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56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have_got been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path? | {
"text": [
"eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56d2641d59d6e41400145f52 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have_got been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have_got been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person." | Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what? | {
"text": [
"prajna"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56d2641d59d6e41400145f53 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have_got been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have_got been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person." | What is prajna called in english? | {
"text": [
"liberating insight"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56d2641d59d6e41400145f54 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have_got been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have_got been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person." | Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what? | {
"text": [
"person"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
56d2647159d6e41400145f58 | Buddhism | The three marks of existence may chew_over Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers. | How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a | Buddhism | The history of Amerind Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods? | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b | Buddhism | The history of Amerind Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is the first period of Buddhism called? | {
"text": [
"Early Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c | Buddhism | The history of Amerind Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is another name for Nikaya buddhism? | {
"text": [
"Sectarian"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d | Buddhism | The history of Amerind Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is the last period of Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"Esoteric Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e | Buddhism | The history of Amerind Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is Esoteric Buddhism also called? | {
"text": [
"Vajrayana"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its independent scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories. | Was is the earliest phase of buddhism? | {
"text": [
"Pre-sectarian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its independent scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories. | Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what? | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its independent scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories. | Gautama buddha taught what Path concept? | {
"text": [
"Noble Eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56d2675b59d6e41400145f72 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Amerind tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures. | Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56d2675b59d6e41400145f73 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Amerind tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures. | Who was cousin of the Buddha? | {
"text": [
"Ānanda"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56d2675b59d6e41400145f74 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Amerind tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures. | What are the discourses of the Buddha called? | {
"text": [
"sūtras"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
56d2675b59d6e41400145f75 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Amerind tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures. | Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's? | {
"text": [
"abhidhamma"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
56d267f859d6e41400145f7c | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to interrupt into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE. | The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council? | {
"text": [
"the Second"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56d267f859d6e41400145f7d | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to interrupt into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE. | According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council? | {
"text": [
"the Second Council"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56d267f859d6e41400145f7e | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to interrupt into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE. | The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time? | {
"text": [
"100 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56d2693359d6e41400145f8e | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition. | The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group? | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghikas"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
56d2693359d6e41400145f8f | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition. | The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what? | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghika"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
56d2693359d6e41400145f90 | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition. | The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what? | {
"text": [
"the vinaya"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
56d269b759d6e41400145f96 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following unlike schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. | Who gave rise to the Theravada school? | {
"text": [
"Sthaviras"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56d269b759d6e41400145f97 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following unlike schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. | Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what? | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56d269b759d6e41400145f98 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following unlike schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. | By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements? | {
"text": [
"doctrinal"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to roll_up an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38] | What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called? | {
"text": [
"Abhidharma"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to roll_up an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38] | The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what? | {
"text": [
"summaries or numerical lists"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to roll_up an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38] | The Abhidharma texts are from what time? | {
"text": [
"3rd century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to roll_up an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38] | There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghika"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} |
56d26b3159d6e41400145faa | Buddhism | Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India. | Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras? | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56d26b3159d6e41400145fab | Buddhism | Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India. | The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India? | {
"text": [
"Āndhra"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to admit the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." | The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre? | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to admit the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century? | {
"text": [
"1st century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to admit the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." | Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area? | {
"text": [
"Āndhra"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7 | Buddhism | Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been cognizant for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India." | The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE? | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8 | Buddhism | Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been cognizant for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India." | Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India? | {
"text": [
"South"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a sure set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what? | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a sure set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | The mahayana never tried to have separte what? | {
"text": [
"Vinaya"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a sure set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what? | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} |
56d2706859d6e41400145fdc | Buddhism | much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40] | Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations? | {
"text": [
"Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56d2706859d6e41400145fdd | Buddhism | much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40] | The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who? | {
"text": [
"Lokakṣema"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56d2706859d6e41400145fde | Buddhism | much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40] | The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series? | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56d2706859d6e41400145fdf | Buddhism | much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40] | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE? | {
"text": [
"1st"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
56d2726659d6e41400145ff8 | Buddhism | During the period of late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought. | What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism? | {
"text": [
"Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56d2726659d6e41400145ff9 | Buddhism | During the period of late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought. | What was the latest thought type? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist Logic"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56d2726659d6e41400145ffa | Buddhism | During the period of late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought. | In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? | {
"text": [
"Yogacara"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56d2733d59d6e41400146000 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have_got spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia. | Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor? | {
"text": [
"Ashoka"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56d2733d59d6e41400146001 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have_got spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia. | The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more? | {
"text": [
"stūpas"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56d2733d59d6e41400146002 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have_got spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia. | What does stupas mean in English? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist religious memorials"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56d273d059d6e41400146006 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known distribute of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to distribute Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries. | Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India? | {
"text": [
"west"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56d273d059d6e41400146007 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known distribute of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to distribute Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries. | Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what? | {
"text": [
"missionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
56d273d059d6e41400146008 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known distribute of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to distribute Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries. | What were the emissaries used for? | {
"text": [
"to spread Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56d2779759d6e4140014601a | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Iranian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56d2779759d6e4140014601c | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Iranian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? | {
"text": [
"Menander"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
56d277f759d6e41400146020 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | {
"text": [
"3rd century"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56d277f759d6e41400146021 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir? | {
"text": [
"3rd century"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56d2786c59d6e41400146025 | Buddhism | The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have_got started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin. | When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China? | {
"text": [
"2nd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56d278ee59d6e41400146028 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Amerind period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century? | {
"text": [
"2nd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56d278ee59d6e41400146029 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Amerind period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread? | {
"text": [
"Korea and Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56d278ee59d6e4140014602a | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Amerind period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet? | {
"text": [
"8th century onwards"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
56d28a5d59d6e41400146055 | Buddhism | By the later Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20] | China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56d28b0659d6e41400146063 | Buddhism | formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices. | What is the Dharma? | {
"text": [
"the teachings of the Buddha"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56d28b0659d6e41400146064 | Buddhism | formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices. | What is the Sangha? | {
"text": [
"the Buddhist community"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56d28b0659d6e41400146065 | Buddhism | formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices. | West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? | {
"text": [
"progressive"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
56d28b0659d6e41400146066 | Buddhism | formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices. | New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason? | {
"text": [
"Modern influences"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
56d28b6559d6e4140014606c | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various western Buddhist traditions. | When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge? | {
"text": [
"second half of the 20th Century"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
56d28b6559d6e4140014606d | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various western Buddhist traditions. | What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called? | {
"text": [
"neo-Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56d28bf559d6e4140014607a | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and distribute further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21] | What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan? | {
"text": [
"Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56d28bf559d6e4140014607b | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and distribute further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21] | What does Soka Gakkai mean in English? | {
"text": [
"Value Creation Society"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56d28bf559d6e4140014607c | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and distribute further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21] | What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people? | {
"text": [
"Soka Gakkai International"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56d28bf559d6e4140014607d | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and distribute further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21] | What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world? | {
"text": [
"SGI"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
56d28c4259d6e41400146082 | Buddhism | Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. | What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people? | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d28c9259d6e41400146086 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Taiwanese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1] | What country has the largest population of Buddhists? | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d28c9259d6e41400146087 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Taiwanese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1] | How many Buddhists are in China? | {
"text": [
"244 million"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56d28ce759d6e41400146092 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How may adherents does Mahayana have? | {
"text": [
"360 million"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56d28ce759d6e41400146093 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many adherents does Thervada have? | {
"text": [
"150 million"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56d28ce759d6e41400146095 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many Buddists are outside of Asia? | {
"text": [
"Seven million"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast one-year growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries. | How many Buddhists were there in 1910? | {
"text": [
"138 million"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast one-year growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries. | How many Buddhists are there in 2010? | {
"text": [
"495 million"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast one-year growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries. | How many buddhists are in Asia? | {
"text": [
"487 million"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56d28e7059d6e414001460a8 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to call the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism. | What does Hinayana mean in English? | {
"text": [
"lesser vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56d28e7059d6e414001460a9 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to call the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism. | What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools? | {
"text": [
"Hinayana"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the like philosophical outlook, or treat the like concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches: | Each tradition has its own core what? | {
"text": [
"concepts"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the like philosophical outlook, or treat the like concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches: | there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist ecumenical organization"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56d28f5159d6e414001460b7 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhistic school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhistic schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhistic council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhistic reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. | What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school? | {
"text": [
"Theravada"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d28f5159d6e414001460b8 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhistic school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhistic schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhistic council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhistic reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. | Where does the name theravada come from? | {
"text": [
"ancestral Sthāvirīya"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56d28f5159d6e414001460b9 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhistic school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhistic schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhistic council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhistic reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. | Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? | {
"text": [
"Pali Canon"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
56d291c759d6e414001460be | Buddhism | Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as little portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. | Where is there a growing presence of Theravada? | {
"text": [
"the west"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56d2924159d6e414001460c2 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to recognize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth? | {
"text": [
"Theravadin"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d2924159d6e414001460c4 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to recognize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what? | {
"text": [
"merit"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56d2929e59d6e414001460c9 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most of_import one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning? | {
"text": [
"Nālandā University"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56d293b759d6e414001460cc | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to put the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself. | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what? | {
"text": [
"Mahayana Sutras"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56d293b759d6e414001460cd | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to put the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself. | A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who? | {
"text": [
"the Buddha"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56d293b759d6e414001460ce | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to put the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself. | Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras? | {
"text": [
"Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56d2946f59d6e414001460d2 | Buddhism | native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions. | Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what? | {
"text": [
"Eastern Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56d2946f59d6e414001460d3 | Buddhism | native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions. | The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as? | {
"text": [
"Northern Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56d2946f59d6e414001460d4 | Buddhism | native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions. | What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"the Pure Land school of Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
56d2955559d6e414001460e2 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will exist effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. | The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? | {
"text": [
"Saivism"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56d2955559d6e414001460e3 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will exist effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. | Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? | {
"text": [
"Buddhists"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
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