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|---|---|---|---|---|
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b47 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | As what can divergence in the groups be shown? | {
"text": [
"as an archaism"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b48 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | How does central Catalan behave with the groups? | {
"text": [
"as an innovative element"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b49 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Eastern and Western"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b4a | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What language has a lexical unity? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423160 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from unlike dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What can use words from different dialects? | {
"text": [
"Literary Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423161 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from unlike dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What kind of words are excepted from literary use? | {
"text": [
"restricted use"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423162 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from unlike dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423163 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from unlike dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects? | {
"text": [
"detriment of others"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e1c607e3433e1400423164 | Catalan_language | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from unlike dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | What kind of choice is now available in word choice? | {
"text": [
"greater freedom of choice"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423174 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a big list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words? | {
"text": [
"Greek and Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423175 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a big list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin? | {
"text": [
"very early"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423176 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a big list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | In whose work can you find examples of acquired words? | {
"text": [
"Ramon Llull"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423177 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a big list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e1c818e3433e1400423178 | Catalan_language | Like other languages, Catalan has a big list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings. | Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Roís de Corella"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b98 | Catalan_language | The process of morphologic derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What is common in Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"agglutination"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b99 | Catalan_language | The process of morphologic derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages? | {
"text": [
"morphological"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9a | Catalan_language | The process of morphologic derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What word additive is usually added to verbs? | {
"text": [
"Prefixes"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9b | Catalan_language | The process of morphologic derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What other word changes can occur in derivations? | {
"text": [
"sound alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9c | Catalan_language | The process of morphologic derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee"). | What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base? | {
"text": [
"affixes"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1cd44e3433e140042319d | Catalan_language | In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as: | What is the usual masculine suffix? | {
"text": [
"-o"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231b8 | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas Gallic has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What kind of words does Catalan have few of? | {
"text": [
"suppletive couplets"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231b9 | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas Gallic has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What languages have more couplets than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231ba | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas Gallic has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of couplets? | {
"text": [
"Italian and Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e1d007e3433e14004231bb | Catalan_language | Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas Gallic has garçon/fille and coq/poule. | What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c0 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to give_up traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives? | {
"text": [
"Occitan and French"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c1 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to give_up traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What is ab example of a gender marked adjective? | {
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1d349e3433e14004231c2 | Catalan_language | There is a tendency to give_up traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent. | What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective? | {
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc0 | Catalan_language | As in the other western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What is the usual way to make a plural? | {
"text": [
"suffix -s"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc1 | Catalan_language | As in the other western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What can the addition of the suffix -s produce? | {
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc2 | Catalan_language | As in the other western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | To what are these morphological changes similar? | {
"text": [
"gender inflection"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc3 | Catalan_language | As in the other western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts"). | What is an important plural alternation? | {
"text": [
"addition of -o-"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231de | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high-pitched number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives? | {
"text": [
"complex"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231df | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high-pitched number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What is much like the neighboring languages? | {
"text": [
"inflection of determinatives"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e0 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high-pitched number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What language does Catalan have more contractions than? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e1 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high-pitched number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | Catalan has less contractions than what language? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e2 | Catalan_language | The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high-pitched number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.). | What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition? | {
"text": [
"article"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bda | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned? | {
"text": [
"unstressed possessives"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdc | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What other language shares this type of construction? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdd | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What is an example of an article +stressed forms? | {
"text": [
"el meu"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bde | Catalan_language | Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian. | What is an example of an unstressed possessive? | {
"text": [
"mon"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be4 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining unlike unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"13 distinct forms"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be5 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining unlike unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish? | {
"text": [
"11"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be6 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining unlike unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian? | {
"text": [
"9"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be7 | Catalan_language | The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining unlike unstressed pronouns (65 combinations). | How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there? | {
"text": [
"65"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231e9 | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a unlike set of second person pronouns for formality. | What is this distinction similar to? | {
"text": [
"all other Romance languages"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231ea | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a unlike set of second person pronouns for formality. | What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction? | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56e1e388e3433e14004231ec | Catalan_language | Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a unlike set of second person pronouns for formality. | What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for? | {
"text": [
"formality"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f2 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to utilize extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to utilize so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French or Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f4 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to utilize extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to utilize so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What do you not need to use in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"passive voice"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f5 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to utilize extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to utilize so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French or English"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56e1e668e3433e14004231f6 | Catalan_language | This flexibility allows Catalan to utilize extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to utilize so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish). | What method does Spanish use to identify the object? | {
"text": [
"preposition"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bee | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphologic alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What is Catalan verbal inflection ? | {
"text": [
"more complex"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf0 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphologic alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What plays a primary part in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Suffixation"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf1 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphologic alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | What plays a secondary part in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf2 | Catalan_language | Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphologic alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs. | How are vowel alternances in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"active"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf8 | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What system is common to Western Romance? | {
"text": [
"Catalan verbal system"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf9 | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What have many dialects replaced? | {
"text": [
"synthetic indicative perfect"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bfb | Catalan_language | The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive. | What is the Catalan verbal system common to? | {
"text": [
"all Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c00 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | How are Catalan verbs grouped? | {
"text": [
"into three conjugations"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c02 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs? | {
"text": [
"first conjugation"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c03 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | How many verbs are in the third conjugation? | {
"text": [
"700"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c04 | Catalan_language | Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding. | Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs? | {
"text": [
"second"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423206 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | How many surnames does everyone in Spain have? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423207 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | Which one of one's father's surnames is used? | {
"text": [
"first"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e1400423209 | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames? | {
"text": [
"joining both surnames"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e1edbee3433e140042320a | Catalan_language | In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and"). | What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames? | {
"text": [
"in"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56e24abacd28a01900c67c30 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | What is the official language of Estonia? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e24abacd28a01900c67c31 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | How many people in Estonia speak Estonian? | {
"text": [
"about 1.1 million"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e24abacd28a01900c67c32 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian? | {
"text": [
"tens of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e24abacd28a01900c67c33 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to? | {
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e24abacd28a01900c67c34 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | What language family does Estonian belong to? | {
"text": [
"Uralic"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e3a635e375b8140053a3cc | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | What country has Estonian as its official language? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cd | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language | {
"text": [
"1.1 million"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3ce | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | Of what language family is Estonian a part of? | {
"text": [
"Uralic"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cf | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found? | {
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e3a636e375b8140053a3d0 | Estonian_language | Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. | How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia? | {
"text": [
"tens of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e3a745d654871900275377 | Estonian_language | One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed] | Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length? | {
"text": [
"linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e3a745d654871900275378 | Estonian_language | One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed] | What are the phonemic length's three degrees? | {
"text": [
"short, long, and \"overlong\""
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56e3a745d654871900275379 | Estonian_language | One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed] | What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction? | {
"text": [
"the underlying phonological mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6 | Estonian_language | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not go to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? | {
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d7 | Estonian_language | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not go to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | What are two other languages in the Finnic branch? | {
"text": [
"Finnish, Karelian"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d8 | Estonian_language | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not go to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | What language group is Estonian not a part of? | {
"text": [
"Indo-European languages"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9 | Estonian_language | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not go to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | What languages are related to Estonian but not closely? | {
"text": [
"Hungarian and to the Sami languages"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e3a927e375b8140053a3df | Estonian_language | Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by received German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically. | Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia? | {
"text": [
"Baltic Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56e3a927e375b8140053a3e0 | Estonian_language | Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by received German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically. | Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian? | {
"text": [
"Middle Low German"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed5 | Estonian_language | Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still exist recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object. | What kind of harmony has Estonian lost? | {
"text": [
"vowel"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed6 | Estonian_language | Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still exist recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object. | What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? | {
"text": [
"agglutinative"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed7 | Estonian_language | Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still exist recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object. | In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language? | {
"text": [
"subject–verb–object"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d4 | Estonian_language | The two unlike historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two unlike waves, both groups speaking considerably unlike Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia. | What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d5 | Estonian_language | The two unlike historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two unlike waves, both groups speaking considerably unlike Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia. | What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages? | {
"text": [
"North and South Estonian languages"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478da | Estonian_language | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | When did the Northern Crusades happen? | {
"text": [
"13th century to 1918"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478db | Estonian_language | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades? | {
"text": [
"Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dc | Estonian_language | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | Following the crusades which country was dominated? | {
"text": [
"Estonia"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd | Estonian_language | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia? | {
"text": [
"indigenous literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e2 | Estonian_language | The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. | How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go? | {
"text": [
"13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e3 | Estonian_language | The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. | Where can records of Estonian place names be found? | {
"text": [
"Originates Livoniae"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e4 | Estonian_language | The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. | Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae? | {
"text": [
"Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e5 | Estonian_language | The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. | Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia? | {
"text": [
"words and fragments of sentences."
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb | Estonian_language | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | What was the first Estonian language book to be published? | {
"text": [
"a Lutheran manuscript"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedc | Estonian_language | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | When were the Kallamaa prayers written? | {
"text": [
"1524 and 1528"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
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