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56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10 | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have_got been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it. | What country was the process developed in? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11 | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have_got been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it. | What country is leading in production of paper? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12 | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have_got been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it. | What country is the second largest produced of paper? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13 | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have_got been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it. | Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process? | {
"text": [
"Cai Lun"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19 | Paper | The oldest known archeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. | Who is credited with the papermaking process? | {
"text": [
"Cai Lun"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b | Paper | The oldest known archeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. | What material did paper replace upon its invention? | {
"text": [
"silk"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c | Paper | The oldest known archeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. | Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards? | {
"text": [
"Golden Age"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d | Paper | The oldest known archeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. | What century is the first papermaking process attributed to? | {
"text": [
"2nd"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b | Paper | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to important cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres. | In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe? | {
"text": [
"13th"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c | Paper | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to important cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres. | Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from? | {
"text": [
"Baghdad"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d | Paper | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to important cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres. | What name did the process take on in Baghdad? | {
"text": [
"bagdatikos"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e | Paper | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to important cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres. | In which century did the process become much cheaper than before? | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f | Paper | Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to important cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres. | Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process? | {
"text": [
"Charles Fenerty"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e1f | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration. | What Latin word is paper derived from? | {
"text": [
"Papyrus"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e20 | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration. | What language is papyrus derived from? | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e21 | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration. | What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking? | {
"text": [
"maceration"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e22 | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration. | What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus? | {
"text": [
"Cyperus"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56e74b6037bdd419002c3e23 | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration. | What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus? | {
"text": [
"the pith"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3d | Paper | To do pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to do paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. | What is separated from the cellulose fibres? | {
"text": [
"lignin"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3e | Paper | To do pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to do paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. | What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as? | {
"text": [
"wood-free"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e40 | Paper | To do pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to do paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. | What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process? | {
"text": [
"5%"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e41 | Paper | To do pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to do paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. | What percentage of cotton is cellulose? | {
"text": [
"90%"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f80 | Paper | There are three independent chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content. | How many chemical pulping processes are there? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f81 | Paper | There are three independent chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content. | What decade does the sulfite process date to? | {
"text": [
"1840s"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f82 | Paper | There are three independent chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content. | What process is most commonly used? | {
"text": [
"The kraft process"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f84 | Paper | There are three independent chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content. | What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content? | {
"text": [
"Soda pulping"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8a | Paper | There are two major mechanically_skillful pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanically_skillful pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind. | Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping? | {
"text": [
"groundwood pulp"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8b | Paper | There are two major mechanically_skillful pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanically_skillful pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind. | What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process? | {
"text": [
"debarked logs"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8c | Paper | There are two major mechanically_skillful pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanically_skillful pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind. | What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps? | {
"text": [
"weak"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
56e7521e37bdd419002c3e69 | Paper | Recycled papers can exist made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter. | Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp? | {
"text": [
"virgin"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e81 | Paper | Besides the fibres, pulps may incorporate fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint. | What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking? | {
"text": [
"china clay"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e82 | Paper | Besides the fibres, pulps may incorporate fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint. | What is added for sizing purposes? | {
"text": [
"Additives"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56e753fb37bdd419002c3e84 | Paper | Besides the fibres, pulps may incorporate fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint. | What besides china clay is used as a filler? | {
"text": [
"chalk"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe4 | Paper | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to exist confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper? | {
"text": [
"Pressing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe5 | Paper | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to exist confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing? | {
"text": [
"felt"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe6 | Paper | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to exist confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | What is used to collect water when hand-making paper? | {
"text": [
"blotter sheet"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56e758c700c9c71400d76fe7 | Paper | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to exist confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water? | {
"text": [
"felt"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56e759ac37bdd419002c3ebd | Paper | Drying involves using air and/or heat to take water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture. | What is the main component of drying the paper? | {
"text": [
"air"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e759ac37bdd419002c3ec1 | Paper | Drying involves using air and/or heat to take water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture. | At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end? | {
"text": [
"6"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77006 | Paper | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a lean layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. | Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what? | {
"text": [
"china clay"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77008 | Paper | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a lean layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. | What process is done to polish the surface of the paper? | {
"text": [
"calendering"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
56e75b5300c9c71400d77009 | Paper | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a lean layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. | What is the shiniest type of coated paper? | {
"text": [
"Gloss"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56e75b5300c9c71400d7700a | Paper | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a lean layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. | What papers give the best optical density? | {
"text": [
"Gloss"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee3 | Paper | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to exist used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses? | {
"text": [
"reels"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee4 | Paper | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to exist used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | In what manner are sheets normally cut? | {
"text": [
"long-grain"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee6 | Paper | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to exist used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done? | {
"text": [
"cut into sheets"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77010 | Paper | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the like density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. | What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier? | {
"text": [
"wove paper"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77011 | Paper | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the like density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. | What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns? | {
"text": [
"rollers"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77012 | Paper | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the like density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. | What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier? | {
"text": [
"density"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
56e75d7100c9c71400d77013 | Paper | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the like density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine. | What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise? | {
"text": [
"wire mesh"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e75e1200c9c71400d77018 | Paper | Wove paper does not expose "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. | What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit? | {
"text": [
"Laidlines"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e75e1200c9c71400d77019 | Paper | Wove paper does not expose "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. | What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould? | {
"text": [
"Laidlines"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e75e1200c9c71400d7701b | Paper | Wove paper does not expose "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. | What runs perpendicular to the laidlines? | {
"text": [
"chainlines"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e75e1200c9c71400d7701c | Paper | Wove paper does not expose "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. | Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines? | {
"text": [
"Laidlines"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f09 | Paper | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may exist between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper? | {
"text": [
"caliper"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0a | Paper | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may exist between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness? | {
"text": [
"thousandths of an inch"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0b | Paper | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may exist between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit? | {
"text": [
"mm"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0d | Paper | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may exist between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness? | {
"text": [
"0.0028 and 0.0071 in"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56e7601000c9c71400d77044 | Paper | Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to stop customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock. | What characteristic is paper usually classified by? | {
"text": [
"weight"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56e7601000c9c71400d77045 | Paper | Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to stop customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock. | In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale? | {
"text": [
"a ream"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e7601000c9c71400d77046 | Paper | Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to stop customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock. | Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock? | {
"text": [
"card"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
56e7621400c9c71400d77068 | Paper | In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness. | What ISO sizing system does Europe use? | {
"text": [
"ISO 216"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56e7621400c9c71400d7706b | Paper | In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness. | If paper is over 160g what is it considered as? | {
"text": [
"card"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e7621400c9c71400d7706c | Paper | In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness. | Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe? | {
"text": [
"dimensions"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1d | Paper | Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. | Commercial paper is commonly defined by what? | {
"text": [
"length and width"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1e | Paper | Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. | Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner? | {
"text": [
"standard paper sizes"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1f | Paper | Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. | Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms? | {
"text": [
"length and width"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56e7632700c9c71400d7707c | Paper | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metrical system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). | Most countries besides the US use what ISO System? | {
"text": [
"ISO 216"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e7632700c9c71400d7707d | Paper | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metrical system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). | What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56e7632700c9c71400d7707e | Paper | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metrical system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). | What is the largest standard size paper? | {
"text": [
"A0"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56e7632700c9c71400d7707f | Paper | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metrical system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). | How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper? | {
"text": [
"2"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56e7632700c9c71400d77080 | Paper | The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metrical system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). | What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home? | {
"text": [
"A3"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
56e763f737bdd419002c3f2d | Paper | The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft). | What is the lightest density of paper produced? | {
"text": [
"tissue paper"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e763f737bdd419002c3f2e | Paper | The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft). | What is the common density of printing paper? | {
"text": [
"800 kg/m3"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56e7650200c9c71400d77098 | Paper | much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue. | What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced? | {
"text": [
"Alum"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56e7650200c9c71400d77099 | Paper | much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue. | Early papermakers added alum to help in what process? | {
"text": [
"sizing"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e7650200c9c71400d7709b | Paper | much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue. | How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum? | {
"text": [
"more stable"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
56e765dc37bdd419002c3f36 | Paper | Paper made from mechanically_skillful pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanically_skillful paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential. | What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers? | {
"text": [
"lignin"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e765dc37bdd419002c3f38 | Paper | Paper made from mechanically_skillful pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanically_skillful paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential. | A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood? | {
"text": [
"lignin"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e765dc37bdd419002c3f39 | Paper | Paper made from mechanically_skillful pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanically_skillful paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential. | What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers? | {
"text": [
"light and oxygen"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e7671700c9c71400d770b9 | Paper | Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids. | Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay? | {
"text": [
"Library of Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56e7671700c9c71400d770ba | Paper | Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids. | Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce? | {
"text": [
"oxalic"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56e767c137bdd419002c3f5e | Paper | mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books. | How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process? | {
"text": [
"twice"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56e767c137bdd419002c3f5f | Paper | mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books. | What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books? | {
"text": [
"Mechanical"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e767c137bdd419002c3f60 | Paper | mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books. | What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers? | {
"text": [
"acid-free"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56e768a600c9c71400d770d4 | Paper | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to assist regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues. | In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen? | {
"text": [
"400%"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56e768a600c9c71400d770d5 | Paper | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to assist regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues. | What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper? | {
"text": [
"35%"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e768a600c9c71400d770d6 | Paper | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to assist regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues. | What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests? | {
"text": [
"plant trees"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56e768a600c9c71400d770d7 | Paper | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to assist regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues. | What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees? | {
"text": [
"10%"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
56e7691537bdd419002c3f6d | Paper | Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper? | {
"text": [
"40%"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56e7691537bdd419002c3f6e | Paper | Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year? | {
"text": [
"71.6 million"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56e7691537bdd419002c3f6f | Paper | Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | How many paper cups are used by Americans each year? | {
"text": [
"16 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56e7691537bdd419002c3f70 | Paper | Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day? | {
"text": [
"31"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e76a5800c9c71400d770f3 | Paper | conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals. | What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution? | {
"text": [
"bleaching"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56e76a5800c9c71400d770f4 | Paper | conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals. | How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process? | {
"text": [
"through food"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
56e76a5800c9c71400d770f5 | Paper | conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals. | Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food? | {
"text": [
"fatty tissue"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
56e76a5800c9c71400d770f6 | Paper | conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals. | What agency internationally regulates dioxins? | {
"text": [
"the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56e76b5600c9c71400d770fc | Paper | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very alike mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. | What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly? | {
"text": [
"paperfoam"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
56e76b5600c9c71400d770fd | Paper | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very alike mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. | What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap? | {
"text": [
"biodegradable"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
56e76b5600c9c71400d770fe | Paper | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very alike mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. | What is paperfoam primarily made of? | {
"text": [
"paper"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
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