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56defedf3277331400b4d872 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and nonaged orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. | What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals? | {
"text": [
"only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to have_on and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | {
"text": [
"perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to have_on and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56df009f3277331400b4d887 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was potential for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop? | {
"text": [
"1917"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56df009f3277331400b4d888 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was potential for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the fiscal situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave. | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | {
"text": [
"collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during apostolic coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the apostolic tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler apostolic inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his apostolic inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who announces the election of a new pope? | {
"text": [
"The cardinal protodeacon"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during apostolic coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the apostolic tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler apostolic inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his apostolic inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | {
"text": [
"from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during apostolic coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the apostolic tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler apostolic inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his apostolic inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino. | Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned? | {
"text": [
"Pope John Paul I"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can exist recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | What color is the hat? | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56df02b23277331400b4d8a7 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005? | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56df02b23277331400b4d8a8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | {
"text": [
"10 years"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in late years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian? | {
"text": [
"about half"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in late years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio. | In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian? | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56df04563277331400b4d8b1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. | What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from? | {
"text": [
"seven deacons in the Papal Household"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | {
"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56df05323277331400b4d8c1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had sure ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | {
"text": [
"The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df05323277331400b4d8c2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had sure ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil. | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | {
"text": [
"Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must exist approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. | In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | {
"text": [
"the Pope"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also exist part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | {
"text": [
"a suburbicarian see"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church? | {
"text": [
"cardinal deacons"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church? | {
"text": [
"cardinal bishops"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. | Which rank has the most cardinals? | {
"text": [
"Cardinal priests"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df0d723277331400b4d91d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to sure key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | {
"text": [
"priests chosen by the pope"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56df0de63277331400b4d921 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman bucolic clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | Each cardinal priest has what? | {
"text": [
"a titular church in Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56df0e673277331400b4d925 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was little from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals? | {
"text": [
"1587"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56df0e673277331400b4d926 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was little from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56df0e673277331400b4d927 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was little from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | {
"text": [
"Pope John XXIII"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
56ddee969a695914005b96d2 | Iranian_languages | The Persian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Persian languages are known as Persian peoples. Historical Persian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Persian (until 400 BCE), Middle Persian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Persian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Persian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Persian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. | What is another term meaning Iranian languages? | {
"text": [
"Iranic languages"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56ddee969a695914005b96d3 | Iranian_languages | The Persian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Persian languages are known as Persian peoples. Historical Persian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Persian (until 400 BCE), Middle Persian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Persian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Persian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Persian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. | What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of? | {
"text": [
"Indo-Iranian languages"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56ddee969a695914005b96d4 | Iranian_languages | The Persian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Persian languages are known as Persian peoples. Historical Persian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Persian (until 400 BCE), Middle Persian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Persian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Persian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Persian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. | What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of? | {
"text": [
"Indo-European language family"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56ddee969a695914005b96d5 | Iranian_languages | The Persian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Persian languages are known as Persian peoples. Historical Persian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Persian (until 400 BCE), Middle Persian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Persian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Persian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Persian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. | When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur? | {
"text": [
"400 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56ddee969a695914005b96d6 | Iranian_languages | The Persian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Persian languages are known as Persian peoples. Historical Persian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Persian (until 400 BCE), Middle Persian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Persian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Persian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Persian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian. | What is an example of a Sassanid language? | {
"text": [
"Middle Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
56ddeed19a695914005b96dd | Iranian_languages | As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million aboriginal speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi. | How many different Iranian languages exist? | {
"text": [
"86"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b | Iranian_languages | The term Persian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Persian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor? | {
"text": [
"Proto-Iranian"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c | Iranian_languages | The term Persian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Persian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya. | From what languages does the word Aryao come? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Persian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | When was the phrase Iranian language family first used? | {
"text": [
"1836"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Persian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | Who first used the term Iranian language? | {
"text": [
"Christian Lassen"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Persian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | Who first used the term Irano-Aryan? | {
"text": [
"Robert Needham Cust"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Persian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used? | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31 | Iranian_languages | All Persian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | From where did Iranian languages originate? | {
"text": [
"Proto-Iranian"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33 | Iranian_languages | All Persian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | {
"text": [
"Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34 | Iranian_languages | All Persian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian? | {
"text": [
"Andronovo"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35 | Iranian_languages | All Persian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | When did the Andronovo culture exist? | {
"text": [
"2000 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in comparative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. | What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to? | {
"text": [
"Indo-European"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56ddf33166d3e219004dae56 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Persian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Persian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Persian plateau, and Central Asia. | Where did early Iranian people establish societies? | {
"text": [
"southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great lingual diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | {
"text": [
"linguistic diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great lingual diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae60 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Persian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form? | {
"text": [
"the Behistun inscription"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae61 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Persian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | When was the Behistun inscription written? | {
"text": [
"520 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae62 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Persian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway? | {
"text": [
"4th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Persian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Persian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Persian languages had yielded to their Middle Persian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Persian stage (the effect of Middle Persian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language? | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Persian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Persian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Persian languages had yielded to their Middle Persian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Persian stage (the effect of Middle Persian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? | {
"text": [
"Zoroastrianism"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Persian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Persian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Persian languages had yielded to their Middle Persian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Persian stage (the effect of Middle Persian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan? | {
"text": [
"Rigvedic Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Persian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Persian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Persian languages had yielded to their Middle Persian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Persian stage (the effect of Middle Persian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan? | {
"text": [
"Old Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
802
]
} |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Persian languages, all Middle Persian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Persian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What language is Carduchi thought to have become? | {
"text": [
"Kurdish"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Persian languages, all Middle Persian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Persian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What language did Herodotus invent a name for? | {
"text": [
"Scythian"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251b | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Persian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Persian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Persian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues? | {
"text": [
"western and eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251c | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Persian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Persian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Persian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian? | {
"text": [
"Old Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251d | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Persian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Persian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Persian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian? | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Persian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | {
"text": [
"*ć and *dź"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Persian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | {
"text": [
"first-series palatal consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56ddfe654396321400ee2532 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is potential to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What languages share a similar situation? | {
"text": [
"Nuristani languages"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56ddfe654396321400ee2533 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is potential to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division? | {
"text": [
"*ćw and *dźw"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56ddfe654396321400ee2534 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is potential to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56de03a44396321400ee2547 | Iranian_languages | It is potential that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What may have also been in use at the time? | {
"text": [
"other distinct dialect groups"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56de03a44396321400ee2548 | Iranian_languages | It is potential that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed? | {
"text": [
"Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56de03a44396321400ee2549 | Iranian_languages | It is potential that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed? | {
"text": [
"Old Parthian"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56de03d64396321400ee254d | Iranian_languages | What is known in Persian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Persian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close? | {
"text": [
"9th century"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56de03d64396321400ee254e | Iranian_languages | What is known in Persian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Persian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian? | {
"text": [
"Western and Eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56de05334396321400ee2552 | Iranian_languages | The western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language? | {
"text": [
"Eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56de05334396321400ee2553 | Iranian_languages | The western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages? | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
56de05334396321400ee2554 | Iranian_languages | The western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | {
"text": [
"Aramaic"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
56de05334396321400ee2555 | Iranian_languages | The western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | What did the Bactrian language use for writing? | {
"text": [
"Greek script"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
56de058f4396321400ee255b | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent important maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What is another term for Middle Persian? | {
"text": [
"Pahlavi"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56de058f4396321400ee255c | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent important maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | When did Middle Persian start being u sed? | {
"text": [
"3rd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56de058f4396321400ee255d | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent important maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans? | {
"text": [
"Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56de058f4396321400ee255e | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent important maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to? | {
"text": [
"Syriac script"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
56de0abc4396321400ee2563 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were of_import changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages? | {
"text": [
"Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56de0abc4396321400ee2564 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were of_import changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? | {
"text": [
"Dari"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56de0abc4396321400ee2565 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were of_import changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What was the first dynasty to use Dari? | {
"text": [
"Saffarid"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
56de0abc4396321400ee2566 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were of_import changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari? | {
"text": [
"875 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
56de0abc4396321400ee2567 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were of_import changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers? | {
"text": [
"Khorasan"
],
"answer_start": [
963
]
} |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. | What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam? | {
"text": [
"Arabic script"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. | When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off? | {
"text": [
"second half of the 8th century"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. | What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s? | {
"text": [
"Tajik script"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. | When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic? | {
"text": [
"the 1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574 | Iranian_languages | The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. | Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic? | {
"text": [
"the Soviet government"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
56de110e4396321400ee259f | Iranian_languages | The geographic regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. | What is another term for Western Iran? | {
"text": [
"Khuzestan"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56de110e4396321400ee25a0 | Iranian_languages | The geographic regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. | What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic? | {
"text": [
"Sogdian and Bactrian"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56de110e4396321400ee25a1 | Iranian_languages | The geographic regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. | By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people? | {
"text": [
"6th century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
56de110e4396321400ee25a2 | Iranian_languages | The geographic regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. | Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found? | {
"text": [
"Zarafshan valley"
],
"answer_start": [
927
]
} |
56de110e4396321400ee25a3 | Iranian_languages | The geographic regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. | Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language? | {
"text": [
"Saka"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
} |
56de0fef4396321400ee2583 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What is used a main source of light for a building during the day? | {
"text": [
"Daylighting"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56de0fef4396321400ee2584 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological? | {
"text": [
"positive"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
56de0fef4396321400ee2585 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what? | {
"text": [
"energy consumption"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
56de0fef4396321400ee2586 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | {
"text": [
"artificial light sources"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56de0fef4396321400ee2587 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as? | {
"text": [
"Lighting or illumination"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day? | {
"text": [
"Daylighting"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | {
"text": [
"Lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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