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|---|---|---|---|---|
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cde | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France? | {
"text": [
"Treaty of the Pyrenees"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdf | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | What language began to influence Catalan? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422ce0 | Catalan_language | With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region. | When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"1700"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676d9 | Catalan_language | Shortly after the Gallic Revolution (1789), the Gallic First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | When did France outlaw Catalan? | {
"text": [
"1789"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676da | Catalan_language | Shortly after the Gallic Revolution (1789), the Gallic First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois? | {
"text": [
"French Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dc | Catalan_language | Shortly after the Gallic Revolution (1789), the Gallic First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned? | {
"text": [
"Occitan, Flemish, and Basque"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dd | Catalan_language | Shortly after the Gallic Revolution (1789), the Gallic First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque. | What are French non standard languages called? | {
"text": [
"patois"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfa | Catalan_language | Following the Gallic capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | When did the French obtain Algeria? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfb | Catalan_language | Following the Gallic capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | Where did the Algiers immigrants come from? | {
"text": [
"Northern Catalonia and Minorca"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfc | Catalan_language | Following the Gallic capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called? | {
"text": [
"patuet"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfd | Catalan_language | Following the Gallic capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911? | {
"text": [
"around 100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfe | Catalan_language | Following the Gallic capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant. | When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d1e | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes Gallic as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | What is the official language of France? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d20 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes Gallic as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan? | {
"text": [
"in public life and education"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d21 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes Gallic as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language? | {
"text": [
"General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e14538e3433e1400422d22 | Catalan_language | Nowadays, France only recognizes Gallic as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. | What language does the General Council want to promote? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67751 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67752 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | Where did Catalan experience defeat? | {
"text": [
"War of Spanish Succession"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67753 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | When was the war of Spanish Succession? | {
"text": [
"1714"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67754 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56e14afacd28a01900c67755 | Catalan_language | The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation. | Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7e | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature? | {
"text": [
"revival"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7f | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | What is Renaixenca? | {
"text": [
"Catalan literary revival"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d80 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d81 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | When did this revival period begin? | {
"text": [
"1833"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d82 | Catalan_language | In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama). | In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte? | {
"text": [
"early 20th"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67798 | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67799 | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory? | {
"text": [
"in all schools"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779a | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Since the transition, what is the official language? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779b | Catalan_language | Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan. | Besides as an official and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language? | {
"text": [
"mass media"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422daa | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | Where has Catalan always been the only language? | {
"text": [
"Andorra"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dab | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | When was the Andorran constitution produced? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dac | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What policies are the Andorrans enforcing? | {
"text": [
"Andorranization policies"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dad | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What is an Andorran school policy? | {
"text": [
"Catalan medium education"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56e15083e3433e1400422dae | Catalan_language | In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education. | What is the only language of Andorra? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dba | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the like trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas? | {
"text": [
"language shift processes"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbb | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the like trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia? | {
"text": [
"60 or older"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbc | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the like trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbd | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the like trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language? | {
"text": [
"30%"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbe | Catalan_language | On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the like trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. | What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e5 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e6 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero? | {
"text": [
"Italian"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e7 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza? | {
"text": [
"ingrained diglossic attitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e8 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is another expression for bilingual attitudes? | {
"text": [
"diglossic attitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e9 | Catalan_language | In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands. | What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province? | {
"text": [
"Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422ddf | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed? | {
"text": [
"Occitano-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de1 | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch? | {
"text": [
"linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de2 | Catalan_language | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category? | {
"text": [
"Spanish ones"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4e | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the lingual varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What is Catalan a variety of? | {
"text": [
"Occitan language"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4f | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the lingual varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"varying degrees"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e50 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the lingual varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan? | {
"text": [
"differences"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e51 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the lingual varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | What does Catalan share with other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many traits"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e52 | Catalan_language | Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the lingual varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. | Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"closely related"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e74 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many traits"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e75 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | Where is the Catalan language mostly located? | {
"text": [
"Iberian Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e76 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | In pronunciation what is Catalan different from? | {
"text": [
"Ibero-Romance group"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e77 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"Spanish and Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56e16494e3433e1400422e78 | Catalan_language | Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian). | To what group is Catalan most closely related? | {
"text": [
"Occitan"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e88 | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian? | {
"text": [
"87%"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e89 | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese? | {
"text": [
"85%"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8a | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish? | {
"text": [
"80%"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8b | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | What is the relationship similarity to Ladin? | {
"text": [
"76%"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c | Catalan_language | According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian. | How related is Sardinian to Catalan? | {
"text": [
"75%"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea6 | Catalan_language | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no lingual validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). | What has Catalan often been considered? | {
"text": [
"dialect of Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea7 | Catalan_language | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no lingual validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). | During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect? | {
"text": [
"Francoist"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d3 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was unlike from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from? | {
"text": [
"rest of Roman Hispania"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d5 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was unlike from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What language branch did Catalan share a history with? | {
"text": [
"Occitan"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d6 | Catalan_language | There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was unlike from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan. | What is Occitan a branch of? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f04 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had unlike outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish? | {
"text": [
"Germanic"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f05 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had unlike outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What is the origin of some Spanish words? | {
"text": [
"Latin origin"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56e16caee3433e1400422f06 | Catalan_language | The Germanic superstrate has had unlike outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin. | What has different results in Spanish and Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Germanic superstrate"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67923 | Catalan_language | The like happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Arabic element"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67924 | Catalan_language | The like happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Arabic loanwords"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67925 | Catalan_language | The like happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | In which language is the Arabic element stand out more? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67926 | Catalan_language | The like happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from? | {
"text": [
"of Arabic origin"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67927 | Catalan_language | The like happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent. | What is the origin of the Spanish word teja? | {
"text": [
"Latin origin"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67940 | Catalan_language | Situated between two big linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between? | {
"text": [
"Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67941 | Catalan_language | Situated between two big linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have? | {
"text": [
"unique"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67942 | Catalan_language | Situated between two big linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What type of unique choices does Catalan have? | {
"text": [
"lexical"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67943 | Catalan_language | Situated between two big linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject". | What is the Catalan to miss somebody? | {
"text": [
"enyorar"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c67949 | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may admit some or all of these regions. | What are the Paisos Catalans | {
"text": [
"Catalan Countries"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794a | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may admit some or all of these regions. | What is that determination based on? | {
"text": [
"cultural affinity and common heritage"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794b | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may admit some or all of these regions. | What status does Catalan Countries have? | {
"text": [
"no official status"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794c | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may admit some or all of these regions. | What is the interpretation of the term? | {
"text": [
"Various interpretations"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794d | Catalan_language | These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may admit some or all of these regions. | What is the term for Catalan Countries? | {
"text": [
"Països Catalans"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67983 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a broad variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | How is Catalan different from other Romance languages? | {
"text": [
"many monosyllabic words"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67985 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a broad variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What other type of endings do Catalan words have? | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67986 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a broad variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What kind of final devoicing does the language have? | {
"text": [
"obstruent"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67987 | Catalan_language | In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a broad variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend"). | What do many words feature? | {
"text": [
"couplets"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f66 | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan? | {
"text": [
"Central Catalan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f67 | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What is Central Catalan? | {
"text": [
"standard pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f68 | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | What are the descriptions for? | {
"text": [
"standard pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f69 | Catalan_language | central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article. | Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects? | {
"text": [
"section pronunciation"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f6e | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where does Catalan get its vowel system? | {
"text": [
"Vulgar Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f6f | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | How many stressed phenoms are there? | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f70 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | Where is this a common feature? | {
"text": [
"Western Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f71 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What is the exception to this common characteristic? | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56e17976e3433e1400422f72 | Catalan_language | Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/. | What differs in vowel reduction? | {
"text": [
"Dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ab | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | How many reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e17b08cd28a01900c679ac | Catalan_language | In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels cut_down to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article). | What vowel stays distinct? | {
"text": [
"/i/"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
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