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56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedd | Estonian_language | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525? | {
"text": [
"destroyed"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaede | Estonian_language | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed? | {
"text": [
"immediately after publication"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee3 | Estonian_language | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to exist used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. | What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language? | {
"text": [
"S. Wanradt and J. Koell"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee4 | Estonian_language | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to exist used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. | In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written? | {
"text": [
"1535"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee5 | Estonian_language | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to exist used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. | What type of book was it? | {
"text": [
"bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee6 | Estonian_language | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to exist used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. | What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian? | {
"text": [
"An Estonian grammar book"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56e3c1098c00841900fbaee7 | Estonian_language | The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to exist used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. | What year was the priests' grammar book put into print? | {
"text": [
"1637"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ea | Estonian_language | The birth of aboriginal Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: | Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820? | {
"text": [
"Kristjan Jaak Peterson"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478eb | Estonian_language | The birth of aboriginal Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: | What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on? | {
"text": [
"patriotic and philosophical"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ec | Estonian_language | The birth of aboriginal Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: | When was Peterson born? | {
"text": [
"March 14"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ed | Estonian_language | The birth of aboriginal Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: | What is another name given for Peterson's birthday? | {
"text": [
"Mother Tongue Day"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
56e3c21939bdeb14003478ee | Estonian_language | The birth of aboriginal Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: | What university did Peterson attend? | {
"text": [
"German-language University of Dorpat"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f4 | Estonian_language | From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed] | In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed? | {
"text": [
"23,868"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f5 | Estonian_language | From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed] | In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed? | {
"text": [
"14,503"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f6 | Estonian_language | From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed] | In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fa | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became important only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. | What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance? | {
"text": [
"Age of Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fb | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became important only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. | Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians? | {
"text": [
"Baltic Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fc | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became important only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. | Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture? | {
"text": [
"Estophile educated class"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fd | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became important only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. | Who conquered the ancient Estonians? | {
"text": [
"Danes and Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56e3c47839bdeb14003478fe | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became important only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. | When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end? | {
"text": [
"13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
56e3c50e39bdeb1400347904 | Estonian_language | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly main country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place? | {
"text": [
"1919"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e3c50e39bdeb1400347905 | Estonian_language | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly main country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56e3c50f39bdeb1400347906 | Estonian_language | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly main country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945? | {
"text": [
"97.3%"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e3c50f39bdeb1400347907 | Estonian_language | After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly main country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language. | What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeed | Estonian_language | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary. | What happened to Estonia during WWII? | {
"text": [
"invaded and occupied"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeee | Estonian_language | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary. | Who invaded Estonia? | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeef | Estonian_language | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary. | After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language? | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef0 | Estonian_language | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary. | What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia? | {
"text": [
"Latvia"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef1 | Estonian_language | When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary. | What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia? | {
"text": [
"pressure of bilingualism"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef7 | Estonian_language | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged. | What historical event once again freed Estonia? | {
"text": [
"collapse of the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef8 | Estonian_language | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged. | Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaef9 | Estonian_language | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged. | What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages? | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
56e3c6788c00841900fbaefa | Estonian_language | During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged. | What came into being in January 1989? | {
"text": [
"The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
56e3c76639bdeb140034790e | Estonian_language | The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census. | Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia? | {
"text": [
"above 70%"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56e427248c00841900fbaeff | Estonian_language | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | How many groups of Estonian dialects are there? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56e427248c00841900fbaf00 | Estonian_language | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups? | {
"text": [
"the northern and southern dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56e427248c00841900fbaf01 | Estonian_language | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated? | {
"text": [
"Tallinn"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e427248c00841900fbaf02 | Estonian_language | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken? | {
"text": [
"the northeastern coast of Estonia"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e427248c00841900fbaf03 | Estonian_language | The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia. | What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken? | {
"text": [
"Tartu"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf09 | Estonian_language | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the received language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi. | What dialect is also known as the central dialect? | {
"text": [
"the keskmurre"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0a | Estonian_language | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the received language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi. | What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi? | {
"text": [
"the idamurre or eastern dialect"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0b | Estonian_language | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the received language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi. | What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre? | {
"text": [
"Saaremaa and Hiiumaa"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56e428b08c00841900fbaf0c | Estonian_language | The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the received language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi. | What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect? | {
"text": [
"the läänemurre"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf11 | Estonian_language | The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective christian confession. | What dialects comprise the southern group? | {
"text": [
"the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf12 | Estonian_language | The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective christian confession. | More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other? | {
"text": [
"their culture"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf13 | Estonian_language | The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective christian confession. | Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered? | {
"text": [
"separate languages altogether"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56e429db8c00841900fbaf14 | Estonian_language | The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective christian confession. | What religion is associated with Seto and Võro? | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf19 | Estonian_language | Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Romance script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), Ä is pronounced [æ], as in English mat. The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is used to transcribe the Russian ы. | From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet? | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1a | Estonian_language | Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Romance script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), Ä is pronounced [æ], as in English mat. The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is used to transcribe the Russian ы. | What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet? | {
"text": [
"Finnish"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1b | Estonian_language | Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Romance script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters ä, ö, ü, and õ, plus the later additions š and ž. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, š, and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), Ä is pronounced [æ], as in English mat. The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ, and is used to transcribe the Russian ы. | In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced? | {
"text": [
"[æ], as in English mat"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347912 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some diachronic and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names. | What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography? | {
"text": [
"phonemic principles"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347913 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some diachronic and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names. | To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond? | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347914 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some diachronic and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names. | What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle? | {
"text": [
"some historical and morphological deviations"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347915 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some diachronic and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names. | On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh? | {
"text": [
"Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56e42c8439bdeb1400347916 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some diachronic and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names. | What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative? | {
"text": [
"Pasha (pas-ha)"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791c | Estonian_language | modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis? | {
"text": [
"Newer Orthography"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791d | Estonian_language | modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography? | {
"text": [
"Eduard Ahrens"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791e | Estonian_language | modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | In what century was the Newer Orthography created? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e42e3739bdeb140034791f | Estonian_language | modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place? | {
"text": [
"Older Orthography"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e42e3739bdeb1400347920 | Estonian_language | modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s. | From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis? | {
"text": [
"standard German orthography"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf1f | Estonian_language | It should exist noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma). | In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from? | {
"text": [
"Russian"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf20 | Estonian_language | It should exist noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma). | What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian? | {
"text": [
"Encyclopædia Britannica"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56e42f658c00841900fbaf21 | Estonian_language | It should exist noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma). | What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica? | {
"text": [
"\"ostrov Khiuma\""
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf25 | Estonian_language | Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | What is the typological form of Estonian? | {
"text": [
"transitional"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf26 | Estonian_language | Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | What is Estonian typologically transitioning from? | {
"text": [
"an agglutinating language"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf27 | Estonian_language | Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into? | {
"text": [
"a fusional language"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e4300a8c00841900fbaf28 | Estonian_language | Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | How are words ordered in Estonian canonically? | {
"text": [
"subject–verb–object"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56e431558c00841900fbaf2e | Estonian_language | In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have_got grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja – majahan. | What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns? | {
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e431558c00841900fbaf2f | Estonian_language | In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have_got grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja – majahan. | In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case? | {
"text": [
"adjectives"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf33 | Estonian_language | The lineal object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition. | What other language has a telicity contrast? | {
"text": [
"Finnish"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf34 | Estonian_language | The lineal object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition. | Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found? | {
"text": [
"partitive"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56e431f98c00841900fbaf35 | Estonian_language | The lineal object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition. | What is the accusative used for? | {
"text": [
"total objects"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf39 | Estonian_language | The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to show an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). | From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking? | {
"text": [
"verbal system"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a | Estonian_language | The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to show an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). | What is used in place of the future tense? | {
"text": [
"present tense"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b | Estonian_language | The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to show an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). | What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject? | {
"text": [
"special forms"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Teutonic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Teutonic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed] | Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages? | {
"text": [
"Germanic languages"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Teutonic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Teutonic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed] | What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary? | {
"text": [
"Low Saxon"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Teutonic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Teutonic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed] | When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language? | {
"text": [
"during the period of German rule"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Teutonic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Teutonic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed] | From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary? | {
"text": [
"High German"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Teutonic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Teutonic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed] | Standard German is part of what Germanic language? | {
"text": [
"High German"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf49 | Estonian_language | Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. | What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian? | {
"text": [
"'b' & 'p'"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a | Estonian_language | Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. | What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'? | {
"text": [
"The initial letter 's' is often dropped"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b | Estonian_language | Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. | In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced? | {
"text": [
"pagas"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f | Estonian_language | Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist dynamic in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing. | Who was the journalist who was also a language planner? | {
"text": [
"Ado Grenzstein"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf50 | Estonian_language | Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist dynamic in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing. | In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia? | {
"text": [
"1870s–90s"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf51 | Estonian_language | Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist dynamic in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing. | What is another term for making up words from nothing? | {
"text": [
"formation ex nihilo"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e43be78c00841900fbaf52 | Estonian_language | Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist dynamic in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing. | Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique? | {
"text": [
"Ado Grenzstein"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf57 | Estonian_language | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are | Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known? | {
"text": [
"Johannes Aavik"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf58 | Estonian_language | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are | What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive? | {
"text": [
"1880–1973"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf59 | Estonian_language | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are | What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing? | {
"text": [
"creations ex nihilo"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a | Estonian_language | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are | In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found? | {
"text": [
"Aavik’s dictionary"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b | Estonian_language | The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are | How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary? | {
"text": [
"approximately 4000"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf61 | Estonian_language | many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. | What languages did Aavik know? | {
"text": [
"Ancient Greek, Latin and French"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf62 | Estonian_language | many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. | When was Aavik's dictionary published? | {
"text": [
"1921"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf63 | Estonian_language | many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. | What is another term for words created by Aavik? | {
"text": [
"Aavikisms"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
56e43df08c00841900fbaf64 | Estonian_language | many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. | Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what? | {
"text": [
"foreign lexical items"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b | Paper | Paper is a lean material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. | What is a source for the particles in paper? | {
"text": [
"wood"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c | Paper | Paper is a lean material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. | What is a common use for paper? | {
"text": [
"writing"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e | Paper | Paper is a lean material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes. | What is the last step in paper production? | {
"text": [
"drying"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have_got been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it. | When was the pulp papermaking process developed? | {
"text": [
"2nd century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
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