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56d21d1fe7d4791d00902659 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of immature or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge? | {
"text": [
"Tibetan"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265a | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of immature or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what? | {
"text": [
"essence."
],
"answer_start": [
915
]
} |
56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265b | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of immature or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | What has an irreversable effect? | {
"text": [
"The Three Jewels"
],
"answer_start": [
699
]
} |
56d21dcce7d4791d00902661 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to supply a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable. | Who presented himself as a model? | {
"text": [
"Gautama Buddha"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56d21dcce7d4791d00902662 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to supply a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable. | What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering? | {
"text": [
"Dharma"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56d21dcce7d4791d00902663 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to supply a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable. | What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha? | {
"text": [
"Sangha"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56d21fd7e7d4791d00902672 | Buddhism | Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an designed effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment. | What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort? | {
"text": [
"Śīla"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d21fd7e7d4791d00902673 | Buddhism | Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an designed effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment. | Sila is the second what? | {
"text": [
"pāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
56d2207ee7d4791d0090268d | Buddhism | Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would convey about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence. | What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance? | {
"text": [
"keeping the precepts"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56d2207ee7d4791d0090268e | Buddhism | Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would convey about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence. | What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana? | {
"text": [
"Śīla"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d2207ee7d4791d0090268f | Buddhism | Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would convey about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence. | What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community? | {
"text": [
"keeping the precepts"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56d2392cb329da140004ec14 | Buddhism | Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to populate by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism. | What does sila refer to? | {
"text": [
"overall principles of ethical behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56d2392cb329da140004ec15 | Buddhism | Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to populate by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism. | Lay people tend to live by the five what? | {
"text": [
"precepts"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56d2392cb329da140004ec17 | Buddhism | Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to populate by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism. | Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what? | {
"text": [
"asceticism."
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
56d23abcb329da140004ec26 | Buddhism | The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to ease practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment. | Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what? | {
"text": [
"training rules"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56d23abcb329da140004ec27 | Buddhism | The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to ease practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment. | The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness? | {
"text": [
"ethical"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56d23abcb329da140004ec28 | Buddhism | The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to ease practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment. | Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely? | {
"text": [
"lower"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56d23b26b329da140004ec2e | Buddhism | In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are: | Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct? | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56d23b26b329da140004ec2f | Buddhism | In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are: | What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct? | {
"text": [
"a precept of celibacy"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56d23c30b329da140004ec3c | Buddhism | The complete list of ten precepts may exist observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added: | How many precepts are on the list? | {
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56d23c30b329da140004ec3e | Buddhism | The complete list of ten precepts may exist observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added: | In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two? | {
"text": [
"seventh"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56d23cc4b329da140004ec42 | Buddhism | Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to unlike schools, and unlike schools or subschools set unlike standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics. | How many basic precepts are there for monastics? | {
"text": [
"the ten precepts"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56d23cc4b329da140004ec43 | Buddhism | Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to unlike schools, and unlike schools or subschools set unlike standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics. | What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns? | {
"text": [
"vinaya"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56d23cc4b329da140004ec44 | Buddhism | Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to unlike schools, and unlike schools or subschools set unlike standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics. | How many rules dows the patimokkha have? | {
"text": [
"227"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56d23cc4b329da140004ec45 | Buddhism | Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to unlike schools, and unlike schools or subschools set unlike standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics. | What are the scriptures on vinaya called? | {
"text": [
"vinayapitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56d23d72b329da140004ec4c | Buddhism | Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to guarantee a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself." | Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what? | {
"text": [
"counts"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56d23d72b329da140004ec4d | Buddhism | Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to guarantee a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself." | The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what? | {
"text": [
"life"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56d23d72b329da140004ec4e | Buddhism | Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to guarantee a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself." | The rules are a perfect springboard for what? | {
"text": [
"higher attainments"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56d23d72b329da140004ec4f | Buddhism | Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to guarantee a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself." | Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what? | {
"text": [
"islands unto themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
56d23eaeb329da140004ec54 | Buddhism | In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to exist confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry. | Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra? | {
"text": [
"Mahayana Brahmajala"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56d23eaeb329da140004ec55 | Buddhism | In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to exist confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry. | Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what? | {
"text": [
"meat"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56d23eaeb329da140004ec57 | Buddhism | In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to exist confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry. | Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry? | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
56d24042b329da140004ec6a | Buddhism | Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to research itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11] | In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular? | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56d24042b329da140004ec6c | Buddhism | Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to research itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11] | Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what? | {
"text": [
"jhānas"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
56d240dbb329da140004ec76 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | What does the word samyaksamadhi mean? | {
"text": [
"right concentration"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56d240dbb329da140004ec77 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what? | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56d240dbb329da140004ec78 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what? | {
"text": [
"defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56d2415fb329da140004ec7c | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a potent and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight. | What is powerful concentration called? | {
"text": [
"jhāna"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56d2415fb329da140004ec7d | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a potent and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight. | What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight? | {
"text": [
"vipassanā"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56d2415fb329da140004ec7e | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a potent and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight. | Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what? | {
"text": [
"insight"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56d24217b329da140004ec8a | Buddhism | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to focus on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'. | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? | {
"text": [
"idea"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56d24217b329da140004ec8b | Buddhism | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to focus on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'. | What is the term for tranquility? | {
"text": [
"jhāna"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56d2429fb329da140004ec92 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm_down the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest. | In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what? | {
"text": [
"mind"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56d2429fb329da140004ec93 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm_down the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest. | Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what? | {
"text": [
"disturbed"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56d2429fb329da140004ec94 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm_down the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest. | What is the term for insight knowledge? | {
"text": [
"jñāna"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56d2429fb329da140004ec95 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm_down the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest. | What is the term for understanding? | {
"text": [
"prajñā"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
56d2429fb329da140004ec96 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm_down the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest. | What eradicates the defilements completely? | {
"text": [
"understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56d244ddb329da140004ecb0 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To exist free from suffering and stress, these defilements must exist permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins. | In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering? | {
"text": [
"craving"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56d244ddb329da140004ecb1 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To exist free from suffering and stress, these defilements must exist permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins. | What does craving carry with it? | {
"text": [
"defilements"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56d244ddb329da140004ecb3 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To exist free from suffering and stress, these defilements must exist permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins. | Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what? | {
"text": [
"suffering and stress"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56d244ddb329da140004ecb4 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To exist free from suffering and stress, these defilements must exist permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins. | What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins? | {
"text": [
"Nibbāna"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
56d24619b329da140004ecbf | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of subordinate origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana. | How many Noble Truths are there? | {
"text": [
"Four"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56d24619b329da140004ecc0 | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of subordinate origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana. | Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what? | {
"text": [
"bodhi"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56d24619b329da140004ecc1 | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of subordinate origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana. | What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana? | {
"text": [
"Prajñā"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d246e7b329da140004ecce | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can control the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity. | Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what? | {
"text": [
"sermons"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
56d246e7b329da140004eccf | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can control the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity. | In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice? | {
"text": [
"at any point"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
56d246e7b329da140004ecd0 | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can control the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity. | What can be applied to daily life once it is attained? | {
"text": [
"conceptual understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
56d24773b329da140004ecd4 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Nipponese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea? | {
"text": [
"seon"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56d24773b329da140004ecd5 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Nipponese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation? | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d24773b329da140004ecd6 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Nipponese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures? | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d24773b329da140004ecd7 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Nipponese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs? | {
"text": [
"spiritual"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56d2485bb329da140004ece0 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism is divided into two independent schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13] | Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56d2485bb329da140004ece2 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism is divided into two independent schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13] | Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs? | {
"text": [
"Rinzai"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56d249a4b329da140004ecf1 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loose the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one. | What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox? | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56d249a4b329da140004ecf3 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loose the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one. | What type of self is equated with the Buddha? | {
"text": [
"True Self"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56d249a4b329da140004ecf4 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loose the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one. | What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself? | {
"text": [
"Thinking and thought"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to heighten Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners. | What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on? | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to heighten Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners. | What is the English term for Vajrayana? | {
"text": [
"Diamond Vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56d24a6fb329da140004ecff | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to heighten Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners. | What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices? | {
"text": [
"Tantric"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56d24a6fb329da140004ed00 | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to heighten Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners. | Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what? | {
"text": [
"ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
56d24b65b329da140004ed11 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of societal and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23] | What time period was the beginning of Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"second half of the first millennium BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56d24b65b329da140004ed12 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of societal and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23] | Scholars believe that karma originated in what? | {
"text": [
"the shramanas"
],
"answer_start": [
788
]
} |
56d24b65b329da140004ed13 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of societal and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23] | What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition? | {
"text": [
"shramanas"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
56d24b65b329da140004ed14 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of societal and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23] | Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought? | {
"text": [
"non-Vedic"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
56d24c8bb329da140004ed19 | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed] | Buddhism arose in what area? | {
"text": [
"Greater Magadha"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed] | Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east? | {
"text": [
"Rajagrha"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed] | What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start? | {
"text": [
"2nd or 3rd centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
56d24e17b329da140004ed33 | Buddhism | At the like time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the like conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice. | Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what? | {
"text": [
"in the Upanishads"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56d24e17b329da140004ed34 | Buddhism | At the like time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the like conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice. | The movement included atomists such as what? | {
"text": [
"Pakudha Kaccayana"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
56d24e17b329da140004ed36 | Buddhism | At the like time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the like conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice. | What is the term for agnostics? | {
"text": [
"Ajnanas"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
56d24e17b329da140004ed37 | Buddhism | At the like time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the like conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice. | What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter? | {
"text": [
"Jains"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
56d24f27b329da140004ed47 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its truthful form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the truthful Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism. | A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was? | {
"text": [
"Vedic animal sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56d24f27b329da140004ed48 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its truthful form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the truthful Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism. | The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic? | {
"text": [
"hymn of the cosmic man"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56d24f27b329da140004ed49 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its truthful form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the truthful Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism. | The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what? | {
"text": [
"animal sacrifices"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
56d24f27b329da140004ed4a | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its truthful form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the truthful Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism. | The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice? | {
"text": [
"Vedas"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
56d25056b329da140004ed51 | Buddhism | Information of the oldest teachings may exist obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must exist applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28] | What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings? | {
"text": [
"The reliability"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed] | A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else? | {
"text": [
"insight"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed] | Liberating insight is attained after mastering what? | {
"text": [
"Rupa Jhanas"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed] | Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas? | {
"text": [
"Majjhima Nikaya"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c | Buddhism | Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may intend that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. | According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what? | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d | Buddhism | Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may intend that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. | Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day? | {
"text": [
"karma"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14 | Buddhism | According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhistic invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development. | What was the earliest Buddhism type? | {
"text": [
"dhyana"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15 | Buddhism | According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhistic invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development. | Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? | {
"text": [
"meditative"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56d2600c59d6e41400145f18 | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not well-defined what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34] | From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi? | {
"text": [
"fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56d2600c59d6e41400145f19 | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not well-defined what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34] | A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what? | {
"text": [
"liberating insight"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not well-defined what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34] | The four truths depict what type of path of practice? | {
"text": [
"linear"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
56d2606959d6e41400145f1e | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can exist found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana? | {
"text": [
"Nirvāna"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
56d2606959d6e41400145f1f | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can exist found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what? | {
"text": [
"Nikayas"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56d2606959d6e41400145f20 | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can exist found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | The desired goal for buddhism is what? | {
"text": [
"Nirvāna"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have_got been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term? | {
"text": [
"the middle way"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
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