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56e4839b39bdeb1400347968 | Architecture | early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | What country produced the Kao Gong Ji? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e4839b39bdeb1400347969 | Architecture | early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | When was the Kao Gong Ji written? | {
"text": [
"7th–5th centuries BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56e4839b39bdeb140034796a | Architecture | early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka? | {
"text": [
"Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e4839b39bdeb140034796b | Architecture | early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | India produced which early architectural text? | {
"text": [
"Shilpa Shastras"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56de3d844396321400ee26d0 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries? | {
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56de3d844396321400ee26d1 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced? | {
"text": [
"3rd century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | What does Hindu temple architecture try to express? | {
"text": [
"the macrocosm and the microcosm"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture? | {
"text": [
"the Shastras"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7 | Architecture | The architecture of unlike parts of Asia developed along unlike lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having unlike characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. | What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia? | {
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56de3de54396321400ee26d5 | Architecture | Muslim architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period. | What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's? | {
"text": [
"European architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdd | Architecture | Muslim architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period. | When was Islamic architecture first seen? | {
"text": [
"7th century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e485f58c00841900fbafde | Architecture | Muslim architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period. | In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture? | {
"text": [
"Byzantium"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdf | Architecture | Muslim architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period. | What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill? | {
"text": [
"religious and social needs"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e485f58c00841900fbafe0 | Architecture | Muslim architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period. | What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects? | {
"text": [
"pointed arch"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What type of buildings were took the most effort to build? | {
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals."
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56e4878a39bdeb1400347978 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What were the most important buildings of the time? | {
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56e4878a39bdeb1400347979 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe? | {
"text": [
"clerics and tradesmen"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797a | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What style is Gothic? | {
"text": [
"pan-European"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797b | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What is another pan-European style? | {
"text": [
"Romanesque"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797c | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information? | {
"text": [
"900 CE onwards"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56de3fd84396321400ee2702 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | When was Renaissance Humanism developed? | {
"text": [
"1400"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | When did the Classical learning revival begin? | {
"text": [
"1400 onwards"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | What continent did this revival take place on? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | What was the name for the time period? | {
"text": [
"Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize? | {
"text": [
"role of the individual"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related_to vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. | What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time? | {
"text": [
"artist, architect and engineer"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf69 | Architecture | Architecture has to make with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed. | What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? | {
"text": [
"functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a | Architecture | Architecture has to make with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed. | In architecture what aspects are planned and designed? | {
"text": [
"form, space and ambience"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b | Architecture | Architecture has to make with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed. | Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve? | {
"text": [
"pragmatic aspects"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
56e476b139bdeb1400347944 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its esthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' | Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function? | {
"text": [
"Nunzia Rondanini"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e476b139bdeb1400347945 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its esthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' | In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality? | {
"text": [
"Through its aesthetic dimension"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56e476b139bdeb1400347946 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its esthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' | What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"? | {
"text": [
"social life"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
56e476b139bdeb1400347947 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its esthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' | What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini? | {
"text": [
"social development"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
56e476b139bdeb1400347948 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its esthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' | What does architecture share with other sciences? | {
"text": [
"functional aspects"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e477998c00841900fbafa1 | Architecture | To curtail the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to? | {
"text": [
"art for art's sake"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e477998c00841900fbafa2 | Architecture | To curtail the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What sort of quest lacks purpose? | {
"text": [
"quest for perfection or originality"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e477998c00841900fbafa3 | Architecture | To curtail the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest? | {
"text": [
"form"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e482018c00841900fbafc9 | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the classical orders. | From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge? | {
"text": [
"civic ideals"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56e482018c00841900fbafcb | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the classical orders. | These civic ideas allowed what to come into being? | {
"text": [
"new building types"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56e482018c00841900fbafcc | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the classical orders. | What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on? | {
"text": [
"religious or empirical ones"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e482018c00841900fbafcd | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the classical orders. | What owes its development to the Classical orders? | {
"text": [
"Architectural \"style\""
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56e4831739bdeb140034795e | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most of_import early examples of canonic architecture are religious. | When were architectural writings first made? | {
"text": [
"ancient time"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e4831739bdeb140034795f | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most of_import early examples of canonic architecture are religious. | Aside from general advice what did the texts contain? | {
"text": [
"specific formal prescriptions"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e4831739bdeb1400347960 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most of_import early examples of canonic architecture are religious. | What is another term for specific formal prescriptions? | {
"text": [
"canons"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56e4831739bdeb1400347961 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most of_import early examples of canonic architecture are religious. | When did Vitruvius write his canons? | {
"text": [
"1st-century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e4831739bdeb1400347962 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most of_import early examples of canonic architecture are religious. | What is a significant early architectural canonical type? | {
"text": [
"religious"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56e486e739bdeb1400347970 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. | What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen? | {
"text": [
"guilds"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e486e739bdeb1400347971 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. | What records of the guilds are still in existence? | {
"text": [
"written contracts"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56e486e739bdeb1400347972 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. | What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with? | {
"text": [
"ecclesiastical buildings"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e486e739bdeb1400347973 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. | What is another term for master mason? | {
"text": [
"Magister lathomorum"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6 | Architecture | A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still potential for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. | What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on? | {
"text": [
"proportions and structure"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7 | Architecture | A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still potential for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. | Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time? | {
"text": [
"generalist"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798c | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | What two fields began to grow apart? | {
"text": [
"architecture and engineering"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798d | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics? | {
"text": [
"technical aspects of building design"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798e | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy? | {
"text": [
"\"gentleman architect\""
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798f | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect? | {
"text": [
"context and feasibility"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} |
56e48e3239bdeb1400347990 | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | Where did most architects learn their trade? | {
"text": [
"in the offices of other architects"
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347996 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid unfastened the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | What started with the Industrial Revolution? | {
"text": [
"mass production and consumption"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347997 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid unfastened the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy? | {
"text": [
"ornamented products"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347998 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid unfastened the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class? | {
"text": [
"Aesthetics"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d | Architecture | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could utilize current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | What kind of books did housebuilders use? | {
"text": [
"pattern books and architectural journals"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e | Architecture | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could utilize current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate? | {
"text": [
"current architectural design"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to bring_forth better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? | {
"text": [
"20th"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to bring_forth better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time? | {
"text": [
"Modern Architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to bring_forth better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to bring_forth better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund? | {
"text": [
"to produce better quality machine made objects"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to bring_forth better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany? | {
"text": [
"the Bauhaus school"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning? | {
"text": [
"avant-garde movement"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of? | {
"text": [
"the middle and working classes"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style? | {
"text": [
"the rapidly declining aristocratic order"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479af | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings? | {
"text": [
"functionalist"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0 | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | What details did Modernists' do away with? | {
"text": [
"historical references and ornament"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to advance harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture? | {
"text": [
"Frank Lloyd Wright"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to advance harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | What are two of Wright's designs? | {
"text": [
"Robie House and Fallingwater"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8 | Architecture | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to advance harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature? | {
"text": [
"to promote harmony"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to make beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods? | {
"text": [
"the Industrial Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to make beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers? | {
"text": [
"steel-frame construction"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479be | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to make beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | What style came after Modernism? | {
"text": [
"International Style"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to make beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | What is an example of International Style? | {
"text": [
"Twin Towers"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0 | Architecture | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to make beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | Who designed the Twin Towers? | {
"text": [
"Minoru Yamasaki"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6 | Architecture | many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles? | {
"text": [
"decorative richness"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7 | Architecture | many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism? | {
"text": [
"Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8 | Architecture | many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | What material was used in Brutalist structures? | {
"text": [
"unfinished concrete"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9 | Architecture | many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism? | {
"text": [
"postwar generation"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to exist merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to exist a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. | What school was a response to Brutalism? | {
"text": [
"the school of metaphoric architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56e4c4a539bdeb14003479cf | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to exist merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to exist a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. | What are two examples of metaphoric architecture? | {
"text": [
"biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d0 | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to exist merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to exist a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. | What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise? | {
"text": [
"nature"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d1 | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to exist merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to exist a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. | What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of? | {
"text": [
"expressionist architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb | Architecture | Beginning in the later 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement? | {
"text": [
"the late 1950s and 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafec | Architecture | Beginning in the later 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | What was architectural phenomenology reacting to? | {
"text": [
"modernism"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafed | Architecture | Beginning in the later 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand? | {
"text": [
"human experience"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafee | Architecture | Beginning in the later 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"? | {
"text": [
"Robert Venturi"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
} |
56e4cced8c00841900fbafef | Architecture | Beginning in the later 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings? | {
"text": [
"\"ducks\""
],
"answer_start": [
910
]
} |
56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of geomorphologic systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | About when did architecture begin specializing? | {
"text": [
"Since the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of geomorphologic systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | Who can no longer design a large structure? | {
"text": [
"one person"
],
"answer_start": [
782
]
} |
56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9 | Architecture | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of geomorphologic systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? | {
"text": [
"Modernism and Postmodernism"
],
"answer_start": [
823
]
} |
56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5 | Architecture | environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. | What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years? | {
"text": [
"Environmental sustainability"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6 | Architecture | environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. | What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays? | {
"text": [
"the environment"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
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