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56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 operative patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under unlike lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? | {
"text": [
"University of Toronto Scarborough"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under unlike lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? | {
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could exist distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could exist burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could exist stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | {
"text": [
"Dr. Abraham Gesner"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could exist distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could exist burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could exist stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could exist distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could exist burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could exist stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | {
"text": [
"coal-gas methods"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56dfb498231d4119001abc8d | Lighting | compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming. | What does CFL stand for? | {
"text": [
"Compact fluorescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfb498231d4119001abc91 | Lighting | compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming. | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
894
]
} |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a received incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | {
"text": [
"10%"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e040 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a received incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | {
"text": [
"50,000"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e041 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a received incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | {
"text": [
"50,000 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e042 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a received incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | {
"text": [
"70%"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56dfbac5231d4119001abd34 | Lighting | light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | {
"text": [
"Light pollution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfbac5231d4119001abd36 | Lighting | light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | {
"text": [
"glare"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers. | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | {
"text": [
"searchlights and flares"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers. | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers. | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | {
"text": [
"infrared cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f | Lighting | Flares can also exist used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What can be used by military for targeting? | {
"text": [
"Flares"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50 | Lighting | Flares can also exist used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | {
"text": [
"laser-guided and GPS weapons"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1 | Lighting | The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and received defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used received metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. | What does the CIE stand for? | {
"text": [
"International Commission on Illumination"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of unlike built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of unlike built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | Who else publishes along with IESNA? | {
"text": [
"ANSI and ASHRAE"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of unlike built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What defines photo metric data? | {
"text": [
"distribution of light released"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd | Lighting | The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of main professional lighting designers. Those fully main designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. | What does IALD stand for? | {
"text": [
"The International Association of Lighting Designers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfbfd97aa994140058e109 | Lighting | The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organize different events throughout the world. | What does PLDA stand for? | {
"text": [
"The Professional Lighting Designers Association"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a | Lighting | The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organize different events throughout the world. | What was the PLDA formerly known as? | {
"text": [
"ELDA"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e123 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam go ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? | {
"text": [
"NCQLP"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e124 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam go ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | What does NCQLP stand for? | {
"text": [
"The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e125 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam go ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | {
"text": [
"LC"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e126 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam go ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | What other national examinations are available? | {
"text": [
"CLEP and CLMC"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12b | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ single and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | What does PLASA stand for? | {
"text": [
"The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12c | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ single and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | Where is PLASA based? | {
"text": [
"UK"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12d | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ single and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | How many individuals does PLASA represent? | {
"text": [
"500+"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12e | Lighting | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ single and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | What does RoHS stand for? | {
"text": [
"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
56de244f4396321400ee25ef | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have_got defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | Which political practice did Montesquieu originate? | {
"text": [
"Separation of powers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de244f4396321400ee25f0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have_got defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56de244f4396321400ee25f1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have_got defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"United States Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
56de244f4396321400ee25f3 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have_got defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote? | {
"text": [
"checks and balances"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
56de333b4396321400ee268f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have_got defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other? | {
"text": [
"separation of powers"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56de24b24396321400ee25fd | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"John Locke"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56de24b24396321400ee25fe | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56de24b24396321400ee25ff | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches? | {
"text": [
"Montesquieu"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56de24b24396321400ee2600 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy? | {
"text": [
"the framers of the United States Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56de33fc4396321400ee2694 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"John Locke"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56de33fc4396321400ee2695 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Who was an opponent of separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56de33fc4396321400ee2696 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution? | {
"text": [
"Montesquieu"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | nonindulgent separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." | What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers? | {
"text": [
"UK"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | nonindulgent separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." | What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK? | {
"text": [
"parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | nonindulgent separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." | What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia? | {
"text": [
"separate and distinct"
],
"answer_start": [
1824
]
} |
56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | nonindulgent separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." | What country's government served as a model for the United States Government? | {
"text": [
"United Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | nonindulgent separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." | In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? | {
"text": [
"a member of the Court of Appeals"
],
"answer_start": [
1395
]
} |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | {
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56de37794396321400ee26ac | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de37794396321400ee26ad | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency? | {
"text": [
"nondelegation doctrine"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56de37794396321400ee26ae | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | What was the court case that struck down the line item veto? | {
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56de37794396321400ee26af | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to pass for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court? | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation? | {
"text": [
"Wayman v. Southard"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"John Marshall"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress? | {
"text": [
"the judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court? | {
"text": [
"Wayman v. Southard"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not do great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." | Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling? | {
"text": [
"John Marshall"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56de2d374396321400ee2636 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorise the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution? | {
"text": [
"the 1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56de2d374396321400ee2637 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorise the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States? | {
"text": [
"National Recovery Administration"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56de2d374396321400ee2638 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorise the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"1935"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorise the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional? | {
"text": [
"1935"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorise the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition? | {
"text": [
"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command? | {
"text": [
"Army and Navy"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees? | {
"text": [
"impeachment"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission? | {
"text": [
"quasi-judicial"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | {
"text": [
"Executive"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | Who has the authority to make treaties? | {
"text": [
"the President"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President? | {
"text": [
"impeachment"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to do treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. | Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
56de2fe04396321400ee265c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to keep executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. | To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials? | {
"text": [
"the performance of their duties"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56de2fe04396321400ee265d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to keep executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. | What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution? | {
"text": [
"INS v. Chadha"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56de2fe04396321400ee265e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to keep executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. | When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56de3bf44396321400ee26c0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to keep executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. | By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto? | {
"text": [
"two-thirds"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
56de307c4396321400ee2666 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed? | {
"text": [
"Judicial"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de307c4396321400ee2667 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"president"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56de307c4396321400ee2668 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court? | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56de307c4396321400ee2669 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | {
"text": [
"constitutional courts"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called? | {
"text": [
"Judicial power"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | Who appoints a judge? | {
"text": [
"the president"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment? | {
"text": [
"the Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may set_up "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations). | What kind of courts did congress establish? | {
"text": [
"legislative courts"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may set_up "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations). | What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise? | {
"text": [
"judicial power of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may overrule any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree? | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may overrule any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | Who can call congress into emergency session? | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may overrule any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | Who serves as president of the Senate? | {
"text": [
"The Vice President"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to publish pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who has the power to issue a pardon? | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to publish pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who has the power to issue a reprieve? | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to require them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. | Who is the commander and chief of the Army? | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to require them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. | Who has the power to declare ware? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to require them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. | Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals? | {
"text": [
"the Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Courts check_up_on both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. | Who is responsible for judicial review? | {
"text": [
"Courts"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Courts check_up_on both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. | What is the court case that established judicial review? | {
"text": [
"Marbury v. Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
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