighborhood . They wo n ’ t attack you if you do n ’ t bother them . If you are having problems with hostile or burrowing iguanas , you might contact a wildlife trapper in your area . Remember , once you remove an iguana from your yard , another will probably take its place . If you live in central or northern Florida in an area where feral iguanas are still uncommon , you can report exotic iguana sightings to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on their Nuisance Species Hotline . This federal organization is keeping track of the breeding habits and territories of exotic species in Florida and around the U.S . However , if you live in the South Florida area where the Common Green Iguana is as plentiful as the snowbird , local wildlife trappers will not be able to resolve what has become an insurmountable problem . You may choose to hire a trapper to remove the iguanas from your property , but the solution will only be temporary . Wherever you live , you can iguana - proof your home . Here are the simple steps you can take in order to keep iguanas out of your yard and away from your house : remove colorful flowering plants from your yard ( e.g. , hibiscus , impatiens , and orchids ) remove fruit trees from your yard ( except citrus , which they wo n ’ t eat ) do not plant a vegetable garden in your yard cut back tree canopy keep trees thinned out keep your entire yard free of brush and debris , landscape timber and rock piles trim tree branches away from your roof and the sides of your house trim tree branches so they do n ’ t hang over your dock and pool attach sheet metal guards to tree trunks ( to keep iguanas from climbing ) tie plastic bottles on your boat line ( so the iguanas ca n ’ t use it to climb onto your boat ) install a childproof fence around your swimming pool install electric fencing around seawalls and docks spray garlic oil ( they do n ’ t like the scent ) spray neem oil ( they do n ’ t like this bitter Indian tree seed oil ) let your dog roam the yard to scare off wildlife spray them with a garden hose until they leave ( and maybe decide to live elsewhere ) Sometimes a tall fence or screening around a property will discourage iguanas . But if you live on a body of fresh water in South Florida , you should expect to see these exotic animals - - if you have not already made their acquaintance . Going to war with these animals is pointless , dangerous , and inhumane . It is unwise to attempt to shoot , burn , poison , freeze , or drown an iguana , all inhumane acts . You might hurt others unintentionally , or annoy an iguana into attacking you or or your family . Even exotic animals are protected by anticruelty laws in the state of Florida . In some Florida neighborhoods , the iguana issue has caused disagreements between neighbors and police have been summoned . Shooting firearms and pellet guns is illegal within city limits . Authorities If you want to protest the ongoing sales of iguanas and other problematic species in the state of Florida , register your opinion with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . Other Lizards on the Loose In the state of Florida , there are more than 30 exotic lizard species living and breeding in the wild . Most of these are geckos and anoles , the small lizards you can see running across sidewalks and up the walls of buildings . Most of these species are expanding their populations , and most can be found in the urban areas of South Florida . Some were brought here by the pet trade , others arrived hidden in cargo on boats from other countries . Most of the exotic lizard species on the loose in Florida are small , usually measured in inches . Unlike the iguanas , they are not regarded as invasive and problematic by the general public . However , biologists warn that the presence of so many non - native lizard species is significantly reducing the populations of our native lizards . For example , the exotic Brown Anole is now more abundant than the native Green Anole . Since they are so widespread , it would be impossible to remove all the exotic lizards living in our state . Fortunately , most of these species are harmless . However , several species of non - native lizards found in Florida are of concern for safety reasons : Tokay Gecko Knight Anole Nile Monitor The Biting Gecko Unlike the little brown geckos you see crawling up your walls and across your ceiling , Tokay Geckos are brightly colored and fierce . Originally imported from Southeast Asia by the pet trade , these feisty lizards have adapted to living in the wild in Florida , Texas and Hawaii , where they make their homes in trees and dine on local lizards , frogs , and insects . The Tokay Gecko is unmistakable . Adults are 12 inches long with blue - gray coloring , spotted with bright red - orange dots . A nocturnal animal , the males make a loud call at night that sounds like to - kay Photo courtesy of Adam G . Stern This lizard will bite and not let go . If one grabs onto your hand , you may have to dunk it underwater to make the lizard stop biting you . This may be why pet owners have dumped these lizards into parks and suburban neighborhoods around the state . These geckos are known to be breeding in a number of counties , especially along the southwest coast . If you see one of these lizards in the wild , do not try to capture it . The bite can be painful . Unless you live in an area where these lizards are plentiful , you might report your sighting to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on their Nuisance Hotline . The government is tracking the spread of exotic species throughout the country . The Biting Anole The Cuban Knight Anole is often confused with the juvenile Common Green Iguana because they are the same shade of green . However , on close inspection , these lizards are quite dissimilar . The Knight Anole has a triangular head , and the tail is extra long . There are yellow slash markings on the body and the dewlap is pale pink . Adults do not grow any larger than 18 inches . In Miami , the Knight Anole is called iguanito , or little iguana . Most of the Knight Anoles living and breeding in the wild are in the Miami area , but they have been reported around the state and as far south as Key West . They were imported by the pet trade , but these lizards do not make good pets . Knight Anoles are carnivores . They eat mostly large insects and fruit , but will prey on frogs , small anoles and geckos , small birds , bird eggs and hatchlings . When cornered , these lizards stand their ground , inflicting a heartfelt bite in order to protect themselves . They have sharp teeth . It is not easy to spot a Knight Anole because they live high up in the tops of trees , hidden in leafy canopy . You may see them sunning on tree trunks , clinging to the bark while facing the ground , or sneaking across phone lines from tree top to tree top . If you see one , do not approach or attempt to capture this lizard . Outside of the Miami area , you can report your sighting to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on their Nuisance Species Hotline . Many Knight Anoles died during an atypical stretch of cold weather in January 2010 . They dropped out of trees in a frozen state similar to that experienced by Green Iguanas . Florida residents unfamiliar with these shy reptiles mistakenly identified the blackened lizards as iguanas . The overall impact of the abnormal weather on the Knight Anole population in South Florida is unknown . The Jesus Lizard Native to MexIco , Belize , Panama , Costa Rica , and northern South America , the 2 - foot long Brown Basilisk is olive brown and sports a crest or hood on the head . Unfriendly and skittish , these lizards will flee from humans . They can run swiftly on their hind legs , climb trees , and swim rapidly to escape perceived threats . Specially webbed toes allow basilisks to run across still water , lending the lizard a certain religious aura . Alert and agile , the Brown Basilisk is omnivorous and eats a lot of insects . Females lay 3 to 12 eggs in the summer , usually in a hole in a canal bank . Arboreal in nature , the basilisk lives in low trees and spends time on the ground . Camouflage coloring and native shyness make these lizards difficult to spot . Known to be breeding in Florida since the 1970s , Brown Basilisks live in Miami Dade county . Breeding populations exist in Palm Beach County as well as on the west coast of Florida . Giant African Lizards There are more than 30 species of Monitor lizards living around the world , including the 10 - foot - long Komodo Dragon of Indonesia . The largest lizard living on the African continent , Nile Monitors may grow to 7 feet in length . The Nile Monitor is the largest lizard living and breeding in the U.S. , and it is only found in the wild here in Florida . The carnivorous Nile Monitor eats crabs and other seafood , frogs and lizards , turtles , snakes , birds , eggs , and small mammals . They will eat from garbage cans , and are known to eat house cats . They are gray or brown with dark bands and gold bands . They have a long tongue that is forked like a snake ’ s . Nile Monitors warn off predators by hissing and flicking their split tongue . Photo courtesy of Adam G . Stern Nile Monitors have been living in the wild in Florida since the early 1990s . These giant lizards are escaped pets and their offspring . They like to live near water , in Florida marshes and swamps or on the banks of rivers , lakes and canals . They dig burrows or steal them from other animals . The female lays up to 60 eggs in these burrows . Not surprisingly , the Nile Monitor is regarded as an invasive species by the state of Florida . They are a threat to the native species we are trying to protect like the Burrowing Owl , Gopher Tortoise , and sea turtles . Nile Monitors dig up the eggs of our native alligators and crocodiles . And they freak out the humans who are coming across them in increasing numbers . In southwest Florida , a breeding population of these large lizards has become a serious problem for the residents of Cape Coral . Hundreds of Nile Monitors travel around the city through the many man - made canals . Strong swimmers , fast runners , and good climbers , the Nile Monitors are all over the yards and roofs , gardens and parks of the city . The lizards have been reported on neighboring islands , and in other areas of the mainland . Scientists from the University of Florida are attempting to come up with a solution for the Monitor lizards are not good pets . They are nervous , bite easily , and require plenty of room to move around . This may be why so many of these huge lizards have been “ liberated ” into the Florida landscape . If you spot one , call a wildlife trapper in your area . Make sure your family and pets stay away from Nile Monitors on the loose . Never approach these aggressive lizards on your own . New Fads Mean New Invasives The South American Tegu is a four foot long lizard with sharp teeth and claws and a forked tongue . Various species of these large lizards are popular with the pet industry right now . The babies are six to eight inches long and colorful . Buyers are unaware of what life with an adult tegu will be like . Unruly and sometimes aggressive , these reptiles are not always the best pets . Their care is expensive , they grow rapidly and may bite . A tropical animal , the tegu will not survive in the wild if the weather is cold . Tegus have been spotted on the loose in South Florida . Tegus have been reported living in the Everglades . It is not yet known whether they are breeding here . It is likely they will be able to adapt to our winterless environment , reproducing and spreading around the southern part of the state before scientists and the government can halt an invasion . In fact , the smart money is on the tegus . If you see a big red It is abusive to purchase a large lizard and keep it in a small cage . It is unfair to the animal to lock it in a bathroom when it becomes too big for your home . It is against the law to release an unwanted exotic pet in your local park or in an undeveloped area of town . If you want to own an exotic reptile as a pet do the research first . Find out how big the animal gets , what kind of habits it will have as an adult , how many years it may live , and if it is dangerous or aggressive . Think of the animal ’ s needs . Does the exotic lizard you think looks so cool really want to live in a cage in your bedroom for the rest of its life ? Are you willing to take on the years of expense and responsibility that ownership of exotic reptiles entails ? Since the 1970s , Florida has maintained licensing laws for the ownership of large , potentially dangerous , exotic animals . More recently , The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission enacted new regulations for the ownership of certain exotic reptiles . Owners of Nile Monitors ( as well as pythons and anacondas ) must file for special permits . Microchips implanted in the registered animals help identify owners if the pets are ever found loose . If you ’ ve made a mistake and are no longer able to care for your exotic lizard , do not let it loose . Check out the details about Exotic Pet Amnesty Days hosted by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission : www . myfwc . com . Or bring the animal back to the pet store where you purchased it . Find a home for your pet . Do not turn your pet fad into yet another exotic pet invasion . Next time your children ask for a new and exciting pet , you can buy them a book instead . Iguana Invasion ! Exotic Pets Gone Wild in Florida explains in simple words and photos what your children need to learn about the consequences of exotic pet ownership in our state . The book also serves as an excellent reference for identifying the most common non - native species . You can protest the ongoing sales of exotic lizards and other problematic species in the state of Florida by sharing your opinion with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . Website by FCE Web Design New book : Iguana Invasion ! Exotic Pets Gone Wild in Florida by Virginia Aronson and Allyn Szejko Available at your local bookseller , Amazon . com Barnes&Noble . com , and Pineapple Press Find out more here Click here to view a really cool trailer ! | [
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http://ihicompactexcavator.com/product/9vxe-3-electric-mini-excavator/ | 9VXE3 Electric Mini Excavator 275375 Variable Width Smooth Operation and Electric Motor Convenience The 9VX3 electric mini excavator comes standard with all the features of the 9VX3 and also allows excavating in confined areas with fume regulations Combine a no emission motor with other standard features such as the spanner function 275 to 375 and hydraulic piping to front of the unit and you have the 9VX Electric Electric Mini Excavator Produces no fumes and very little noise 360 swing with independent 140 boom swing 5 h p Baldor Motor Equipped for hydraulic attachments Total flow of 60 gpm 5 2 digging depth Operating weight of 2100 lbs 2speed travel Comes with 100 ft of power cord Unit can be ordered with different volt options Category Electric Mini Excavator Specifications Dimensions Working Ranges Operation Manual Motor Model Baldor 5 hp Rated Output 208480 volt Boom Swing System Type Boom Offset with Hydraulic Cylinder Swing Angle LR 5090 Hydraulic System Pressure 2350 psi Pump Type 2 Gear 293min x 2 Dozer Blade Size 275x11 Lift Above GroundDrop Below Ground 98 Max Auxiliary Flow Auxiliary Line 29 galmin Performance Bucket Capacity 8 cu ft Bucket Width 12 Operating Weight 2060 lbs Transportation Weight 1885 lbs Swing Speed 87 rpm Travel Speed lowhigh 1122 mph Gradeability 30 Ground Pressure 38 psi Max Bucket Digging Force 2360 lbs | [
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http://ikea.ca/richmond | Store Information Store Offers Ways to Shop IKEA FAMILY Services Plan your visit Events and Community IKEA Food Welcome to our Richmond family friendly store Recycle Reduce Redecorate with the IKEA SellBack Program Xiao Chen Store Manager STORE HOURS REGULAR STORE HOURS Monday to Friday 10am 9pm Saturday 10am 8pm Sunday 10am 7pm HOLIDAY HOURS Christmas Eve December 24 10am 4pm Christmas Day December 25 CLOSED Boxing Day December 26 10am 9pm New Years Eve December 31 10am 5pm New Years Day January 1 CLOSED January 2 10am 9pm RESTAURANT HOURS SMÅLAND HOURS CLICK COLLECT BOOK YOUR INSTORE KITCHEN PLANNING Important information The new IKEA Catalogue is here Click here to see whats new IKEA free WiFi services available instore Click here for Product recalls warnings and announcements Store location Address 3320 Jacombs Rd Richmond British Columbia V6V 1Z6 Telephone 18668664532 REASONS TO VISIT TODAY next | [
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http://ikeyword.net/gsnutsandmags.com | gsnutsandmagscom Notification Girl Scouts gsnutsandmagscom is a website which ranked 177018th in United States and 134377th worldwide according to Alexa ranking It is hosted in United States and using IP address 4012152137 The home page of gsnutsandmagscom has 0 outgoing links Description List of domain in US List of domain same IP 4012152137 syncfusioncom poynterorg legolandcom bandhubcom iganet divineeatscom cstoremobi amerigascom farmagoracombr safewayca css3ps duquesnelightcom texaslawhelporg micanaldepanamacom ogxbeautycom tribunalelectoralgobpa rightpointcom divinepetscom babylonjsplaygroundcom rexnordcom meridixcom Top keyword related from GoogleBingYahoo of gsnutsandmagscom gsnutsandmags admin gsnutsandmags gsnutsandmags login gsnutsandmags gssjc gsnutsandmags gswpa gsnutsandmags store gsnutsandmags gswcf gsnutsandmags admin account login gsnutsandmags gsci gsnutsandmags comgskwr gsnutsandmags gsnationscapitol gsnutsandmags login admin gsnutsandmagsgshh gsnutsandmagsnut gsnutsandmagsgssem gsnutsandmagsgscsa gsnutsandmagsgsdsw gsnutsandmagsgskwr gsnutsandmagsgssem gsnutsandmagsgsnccp gsnutsandmagsgsofct gsnutsandmagscomgsoh gsnutsandmagscomgsrv gsnutsandmagscomgswo Top URL related to gsnutsandmagscom 1 Text link Fall Product Program Guidebook Troop GSSC Domain gsscus Link httpwwwgsscuscontentdamgirlscoutsgsscdocumentsFall_Guidebook__TroopWebpdf Description 7 Initial Sale wwwgsnutsandmagscomadmin Contd DO NOT reenter orders already entered into the M2 system by parentsguardians From Troop Dashboard iKeyword Traffic Ranks of gsnutsandmagscom Owner Popular link Title link RANK 134377 Country code US Country name United States Rank on country 177018 Host gsnutsandmagscom IP 4012152137 Ref link Domains same extension com | [
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http://ilearntoanimate.com/4-main-types-of-animations-to-enjoy-and-learn-to-create/ | 4 main types of animations to enjoy and learn to create by Nash Lin | Jun 16 , 2013 | Popular What is Animation ? | 7 comments In the current creative industry , there are 4 main types and style of animation you can learn to create . Expose yourself to these 4 genres of animation so you can better understand and appreciate animations in different form . Exclusive Bonus : Get ' How To Start Learning Animation ' Tips 4 main types of animations to enjoy and learn to create Flipbook animation is a very primitive way that creates animation purely with pencil , eraser and a stack of drawing pads such as post - it pads . This style can be very experimental and creative as you can draw any thing you can think of . Pros : It is cheap and readily available at all stationary stores . You can make use of your existing drawing skill and you can start almost immediately . This methods gets you to churn out the rough idea you have for animation very easily . Cons : You have to be prepared to erase and redraw when you make mistakes because you do not have an undo button for this style . Adding in details such as color and shading can be very time consuming because details have to be added in each page of your animation . Industry : Seldom do creative house creates flipbook animations mainly because it is not easy to create quality flipbook animation . As flipbook animation is a very old technique , it is not efficient to create one . An example of a flipbook animation : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Here is a quick tutorial on how you can create a flip book animation by yourself ! Click & Share ! Stop motion animation makes use of figurine and physical objects to create animation . You can start with using toys and posable figurine and capture them as photo images . Once photo taking is complete , you use a video editing software to compile these photos into a moving image video . Pros : The visual of the animation will look relatively appealing if you are using toys because they look real life ! All asset are physical and there is not much tools to learn other than pressing a button to capture the photo . Cons : Posing the toys frame by frame might be tedious and not accurate if the toys are not placed correctly compared to the previous frame . Toys posing to fly or jump can be tough too , so you need to be a little more creative in execution when it comes to creating stop motion animation . Industry : Occasionally we see movies created using stop motion animation . Corpse Bride , Frankenweenie are examples of stop motion movies . This is not a popular style of animation because of the cost and human resources to create frame by frame animation . An example of stop motion animation : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 2D animation is a digital method of flipbook animation where visuals are created by drawing in a software . Drawing skills are preferably required but there are a lot more convenient tools within the software help you draw faster . Animation eventually will look much more smoother because you can adjust the timing of your animation easily . Pros : Animation can be created efficiently and there is saving and loading functions which helps you back up your work . Using 2D software , your animation can look much more polished because you can add in more details and visual effects . Cons : You will need to be proficient in using computers and invest in buying a computer and the software . Learning curve can get steeper with 2D softwares when it comes to using the right tool to achieve the appropriate result because sometimes there are just too many tools available for you . Industry : 2D animation is very popular in the creative industry because it has its target audience . Anime and recent cartoon series on TV are very good example of 2D animations . Some web games are also created using this style as it can be integrated into web applications and games . 2D animators are versatile because they can apply their animation on many platforms from multimedia to broadcast video . An example of a 2D animation : Check out how I create simple 2D animation using Flash . Click & Share ! 3D animation creates animation using three dimensional virtual space and has potential to create realistic and aesthetically stunning visual . 3D software is able to do so because of its calculation which can render images as realistic as real life images . This is why many block buster movies such as Batman and Transformers make use of 3D software technologies to bring fiction stories to life . Pros : Final artwork can be very realistic and real . 3D software makes this possible because of the amount of tools made available for the artist to use . Tools such as lighting , bone structure , rendering calculation , etc are some examples of power tools to create animation . Cons : With so much tools made available to artist , the learning curve to understand 3D software can be tough if you try too learn it yourself . It is highly recommended to learn 3D software by guidance or taking up a course to speed up the learning process . 3D softwares are also expensive to start with . As a student with no income , it can be quite a tough decision to make on top of the handful of software to choose from . Industry : 3D animation is just as popular as 2D animation because of its realistic appeal . Although 3D animation is not efficient for small projects , it is can be very efficient for large scale movie or game projects . An example of a 3D animation : Find out how to create your own 3D Walk Cycle Animation with Maya here ! Now that you have explored and discovered these 4 main types of animations , tell me which is your favourite animation using the comment box below ! Also share with your animator ' s friend what you have learnt today ! Next I ' ll talk about the different animation softwares available to choose from . Exclusive Bonus : Download the recommended 20 animation video list to watch more examples of animation types . NEW ! Spinning Slam Kick Animation ! Game Character Animation - Spinning Slam Kick from Nash Lin LIVE 0 00 : 00 12 : 12 Like Add to Watch Later Share Player error The player is having trouble . We ’ ll have it back up and running as soon as possible . | [
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http://illinois.hometownlocator.com/il/cook/chicago-heights.cfm | Chicago Heights , IL Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Chicago Heights Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Chicago Heights Content Also See : Chicago Heights , IL ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Chicago Heights , Illinois - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The City of Chicago Heights had a population of 29,861 as of July 1 , 2018 . Chicago Heights ranks in the upper quartile for Population Density and Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Illinois . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Chicago Heights is located at latitude 41.5061 and longitude - 87.6356 in Cook County . The formal boundaries for the City of Chicago Heights encompass a land area of 10.19 sq . miles and a water area of 0.01 sq . miles . Cook County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 659 feet . The City of Chicago Heights ( GNIS ID : 2393512 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions The City of Chicago Heights is located within Township of Bloom , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of Cook County Alternate Unofficial Names for Chicago Heights : Bloom , Thorn Grove . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Chicago Heights 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Chicago Heights ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Illinois Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Illinois Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Chicago Heights , IL - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Chicago Heights Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Illinois Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Chicago Heights , IL Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 29,861 Population in Households 29,079 Population in Familes 25,071 Population in Group Qrtrs 782 Population Density 2 2,929 Diversity Index 3 84 INCOME Median Household Income $ 41,823 Average Household Income $ 56,321 Per Capita Income $ 18,735 HOUSING Total Housing Units 11,122 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 5,674 ( 51.0 % ) Renter Occupied HU 3,702 ( 33.3 % ) Vacant Housing Units 1,746 ( 15.7 % ) Median Home Value $ 128,538 Average Home Value $ 151,167 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 9,376 Average Household Size 3.1 Family Households 6,841 Average Family Size 4 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population - 0.19 % - 0.21 % Households - 0.28 % - 0.28 % Families - 0.43 % - 0.3 % Median Household Income 1.13 % Per Capita Income 1.93 % Chicago Heights , IL - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Chicago Heights to the other 1,368 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Illinois by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 67 95th Population Density # 140 90th Diversity Index # 5 100th # 1152 16th # 1317 4th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Illinois July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
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http://illinois.hometownlocator.com/il/mchenry/cary.cfm | Cary , IL Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Cary Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Cary Content Also See : Cary , IL ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Cary , Illinois - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The Village of Cary had a population of 18,188 as of July 1 , 2018 . Cary ranks in the upper quartile for Population Density and Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Illinois . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Cary is located at latitude 42.212 and longitude - 88.2381 in McHenry County . The formal boundaries for the Village of Cary encompass a land area of 6.24 sq . miles and a water area of 0.08 sq . miles . McHenry County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 823 feet . The Village of Cary ( GNIS ID : 2397566 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions The Village of Cary is located within Township of Algonquin , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of McHenry County Alternate Unofficial Names for Cary : Carey Station , Cary Station . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Cary 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Cary ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Illinois Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Illinois Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Cary , IL - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Cary Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Illinois Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Cary , IL Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 18,188 Population in Households 18,145 Population in Familes 16,582 Population in Group Qrtrs 43 Population Density 2 2,913 Diversity Index 3 34 INCOME Median Household Income $ 104,786 Average Household Income $ 124,828 Per Capita Income $ 41,802 HOUSING Total Housing Units 6,339 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 5,294 ( 83.5 % ) Renter Occupied HU 804 ( 12.7 % ) Vacant Housing Units 241 ( 3.8 % ) Median Home Value $ 263,590 Average Home Value $ 289,270 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 6,098 Average Household Size 2.98 Family Households 4,960 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population - 0.05 % - 0.01 % Households 0.11 % 0.09 % Families 0.12 % 0.04 % Median Household Income 0.75 % Per Capita Income 1.89 % Cary , IL - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Cary to the other 1,368 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Illinois by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 143 90th Population Density # 142 90th Diversity Index # 328 76th # 62 96th # 117 92nd Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Illinois July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
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http://illinois.hometownlocator.com/il/st.-clair/centreville.cfm | Centreville , IL Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Centreville Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Centreville Content Also See : Centreville , IL ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Centreville , Illinois - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The City of Centreville had a population of 4,878 as of July 1 , 2018 . Centreville ranks in the lower quartile for Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Illinois . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Centreville is located at latitude 38.5834 and longitude - 90.1251 in St . Clair County . The formal boundaries for the City of Centreville encompass a land area of 4.22 sq . miles and a water area of 0.06 sq . miles . St . Clair County is in the Central time zone ( GMT - 6 ) . The elevation is 413 feet . The City of Centreville ( GNIS ID : 2393791 ) has a C1 Census Class Code which indicates an active incorporated place that does not serve as a county subdivision equivalent . It also has a Functional Status Code of " A " which identifies an active government providing primary general - purpose functions The City of Centreville is located within Township of Centreville , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of St . Clair County Alternate Unofficial Names for Centreville : Centerville , Fireworks . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Centreville 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Centreville ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Illinois Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Illinois Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Centreville , IL - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Centreville Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Illinois Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Centreville , IL Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 4,878 Population in Households 4,875 Population in Familes 4,018 Population in Group Qrtrs 3 Population Density 2 1,156 Diversity Index 3 8 INCOME Median Household Income $ 21,444 Average Household Income $ 36,724 Per Capita Income $ 13,830 HOUSING Total Housing Units 2,344 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 893 ( 38.1 % ) Renter Occupied HU 977 ( 41.7 % ) Vacant Housing Units 474 ( 20.2 % ) Median Home Value $ 72,000 Average Home Value $ 105,006 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 1,870 Average Household Size 2.61 Family Households 1,237 Average Family Size NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population - 1.04 % - 0.74 % Households - 0.95 % - 0.71 % Families - 0.79 % - 0.86 % Median Household Income 0.8 % Per Capita Income 1.82 % Centreville , IL - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Centreville to the other 1,368 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Illinois by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 344 75th Population Density # 655 52nd Diversity Index # 1046 24th # 1365 0th # 1360 1st Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Illinois Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Illinois July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results | [
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http://illustratedagile.com/2012/12/12/how-to-define-role-clarity-in-your-agile-organization/ | How to Define Role Clarity in Your Agile Organization Posted by Len Lagestee | Dec 12 , 2012 | Change Agents Organizational Change 2 When establishing your Agile framework , there will often be times when you will need to reconcile how roles should interact with each other . This will especially be the case with roles OUTSIDE of your framework such as with senior leadership and operations . To assist in finding role clarity , a “ needs - based exercise ” was developed to identify what is actually needed from a role instead of making assumptions based on past history , tainted relationships , stubborn silos , or old processes . Here is how the exercise works : Preparation Determine the roles in question and invite them to a meeting . Depending on the size of the group , you may need to select 5 - 7 representatives for each role . Also , plan for a solid hour or two . Supplies Two different colors of post - it notes . Markers or pens . Whiteboard or wall . Exercise Step # 1 – Ask the group “ What do you think ( or assume ) the other role needs from you ? ” Have each role capture their answers on the same color post - it . For example , a product owner may write “ I believe leadership needs to hear what progress is being made on my product . ” A leader may write “ I assume product owners would like mentoring or guidance based on my experience . ” Step # 2 – Ask the group “ What do you actually need from the other role ? ” Have each role capture their answers on the other post - it . For example , a product owner may write “ I need leadership to provide a compelling strategic vision to help guide my roadmap ” and a leader may write “ I need product owners to spend most of their time discovering what our customers need . ” Step # 3 – Go around the room and have everyone read their responses . Focus on one role at a time and hear the “ assumes ” and “ actuals ” for each role . As they are reading , begin grouping the responses on the whiteboard or wall . Group matching responses for a role together . Step # 4 – Find the overlap . When assumptions and actual expectations match , you have found a natural affinity between the two roles . Step # 5 – Discuss the outliers . If an assumption was made about a role but does not align to an actual need , have the group discuss it . Was something missed or was the assumption false ? If false , remove it from consideration . Step # 6 – Tweak your framework or expectations accordingly . The results of the exercise should be tangible work products and activities for each role to be added or changed . I have facilitated this session between product owners and senior leadership , developers and testers , and developers and technical operations and the results are always enlightening and was especially beneficial in finding assumptions being made between product owners and leadership . If there is any role ambiguity in your organization , give this a try . Previous The Urgency of Appreciation Next Agile Team Size and the Ringelmann Effect About The Author Len Lagestee Len Lagestee is an Agile coach and blogger at www . illustratedagile . com . As an Agile coach , Len is interacting with large organizations to connect people , revolutionize leadership , deliver results , and humanize the workforce . 2 Comments Randy England on February 12 , 2015 at 8 : 43 am Len – One of the roles that I have seen that requires clarification in many companies doing Scrum is that of the Functional Manager . It is not very well defined , and the people in those roles are sometimes conflicted as to how involved they should be . It is even more difficult for those managers that were managers of the same group back in the waterfall – command and control – days . Reply on February 12 , 2015 at 4 : 42 pm So true Randy … challenging for some to adjust their leadership style when working with “ self - organizing ” teams . Much easier for teams as they can just go to the Scrum guide and learn what is expected of their role . Reply Leave a Reply This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed Subscribe | [
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http://ilovekickboxingpasadenaca.com/ | And get our FREE report full of FatMelting Muscle Toning Tips We hate spammers and hope they get roundhouse kicked in the face We value your privacy will never share your information with anyone ever Kickboxers are in incredible shape They have toned abs slender muscles and great definition The question is how do you get that great body without competing in fights Our program took the same exercises that pro kickboxers use to get lean toned and made them available to ANYONE looking to burn fat Thats why in every class youll do amazing conditioning And have a TON of fun punching kicking the fat right off your body Ive honestly never had so much fun losing weight and getting in shape iLoveKickboxingcom makes it easy and FUN to stay on track Its only been a few months and Ive lost 25 pounds of fat Couldnt be happier Andrea Perkins 34 I was one of those people who bounced from fitness program to fitness program but nothing seemed to work for me I 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into iLoveKickboxingcoms doors your whole day turns around Theyre also so positive and genuinely happy to see you It makes you want to try hard and come back for more I lost 29 pounds in 12 weeks thanks to them Steve Ramirez 36 Im in a career that requires me to maintain a certain physique These classes have everything I need to stay photo shootready 247 Amazing instructors awesome workouts and awesome members too Love it Jessica Ferraiuolo 24 Often referred to as the Sweet Science and one of Americas oldest pastimes its also one of the best ways to stay lean and fit Boxing techniques are primarily the Jab Cross Hook and the Uppercut The Boxing aspect of our classes utilizes all these punches along with conditioning methods used by actual fighters Your arms will get lean and toned quick The national sport of Thailand Muay Thai is as exciting to practice as it is to watch Muay Thai fighters dont just use punches and kicks but also knees and elbows to strike against pads and heavy bags This style of training will bring your current level of fitness to an entirely new level Thai Boxers are amongst the most toned of all athletes and the techniques are effective for selfdefense as well Kickboxing began as a combination of Boxing techniques and the Kicking moves that are used in several martial arts such as Karate KungFu and Tae Kwon Do Kickboxing techniques require timing and help build your balance and coordination as all four limbs are being used These moves develop your core conditioning and provide a real full body workout This method of Boxing Kickboxing Wrestling and Judo was adopted by the Chinese Military over 80 years ago They recognized that it was one of the best ways to get their soldiers in the best shape possibleas quick as possible Our San Da San Shou training will tone and strengthen your legs back and abs more than almost any other form of exercise My name is Susan and in my first 12 weeks at iLoveKickboxingcom I lost 41 pounds At 52 years old I was 224 pounds drained of energy and about ready to give up I joined this program and got down to 182 Words cant express the joy I feel Susan Gibson 52 After my second baby I had a terrible time trying to lose the weight It seemed like my body would never go back to normal I laughed when one of the instructors told me I could lose 20 lbs in 8 weeks 21 lbs later Im still in shock Thanks Tanya Tavares 32 This program is simply amazing Its changed my life I dropped 51 pounds of fat in just 12 weeks iLoveKickboxingcom helped me do what no other program could Not only that its so much FUN Jocelyn Diaz 30 I have so much to be thankful for and so grateful that I am now a slimmed down healthy woman with all the confidence in the world Your program helped me through my journey of getting into GREAT shape Daniella Abruzzo 41 My friends are shocked happy for me and jealous of my results Ive gotten from iLoveKickboxingcom I just tell them to come join Its just so fun you forget youre also burning a ton of fat Love it love it love it Renee Older 29 After my first class I knew I would never need another workout program again Andrea Lynn 27 We start class off with a flurry of awesome exercises like squats lunges jumping squats double lunges pushups crunches burpies and a ton more Youll get an insane workout from head to toe and burn more calories than you can count Now that your muscles are warmed up its time to stretch This gives you a chance to catch your breath drink some water and get your muscles loose and ready for Part 3 Your muscles are stretched out warmed up and ready to go Time to strap on your gloves and start workin the heavy bag Youll learn fun exciting combinations of punches and kicks and get an amazing workout practicing them on the heavy bag Release your stress burn calories and fight the fat And get our FREE report full of FatMelting Muscle Toning Tips Your Email We hate spammers and hope they get roundhouse kicked in the face We value your privacy will never share your 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http://ilovewerewolves.com/changing-eye-colors/ | Vampires Werewolf Transformations 60 changing eye colors by Buddy · Published July 6 , 2011 · Updated July 23 , 2011 There are a few creatures that have changing eye colors , and among these are werewolves and vampires . Indeed , werewolf eyes and vampire eyes are among the most distinct and unique eyes . Because they live among humans ( and in some cases were once humans ) their eye colors are most of the time very similar to that of humans . In fact , most of the time , their eyes can be mistaken for human eyes – but this can change in an instant depending on their mood and state of mind . werewolves eyes change color to gold . . Werewolf Eyes ( as depicted in Teen Wolf ) The eyes of the werewolf vary in color , and have been reported to be everything from green to brown to blue . Although they do not have to be any specific color , one of the key characteristics of werewolf eyes is that even though they can be any color , the color is always brilliant and very eye - catching . The eye color is enhanced with an inside glow that is incredibly forceful and attractive to anyone they meet . This is especially true and most noticeable during and around transformations when the werewolf ’ s eyes are not only briliant colored goldish tint . vampire eyes change color to red … Vampire Eyes ( as depicted in Twilight ) The eyes of the vampire are especially recognizable because of the reddish tint they change to when they are hungry or craving blood . Vampires generally can not control this tint , but rather it is an involuntary side effect of their thirst . It also does have the benefit of terrifying the vampire ’ s prey to the point that many prey are immobilized by fear when they see the vampire ’ s eyes . During most other times when the vampire is not incredibly hungry , their eyes too can come in any color , however they are most often darker colors , most commonly dark brown . and the zombie … ? It is also interesting to note the eye colors that zombies reportedly take on in myths and legends . Like the rest of their bodies , the zombie ’ s eyes are dead . When you look at them , they therefore take on the appearance of being dead – their eyes change from what they were as a human , and are often described as being pale , faded , and sometimes even losing color completely , sometimes appearing completely white . The whites of their eyes can also sometimes be red , but not in the way that Tags : answers chart color changes complexion conditions contacts costume diseases dressup dry eye exam eye color eye colors eyes of a werewolf floaters human eye itchy laser lazy questions reddish tint syndrome test tints vampire color vampire eyes variation watery werewolf Buddy Do you love werewolves ? Do you turn into one ? Do you know when they transform ? Learn all About Me ! Or even better Link To Me ! You may also like . . . 1 Vampire Hunter Costume October 27 , 2009 22 how not to change March 16 , 2009 50 10 Vampire Jokes December 10 , 2009 | [
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http://ilovewerewolves.com/curse/ | curse “ The Werewolf Curse ” The werewolf or Lycanthrope is often referred to as the cursed , mainly because of the odd curse or affliction that the human is a part of , but not all refer to lycanthropy or being a werewolf as a curse . Many feel that the curse is rather an advantage to being human or even a positive trait that one seeks to acquire throughout their lifetime . Many find that the affliction has them confused or puzzled about the human side of the werewolf , feeling more normal as werewolf than as a human . To those that love werewolves understand that it is not a curse but still would rather not live with the so called disease and so these people seek a cure . They seek a cure for what they believe to be an evil trait , a disease , an abnormality of the human condition . But some believe that being a werewolf is just lore , or folktales , myths passed down from generations which contrary to what some believe did not originate from an American werewolf . The stories , history , and tales of the werewolf begin in Europe hundreds of years ago . What you will find below is a compiled ongoing lists of the discussions and information we have all about the werewolf and the topic of “ the curse . ” The list includes both the positive sides and the negative sides of what we believe to be important topics for anyone and all who believe in or believe to be a werewolf . Becoming A Werewolf Lycanthropy : a clinical mental disorder where people believe that they are a wolf ( or some other animal ) , and that they actually turn into a wolf . This is an article of the particular disorder . Fighting a transformation : Should you restrain your natural instinct to shift ? Control the werewolf : You can create your own control over the imminent shift . When a werewolf transforms is it painful ? : Pain is one of the biggest concerns when shifting . The Human Owns Werewolf : The human is just as evil as the werewolf . Can werewolves see behind themselves ? : Like an Owl … can a werewolf see the enemy coming up from behind ? Werewolves are numb : lycanthropic , numb . Werewolves and fire : If you are a werewolf should you be afraid of fire ? Werewolves and the cross : What kind of power does a werewolf have against The religious Cross ? Nocturnal : “ Am I a werewolf ? ” Being nocturnal might be a sign that you are a werewolf . Mercy : Believe in mercy . Peter Stubbe ’ s magic belt : Magic belt for transforming Peter Stubbe ’ s trial : First documented case of werewolf conviction . The belt method : Transformation using a belt Killing a werewolf : How to kill a werewolf Werewolves love being werewolves 2 : Try to understand why a wolf loves being a wolf . Howling at the moon : Why do wolves howl at the moon ? Holy Water : Does holy water slow down a werewolf ? Werewolf and water : Cats do n ’ t really like the water , werewolves might though . 3 steps for self control : 3 steps of self control for werewolves Werewolf Maxims : A few basics rules , guidelines , or principles that werewolves should follow . If you run with werewolves you need these rules . Lost Packs : Humans and the werewolf have to make decisions about being in packs or being alone . What are the benefits of finding a pack ? What are the drawbacks ? What is it like to be a lone wolf ? Werewolves Online : The werewolf has a major online presence which most of the time goes unnoticed . The internet is often an integral part of being a modern werewolf if you know how to carefully manage your image . Crying wolf : The popular catch phrase pinned to the wolf image . Does the werewolf ever cry wolf ? How does the werewolf deal with himself if he / she ca n ’ t accomplish a task single handedly . How to change : There is the physical metamorphosis of the Lycan , then there is the mental and social changes that the cursed has to make . Transformation manipulation : The clarity of your mind while shifting . Werewolves and Christmas : Werewolves and their presence and representation during Christmas . Werewolf population : The topic of the werewolf and their population size and the soon to come apocalypse … ok , not so much the apocalypse part … The werewolf image : Ohh yes , the werewolf has an image to keep too … silly human this is not werewolf image art . Eyes of a werewolf : How to tell if your friend is a werewolf ? Recognition of the lycan through the eyes . Werewolves against vampires : Who thinks that all the werewolves are against vampires ? Lets talk … Werewolves music : The werewolf is cultured too ! How does music affect the werewolf ? Also discussed is what type of music is best for the werewolf . Pretending to fit in : Humans often struggle with trying to fit into the right type of crowd , this is a struggle that werewolves share . Werewolf Journal : Simply put . All werewolves should write about their lives , record it , you are unique . Werewolf Snarl : Rawr ! ahem … werewolves snarl … Werewolf elders : Yes . You can find a werewolf elder , someone who can teach you the possibilities of of your life and what you have in store and that will make you part of a family or pack . Werewolf cannibalism : How dare you say that the werewolf is a cannibal ! Let ’ s clear the air about this werewolf fictive story . Werewolves temperament : Some people say that the werewolf has a bad temper , some even make movies about it . Naturally born werewolves : Sometimes a werewolf can become a werewolf in the most pure manner . Werewolf relax on Halloween : The one day out of the year when werewolves can rest easy . Scary werewolf image : Beauty is in the eye of the beholder … look past what they have told you about the werewolf . Werewolf as a werewolf is taboo : People dress up as werewolves for Halloween , if a werewolf did it … umm … . Calming the werewolf : Once the transformation happens you do have options on how to calm the werewolf ’ s inner emotions . Identify werewolf prints and tracks : This may come in handy someday , an identification guide of tracks of the wolf . When werewolves die : The process of what happens when a “ cursed ” person dies . How to kill a werewolf : Ok , so we do n ’ t want to harm any werewolf , but history has a some long established methods on how to kill a werewolf . Where a werewolf transformation begins : Discussion on the physical process that occurs during the transformation of a werewolf . Your input is needed ! go go go … comment ! Being Misunderstood : The werewolf can be easily misunderstood by all others , but how do you know when you are being misunderstood ? Here is some help on what it takes for werewolves to get past common misunderstanding in life . Werewolves are evil , soul unknown : Discussion and rationalization on why werewolves can be evil and if they really are . Werewolves have a soul ? : This is a very debated upon werewolf topic , Does the werewolf have a soul ? Werewolves and hundreds of people : The world changes so fast , we must adapt . Seeing is believing : To see is to believe . Where the werewolf transformation begins : The transformation of a wolf has to begin at a certain point of the body . Evil possession cause the werewolves to transform ? : The topic of if the werewolf is possessed or infected . Werewolf transformation : Further discussion on the manner in which the werewolf transform , by infection or possession . Werewolf transformation continues : The debate of the metamorphosis of the wolf continues . Join the discussion . Werewolf is an animal not a monster : What do you think ? Is a werewolf an animal or a monster ? Let ’ s define monster first . Werewolf trick : Monster ? Animal ? Soul ? No soul ? This is getting deeeep . Are werewolves loners or come in packs and colonies ? : Into what form exactly do werewolves transform into ? Are they human - wolf hybrids ? Are werewolves real ? : Simple enough question . Some think the werewolf is real , some think that the wolf is not real , maybe we can find proof of a real werewolf . Werewolves are alpha males : All werewolves can not be alpha males or else there is no order , thats not what this article says about the wolf . Where do werewolves live ? : I wonder if the werewolf lives in the wild , in a cave , in a den , in a house , or in a mansion . Where does the wolf live ? Why do werewolves eat live victims ? : I guess this depends on your train of thought about werewolves . If you are speaking about traditional folklore werewolves then they possibly eat live victims . Werewolf fact or fiction : werewolf senses : Humans see in with color vision , it is debated upon if many other animals see in color or black and white . Does the werewolf have color vision ? Is this a special power that only the werewolf has and not the wolf ? Werewolf myth : Transformation upon meditation : This is another big topic of abilities debated upon by the werewolf community . Most modern werewolf packs believe that it is possible to transform or shift into a werewolf with proper meditation training . How to love a werewolf : This is the question of evil , love , and family . Can the werewolf somehow love another , and can the wolf fall in love . Can you love evil ? This about werewolves in love . Does a werewolf remember ? : You know in a werewolf movie when the lycan wakes up the morning after his metamorphosis the werewolf seems to forget the night before . Is this accurate ? Does the werewolf forget everything about his night as a wolf ? Werewolf sightings : To find werewolves might be hard to do for alot of humans , but all werewolves have places they go or have been heard to go … you just have to find those places to find the wolf . How werewolves move : Shapeshifters are know for their animal like characteristics and traits , how do the lycans move though , physically speaking . Wolf Moon : Originally spread through Native American folklore , the Wolf Moon . werewolf romance : Read about werewolf love , werewolf romance , and how it can be achieved between humans and werewolves . If a werewolf is chasing you : So , if you are being chased by a Lycanthrope what are you options ? Do you even know your survival strategy ? Cures for werewolves : Many cursed ones seek cures for their affliction , others are humans trying to discover the secrets of the myth . If you follow beware : We can be cursed or cured together . Am I a werewolf ? : Are werewolves real ? And if they are how do you know if you are a werewolf ? Werewolves roam at night : The Lycanthrope does have the ability to transform during the day light , contrary to what the movies tell you . Does a werewolf how attract wolves : The howl of the wolf is a tool for communication to attract others . Who are the ones being communicated to ? Can a werewolf climb a tree ? Cats can climb trees , but do werewolves have the ability or power to climb trees ? The trick of the werewolf : The lycan and the secret that may be kept away from the human . Trust : It is hard to know if you can trust anybody with your deepest secrets . My friend is your friend : Deceit just might be your biggest enemy in life . Evil werewolves love humans : The debate if the werewolf is evil or not still lingers , but not matter what happens , most lycanthropes love humans . Werewolves and vampires as friends : The history of how territory plays a role in the vampire werewolf dispute . The werewolf vs the dog : Movies stereotype the werewolf in every film . Are dogs really afraid of transformed werewolves ? Busy werewolves : So much to do in a lycanthrope ’ s world . learning : How werewolves learn from the world around them . Werewolf vs Vampire : The pros and cons of both sides . Basics on being a werewolf : What does it mean to be a wolf and how should you handle it ? What do werewolves do ? : Humans do not understand that werewolves are humans too and that they in search of a deeper meaning to this world . Werewolf wolf sayings proverb : Some interesting quotes and sayings that are wolf related might help some werewolves out if needing inspiration . Do all werewolves howl ? : The answer to if all werewolves howl or not . Werewolf mind wanders : The mind of the werewolf has a tendency to stray away from the normal thought process , try to stay focused … Lunar Behavior : Real effects the full moon , and the moon cycle has on people . Should you believe in werewolves ? : Answer this question . Werewolf bite : What should you do if you get bit by a werewolf ? Some steps to take . What to call a real werewolf : What term do werewolves prefer to go by and why do some wolves prefer one name over another . What to do during a full moon : These are n ’ t dinner plans … these are some suggestions in case you have trouble with your self control . Full Moon | [
"“ The Werewolf Curse ”"
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http://ilpsystems.com/ | Sports Lighting Island Lighting and Power Systems strives to be New Englands single source for design installation and maintenance of sports lighting at venues of all sizes Renewable Energy ILP focuses on utility grade renewable energy projects Whether solar or wind ILP has the expertise and equipment to selfperform the toughest installs High Voltage With over 30 years of experience Island Lighting and Power Systems is a trusted partner that works on Underground Overhead Emergency Repair Parking Lot Lighting Parking lot lighting design and maintenance the founding practice of the company in 1992 demonstrates Island Lighting and Power Systems commitment to the industry | [
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http://imagecollect.com/celebrities/francesca-capaldi-pictures-86457 | Francesca Capaldi ( 288 pictures ) Celebrity Pictures Celebrity Listing Francesca Capaldi Photos With over 7.4 million images and real time event coverage from coast to coast , ImageCollect is the only celebrity photo site you ' ll ever need . Sort by View 21 May 2017 - Westwood , California - Francesca Capaldi . Premiere of Dreamwork . . . + Favorites Download 21 May 2017 - Westwood , California - Francesca Capaldi . Premiere of Dreamwork . . . + Favorites Download Francesca Capaldi at the " Captain Underpants " Los Angeles Premiere , Village T . . . Francesca Capaldi at the " Captain Underpants " Los Angeles Premiere , Village T . . . LOS ANGELES - MAY 21 : Francesca Capaldi at the " Captain Underpants " Los Ange . . . LOS ANGELES - MAY 21 : Francesca Capaldi at the " Captain Underpants " Los Ange . . . Francesca Capaldi 10 / 23 / 2016 Premiere of " Trolls " held at the Regency Villag . . . LOS ANGELES - OCT 23 : Francesca Capaldi at the Trolls Premiere at Village Th . . . LOS ANGELES - OCT 23 : Francesca Capaldi at the Trolls Premiere at Village Th . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next . . . Last Similar Celebrities F . Gary Gray F . Lee Bailey F . Murray Abraham F.A.T.E . | [
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http://imaginegnats.com/lets-sew-knits-measure-stretch-percentage/ | let ’ s sew with knits : how to measure stretch percentage By Rachael Gander on February 23 , 2015 16 in this episode of let ’ s sew with knits , we ’ ll learn all about stretch , including how to measure stretch percentage ( and why it ’ s important ) . many sewing patterns designed to be used with knit fabrics have negative ease , which means that the finished garment will actually be smaller than your body measurements . these patterns will tell you how much stretch the fabric should have , and it is important to follow these guidelines because your fabric will need to stretch the proper amount in order for your garment to fit ! 2 - way stretch means that the fabric has stretch across the grain ( selvage to selvage ) . 4 - way stretch means that the fabric stretches both with and across the grain , though the greatest stretch is typically across the grain . in either case , we will measure the across the grain stretch to determine stretch % . click here to download the all about stretch printable guide , including stretch percentage ruler . note : print at 100 % ( “ actual size ” or “ with no scaling ” ) for accurate measurements . how to measure stretch percentage 1 . fold the knit along the grainline ( grainline is parallel to selvage ) . 2 . place fold on left side of ruler below , and hold firmly . 3 . grasp fabric through both layers 4 ” from fold . 4 . stretch fabric by pulling to the right . 5 . note the distance your fabric has stretched along ruler to determine stretch percentage . figure out stretch percentage with math prefer a pretty equation , or looking for another percentage ? first , figure out your X and Y , then just plug in to determine your percentage . X = the original width Y = the width after stretching – X ( Y / X ) * 100 = stretch percentage a note about stretch recovery when you release the stretched end of your fabric , you will be able to see how good the stretch recovery is . fabric with excellent stretch recovery will go back to the 4 ” mark . fabric with no stretch recovery will not “ bounce back ” at all . typically , a fabric with higher spandex content will have a better stretch recovery . more about sewing with knits you can read about six basic types of knit fabric here and find some fabulous knit fabrics to test here in the imagine gnats shop coming next week … tips for cutting and sewing knit fabrics . happy stitching ! xo , rachael About Latest Posts Rachael Gander owner of the imagine gnats shop . also a mom , wife , lover of plants , compulsive creator , and fabric enthusiast . you ' ll find me dabbling in garment sewing , pattern design , hand - printed fabric , modern quilting , and anything crafty that tickles my fancy . subscribe to the imagine gnats newsletter keep up to date with what we ' re making , shop sales , new fabrics , notions , patterns , and more ! fabric garment lets sew with knits sewing sewing technique sewing with knits stretch tutorial shop news : new knit fabrics ! tutorial : drawstring bag with zipper pouch 16 Responses to let ’ s sew with knits : how to measure stretch percentage Michelle February 23 , 2015 at 11 : 22 am Thank you for this Rachel ! I ’ ve often wondered about the “ proper ” way to determine this . i.e. do you take a 4 ″ strip / swatch , , , , from the selvage edge , etc . The printable is awesome too ! I ’ ve already put a copy on my knit stash ! Thanks again . Reply February 23 , 2015 at 2 : 31 pm awesome ! thank you : ) Reply Jane Holbrook February 23 , 2015 at 11 : 23 am Thank you sew much , this is very basic yet super helpful to those of us who have mainly been sewing with quilting cotton . I am going shopping in your fabric store right now ! February 23 , 2015 at 2 : 31 pm glad to hear that ! ! here ’ s to more sewing with knits : ) Jesy February 24 , 2015 at 6 : 07 pm This is great ! Do you mind if we print these and pass them out in our basics classes ? : ) February 24 , 2015 at 6 : 54 pm no , that would be great ! ! ! thanks : ) Dianne May 13 , 2016 at 10 : 54 pm Hi Rachael thanks for the good stretch information . Am trying to make a dress using a pullover shirt as a pattern from stretch fabric and wonder how much smaller to cut it than normal . Do you have a guideline that might be helpful ? For instance if my hips are 35 ″ and the stretch is close to 50 % , and I would like a close but not tight fit , would you say cut it at 30 ″ wide there or right at 35 ″ ? Any helpful suggestions are greatly appreciated . Dianne Rg July 18 , 2016 at 6 : 59 pm This information is great but I ’ m not exactly sure what to do with it … I ’ ve scoured your website looking for a followup post or something but ca n ’ t seem to find one . My fabric is 75 % stretch and I ’ m making a yoga waistband for some flowy capris . Does 75 % stretch mean I make the waistband 75 % smaller than measured , or 50 % , or … ? It would be unfortunate to make a [ nother ] garment that slides right off after a few minutes of wear : ( July 21 , 2016 at 10 : 52 am well , the amount of stretch just refers to how much further you can pull the fabric from its original width . to figure out a yoga waistband , I want to say the stand is about 80 % but it really can depend on the fabric , the recovery , and your personal comfort level . I usually hold the fabric around myself and see what ’ s comfortable to test it out . and then usually make it a wee bit smaller than I thought , because I tend to make things too loose . but your experience Karen Agee August 1 , 2016 at 12 : 53 pm I purchased some fabric from Joann and the stretch is lengthwise ( not crosswise ) . It is called neo biking red bengaline . There is absolutely no give to the crosswise grain . I have never encountered this before . Afraid to cut a garment because believe it will not hang attractively . Hoping for an answer from you . August 1 , 2016 at 2 : 55 pm that is strange . I ’ ve encountered something similar before and really I ’ m not sure why the stretch goes the other way from the norm , though I ’ m sure there must be some reason ! I would say that if you ’ re making something which requires stretch , I would just sew with it sideways . of course , the size of your pattern pieces determine whether or not that ’ s possible , but that would be my first guess : ) Karen Agee August 2 , 2016 at 11 : 45 pm My thoughts exactly . Will take it back to Joann just to see what they say . Will let you know how it turns out . Thanks for your prompt repky . Very strange indeed ! ! Karen Agee Ana Bechard August 21 , 2016 at 7 : 07 pm I was wondering , if a fabric says it has 35 % stretch in width and 35 % stretch in length , does that mean it has 70 % stretch total ? August 24 , 2016 at 9 : 41 am I suspect they are referring to stretch across the grain and stretch with the grain , so it should stretch 35 % in either direction , but not 70 % . sabrina s October 16 , 2017 at 12 : 17 pm Hi im new to the whole sewing business . but I absolutely love it and have so much fun with it , for some reason I always get the measurements wrong and the clothes will end up not fitting at all . I ’ ve bought a silky stretch jersey material which is 10 % elastane , and stretches with the 10 % . I figured that much out . lol but when I measure myself and use my measurements , fx if im 39 ″ bust , 30 ″ waist and 39 ′ ” hips . how shall I cut the fabric right ? when I draw it up and cut it out in those measurements it gets too big from all the stretch in the fabric . I tried to take a around 2 inches of the measurements for thinking this might make it fit better and not so lose but that did n ’ t really fit either . im very confused . please help a beginner Lynn July 22 , 2018 at 6 : 49 pm Well this is pretty much the best thing since sliced bread ! ! ! THANK YOU ! xoxo This site uses Akismet to reduce spam . Learn how your comment data is processed | [
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http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/basics/19/02.htm | DSLR Camera Basics Lens Focal Length and Picture Angle Perspective Maximum Aperture ( Minimum f - number ) Minimum Focus Distance Depth of Field Maximum Aperture ( Minimum f - number ) The maximum diameter of the lens opening is referred to as its maximum aperture or minimum f - number . The minimum f - number is the smallest f - number that can be selected with the lens . The maximum aperture varies from lens to lens and is included in the lens model name . AF - S NIKKOR 50 mm f / 1.4G AF - S NIKKOR 24 - 70mm F2 . 8G ED AF - S DX NIKKOR 18 - 55mm F3 . 5 - 5.6G VR Examples Lens name Maximum aperture Lettering on lens AF - S NIKKOR 50mm F1 . 4G F1 . 4 1 : 1.4 AF - S NIKKOR 24 - 70mm F2 . 8G ED Fixed at f / 2.8 regardless of focal length selected with lens 1 : 2.8 AF - S DX NIKKOR 18 - 55mm F3 . 5 - 5.6G VR Varies with lens focal length , progressing from f / 3.5 to f / 5.6 as lens is zoomed in from 18 mm to 55 mm 1 : 3.5 - 5.6 Lens with small maximum aperture Lens with wide maximum aperture The maximum aperture indicates the brightness of the image that the lens creates on the image sensor : lenses with wider maximum apertures ( lower minimum f - numbers ) create a brighter image on the image sensor than lenses with small maximum apertures ( higher minimum f - numbers ) . Lenses with wide maximum apertures are referred to as “ fast ” lenses because they create a brighter image on the image sensor , allowing faster shutter speeds . In some cases , a lens with a wide maximum aperture can be used for blur - free photography Maximum aperture and depth of field Lens with small maximum aperture Click image to enlarge . Lens with wide maximum aperture Click image to enlarge . The same subject photographed with two lenses with the same focal length . Both photographs were taken at maximum aperture , the one on the left with a lens with a small maximum aperture and the one on the right with a lens with a wide maximum aperture , showing the softening effects of reduced depth of field . DSLR Cameras DSLR Camera Basics DSLR Camera Construction Exposure ISO Sensitivity Autofocus White Balance Metering Lens Flash Movies Image Quality and Size Digital Camera Glossary | [
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http://imamhusain14.blogspot.com/2011/12/who-was-muawiya-bin-abu-sufyan.html | Saturday , December 3 , 2011 Who was Muawiya bin Abu Sufyan The story of Ashura and the great sacrifice made by Imam Hussain ( a.s. ) to save the religion of Islam was a classic tale of good versus evil . Imam Hussain ( a.s ) lost the battle but definitely won the war . The evil in these events was personified by Yazid ibn Muawiya ( may Allah curse him ) , a man who was simply a despicable human , let alone a so - called Muslim . His reign as " caliph " was short but painful . In his first year of rule he commanded his forces to kill the grandson of the Holy Prophet , along with his family and friends and in the second year he attacked the Holy Kaa ' ba and set fire to it . He was a power - hungry , selfish and arrogant man but tracing through history , he was not the real brains behind the attempt to destroy Islam , the real brains was his father - Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan . Of the trio of the Sunnis lay a lot of credit on Muawiya ' s door . They have a lot invested in him . They do n ' t really take note of Abu Sufyan and condemn the actions of Yazid , on the whole ( apart from fools like Dr . Zakir Naik ) . Muawiya on the other hand is treated with a lot of respect . They call him Hazrat Muawiya - rasiallahu - anhu ( may Allah be pleased with him ) amongst other respectful titles . He has been bizarrely sanctified by the Ahle Sunnah over the centuries , During Muharrum I heard an excellent lecture about Muawiya . From my notes and further research on the man , I want to explore who Muawiya was , we need to be aware of who he was and what he represented . The lecturer carefully explored his real record , the truth about his life and deeds and ambitions . We have to know who these people are in order to represent our faith in a better light and even enlighten our brethren in the Ahle Sunnah about the truth behind Muawiya . The Ahle Sunnah like to give him three main claims to fame . Firstly , he was a great companion of the Holy Prophet . Looking at history , he was in the Holy Prophet ' s midst only for the last 2 years of the Prophet ' s life . Any hadith claiming words of praise about Muawiya from the Holy Prophet have been fabricated by Muawiya himself . He was a great propaganda machine and spent much of his time in power creating new hadiths about himself and Bani Ummaya . He also created other hadiths trying to The reality is that he was not a great companion of the Holy Prophet , and the Prophet enunciated not one word of praise or merit about Muawiya . Many Sunni scholars have come to this conclusion in their research , including Ibn Hajar al - Asqalani , Jalaluddin Al - Suyuti and Abdul - Haqq Dehlavi who all attest to there being no hadiths in praise of Muawiya in their books . The Ahle - Sunnah also believe Muawiya to have been a legitimate ruler , caliph of the Muslims . He obtained the Caliphate by ousting the 2nd Holy Imam , Imam Hasan ( a.s. ) through bribery and blackmail of Imam Hasan ' s supporters . He negotiated a peace treaty with Imam Hasan ( a.s. ) and then systematically broke every single article of the treaty . He broke the central condition of the treaty - regarding succession to his rule , by appointing his cursed son Yazid as Caliph . He is , in effect , Islam ' s first tyrant . He was the man who created structures of kinship and autocracy . He dug the roots of tyranny , terror and totalitarianism that defaces Islam today . Famous Sunni scholar , Abul Ala Maududi , in his 1973 book " Caliphate and Kingship " , outlines in detail the numerous ways in which Muawiya enriched himself at the expense of the people , how corrupt he was , how many companions and innocent Muslims he killed and how he amassed both power and wealth . He turned the If he is a true Caliph and deserved the title , why is he not one of the Khulafa - e - Rashideen - the four rightly guided Caliphs ? Why does it end with Imam Ali ( a.s. ) , why was n ' t Muawiya added to this list ? They know the truth , but can not bring themselves to admit as much . The irony is that how could he be a great Caliph when some of his own companions refused to pray behind him ? A companion of Abu Huraira , no friend of the In fact , Muawiya himself made it obvious that he was only interested in power and material gain . He did n ' t even pretend to have any inclination towards the spiritual , the moral and the Islamic aspects of caliphate and leadership of the Muslim community . Sunni scholar Sibt ibn al - Jawzi writes in his book , Mir ’ at al - Zaman that Muawiya openly claims " I did not fight you to pray , fast and pay charity , but rather to be your leader and to control you ! " From the horses His last claim to ' fame ' , say the Ahle - Sunnah , was that he was a writer of the Holy Quran when it was first revealed - ' Writer of the Revelation . " Before analysing this claim further , in and of itself it ' s not that big a deal to be the Writer - one of the writers became an apostate in later life , as claimed by Sunni scholer Ibn Hajar al - Asqalani who writes in his book " Fath al - Bari " : " The first man from the Quraysh Was Muawiya a Writer of the Revelation ? As I mentioned earlier , he converted to Islam in 630 AD , just 2 years before the death of the Holy Prophet . How could he be the writer , when most of the Quran had already been revealed and transcribed by the companions of the Prophet ? Sunni scholar Allama Zahabi in his book " Tareekh ul Islam " states that " Muawiya was the writer of the Prophet ' s correspondence , his letters between the Prophet and the Arabs . " I guess " Writer of Letters " So Muawiya was not the man who wrote down the Quran . He was however the man who made his army place 500 copies of the Quran on spears and lances during the Battle of Siffin when he was losing and yet he is still praised by Sunnis today . When Newsweek claimed in 2005 that soldiers had desecrated copies of the Quran in Guantanamo Bay these same Sunnis were up in arms across the globe and yet they ignore the mistreatment of the Quran by Muawiya centuries ago . He ' s not the writer of the Quran , Having briefly discussed some of the reasons why Sunnis try to claim Muawiya as a good man , the lecturer went to discuss who Muawiya really was , the type of man he was . What ' s in a name ? Rather appropriately perhaps , the meaning of Muawiya is a female barking dog , a b * tch . His parents named him , literally , a b * tch ! Setting the path for many Muslim leaders today , he was the first ruler to publicly drink alcohol . Sunni scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal writes in his However , his greatest claims to infamy are the harsh treatment and even the killings of several companions of the Holy Prophet & Imam Ali ( a.s. ) for which he was responsible . Abu Dharr al - Ghifari was a great companion of the Holy Prophet , who stated that " The earth has not borne nor has the sky covered , a man more truthful than Abu Dharr " - as narrated by Sunni scholar Allama Muhammed ibn Saad in his book Tabqat Ibn - e - Saad . He goes on to narrate how Abu Dharr constantly Muawiya was responsible for the death of the great companion of the Holy Prophet , Ammar ibn Yasir . There are many Sunni narrations praising the status of Ammar ibn Yasir . According to the Sunni book Sunan ibn Majah ( one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections ) , the Holy Prophet said " Ammar is filled with faith , with imaan , from the crown of his head , to the soles of his feet . " He was the son of Yasir and Sumaya , who were amongst the first people that were martyred in the When it came to his death , it was prophesied by the Holy Prophet and is mentioned in both Sahih al - Bukhari and Sahih Muslim ( the 2 most important Sunni books of hadith ) . Sahih Bukhari narrates : " Ibn ' Abbas said to me and to his son ' Ali , " Go to Abu Sa ' id and listen to what he narrates . " So we went and found him in a garden looking after it . He picked up his Rida ' , wore it and sat down and started narrating till the Who were these rebels that would kill Ammar ibn Yasir ? History is clear when it records the death of Ammar in the Battle of Siffin . He fought in the ranks of Imam Ali ( a.s. ) and was killed by the army of Muawiya . The famous English translator of Sahih Muslim , Abd - al - Hamid Siddiqui goes on to add a footnote to the above hadith about Ammar : " This narration is clearly indicative of the fact that in the conflict between Hadrat Ali and his opponents , Hadrat Ali was on the right Muawiya then went on to have Ammar ibn - Yasir beheaded and mutilated . It was Muawiya who first introduced such immoral and un - Islamic practices that his cursed son Yazid would then continue at Karbala and that so many Muslim terrorists continue around the world today - with their beheadings of hostages and mutilations of the bodies of their enemies . Muawiya was also responsible for the deaths of other Muslims such as Hujr ibn Adi . Abul Ala Maududi writes in " Caliphate and Kingship " that Muawiya had Hujr ibn Adi buried alive for refusing to curse Imam Ali ( a.s. ) . He also killed Muhammed ibn Abu Bakr - son of the first caliph and foster son of Imam Ali ( a.s. ) , and then wrapped him in the carcass of a dead donkey and burned it to ashes . It was following this incident as narrated by Allama ibn Athir , in his book Tarikh His greatest crime was killing the grandson of the Holy Prophet - Imam Hasan ( a.s. ) . Muawiya paid Imam Hasan ' s wife , Jada 100,000 dirhams and his son , Yazid ' s hand in marriage if she would kill her husband . She poisoned his water , causing him to suffer for 40 days before dying . This has been reported in many major Sunni hadith books , including works by Abul Fida , Abdul Rahmān bin Abd Rabbāh , Ibne Shahnah and Ibne Abdul Birr . Muawiya went on to pay Jida the money , Muawiya is arguably the greatest contributor to the Sunni - Shia split that exists today . His hatred of Imam Ali ( a.s. ) and the Ahlul Bayt continues to this day from his followers , from those Sunnis who ignorantly respect him . The Sunnis who try to build up Muawiya are living in denial . Muawiya was a corrupt , greedy and un - Islamic leader and should be treated as such . The lecturer covered a lot detail and discussed the truth behind Muawiya and some of his hideous actions . I hope I ' ve been Posted by abdullah at 2 : 03 AM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Newer Post Older Post Home | [
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http://imarketingbiz.net/how-do-hummingbird-feeders-work/ | Home Bird Feeder How Do Hummingbird Feeders Work Pin It How Do Hummingbird Feeders Work Everyone loves to watch Hummingbirds as they dart among the bright flowers in our gardens . Besides nectar from flowers hummingbirds enjoy eating insects and drinking nectar syrup from Humming bird feeders . With over 18 different species of Hummingbirds in America itself , there is always the chance that you � ll see 2 or more types flitting in the flowers . As Hummingbirds eat more than half their body weight daily having humming bird feeders placed at different spots in your garden can help them in their constant quest for food . There are varieties of Humming bird feeders that you can display in your garden . You can have functional feeders which are only for the purpose of feeding Hummingbirds or you can create a stunning landscape with decorative Humming bird feeders placed in various designs , the choice is yours . A Humming bird feeder from HummZinger can be hung near plants and flowering trees or shrubs that Hummingbirds are generally attracted to . This feeder has yellow flower shaped feeding ports with all around circular perches to let lots of hummingbirds sit and drink nectar from the feeder . It � s made from UV stable polycarbonate , which is considered to be the most durable plastic that is available . The HummZinger Humming bird feeders are also dishwasher safe making it easier to clean them . Perky Pet Humming bird feeders offer endless designs for you to choose from . Some models come in the shape of strawberries or apples . Their body shape is bright red , which helps to attract the birds � attention as Hummingbirds love the color red . The green base is drip resistant and it has 3 feeding ports that are in the shape of white flowers . While this feeder doesn � t have any perches for the birds it � s shatterproof and holds about 48oz . of nectar . Hummingbirds love to drink nectar from the Trumpetvine flower and there are feeders made of glass that are in this shape . The design style is that of a non - turning Ferris Wheel . Each of these Trumpetvine feeding stations have their own perches which are next to the metal baskets that the individual flowers are set in . There is a Humming bird feeder that is based on an early 1900s perfume bottle . The feeder is made of clear hand blown glass . Each of the feeding stations are in a hexagonal bottle shape . The feeding ports are red flowers to entice the Hummingbirds . Each � perfume � bottle in these Humming bird feeders holds about � a cup of nectar . You then have the Hummingbird Oasis feeder varieties from Perky Pet . These Humming bird feeders have a built - in ant moat that is between the feeding ports and the rod . With 6 feeding stations each has an individual perch and yellow flower feeding port . Generally the body of most Humming bird feeders is red . This is an invitation to dine in your garden to any hummingbird passing by and attaching more red in various methods will also bring the little birds in droves , bringing a profusion of color to your garden . | [
"Hummingbird Feeders"
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http://imbibemagazine.com/Homemade-Tonic-Water-Recipe/ | Events + Promotions Newsletter Sign - Up Subscribe Recipes Cocktails + Spirits Wine + Beer Alcohol - Free Issue Shop By Imbibe Mixers + Garnishes January 27 , 2010 Homemade Tonic Water The modern Gin and Tonic is a far cry from the potion our English ancestors drank a few hundred years ago . As the story goes , malaria - stricken British colonials in India found it necessary to flavor the quinine they were forced to ingest . The preferred method was to add gin and lime . As awful as that rough concoction must have been , they soon developed a taste for it , and the drink became a national standard . Eventually , the medicinal quinine was tempered by soda water and sugar and patented in England in herbspro . com . This tonic has a more pronounced flavor than many store - bought tonics , so try pairing it with a gin that has some weight . Kevin Ludwig , Portland , Oregon Ingredients 4 cups of water 3 cups pure cane sugar 3 Tbsp . quinine ( powdered cinchona bark ) 6 Tbsp . powdered citric acid 3 limes 3 stalks lemongrass , roughly chopped Step 1 In a medium saucepan , bring the sugar and 4 cups of water to a boil until the sugar dissolves , then turn the heat down to low . Step 2 Add the quinine , citric acid , lemongrass , and the zest and juice of the limes . Stir well and simmer for about 25 minutes , until the powders are dissolved and the syrup is thin and runny . Step 3 Remove from heat and let cool . Strain out the large chunks through a colander , then filter through cheesecloth or coffee filters to refine . This step can take a while — and many filters — so be patient . Step 4 Funnel the syrup into sterilized glass bottles , cover tightly and store in the refrigerator for up to 3 weeks . Shop Get a Subscription Give a Gift Renew Back Issues Books and Merchandise Customer Service Where to Buy Contact General : info @ imbibemagazine . com Call us toll - free 1 - 877 - 246 - 2423 or 503 - 595 - 0144 Advertising Inquiries Subscription Questions Editorial Inquiries Website Inquiries Negroni Week Inquiries © 2005 - 2019 , Imbibe Media Inc . Back to top | [
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http://imcu.com/FAQ.aspx | Accounts Lending Planning Services Connect LOGIN FAQ Looking for answers ? View common questions and answers below : Online Banking FAQs Our Online Banking suite offers a variety of banking options , view related FAQ here . Debit & Credit FAQs General FAQs Lending & Product FAQ s If you did n ' t find the answer to your questions in the FAQs above , visit our Contact Us page and connect with us by phone , email or in a branch . Invest In Your Future With Financial Management Services Financial Management Build Your Credit & Earn Rewards At The Same Time Credit Cards Indiana Members Foundation About Us | [
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http://imdbabes.com/models/vicki-li/ | Vicki Li – Asian beauty explosion Posted by IMDBabes | On 4 August , 2014 | In Models Behold , for today we bring you one of the cutest and finest Asian girls we ' ve ever seen ! The name is Vicki Li Vicki ' s birthday is on August 1st , and she recently became 21 years old . This incredible Asian girl works as a freelance model , as you may imagine . Vicki was born on Houston , Texas , and still lives there to the present day . This young goddess is 5 ' 4 " tall ( around 1 , 63m ) and 105 lbs ( 48kg ) . Vicki Li measurements are very close to perfection : 32 " - 26 " - 24 " . Her Asian heritage gave her an exotic and amazing look , Vicki Li has only done small modelling gigs so far , although we think she is cover material on magazines like FHM and Maxim . Hopefully she will get there . Fortunately for us , she loves to takes pictures of herself and post them online on her social media profiles . This angelic looking beauty currently has over 210k followers on her Instagram profile , alongside 4.8k on her Twitter . Her Facebook page is getting close to 10k likes . Because of her cute face and fantastic figure , Vicki Li has pictures all over the web , She considers herself " a very dedicated worker , also good at taking advices and improving myself " , according to her Model Mayhem profile , an online modelling portfolio website . Vicki models in several genres , like fashion , fitness , glamour , among others . If you like Asian beauties , you should also check out Linda Le , the cosplayer known as Vampy Bit me . Sign up to our email list and be notified when we post new babes ! Or you can follow our Facebook page . Vicki Li pics | [
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http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall07/Bhimani/thezodiac/firesigns.html | Fire signs What is a fire sign ? Aries , Sagittarius and Leo are the fire signs of the zodiac . Fire signs are exactly what they sound like - - fiery and ferocious . These signs exhibit some of the same characteristics because they each have some sort of dominant and larger - than - life attitude . What are fire signs like ? Fire signs are known for being assertive and courageous . They are also very independent but also have a streak of being hard headed . They each have an enormous passion for life and enjoy what life has to offer . They are always up for a challenge and ca n ' t resist life ' s temptations . Those who fall into the category of fire signs also have big hearts . They love being in love and dedicate themselves to the people that they do love . They work hard at the meaningful relationships in their lives and are often idealistic . They can be extremely religious as well . The dark side of fire signs The dark side of being a fire sign is that the fire can sometimes get out of control . Fire signs , although good leaders , can sometimes become bossy . Their ego can get in the way and make people around them feel offended . Back | [
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http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall99/Coffey/MEO.HTM | LEO MEO GEO Height ( miles ) 500 to 1500 6250 to 1300 22,282 Latency ( round trip ) 20 to 40 msecs 50 to 150 msecs O . 24 sec Medium Earth Orbit Medium Earth Orbit satellites move around the earth at a height of 5,000 to 10,000 miles . Their signal takes from 50 to 150 milliseconds to make the round trip . MEO satellites cover more earth area than LEOs but have a higher latency . MEOS are often used in conjunction with GEO satellite systems . Telstar , one of the first and most famous experimental satellites , obited in MEO . | [
"Medium Earth Orbit satellites"
] |
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall09/harris_m/anatomy.html | Zombie Facts Know Your Enemy What is a Zombie ? Zombies at Night . Photo courtesy of Flickr ZOM - BIE : n . also ZOM - BIES pl . 1 . An animated corpse that feeds on living human flesh . 2 . A voodoo spell that raises the dead . 3 . A Voodoo snake god . 4 . One who moves or acts in a daze " like a zombie . " [ a word of West African origin ] ( Definition from The Zombie Survival Guide by Max Brooks ) Zombie Types : From Theatrical to Realistic There are many types of zombies depticted in stories and movies throughout history , so how will we know which type to expect come the outbreak ? Although it is best to be prepared for all types , most experts believe that viral zombies will be the ones to walk the earth , and therefore Max Brooks ' Zombie Survival Guide is the best guideline to follow for these zombies . Most of the information on this Web site will be relevant to th viral zombies described in Max Brooks ' book , but here is a list of other types of zombies suggested by the Zombie Survival and Defense Wiki Viral / Parasitic Zombies Radiation Zombies Experiment - Gone - Wrong Zombies Voodoo Zombies " Rise from the Dead " Zombies " For more detailed information about the plausibility and attributes of these other types of zombies , check out the Zombie Survival and Defense Wiki The Virus and its Transference According to Brooks , humans turn into zombies from the Solanum virus , which travels " through the bloodstream , from the initial point of entry to the brain " ( p . 2 ) . The virus ceases all bodily functions and mutates the brain into an organ that does not need oxygen . Thus , the essentially deceased person will become the living dead , with an insatiable drive to consume human flesh . An already deceased human can not turn into a zombie , and there is no cure once infected . A person can only become infected through " direct fluidic contact " ( p . 3 ) , including bites and direct contact with zombie wounds and remains with open wounds on humans . The Symptoms Depending on the person and the location of the entry point , an infected person may have hours before reanimating . Here is a timetable of symptoms according to Max Brooks : Hour 1 : Pain and discoloration ( brown - purple ) of the infected area . Immediate clotting of the wound ( provided the infection came from a wound ) . Hour 5 : Fever ( 99 - 103 degrees F ) , chills , slight dementia , vomiting , acute pain in the joints . Hour 8 : Numbing of extremities and infected area , increased fever ( 103 - 106 degrees F ) , increased dementia , loss of muscular coordination . Hour 11 : Paralysis in the lower body , overall numbness , slowed heart rate . Hour 16 : Coma . Hour 20 : Heart stoppage . Zero brain activity . Hour 23 : Reanimation . Intensity of An Outreak On A College Campus Depending on the size , location and population of the college you are attending , the intensity could range from a Class 2 to a Class 3 outbreak . A more rural university with a couple thousand students could possibly experience hundreds of zombies and human casualties , with limited media attention and military intervention . Although this situation might seem hopeless , the perks of a smaller population and a shorter outbreak duration might be worth it . Larger colleges like the University of Florida might be more difficult battlegrounds for survival due to the high volume of students and residents in urban college areas . This possible Class 3 scenario would mean thousands of zombies and human casualties , and a longer duration of the outbreak . Military intervention and martial law would most likely occur due to the massive extent of infestation and probable looting and riots . No matter what the outbreak level is , the best advice is to take the situation seriously , be prepared with supplies and weapons , and DO NOT rely merely on the military and police force for protection . After all , they ' re human too , and you can only rely on yourself for survival . ( Outbreak levels according to Max Brooks ' The Zombie Survival Guide ) Zombies 101 Here is an old - school yet humourous and helpful video on basic zombie survival tactics . If you prefer a visual overview of general zombie facts and defense strategies , The Ultimate Zombie Survival Guide - courtesy of CrowbarrCreations - is a great brush - up on some important tips . | [
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http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring08/Cantwell/invention/why.html | Why Coke was Made : Rumors and Myths According to Coca - Cola , Pemberton brewed the first mix of his new drink in his backyard , using a modest three - legged kettle . Coca - Cola also states that cocaine was never an ingredient in the elixir . However , both of these facts have been proven to be myths . According to Mark Pendergrast , author of " For God , Country & Coca - Cola , " the syrup was meant to go along with the culture of the times . The syrup was to be advertised as a " nerve tonic " to calm people down . Also , it was advertised under Candler ' s reign to cure headaches and fatigue . Pendergrast also says that Coca - Cola did in fact have a negligible amount of cocaine in it . Even though Candler said he would shut down the Coca - Cola operation if the drink was found to be harmful , the drink did contain coca leaves . The syrup had one half - ounce of coca leaf per gallon , amounting to about a little over one - hundreth of a grain . To get technical , Candler always maintained that the drink naturally used coca leaves , which mixed different kinds of alkaloids , as opposed to the drug cocaine , which was a pure alkaloid . It actually took about 30 glasses to produce the actual dose of the drug . The cocaine content of Coca - Cola remained until 1903 . It made the drink very controversial , but it also contributed to Coca - Cola ' s success . | [
"Coca-Cola"
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http://iml.slsheriff.org/IML | Option 1 : You can search the inmate database by entering the first and last name in the text boxes provided . - OR - Option 2 : You can search the inmate database by selecting an identifier from the drop down list , or entering a value in the field provided . © Copyright 2007 , Digital Solutions , Inc . All Rights Reserved | [
"inmate database"
] |
http://immigration-medicalexam.com/faq/ | Immigration Medical Exam F.A.Q . Questions & Answers : Q : Do you perform medical exam for immigrants from other states ? Our immigration medical exam doctor serves New York City , Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , Bronx , Long Island , Staten Island , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Connecticut and all other states . Q : How much does the immigration physical cost ? The cost of the immigration medical exam is $ 275 . This includes blood work ( test for syphilis ) , a skin test for tuberculosis , immunization titers . If you need chest x - ray , there would be additional charge , which are listed below . There will also be an additional charge if a confirmation syphilis test is needed . Q : How long will it take before the results and documents to be ready ? Your forms will be ready in 2 - 3 days . Laboratory test results usually return within 24 - 48 hours ( Monday through Friday ) . The tuberculosis test must be read between 48 to 72 hours . If the tuberculosis test is positive , a chest x - ray is required , which can add another day or two to the process . Q : Can I get my chest x - ray and blood work done somewhere else and bring you the results ? We prefer that your chest x - ray be done at our facility . However , if you have had a chest x - ray within the past year , bring the results with you to your exam , we will decide on a case - by - case basis if the x - ray is acceptable . Q : If I need to get a chest x - ray or additional immunizations , how much will they cost ? Price of chest x - ray – $ 40 Confirmation RPR test ( if initial screening RPR test is positive ) – $ 80 Prices subject to change . Q : Will my insurance cover the cost of the immigration physical exam ? No . We ask you to pay in full at the time of service . Changes to the Tuberculosis and Vaccination Requirements Required for Adjustment of Status Tuberculosis Q : What are the new requirements for tuberculosis ( TB ) testing and treatment ? Detailed information on the new requirements are available in the Department of Health and Human Services , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ’ s ( CDC ) document , Tuberculosis Component of the Technical Instructions to Civil Surgeons for the Medical Examination of Aliens in the United States . A link to this document , along with a memo outlining the changes to the TB testing requirements and frequently asked questions , is available in the related links section of this page . Some of the major changes to the TB requirements include : • Applicants with Class A tuberculosis must complete a full course of TB treatment before receiving medical clearance by USCIS for adjustment of status . • A chest x - ray is required for all applicants with a tuberculin skin test ( TST ) reaction of less than 5 mm who have signs or symptoms of TB or immunosuppression . • A chest x - ray is required for all applicants with a TST reaction of more than 5 mm . • Sputum cultures and drug susceptibility testing for positive cultures are required for applicants with chest x - ray findings suggestive of active TB disease . Q : Who is required to have a TB test ? All applicants two years of age or older are required to have a tuberculin skin test ( TST ) . Children younger than age two are required to have a TST if there is evidence of contact with a person known to have TB or if there is other reason to suspect TB . If evidence of TB infection is found , a chest x - ray is required . Any person with a positive skin test reaction of more than 5mm will also be required to undergo a chest x - ray . Q : When did the new TB requirements become effective ? The new TB testing and treatment requirements became effective on May 1 , 2008 . Therefore , any medical exam that takes place on or after June 1 , 2008 must be performed in accordance with the new TB testing requirements . Q : Will USCIS accept Form I - 693 if the civil surgeon performed a chest x - ray without the TST ? No , the civil surgeon must administer the TST , unless one of the exceptions listed in the Technical Instructions applies . If the civil surgeon performs a chest x - ray without giving the applicant the TST , the reason for omitting the TST must be noted on Form I - 693 . Vaccinations Q : What are the new vaccination requirements ? The CDC has revised its vaccination requirements . As of July 1 , 2008 , the following additional vaccinations are required in order to adjust status to legal permanent resident : NOTE : Some of these vaccinations are required for certain age groups only . During the examination with the civil surgeon , he or she will review the vaccination history , and may determine that certain vaccinations are not necessary or not appropriate . Specific information on vaccines , including tables on age - appropriate vaccines and ACIP recommendations . Q : When will the new vaccination requirements become effective ? The new vaccination requirements became effective on July 1 , 2008 . The applicant may go with a referral from the USCIS Civil Surgeon to the local NYC Department of Health to obtain the necessary immunization free of charge . Q : Where can I find additional information on the new vaccination requirements ? The Technical Instructions to Civil Surgeons for Vaccination Requirements includes detailed information on the vaccination requirements , including a full list of required vaccinations . A link to the Technical Instructions and any updates to the medical exam requirements can be found in the related links section of this page . Q : Does USCIS require that all shots in each vaccine series be completed before applying for adjustment of status ? No . The applicant must have received all the required age - appropriate vaccines that could be given at the time of the medical exam . If the applicant has started the vaccination series , but is not able to complete all the required shots because , at the time of the medical exam , the minimum time interval between shots has not passed , the applicant may still apply for adjustment of status . A waiver is available in cases where , due to required time intervals , it was impossible for the applicant to receive all shots in Form I - 693 Q : Does a designated civil surgeon have to sign Part 6 of Form I - 693 , or can the health department immunization staff sign it ? The signature in Part 6 must be the physician at the health department . It may be an original or stamped signature . The health department nurse or other health care professional may , but is not required to , co - sign the vaccination supplement . Q : Does the civil surgeon have to complete both the Vaccination Table and the Results section to properly complete the vaccination portion of Form I - 693 ? Yes . USCIS requires the civil surgeon to completely fill out the vaccination table and the results section . The civil surgeon must note in the vaccination table the complete vaccination history , date ( s ) of vaccinations given by the civil surgeon , and any waiver requests . Q . I had my medical exam completed before the new TB or vaccination requirements went into effect , and have not yet submitted it to USCIS , or I have submitted it but it has not yet been reviewed . Am I now required to have a new medical exam that meets the new TB and / or vaccination requirements before I can adjust status ? Q : Form I - 693 now states patients who require a chest X - ray must include the copy of the X - ray report with the I - 693 packet . What type of X - ray report is acceptable ? USCIS will only accept a full and formal radiologist ’ s chest X - ray report , whether a copy or an original , signed by the radiologist and on official hospital or medical office letterhead . USCIS can not accept any preliminary or incomplete evaluation , whether handwritten or not , that does not describe the full evaluation or findings . In most cases , the civil surgeon will have to wait a day or two before this report has been sent by the reviewing medical office and can therefore not sign off on the Form I - 693 Q : Both the CDC and USCIS have revised their requirements for medical referrals , as notated on Form I - 693 . In what instances must the referral section in Part 5 be completed ? Only complete Part 5 sub part 5 , Referral to Health Department or Other Doctor / Facility , if the referral was required , such as when a Class A condition is suspected and needs further evaluation . Do not complete Part 5 if the referral was merely recommended by the CDC . Instead notate the ( recommended but not required ) referral in the Remarks box under that particular disease or disorder . This will help alleviate the possibility of USCIS rejecting the Form I - 693 due to an erroneous assumption that a follow - up evaluation was Q : How can I contact USCIS for more information ? Applicants for adjustment of status may call the USCIS National Customer Service Center at 1 - 800 - 375 - 5283 ( TTY 1 - 800 - 767 - 1833 ) . Civil surgeons should contact their civil surgeon coordinator at the USCIS field or district office where they obtained their civil surgeon designation . | [
"Immigration Medical Exam",
"immigration physical cost"
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http://immigration.lawyers.com/general-immigration/us-immigration-laws-and-the-selective-service.html | Immigration Immigration U.S. Immigration Laws and the Selective Service by Ilona Bray J.D. , University of Washington Law School U.S. citizens are not the only ones who have to sign up with the Selective Service and potentially be called up to serve in the U.S. armed forces ; find out when non - citizens must also put their names on the rolls . No one who visits a foreign country expects to be drafted into its army , and certainly the United States does not require non - citizens to serve at this time . But it may , under certain circumstances , require them to sign up for the " Selective Service , " which is a list of young men who may be called upon if and when their services are needed during a time of war or hostilities . Regardless of why you ' re in the U.S. or how you got into the country , as a foreign national you need to have an understanding of how the U.S. immigration laws and the Selective Service System ( SSS ) work together . In short , you need to know whether you ' re required to register with the Selective Service and , if so , when you have to register . Not registering with the Selective Service can have a big impact on your future . What the U.S. Selective Service System Is and Is n ' t The U.S. armed forces are made up of people who sign up voluntarily . In other words , men and women choose to sign up or " enlist " in one of the branches of the armed services . They serve for a set number of years , usually four , and they are paid for their service . The U.S. armed forces are normally fully staffed , meaning the government has enough military personnel to carry on its current duties and responsibilities . However , there ' s always the possibility that a national emergency may come up , which requires an immediate increase in the number of people serving in the armed forces . How would the U.S. government find the people it needed ? This is where the Selective Service System comes in . The U.S. government uses this system to keep track of persons in the country who can serve in the U.S. military in case there ' s a need for a rapid increase in personnel . By registering with the Selective Service , you ' re not actually joining the U.S. military . You might never be called into active service . Rather , you ' re simply letting the U.S. government know that you ' re available for service and how you can be contacted , if need be . The last time the U.S. used a military draft was 1973 . Who Must Register With the U.S. Selective Service ? The general rule is that all men in the U.S. who are between the ages of 18 and 25 must register with the Selective Service System . There are some exceptions to and a few details about this general rule that you , as a foreign national , need to know about . For one , women do n ' t have to register . ( However , you must register if you were born male and changed your gender to female . ) In addition , if you ' re a man , you do n ' t have to register if : you ' re in the U.S. on a valid nonimmigrant or temporary visa , such as a student visa or a visitor ' s visa you ' re in the U.S. as part of a diplomatic or trade mission you entered the U.S. after your 26th birthday you did n ' t enter the U.S. , or you did n ' t maintain your lawful nonimmigrant status by continually remaining on a valid visa , until after your 26th birthday , or you ' ve been incarcerated , or hospitalized or institutionalized for medical reasons ( in which case you must register within 30 days of your release if you ' re not yet 26 ) . You must register , on the other hand , if : you ' re a lawful permanent resident ( LPR ) in the U.S. ; that is , you have a " green card " you entered the U.S. without going through the proper procedures at the border or point of entry ; in other words , you ' re an " undocumented immigrant " or " illegal alien " or you " entered without inspection " ( EWI ) you came to the U.S. on a temporary nonimmigrant visa , like a visitor ' s visa , and failed to maintain legal status for more than 30 days , such as by not renewing your visa you ' re in the U.S. on a student visa and have failed to maintain full - time student status you entered the U.S. under the visa waiver program ( VWP ) , which allows certain foreign nationals to enter the U.S. without a visa , and you stayed beyond the 90 days allowed you ' ve been granted humanitarian parole , refugee status , or asylum in the U.S. , or you came to the U.S. under a valid nonimmigrant visa but your Form I - 94 , which sets out the details of when you entered the U.S. and by when you must leave , expired more than 30 days ago . Dangers of Not Registering for Selective Service Not registering with the Selective Service can have a big impact on your future . For starters , you could face criminal charges , a fine of up to $ 250,000 , and up to five years in prison . Also , you wo n ' t be able to qualify for student financial aid for college , or to work at a federal job . Moreover , as an immigrant , if you ' re required to register and do n ' t , you may be barred forever from becoming a U.S. citizen . As part of the naturalization application process ( the procedure by which foreign nationals become U.S. citizens ) , you need to establish your good moral character . United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) will look carefully at your actions and behavior during the " statutory period " before you filed your application for naturalization . ( That ' s five years for most people , but three years for people who were married to and living with a U.S. citizen the whole time . ) If USCIS finds that you did n ' t register even though you knew you should have , there ' s a high chance that your application will be denied . ( If you can prove you knew nothing about the requirement , however , you may be alright . ) So , generally , if you ' re a man and between the ages of 18 and 25 , you ' re legally required to register . If you ' re thinking about applying for citizenship , or there ' s a chance that you may apply some time before your 32nd birthday , you should register so that you do n ' t jeopardize your chances of becoming a citizen . Your 32nd birthday is critical because you have to register by the time you ' re 26 years old , and the USCIS will look back five years . So , if you ' re 31 at the time you apply and you did n ' t register , your application may be denied . If you ' re 32 years old , the USCIS will focus on your conduct from the age of 27 onward , at which age you had no obligation to register . How to Register for Selective Service If you have n ' t already done so , you can register for Selective Service in various ways . You can pick up the forms in person at any U.S. Post Office . Or , you can register online at the Selective Service website . Also , if you applied for an immigrant visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate in your native country and you completed Form DS - 230 , you automatically registered with the Selective Service . Questions for Your Attorney I ' ve almost completed my application for naturalization , and I just realized that I was supposed to register for Selective Service , but I never did . I ' ve been in the U.S. for ten years , and I ' ll be turning 27 in two weeks . Should I register now ? My student visa has been expired for 40 days , and I ' m in the process of getting it renewed . Do I need to register for Selective Service now , or should I wait to see if my renewal is denied ? I ' m applying for naturalization and USCIS is asking for proof of my registration with Selective Service . I ' m positive I registered , but I do n ' t have a copy of my registration , the Selective Service says it ca n ' t find my records . What should I do ? Share : Read more : Other Immigration Topics | [
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http://immunize.org/askexperts/experts_pol.asp | IAC Home Ask the Experts Polio Ask the Experts Polio Ask the Experts Home Administering Vaccines Billing and Reimbursement Combination Vaccines Diphtheria Documenting Vaccination Hib Hepatitis A Hepatitis B HPV Influenza MMR Meningococcal ACWY Meningococcal B Pertussis Pneumococcal Precautions and Contraindications Rabies Rotavirus Scheduling Vaccines Storage and Handling Tetanus Travel Vaccines Vaccine Recommendations Vaccine Safety Varicella ( chickenpox ) Zoster ( shingles ) What is the current status of polio in the world ? Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988 , the number of polio cases worldwide has declined by more than 99.99 % . Among the three wild poliovirus ( WPV ) serotypes , only type 1 ( WPV1 ) has been detected since 2012 . Global eradication of type 2 WPV was declared in 2015 ; type 3 WPV was last detected in 2012 . The number of detected WPV1 cases has reached a historic low ( 22 cases in 2017 and 18 as of September 2018 ) in two of the three countries with endemic WPV1 transmission This decline in polio cases worldwide is attributable primarily to use of the live , attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine ( OPV ) in national routine immunization schedules and mass vaccination campaigns . The success and safety record of OPV use is offset by the rare emergence of genetically divergent vaccine - derived polioviruses ( VDPVs ) , whose genetic drift from the parental OPV strains indicates prolonged replication or circulation . Circulating VDPVs ( cVDPVs ) can emerge in areas with low immunization coverage and can cause outbreaks of paralytic polio . In addition , immunodeficiency - associated VDPVs ( After the emergence of multiple cVDPV2 outbreaks during the preceding 15 years , in April 2016 , all OPV - using countries switched from using trivalent OPV ( tOPV ; Sabin types 1 , 2 , and 3 ) to bivalent OPV ( bOPV ; Sabin types 1 and 3 ) . To control and prevent cVDPV2 outbreaks , approximately 100 million doses of monovalent type 2 OPV ( mOPV2 ) have been distributed in 11 countries . To maintain protection from poliovirus type 2 paralysis , 176 OPV - using countries have introduced at least 1 dose of injectable https : / / www . cdc . gov / polio / What is the routine schedule for giving IPV ( IPOL , Sanofi Pasteur ) to children ? In the U.S. , all infants and children should receive 4 doses of IPV at ages 2 , 4 , 6 – 18 months , and 4 – 6 years . The first dose may be given as early as 6 weeks of age . The final dose should be administered at 4 years of age or older , regardless of the number of previous doses , and should be given 6 months or more after the previous dose . A fourth dose in the routine IPV series is not necessary if the third dose was given at 4 years Infants and children traveling to areas where there has been wild or vaccine - derived poliovirus circulation in the last 12 months should be vaccinated according to the routine schedule ( see wwwnc . cdc . gov / travel / news - announcements / polio - guidance - new - requirements for details ) . If the routine series can not be administered within the recommended intervals before protection is needed , an accelerated schedule can be used : 1 ) the first dose should be given to infants 6 weeks of age and older , 2 ) the second and third doses should be administered at 4 weeks or more after the previous doses , and 3 ) the minimum interval between the third and fourth doses is 6 months . If the age - appropriate series is not completed before departure , the remaining IPV doses to complete a What is the schedule for older children who have not completed their IPV series ? The schedule for polio vaccination for unvaccinated or under - vaccinated older children through age 17 years is 2 doses of IPV separated by 4 – 8 weeks , and a third dose 6 – 12 months after the second dose . If an accelerated schedule is needed , the child should receive two doses separated by at least 4 weeks and a third ( final ) dose given at least 6 months after the second dose . Polio vaccine is not routinely administered to U.S. residents age 18 years and older . Should adults get vaccinated against polio ? Routine polio vaccination of U.S. residents 18 years of age and older — including those working in healthcare or in healthcare - related training — is not recommended . Polio vaccination is recommended for all travelers to countries with wild poliovirus ( WPV ) or vaccine - derived poliovirus ( VDPV ) circulation . Countries are considered to have WPV or VDPV circulation if they have evidence during the previous 12 months of ongoing endemic circulation ( WPV only ) , a polio outbreak , or environmental evidence ( through sewage sampling ) of WPV or VDPV circulation . For wwwnc . cdc . gov / travel / notices ) or the weekly update of reported WPV and VDPV cases at the Global Polio Eradication Initiative website ( www . polioeradication . org / Dataandmonitoring / Poliothisweek . aspx ) . Adults who are traveling to areas where WPV or VDPV is actively circulating and who are unvaccinated , incompletely vaccinated , or whose vaccination status is unknown should receive a series of 3 doses : 2 doses of IPV administered at an interval of 4 – 8 weeks ; a third dose should be administered 6 – 12 months after the second . If 3 doses of IPV can not be administered within the recommended intervals before protection is needed , the following alternatives are recommended : If more than 8 weeks is available before protection is needed , 3 doses of IPV should be administered at least 4 weeks apart . If less than 8 weeks but more than 4 weeks is available before protection is needed , 2 doses of IPV should be administered at least 4 weeks apart . If less than 4 weeks is available before protection is needed , a single dose of IPV is recommended . If less than 3 doses are administered , the remaining IPV doses to complete a 3 - dose series should be administered when feasible , at the intervals recommended above , if the person remains at increased risk for poliovirus exposure . If an adult at risk previously received only one or two documented doses of polio vaccine ( either OPV or IPV ) , he or she should receive the remaining dose ( s ) of IPV , regardless of the interval since the last dose . It is not necessary to restart the vaccination series . Adults who have completed a routine series of polio vaccine are considered to have lifelong immunity to poliomyelitis , but data on duration of immunity are lacking . As a precaution , adults 18 years of age or older who are traveling to areas where WPV or VDPV is actively circulating and who have received a routine series with either IPV or OPV in childhood should receive another dose of IPV before departure . For adults , available data do not indicate the need for more than a single lifetime booster dose with IPV . Note : for some countries https : / / wwwnc . cdc . gov / travel / news - announcements / polio - guidance - new - requirements ) an additional dose is recommended for travel of more than 4 weeks duration , even if previous travel involved the administration of the adult booster dose . We have an adult who was diagnosed with polio as a child with some residual effects . This adult will be traveling overseas and the CDC travel website recommends a dose of polio vaccine . Should he be vaccinated with polio vaccine even though he had polio in the past ? Immunity to one of the serotypes of polio does not produce significant immunity to the other serotypes . A history of having recovered from polio disease should not be considered evidence of immunity to polio . It would be appropriate to vaccinate this adult if he will be traveling to an area for which polio vaccination is recommended . Please describe the CDC recommendations for polio vaccination for infants , children , and adults traveling to and from countries affected by wild or vaccine - derived poliovirus . These recommendations evolve as the polio eradication program progresses . Please see wwwnc . cdc . gov / travel / news - announcements / polio - guidance - new - requirements for the most current guidance . A 4 - year - old ' s vaccine records show that she had 4 IPVs , given at 2m , 4m , 6m , and age 2 . Should she have a booster dose ? Yes . In June , 2009 , ACIP updated its recommendations to clarify that an additional dose must be given at age 4 - 6 years , even if the child previously received 4 doses ( either as IPV or as part of a combination vaccine containing IPV ) . We frequently see children ( mostly from certain foreign countries ) who have received 6 or more doses of polio vaccine , all administered before 4 years of age . How do we handle this when assessing the child ’ s immunization history ? It is common practice in many developing countries to administer oral polio vaccine to children during both routine visits and periodic vaccination campaigns , so a child ’ s record may indicate more than 4 doses . Depending on the timing , some of these doses may not be valid according to the U.S. immunization schedule . Polio vaccine given outside the United States is valid if written documentation indicates that all doses were given after 6 weeks of age and the vaccine received was IPV or trivalent OPV ( tOPV ) . If the history is of a complete series of IPV , at least one dose should be administered on or after 4 years of age and at least 6 months after the previous dose . If a complete series can not be identified that meets these criteria , then the child should receive as many doses of IPV as needed to complete the U.S. recommended schedule . How do I determine if doses of polio vaccine administered outside the United States were trivalent OPV ? Use the date of administration to make a presumptive determination of what type of OPV was received . Only trivalent doses count as valid for the U.S. polio vaccination schedule . Trivalent OPV was used throughout the world prior to April 2016 . In April 2016 , all countries using OPV switched to bivalent OPV ( bOPV ) . In addition , some countries also use monovalent OPV ( mOPV ) during special vaccination campaigns . Doses recorded as bOPV or mOPV , or doses given during a vaccination campaign ( which may be included on the record ) , do not count as valid doses for the U.S. polio vaccination schedule . If the record indicates OPV , and the dose was given prior to April 1 , 2016 , it can be counted as a valid tOPV dose . If the dose was administered on or after April 1 , 2016 , it should not be counted as a valid dose for the U.S. polio vaccination schedule because it was bivalent or monovalent vaccine rather than trivalent . Persons younger than 18 years of age with doses of OPV that do not count towards the U.S. vaccination requirements should receive IPV to complete the schedule according to the U.S. polio immunization schedule . See www . cdc . gov / mmwr / volumes / 66 / wr / pdfs / mm6601a6 . pdf for more information on this issue . We occasionally encounter teen - agers who received 4 doses of IPV before their fourth birthday . Should we recommend a 5th dose of IPV for these children ? Generally , no . ACIP revised its recommendation for IPV in June 2009 to include a dose at 4 through 6 years regardless of the number of doses prior to age 4 years . However , ACIP did not recommend retroactive application of the new minimum age rule for the fourth dose . For children receiving their fourth dose prior to August 7 , 2009 , four doses separated by at least 4 weeks is sufficient , unless the teenager is traveling to a polio - endemic area . But you might want to check with your state immunization registry www . immunize . org / coordinators If an immigrant infant has a record of 1 or 2 doses of OPV in their country of origin how many more doses of IPV should be given ? Polio vaccine given outside the United States is valid if written documentation indicates that all doses were given after 6 weeks of age and the vaccine received was IPV or trivalent OPV ( tOPV ) . See the previous question for details on assessment of OPV doses by the date of administration . If both tOPV and IPV were or will be administered as part of a series , the total number of doses needed to complete the series is the same as that recommended for the U.S. IPV schedule . If the child is younger than 4 years of age a total of 4 doses of polio vaccine are recommended . If the child is currently 4 years of age or older , a total of 3 doses completes the series . A minimum interval of 4 weeks should separate doses in the series , with the final dose administered on or Our 23 - year - old patient has been accepted to a physician assistant program that requires polio vaccine for all students . She has 2 documented doses of oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) as a child , then recently had a dose of inactivated polio vaccine ( IPV ) . How many more doses of IPV does she need to complete the series and on what schedule ? U.S. residents 18 years and older generally do not require polio vaccination . However , in this case the person is required to have evidence of vaccination for a medical training program . People who receive a mixed series of OPV and IPV should receive a total of either 3 or 4 doses depending on the age at the time of the last dose . In this case the recent dose of IPV can be counted as the third and final dose dose in the series . The minimum interval between the next - to - last and last doses Is it true that IPV can be given either SC or IM ? Yes . What is the risk of serious reactions following IPV ? There are no severe reactions known to occur following IPV . This page was updated on February 25 , 2019 . This page was reviewed on February 21 , 2019 . - Guide to immunize . org - A - Z INDEX ABOUT IAC ACIP RECOMMENDATIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT VACCINATION ADULT VACCINATION GUIDE ASK THE EXPERTS Combination Vaccines Diphtheria Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Vaccine Storage and Handling > > view all BECKY PAYNE AWARD BILLING & CODING BIRTH DOSE GUIDEBOOK CALENDAR OF EVENTS CDC INFORMATION CDC SCHEDULES CLINIC TOOLS Administering Vaccines Adult Vaccination Documenting Vaccination Scheduling Vaccination Screening for Contraindications Storage & Handling Vaccine Recommendations > > view all COALITIONS CONTRIBUTE TO IAC DEAR COLLEAGUE LETTER HPV VACCINE DEAR COLLEAGUE LETTER MCV4 DOSE # 2 DISEASES & VACCINES Influenza Varicella DONATE TO IAC EMAIL NEWS SERVICES EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS EXEMPTIONS FAQs FAVORITES ( WEB SECTIONS ) FDA PRODUCT APPROVALS GIVE BIRTH TO THE END OF HEP B HANDOUTS FOR PATIENTS & STAFF Adult Vaccination Documenting Vaccinations Managing Vaccine Reactions Parent Handouts Patient Schedules Questions & Answers Recommendations Screening Checklists Standing Orders Storage & Handling Talking with Parents Temperature Logs Top Handouts Translations Vaccine Index HEPATITIS B BIRTH DOSE HONOR ROLLS HepB Birth Dose Influenza Vaccination for HCP IAC EARLY YEARS VIDEO IAC EXPRESS IMAGES IMMUNIZATION TECHNIQUES DVD LAMINATED SCHEDULES LAWS AND MANDATES MANUFACTURERS NATIONAL ADULT & INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION SUMMIT NEWS & INFORMATION OFFICIAL RELEASES ACIP CDC FDA PACKAGE INSERTS PARTNERS PAYNE AWARD PHARMACISTS PHOTOS POWERPOINT SLIDE SETS PRESS ROOM PROTECT NEWBORNS FROM HEP B PUBLICATIONS IAC Express Vaccinating Adults : A Step - by - Step Guide REGISTRIES RESOURCE DIRECTORY SHOP IAC Immunization Techniques DVD Laminated Schedules Patient Record Cards SITE MAP SLIDE SETS STANDING ORDERS TEMPLATES STATE INFORMATION State Websites State Laws State Immunization Managers SUBSCRIBE SUPPORT IAC TECHNICALLY SPEAKING TIMELINE FOR VACCINES TRANSLATE FOR IAC TRANSLATIONS OF VISs TRAVEL ( INTERNATIONAL ) UNPROTECTED PEOPLE REPORTS Chickenpox VACCINATING ADULTS : A STEP - BY - STEP GUIDE VACCINE CONCERNS Adjuvants & Ingredients Alternative Medicine Autism Importance of Vaccination VACCINE INFORMATION STATEMENTS Translations Vaccine Index VACCINE MANUFACTURERS VACCINE POLICY & LICENSURE ACIP FDA WHO VACCINE SAFETY VACCINE TIMELINE VACCINES & DISEASES VIDEO ABOUT IAC EARLY YEARS VIDEOS ( VIDEO OF THE WEEK ) WHAT ' S NEW OR UPDATED AT IAC Handouts VISs and Translations Web Sections Immunization Action Coalition • 2550 University Avenue West • Suite 415 North • Saint Paul , Minnesota • 55114 tel 651 - 647 - 9009 • fax 651 - 647 - 9131 email admin @ immunize . org This website is supported in part by a cooperative agreement from the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases ( Grant No . 6NH23IP22550 ) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , GA . The website content is the sole responsibility of IAC and does not necessarily represent the official views of CDC . | [
"Polio",
"WPV",
"VDPVs"
] |
http://immunize.org/vis/vis_hepatitis_b.asp | IAC Home Vaccine Information Statements Vaccine Index Hepatitis B VIS Vaccine Information Statements Hepatitis B VIS October 12 , 2018 Up - to - date translations You are encouraged to distribute the up - to - date English - language VIS at the same time as the translation . Arabic Khmer ( Cambodian ) Armenian Kiswahili ( Swahili ) Burmese Korean Cambodian ( Khmer ) Portuguese Chinese Punjabi SIMPLIFIED Russian TRADITIONAL Somali Farsi Spanish RTF file French Swahili ( Kiswahili ) Haitian Creole Tagalog Hindi Thai Hmong Turkish Indonesian Vietnamese Karen Adobe Reader ® | PDF Help Out - of - date translations The translations for some VISs on our website are from previously published English - language versions that have since been updated . Unfortunately , IAC is not always able to obtain translations as updates are issued . Please ensure that your patients receive information consistent with the current version of the following VISs . TRANSLATIONS OF THE JULY 20 , 2016 HEPATITIS B VIS Japanese Oromo Nepali The October 12 , 2018 edition of the Hepatitis B VIS does not differ appreciably from the July 20 , 2016 edition . The only change in content is one sentence within section 2 , from " The vaccine is usually given as 3 or 4 shots over a 6 - month period " to " The vaccine is usually given as 2 , 3 , or 4 shots over 1 to 6 months " TRANSLATION OF THE FEBRUARY 2 , 2012 HEPATITIS B VIS Marshallese The 2016 edition of the Hepatitis B VIS ( " final " ) does not differ appreciably from the February 12 , 2012 " interim " edition . VACCINE INDEX Adenovirus J . encephalitis Rotavirus Anthrax MenACWY Td Cholera MenB Tdap DTaP MMR Typhoid Hepatitis A MMRV Varicella Hepatitis B Multi - vaccine Yellow fever Hib PCV Zoster - live HPV PPSV Zoster - recombinant Influenza - IIV Polio - IPV Influenza - LAIV Rabies VIS LANGUAGE INDEX This page was updated on March 13 , 2019 . This page was reviewed on March 8 , 2019 - Guide to immunize . org - A - Z INDEX ABOUT IAC ACIP RECOMMENDATIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT VACCINATION ADULT VACCINATION GUIDE ASK THE EXPERTS Combination Vaccines Diphtheria Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Vaccine Storage and Handling > > view all BECKY PAYNE AWARD BILLING & CODING BIRTH DOSE GUIDEBOOK CALENDAR OF EVENTS CDC INFORMATION CDC SCHEDULES CLINIC TOOLS Administering Vaccines Adult Vaccination Documenting Vaccination Scheduling Vaccination Screening for Contraindications Storage & Handling Vaccine Recommendations > > view all COALITIONS CONTRIBUTE TO IAC DEAR COLLEAGUE LETTER HPV VACCINE DEAR COLLEAGUE LETTER MCV4 DOSE # 2 DISEASES & VACCINES Diphtheria Influenza Varicella DONATE TO IAC EMAIL NEWS SERVICES EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS EXEMPTIONS FAQs FAVORITES ( WEB SECTIONS ) FDA PRODUCT APPROVALS GIVE BIRTH TO THE END OF HEP B HANDOUTS FOR PATIENTS & STAFF Administering Vaccines Adult Vaccination Documenting Vaccinations Managing Vaccine Reactions Parent Handouts Patient Schedules Questions & Answers Recommendations Screening Checklists Standing Orders Storage & Handling Talking with Parents Temperature Logs Top Handouts Translations Vaccine Index HEPATITIS B BIRTH DOSE HONOR ROLLS HepB Birth Dose Influenza Vaccination for HCP IAC EARLY YEARS VIDEO IAC EXPRESS IMAGES IMMUNIZATION TECHNIQUES DVD LAMINATED SCHEDULES LAWS AND MANDATES MANUFACTURERS NATIONAL ADULT & INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION SUMMIT NEWS & INFORMATION OFFICIAL RELEASES ACIP CDC FDA PACKAGE INSERTS PARTNERS PAYNE AWARD PHARMACISTS PHOTOS POWERPOINT SLIDE SETS PRESS ROOM PROTECT NEWBORNS FROM HEP B PUBLICATIONS IAC Express Vaccinating Adults : A Step - by - Step Guide REGISTRIES RESOURCE DIRECTORY SHOP IAC Immunization Techniques DVD Laminated Schedules Patient Record Cards SITE MAP SLIDE SETS STANDING ORDERS TEMPLATES STATE INFORMATION State Websites State Laws State Immunization Managers SUBSCRIBE SUPPORT IAC TECHNICALLY SPEAKING TIMELINE FOR VACCINES TRANSLATE FOR IAC TRANSLATIONS OF VISs TRAVEL ( INTERNATIONAL ) Immunization Action Coalition • 2550 University Avenue West • Suite 415 North • Saint Paul , Minnesota • 55114 tel 651 - 647 - 9009 • fax 651 - 647 - 9131 email admin @ immunize . org This website is supported in part by a cooperative agreement from the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases ( Grant No . 6NH23IP22550 ) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , GA . The website content is the sole responsibility of IAC and does not necessarily represent the official views of CDC . | [
"Vaccine Information Statements",
"Hepatitis B",
"Out-of-date translations"
] |
http://imnh.isu.edu/DIGITALATLAS/geog/native/text/tools.htm | A tool is anything which has been modified to make work or survival easier . � Everything which has been modified or manipulated by a human or animal becomes a tool . Right Tools for the Right Job The Big Question - What Is A Tool , Anyway ? Humankind has successfully survived because within our cultures we use many different types of tools . � Tools are used all of the time by peoples living everywhere on Earth . � Some types of tools are quite ordinary , but many are amazingly unexpected . � Humans are not the only creatures which use tools . � Birds build nests , and nests are tools . � Chimpanzees chew leaves and then use the partly chewed leaves to soak up water to drink ; the leaves are tools . � Gorillas " fish " for ants using a twig Stone vessel ( bassalt pot ) . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Tools can be incredibly simple ; such as a rock used to crush seeds . � Some tools are incredibly complex ; consider the computer used to write these words into sentences . � There are some tools that are not immediately obvious as being tools ; like clothing , blankets , shelters and houses and fire . Often tools must be used to skin the hide from a deer , which is sewn together using an awl and sinew thread to make clothing . � Consider the saw which cuts the wood , which is hammered into place as a house is built . � The knife , awl , sinew thread , hammer and saw are all tools used to fabricate other tools like clothing and shelter . � All of these tools have been modified and manipulated to make work and survival easier . The earliest tools were crudely chipped stones used by early humans , living in Africa , about 2 million years ago . � Those crude stones , modified into tools , were used to make work and survival easier . � Eventually , because tools had become more complex , the skill of tool making became necessary and , through experimentation , stone tools were further modified and made more efficient and intricate . As the knowledge and science of toolmaking expanded the toolmakers began to invent tools designed to suit a particular job or need . � This succession of tool use , tool modification , tool making and tool invention and deign to suit a job required much time ( 2 million years ) , experimentation and invention to occur . � In the end humans were using tools in every aspect of life and survival . Projectile point sequence for Eastern Idaho . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Tools of the Trade The " People " had seven technological systems based on the different material available as resources : stone , wood , plant and fiber , basketry , pottery , bone - horn - antler and hide . Somewhere Between a Rock & a Tool Stone working made tools for processing seeds and other plant parts , for cutting wood , shredding plant fibers , incising and polishing bone - horn - antler and cutting and scraping hides . � Various types of stone had properties which allowed them to be flaked , pecked or ground . For stone to be fashioned into a useful tool it must be hard , tough and of a smooth , fine - grained consistency . � Flint , chert , jasper , chalcedony , agate and obsidian are all types of stone which are solid , but have the property of a cooled , heavy liquid which is also somewhat elastic and free of flaws and cracks . � These particular types of stone were the most frequently used for tools because they have a fine - grained consistency and behave like glass , and will break along a controlled By working these assorted kinds of stone with various techniques many different tools were fashioned . � The finer - grained the stone , the flatter and more leaf - like the flakes that could be chipped loose from it . The size and shape of stone flakes could be further controlled by the ways in which they were broken from the original stone . � The flakes could be knocked loose by a hammer stone ( percussion flaking ) or pried loose by a pointed stick or bone ( pressure flaking ) . � With percussion flaking the angle at which the hammer stone blow was struck was changed to produce either a small , thick flake or a large , thin one . � Also , different kinds of hammer stones made different kinds of flakes . � Relatively Every toolmaker had to have a good deal of skill , based on necessity , on years of practice , and on an intimate knowledge of the natures different stones . � For each stone has its own qualities , which vary further depending on whether the stone is hot or cold , wet or dry . Techniques of Stone Working Stone could be flaked or pecked and ground . In flaking , the toolmaker first selected a stone that had suitable characteristics . � This core nodule was struck with a hammer stone . � Conchoidal flakes , which are cone shaped , were made in this way that could then be used to create smaller finished tools like projectile points , scrapers and drills . � A core with flakes removed to create a sharp edge could be used to chop down trees and shape wood . In pecking and grinding stone tools , the toolmaker often first selected a core nodule that was about the shape of the tool he wanted to produce . � It took a lot of time and effort to peck out a pestle or mortar for pulverizing nuts or a mano and metate for grinding seeds . � The surface of the core was pounded withy a hammer stone roughly to the desired finished shape . � Then , the surface might be smoothed through grinding . � As the ground stone tools wore down with use , they would be Tools of Wood Shoshoni Bow and Arrow . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Wood - working was often a difficult , time - consuming task for people without metal tools . � In building a shelter , for example , pieces of wood were used that were about the right size and shape for the task , simply because stone axes and adzes were not terribly efficient . � Dwellings were often constructed along streams , which supplied drift wood for structural supports , as well as tules and willows which would cover the framework . � Wood for other tools like bows and arrows had to be laboriously shaped . � A Larger projects requiring the cutting or trees usually meant that fire had to be used in some combination with the stone axes . � The tree was girdled with fire , the sides of the trunk charred , and a stone axe used to chop out the charcoal . � This process would be repeated until the tree could be felled . So Who Used Which Tools ? Within each community of the " People " each gender had certain jobs which were to be performed . � The various jobs required tools and some tools were used only by the gender performing a particular job . Generally , the men hunted , provided protection for their families and communities and were the toolmakers . � These occupations required many different varieties of tools , and tools to produce those tools . � Tools used by the men included : duck decoys , nets , knives , hammer stones and the tools used for making tools , the spear & atlatl , the bow and arrow , anvil , hand pump drill , awl , and adze . The occupations of the women were more extensive and included : gathering plants , sewing , food preparation and cooking , tanning hides , weaving , slaughtering animals and caring for children . � The tools used by the women were : nets , baskets , knives , scrapers , digging stick , awl , sinew , cradle board , winnowing tray , mortar and pestle and the teshoa . Northern Paiute mans Sagebrush shirt . Whether , used by men or women the tools were all made of plant fibers , stone , sinew , hide , bone - horn - antler and wood . Plants : Natures ' Garden of Woven Tools Many of the tools used by the " People " in Idaho were made from plant fibers . � Plants like dogbane was pounded to produce fine , tough fibers that were twisted , by repeated rubbing on the thigh , into longer strands that could be used to make cordage . � Through use of knots , this cordage was transformed , through weaving , into a variety of useful and beautiful objects . � Cords became carrying bags , nets for ensnaring animals , arts of nooses and traps , and elements of composite tools of different materials Shoshoni baskets . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Today , we most often find stone tools in the archaeological record , either on the ground or hidden in the soil layers of an archaeological excavation . � However , the " People " mostly used tools of perishable materials like fiber and basketry . � Consequently , many tools are not preserved in the archaeological record . Baskets were woven from all kinds of plants , from various kinds of grasses , willows , and tules or rushes . � Twined and coiled baskets were both made , and were often gaily decorated with designs done in natural plant and mineral dyes . � Baskets were common tools for storing plant and animal material that needed to be kept off the ground and away from pests . � Baskets transported the family possessions when the " People " traveled . � Some baskets were small and open , others were larger with rigid walls and lids . A Pot In Every Fire Shoshoni cooking pot . Pottery was made , but it was never as important as crafts in fiber and basketry . � Usually , people made pottery as it was needed at campsites for cooking and storing food and other materials . Local clays were taken from stream banks , mixed with water , and coiled and shaped into vessels . � The formed pots were then left near the fire to be carefully dried . � When ready , the pottery was placed on a bed of coals , and a fire built around it . � Potters carefully watched their vessels for a change in color showing that the temperature had gone high enough to harden the clay . � The pot was then removed and used to hold water , boil meat , or store seeds . � Pottery Tools From Animals Bone Awl . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Bone , horn , antler and hide from animals supplied all kinds of useful tools . � Hides were cured and shaped into clothing . � Hides , horns and hooves could be boiled to make glues that held projectile points to shafts or sinew - backing to bows . � Sinew was used for all manner of tasks that required something to be tied to something else . � It was strong , durable , and water - resistant . Horns were used for cups and spoons . � Antlers were used to flake stone into tools , and could be used for any type of tool that had to be strong and durable . Bones were cut and ground to shape as sharp tools like awls for hide - working and basketry and as the hook on the end of an atlatl into which the spear was notched . � Bone needles were used to sew hide clothing . Hides were stripped from bison , antelope , mountain sheep , deer , rabbits and other animals , and cured for all kinds of uses . � Most often , hides were cleaned , stretched , and left in the sun to dry . � When dry , the hides were scraped down to the thickness that was wanted . � Hair might or might not be removed . � Once the hide was clean and thin , animal brains were rubbed in to soften the hide . � If the makers wanted to make it water - resistant , The tools and lives of the " People " were intimately related to their natural environments . � Technology was limited by resources in the environment , and lack of metal tools meant that people had to work very carefully within what nature provided . � Stone , fiber , basketry and hide crafts were highly developed . � Wood - working and pottery less so , simply because available tools were not terribly efficient in working wood or producing lots of pottery . Ute woman using a metate and mano . Photo by L.C. Thorne , Thorne Studios , Vernal , Utah Tools of the Trade : Idaho As A Hardware Store Dependent upon the natural products of the environment for their needs the tribes of " People " living in Idaho had to invent tools and weapons which would serve to provide for all their necessities . � Their ancestors had brought the knowledge of toolmaking with them from Asia at the end of the Pleistocene . � However , over many thousands of years the toolmakers had made improvements and changes in the tools to meet the changes in the plants and the animals . � The " People " formed tools from stone , wood , plant and animal Idaho , with it ' s surrounding mountains and wide plains , shows a broad range of temperature , precipitation , and local climates . � Part desert , part high country , this landscape is both harsh and productive . � People needed tools to harvest and use the natural products of this diverse environment . � Some tools , like fire , ensured basic survival . � Other tools , like grinding and pounding stones , allowed seeds and pin on nuts to be made into flour suitable for hard tack . � Additional tools were weapons . The " People " , dependent upon the natural world , wasted little . � When out hunting , or moving throughout their range , the " People " gathered plants . � Such plants as dogbane , also called hemp , provided fibers that were twisted into cordage . � Cords were used to make nooses to capture small animals , nets to catch rabbits and strings to hold together twists of rabbit fur for winter robes . � Other plants like tule and willow ere collected for making baskets that stored raw materials for future use . � Digging stick and Camas bulbs Edible plants such as rice grass and camas were important in the diet . � Growing in dense stands , these plants were easy to gather and highly nutritious . � The tribes living in Idaho had a store of knowledge about what plants were useful , and would gather these species as they moved about the environment . � Visits to certain areas would be timed to coincide with the ripening of grass seeds , nuts and berries . � Campsites would be chosen for their closeness to water and sheltered aspect . � Willows and tules were found People moved about the landscape not only to gather plants . � Movements , from one locality to another , were also intended to sample animal resources . � In general , plants and small animals supplied most of the diet . � Small animals were hunted all the time . � Nooses , snares , and traps , made up of fiber cordage , were set up near camps to take small animals that lived there or were attracted there because of peoples ' activities . � Because of their small size , rodents were seldom hunted except by Fishing was an important seasonal activity , although , some fish could be caught all year round . � Available throughout the year , bottom - feeding , scavenger species , like suckers and carp , were usually caught by hook - and - line . � Sloughs and river channels near camps were favorite fishing spots for young and old anglers . Seasonally migrating species , like the salmon , were not found in all of Idaho ' s streams , but where they did occur , they were a focus of great seasonal activity . � Families and bands would come together at favorite fishing spots to catch salmon in nets , weirs , and with spears . � The fish were taken , dried , and used as a stored food source throughout the year . While going to the salmon runs , people would gather camas and other plants using tools called digging sticks , as well as the Northern Paiute Duck Decoy . Waterfowl , like ducks , were also gathered whenever possible . � Marshes , ponds , and backwaters , where basic raw materials like tules and willows grew , also supplied migrating and resident waterfowl in quantity . � The waterfowl could be caught by hand , lured with duck decoys made from the tules and willow , trapped in corded nets , or shot with bows and arrow . Some small and large animals , because they are social species , can be herded and gathered in large numbers . � Rabbits , antelope , mountain sheep , deer and bison were all important animals because they could be lured or driven to waiting hunters , where few would escape . Families and bands would travel to selected spots to drive hundreds of rabbits into long cordage nets , made from plant fibers , which were strung out over hundreds of meters . � Rabbit meat was delicious , and rabbit pelts were used for winter clothing . � Antelope are naturally curious , they could be lured by hunters sitting quietly and waving some interesting object . � Antelope could also be by hunters wearing antelope skins , who worked carefully around the herd . � Mountain sheep , a naturally skittish animal , could still be easily taken by Almost every activity required close cooperation amongst family and band members . � Day - to - day activities were often done independently by family members , but journeys to fishing , gathering and hunting sites were made by cooperating families and bands . � Successful fishing , gathering and hunting expeditions like these required large numbers of people . � Rabbit and bison drives , or pin on nut harvests , were fun , social occasions , when people came together for dances , ceremonies and gossip . � It was important to gather nutritious foods and raw materials What Tools Have Been Found In Idaho ? Clovis point . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho Archaeologist have found enough stone and bone tools throughout Idaho to confirm the presence of the " People " . � One of the oldest sites in Idaho is the Simon site near Fairfield . � There , W.D. Simon discovered distinctive stone tools , now called Clovis points , that were made by Idaho ' s Pleistocene hunters . � Mr . Simon accidentally uncovered 5 large Clovis points and over two dozen other stone tools as he was repairing a roadway through his ranch . � Clovis tools are made of beautiful stone that was probably collected from The first known Idaho " People " , and the tools they made , take their name from the Clovis site in New Mexico , where this type of tool was first reported . � Clovis points are fairly large , with the most distinctive aspect being the " flute " or " channel flake " that was removed from each side of the base of the point . To make a Clovis point the toolmaker struck a block of stone with a heavy stone hammer and removed a large flake . � The flake was then shaped using a smaller hammer made of stone or antler . � The point was then thinned using an even smaller hammer and more carefully placed blows . � Finally , using pointed antler or bone , small flakes were pressed off the point to achieve the distinctive shape of Clovis points . Clovis People were very skilled hunters . � Their primary prey consisted of mammoths , camels , giant bison , horses , and musk oxen . � Although little is known of their actual hunting techniques , we are fairly certain that some Clovis hunters trapped their prey in bogs or shallow canyons . They may have also separated young or wounded animals from large herds and surrounded the single animals with spear - wielding hunters . The large animals who lived during the Pleistocene are extinct because of climatic change , over - hunting , or disease . As they disappeared , the Folsom point . Courtesy of the Idaho Museum of Natural History , Pocatello Idaho hunters turned their attention to smaller prey . � As a result , Clovis points were replaced by smaller Folsom points . � Folsom points are much like Clovis points except they are shorter , thinner , and more delicately made . � They are among the most beautiful and well - crafted stone tools in North America . � Like Clovis points , the most distinctive feature of the Folsom point is the single longitudinal flake that was removed from each side of the point . � It is believed that this flake was removed in order to make Hasket Point . The point that followed the Folsom points in time are called " Plano " points . � They are now generally long and narrow . � One common variety of " Plano " point � � found in Idaho is the Haskett point names after a site near American Falls discovered by Mr . Parley Haskett , of Pocatello . � Haskett points were used to hunt bison and mountain sheep . Haskett point were probably fit onto spears withy deep sockets and drilled into the end in which the tapered stem of the Haskett point was inserted and secured with a form of glue called mastic . � Mastic was made of a mixture of tree pitch and ash . � The pitch was first melted near a flame , then ashes stirred into the molten material . � Before cooling completely , the mixture was formed into a cigar - shaped glue stick that hardened upon cooling . � To use the mastic , one only needed to re - The spear points were all dulled on their edges near their bases . � This dulling helped prevent the sharp edges of the points from cutting the wrapping that tied the points to the shaft . � These edges were dulled by rubbing them with an abrader made of a course stone . In addition to stone spear points , the " People " used a wide variety of special stone tools to work bone and wood , prepare leather , harvest food plants , and skin animals . � One of the more common stone tools is called a " biface " by archaeologists . � Bifaces served as multi - purpose tools , somewhat like our modern Swiss Army knives . � They were used to saw , slice , dig , chop , and could be resharpened many times . � Some bifaces were shaped into spear or dart points Other biface tools were spokeshaves , burins and backed blades . � Spokeshaves were made by taking a long slender stone blade , then shaping a crescent - like indentation on one edge . � This indentation was then drawn down the length of a branch of a tree limb to give the spear its desired shape . � Bruins were used to engrave bone and carve wood , and backed blades were used to cut meat or other soft materials . Leather was tanned and made into clothing for the cold Idaho climate . � To make clothing , pieces of leather were sewn together by first piercing holes at pre - measured intervals using a sharp bone awl . � Next , the pieces were sewn together using sinew as thread , and needles made of cut and polished bone . � Sinew was made by removing long pieces of tendon from the backs and low legs of large animals . � After the tendon had dried , it was pounded over a smooth stone anvil . � The split | [
"Tool",
"Tools of the Trade"
] |
http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/arch/ArchDef/main.htm | The Feature System Mapping the Site Stratigraphy Archaeology ' s history is a checkered one ( Trigger 1989 ; Willey and Sabloff 1993 ) . The first archaeologists were avocational explorers , diggers , and speculators . Some were fascinated by holding bits of the past . Others were driven by the desire to make money off of exotic treasures . This was the era of Indian Jones . Archaeologists were active fieldworkers , certainly better than theorizing anthropologists permanently glued to armchairs in upper class Victorian sitting rooms , but they were destructive collectors who intended to amass neat objects for display in museums . By the middle 1900s , archaeologists began to try to preserve more information about the things they found . Elaborate strategies were designed for classification of things . Complete descriptions were the goal , and archaeology became more and more systematic , as well as more and more scientific in view and approach . This was the rise of the CULTURE - HISTORICAL SCHOOL of archaeology in the United States . Things were carefully excavated to standards of stratigraphic recording and reports emphasized the location and dating of things . Digs , often facilitated through Works Projects of America funding , were massive in scale . Entire sites were excavated and collections of things numbered in the hundreds of thousands . Construction of local and regional chronologies was the goal , and distributions of objects in SPACE and TIME were held indicative of past societies and the movements of cultures and cultural ideas across the landscape ( cf . Willey and Phillips 1958 ) . Cultural TRAITS were defined that had demonstrated importance in defining the stringers of time and space , and these became the major rubrics for analysis and discussion of archaeological CULTURES . Emphasis was on description , CLASSIFICATION , and construction of narratives that explained the ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD in terms of alleged cultures that moved through space of time . Changes in traits became axiomatically associated with changes in basic elements of socioeconomic organization and earmarks of changing adaptive systems as well as labels for specific ethnic and linguistic groups in the past . WHAM - BAM ! CAME THE 60s ! Old traditional culture history was bashed , mashed , chewed , and abused by the NEW ARCHAEOLOGISTS . These Mad Dog - , hell - bent - for - science PROCESSUALISTS would truck no more lengthy descriptions of stuff and tedious typological constructions ( Binford 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 ; Leone 1972 ; Watson et al . 1971 ) . Their rallying cry was that there must be more to archaeology than a slavish adherence to the old kulturkreise school . Processualists would emphasize use of basic scientific method , with reliance on explicit HYPOTHESIS TESTING and characterization of human societies as ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS ( e.g. , Binford and Sabloff 1982 ; Clarke 1977 ; Flannery 1967 , 1968 , 1982 ; Hodder 1978 ) . Culture - historical reconstructions were declared to be pseudo explanatory frameworks and definition of traits though useful for placing past societies in the basic framework of time and space could not be the declared end - products of archaeological research . CULTURAL CHRONOLOGIES were simply the beginning , serving as useful classificatory frameworks , in which more compelling questions of adaptation and CULTURAL CHANGE could be MODELED and addressed ( cf . Clarke 1978 ; Sabloff 1981 ) . The archaeological record was seen as archaeology ' s laboratory for studying HUMAN BEHAVIOR over the long expanse of time . Processual archaeology was firmly based in CULTURAL MATERIALISM in the mode of Leslie White and Marvin Harris , and asserted that the only suitable approach was to focus on the relationships between society and the physical environment . TECHNOLOGY was the principal means of human adaptation . SOCIAL ORGANIZATION facilitated the extraction of resources through use of technology . IDEOLOGY simply justified what had to be done to accomodate production ( Harris 1968 , 1979 ; White 1959 , 1969 , 1975 ) . This view holds that cultures are inherently or overwhelmingly rational : CULTURE is defined as man ' s extrasomatic means of adaptation to his environment . Proponents asserted that archaeology was uniquely suited to establish patterns in how humans chose to adapt to their physical environments , and that archaeologists would contribute to knowledge of human behavior by identifying UNIVERSALS that would address behavior in terms of past - present - future . In the early ' 80s a group of pragmatic archaeologists , leery of dooming culture - historical reconstructions to the trash heap and appalled by POSITIVIST materialist dogmas , advocated a HOLISTIC inspection of all facets of culture ( technology , social organization , ideology ) by archaeologists . These anthropologists were tagged as POST - PROCESSUALISTS ( e.g. , Hodder 1982 , 1986 , 1993 ; Shanks and Tilley 1987 ; Tilley 1990 ) . This label actually encompasses a wide range of anthropological approaches that are grouped only when considered in contrast to the more narrowly defined materialist approach of the processualists . Post - Processualists emphasize study of patterns in material culture and insist that archaeologists can extract meaningful inferences about values , beliefs , religion , and social structure , as well as the more obvious socioeconomic or technological elements of human adaptation . Archaeology for Post - Processualists is often defined as the anthropology of material culture , and encompasses but is not limited to Materialist positivistic approaches to study of past societies . Key words for Post - Processual approaches include material culture study , with key concepts being CONTEXT and CRITICAL THEORY . As the anthropology of things , Post - Processualist theory draws upon a vast array of anthropological theories , including Structuralism , Symbolic Anthropology , and tenets of Critical Marxism . Archaeology emerges in its P - P guise as a social anthropology of the past , not purely Western Science and not purely History , but a holistic study of humans in the past , including their institutions , their beliefs , and their culture in all its many facets . Terms and Concepts Archaeology as a discipline predicated on the analysis of a complex subject , has evolved a jargon or lexicon all its own . In these cartoons , reproduced from Malina and Vasicek ( 1990 : Figs . 3 , 4 ) , the archaeologist attempts to sort out all the myriad jargon terms that have become shorthand referents to theories and concepts . All deal with what the archaeologist finds , and how the archaeologist constructs inferences . Figure 1 . Cartoons showing the jargonized process of description and classification : a task not for the meek ( from Malina and Vasicek 1990 : Figs . 3 and 4 ) . ARTIFACTS are things made , used , and modified by people . The term refers to tools , residues of tool manufacture , residues of processing plants and animals , and by - products of tool manufacture , processing , or other human activities . NATUREFACTS are parts of plants or animals not modified by man , but indicative of man ' s physical environment . For example , seeds , plant parts or small animal remains found in an archaeological site can be analyzed to determine season of the year for man ' s occupation or indicate the climate and environment of a given period . How Do We Get To Inference from Things ? These cartoons depict the inner recesses of the researcher ' s mind : things found , categories applied , inferences drawn , facts elicited . Artifact applies to the totality of the object or thing found . To find patterns indicative of human behavior , and hence , culture , we must have a finer level of measurement : the ATTRIBUTE . Attributes are measurements or observations drawn or about artifacts . The attribute measured may be one zone of wear on a formed tool . So , a given tool form may have dozens of measurable attributes . No description is adequate without measurements taken at the attribute level of analysis . Attributes may record basic morphology , alterations of surfaces , signposts of manufacture , indicators of depositional environment , quantities or requencies , and any number of other variable dimensions . Malina and Vasicek ( 1990 ) , Neustupny ( 1993 ) and Shennan ( 1988 ) offer Inferences about past human behavior are constructed by correlating and cross - tabulating attribute lists . Our inferential patterns are then arranged in shifting hierarchies , with one form or focus simply being the level of measurement at which the pattern analysis is performed : Gross : distribution of artifact types within the site . Moderate : patterns of selected features observed on artifacts . Fine : patterns defined by careful correlations of descriptive dimensions outlining attribute characteristics across tool types . 1962 Archaeology as anthropology . American Antiquity 28 ( 2 ) : 217 - 225 . Binford , L.R . 1964 A consideration of archaeological research design . American Antiquity 29 ( 4 ) : 425 - 451 . Binford , L.R . 1965 Archaeological systematics and the study of cultural process . 31 ( 2 ) : 203 - 210 . 1968 Some comments on historical versus processual archaeology . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 24 ( 3 ) : 267 - 275 . Binford , L.R. and J.A. Sabloff 1982 Paradigms , systematics and archaeology . The Journal of Anthropological Research 38 : 137 - 153 . Clarke , D.L . 1968 Analytical Archaeology . London : Methuen . Clarke , D.L . 1972 Models in Archaeology . ed . London : Methuen . 1977 Spatial Archaeology . London : Academic Press . Flannery , K.V . 1967 Culture history vs . cultural process : A debate in American archaeology . Scientific American 217 : 119 - 122 . Flannery , K.V . 1968 Archaeological systems theory and early Mesoamerica . In Anthropological archaeology in the Americas , B.J. Meggers ( ed . ) , pp . 67 - 87 . Washington , D.C . 1982 The Golden Marshalltown : A parable for the archaeology of the 1980s . American Anthropologist 84 : 265 - 278 . Gardin , J . - C . and C.S. Peebles ( eds . ) 1992 Representations in archaeology . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . Harris , M . 1968 The rise of anthropological theory . New York : Crowell . Harris , M . 1979 Cultural Materialism : The struggle for a science of culture . New York : Random House . Hodder , I . 1978 Simulation studies in archaeology . ed . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Hodder , I . 1982 Theoretical archaeology : A reactionary view . In Symbolic and structural anthropology , I . Hodder ( ed . ) , pp . 1 - 16 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 1986 Reading the past : Current approaches to interpretation in archaeology . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 1993 The narrative and rhetoric of material culture sequences . World Archaeology 25 : 268 - 282 . Leone , M.P. ( ed . ) 1971 Contemporary archaeology . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . Leone , M.P. and P.B. Potter ( eds . ) 1988 The recovery of meaning : Historical archaeology in the eastern United States . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Malina , J . and Z . Vasicek 1990 Archaeology yesterday & today . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Neustupny , E . 1993 Archaeological method . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Renfrew , C . and E.B. Zubrow ( eds . ) 1994 The ancient mind : Elements of cognitive archaeology Sabloff , J.A. ( ed . ) 1981 Simulations in archaeology . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . Shanks , M . and C . Tilley 1987 Reconstructing archaeology Shennan , S . 1988 Quantifying archaeology . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . Tilley , C . ( ed . ) 1989 A history of archaeological thought Tilley , C . ( Ed . ) 1990 Reading material culture Watson , P.J. , S.A. LeBlanc and C.L. Redman 1971 Explanation in archaeology , an explicitly scientific approach . New York : Columbia University Press . White , L.A . 1949 The science of culture : A study of man and civilization . New York : Farrar and Strauss . White , L.A . 1959 The evolution of culture . New York : McGraw - Hill . 1975 The concept of cultural systems : A key to understanding tribes and nations . New York : Columbia University Press . Willey , G.R. and P . Phillips 1958 Method and theory in American archaeology . Chicago The University of Chicago Press . Willey , G.R. and J.A. Sabloff 1993 A history of American archaeology . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . Adaptive Systems Anthropology Archaeological Record Artifacts Attribute Classification Context Critical Theory Cultural Change Cultural Chronologies Cultural Materialism Culture - Historical School Culture Culture s Holistic Human Behavior Hypothesis Testing Ideology Material Culture Metnefacts Models Naturefacts New Archaeologist Positivist Post - Positivist Processualists Social Organization Space Technology Time Universals | [
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"silk screen industry",
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"vibrant colors"
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http://implantationspotting.net/what-is-implantation-bleeding-and-when-does-implantation-bleeding-occur/ | Bleeding What Is Implantation Bleeding and When Does Implantation Bleeding Occur ? By Margaret Scott 0 Comments Tweet Pin It Implantation spotting or bleeding can be an early sign of pregnancy in some women , but what is implantation bleeding and when does it usually occur ? First , to understand this early symptom of pregnancy , you need to know what happens during implantation . Implantation occurs after fertilization and is the attachment of a fertilized egg to the lining of the uterus . This occurs shortly after the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube and enters the uterus . Implantation happens about 6 - 12 days after ovulation and fertilization . Signs of implantation may include : 1 . Temperature fluctuations about 7 - 10 days after ovulation . 2 . Mild cramping of the uterus . 3 . Slight spotting or bleeding , called implantation bleeding . Read also : Signs of Implantation Bleeding – Implantation Bleeding and Symptoms What is Implantation Bleeding ? Implantation bleeding may occur after a fertilized egg , now called a blastocyte , has attached itself to the lining of the uterus . This process of attachment can cause irritation and movement to the lining , which may cause some bleeding from the uterus lining . This is a fairly common symptom of pregnancy , and approximately 25 to 35 percent of women will have implantation bleeding during the very early stages of pregnancy . Many women mistake implantation bleeding for the start of their normal menstrual period . However , implantation bleeding does not look like regular menstrual bleeding . It is usually dark pink to dark brown in color and the amount of bleeding is very light , lasting only about 2 days . . For some women , it resembles a very light period and may last longer than a couple of days , which is why confusion between implantation bleeding and a menstrual period occasionally occurs . The majority of women find that menstrual blood is a brighter red in color and will become much heavier within a day or two . Read also : Can Implantation Bleeding Be Heavy ? Truth Unraveled When Does Implantation Bleeding Occur ? Another reason for some confusion between implantation bleeding and the beginning of a woman ’ s menstrual period is the time in a woman ’ s cycle when implantation bleeding occurs . Implantation bleeding usually happens about 10 - 14 days after ovulation and fertilization of an egg . Unfortunately , this can be the same time that a woman expects her period to begin . It can be even more confusing because you may experience symptoms similar to the ones that you get before and during your period : bloating , cramping , headaches , fatigues , and mood swings . Why does this happen ? Hormone level changes in the first few weeks of pregnancy are very similar to the hormonal changes during your menstrual cycle . If you have been trying to get pregnant , it will be important to pay very close attention to changes in your body which are uncharacteristic of your normal menstrual period symptoms . Whether you are trying to have a baby or not , any unusual bleeding from the uterus can be a cause for concern . Distinguishing between implantation bleeding and early miscarriage bleeding can be somewhat confusing as well . In general , bleeding from a miscarriage may begin as light spotting but will become heavier with small to large clots and a dark red color , very similar to menstrual bleeding , but can also be very painful . In contrast , implantation bleeding will be much lighter in flow and color without clots lasts only a few days . Can Implantation Bleeding Be Bright Red Key Facts Revealed Does Implantation Bleeding Have Clots ? Yet , to be absolutely certain as to the cause of any abnormal uterine bleeding , you should visit your gynecologist for a hCG ( pregnancy ) blood test or an early pregnancy ultrasound . A pregnancy blood test usually will detect a pregnancy within 3 - 4 days after implantation , and a pregnancy urine test can detect a pregnancy within 4 - 5 days after implantation . | [
"Implantation Bleeding",
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