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|---|---|---|---|---|
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ad | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have? | {
"text": [
"different"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ae | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? | {
"text": [
"In Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679af | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions? | {
"text": [
"section pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8c | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the unlike varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world? | {
"text": [
"Catalan sociolinguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8d | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the unlike varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Catalan sociolinguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8e | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the unlike varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What is this a subdiscipline of? | {
"text": [
"Catalan philology"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f8f | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the unlike varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality? | {
"text": [
"analyse the relation"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56e17f5de3433e1400422f90 | Catalan_language | Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the unlike varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). | What outside affects does this study include? | {
"text": [
"other languages in contact"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f96 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a comparative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What do the dialects of Catalan feature? | {
"text": [
"uniformity"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f97 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a comparative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | In comparison to what are the dialects uniform? | {
"text": [
"other Romance languages"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f98 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a comparative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What is high among dialects? | {
"text": [
"intelligibility"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f99 | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a comparative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects? | {
"text": [
"90% to 95%"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56e180f5e3433e1400422f9a | Catalan_language | The dialects of the Catalan language feature a comparative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect. | What dialect is the exception to intelligibility? | {
"text": [
"Alguerese"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b7 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The independent difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | What is the major difference between the two blocks? | {
"text": [
"treatment of unstressed a and e"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b8 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The independent difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | How are a and e in western dialects? | {
"text": [
"distinct"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56e18710cd28a01900c679b9 | Catalan_language | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The independent difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary. | What have a and e done in eastern dialects? | {
"text": [
"merged"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679bf | Catalan_language | western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What two dialects does Western Catalan include? | {
"text": [
"Northwestern Catalan and Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c0 | Catalan_language | western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | How many dialects are in the eastern group? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c1 | Catalan_language | western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | To what division does Central Catalan belong? | {
"text": [
"Eastern block"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c2 | Catalan_language | western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What other divisions can be made of dialects? | {
"text": [
"subdialects"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e188e4cd28a01900c679c3 | Catalan_language | western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. | What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422faa | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fab | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | Where are the most speakers found? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fac | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | In what densely populated area is it spoken? | {
"text": [
"Barcelona province"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56e18a90e3433e1400422fae | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona. | What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken? | {
"text": [
"eastern half"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb4 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What is the vowel system of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Vulgar Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb5 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb6 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where is this system common? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb7 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What language is the exception? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb8 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction? | {
"text": [
"Dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679c9 | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679ca | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | What is the exception to this reduction? | {
"text": [
"Majorcan"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56e18e18cd28a01900c679cb | Catalan_language | In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a]. | Which vowel remains distinct? | {
"text": [
"/i/"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fbe | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels cut_down to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ cut_down to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four? | {
"text": [
"Majorcan"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fbf | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels cut_down to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ cut_down to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What reduction pattern do some vowels follow? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc0 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels cut_down to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ cut_down to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What other pattern do other vowels follow? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc1 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels cut_down to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ cut_down to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | What letter remains distinct? | {
"text": [
"/u/"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e19028e3433e1400422fc2 | Catalan_language | In Majorcan, unstressed vowels cut_down to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ cut_down to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan. | /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d1 | Catalan_language | In western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d2 | Catalan_language | In western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | Which letters remain distinct? | {
"text": [
"/a u i/"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d3 | Catalan_language | In western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | Where did this pattern come from? | {
"text": [
"Proto-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d4 | Catalan_language | In western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | In what other languages is this pattern found? | {
"text": [
"Italian and Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56e19227cd28a01900c679d5 | Catalan_language | In western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases. | What do other Western dialects sometimes offer? | {
"text": [
"further reduction"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe7 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western? | {
"text": [
"Balearic"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe8 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of? | {
"text": [
"/e/"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e19514e3433e1400422fe9 | Catalan_language | Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/. | What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central, Western and Belearic? | {
"text": [
"higher incidence"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0b | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parle or tem ? | {
"text": [
"Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0c | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parlo or temo ? | {
"text": [
"Northwestern"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0d | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language is parl? | {
"text": [
"Balearic"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
56e197efcd28a01900c67a0e | Catalan_language | In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present declarative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak'). | What language form is parli? | {
"text": [
"Northern"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff6 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | Where do you find medieval plurals? | {
"text": [
"nouns and adjectives"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff7 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | What letter is lost in some words? | {
"text": [
"/n/"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff8 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word? | {
"text": [
"homes"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff9 | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | The medieval jovens becomes what what word? | {
"text": [
"joves"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56e19a3ee3433e1400422ffa | Catalan_language | In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of mediaeval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'. | What kind of plural words lose /n/? | {
"text": [
"proparoxytone"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423016 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in? | {
"text": [
"word choices"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423017 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | How can you explain differences in the language groups? | {
"text": [
"as an archaism"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423018 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What form is innovative? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e1400423019 | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What are the two blocks of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Eastern and Western"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e19be4e3433e140042301a | Catalan_language | Despite its comparative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element. | What does an archaism explain? | {
"text": [
"lexical divergence"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423034 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What is Standard based on? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423035 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What form is excepted by most speakers? | {
"text": [
"Standard Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e19df2e3433e1400423037 | Catalan_language | Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia. | What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"traditional ones"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423044 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonal ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What is jo compro changed to ? | {
"text": [
"jo compre"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423045 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonal ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What common Valencian forms are used? | {
"text": [
"many verbal forms"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
56e1a1e0e3433e1400423046 | Catalan_language | The most notable difference between both standards is some tonal ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy'). | What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan? | {
"text": [
"verbal forms"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423066 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is right writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | Where is IEC's standard used? | {
"text": [
"the Balearic Islands"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423067 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is right writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | How is the standard used there? | {
"text": [
"adapted for the Balearic dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56e1a3cbe3433e1400423069 | Catalan_language | In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is right writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep'). | What is a first person singular feature of the Balearic standard? | {
"text": [
"non-ending"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a6 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its received to the Alguerese dialect. In this received one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect? | {
"text": [
"Alghero"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a7 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its received to the Alguerese dialect. In this received one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What definite article is found rather than el? | {
"text": [
"lo"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a8 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its received to the Alguerese dialect. In this received one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What is -v- used for? | {
"text": [
"imperfect tense"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230a9 | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its received to the Alguerese dialect. In this received one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What dialect employs many archaic words? | {
"text": [
"Alguerese"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56e1b264e3433e14004230aa | Catalan_language | In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its received to the Alguerese dialect. In this received one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns. | What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted? | {
"text": [
"weak pronouns"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8e | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall let a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon? | {
"text": [
"La Franja"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8f | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall let a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator? | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a91 | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall let a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | What language is the regulator meant to standardize? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e1b4decd28a01900c67a92 | Catalan_language | In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall let a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja. | Where is the language to be regulated located? | {
"text": [
"La Franja"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aac | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | How is Valencian classified? | {
"text": [
"Western dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aad | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"northwestern varieties"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aae | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona? | {
"text": [
"Western Catalonia"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67aaf | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What forms are mutually intelligible? | {
"text": [
"Catalan and Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e1b738cd28a01900c67ab0 | Catalan_language | Valencian is classified as a western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) | What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"90% to 95%"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad6 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the like language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"as the same language"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad7 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the like language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"as the same language"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad8 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the like language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | What is the official regulating body of Valencian? | {
"text": [
"the Valencian Academy of Language"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad9 | Catalan_language | Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the like language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties. | Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian? | {
"text": [
"Valencian Academy of Language"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fa | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an main standard. | Who established the AVL? | {
"text": [
"Valencian parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fb | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an main standard. | Over what does the AVL make rules governing? | {
"text": [
"use of Valencian"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fc | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an main standard. | What is the AVL standard based on? | {
"text": [
"Norms of Castelló"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fd | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an main standard. | Who uses this standard? | {
"text": [
"everyone who writes"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56e1bb90e3433e14004230fe | Catalan_language | The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an main standard. | Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own? | {
"text": [
"Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0e | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian unlike from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan? | {
"text": [
"different"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0f | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian unlike from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian? | {
"text": [
"between 2001 and 2004"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b10 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian unlike from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different? | {
"text": [
"younger generations"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b11 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian unlike from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
56e1be2acd28a01900c67b12 | Catalan_language | Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian unlike from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan. | How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy? | {
"text": [
"A minority"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b18 | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | What has produced a great deal of controversy? | {
"text": [
"clash of opinions"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1b | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | When did the EU create the European Constitution? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1c | Catalan_language | This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical. | Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution? | {
"text": [
"Spanish government"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
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