Datasets:
mlxen
/
squad_adversarial_train_dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
id
stringlengths
24
24
title
stringlengths
3
59
context
stringlengths
148
3.71k
question
stringlengths
1
25.7k
answers
sequence
56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b9
Pub
The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a individual Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.
How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?
{ "text": [ "1,121" ], "answer_start": [ 661 ] }
56dfdb677aa994140058e1bf
Pub
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers remain in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.
What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?
{ "text": [ "\"lock-in\"" ], "answer_start": [ 2 ] }
56dfdb677aa994140058e1c0
Pub
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers remain in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.
What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?
{ "text": [ "Licensing Act 2003" ], "answer_start": [ 737 ] }
56dfdb677aa994140058e1c1
Pub
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers remain in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.
A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"?
{ "text": [ "1915" ], "answer_start": [ 400 ] }
56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2
Pub
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers remain in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.
What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
{ "text": [ "allowing smoking" ], "answer_start": [ 1081 ] }
56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c7
Pub
In March 2006, a law was introduced to prohibit smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?
{ "text": [ "March 2006" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c8
Pub
In March 2006, a law was introduced to prohibit smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?
{ "text": [ "April 2007" ], "answer_start": [ 120 ] }
56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c9
Pub
In March 2006, a law was introduced to prohibit smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?
{ "text": [ "July 2007" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
56dfdbee7aa994140058e1ca
Pub
In March 2006, a law was introduced to prohibit smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
{ "text": [ "Carlsberg and Heineken" ], "answer_start": [ 579 ] }
56dfdbee7aa994140058e1cb
Pub
In March 2006, a law was introduced to prohibit smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?
{ "text": [ "Wetherspoon" ], "answer_start": [ 441 ] }
56dfdc887aa994140058e1d1
Pub
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, travel out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?
{ "text": [ "Balls Pond Road" ], "answer_start": [ 209 ] }
56dfdc887aa994140058e1d2
Pub
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, travel out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?
{ "text": [ "City Road" ], "answer_start": [ 836 ] }
56dfdc887aa994140058e1d3
Pub
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, travel out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?
{ "text": [ "The Eagle" ], "answer_start": [ 825 ] }
56dfdc887aa994140058e1d4
Pub
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, travel out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
{ "text": [ "weasel" ], "answer_start": [ 994 ] }
56dfdc887aa994140058e1d5
Pub
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, travel out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
In what century did saloons become established?
{ "text": [ "18th" ], "answer_start": [ 18 ] }
56dfdd297aa994140058e1db
Pub
A few pubs have stage performances such as unplayful drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]
Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?
{ "text": [ "stand-up comedy" ], "answer_start": [ 58 ] }
56dfdd297aa994140058e1dc
Pub
A few pubs have stage performances such as unplayful drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]
Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
{ "text": [ "juke boxes" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
56dfddab7aa994140058e1df
Pub
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to assimilate the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "middle-class" ], "answer_start": [ 61 ] }
56dfddab7aa994140058e1e0
Pub
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to assimilate the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?
{ "text": [ "working class" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }
56dfddab7aa994140058e1e1
Pub
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to assimilate the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?
{ "text": [ "4" ], "answer_start": [ 504 ] }
56dfddab7aa994140058e1e2
Pub
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to assimilate the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?
{ "text": [ "spit and sawdust" ], "answer_start": [ 339 ] }
56dfddab7aa994140058e1e3
Pub
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to assimilate the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
What is another name for the lounge bar?
{ "text": [ "saloon" ], "answer_start": [ 25 ] }
56dfde447aa994140058e1e9
Pub
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could take between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.
In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
{ "text": [ "the 1960s and 1970s" ], "answer_start": [ 271 ] }
56dfde447aa994140058e1ea
Pub
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could take between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.
What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
{ "text": [ "removal of the dividing wall or partition" ], "answer_start": [ 452 ] }
56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ed
Pub
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.
What is another name for the smoke room?
{ "text": [ "snug" ], "answer_start": [ 5 ] }
56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ee
Pub
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.
What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?
{ "text": [ "higher" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ef
Pub
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.
Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?
{ "text": [ "the parish priest" ], "answer_start": [ 573 ] }
56dfdeb27aa994140058e1f0
Pub
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.
What were the windows in the snug made out of?
{ "text": [ "frosted glass" ], "answer_start": [ 120 ] }
56dfdeda231d4119001abe3d
Pub
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classical snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.
How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?
{ "text": [ "50,000" ], "answer_start": [ 24 ] }
56dfdeda231d4119001abe3e
Pub
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classical snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.
According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?
{ "text": [ "very few" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
56dfdf67231d4119001abe41
Pub
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to function the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to function the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?
{ "text": [ "bring the beer out to the table" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
56dfdf67231d4119001abe42
Pub
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to function the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to function the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?
{ "text": [ "taproom" ], "answer_start": [ 433 ] }
56dfdf67231d4119001abe43
Pub
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to function the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to function the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?
{ "text": [ "gin houses" ], "answer_start": [ 549 ] }
56dfdf67231d4119001abe44
Pub
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to function the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to function the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?
{ "text": [ "Brierley Hill" ], "answer_start": [ 1040 ] }
56dfdf67231d4119001abe45
Pub
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to function the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to function the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
What do the locals call The Vine?
{ "text": [ "The Bull and Bladder" ], "answer_start": [ 1015 ] }
56dfdfae231d4119001abe4b
Pub
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a round bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.
Who pioneered the circular bar?
{ "text": [ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfdfae231d4119001abe4c
Pub
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a round bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.
At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
{ "text": [ "Swindon station pub" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
56dfdfae231d4119001abe4d
Pub
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a round bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.
What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
{ "text": [ "engineer and railway builder" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
56dfdfae231d4119001abe4e
Pub
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a round bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.
What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
{ "text": [ "British" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f5
Pub
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to distribute beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.
What is a "beer engine"?
{ "text": [ "a device for pumping beer" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f6
Pub
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to distribute beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.
What is the function of a "beer engine"?
{ "text": [ "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
56dfe0127aa994140058e1f9
Pub
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have_got been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
Who invented the beer pump in England?
{ "text": [ "John Lofting" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
56dfe0127aa994140058e1fa
Pub
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have_got been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
In what city was the beer pump invented?
{ "text": [ "London" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
56dfe0127aa994140058e1fb
Pub
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have_got been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
In what country was John Lofting born?
{ "text": [ "Netherlands" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
56dfe0127aa994140058e1fc
Pub
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have_got been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
What was the death year of John Lofting?
{ "text": [ "1742" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
56dfe0127aa994140058e1fd
Pub
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have_got been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
When was John Lofting born?
{ "text": [ "1659" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
56dfe043231d4119001abe53
Pub
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:
In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?
{ "text": [ "London Gazette" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
56dfe043231d4119001abe54
Pub
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:
On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?
{ "text": [ "17 March 1691" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
56dfe0ba231d4119001abe57
Pub
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
{ "text": [ "20 to 30" ], "answer_start": [ 341 ] }
56dfe0ba231d4119001abe58
Pub
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
What location did John Lofting live near?
{ "text": [ "St Thomas Apostle London" ], "answer_start": [ 549 ] }
56dfe0ba231d4119001abe59
Pub
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
{ "text": [ "Islington" ], "answer_start": [ 639 ] }
56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5a
Pub
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
What was William Tillcar's profession?
{ "text": [ "Turner" ], "answer_start": [ 676 ] }
56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5b
Pub
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
{ "text": [ "Sun Tavern" ], "answer_start": [ 736 ] }
56dfe0f17aa994140058e203
Pub
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to mention to both the pump and the associated handle.
What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
{ "text": [ "handpump" ], "answer_start": [ 188 ] }
56dfe0f17aa994140058e204
Pub
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to mention to both the pump and the associated handle.
Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?
{ "text": [ "gas" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
56dfe16f7aa994140058e207
Pub
After the development of the big London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.
What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?
{ "text": [ "a Free house" ], "answer_start": [ 209 ] }
56dfe16f7aa994140058e208
Pub
After the development of the big London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.
In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?
{ "text": [ "18th" ], "answer_start": [ 66 ] }
56dfe16f7aa994140058e209
Pub
After the development of the big London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.
What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?
{ "text": [ "landlord" ], "answer_start": [ 345 ] }
56dfe1e57aa994140058e20d
Pub
A trend in the later 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?
{ "text": [ "Shepherd Neame" ], "answer_start": [ 165 ] }
56dfe1e57aa994140058e20e
Pub
A trend in the later 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
What London breweries each own many pubs?
{ "text": [ "Young's and Fuller's" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
56dfe1e57aa994140058e20f
Pub
A trend in the later 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?
{ "text": [ "Greene King" ], "answer_start": [ 304 ] }
56dfe1e57aa994140058e210
Pub
A trend in the later 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?
{ "text": [ "The Beer Orders" ], "answer_start": [ 718 ] }
56dfe1e57aa994140058e211
Pub
A trend in the later 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
In what year were the Beer Orders passed?
{ "text": [ "1989" ], "answer_start": [ 745 ] }
56dfe23b7aa994140058e217
Pub
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may exist run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.
Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?
{ "text": [ "O'Neill's" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
56dfe23b7aa994140058e218
Pub
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may exist run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.
What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?
{ "text": [ "PubCo" ], "answer_start": [ 120 ] }
56dfe23b7aa994140058e219
Pub
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may exist run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.
Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?
{ "text": [ "PubCo" ], "answer_start": [ 120 ] }
56dfe23b7aa994140058e21a
Pub
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may exist run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.
In what country was Punch Taverns established?
{ "text": [ "the UK" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
56dfe2d27aa994140058e21f
Pub
Pubs within a chain will usually have_got items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.
When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?
{ "text": [ "renamed" ], "answer_start": [ 437 ] }
56dfe2d27aa994140058e220
Pub
Pubs within a chain will usually have_got items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.
What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?
{ "text": [ "closed down" ], "answer_start": [ 394 ] }
56dfe336231d4119001abe61
Pub
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may exist applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.
What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
{ "text": [ "A brewery tap" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56dfe336231d4119001abe62
Pub
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may exist applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.
If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?
{ "text": [ "the nearest pub" ], "answer_start": [ 146 ] }
56dfe336231d4119001abe63
Pub
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may exist applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.
What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
{ "text": [ "brewpub" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
56dfe3a7231d4119001abe67
Pub
A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a societal centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.
What is another name for a rural public house?
{ "text": [ "country pub" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56dfe3a7231d4119001abe68
Pub
A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a societal centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.
What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
{ "text": [ "serving travellers as coaching inns" ], "answer_start": [ 479 ] }
56dfe3a7231d4119001abe69
Pub
A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a societal centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others—especially those away from village centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.
Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
{ "text": [ "the last thirty" ], "answer_start": [ 210 ] }
56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6d
Pub
In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.
What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?
{ "text": [ "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6e
Pub
In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.
Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?
{ "text": [ "drinking" ], "answer_start": [ 262 ] }
56dfe4617aa994140058e223
Pub
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of sure nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?
{ "text": [ "theme pubs" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
56dfe4617aa994140058e224
Pub
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of sure nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?
{ "text": [ "Irish pubs" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }
56dfe4617aa994140058e225
Pub
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of sure nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?
{ "text": [ "rock pubs" ], "answer_start": [ 163 ] }
56dfe4617aa994140058e226
Pub
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of sure nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?
{ "text": [ "strip pubs" ], "answer_start": [ 197 ] }
56dfe4617aa994140058e227
Pub
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of sure nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?
{ "text": [ "karaoke bars" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
56dfe4e97aa994140058e22d
Pub
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to raise signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
{ "text": [ "Richard II" ], "answer_start": [ 13 ] }
56dfe4e97aa994140058e22e
Pub
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to raise signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
{ "text": [ "1393" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56dfe4e97aa994140058e22f
Pub
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to raise signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
{ "text": [ "John" ], "answer_start": [ 403 ] }
56dfe4e97aa994140058e230
Pub
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to raise signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
What was John Shakespeare's profession?
{ "text": [ "inspectors" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
56dfe4e97aa994140058e231
Pub
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to raise signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
{ "text": [ "forfeit his ale" ], "answer_start": [ 214 ] }
56dfe625231d4119001abe71
Pub
Another of_import factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.
In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
{ "text": [ "the Middle Ages" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
56dfe625231d4119001abe72
Pub
Another of_import factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.
From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
{ "text": [ "the illustration on the pub's sign" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e237
Pub
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
{ "text": [ "Latin" ], "answer_start": [ 617 ] }
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e238
Pub
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
{ "text": [ "The Cross" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e239
Pub
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
{ "text": [ "the coat of arms" ], "answer_start": [ 519 ] }
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23a
Pub
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
{ "text": [ "hops" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23b
Pub
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
{ "text": [ "farming" ], "answer_start": [ 248 ] }
56dfe7397aa994140058e241
Pub
other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.
What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?
{ "text": [ "Trafalgar" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
56dfe7397aa994140058e242
Pub
other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.
What town is The Crow and Gate located in?
{ "text": [ "Crowborough" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
56dfe7397aa994140058e243
Pub
other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.
What county is home to The Crow and Gate?
{ "text": [ "East Sussex" ], "answer_start": [ 287 ] }
56dfe7397aa994140058e244
Pub
other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.
Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?
{ "text": [ "royal" ], "answer_start": [ 178 ] }
56dfe78e7aa994140058e249
Pub
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictural representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.
What hangs today over most British pub doors?
{ "text": [ "decorated signs" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
56dfe78e7aa994140058e24a
Pub
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictural representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.
What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
{ "text": [ "the name of the pub" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }