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56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may find constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction. | Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States? | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The power to reexamine the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. | Who can limit judicial review of a law? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The power to reexamine the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. | Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit? | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56de41c54396321400ee2726 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not allow much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one. | Who presides over an impeachment trial? | {
"text": [
"The Chief Justice"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to support itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." | Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government? | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to support itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." | In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate? | {
"text": [
"Federalist 51"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56de445a4396321400ee273e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to go_through major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms. | Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not do extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!" | How many bills did George Washington veto? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not do extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!" | How many bills did James Monroe veto? | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not do extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!" | How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto | {
"text": [
"twelve"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not do extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!" | Who was the seventh President of the United States? | {
"text": [
"Andrew Jackson"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56de466e4396321400ee2757 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Some of Jackson's successors made no utilize of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to utilize the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. | How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress | {
"text": [
"fifteen"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56de466e4396321400ee2758 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Some of Jackson's successors made no utilize of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to utilize the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. | What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official? | {
"text": [
"Tenure of Office Act"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have_got done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination. | Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills? | {
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have_got done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination. | Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? | {
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly spread_out the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | Which President attempted to pack the supreme court? | {
"text": [
"Franklin Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly spread_out the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. | Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President? | {
"text": [
"national security"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56de4bd44396321400ee27a8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among unlike branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches. | What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government? | {
"text": [
"checks and balances"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56de4ce74396321400ee27b2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can retreat that delegation at any time. | Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may licence and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed] | Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida? | {
"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may licence and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed] | Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system? | {
"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56de29c64396321400ee2617 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What is the latin word for architecture? | {
"text": [
"Architectural"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56e2419acd28a01900c67c28 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What is the Latin word for architecture? | {
"text": [
"architectura"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56e2419acd28a01900c67c29 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What do you call the planning and building of buildings? | {
"text": [
"Architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e2419acd28a01900c67c2a | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures? | {
"text": [
"Architectural works"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56e2419acd28a01900c67c2b | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures? | {
"text": [
"architectural achievements"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
56e4607b39bdeb1400347930 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56e4607b39bdeb1400347931 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What two words is "architecture" a combination of? | {
"text": [
"ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\""
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56e4607b39bdeb1400347932 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | Architecture involves the creation of what? | {
"text": [
"buildings and other physical structures"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e4607b39bdeb1400347933 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as? | {
"text": [
"as works of art"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56e4607b39bdeb1400347934 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the corporeal form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | What can extant architectural works be used to identify? | {
"text": [
"Historical civilizations"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
56de2b2d4396321400ee261d | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived? | {
"text": [
"De architectura"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56de2b2d4396321400ee261e | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans? | {
"text": [
"Roman architect Vitruvius"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56de2b2d4396321400ee261f | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | When did Vitruvius create these plans? | {
"text": [
"1st century AD."
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56de2b2d4396321400ee2620 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What are the three principles every plan should consider? | {
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight."
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What is the first known extant writing about architecture called? | {
"text": [
"De architectura"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56e462c98c00841900fbaf70 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | Who was the author of De architectura? | {
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e462c98c00841900fbaf71 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What was Vitruvius' profession? | {
"text": [
"architect"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e462c98c00841900fbaf72 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building? | {
"text": [
"firmitas, utilitas, venustas"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56e462c98c00841900fbaf73 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should fulfill the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles? | {
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | When were the styles of arts created? | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects? | {
"text": [
"Vasari"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in? | {
"text": [
"Italian, French, Spanish and English"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out? | {
"text": [
"architect"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria? | {
"text": [
"Leon Battista Alberti"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty? | {
"text": [
"proportion"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | What ideal proportion did Alberti promote? | {
"text": [
"the Golden mean"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should endeavor to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. | In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise? | {
"text": [
"16th"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
56de2cf84396321400ee262f | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | Who wrote the book Contrasts? | {
"text": [
"Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56de2cf84396321400ee2630 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What year was Contrasts written in? | {
"text": [
"1836"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e464f48c00841900fbaf83 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What was the name of Pugin's book? | {
"text": [
"Contrasts"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e464f48c00841900fbaf84 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | In what year was Contrasts written? | {
"text": [
"1836"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e464f48c00841900fbaf85 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What world did Pugin dislike? | {
"text": [
"modern, industrial world"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56e464f48c00841900fbaf86 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian? | {
"text": [
"Gothic"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56de2d214396321400ee2633 | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his genial health, power, and pleasure". | Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture? | {
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8b | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his genial health, power, and pleasure". | Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture? | {
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8c | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his genial health, power, and pleasure". | What was Ruskin's career? | {
"text": [
"art critic"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8d | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his genial health, power, and pleasure". | When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published? | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8e | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his genial health, power, and pleasure". | What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer? | {
"text": [
"to his mental health, power, and pleasure"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture? | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin? | {
"text": [
"the aesthetic"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure? | {
"text": [
"it is in some way \"adorned\""
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional? | {
"text": [
"string courses or rustication"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | What century was the architect Le Corbusier in? | {
"text": [
"20th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793a | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? | {
"text": [
"Le Corbusier"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793b | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | What was Le Corbusier 's profession? | {
"text": [
"Architect"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793c | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | When did Le Corbusier live and write? | {
"text": [
"20th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793d | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched? | {
"text": [
"heart"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793e | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture". | What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in? | {
"text": [
"I am happy"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
56de2e2d4396321400ee2644 | Architecture | While the notion that geomorphologic and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"? | {
"text": [
"Function"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99 | Architecture | While the notion that geomorphologic and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional? | {
"text": [
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a | Architecture | While the notion that geomorphologic and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace? | {
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b | Architecture | While the notion that geomorphologic and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function? | {
"text": [
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c | Architecture | While the notion that geomorphologic and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns? | {
"text": [
"both popularity and skepticism"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | What are some philosophies that modern architects use? | {
"text": [
"rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e478328c00841900fbafa7 | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what? | {
"text": [
"philosophies"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56e478328c00841900fbafa9 | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence? | {
"text": [
"their approach to building design"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56e478328c00841900fbafaa | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Which philosophy followed structuralism? | {
"text": [
"poststructuralism"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56de308f4396321400ee266e | Architecture | In the later 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used? | {
"text": [
"late 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e4793839bdeb140034794e | Architecture | In the later 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"sustainability"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e4793839bdeb140034794f | Architecture | In the later 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | To what should a building be friendly? | {
"text": [
"environment"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e4793839bdeb1400347950 | Architecture | In the later 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly? | {
"text": [
"non-sustainable power sources"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. | What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done? | {
"text": [
"shelter, security, worship"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. | Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures? | {
"text": [
"knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. | What was building considered? | {
"text": [
"a craft"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. | What was the most valued type of building craft called? | {
"text": [
"architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. | Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building? | {
"text": [
"building materials"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world? | {
"text": [
"vernacular buildings"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | Why did the economy begin to expand? | {
"text": [
"a surplus in production"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347954 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made? | {
"text": [
"trial and error"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347955 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet? | {
"text": [
"vernacular"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347956 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | In what environment were many of the first human settlements? | {
"text": [
"rural"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347957 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements? | {
"text": [
"urbanization"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347958 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. | At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand? | {
"text": [
"rapidly"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to stand_for symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. | What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture? | {
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e481598c00841900fbafc3 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to stand_for symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. | What are two examples of past civilizations? | {
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e481598c00841900fbafc4 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to stand_for symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. | To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture? | {
"text": [
"the divine and the supernatural"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56e481598c00841900fbafc5 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to stand_for symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. | What does architectural monumentality often represent? | {
"text": [
"political power"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6 | Architecture | early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | Name one Asian architectural writer. | {
"text": [
"Kao Gong Ji"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
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