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56dfb7187aa994140058e060 | Pub | The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could receive refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. | In what century did the Romans leave Britain? | {
"text": [
"5th Century"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56dfb7187aa994140058e061 | Pub | The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could receive refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. | What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing? | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df7 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations? | {
"text": [
"in monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df8 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status? | {
"text": [
"1446"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df9 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514? | {
"text": [
"Worshipful Company of Innholders"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56dfb76e7aa994140058e067 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | When did the Hostellers of London become a guild? | {
"text": [
"1446"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56dfb76e7aa994140058e068 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders? | {
"text": [
"1514"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56dfb76e7aa994140058e069 | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings? | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a | Pub | A traveller in the early Middle Ages could receive overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. | What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries? | {
"text": [
"pilgrimages"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56dee6af3277331400b4d7dd | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | Where is an inn typically located? | {
"text": [
"in the country or along a highway"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56dee6af3277331400b4d7de | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn? | {
"text": [
"community gathering places"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
56dee6af3277331400b4d7df | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | How old are some of the inns in Europe? | {
"text": [
"several centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56dfb801231d4119001abcf1 | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns? | {
"text": [
"food and drink"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56dfb801231d4119001abcf2 | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | What road is an inn often located near? | {
"text": [
"highway"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56dfb801231d4119001abcf3 | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56dfb801231d4119001abcf4 | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | About how old are the oldest inns in Europe? | {
"text": [
"several centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56dfb801231d4119001abcf5 | Pub | Inns are buildings where travellers can search lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. | What role did inns serve other than housing travelers? | {
"text": [
"community gathering places"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f | Pub | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to supply alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland. | What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not? | {
"text": [
"accommodation"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56dfb89e7aa994140058e070 | Pub | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to supply alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland. | In what nation's pubs is food often served? | {
"text": [
"the UK"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56dfb89e7aa994140058e071 | Pub | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to supply alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland. | Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn? | {
"text": [
"The George"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
56dfb89e7aa994140058e072 | Pub | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to supply alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland. | In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs? | {
"text": [
"Scotland"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} |
56dfb89e7aa994140058e073 | Pub | In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to supply alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland. | Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns? | {
"text": [
"horses"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
56dfb914231d4119001abd05 | Pub | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. | What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges? | {
"text": [
"lodging"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56dfb914231d4119001abd06 | Pub | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. | What is the main provision that pubs offer? | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56dfb914231d4119001abd07 | Pub | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. | What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns? | {
"text": [
"food and drink"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56dfb914231d4119001abd08 | Pub | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. | What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America? | {
"text": [
"Holiday Inn"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
56dfb914231d4119001abd09 | Pub | The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. | In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called? | {
"text": [
"innkeepers"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
56dfb970231d4119001abd0f | Pub | The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to make business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. | Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business? | {
"text": [
"Inns of Court"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56dfb970231d4119001abd10 | Pub | The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to make business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. | In what city are the Inns of Chancery located? | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56dfb970231d4119001abd11 | Pub | The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to make business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. | Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in? | {
"text": [
"Wales"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15 | Pub | traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries. | What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale? | {
"text": [
"fermented malt"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16 | Pub | traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries. | What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production? | {
"text": [
"the Netherlands"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17 | Pub | traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries. | In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England? | {
"text": [
"15th"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18 | Pub | traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries. | In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England? | {
"text": [
"17th"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19 | Pub | traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries. | What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century? | {
"text": [
"commercial breweries"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
56dfba5f231d4119001abd29 | Pub | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. | After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England? | {
"text": [
"the Glorious Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a | Pub | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. | What people introduced gin to England? | {
"text": [
"the Dutch"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b | Pub | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. | In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur? | {
"text": [
"1688"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c | Pub | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. | How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740? | {
"text": [
"six times"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d | Pub | The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. | In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops? | {
"text": [
"half"
],
"answer_start": [
734
]
} |
56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5 | Pub | The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to take to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. | What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane? | {
"text": [
"William Hogarth"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56dfbb977aa994140058e0b6 | Pub | The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to take to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. | What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots? | {
"text": [
"The Gin Act 1736"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56dfbb977aa994140058e0b7 | Pub | The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to take to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. | When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? | {
"text": [
"1742"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
56dfbb977aa994140058e0b8 | Pub | The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to take to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. | What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates? | {
"text": [
"The Gin Act 1751"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d7 | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to exist held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. | In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d8 | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to exist held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. | What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments? | {
"text": [
"Sketches by Boz"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9 | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to exist held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. | Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written? | {
"text": [
"1835–1836"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56dfbdc47aa994140058e0da | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to exist held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. | What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"\"Gin Palaces\""
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56dfbdc47aa994140058e0db | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to exist held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. | In what British city did gin houses first appear? | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56dfbe6f231d4119001abd67 | Pub | Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to deal alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. | What law allowed the existence of beer houses? | {
"text": [
"Beer Act of 1830"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56dfbe6f231d4119001abd68 | Pub | Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to deal alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. | In what way did small beer differ from regular beer? | {
"text": [
"low alcohol content"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69 | Pub | Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to deal alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. | What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer? | {
"text": [
"gin"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
56dfbe6f231d4119001abd6a | Pub | Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to deal alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. | What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830? | {
"text": [
"reducing public drunkenness"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f3 | Pub | Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. | What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830? | {
"text": [
"£168"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f4 | Pub | Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. | What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home? | {
"text": [
"beer or cider"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f5 | Pub | Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. | On what day were beer houses closed? | {
"text": [
"Sundays"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f6 | Pub | Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. | Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from? | {
"text": [
"jugs"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f7 | Pub | Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. | What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses? | {
"text": [
"spirits and fortified wines"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56dfbf737aa994140058e103 | Pub | In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to receive permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated. | How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act? | {
"text": [
"400"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56dfbf737aa994140058e104 | Pub | In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to receive permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated. | How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act? | {
"text": [
"46,000"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56dfbf737aa994140058e105 | Pub | In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to receive permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated. | In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses? | {
"text": [
"1869"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
56dfbfff7aa994140058e111 | Pub | Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to go_on and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act. | What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license? | {
"text": [
"pubs"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56dfbfff7aa994140058e112 | Pub | Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to go_on and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act. | By the end of what century were most beer houses closed? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56dfbfff7aa994140058e113 | Pub | Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to go_on and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act. | Where are purpose-built pubs typically located? | {
"text": [
"corners or road junctions"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56dfbfff7aa994140058e114 | Pub | Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to go_on and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act. | What modern brewers often first began as beer houses? | {
"text": [
"real ale micro-brewers"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
56dfc02e7aa994140058e119 | Pub | The beer houses tended to debar the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. | Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub? | {
"text": [
"The Red Lion"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56dfc02e7aa994140058e11a | Pub | The beer houses tended to debar the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. | What is an example of a name for a beer house? | {
"text": [
"Smith's Beer House"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56dfc0887aa994140058e11d | Pub | There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to own a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. | In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell? | {
"text": [
"ale"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56dfc0887aa994140058e11e | Pub | There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to own a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. | In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England? | {
"text": [
"17th"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56dfc0887aa994140058e11f | Pub | There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to own a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. | What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses? | {
"text": [
"the crown"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56dfc0e0231d4119001abd9f | Pub | From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. | In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56dfc0e0231d4119001abda0 | Pub | From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. | In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened? | {
"text": [
"1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56dfc0e0231d4119001abda1 | Pub | From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. | What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005? | {
"text": [
"Local Authorities"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56dfd598231d4119001abe0f | Pub | The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and unwanted conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. | What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer? | {
"text": [
"Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56dfd598231d4119001abe10 | Pub | The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and unwanted conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. | At what locations were public house licenses granted? | {
"text": [
"special Licensing Sessions courts"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56dfd598231d4119001abe11 | Pub | The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and unwanted conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. | Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs? | {
"text": [
"ex-servicemen or ex-policemen"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
56dfd598231d4119001abe12 | Pub | The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and unwanted conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even "Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. | What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises? | {
"text": [
"Occasional Licences"
],
"answer_start": [
1129
]
} |
56dfd601231d4119001abe17 | Pub | Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can exist viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre. | Where can historical licensing records be examined? | {
"text": [
"London Metropolitan Archives centre"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
56dfd601231d4119001abe18 | Pub | Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can exist viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre. | Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records? | {
"text": [
"owner"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56dfd68c231d4119001abe1b | Pub | The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might misplace his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. | What law further restricted public houses? | {
"text": [
"the Defence of the Realm Act"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56dfd68c231d4119001abe1c | Pub | The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might misplace his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. | In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed? | {
"text": [
"August 1914"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56dfd68c231d4119001abe1d | Pub | The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might misplace his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. | Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act? | {
"text": [
"12 noon–2:30 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56dfd68c231d4119001abe1e | Pub | The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might misplace his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. | What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act? | {
"text": [
"Pembrokeshire"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
56dfd68c231d4119001abe1f | Pub | The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might misplace his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. | What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act? | {
"text": [
"the police"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
56dfd73b231d4119001abe25 | Pub | There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would hotfoot over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. | What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s? | {
"text": [
"10:30 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56dfd73b231d4119001abe26 | Pub | There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would hotfoot over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. | What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s? | {
"text": [
"11 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
56dfd73b231d4119001abe27 | Pub | There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would hotfoot over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. | What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government? | {
"text": [
"Carlisle"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56dfd73b231d4119001abe28 | Pub | There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would hotfoot over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. | In what year did the State Management Scheme cease? | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56dfd73b231d4119001abe29 | Pub | There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would hotfoot over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. | On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'? | {
"text": [
"Sundays"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
56dfd7cf231d4119001abe2f | Pub | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open_up from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open_up 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. | Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday? | {
"text": [
"11 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56dfd7cf231d4119001abe30 | Pub | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open_up from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open_up 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. | What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000? | {
"text": [
"10:30 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56dfd7cf231d4119001abe31 | Pub | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open_up from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open_up 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. | How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open? | {
"text": [
"24"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
56dfd7cf231d4119001abe32 | Pub | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open_up from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open_up 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. | In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays? | {
"text": [
"12 noon"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56dfd7cf231d4119001abe33 | Pub | However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open_up from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open_up 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. | In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday? | {
"text": [
"11 am"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56dfd80f231d4119001abe39 | Pub | Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976. | When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland? | {
"text": [
"1976"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
56dfd80f231d4119001abe3a | Pub | Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976. | What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible? | {
"text": [
"Scotland's and Northern Ireland's"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b5 | Pub | The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a individual Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am. | When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect? | {
"text": [
"24 November 2005"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b6 | Pub | The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a individual Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am. | After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs? | {
"text": [
"the local council"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b7 | Pub | The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a individual Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am. | Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs? | {
"text": [
"11.30 pm"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b8 | Pub | The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a individual Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am. | How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7? | {
"text": [
"207,800"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
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