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56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically? | {
"text": [
"positive"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with? | {
"text": [
"energy consumption"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6 | Lighting | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to accomplish a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | What is the used to achieve a practical effect? | {
"text": [
"Lighting or illumination"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de10f64396321400ee2599 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light-colored fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting? | {
"text": [
"light fixtures"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56de10f64396321400ee259a | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light-colored fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What is considered a key part of interior design? | {
"text": [
"Indoor lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de10f64396321400ee259b | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light-colored fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping? | {
"text": [
"lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light-colored fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting? | {
"text": [
"light fixtures"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67 | Lighting | Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light-colored fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. | What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects? | {
"text": [
"lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56df12603277331400b4d941 | Lighting | Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. | When was fluorescent lighting first available? | {
"text": [
"1939"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56df1264c65bf219000b3f27 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush? | {
"text": [
"Recessed lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of unreal lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". | Peking man kindled fire as early as? | {
"text": [
"400,000 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of unreal lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". | Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick? | {
"text": [
"birds and fish"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of unreal lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". | What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting? | {
"text": [
"campfires or torches"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f | Lighting | With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of unreal lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". | The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far? | {
"text": [
"15,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c | Lighting | major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity. | What type of lighting was powered by electricity? | {
"text": [
"incandescent light"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d | Lighting | major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity. | When did gas powered street lights became economically available. | {
"text": [
"early 1800s"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56df510196943c1400a5d395 | Lighting | Over time, electrical lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. | Street lights help reduce? | {
"text": [
"urban crime."
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56df51038bc80c19004e4a72 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a broad variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | {
"text": [
"Lighting fixtures"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df51038bc80c19004e4a73 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a broad variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. | Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid? | {
"text": [
"visual glare"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56df510696943c1400a5d39c | Lighting | An of_import property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | {
"text": [
"lumen per watt"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a3 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for sure applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. | How many Kelvins is daylight measured at? | {
"text": [
"6400"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a4 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for sure applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. | What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin? | {
"text": [
"incandescent bulb"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a5 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for sure applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | {
"text": [
"blue-white"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a6 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for sure applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | {
"text": [
"Lower color temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
56df513396943c1400a5d3ab | Lighting | Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | {
"text": [
"light produced by the fixture."
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a91 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to instal than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension. | Who invented track lighting? | {
"text": [
"Lightolier"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a92 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to instal than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension. | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | {
"text": [
"master transformer"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a93 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to instal than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension. | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | {
"text": [
"cable lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
739
]
} |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a94 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to instal than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension. | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | {
"text": [
"12 or 24 volts"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b | Lighting | A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may exist wall-mounted like a sconce. | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | {
"text": [
"torchiere"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices? | {
"text": [
"table lamp"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | {
"text": [
"task lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | {
"text": [
"dark nightclub"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | {
"text": [
"illuminated ceiling"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | {
"text": [
"accent lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of little lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of little low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | {
"text": [
"small lights"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of little lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of little low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | {
"text": [
"LED based versions"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of little lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of little low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | {
"text": [
"translucent tube"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light-colored roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light-colored fixtures. | What is used to light walkways at night? | {
"text": [
"Street Lights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70 | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light-colored roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light-colored fixtures. | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | {
"text": [
"photovoltaic luminaires"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56df807956340a1900b29c64 | Lighting | Floodlights can exist used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night? | {
"text": [
"Floodlights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df80fe56340a1900b29c77 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can exist used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | {
"text": [
"security lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56df819456340a1900b29c88 | Lighting | Entry lights can exist used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | {
"text": [
"Entry lights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca2 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to light the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. | What color are tail lights? | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca3 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to light the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | {
"text": [
"white or selective yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca4 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to light the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | {
"text": [
"late 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca5 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to light the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | {
"text": [
"White"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca6 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to light the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | {
"text": [
"turn signals"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
56df844f56340a1900b29cc8 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light-colored fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light-colored bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light-colored produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light-colored bulb produces about the same amount of light-colored as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light-colored output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | {
"text": [
"light bulbs"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56df844f56340a1900b29cc9 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light-colored fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light-colored bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light-colored produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light-colored bulb produces about the same amount of light-colored as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light-colored output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | {
"text": [
"electrical energy"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56df844f56340a1900b29cca | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light-colored fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light-colored bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light-colored produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light-colored bulb produces about the same amount of light-colored as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light-colored output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | {
"text": [
"60 w"
],
"answer_start": [
870
]
} |
56df844f56340a1900b29ccc | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light-colored fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light-colored bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light-colored produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light-colored bulb produces about the same amount of light-colored as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light-colored output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | {
"text": [
"800 lumens"
],
"answer_start": [
975
]
} |
56df865956340a1900b29cea | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers esthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | {
"text": [
"architectural lighting design"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56df865956340a1900b29ceb | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers esthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | {
"text": [
"kno"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56df865956340a1900b29cec | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers esthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | {
"text": [
"Radiance"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
56df865956340a1900b29ced | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers esthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | {
"text": [
"tabular"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56df865956340a1900b29cee | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers esthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | {
"text": [
"Daylight factor calculation."
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
56df879856340a1900b29d0a | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to assimilate light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | {
"text": [
"dark paint"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56df879856340a1900b29d0c | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to assimilate light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | {
"text": [
"light paint"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56df89dc38dc421700152022 | Lighting | Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to imitate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux). | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | {
"text": [
"Photometric studies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df8f054a1a83140091eb43 | Lighting | Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a unrecorded theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments. | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | {
"text": [
"lighting cues"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
56df8fcb38dc421700152055 | Lighting | Motion picture and television production use many of the like tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat. | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | {
"text": [
"stage lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56df912338dc421700152064 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of utile light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of utile light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of utile light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | {
"text": [
"candela (cd)"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
56df912338dc421700152066 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of utile light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of utile light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of utile light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | {
"text": [
"cd/m2"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
56df912338dc421700152067 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of utile light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of utile light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of utile light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | {
"text": [
"stilb"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
56df912338dc421700152068 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of utile light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of utile light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of utile light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | {
"text": [
"lumen (lm)"
],
"answer_start": [
1076
]
} |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb51 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light-colored that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | {
"text": [
"luminosity function"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb52 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light-colored that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | {
"text": [
"Lux"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56df93904a1a83140091eb6c | Lighting | Several measurement methods have been developed to command glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. | What does UGR stand for? | {
"text": [
"Unified Glare Rating"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56df945038dc421700152082 | Lighting | To specify light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural. | What does CCT stand for? | {
"text": [
"correlated color temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
56df945038dc421700152083 | Lighting | To specify light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural. | What does CRI stand for? | {
"text": [
"color rendering index"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56df945038dc421700152084 | Lighting | To specify light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural. | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | {
"text": [
"CRI"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56df945038dc421700152085 | Lighting | To specify light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural. | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | {
"text": [
"CCT"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e | Lighting | For example, in order to run_into the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. | What does GAI stand for? | {
"text": [
"gamut area index"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb80 | Lighting | For example, in order to run_into the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | {
"text": [
"GAI"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb81 | Lighting | For example, in order to run_into the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | {
"text": [
"ano"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56df964438dc42170015208d | Lighting | typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | What is typically used to measure light? | {
"text": [
"light dosimeters"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56df96e138dc421700152090 | Lighting | In order to specifically mensurate the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately mensurate and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | {
"text": [
"Daysimeter"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56df96e138dc421700152092 | Lighting | In order to specifically mensurate the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately mensurate and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? | {
"text": [
"circadian light meter"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56df9a3738dc4217001520bf | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. | How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56df9a3738dc4217001520c0 | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | {
"text": [
"short-wavelength light"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56df9b7338dc4217001520d1 | Lighting | Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light-colored is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings. | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | {
"text": [
"Specification of illumination requirements"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df9c5038dc4217001520e4 | Lighting | Lighting control systems cut_down energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems. | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | {
"text": [
"Lighting control"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90 | Lighting | many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | {
"text": [
"wireless mesh open standards"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91 | Lighting | many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What is the name of one type of control system used? | {
"text": [
"ZigBee"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92 | Lighting | many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56df9fbe38dc421700152112 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to let operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | {
"text": [
"Occupancy sensors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56df9fbe38dc421700152113 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to let operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | {
"text": [
"changes in heat"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56df9fbe38dc421700152114 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to let operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | {
"text": [
"Ultrasonic sensors"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
56df9fbe38dc421700152115 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to let operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56dfa1c738dc42170015213a | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to utilize as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | {
"text": [
"Daylighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfa1c738dc42170015213c | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to utilize as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c | Lighting | In recent years light-colored emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light-colored emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is a form of solid state lighting? | {
"text": [
"LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d | Lighting | In recent years light-colored emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light-colored emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | {
"text": [
"nonimaging optics"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
56dfa3d938dc42170015215e | Lighting | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is of_import not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | {
"text": [
"higher lighting levels"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if unreal light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | {
"text": [
"Alzheimer's Disease"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if unreal light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. | The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? | {
"text": [
"24"
],
"answer_start": [
799
]
} |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df80 | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if unreal light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | {
"text": [
"disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
56dfa6de7aa994140058df99 | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 operative patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | {
"text": [
"Robert Ulrich"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 operative patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. | Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
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