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The founder of a progressive pro-immigrant organization was roundly mocked on social media over the weekend after claiming she continued to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder because of Hillary Clinton’s defeat in the 2016 presidential election.
Sayu Bhojwani, a democracy activist who served as New York City’s first commissioner of immigrant affairs, tweeted out a message of support for Sen. Elizabeth Warren on Sunday that included her diagnosis of the psychological factors dampening the public’s enthusiasm for the 2020 hopeful.
3/5 She's smart, compassionate, a fighter. Her racial justice lens is stronger than any candidate we have to choose from. Her cabinet will be thoughtful, qualified & experienced. The energy & determination she would approach her first 100 days will make our heads spin. — Sayu Bhojwani (@SayuBhojwani) February 23, 2020
“A lot of us saw our hopes for a strong, competent woman president dashed in 2016 and we still have PTSD. I think that’s holding us back from supporting @ewarren publicly,” she said.
“I’ve been in so many rooms where women are saying they love @ewarren but they’re cautious & guarded. Of course. We had our hearts broken in 2016 & are scared of another heartbreak.”
MORE: VIDEO: ‘Crazy Leftist’ Melts Down on Day Trump Is Acquitted: ‘Slash Republican Throats!’
The president and founder of New American Leaders, an organization that trains immigrants to run for office, continued advocating for Warren in a series of additional tweets.
Warren’s “racial justice lens is stronger than any candidate we have to choose from,” Bhojwani declared.
“Her cabinet will be thoughtful, qualified & experienced. The energy & determination she would approach her first 100 days will make our heads spin,” she tweeted, before urging those who back Warren behind close doors to go public with their support.
Bhojwani’s attempt to get voters excited about Warren ginned up a social media crowd — but not for the reason she likely expected.
Numerous users criticized Bhojwani, who appears on her organization’s website in a photo with militant progressive congresswoman Rashida Tlaib, for elevating her disappointment with the 2016 election to the level of PTSD, a debilitating condition often associated with survivors of war and sexual and physical abuse.
Some PTSD sufferers replied to Bhojwani:
I have PTSD from years of severe physical abuse at the hands of my ex-husband who I was forced to stay with b/c I couldn't afford healthcare, childcare, and would become homeless with my 3 children if I left. And, yes, all of that happened when I finally did. But go off, I guess https://t.co/AxDTXDzdrp — This handle kills fascist rats (@BethLynch2020) February 24, 2020
“How is it possible that there are so many Warren supporters on this site who have no regard for survivors of abuse/trauma?” tweeted writer Cari Hernandez. “You DO NOT have PTSD from seeing a woman lose an election. THAT’S NOT WHAT PTSD IS.”
One Twitter user’s response to Bhojwani’s remarks went viral on Sunday, garnering nearly 20,000 likes.
this is actually insulting to people who deal with real PTSD and is worse than Bernie Bros just tweeting "drop out" at Warren posts — 红色娘子军? (@detachment_red) February 24, 2020
“Imagine being so far removed from reality that you have the gall to compare your disappointment at your preferred candidate’s loss to *checks notes* the crippling trauma that abuse victims and people living in war-torn countries endure every day,” tweeted another commenter.
I have PTSD. It causes extreme bouts of memory loss for me, physical pain that I deal with constantly, a sense of paranoia in close relationships, and it causes me to feel intense dissociation/separation from my body. https://t.co/PNVWVbYSvD — K (@sheabutterfemme) February 24, 2020
Bhojwani, for her part, appeared to concede that she could have chosen her words “more carefully, ” as one commenter suggested on Twitter.
Fair critique. — Sayu Bhojwani (@SayuBhojwani) February 23, 2020
Trump derangement syndrome
Ill-chosen as Bhojwani’s words may have been, there is some evidence that the deleterious effects of so-called “Trump derangement syndrome” are real.
In 2018, therapists indicated a rise in what they unofficially diagnosed as “Trump Anxiety Disorder.”
MORE: Woman Caught on Camera Defacing Trump Campaign Sign – Gets Stuck Trying to Escape
Clinical psychologist Jennifer Panning – who is credited with originally coining the term – described the symptoms of “Trump Anxiety disorder” in a 2017 essay as worrying about the state of the country, feeling helpless and out of control, and spending too much time on social media. | {
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University Hospitals (UH) Eye Institute will be one of the first medical centers in the United States to offer the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”).
The Argus II is the first and only “bionic eye” to be approved in countries throughout the world, including the U.S. It is used to treat patients with late stage retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Argus II was developed by Second Sight Medical Products, Inc.
Accepting patient consultations
In preparation for the launch of Argus II later this year, implanting centers, including UH, will soon begin to accept consultations for patients with RP.
UH is one of a select number of medical centers in 12 major markets in the nation, and the only one in Cleveland and the state of Ohio, chosen by Second Sight to offer the Argus II, which received FDA approval earlier this year.
How it works
Argus II works by converting video images captured by a miniature camera, housed in the patient’s glasses, into a series of small electrical pulses that are transmitted wirelessly to an array of electrodes on the surface of the retina.
These pulses are intended to stimulate the retina’s remaining cells resulting in the corresponding perception of patterns of light in the brain. Patients then learn to interpret these visual patterns thereby regaining some visual function.
[See Artificial retina receives FDA approval.]
Contact information for patients wishing more information:
Domestic: 1 (855)-756-3703
International: +1 (818) 833-5027
[email protected]
[email protected] | {
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Blizzard has announced that Diablo III
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A post over on Battle.net also confirmed that pre-orders for the game are open now, and anyone who does so will get the experience-boosting Infernal Helm item to speed up their passage through Sanctuary.Back at the PlayStation 4 announcement conference in February, Blizzard announced that it would be bringing the game to PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 . This is the first time an Xbox 360 version has been mentioned, but there's still no word on whether the game will make its way to the Xbox One as well. Blizzard is also not speaking about that PlayStation 4 version at this time despite having previously announced plans to produce a PS4 release.While we don't know for certain, seeing as Blizzard has confirmed PlayStation gamers won't be able to play with their PC brethren , assume the same to be true for the Xbox 360 version.We'll have more on the console version of Diablo III from E3, which starts next Monday.
Luke Karmali is IGN's UK Junior Editor. You too can revel in mediocrity by following him on IGN and on Twitter | {
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[[Bat (4e Creature)|Bats]] of all sizes and varieties fall into this category. They are well-rounded companions that don't excel in any one area, but don't have any clear weaknesses, either. They are favored by natives of the Underdark and those with nocturnal habits.
+
[[Bat (4e Monster)|Bats]] of all sizes and varieties fall into this category. They are well-rounded companions that don't excel in any one area, but don't have any clear weaknesses, either. They are favored by natives of the Underdark and those with nocturnal habits.
Revision as of 19:26, January 16, 2010
To use this variant class feature, you must be a ranger with the Beast Mastery class feature. You can choose a bat as your beast companion.
Bat Companion
Bats of all sizes and varieties fall into this category. They are well-rounded companions that don't excel in any one area, but don't have any clear weaknesses, either. They are favored by natives of the Underdark and those with nocturnal habits. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Background
==========
Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a small, painful, benign bone tumor specified as a nidus surrounded by sclerosed bone, maybe calcified \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\]. It constitutes 10--12% of all benign tumors and 2--3% of all primary bone tumors \[[@b2-poljradiol-81-295]\]. 75% of cases are seen between ages 5--25. However, up to 70 years it can be seen in any bone completed its growth. It is detected more frequently in men. OO is often seen in the cortex of the long bones. More than 50% of the lesions localized in the femur and tibia \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\]. The classical clinical finding is pain; increased intensity in nighttime and responds to salicylates \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\]. This is a typical clinical history, seen in more than 75% of the cases \[[@b4-poljradiol-81-295]\].
The best modalities to localize the lesion is bone scintigraphy \[[@b5-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Classic scintigraphic 'double density' view is quite specific for OO is used as a guide for the CT scan \[[@b6-poljradiol-81-295]\]. CT, is very successful in showing periosteal reaction, sclerosis and bone around the nidus \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\].
OO treatment options are, conservative medical therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), minimally invasive percutaneous treatment and surgery \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\]. NSAIDs usually is the first choice of treatment. Pain subsided after the use of oral NSAIDs for 2--3 years \[[@b7-poljradiol-81-295]\]. However, many patients cannot tolerate long term drug use due to gastrointestinal side effects, and recurrence of pain when the drug is discontinued \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Additionally, many patients, are faced with serious complications such as, degenerative arthritis, scoliosis, growth disorders and muscle atrophy in this long process, depending on the location of the lesion \[[@b8-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Invasive methods for OO treatment in its application are; wide en bloc resection of open surgery, curettage, CT guided percutaneous, minimally invasive surgery, RA, laser ablation, cryoablation and alcohol ablation \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Whichever method is chosen, aim of treatment is completely removed or destroyed nidus \[[@b9-poljradiol-81-295]\]. To ensure complete excision it is essential to remove the block a large bone with tumor in conventional open surgery (en bloc resection). This process can lead to broken bones, reducing the durability. Therefore, additional procedures such as internal fixation, bone grafting and postoperative immobilization are required \[[@b10-poljradiol-81-295]\].
OO surgical treatment success rate is between 88% and 100% and recurrence rates are between 4.5% and 25% in the literature \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b11-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Surgical treatment, remains the standard method in doubt of the histological examination of the lesion, neurovascular structures located closer than 1--1.5 cm to the lesion and in case of twice failed percutaneous ablative method \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b11-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Difficulties for localizing the lesion in surgery, has led to the discovery of imaging guided minimally invasive new methods \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b9-poljradiol-81-295]\]. CT guided percutaneous methods was fundamental change in OO treatment \[[@b12-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Techniques used in percutaneous ablation are, alcohol injection, laser photocoagulation, cryoablation and RFA \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Alcohol ablation can be combined with percutanous CT guided \[drill\] resection \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\] and RF \[[@b13-poljradiol-81-295]\]. It is a simple and low cost method compared to other ones. However, controlling the alcohol spread to surrounding tissue is very difficult, which may lead to failure and complications of treatment \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b14-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Laser ablation therapy of OO can be applied in MR guidance. Unlike the RA it is fully compatible with MR. The success rate is close to the RA, but has a higher cost \[[@b15-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In literature, success rates are reported between 87% and 100%. Minor complication rate is higher than the RFA. In addition, a major disadvantage is that, it does not allow the histological diagnosis \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\].
A new method is magnetic resonance imaging guided cryoablation. The most important advantages of the method are; changes that occur during the process can be monitored in real time, providing high soft tissue contrast and without ionizing radiation use. But the cost is high compared to other methods \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b16-poljradiol-81-295]\].
One of these techniques is CT guided RA method. Rosenthal et al., \[[@b12-poljradiol-81-295]\] has been described as a minimally invasive treatment option for the first time in 1992. In recent years, high success and similar recurrence rates has been reported with open surgical procedure in CT guided RA. But it has been shown to be superior to surgery with lower complication rates and shorter hospitalization time \[[@b11-poljradiol-81-295]\]. RA is safe, effective, minimally invasive and low cost method for OO treatment at present \[[@b1-poljradiol-81-295]\].
The aim of this retrospective study is to determine our experience of technique success rate, complications and clinical results in long term follow up for CT-guided radiofrequency ablation therapy for OO.
Material and Methods
====================
Patients
--------
Our study was included total of 18 patients as 6 female and 12 male aged between 10--27 years. Our patients were sent our clinic with OO preliminary diagnosis of various clinical, primarily orthopedics, between January 2011 -- May 2014. All patients undergone radiofrequency ablation therapy. Three patients with age 3,7 and 8 years were excluded, because of the VAS values could not be trusted. Also 7 patients could not be included to study, they were not be able to followed up. Our study was accepted as ethical according to our Education and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee Decision no. 255 dated 20.01.2015. The diagnosis of the patients, was based on pain, typically increased intensity at night and responding to NSAIDs; and radiologic findings. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Procedure
---------
After diagnosis confirmed, all patients were informed about RA and other treatment methods. Before procedure protrombin time and (international normalized ratio) INR values were controlled. Patients were starved for 12 hours. Whole blood count, allergy and anesthesia status were controlled. VAS of daytime and nighttime were noted. Procedure was performed under general anesthesia in CT unit and aseptic conditions. Localization was confirmed with CT scan (Sensation 40, Siemens Medical Solutions, Forcheim, Germany) after placement of multiple radiopac skin signer. KV and MAs values were chosen according to ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle to minimize ionizing radiation exposure. After the entrance point signed with a pen, surrounding area was cleaned with iodine based antiseptic solution. Local anesthetic administered from entrance point to bone cortex. Skin cut was created. From this skin cut bone penetration canule (RITA StarBust Access System, 11G, AngioDynamics, Inc., USA) was advanced and cortex was penetrated with a hammer in case of necessary. After canule reached to nidus it was replaced with RFA electrode (UniBlate, AngioDynamics, Inc., USA) ([Figure 1](#f1-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="fig"}). Grounding pads and electrode were connected to generator (RITA 1500X, AngioDynamics, Inc., USA). Generator was set up to provide 77--90°C in 2--3 minutes. Procedure was performed around 90°C and 4--6 minutes. After procedure canule and electrode removed. IV parasetamol was administrated to control pain, as a result of released prostaglandins with nidus ablation. NSAIDs use was recommended for 3 days. All patients followed up in orthopedics clinic for one night. If there was no complication patients were externed. Heavy exercises forbidden to patients have lesion in weight bearing bones. All patients were called for follow up after one week, one month and six months after procedure. VAS values were obtained after procedure rather with follow up or telephone communication. Time to return back normal daily activity was also noted.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Change of VAS before and after procedure, and the factors can affect it (demographic data, nidus localization and size) was evaluated with statistical analysis. For analysis frequency, percent, mean value, standard deviation, median value, data range and interquartile range were used. For intergroup parametric comparison Mann Whithey U test, for in group comparison Wilcoxon sign test was used. Spearman correlation analysis was used to compare two quantitative values. Results were obtained in 95% security range (p\<0.05).
Results
=======
All procedures completed successfully (100%). The mean age of the study group was 17.4 years (range, 10--27 years). The mean size of the nidus was 8.06 mm (range, 5--13 mm). The distribution of lesions according to their localization are, femur: 8, tibia: 7, ulna: 1, foot: 1 and sacrum: 1. The data about durance of pain and time needed to return back to normal activity summarized in [Table 1](#t1-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="table"}. Major complication never happened as anesthetic or procedural mortality was not seen. In one patient superficial skin infection seen around entrance point and successfully treated with antibiotics. Left foot local contracture developed during procedure and it was treated with physical therapy in one patient. In one patient, penetration needle was broken. Needle was removed and procedure was completed by using a new needle.
We experienced one recurrence in a 25 year old male patient. After second procedure his treatment completed successfully.
All patients were using NSAIDs before but after one week from treatment none of them was going on. In comparison daytime VAS change before and after procedure, difference was statistically significant (Z=−3.785; p\<0.05). In comparison nighttime VAS change before and after procedure, difference was statistically significant (Z=−3.769; p\<0.05). In comparison VAS values before procedure between daytime and nighttime, difference was statistically significant (Z=−3.787; p\<0.05). As last VAS values after procedure between daytime and nighttime, difference was not statistically significant (Z=−1.0; p\>0.05) ([Table 2](#t2-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="table"}).
There was not statistically significant relation between age and pain duration before procedure, time needed for pain disappear, time needed to return back to regular life ([Table 3](#t3-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="table"}). There was not statistically significant relation between lesion size and pain duration before procedure, time needed for pain disappear, time needed to return back to regular life ([Table 4](#t4-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="table"}). There was not statistically significant relation between gender and pain duration before procedure, time needed for pain disappear, time needed to return back to regular life ([Table 5](#t5-poljradiol-81-295){ref-type="table"}).
Discussion
==========
OO RA treatment has close to 100% technical and 76--100% clinical clinical success rate are reported for the first procedure in literature. After the first RA procedure in cases with recurrent or residual, it is stated that the clinical success rate for the second RA procedure is between 87% and 100% \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295],[@b9-poljradiol-81-295],[@b17-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Rehnitz et al. reported clinical success of 99% after the first, 100% after the second RF process in their study of 72 patients \[[@b18-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study, technical success rate was 100% and clinical success rate was 94% as being consistent with the results reported in literature.
The average follow up period after the procedure is reported as 5 to 92 months in literature and average follow up period of our study was 26.5 months \[[@b19-poljradiol-81-295],[@b20-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Duration of pain prior to treatment of OO, are highly variable in series in literature. Sung et al., reported this period from one month to 180 months, an average of 26 months \[[@b11-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In addition, there are studies report mean duration of pain between 12 months to 31 months in literature \[[@b2-poljradiol-81-295],[@b21-poljradiol-81-295]\] is. In our study, pain duration ranged from 5 to 17 months with an average of 8.7 months.
There are publications examining the changes of VAS in RFA treatment of OO. De Palma et al. reported in their studt with 20 patients, mean VAS as 8.5 pre and 0.5 after treatment respectively for nighttime. Mean VAS was 5.95 pre and 0.9 after treatment as well for daytime. The severity of pain reduce was statistically significant \[[@b22-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Morassi et al. reported VAS decrease from 8.6 to 0 for their 11 patients after the procedure. Two of patients were considered as recurrence and after second procedure their VAS reduced to 0 as well \[[@b23-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study VAS reduction for both day and nighttime was statistically significant.
Rehnitz et al. reported; there was no significant correlation between nidus size and VAS, duration of pain and time needed to return to daily activities in their study including 72 patients \[[@b20-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Cantwell et al. reported; there was no significant correlation between nidus size its localization and VAS, duration of pain and time needed to return to daily activities in their study \[[@b24-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Rosenthal et al. stated that the patient's age, gender, lesion size and its localization does not affect the clinical success \[[@b25-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study, we did not find a statistically significant relationship between patient age, sex, and lesion size and duration of pain before the procedure, and time needed to pain disappear and return to daily activities.
In Vanderschueren et al's study; lesion localization, calcified nidus, processing time, lesion size and treatments that previously applied has not been identified as risk factors that increase the rate of failure of the RA. However incorrect needle placement reduces the success rate such as deep seated lesions in the pelvis or close proximity to neurovascular structures \[[@b26-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Recurrence rate after RA procedure is between 5--10%, in some studies found as 12% \[[@b12-poljradiol-81-295],[@b27-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Most of them occur within 3--6 months after the procedure. After six months, the frequency decreases gradually. After two years it is very rare to be seen \[[@b12-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Latest recurrence after RF treatment has been reported as after 44 months from the process \[[@b3-poljradiol-81-295]\]. The recurrence rate of our study was 6% and similar to literature.
Recurrence rates was higher when nidus size is 1 cm or more \[[@b28-poljradiol-81-295],[@b29-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Cribb et al. reported diaphyseal lesions affecting local recurrence in their study. Age of patients, pain duration before procedure, lesion size, previously applied treatments, multiple different placement of the needle and the generator type used was not associated with local recurrence in this study \[[@b30-poljradiol-81-295]\].
In our study, we experienced a recurrence in a 25 years old patient after 5 months from treatment. The lesion was in the posterior proximal metaphyseal tibia. Nidus size was smaller than 1 cm.
Time required to completely disappear pain varies from 1 day to 2 weeks after treatment. Vanderschueren et al. reported; 47 of 54 patients \[87%\] on the first day, and remnant 7 \[13%\] pain completely disappeared in 2 weeks \[[@b31-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Woert et al. in 47 patients and Lindner et al. al in 58 patients reported that the pain disappeared in one week \[[@b29-poljradiol-81-295],[@b32-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study, average time needed was 4.5 days \[between 3--10 days\] for the pain completely disappeared after treatment.
Time to return to daily activities without exercise restraint in many studies are usually referred as just the next day after treatment \[[@b29-poljradiol-81-295]--[@b31-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Cantwell et al. reported an average of 7 days after the procedure in their study including 11 patients \[[@b25-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study, the time to return to daily activities was an average of 13 days longer than the time specified in the literature. Reason could be as; most of the lesions \[83%\] were located in weight bearing bone of the lower extremity and patients were mostly in the pediatric age group so their parents would want to protect their limb and act conservatively.
Rosenthal et al. compared the results of their study in the RFA and open surgery; 68 patients underwent open surgery, 33 patients have applied the RFA. Patients treated with RFA had been followed for an average of 3.4 years and found a recurrence rate of 12%. In this study there were no significant statistical differences in recurrence rates between the two methods \[[@b26-poljradiol-81-295]\]. Average stay time in hospital was 4.7 days in open surgical procedures, and 0.18 days in RFA. Similarly, shorter hospital length of stay was reported in many other studies \[[@b15-poljradiol-81-295],[@b28-poljradiol-81-295],[@b32-poljradiol-81-295]\]. In our study, the average length of stay in hospital was one day, was similar to the literature.
Advantages of the percutaneous RA compared with traditional surgical methods are, low cost, short hospital stay and early recovery of normal function after the procedure, can be easily repeated if the process fails and is suitable under spinal or local anesthesia when general anesthesia conditions are not available \[[@b12-poljradiol-81-295],[@b31-poljradiol-81-295],[@b33-poljradiol-81-295]\].
Limitations of our retrospective study can be counted as, the number of cases is relatively low, and the lack of consequent diversity of localization, histopathological confirmation was not to be done before the procedure. Nevertheless, the high technical and clinical success of RFA treatment of OO was shown successfully with low complication and recurrence rates.
Conclusions
===========
For final words, CT guided RA treatment of OO, was defined as the first time since 1992, has proved its technical and clinical success and has begun to take place in the gold standard methods in more than 20 years.
![Ablation of an osteoid osteoma of the left proximal metaphyseal tibia. (**A**) CT scan demonstrates the nidus \[arrow\] of the osteoid osteoma. (**B**) During ablation procedure the tiny RF ablation probe being inserted into the nidus through a needle. (**C**) After the procedure.](poljradiol-81-295-g001){#f1-poljradiol-81-295}
######
Data concerning the duration of pain and time required to return to normal activity.
Mean Standard deviation Data range
--------------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------- ------------
Duration of pain before procedure (months) 8.72 2.99 5--17
Time to pain disappearance (days) 4.56 2.15 3--10
Time required to return to normal activity (days) 13.39 8.34 7--30
######
VAS data.
Before procedure After procedure Wilcoxon Z p
------------ ------------------ ----------------- ------------ --- ----------- ----- -------- ------------
Daytime 7 6 7 0 0 0.2 −3.785 **\<0.05**
Nighttime 9 8 9 0 0 0 −3.769 **\<0.05**
Wilcoxon Z −3.787 −1.000
p **\<0.05** **0.317**
######
Age relation.
Age
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------
Pain duration before procedure −0.134 **0.597**
Time needed for pain to disappear 0.185 **0.462**
Time required to return to regular life −0.335 **0.174**
######
Lesion size.
Lesion size
--------------------------------------- ------------- -----------
Pain duration before procedure 0.129 **0.610**
Time needed for pain to disappear 0.396 **0.104**
Time needed to return to regular life −0.195 **0.438**
######
Gender.
Female Male p
--------------------------------------- -------- --------- --- ------- -----------
Pain duration before procedure 6 5--10.5 8 7--11 **0.291**
Time needed for pain to disappear 3 3--7 3 3--5 **0.892**
Time needed to return to regular life 10 7--15 7 7--15 **0.682**
[^1]: Study Design
[^2]: Data Collection
[^3]: Statistical Analysis
[^4]: Data Interpretation
[^5]: Manuscript Preparation
[^6]: Literature Search
[^7]: Funds Collection
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Simulation games which place a viewpoint in a position within a virtual space and display a virtual image composed from that viewpoint are well known. With such games, objects are arranged within a virtual space and a virtual image of objects from the viewpoint is derived and displayed based on the distance from the viewpoint to the object, the direction, and so on, thus creating a sense of reality as though the user were within the virtual space.
To further heighten the sense of reality of the virtual space, it is desirable to simulate sound effects in addition to such visual effects. For example, in Patent Literature 1, a three-dimensional game device for composing a virtual image and game sounds from the viewpoint inside the virtual space is disclosed. The game device can thus, based on the distance between a moving body traveling through the virtual space (for example, a vehicle) and a fixed object (for example, a wall along a road) and the speed of the moving body, change the virtual reflected sound from the fixed object. For example, when uniform walls are present on both left and right sides in the direction of travel of the vehicle, the reflected sound of the engine sound, etc., from the left-side wall is made relatively louder as the left-side wall is approached, and the reflected sound of the engine sound, etc., from the right-side wall is made relatively louder as the right-side wall is approached, based on the distance from the walls and the speed of the vehicle. Also, the greater the speed of the vehicle, the louder the sound is made reflected from the side wall. Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 3123957 | {
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Dear Captain Awkward,
I have a friend, who is a wonderful person and who I love hanging out with, but she stresses me the hell out. My issue with her is she constantly changes her mind and changes plans, which drives me crazy – which I realize is partly a personal issue, and I’m working on being more flexible, but she goes above and beyond what I think I’ll ever be able to deal with. Right now there are two main issues with her I’m grappling with:
1. I’m a planner by nature, and am the type of person who, when I make plans with someone, put them in my calendar and schedules other things around those plans. This friend CONSTANTLY changes plans, which irks me because then I’ve planned my day /week around our plans that then get changed or cancelled. I know this about her, and have basically told her twice now, “It stresses me out when you change our plans. Please don’t.” Each time she apologizes and says she’s going to be less flaky, but it never sticks. I’m to the point now where I avoid making plans with her unless it’s something I intended to do anyway – i.e., I’ll invite her to an event I’m planning to go to solo anyway, or invite her to group things where I know other people are going, so if she bails it’s not a big deal. But I feel like it’s affected our relationship, as I’m turning down invites from her to go do stuff because it may or may not actually happen, and thus don’t see her as often.
2. In a more recent development, this friend got engaged. I was asked to be a bridesmaid. Reluctantly, I said yes, after deciding saying no and probably damaging our relationship wouldn’t be an outcome I am okay with. But with wedding planning comes, well, planning, and again she is constantly going back on decisions that I think are set decisions, and it drives me nuts. For instance, when I said I would be a bridesmaid, she said she was buying our dresses. Then she said her dad said she couldn’t buy our dresses, and we had to buy our own. Fine, whatever. Then she texted all the bridesmaids that she had decided on an outfit and told us to order it, and to coordinate with each other if we wanted to go a group order (they do discounts on group orders so it would be financially advantageous for us to do so.) But she didn’t help coordinate a group order other than suggesting it. Then the next day she said she was still looking at other dress options. Then a few days later she sent us a text saying she made up her mind, order the first outfit she sent, do it in the next week, and if need be she’d pay for the group order and we could pay her back. THAT SAME DAY, like literally three hours later, she said no rush on ordering dresses, she was still looking. This entire exchange and the fact that I can’t take her at her word stresses me out to no end, and I know this is just the start – there are still many wedding logistics to work out that I will be involved in, such as the bachelorette, and the rehearsal dinner, and the day of the ceremony itself, and I don’t know if I can handle a year of this. Also she’s told us she’d pay for other things, like our hair and makeup, but I don’t know if I can take her at her word or if she’ll change her mind and I’ll be responsible for paying for those things too.
So my questions are this: What are some scripts I can use to reiterate, once again, that changing plans stresses me out? And how can I explain to her that I feel like I can’t take her at her word with the wedding decisions, and she needs to put a stop to that too if she wants me to be a part of her big day?
Please Help!
Reluctant Bridesmaid
Dear Reluctant Bridesmaid,
You are handling your question #1 perfectly. You have figured out that she is who she is, you have made the inviting easy on yourself, and the result is sometimes you spend less time together, which, okay? There is a deep incompatibility between you, and yet your love for her moves you to cross that chasm the best you can and enjoy the time with her that you have.
Let’s talk about question #2: Bridesmaidery
What if you got a beautiful card and wrote this note in it and sent it?
“Dear Friend, I’m so happy for you and so excited to celebrate at your wedding, and so honored that you asked me to stand up with you, but I’m realizing that I can’t serve as your bridesmaid. I want you to have exactly the wedding you want, and I’m so sorry that I can’t be there for you for the ups and downs of planning it, but I wanted to let you know now so you can make other plans. Congratulations and love to you.”
Will peace-ing out hurt her feelings and damage your friendship? Yes. Probably.
Is she hurting your feelings and damaging your relationship by constantly changing her mind? YES.
Will there be a friendship left if you have to read the words “rush order your dress/no wait, don’t” one more fucking time this month?
If she asks you why you quit her wedding, can you tell her the truth? “Well, it’s not a secret that we have very different planning styles, and this whole thing over the dress already has me so stressed out that I know this is the right decision for me. I’d love to be at your wedding as a guest and a friend if you’ll have me, but I can’t be a bridesmaid, I’m sorry.”
Will it be easy? No. She’ll try to reassure you that it won’t happen again but you 100% know it will happen again with literally every decision. You asked for how you can make it clear that she can’t keep changing plans if she wants you to be a part of her big day, but even if you make an agreement like that you’ll still end up where you are (stressed out, broke) down the road. She can’t make or keep commitments to you! You already have all the evidence you’ll ever need for how this will go.
Be nice to yourself. Get out of this wedding party.
And, for everyone reading this, one possible answer to “Will you be in my wedding?” is “Oh, I’m so happy for you, but I can’t commit to that.” Or, “Let me think about it – I’m so happy for you and I’d love to be a part of it, but I want to be sure I really can do it before I say yes.” Some people will take that very badly and it might affect the friendship, but the Venn diagram of “people who take ‘No, I’m sorry’ as ‘I hate you forever!'” and “people who will make the wedding planning process a death by 1,000 cuts” has some overlap. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
How to detect univariate outliers and mark as TRUE or FALSE in new column
I have a dataframe with 30 columns and >10,000 rows.
How can I run an outlier analysis for a set of variables that will return a TRUE if ANY of the variables exceed the particular threshold (for that given variable), or FALSE if the respective outlier thresholds (3SDs) are not met for any of the variables, with the TRUE/FALSE values displaying in a new column?
I have used quantile to find the 3 standard deviation cut-off values for each variable:
i.e.:
quantile(df$a, 0.003, na.rm = T) #and
quantile(df$a, 0.997, na.rm = T)
say the first value is 2.5 and the upper value is 10.5 for this variable, I then have created a new variable:
df$outliers <- (df$a <- df$a <2.5 | df$a > 10.5)
which gives TRUE values when values in column a are less than 2.5 or greater than 10.5.
What I would like to do, is have df$outliers represent the outlier status for a set of columns, not just one, i.e columns d, e, f, g, l, m etc, which will all have their own threshold values to meet.
What is the best way to do this?
A:
Let's assume your dataframe is called df and the columns in which you are interested to check outliers are a, b and c (stored in cols). We can use sapply on those columns find out which value lie in the outlier range. This will return a matrix of TRUE/FALSE values indicating if that particular value is an outlier or not. We take rowSums on it and assign value TRUE if any one column has TRUE value in that row or FALSE otherwise.
cols <- c("a", "b", "c")
df$outliers <- rowSums(sapply(df[cols], function(x)
x < quantile(x, 0.003) | x > quantile(x, 0.997))) > 0
df
# a b c random outliers
#1 -0.56047565 1.2240818 -1.0678237 1 FALSE
#2 -0.23017749 0.3598138 -0.2179749 2 FALSE
#3 1.55870831 0.4007715 -1.0260044 3 FALSE
#4 0.07050839 0.1106827 -0.7288912 4 FALSE
#5 0.12928774 -0.5558411 -0.6250393 5 FALSE
#6 1.71506499 1.7869131 -1.6866933 6 TRUE
#7 0.46091621 0.4978505 0.8377870 7 FALSE
#8 -1.26506123 -1.9666172 0.1533731 8 TRUE
#9 -0.68685285 0.7013559 -1.1381369 9 FALSE
#10 -0.44566197 -0.4727914 1.2538149 10 TRUE
data
set.seed(123)
df <- data.frame(a = rnorm(10), b = rnorm(10), c = rnorm(10), random = 1:10)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
how to rememeber passwords securely?
Imagine you have a private RSA-key on your computer encrypted (through PBKDF2, AES-CTR, HMAC256) with a password, now if the user would like to tick "Remember Password", what is the most secure way to save/remembmer the password? Obviously it's not storing it in plaintext in the local directory.
One option would be to use:
the HardwareID of the computer
the SID of the current user
the windows built-in EncryptFile (needs to be logged in as the same account)
Problem is that all of those informations can be compromised when you use the Utilman.exe Trick for example.
An alternative would be obfuscation, but we know that isn't really a solution for the long term.
Is there a proper solution for this or is this just bad practice?
A:
Ultimately, if the machine can use the saved password without specific human intervention, then... it can use it. This means that an attacker who gains full control of the machine (either an hostile software hijack with Administrator/root privileges, or he grabs the laptop and runs for it) will be able to recover the password. On a theoretical basis, if you want to resist such an attacker, then you need the password to never make it to the machine RAM itself; you need some tamper-resistant component which does all the processing. This is the model of smart cards and payment terminals, which have physical shielding and actively destroy sensitive data in case of physical breach; and they have no notion of "root user" accessible to the actual human user either.
At best you can hope to slow the attacker down. Yet, there still are management methods which are better than others. For instance, when you store some sensitive secret value, you want to avoid letting leak to the backups, or at least with some specific protection. Similarly, the user may want to integrate such storage within a bigger secret management solution, e.g. a "password safe" with a master password, or things like that. Your best bet, then, it to rely on OS-provided services for storage of sensitive data. On Windows systems, this points to DPAPI. On Mac OS X, use Keychain. As usual, the software which is easiest to design and implement and deploy is software which has already been designed, implemented and deployed by somebody else. Thus, don't try to do more or less smart things on your side; just let the OS do its work.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedLists #-}
module Test.Kore.Unification.SubstitutionNormalization
( test_normalize
) where
import Prelude.Kore
import Test.Tasty
import Data.Map.Strict
( Map
)
import Kore.Internal.Substitution
( mkUnwrappedSubstitution
)
import Kore.Internal.TermLike
import Kore.Unification.SubstitutionNormalization
import qualified Test.Kore.Step.MockSymbols as Mock
import Test.Tasty.HUnit.Ext
test_normalize :: [TestTree]
test_normalize =
[ test "empty substitution"
[]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized = []
}
, test "normalized substitution"
[(y, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(y, a)]
, denormalized = []
}
-- TODO(Ana): this test should work with x and y swapped
, test "unnormalized substitution, variable-only"
[(x, mkVar y), (y, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(y, a), (x, a)]
, denormalized = []
}
, test "unnormalized substitution, variable under symbol"
[(y, sigma (mkVar x) b), (x, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, a), (y, sigma a b)]
, denormalized = []
}
, testGroup "element-variable-only cycle"
[ test "length 1, alone"
[(x, mkVar x)]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized = []
}
, test "length 1, beside related substitution"
[(x, mkVar x), (z, mkVar x)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, mkVar x)]
, denormalized = []
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitution"
[(x, mkVar x), (z, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, a)]
, denormalized = []
}
]
, testGroup "set-variable-only cycle"
[ test "length 1, alone"
[(xs, mkVar xs)]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized = []
}
, test "length 1, beside related substitution"
[(xs, mkVar xs), (ys, mkVar xs)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(ys, mkVar xs)]
, denormalized = []
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitution"
[(xs, mkVar xs), (z, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, a)]
, denormalized = []
}
]
, testGroup "element variable simplifiable cycle"
[ test "length 1, alone"
[(x, f (mkVar x))]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 1, beside related substitution"
[(x, f (mkVar x)), (y, mkVar x)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(y, mkVar x)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitution"
[(x, f (mkVar x)), (y, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(y, a)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitutions"
[(x, f (mkVar x)), (y, g (mkVar z)), (z, b)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, b), (y, g b)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 1, with constructor"
[(x, (constr1 . f) (mkVar x))]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, (constr1 . f) (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 2, alone"
[(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x))]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 2, beside related substitution"
[(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x)), (z, mkVar y)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, mkVar y)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 2, beside unrelated substitution"
[(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x)), (z, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, a)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar y)), (y, g (mkVar x))]
}
, test "length 2, with And"
[(x, mkAnd (mkVar y) a), (y, mkAnd (mkVar x) b)]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[ (x, mkAnd (mkVar y) a)
, (y, mkAnd (mkVar x) b)
]
}
, test "two cycles"
[(x, f (mkVar x)), (y, g (mkVar y)), (z, c)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, c)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(x, f (mkVar x)), (y, g (mkVar y))]
}
]
, testGroup "set variable simplifiable cycle"
[ test "length 1, alone"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs))]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(xs, f (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 1, beside related substitution"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (ys, mkVar xs)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(ys, mkVar xs)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(xs, f (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitution"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (ys, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(ys, a)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(xs, f (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 1, beside unrelated substitutions"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (y, g (mkVar z)), (z, b)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, b), (y, g b)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(xs, f (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 2, alone"
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs))]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 2, beside related substitution"
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs)), (z, mkVar ys)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, mkVar ys)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 2, beside unrelated substitution"
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs)), (z, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, a)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(xs, f (mkVar ys)), (ys, g (mkVar xs))]
}
, test "length 2, with And"
[(xs, mkAnd (mkVar ys) a), (ys, mkAnd (mkVar xs) b)]
Normalization
{ normalized = []
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[ (xs, mkAnd (mkVar ys) a)
, (ys, mkAnd (mkVar xs) b)
]
}
, test "two cycles"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (ys, g (mkVar ys)), (z, c)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, c)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (ys, g (mkVar ys))]
}
]
, test "two simplifiable cycles, set and element variables"
[(xs, f (mkVar xs)), (y, g (mkVar y)), (z, c)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(z, c)]
, denormalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(y, g (mkVar y)), (xs, f (mkVar xs))]
}
, testGroup "element variable non-simplifiable cycle"
[ testBottom "alone"
[(x, constr1 (mkVar x))]
, testBottom "beside simplifiable cycle"
[(x, sigma (f (mkVar x)) (mkVar x))]
]
, testGroup "set variable non-simplifiable cycle"
[ test "alone"
[(xs, constr1 (mkVar xs))]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution [(xs, mkBottom testSort)]
, denormalized = []
}
, test "beside unrelated substitution"
[(xs, constr1 (mkVar xs)), (z, a)]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[(xs, mkBottom testSort), (z, a)]
, denormalized = []
}
, test "beside related substitution"
[(xs, constr1 (mkVar xs)), (ys, f (mkVar xs))]
Normalization
{ normalized =
mkUnwrappedSubstitution
[ (xs, mkBottom testSort)
, (ys, f (mkBottom testSort))
]
, denormalized = []
}
]
]
where
test
:: HasCallStack
=> TestName
-> Map (SomeVariable VariableName) (TermLike VariableName)
-- ^ Test input
-> Normalization VariableName
-- ^ Expected output
-> TestTree
test testName input normalization =
testCase testName $ do
let actual = normalize input
let expect = normalization
assertEqual "" (Just expect) actual
testBottom
:: HasCallStack
=> TestName
-> Map (SomeVariable VariableName) (TermLike VariableName)
-- ^ Test input
-> TestTree
testBottom testName input =
testCase testName $ do
let actual = normalize input
assertEqual "" Nothing actual
x, y, z, xs, ys :: SomeVariable VariableName
x = inject Mock.x
y = inject Mock.y
z = inject Mock.z
xs = inject Mock.setX
ys = inject Mock.setY
a, b, c :: TermLike VariableName
a = Mock.a
b = Mock.b
c = Mock.c
f, g, constr1 :: TermLike VariableName -> TermLike VariableName
f = Mock.f
g = Mock.g
constr1 = Mock.constr10
sigma :: TermLike VariableName -> TermLike VariableName -> TermLike VariableName
sigma = Mock.sigma
testSort :: Sort
testSort = Mock.testSort
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
"localhost" not default /var/www/html/index/index.html
I have just installed apache2. My default file for "localhost" does not seem to be the file that is located in /var/www/html/index/.
To get to that file I have to type in 127.0.0.1: or 127.101.0.1:80 in mozilla.
Keep in mind that I'm very new to this so try keeping the terms fairly simple.
Thanks in advance!
A:
The default DocumentRoot for Apache is /var/www/html/ (without the index/) since Ubuntu 14.04 and /var/www/ in older Ubuntu versions.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
The system of equations: $\begin{cases} 2x^2=4y^2+3z^2+2; \\ 13x=4y+3z+29 \end{cases}$
Solve in positive integers the system of equations:
$$\begin{cases}
2x^2=4y^2+3z^2+2;
\\
13x=4y+3z+29
\end{cases}$$
My work so far:
I used wolframalpha: $x=3,y=1,z=2$.
A:
$$2x^2=4y^2+3z^2+2\tag1$$
$$13x=4y+3z+29\tag2$$
From $(1)(2)$,
$$13^2(4y^2+3z^2+2)=2(13x)^2=2(4y+3z+29)^2,$$
i.e.
$$644y^2+(-464-48z)y+489z^2-348z-1344=0$$
See this as a quadratic equation on $y$.
Since the discriminant has to be larger than or equal to $0$, we have to have
$$(-464-48z)^2-4\cdot 644(489z^2-348z-1344)\ge 0,$$
i.e.
$$\small -1.5\approx -\frac{236}{155}=\frac{2(87-49\sqrt{81})}{465}\le \frac{2(87-49\sqrt{69})}{465}\le z\le \frac{2(87+49\sqrt{69})}{465}\le \frac{2(87+49\sqrt{81})}{465}=\frac{352}{155}\approx 2.3$$
giving $$z=1,2$$
I think that you can continue from here.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>
<string>en</string>
<key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
<string>$(EXECUTABLE_NAME)</string>
<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
<string>$(PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER)</string>
<key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>
<string>6.0</string>
<key>CFBundleName</key>
<string>$(PRODUCT_NAME)</string>
<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
<string>BNDL</string>
<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
<string>1.0</string>
<key>CFBundleSignature</key>
<string>????</string>
<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
<string>1</string>
</dict>
</plist>
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
After Manish Tewari, time for Sukhbir to woo industrialists
With the Congress and the SAD-BJP gearing up for the Lok Sabha polls scheduled next year, suddenly the focus of both parties has become the all-powerful industrial lobby in state's financial capital.
After the Congress MP and union minister for information and broadcasting Manish Tewari invited union MSME minister KH Muniyappa to Ludhiana on October 16 to woo the Micro Small and Medium Industry (MSME) industrialists, it is now deputy chief minister Sukhbir Badal who will try to do the same by interacting directly with the MSME lobby and listening their issues during his visit to the city on November 15.
In a first of its kind interaction with the industrialists with the deputy CM, all officials concerned of the industry have also been invited to the venue, Abeda Palace on Hambran Road, to ensure the seriousness of holding the interaction.
Sources said the deputy CM, who will launch his dream project 'Mission Ludhiana' on November 15 by laying the foundation stone of various projects, is likely to make certain announcements, in a bid to show his concern for the industry.
Sources also said that the motive behind making this arrangement was also to counter the strategy of union minister Manish Tewari, who invited union MSME minister to Ludhiana but failed to make any announcement to provide relief to this segment of the entrepreneurs.
“Special instructions have been conveyed from the deputy CM office to ensure that all associations relating to MSME industry participate in the interaction,” head of the district industrial centre (DIC), Mahesh Khanna told Hindustan Times.
On Tuesday, the DIC would also hold meeting of all associations of industrialists in the MSME sector and they have been asked to submit their memorandum of demands citing their issues.
Director of industries department is also personally monitoring the arrangements for the interaction, in which the industries minister Madan Mohan Mittal and revenue minister Bikram Singh Majithia would also participate.
“The demands of the industry has been invited in advance so that during the interaction the deputy CM gets a fair idea on how to address their issues,” the DIC head said.
Notably, Sukhbir would also give a power point presentation informing his plans for Ludhiana under 'Mission Ludhiana' on the occasion.
He is also likely to roll out special features of Punjab investors' meet scheduled in December in SAS Nagar.
Meanwhile, the industrial associations have welcomed the move to give chance to directly raise their issues with the deputy CM.
“It would be good for the MSME industry, as the industrialists are under stress. The state has hardly left any scope for our development by imposing heavy taxes. Moreover, Centre's failure to put check on increasing cheap import from China has broken the backbone of MSME in Ludhiana especially the cycle parts industry,” president of Federation of Associations of Small Industries in India (FASII) said. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The use of Pierre Bourdieu's distinction concepts in scientific articles studying food and eating: A narrative review.
This article reviews and discusses scientific papers on eating practices that have used Pierre Bourdieu's concepts presented in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. It aims to synthesize and analyze theoretical and empirical studies on the theme in order to present Bourdieu's contributions to the field, advances in his theories, and directions for future research. Exclusion criteria were: not written in Portuguese, English, Spanish, or French; not published in a peer-reviewed journal; not analyzing food or eating; and not using Bourdieu's concepts as presented in Distinction as the main theoretical framework. In this narrative review, we found 38 articles, which were categorized main themes: food choice and provisioning, taste, social class, food symbolism, the body, and the scientific field of food and eating. The taste of luxury and the taste of necessity were broadly applied on the works found in this review and were observed among the lower and upper classes, manifesting differently in each class. These studies show that while Bourdieu's theories are still highly relevant to understanding contemporary social groups, they may be improved when combined with other frameworks and theorists. We highlight as directions for future research manners in which gender and the environment interact with the habitus and food choices. Finally, this review points to new areas of investigation that may help improve the use of Bourdieu's concepts in exploring health inequalities, such as differences in eating practices and habitus within populations with low socioeconomic status. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Two at a Time: Sneak Peeks & B-Sides
Two at a Time: Sneak Peeks & B-Sides is the fourth intermediate album release from Christian rock band Downhere. Disc 1 contains two new 2010 singles and Disc 2 contains B-Side material.
Track listing
Disc 1
"You're Not Alone" - 3:40
"The Song You Sing" - 4:10
Disc 2
"One Small Step" - 3:47
"Everything to Lose" - 4:14
"Break My Heart" - 4:01
"Everything Will" - 3:30
"Excavate" - 3:48
"Household Name" - 4:21
"Grown Man" - 5:05
"Stand With Me" - 4:50
"Back to the Chorus" - 3:49)
Singles
"You're Not Alone" (May 14, 2010)
References
Category:Downhere albums
Category:2010 compilation albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Le'Shai Maston
Le'Shai Edwoin Maston (born October 7, 1970) is a former American football running back in the National Football League and current head football coach at Providence Christian School of Dallas, Texas. He played college football at Baylor University. From 1993 to 1998, Maston played for the NFL teams Houston Oilers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Washington Redskins.
Maston graduated from David W. Carter High School of Dallas in 1989 and was a member of the Carter 1988 Texas state championship football team, that later had to forfeit the championship due to eligibility reasons. He then attended Baylor University and played on the Baylor Bears football team from 1989 to 1992. In 1995, Maston graduated with a degree in business management. Maston is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
Maston became an officer for the Dallas Police Department in 1999. In 2009, Maston became head football coach at Providence Christian School of Dallas.
References
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Dallas
Category:American football running backs
Category:Baylor Bears football players
Category:Houston Oilers players
Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players
Category:Washington Redskins players
Category:Players of American football from Texas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention pertains to a factory or offsite prefabricated drive conversion unit for the technical renovation of an existing escalator, with which, during the local modification work, the old handrail drive and its peripheral parts are replaced without changing the existing basic structure of the escalator.
2. Discussion of the Background of the Invention and Material Information
The handrail drive of an escalator is a technically demanding assembly. Its main task or object consists of the gentle guiding and tensioning as well as synchronous driving, relative to the stair movement, of the handrail. For the care of the handrail as well as for achieving the longest possible service life, the frictional forces, specifically produced by the drive unit, should not be excessive due to the danger of crushing or deformation, and the bending or deflection angles, due to the accompanying overload of the handrail edges, should not be too tight or narrow. In addition, the operation thereof should occur with the use of small tension forces, which in turn increases the degree of effectiveness of the drive and which contributes to the care or protection of the entire system. Old, existing handrail drive systems generally cannot meet the noted requirements and show, even after a relatively short service time, corresponding wear patterns. With an otherwise generally good operating condition of an escalator, it is therefore worthwhile to replace the handrail drive unit with a conversion or exchange construction which, at the same time, permits the upgrading thereof to new standards and requirements.
Generally, two different drive methods or principles are utilized, one pertaining to the pressing of the handrail, with a partial envelopment, onto a large friction wheel, the other pertaining to the passage of the handrail through a plurality of linearly arranged friction and control roller pairs which also frictionally drive the handrail.
The first-noted principle permits that, in addition to the handrail drive, the clamping device can be arranged within the same arrangement, which makes the addition of a second peripherally placed tensioning assembly superfluous.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,919 to Vollmer describes and shows a handrail drive of the previously noted type. The lower part of the escalator utilizes a friction wheel which is enveloped by the handrail over an angle of about 90.degree. and is pressed thereagainst by a tensioned roller chain. Located on each side of the driving wheel, in order to maintain the angle of envelopment, are fixedly attached turn around or return elements, each utilizing three rollers. An additional device, arranged at the upper portion of the escalator, is utilized for the tensioning of the handrail.
The turn around elements of this device bend the handrail strongly backwards and the separate tensioning device additionally adds to the cost of the drive. It is obvious that this handrail drive can be improved via an exchange or conversion unit which utilizes the advantages of a modern, technical drive.
The firm of John P. SPRIGGS, Home Elevators Inc., Roswell, Ga., U.S.A., is marketing a handrail drive exchange or conversion unit, U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,221, which includes, in a common carrier unit, a friction wheel with a pressing device having turn around and guide rollers on both sides thereof. Therein, the handrail, both before and after the pressing device, runs over but a single roller, so that the handrail suffers from high wear due to the severe deviation thereof. In addition, the outer guidance causes frictional markings or grooves in the turn around rollers. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
THE END OF THE GASOLINE AUTOMOBILE
According to what I’ve been seeing on TV and reading in newspapers, we have a situation where the folks in Washington are pushing as hard as they can for the end of the gasoline-powered automobile.
Things are changing so fast and so much taxpayer money is being thrown at making such changes, that it may not be too long before gas stations are a thing of the past. (I used to think that my Exxon-Mobile stock was my nest egg, but now I worry that it might be worthless very soon.)
They will probably send all of us and our gas-guzzling jalopies to Radiator Springs (the fictional town that the Interstate bypassed in the CARS cartoon movie). When we get there, we wil park our ’32 Fords and ’55 Chevys and Hemi ‘Cudas forever and just sit around talking about how things used to be in the “good old days” when gas stations existed.
The strange thing is that, if all this comes through, we may find the collector prices rising on some of the very old cars that people rarely exhibit at car shows these days. So hold on to that Milburn Electric and that Stanley Steamer. If Washington has its way, non-gas-powered cars may be the only collectible cars still around. (Of course, we’ll have to figure how to make a mileage tax meter work properly in a Doble steamer.) | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Episode notes
The American health insurance system is unlike any other in the world, and not in the good way. It’s probably about to get worse. This is the story of how we got here.
Subscribe on iTunes! then, tweet about or follow the show on Twitter (@Sawbones) so all your friends and family can be as horrified and entertained as you.
Music: “Medicines” by The Taxpayers | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Time-varying coupling functions: Dynamical inference and cause of synchronization transitions.
Interactions in nature can be described by their coupling strength, direction of coupling, and coupling function. The coupling strength and directionality are relatively well understood and studied, at least for two interacting systems; however, there can be a complexity in the interactions uniquely dependent on the coupling functions. Such a special case is studied here: synchronization transition occurs only due to the time variability of the coupling functions, while the net coupling strength is constant throughout the observation time. To motivate the investigation, an example is used to present an analysis of cross-frequency coupling functions between delta and alpha brain waves extracted from the electroencephalography recording of a healthy human subject in a free-running resting state. The results indicate that time-varying coupling functions are a reality for biological interactions. A model of phase oscillators is used to demonstrate and detect the synchronization transition caused by the varying coupling functions during an invariant coupling strength. The ability to detect this phenomenon is discussed with the method of dynamical Bayesian inference, which was able to infer the time-varying coupling functions. The form of the coupling function acts as an additional dimension for the interactions, and it should be taken into account when detecting biological or other interactions from data. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
---
abstract: 'We start from a parity-breaking MCS QED$_{3}$ model with spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry as a framework for evaluation of the electron-electron interaction potential and for attainment of numerical values for the $e^{-}e^{-}-$ bound state. Three expressions ($V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \uparrow }},V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \downarrow }},V_{\text{eff}_{\downarrow \downarrow }})$ are obtained according to the polarization state of the scattered electrons. In an energy scale compatible with Condensed Matter electronic excitations, these three potentials become degenerated. The resulting potential is implemented in the Schrödinger equation and the variational method is applied to carry out the electronic binding energy. The resulting binding energies in the scale of $10-100$ $meV$ and a correlation length in the scale of $10-30$Å are possible indications that the MCS-QED$_{3}$ model adopted may be suitable to address an eventual case of $e^{-}e^{-}$ pairing in the presence of parity-symmetry breakdown. The data analyzed here suggest an energy scale of $10$-$100$ $meV$ to fix the breaking of the $U(1)$-symmetry.'
address: |
$^{a}$[*Grupo de Física Teórica José Leite Lopes*]{}\
Petrópolis - RJ - Brazil\
$^{b}$[*Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF)*]{},\
Coordenação de Teoria de Campos e Partículas (CCP),\
Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ 22290-180 - Brazil.\
$^{c}$[*Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)*]{},\
Departamento de Física, Campus Universitário do Bacanga,\
São Luiz - MA, 65085-580 - Brazil.
author:
- 'H. Belich$^{a,b}$, O.M. Del Cima$^{a}$, M.M. Ferreira Jr.$^{a,c}$ and J.A. Helayël-Neto$^{a,b}$[^1]'
title: 'Electron-Electron Bound States in Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca QED$_{3}$ '
---
*\#1[\#1]{} \#1[\#1]{} \#1[\#1]{}*
Introduction
============
The advent of high-T$_{c}$ superconductivity [@Bednorz], in 1986, brought about a great excitation in both the theoretical and experimental physical panorama, drawing attention for the issue of formation of Cooper pairs in planar systems. In the late 90's, there arose a field-theoretical approach to address the mechanism of electronic pairing: the evaluation of the electron-electron Möller scattering as a tool for the attainment of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ interaction potential in the nonrelativistic approximation. This line of action searches for an attractive potential in such a way to induce the formation of correlated electron-electron pairs, (the charge carriers of the high-T$_{c}$ superconductors). The present work shall follow this general procedure.
By direct application of the Gauss's law in ($1+2)$-dimensions for the massless gauge field, the Coulombian interaction takes on the form of a confining potential $\left( \ln r\right) $. The Kato condition [@Chadan] establishes the finiteness of the number of bound states, in $D=1+2,$ associated to a certain potential $V,$ and can be used as a criterion for determining the character confining or condensating of the potential. The fact the logarithmic potential to be confining (according to the Kato criterion) indicates it does not lead to bound states, becoming clear the need of a finite range, screened interaction. The Chern-Simons (CS) term [@DJ] is then introduced as the generator of (topological) mass for the photon, implying an intensive screening of the Coulombian interaction. The Maxwell-Chern-Simons (MCS) model, a particular case of Planar Quantum Electrodynamics - QED$_{3},$ then arose as a theoretical framework able for providing an attractive but not confining electron-electron interaction. This model was then used by some authors [@Kogan], [@Girotti], [@Dobroliubov], [@Groshev] as basic tool for evaluation of the Möller scattering amplitude at tree-level, whose Fourier transform (in the Born approximation) yields the $e^{-}e^{-}$ interaction potential. In a general way, these works have led to the same result: the electron-electron potential comes out attractive whenever the topological mass $\left( \vartheta \right) $ exceeds the electron mass $\left( m_{e}\right) $. Georgelin and Wallet [@Georgelin] started from two MCS-QED$_{3}$ Lagrangians, the first (second) with the gauge field nonminimally coupled to fermions (bosons), in such a way to consider the introduction of the anomalous momentum of the electron in the problem. Working in the perturbative regime ($1/k\ll 1),$ these authors found an attractive potential for fermions $\left( V_{\psi \psi }<0\right) ,$ and also for scalar bosons $\left( V_{\varphi \varphi }<0\right) ,$ in the nonrelativistic approximation. The presence of the nonminimal coupling seems to be the key-factor for the attainment of the attractive potential between charges with the same sign. In this case, the potential remains negative even in the limit of a small topological mass $\left( \vartheta \ll
m_{e}\right) $, under a suitable choice of parameters. The nonrenormalizability of this model (due to the nonminimal coupling), however, implies a restriction to the validity of their results only at tree-level calculations.
All the MCS models, except the one exposed in Ref. [@Georgelin], failed under the perspective of yielding a realistic electron-electron condensation into the domain of a Condensed Matter system due to the condition $\vartheta
>m_{e},$ necessary for making the $e^{-}e^{-}$ pairing feasible. One must believe to be unlikely the existence of a physical excitation with so large energy in a real solid state system (the superconductors usually are characterized by excitations in the $meV$ scale). We will see that the introduction of the Higgs mechanism in the context of the MCS-Electrodynamics will bring out a negative contribution to the scattering potential that will allow a global attractive potential despite the condition $\vartheta >m_{e}$.
In our work, we shall rely on a version of planar QED for which the photonic excitations appear as a by-product of a spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) realized on the MCS Lagrangian. The consideration of a Higgs sector (a complex scalar field endowed with a self-interaction potential so as to induce a SSB) in the context of the MCS model provides a new mass term to the topological gauge field: the well-known Proca term $\left( m^{2}A_{\mu
}A^{\mu }\right) $. In this way, once the spontaneous breaking of the local U(1)-symmetry has taken place, a neutral massive Higgs scalar remains and the gauge field becomes a Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca vector field, a clear reference to its two mass components (the topological and the Proca one). The physical mass of such a photon, that may assume two different values, will be written in terms of these two mass parameters, as explicitly given by the expressions read off from the poles of the gauge-field propagator (see Section III). For our purposes, one can assert that the enhancement of complexity determined by the coexistence of a topological and a Proca term in the gauge sector is compensated by the attainment of a gauge propagator with two massive poles (standing for the photon mass). Operationally, in the perspective of a tree-level field-theory investigation, the determination of the gauge propagator and the Feynman rules enable us to derive the interaction potential between two elementary particles as mediated by this gauge field. This paper, therefore, adopts as starting point a MCS-Proca Lagrangian with the clear purpose of performing a usual field-theory derivation (in the non-relativistic limit) of an interaction potential, which is further on applied to obtain bound states (in a typical quantum mechanical procedure). Last but not least, the fact that the photon becomes massive is a microscopical information that renders feasible the observation of the Meissner effect in such a system, which opens the applicability of such kind of model for an eventual superconducting planar system endowed with parity breaking [@Parity-breaking]. This theoretical possibility, however, is out of the scope of this work.
In a recent paper [@Int-Journal], we have derived an interaction potential associated to the scattering of two identically polarized electrons in the framework of a Maxwell-Chern-Simons QED$_{3}$ with spontaneous breaking of local-U(1) symmetry. Our result revealed the interesting possibility of an attractive electron-electron interaction whenever the contribution stemming from the Higgs sector overcomes the repulsive contribution from the gauge sector, which can be achieved by an appropriate fitting of the free parameters. In the present work, we generalize the results attained in Ref. [@Int-Journal], [@Tese] contemplating the existence of two fermionic families $\left( \psi _{+},\psi
_{-}\right) ,$ and performing the numerical evaluation of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ binding energies. The procedure here accomplished is analogous to the one enclosed in Ref. [@Int-Journal], [@Tese]: starting from a QED$_{3}$ Lagrangian (now built up by two spinor polarizations, $\psi _{+},\psi _{-})$ with SSB, one evaluates the Möller scattering amplitudes (in the nonrelativistic approximation) having the Higgs and the massive photon as mediators and the corresponding interaction potential, that now emerges in three different expressions: $V_{_{\uparrow \uparrow }},V_{_{\uparrow
\downarrow }},V_{_{\downarrow \downarrow }}$ (depending on the spin polarization of the scattered electrons). The same theoretical possibility of attractiveness, pointed out in Ref. [@Int-Journal], is now manifested by these three potentials. A numerical procedure (variational method) is then implemented in order to carry out the binding energy of the Cooper pairs. Having in mind the nonrelativistic approximation, a reduced potential is implemented into the Schrödinger equation, whose numerical solution provides the data contained in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], \[table3\]. The achievement of binding energies in the $meV$ scale and correlation length in the $10-30$Å scale is an indicative that the adopted MCS-QED$_{3}$ model may be suitable for addressing an eventual electronic pairing in a system endowed with parity-breaking.
This paper is outlined as follows: in Section II, we present the QED$_{3}$ Lagrangian, its general features and one realizes the spontaneous breaking of U(1)-local symmetry that generates the Higgs boson and the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca photon; in Section III, one evaluates the amplitudes for the Möller scattering; their Fourier transform will provide the $e^{-}e^{-}$ interaction potentials $V_{_{\uparrow \uparrow
}},V_{_{\uparrow \downarrow }},V_{_{\downarrow \downarrow }}$ (despite the complex form of these potentials, they maintain the theoretical possibility of being attractive); in Section IV, one performs an analysis in order to obtain the $e^{-}e^{-}$ binding energies by means of the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation (by the variational method), whose results are disposed in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], \[table3\]. In Section V, we present our General Conclusions.
.
The MCS QED$_{3}$ with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and two Spinor Polarizations
=================================================================================
The action for a QED$_{3}$ model built up by two polarization fermionic fields ($\psi _{+},\psi _{-}$), a gauge $\left( A_{\mu }\right) $ and a complex scalar field $\left( \varphi \right) $, mutually coupled, and endowed with spontaneous breaking of a local U(1)-symmetry [@N.Cimento], [@Int-Journal], reads as
$$\begin{aligned}
S_{QED-MCS} & = \int d^{3}x\{-\frac{1}{4}F^{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }+i\overline{\psi }_{+}\gamma ^{\mu }D_{\mu }\psi _{+}+i\overline{\psi }_{-}\gamma ^{\mu
}D_{\mu }\psi _{-}+{\frac12}\theta \epsilon ^{\mu v\alpha }A_{\mu }\partial _{v}A_{\alpha }-m_{e}(\overline{\psi }_{+}\psi _{+}-\overline{\psi }_{-}\psi _{-})+ \nonumber \\
& - y(\overline{\psi }_{+}\psi _{+}-\overline{\psi }_{-}\psi _{-})\varphi
^{\ast }\varphi +D^{\mu }\varphi ^{\ast }D_{\mu }\varphi -V(\varphi ^{\ast
}\varphi )\}, \label{actionMCS}\end{aligned}$$
where $V(\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi )$ represents the sixth-power self-interaction potential,
$$V(\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi )=\mu ^{2}\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi +\frac{\zeta }{2}(\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi )^{2}+\frac{\lambda }{3}(\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi
)^{3},$$
which is responsible for the SSB; it is the most general one renormalizable in $1+2$ dimensions [@Delcima]. The mass dimensions of the parameters $\mu ,\zeta ,\lambda $ and $y$ are respectively: 1,1,0 and 0. For the present purpose, we are interested only on stable vacuum, restriction satisfied by imposing some conditions on the potential parameters: $\lambda >0,\zeta <0$ and $\mu ^{2}\leq \frac{3\zeta ^{2}}{16\lambda }.$ The covariant derivatives are defined as: $D_{\mu }\psi _{\pm }=(\partial _{\mu }+ie_{3}A_{\mu })\psi
_{\pm }$ and $D_{\mu }\varphi =(\partial _{\mu }+ie_{3}A_{\mu })\varphi ,$ where $e_{3}$ is the coupling constant of the $U(1)$-local gauge symmetry, here with dimension of (mass)$^{1/2}$, particularity that will be more explored in the numerical analysis section. In $\left( 1+2\right) -$dimensions, a fermionic field has its spin polarization fixed up by the mass sign [@Binegar]; however, in the action (\[actionMCS\]), it is manifest the presence of two spinor fields of opposite polarization. In this sense, it is necessary to stress that we have two positive-energy spinors (two spinor families), both solutions of the Dirac equation, each one with one polarization state according to the sign of the mass parameter, instead of the same spinor with two possibilities of spin-polarization.
Considering $\langle \varphi \rangle =v,$ the vacuum expectation value for the scalar field product $\varphi ^{\ast }\varphi $ is given by: $$\langle \varphi ^{\ast }\varphi \rangle =v^{2}=-\zeta /\left( 2\lambda
\right) +\left[ \left( \zeta /\left( 2\lambda \right) \right) ^{2}-\mu
^{2}/\lambda \right] ^{1/2},$$ while the condition for minimum reads as: $\mu ^{2}+\frac{\zeta }{2}v^{2}+\lambda v^{4}=0$. After the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the scalar complex field can be parametrized by $\varphi =v+H+i\theta $, where $H $ represents the Higgs scalar field and $\theta $ the would-be Goldstone boson; the SSB will be manifest when this parametrization is replaced in the action (\[actionMCS\]). Thereafter, in order to preserve the manifest renormalizability of the model, one adopts the 't Hooft gauge by adding the fixing gauge term $\left( S_{R_{\xi
}}^{gt}=\int d^{3}x[-\frac{1}{2\xi }(\partial ^{\mu }A_{\mu }-\sqrt{2}\xi
M_{A}\theta )^{2}]\right) $ to the broken action; finally, by retaining only the bilinear and the Yukawa interaction terms, one has,
$$\begin{aligned}
{S}_{{\rm QED}}^{{\rm SSB}}& =\int d^{3}x\biggl\{-\frac{1}{4}F^{\mu \nu
}F_{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{2}M_{A}^{2}A^{\mu }A_{\mu }-\frac{1}{2\xi }(\partial
^{\mu }A_{\mu })^{2}+\overline{\psi }_{+}(i{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip 1 mu /$}}\partial }-m_{eff})\psi _{+}+\overline{\psi }_{-}(i{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip 1 mu
/$}}\partial }+m_{eff})\psi _{-}+{\frac12}\theta \epsilon ^{\mu v\alpha }A_{\mu }\partial _{v}A_{\alpha }+ \nonumber
\\
& +\partial ^{\mu }H\partial _{\mu }H-M_{H}^{2}H^{2}+\partial ^{\mu }\theta
\partial _{\mu }\theta -M_{\theta }^{2}\theta ^{2}-2yv(\overline{\psi }_{+}\psi _{+}-\overline{\psi }_{-}\psi _{-})H-e_{3}\left( \overline{\psi }_{+}{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip 1 mu /$}}A}\psi _{+}+\overline{\psi }_{-}{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip 1 mu /$}}A}\psi _{-}\right) \biggr\}, \label{actionMCS3}\end{aligned}$$
whose mass parameters, $$M_{A}^{2}=2v^{2}e_{3}^{2},\text{ \ \ \ \ }m_{eff}=m_{e}+yv^{2},\ \ \ M_{{\small H}}^{2}=2v^{2}(\zeta +2\lambda v^{2}),\text{ \ }M_{\theta }^{2}=\xi
M_{A}^{2},$$ are entirely or partially dependent on the SSB mechanism. The Proca mass, $M_{A}^{2}$, represents the mass acquired by the photon through the Higgs mechanism, while the Higgs mass, $M_{H}^{2}$, is the one associated with the real scalar field. The Higgs mechanism also corrects the mass of the electron, resulting in an effective electronic mass, $m_{eff}$. On the other hand, the would-be Goldstone mode, endowed with mass $(M_{\theta
}^{2}) $, does not represent a physical excitation, since $\xi $ is just a unphysical (dimensionless) gauge-fixing parameter. At this moment, it is instructive to point out the presence of two photon mass-terms in eq. (\[actionMCS3\]): the Proca and the topological one. The physical mass of the gauge field will emerge as a function of two mass parameters, as shown in the next Section.
The Electron-Electron Scattering Potential in the nonrelativistic Limit
=======================================================================
In the low-energy limit (Born approximation), the two-particle interaction potential is given by the Fourier transform of the two-particle scattering amplitude [@Sakurai]. It is important to stress that, in the case of the nonrelativistic Möller scattering, one should consider only the t-channel (direct scattering) [@Sakurai] even for indistinguishable electrons, since in this limit they recover the classical notion of trajectory. The Möller scattering will be mediated by two particles: the Higgs scalar and the massive gauge field. From the action (\[actionMCS3\]), one reads off the propagators associated to the Higgs scalar and Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca field:
$$\begin{aligned}
\text{\ }\langle H(k)H(-k)\rangle &=&\frac{i}{2}\frac{1}{k^{2}-M_{H}^{2}};\text{ \ \ \ }\langle A_{\mu }(k)A_{\nu }(-k)\rangle =-i\biggl\{\frac{k^{2}-M_{A}^{2}}{(k^{2}-M_{A}^{2})^{2}-k^{2}\theta ^{2}}\biggl(\eta _{\mu
\nu }-\frac{k_{\mu }k_{\nu }}{k^{2}}\biggr)+ \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{\xi }{(k^{2}-\xi M_{A}^{2})}\frac{k_{\mu }k_{\nu }}{k^{2}}+\frac{\theta }{(k^{2}-M_{A}^{2})^{2}-k^{2}\theta ^{2}}i\epsilon _{\mu \alpha \nu
}k^{\alpha }\biggr\}.\end{aligned}$$
The photon propagator can be split in the following form,
$$\langle A_{\mu }A_{\nu }\rangle =-i\left[ \frac{C_{+}}{k^{2}-M_{+}^{2}}+\frac{C_{-}}{k^{2}-M_{-}^{2}}\right] (\eta _{\mu \nu }-\frac{k_{\mu }k_{\nu }}{k^{2}})+\frac{-i\xi k_{\mu }k_{\nu }}{k^{2}(k^{2}-\xi M_{A}^{2})}+i\left[
\frac{C}{k^{2}-M_{+}^{2}}-\frac{C}{k^{2}-M_{-}^{2}}\right] \epsilon _{\mu
\alpha \nu }k^{\alpha },$$ with the positive definite constants $C_{+},C_{-},C$ and the quadratic masses poles $M_{+}^{2}$ and $M_{-}^{2}$ given by:
$$C_{\pm }=\frac{1}{2}\left[ 1\pm \frac{\theta }{\sqrt{4M_{A}^{2}+\theta ^{2}}}\right] ;\text{ \ \ }C=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4M_{A}^{2}+\theta ^{2}}};\text{ \ }M_{\pm }^{2}=\frac{1}{2}\left[ (2M_{A}^{2}+\theta ^{2})\pm |\theta |\sqrt{4M_{A}^{2}+\theta ^{2}}\right] .$$
Here, $C_{\pm }$ and $C$ are constants with mass dimension $0$ and $-1$ respectively, whereas $M_{\pm }^{2}$ represent the two possible expressions for the physical mass of the photon (around which occur photonic excitations). Consequently, these two masses, rather than $M_{A}^{2}$ and $\theta ^{2}$, will be the relevant ones in the forthcoming evaluation of the interaction potential.
From the action (\[actionMCS3\]), it is easy to extract the vertex Feynman rules: $V_{\psi _{\pm }H\psi _{\pm }}=\pm 2ivy;V_{\psi A\psi }=ie_{3}\gamma
^{\mu }.$ Since in the low-energy limit only the t-channel must be considered, the whole scattering amplitudes are written in the form:
$$\begin{aligned}
-i{\cal M}_{\pm H\pm } &=&\overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{1})(\pm 2ivy)u_{\pm
}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\left[ \langle H(k)H(-k)\rangle \right] \overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{2})(\pm 2ivy)u_{\pm }(p_{2}^{^{\prime }}), \\
-i{\cal M}_{\pm H\mp } &=&\overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{1})(\pm 2ivy)u_{\pm
}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\left[ \langle H(k)H(-k)\rangle \right] \overline{u}_{\mp }(p_{2})(\mp 2ivy)u_{\mp }(p_{2}^{^{\prime }}), \\
-i{\cal M}_{\pm A\pm } &=&\overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{1})(ie_{3}\gamma ^{\mu
})u_{\pm }(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\left[ \langle A_{\mu }(k)A_{\nu }(-k)\rangle \right] \overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{2})(ie_{3}\gamma ^{\nu })u_{\pm
}(p_{2}^{^{\prime }}), \\
-i{\cal M}_{\pm A\mp } &=&\overline{u}_{\pm }(p_{1})(ie_{3}\gamma ^{\mu
})u_{\pm }(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\left[ \langle A_{\mu }(k)A_{\nu }(-k)\rangle \right] \overline{u}_{\mp }(p_{2})(ie_{3}\gamma ^{\nu })u_{\mp
}(p_{2}^{^{\prime }}).\end{aligned}$$
The first two expressions represent the scattering amplitude mediated by the Higgs particles for equal and opposite electron polarizations, while in the last two ones the mediator is the massive Chern-Simons-Proca photon. The spinors $u_{+}(p),$ $u_{-}(p)$ stand for the positive-energy solution of the Dirac equation, satisfying the normalization conditions: $\overline{u}_{\pm
}(p)u_{\pm }(p)=\pm 1.$ Working in the center-of-mass frame, the momenta of the interacting particles and the momentum transfer take a simpler form, useful for writing the spinors $u_{+}(p),$ $u_{-}(p)$, as it is properly shown in the Appendix. With these definitions, one carries out the fermionic current elements, also displayed in the Appendix, so that the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes (for low momenta approximation), at tree-level, associated to the Higgs and the gauge particle become: $$\text{ \ \ \ \ \ \ }{\cal M}_{Higgs}=-2v^{2}y^{2}\biggl(\frac{1}{\overrightarrow{k}^{2}+M_{{\small H}}^{2}}\biggr), \label{MHiggs}$$
$${\cal M}_{\uparrow A\uparrow }={\cal M}_{1}+{\cal M}_{2}+{\cal M}_{3},\text{\ \ }{\cal M}_{\downarrow A\downarrow }={\cal M}_{1}-{\cal M}_{2}+{\cal M}_{3},\text{ \ \ \ }{\cal M}_{\uparrow A\downarrow }={\cal M}_{\downarrow
A\uparrow }={\cal M}_{1}+{\cal M}_{3},$$ with:
$${\cal M}_{1}=e_{3}^{2}\left[ \frac{C_{+}}{\overrightarrow{k}^{2}+M_{+}^{2}}+\frac{C_{-}}{\overrightarrow{k}^{2}+M_{-}^{2}}\right] ,\text{ }{\cal M}_{2}=\frac{e_{3}^{2}\overrightarrow{k}^{2}}{m_{\text{{\small eff}}}}\left[ \frac{C}{\overrightarrow{k}^{2}+M_{+}^{2}}-\frac{C}{\overrightarrow{k}^{2}+M_{-}^{2}}\right] ,\text{ }{\cal M}_{3}=\frac{-i\sin \phi }{(1-\cos \phi )}{\cal M}_{2},$$
where it was used $\overrightarrow{k}^{2}=2p^{2}(1-\cos \phi )$. Furthermore, it is clear that the Higgs amplitude is independent of the electron polarization, while the gauge amplitude splits into three different expressions, depending on the polarization of the scattered electrons. The terms ${\cal M}_{1}$,${\cal M}_{2}$ correspond to the real part of the Möller scattering amplitude, while ${\cal M}_{3}$ describes the Aharonov-Bohm amplitude for fermions [@Kogan],[@Dobroliubov],[@Georgelin]. The interaction potentials are obtained through the Fourier transform of the scattering amplitude (inside the Born approximation limit): $V(\overrightarrow{r})=\int \frac{d^{2}k}{(2\pi )^{2}}{\cal M}e^{i\overrightarrow{k}.\overrightarrow{r}}.$ According to this approximation, Eq.(\[MHiggs\]) yields an attractive Higgs potential,
$$V_{Higgs}(r)=-\frac{1}{2\pi }2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{{\small H}}r),\text{ \ \ }$$
while in the gauge sector there appear three different potentials (depending on the polarization state):
$$\text{\ }V_{gauge\text{ }\uparrow \uparrow }(r)=V_{1}(r)+V_{2}(r)+V_{3}(r),\text{ \ }V_{gauge\text{ }\uparrow \downarrow }(r)=V_{1}(r)+V_{3}(r),\text{
\ }V_{gauge\text{ }\downarrow \downarrow }(r)=V_{1}(r)-V_{2}(r)+V_{3}(r),$$ $V_{1}(r),$ $V_{2}(r),$ $V_{3}(r)$ being respectively the Fourier transforms of the amplitudes ${\cal M}_{1,}{\cal M}_{2},{\cal M}_{3}$, given explicitly by:
$$\begin{aligned}
V_{1}(r)& =\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\biggl[C_{+}K_{0}(M_{+}r)+C_{-}K_{0}(M_{-}r)\biggr],\text{ } \\
V_{2}(r)& =-\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}\biggl[M_{+}^{2}K_{0}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}^{2}K_{0}(M_{-}r)\biggr], \\
V_{3}(r)& =2\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\frac{Cl}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r}\biggl [M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)\biggr].\end{aligned}$$
The complete potential expressions are obtained joining the Higgs and gauge contributions: $V(r)=V_{Higgs}+V_{gauge}$:
$$\begin{aligned}
V(r)_{\uparrow \uparrow }& =-\frac{1}{2\pi }2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{h}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\text{ }\biggl\{(C_{+}-\frac{C}{m}M_{+}^{2})K_{0}(M_{+}r)+(C_{-}+\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{-}^{2})K_{0}(M_{-}r)+ \nonumber \\
& +2\frac{Cl}{m_{_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}r}(M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r))\biggr\}, \label{V1}\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
V(r)_{\uparrow \downarrow }& =-\frac{1}{2\pi }2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{h}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\text{ }\biggl\{C_{+}K_{0}(M_{+}r)+C_{-}K_{0}(M_{-}r)+2\frac{Cl}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r}[M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)+ \nonumber \\
& -M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)]\biggr\}, \label{V2}\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
V(r)_{\downarrow \downarrow }& =-\frac{1}{2\pi }2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{h}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\text{ }\biggl\{(C_{+}+\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{+}^{2})K_{o}(M_{+}r)+(C_{-}-\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{-}^{2})K_{0}(M_{-}r) \nonumber \\
& +2\frac{Cl}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r}(M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r))\biggr\}. \label{V3}\end{aligned}$$
Here, $K_{0}(x)$ and $K_{1}(x)$ are the modified Bessel functions and $l$ is the angular momentum. The last three equations represent the tree-level potentials evaluated at the Born approximation. Now, it is convenient to define the limit of validity of the potentials (\[V1\]), (\[V2\]), (\[V3\]). They have been derived in the low-energy limit, consequently they must be valid in the perturbative regime, where the loop corrections are negligible before the semi-classical terms. For a typical MCS model, the perturbative limit is given by $\frac{e^{2}}{\theta }\ll 1$; in the case of the present model, nevertheless, there are four dimensionless parameters ${e_{3}^{2}}/m$, ${e_{3}^{2}}/{M_{H}}$, ${e_{3}^{2}}/{M_{+}}$, ${e_{3}^{2}}/{M_{-}}$. According to the discussion realized in Ref. [@Int-Journal], the pertubative regime is valid whenever ${e_{3}^{2}}/{M_{+}}\ll 1$ and $y\ll 1$ (the first condition obviously implies ${e}_{3}^{{2}}/m\ll 1$).
A remarkable point to be highlighted concerns the attainment of three different potentials: $V(r)_{\uparrow \uparrow },V(r)_{\uparrow \downarrow
},V(r)_{\downarrow \downarrow }$. Our results put in explicit evidence the dependence of the potential on the spin state. Were parity preserved, this would not be the result; however, by virtue of the explicit breaking of parity, as induced by the Chern-Simons term, expressions (\[V1\]), (\[V2\]), (\[V3\]) differ from one another as it can be understood on the basis of parity transformation arguments. Another signal of parity-breaking is the linear dependence of $V$ on $l$: $l\rightarrow -l$ is not a symmetry of the potential.
Although the gauge invariance is broken by the appearance of a Proca mass during the SSB, one expects that the interaction potential associated to the system comes to preserve the characteristics of the original Lagrangian (before the SSB). This fact leads us to study a way to assure the gauge invariance of the effective interaction potential. Analysis of the Galilean limit of the field theories in (1+2) dimensions, carried out by Hagen [@Hagen], have shown that the 2-body scattering problem, as mediated by a gauge particle, must lead to an effective potential that preserves the structure of a perfect square form $(l-\alpha ^{2})^{2}$, and can be identified with the Aharonov-Bohm scattering potential. [** **]{}The quartic order term $\left( \alpha ^{4}\right) $ is related to the presence of 2-photon diagrams induced by the seagull vertex $\left( \varphi ^{\ast
}\varphi A_{\mu }A^{\mu }\right) $, and thus associated to the gauge invariance of the resulting potential. In this way, the potential structure $(l-\alpha ^{2})^{2}$ must be also pursued in more complex electron-electron scatterings panoramas, in order to ensure gauge invariance. Actually, this is just the signal of a more general result. Electron-electron scatterings, in general, no matter the complexity of the interactions, must exhibit the combination $(l-\alpha ^{2})^{2}$ for the sake of gauge invariance of the final result. This kind of procedure is found in Ref. [@Dobroliubov], where a nonrelativistic interaction potential was derived in the context of a MCS-QED$_{3}$ (without scalar sector), in the perturbative regime, $1/k\ll 1,$ with $k$ being the statistic parameter (in our present case $k\equiv $ $4\pi \theta /e_{3}^{2})$. In this reference, in order to ensure the gauge invariance, at the low-energy approximation, one takes into account the two-photons diagrams, which amounts to adding up to the tree-level potential the quartic order term $\left\{ \frac{e^{2}}{2\pi
\theta }[1-\theta rK_{1}(\theta r)]\right\} ^{2}$, turning out into the following gauge-invariant effective potential form[** **]{}[@Kogan],[@Dobroliubov][**:**]{} $$V_{{\rm MCS}}(r)=\frac{e^{2}}{2\pi }\left[ 1-\frac{\theta }{m_{e}}\right]
K_{0}(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{e}r^{2}}\left\{ l-\frac{e^{2}}{2\pi \theta }[1-\theta rK_{1}(\theta r)]\right\} ^{2}~. \label{Vmcs}$$ In the expression above, the first term corresponds to the electromagnetic potential, whereas the last one incorporates the centrifugal barrier $\left(
l/mr^{2}\right) ,$ the Aharonov-Bohm term and the 2-photon exchange term. One observes that this procedure becomes necessary when the model is analyzed or defined out of the pertubative limit. In Ref. [@Georgelin], for instance, one accomplishes an evaluation of the scattering potential, in the Born approximation, whose final result is not supplemented by the term $\left\{ \frac{e^{2}}{2\pi \theta }[1-\theta rK_{1}(\theta r)]\right\} ^{2}$, under the justification that derivation has been done in the pertubative regime $\left( 1/k\ll 1\right) .$ In such a regime, the 2-photon term becomes negligible (for it is proportional to $1/k^{2})$ and shows itself unable to jeopardize the gauge invariance of the model.
In a scenery where one searches for applications to Condensed Matter Physics, one must require $\theta \ll m_{e}$, and the scattering potential given by Eq.(\[Vmcs\]) then comes out positive. This implication prevents a possible application of this kind of model to superconductivity, where the characteristic energies are of $meV$ order. Since the effective electron mass ($m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}=m_{e}+yv^{2})$ is $\sim 10^{5}eV,$ energy scale much greater than that corresponding to the condensed matter interactions $\left( meV\right) $, one must impose the following condition on the physical excitations of the model: $$m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}\gg \vartheta ,M_{A},M_{\pm }\text{ .}
\label{Condmat-lim}$$ In the limit $M_{A}\rightarrow 0,$ one has: $M_{+}\sim \vartheta $; in this situation, the dimensionless parameter ${e_{3}^{2}}/{M}_{+}\ $ reduces to ${e_{3}^{2}}/{\vartheta ,}$ that now lies outside the pertubative regime, since $\vartheta $ is now small $\left( \sim meV\right) $. Therefore, in this energy scale, our results may not be restricted to the pertubative limit; the consideration of the 2-photon term to Eqs.(\[V1\], \[V2\], \[V3\]) becomes then relevant in order to assure the gauge invariance of these potentials. As a final result, one rewrites the three expressions for the effective-gauge-invariant scattering potentials: $$\begin{aligned}
V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \uparrow }}(r) &=&-{\frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{H}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\biggl\{\left[ (C_{+}-\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{+}^{2}\right] K_{0}(M_{+}r)+\biggl[C_{-}+\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{-}^{2}\biggr]K_{0}(M_{-}r)\biggr\} \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\left\{ l+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }Cr[M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)]\right\} ^{2}~, \label{Veff1}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \downarrow }}(r) &=&-{\frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{H}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\text{ }\left[
C_{+}K_{0}(M_{+}r)+C_{-}K_{0}(M_{-}r)\right] +\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\biggl \{l+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }Cr[M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)+ \nonumber \\
&&-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)]\biggr\}^{2}, \label{Veff2}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
V_{\text{eff}_{\downarrow \downarrow }}(r)& =-{\frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{H}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\biggl\{\left[ C_{+}+\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{+}^{2}\right] K_{0}(M_{+}r)+\biggl[C_{-}-\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{-}^{2}\biggr]K_{0}(M_{-}r)\biggr\} \nonumber \\
& \text{ }+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\left\{ l+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }Cr[M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)]\right\} ^{2}, \label{Veff3}\end{aligned}$$ where $\frac{l^{2}}{mr^{2}}$ represents the centrifugal barrier, and the term proportional to $C^{2}$ comes from the 2-photon exchange.
In the energy scale given by condition (\[Condmat-lim\]), the proportionality coefficients of $V_{2}(r)$ become negligible: $$m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}\gg \vartheta ,M_{A},M_{\pm }\text{ \ \ \ \ \ }\Longrightarrow \text{ \ \ }\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{+}^{2}\ll 1,\text{ }\frac{C}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}}M_{-}^{2}\ll 1.
\label{approximation}$$ As a consequence of these considerations, one can observe that only the first term of the expressions (\[Veff1\], \[Veff2\], \[Veff3\]) is attractive, which corresponds to the Higgs interaction. At the same time, the potential $V_{2}(r)$ reveals itself small before $V_{1}(r)$ and $V_{3}(r),$ leading to a simplification in the expressions $\left( \text{\ref
{Veff1}}\right) ,$ $\left( \text{\ref{Veff2}}\right) ,$ $\left( \text{\ref
{Veff3}}\right) $, that degenerate to a single form:
$$\begin{aligned}
V_{\text{eff}}(r)& =-{\frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^{2}y^{2}K_{0}(M_{H}r)+\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }\text{ }\biggl[C_{+}K_{0}(M_{+}r)+C_{-}K_{0}(M_{-}r)\biggr]+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\biggl\{l+ \nonumber \\
+& \frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }Cr[M_{+}K_{1}(M_{+}r)-M_{-}K_{1}(M_{-}r)]\biggr\}^{2}, \label{Veffdegenerado}\end{aligned}$$
The fact that $C_{\pm }>0,$ $\forall $ $\vartheta ,M_{A}$ makes the second term (proportional to $e^{2}/2\pi )$ of the equation above to be positive, revealing the repulsive nature of gauge sector. This trivial analysis shows that the potentials $\left( \text{\ref{Veff1}}\right) ,$ $\left( \text{\ref
{Veff2}}\right) ,$ $\left( \text{\ref{Veff3}}\right) $ will be attractive only when the contribution originated from the Yukawa interaction overcomes the one coming from the gauge sector, which can be achieved by accomplishing a suitable fitting on the model parameters. The fulfillment of this condition can render the formation of $e^{-}e^{-}$ bound states feasible , once the above potentials are “weak” in the sense of Kato criterion, analyzed by Chadan [*et al.*]{} [@Chadan] in the context of the low-energy scattering theory in $(1+2)$ dimensions.
Finally, it is instructive to show how the gauge sectors of the potentials $\left( \text{\ref{Veff1}}\right) $, $\left( \text{\ref{Veff2}}\right) $,$\left( \text{\ref{Veff3}}\right) $ behave in the limit of a vanishing Proca mass: $M_{A}\rightarrow 0$. In this case, the propagator of the gauge field reduces to the Maxwell-Chern-Simons one, leading to the following limits:
$$M_{+}\longrightarrow\theta;M_{-}\longrightarrow0;C_{+}\longrightarrow
1;C_{-}\longrightarrow0;K_{1}(M_{-}r)\longrightarrow\frac{1}{M_{-}r};C\longrightarrow\frac{1}{\theta};$$
$$\lim_{M_{A}\longrightarrow 0}V_{_{\uparrow \uparrow }}(r)=\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }(1-\frac{\theta }{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}})K_{0}(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\left[ l-\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi \theta }(1-\theta
rK_{1}(\theta r))\right] ^{2}, \label{limit1}$$
$$\lim_{M_{A}\longrightarrow 0}V_{_{\uparrow \downarrow }}(r)=\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }K_{0}(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\left[ l-\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi \theta }(1-\theta rK_{1}(\theta r))\right] ^{2},$$
$$\lim_{M_{A}\longrightarrow 0}V_{_{\downarrow \downarrow }}(r)=\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi }(1+\frac{\theta }{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}})K_{0}(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}}r^{2}}\left[ l-\frac{e_{3}^{2}}{2\pi \theta }(1-\theta
rK_{1}(\theta r))\right] ^{2}.$$
One remarks that Eq. (\[limit1\]) encloses exactly the same result achieved by Dobrolibov [@Dobroliubov] [*et al.*]{} and others [@Kogan], [@Groshev] for the scattering of two up-polarization electrons, which enforces the generalization realized in this paper.
Numerical Analysis
==================
The numerical procedure adopted here consists on the implementation of the variational method for the Schrödinger equation supplemented by the interaction potential (\[Veffdegenerado\]). In this sense, it is necessary to expose some properties of the wavefunction representing the $e^{-}e^{-}$ and of the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation.
The composite wave-function and the Schrödinger equation {#sec3}
--------------------------------------------------------
The Pauli exclusion principle states the antisymmetric character of the total two-electron wavefunction $(\Psi )$ with respect to an electron-electron permutation: $\Psi ({\bf \rho }_{1},s_{1,}{\bf \rho }_{2},s_{2})=-\Psi ({\bf \rho }_{2},s_{2,}{\bf \rho }_{1},s_{1}).$ Assuming that no significant spin-orbit interaction takes place, the function $\Psi $ can be split into three independent functions: $\Psi (\rho _{1},s_{1,}\rho
_{2},s_{2})=\psi ({\bf R})\varphi ({\bf r})\chi \left( s_{1},s_{2}\right) $, which represent, respectively, the center-of-mass wave function, the relative one, and the spin wave function (${\bf R}$ and $s$ being the center-of-mass and spin coordinates respectively, while ${\bf r}$ is the relative coordinate of the electrons). Taking into account the Pauli principle, the total wavefunction $\Psi $ in the center-of-mass frame reads as $$\Psi ^{S=1}=\varphi _{{\rm odd}}({\bf r})\chi _{{\rm even}}^{S=1}(s_{1},s_{2})~,\text{ \ \ }\Psi ^{S=0}=\varphi _{{\rm even}}({\bf r})\chi _{{\rm odd}}^{S=0}(s_{1},s_{2})~, \label{antisym2}$$ where $\chi ^{S=0},$ $\chi ^{S=1}$, $\varphi _{{\rm even}}({\bf r}),$ $\varphi _{{\rm odd}}({\bf r})$ stand respectively for the (antisymmetric) singlet spin-function, the (symmetric) spin triplet, the even space-function ($l=0$: $s$-wave, $l=2$: $d$-wave), and the odd space-function ($l=1$: $p$-wave: , $l=3$: $f$-wave).
Within the nonrelativistic approximation, the binding energy associated to an $e^{-}e^{-}$ pair is given by planar Schrödinger equation for the relative space-function $\varphi (r),$ $$\frac{\partial ^{2}\varphi (r)}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial
\varphi (r)}{\partial r}-\frac{l^{2}}{r^{2}}\varphi (r)+2\mu _{{\rm eff}}[E-V(r)]\varphi (r)=0~, \label{diff1}$$ where $V(r)$ represents the interaction potential given by Eq. (\[Veffdegenerado\]), and $\mu _{{\rm eff}}=\frac{1}{2}m_{\text{{\tiny eff}}},$ is the effective reduced mass of the system. By means of the following transformation $\varphi (r)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}~g(r)$, one has $$\frac{\partial ^{2}g(r)}{\partial r^{2}}-\frac{l^{2}-\frac{1}{4}}{r^{2}}g(r)+2\mu _{{\rm eff}}[E-V(r)]g(r)=0~. \label{diff2}$$
The Variational Method and the Choice of the trial function
-----------------------------------------------------------
To work out the variational method, one must take as starting point the choice of the trial function that represents the generic features of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ pair. The definition of a trial function must observe some conditions, such as the asymptotic behavior at infinity, the analysis of its free version and its behavior at the origin. For a zero angular momentum ($l=0$) state, the Eq.(\[diff2\]) becomes $$\biggl\{\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1}{4r^{2}}+2\mu _{{\rm eff}}[E+C_{s}K_{0}(M_{H}r)]\biggr\}g(r)=0,~ \label{diff3}$$ whose free version ($V(r)=0)$, for $l=0$ state, $\left[ \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{1}{4r^{2}}+k^{2}\right] u(r)=0~,$ has as solution $u(r)=B_{1}\sqrt{r}J_{0}(kr)+B_{2}\sqrt{r}Y_{0}(kr)$, with $B_{1}$ and $B_{2}$ being arbitrary constants and $k=\sqrt{2\mu _{{\rm eff}}E}$. In the limit $r\rightarrow 0$, this solution goes simply as $u(r)\longrightarrow \sqrt{r}+\lambda \sqrt{r}\ln (r).$ Since the second term in the last equation behaves like an attractive potential, $-1/4r^{2}$, this implies the possibility of obtaining a bound state ($E<0$) even for $V(r)=0$ [@Chadan]. This is not physically acceptable, leading to a restriction on the needed self-adjoint extension of the differential operator $-d^{2}/dr^{2}-1/4r^{2}$. Among the infinite number of self-adjoint extensions of this operator, the only physical choice corresponds to the Friedrichs extension ($B_{2}=0$), which behaves like $\sqrt{r}$ at the origin, indicating this same behavior for $u(r)$. In this way the behavior of the trial function at the origin is determined. The complete equation, $V(r)\neq 0$, will preserve the self-adjointness of free Hamiltonian, if the potential is “weak” in the sense of the Kato condition: $\
\int_{0}^{\infty }r(1+|\ln (r)|)|V(r)|dr<\infty ~.$ Provided the interaction potential, given by Eq. (\[Veffdegenerado\]), satisfies the Kato condition, the self-adjointness of the total Hamiltonian is assured and the existence of bound states is allowed. On the other hand, at infinity, the trial function must vanish asymptotically in order to fulfill square integrability. Therefore, a good choice can then be given by $g(r)=f(r)\exp
(-\beta r),$ where $f(r)$ is a well-behaved function that satisfies the limit condition: $\lim_{r\rightarrow 0}f(r)=\sqrt{r}$. By simplicity, the trial function (for zero angular momentum) read as $$g(r)=\sqrt{r}\exp (-\beta r)~, \label{funcaoteste1}$$ where $\beta $ is a free parameter whose variation approximately determines an energy minimum.
An analogous procedure can be undertaken to determine the behavior of the trial function when the angular momentum is different from zero ($l\neq 0$). In this case, and in the limit $r\rightarrow 0$, Eq.(\[diff2\]) reduces to $\left[ \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial r^{2}}-\frac{l^{2}-\frac{1}{4}}{r^{2}}+k^{2}\right] u(r)=0~,$ whose general solution reads as $u(r)=B_{1}r^{(l+1/2)}+B_{2}r^{(-l+1/2)}$. For $l>0,$ the choice $r^{(l+1/2)}$ entails a trial function that is well-behaved at the origin. Since the Schrödinger equation depends only on $l^{2}$, any of the choices, $l>0$ or $l<0$, is enough to provide the energy values of the physical states and one gets $$g(r)=r^{1/2+l}\exp (-\beta r)~, \label{funcaoteste2}$$ where $\beta $ is again a spanning free parameter to be numerically fixed in order to maximize the binding energy. Though this last result is mathematically correct, we should point out that the discussion regarding non-zero angular momentum states here is merely for the sake of completeness. The true wave-function in this case should include the angular components which remain precluded in this approach.
The Analysis of the Potential and the Numerical Data
----------------------------------------------------
The numerical analysis of the potentials $V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \uparrow
}},V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \downarrow }},V_{\text{eff}_{\downarrow
\downarrow }}$ is totally dependent on the parameters of the field-theoretical model. As a first step, it is convenient to realize an analysis on the relevant parameters and thereafter to initiate a numerical procedure. The central purpose of this section is to demonstrate that the potentials obtained are attractive and lead to the formation of bound states $e^{-}e^{-}$, whose energy is situated into a range relevant to some Condensed Matter systems, like the high-T$_{c}$ superconductors.
As well-known, to parallel-spin states (spin triplet) there must be a p-wave (spin triplet and $l=1$) associated, whereas the antiparallel-spin states (spin singlet) are linked to an s-wave (spin singlet and $l=0$). Here, despite the parity-breakdown to be associated to the state $l=1,$ the s-wave can also appear as solution, since the breakdown is not necessarily manifest in all states. Given the degeneracy of the potentials $V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \uparrow }},V_{\text{eff}_{\uparrow \downarrow }},V_{\text{eff}_{\downarrow \downarrow }}$on the reduced potential (\[Veffdegenerado\]), the issue concerning the wavefunction symmetry looses some of its status: both the s- and p-wave appear as solutions for the system. According to Eqs. (\[funcaoteste1\]), (\[funcaoteste2\]), the implementation of the variational method requires a trial-function with $r^{1/2}-$behaviour at the origin in the case of an s-wave and a $r^{3/2}-$behaviour for a p-wave.
Before starting the numerical calculations, it is instructive to show the relevant parameters:
$$\begin{aligned}
e_{3}^{2}& =\frac{e^{2}}{l_{\perp }}=\frac{1}{137,04}\frac{1973,26}{l_{\perp
}}=\frac{14,399}{l_{\perp }}, \\
\alpha & =\frac{\vartheta }{M_{A}}, \\
\zeta & <0,\text{ }\lambda \geq \frac{3}{4}\frac{|\zeta |}{\upsilon ^{2}},
\label{ineq} \\
\lambda & =\frac{3}{4}\frac{|\zeta |}{\nu ^{2}}\Longrightarrow M_{H}^{2}=\nu
^{2}|\zeta |, \label{Mhiggs4} \\
\lambda & =\frac{|\zeta |}{\nu ^{2}}\Longrightarrow M_{H}^{2}=2\nu
^{2}|\zeta |. \label{Mhiggs5}\end{aligned}$$
Specifically, in $D=1+2$, the electromagnetic coupling constant squared, $e_{3}^{2}$, has dimension of mass, rather than the dimensionless character of the usual four-dimensional QED$_{4}$ coupling constant. This fact might be understood as a memory of the third dimension that appears (into the coupling constant) when one tries to work with a theory intrinsically defined in three space-time dimensions. This dimensional peculiarity could be better implemented through the definition of a new coupling constant in three space-time dimensions [@Kogan],[@Randjbar]: $e\rightarrow
e_{3}=e/\sqrt{l_{\perp }}$, where $l_{\perp }$ represents a length orthogonal to the planar dimension. The smaller is $l_{\perp }$, the smaller is the remnant of the frozen dimension, the larger is the planar character of the model and the coupling constant $e_{3}$, what reveals its effective nature. In this sense, it is instructive to notice that the effective value of $e_{3}^{2}$ is larger than $e^{2}=1/137$ whenever $l_{\perp }$ $<1973.26$ Å, since 1 (Å)$^{-1}=1973.26$ $eV$. This particularity broadens the repulsive interaction for small $l_{\perp }$ and requires an even stronger Higgs contribution to account for a total attractive interaction. Finally, this parameter must be evaluated inside a range appropriated to not jeopardize the planar nature of the system, so that one requires that: $2<l_{\perp }<15$Å. The parameter $\alpha $ is defined as the ratio between the Proca mass and the Chern-Simons mass, while $\zeta
,\lambda $ are parameters of $V-$potential and are important to assure a stable vacuum, condition given by Eq. (\[ineq\]). The imposition of some relations between $\zeta ,\lambda ,\nu ^{2}$, like Eqs.(\[Mhiggs4\]) e (\[Mhiggs5\]), imply a kind of expression for the Higgs mass that exhibit dependence only on $\nu ^{2}$ and $|\zeta |$. This set of conditions impose a lower bound for the Higgs mass: $M_{H\min }^{2}=3|\zeta |/4\lambda $.
Besides the factors above, the entire determination of the potential (\[Veffdegenerado\]) also depends on $v^{2},$ the vacuum expectation value (v.e.v.), and on $y$, the parameter that measures the coupling between the fermions and the Higgs scalar. Being a free parameter, $v^{2}$ indicates the energy scale of the spontaneous breakdown of the $U(1)-$local symmetry, usually determined by some experimental data associated to the phenomenology of the model under investigation, as it occurs in the electroweak Weinberg-Salam model, for example. On the other hand, the $y-$parameter measures the coupling between the fermions and the Higgs scalar, working in fact as an effective constant that embodies contributions of all possible mechanisms of the electronic interaction via Higgs-type (scalar) excitations, as the spinless bosonic interaction mechanisms: phonons, plasmons, and other collective excitations. This theoretical similarity suggests an identification of the field theory parameter with an effective electron-scalar coupling (instead of an electron-phonon one): $y\rightarrow
\lambda _{{\rm es}}$.
The numerical analysis is developed by means of the implementation of the variational method on the Schrödinger equation, supplemented by the degenerated potential. The procedure is initiated by the use of the an s-wave trial function: $g\left( r\right) =r^{1/2}e^{-\beta r}$, given by Eq. $\left( \text{\ref{funcaoteste1}}\right) $. Tables \[table1\] and \[table2\] exhibit the values of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ bound state and the average length of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ state ($\xi _{ab})$ for $V_{\text{eff}},$ in accordance with the input parameters ($\nu ^{2},Z,\alpha ,y,\zeta )$, for $l=0.$ The degenerated potential obviously assures the following equality: [E]{}$_{ee\uparrow \uparrow }=$[E]{}$_{ee\downarrow \downarrow }=$[E]{}$_{ee\uparrow \downarrow },$ $\xi _{ab\uparrow \uparrow }=\xi
_{ab\downarrow \downarrow }=\xi _{ab\uparrow \downarrow }.$ Table \[table3\] contains numerical data generated by the variational method, for $l=1,$ starting from the following trial function: $\varphi \left( r\right)
=r^{3/2}e^{-\beta r},$ given by Eq. (\[funcaoteste2\]).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$v^{2}$(meV) $l_{\perp }$(Å) $y$ $\alpha $ $\zeta $ (eV) $M_{H}=\sqrt{\nu ^{2}|\zeta |}$ $\beta $ $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}$(meV)$\ $ $\xi
_{ab}$(Å)
-------------- ----------------- ------- ------------- --------------- --------------------------------- ---------- --------------------------- -----------
$47.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $1.0$ $4.0$ $433.0$ $51.1$ $-59.2$ $19.3$
$47.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $4.0$ $433.0$ $51.8$ $-23.7$ $19.0$
$48.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $4.0$ $438.0$ $29.8$ $-50.2$ $16.6$
$48.0$ $10.0$ $3.9$ $1.0$ $4.0$ $438.0$ $29.8$ $-24.8$ $33.1$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $4.0$ $1.0$ $8.0$ $693.0$ $71.1$ $-33.3$ $13.9$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $6.0$ $600.0$ $69.2$ $-32.8$ $14.3$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $3.9$ $1.0$ $5.0$ $548.0$ $27.1$ $-30.4$ $36.4$
$70.0$ $7.0$ $4.0$ $0.4$ $7.0$ $700.0$ $89.2$ $-62.7$ $11.6$
$70.0$ $7.0$ $4.0$ $0.6$ $8.0$ $748.0$ $87.5$ $-54.0$ $11.3$
$70.0$ $7.0$ $3.9$ $1.0$ $7.0$ $700.0$ $51.2$ $-32.3$ $19.3$
$70.0$ $7.0$ $3.9$ $0.5$ $5.0$ $590.0$ $50.8$ $-38.5$ $19.4$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Input parameters: $\protect\nu ^{2},l_{\perp },\protect\alpha ,\protect\zeta ,M_{H}^{2}=\protect\nu ^{2}|\protect\zeta |$ and $l=0$; output numerical data: $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}\ $and $\protect\xi _{ab}$. Trial Function: $\protect\varphi \left( r\right) =r^{1/2}e^{-\protect\beta r}$ []{data-label="table1"}
$v^{2}$ (meV) $l_{\perp }$(Å) $y$ $\alpha $ $\zeta $ (eV) $M_{H}=\sqrt{2\nu ^{2}|\zeta |}$ $\beta $ $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}$(meV)$\ $ $\xi _{ab}$(Å)
--------------- ----------------- ------- ------------- --------------- ---------------------------------- ---------- --------------------------- ----------------
$40.0$ $12.0$ $4.0$ $1.0$ $2.0$ $400.0$ $56.1$ $-54.1$ $17.6$
$40.0$ $12.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $2.0$ $400.0$ $59.2$ $-24.5$ $16.7$
$40.0$ $12.0$ $4.0$ $0.3$ $2.0$ $400.0$ $58.1$ $-17.2$ $17.0$
$40.0$ $12.0$ $4.0$ $1.0$ $2.5$ $447.2$ $57.9$ $-31.4$ $17.0$
$50.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $1.5$ $6.3$ $793.7$ $79.1$ $-41.1$ $12.5$
$50.0$ $10$ $4.0$ $1.5$ $5.3$ $728.0$ $79.1$ $-63.1$ $12.5$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $3.0$ $600.0$ $69.2$ $-32.8$ $14.3$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $3.9$ $0.1$ $2.0$ $489.9$ $51.2$ $-38.6$ $19.3$
$60.0$ $8.0$ $3.9$ $1.0$ $2.0$ $489.9$ $27.2$ $-62.8$ $36.3$
$80.0$ $6.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $4.0$ $800.0$ $79.1$ $-40.2$ $12.5$
$80.0$ $6.0$ $4.0$ $0.1$ $3.0$ $692.8$ $78.1$ $-76.7$ $12.6$
$80.0$ $6.0$ $3.9$ $0.5$ $2.5$ $632.5$ $27.1$ $-36.0$ $36.4$
$80.0$ $6.0$ $3.9$ $0.6$ $2.5$ $632.5$ $29.8$ $-45.7$ $33.1$
: Input parameters: $\protect\nu ^{2},l_{\perp },\protect\alpha ,\protect\zeta ,M_{H}^{2}=\protect\nu ^{2}|\protect\zeta |$ and $l=0$; output numerical data: $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}\ $and $\protect\xi _{ab}$. Trial Function: $\protect\varphi \left( r\right) =r^{1/2}e^{-\protect\beta r}$ []{data-label="table2"}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$v^{2}$(meV) $l_{\perp }$(Å) $y$ $\alpha $ $\zeta $ (eV) $M_{H}=\sqrt{2\nu ^{2}|\zeta |}$ $\beta $ $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}$ (meV) $\xi
_{ab}$(Å)$\ $
-------------- ----------------- ------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------ ---------------
$30.0$ $16.0$ $4.0$ $2.0$ $-2.0$ $489.9$ $55.1$ $-71.5$ $53.7 $
$30.0$ $15.5$ $4.0$ $2.0$ $-3.0$ $489.9$ $40.7$ $-23.2$ $72.7 $
$30.0$ $15.5$ $4.0$ $3.0$ $-4.0$ $489.9$ $42.2$ $-56.2$ $70.1 $
$32.0$ $15.0$ $4.0$ $2.0$ $-3.0$ $438.2$ $70.7$ $-49.5$ $41.9 $
$32.0$ $15.0$ $4.0$ $1.0$ $-2.0$ $357.8$ $51.1$ $-18.0$ $58.9 $
$50.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $1.5$ $-5.3$ $728.0$ $80.9$ $-43.9$ $36.6 $
$50.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $1.5$ $-4.0$ $632.4$ $79.1$ $-77.3$ $37.4 $
$50.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $0.8$ $-3.0$ $547.7$ $72.4$ $-49.5$ $40.9 $
$50.0$ $10.0$ $4.0$ $0.5$ $-3.0$ $547.7$ $42.9$ $-25.0$ $45.0 $
$80.0$ $6.5$ $3.8$ $1.0$ $-4.0$ $800.0$ $61.3$ $-21.6$ $48.3$
$80.0$ $6.5$ $3.8$ $0.5$ $-3.0$ $692.8$ $50.7$ $-18.8$ $58.4$
$80.0$ $6.5$ $3.8$ $0.5$ $-2.5$ $632.5$ $51.8$ $-52.3$ $57.1$
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Input parameters: $\protect\nu ^{2},l_{\perp },\protect\alpha ,\protect\zeta ,M_{H}^{2}=2\protect\nu ^{2}|\protect\zeta |$ and $l=1$; output data: $E_{e^{-}e^{-}}\ $and $\protect\xi _{ab}$. Trial function: $\protect\varphi \left( r\right) =r^{3/2}e^{-\protect\beta r}$[]{data-label="table3"}
From the data of the Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], \[table3\], it is possible to get an understanding of the influence of the parameters on the values of the $e^{-}e^{-}$ energy and $\xi _{ab}$. When $|\zeta |$ and $\nu
^{2}$ increase, the Higgs mass grows up, reducing the range of the attractive interaction, which is noticed through reduction of the bound state energy. In the same way, the rising of the $\alpha -$parameter implies a larger Chern-Simons mass and a reduction of the repulsive interaction range, determining an increment of the bound state energy. The parameter $l_{\perp }$ acts directly in the coupling constant $e_{3}$: the bigger is $l_{\perp }$, the smaller is gauge coupling, and the smaller the repulsive interaction, favoring again the increase of bound state energy. The parameters $\nu ^{2}$ and $y$ act on the Higgs interaction coupling, in such a way to promote a sensitive raising of the biding energy. In the particular case of Table \[table3\], it is evident a sensitive enhancement in the value of $\xi _{ab}$, a consequence of the isotropic trial function that behaves as $r^{3/2}$ at the origin . This isotropic character results in a non-realistic approximation, since the angular momentum state $l=1$ must exhibit some anisotropy. This observation attributes to the data of Table \[table3\] a more qualitative aspect without invalidating the fundamental result of this section: by means of a suitable fitting of the parameters, it is possible to obtain values of the energy[** **]{}and the correlation length for the pairs $e^{-}e^{-}$ inside a scale usual for some solid state systems.
General Conclusions
===================
The electron-electron interaction potentials, derived from a MCS Electrodynamics with spontaneous symmetry breaking, puts in evidence the physical possibility of electronic pairing and the formation of bound states. This theoretical prediction occurs when the parameters of the model are so chosen that the contribution stemming from the scalar (Higgs) sector overcomes the contribution induced by the gauge boson exchange (always repulsive in the energy scale relevant for the solid state excitations, $\theta \ll m_{e}$). The numerical results, displayed in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\] and \[table3\], reveal the achievement of binding energies in the $meV-$scale, and correlation lengths in the scale $10-30$Å, which is a possible argument in favour of the MCS QED$_{3}$ adopted here to address the electronic pairing process in the realm of some Condensed Matter planar systems, with manifestation of parity-breaking, such as the Hall systems (there are also some references that discuss the nonconservation of parity symmetry in the context of the high-T$_{c}$ superconductors [@Parity-breaking]).
Finally, we must observe that the present MCS model bypasses the difficulties found by several other models [@Kogan], [@Girotti], [@Dobroliubov], [@Groshev] that attempted to obtain $e^{-}e^{-}$ bound states considering only the exchange of vector bosons. The $v^{2}-$values disposed in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], \[table3\] reconfirm the energy scale $\left( 10-100meV\right) $ for the breaking of U(1)-local symmetry obtained in the framework of planar superconductors [@Bound], [@Tese] and in the case of a parity-preserving electronic pairing [@Tese], [@Bound2].
Appendix
========
In this Appendix one presents the spinor algebra $\ so$(1,2) that generates the Dirac spinors, solutions of the Dirac equation in $D=1+2$ $\ $dimensions. The adopted metric is $\eta ^{\mu \nu }=(+,-,-),$ and the Dirac equation is written as:
$$\begin{aligned}
\left( \rlap{\hbox{$\mskip1 mu /$}}p-m\right) u_{+}(p)& =0,
\label{solution1} \\
\left( \rlap{\hbox{$\mskip1 mu /$}}p+m\right) u_{-}(p)& =0,
\label{solution2}\end{aligned}$$ where $u_{+}(p),$ $u_{-}(p)$ stands for the positive energy spinors with polarization “up” and “down” respectively. The solution of the equations (\[solution1\],\[solution2\]) are given by: $$\begin{aligned}
u_{+}(p)& =\frac{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip1 mu /$}}p+m}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}u_{+}(m,\overrightarrow{0}), \\
u_{-}(p)& =\frac{\rlap{\hbox{$\mskip1 mu /$}}p-m}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}u_{+}(m,\overrightarrow{0}),\end{aligned}$$ where $u_{+}(m,\overrightarrow{0})$ and $u_{-}(m,\overrightarrow{0})$ represent an up-electron and down-electron (respectively) in the rest frame: $$u_{+}(m,\overrightarrow{0})=\left[
\begin{array}{c}
1 \\
0
\end{array}
\right] ;\text{ \ \ \ \ \ \ }u_{-}(m,\overrightarrow{0})=\left[
\begin{array}{c}
0 \\
1
\end{array}
\right]$$
In $D=1+2,$ the generators of the group SO(1,2) are given by:
$$\Sigma ^{jl}=\frac{1}{4}[\gamma ^{j,}\gamma ^{l}],$$
where the $\gamma $ matrices must satisfy the $so(1,2)$ algebra $$\lbrack \gamma _{\mu },\gamma _{\nu }]=2i\epsilon _{\mu \nu \alpha }\gamma
^{\alpha },$$ and are taken by: $\gamma ^{\mu }=(\sigma _{z},-i\sigma _{x},i\sigma _{y}).$
Using this convention, the spinors $u_{+}(p),$ $u_{-}(p)$ are written at the form:
$$\begin{aligned}
u_{+}(p)& =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}\left[
\begin{array}{c}
E+m \\
-ip_{x}-p_{y}
\end{array}
\right] ;\overline{u}_{+}(p)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}\left[
\begin{array}{cc}
E+m & -ip_{x}+p_{y}
\end{array}
\right] , \\
u_{-}(p)& =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}\left[
\begin{array}{c}
ip_{x}-p_{y} \\
E+m
\end{array}
\right] ;\overline{u}_{-}(p)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}\left[
\begin{array}{cc}
-ip_{x}-p_{y} & E+m
\end{array}
\right] ,\end{aligned}$$
They obviously satisfy the normalization condition: : $\overline{u}_{+}(p)u_{+}(p)=1$ and $\overline{u}_{-}(p)u_{-}(p)=-1.$
In the center of mass frame, the 3-momenta of the scattered electrons (elastic scattering hypothesis) can be written as:
$$\begin{aligned}
p_{1}& =(E,p,0),\text{ \ \ }p_{1}^{^{\prime }}=(E,p\cos \phi ,p\sin \phi ),
\\
p_{2}& =(E,-p,0),\text{ \ \ }p_{2}^{^{\prime }}=(E,-p\cos \phi ,-p\sin \phi
), \\
k& =\text{\ }p_{1}^{^{\prime }}-p_{1}=(0,p(\cos \phi -1),p\sin \phi ),\end{aligned}$$
where $\phi $ is the angle defined (in relation to the initial direction) by the particles after the scattering.
Adopting this convention, the current terms are evaluated: $$\begin{aligned}
\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{0}}u_{+}(p_{1})\right]
& =\frac{(E+m)^{2}+p^{2}e^{i\theta }}{2m(E+m)}=\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{2}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{0}}u_{+}(p_{2})\right] ;\text{ \ \ \ } \\
\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{1}}u_{+}(p_{1})\right]
& =-\frac{p}{2m}(1+e^{i\theta })=-\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{2}^{^{\prime
}})\gamma _{_{1}}u_{+}(p_{2})\right] ; \\
\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{2}}u_{+}(p_{1})\right]
& =\frac{-ip}{2m}(1-e^{i\theta })=-\left[ \overline{u}_{+}(p_{2}^{^{\prime
}})\gamma _{_{2}}u_{+}(p_{2})\right] ;\end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}
\left[ \text{\ }\overline{u}_{-}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma
_{_{0}}u_{-}(p_{1})\right] & =\frac{(E+m)^{2}+p^{2}e^{-i\theta }}{2m(E+m)}=\left[ \overline{u}_{-}(p_{2}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{0}}u_{-}(p_{2})\right]
; \\
\left[ \overline{u}_{-}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{1}}u_{-}(p_{1})\right]
& =-\frac{p}{2m}(1+e^{-i\theta })=-\left[ \overline{u}_{-}(p_{2}^{^{\prime
}})\gamma _{_{1}}u_{-}(p_{2})\right] ; \\
\left[ \overline{u}_{-}(p_{1}^{^{\prime }})\gamma _{_{2}}u_{-}(p_{1})\right]
& =\frac{ip}{2m}(1-e^{-i\theta })=-\left[ \overline{u}_{-}(p_{2}^{^{\prime
}})\gamma _{_{2}}u_{-}(p_{2})\right]\end{aligned}$$
These current terms were used in the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes in the nonrelativistic approximation: $p^{2}\ll m^{2}.$ Finally, given the correlation between mass and spin [@Binegar], valid in QED$_{3}$, it is reasonable to inquire if the spinor $u_{-}(p)$ does not represent an antiparticle rather than the spin-down particle. This issue is solved in the Appendix of Ref. [@N.Cimento], where one shows that the charge of the spinor $u_{-}(p)\ $is equal to one of the spinor $u_{+}(p).$
[**Acknowledgments:** ]{}
M.M.F. Jr. is grateful to CCP-CBPF for the kind hospitality. J. A. Helayël-Neto expresses his gratitude to CNPq for the invaluable financial help.
J. G. Bednorz and D. E. Müller, Z. Phys. [**B64**]{}, 189 (1986).
K. Chadan, N.N. Khuri, A. Martin and T.T. Wu, Phys. Rev. D [**58**]{}, 025014 (1998).
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Ya.I. Kogan, JETP Lett. [**49**]{}, 225 (1989).
S. Randjbar-Daemi [*et al.*]{}, Nucl. Phys. [**B340**]{}, 403 (1990).
H.O. Girotti [*et al.,*]{} Phys. Rev. Lett. [**69**]{}, 2623 (1992); H.O. Girotti, M. Gomes and A.J. da Silva, Phys. Lett. B [**274**]{}, 357 (1992). C.R. Hagen, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**71**]{}, 202 (1993); H.O. Girotti[* et al.,*]{} Phys. Rev. Lett. [**71**]{}, 203 (1993).
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Y. Georgelin and J.C. Wallet, Phys. Rev. D [**50**]{}, 6610 (1994).
M. Covington [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**79**]{}, 277 (1997); M. Fogelström [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**79**]{}, 281 (1997); R.B. Laughlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**80**]{}, 5188 (1998); B.G. Levi, Phys. Today, november, 20 (1997).
M.A. De Andrade, O.M. Del Cima and J.A. Helayël-Neto, Il Nuovo Cimento [**111**]{}, 1145 (1998).
O.M. Del Cima, D.H.T. Franco, J.A. Helayël-Neto and O. Piguet, Phys. Lett. B [**410**]{}, 250 (1997) and Phys. Lett. B [**416**]{}, 402 (1998).
H. Belich, O.M. Del Cima, M. M. Ferreira Jr and J.A. Helayël-Neto, [*“Electron-electron attractive interaction in Maxwell-Chern-Simons QED*]{}$_{3}$[* at zero temperature”*]{}, Int. J. Modern Phys. [**A16**]{}, 4939 (2001).
H. Christiansen, O.M. Del Cima, M. M. Ferreira Jr. and J.A. Helayël-Neto, [*“Eletronic Bound States in Partity-Preserving QED*]{}$_{3}$[* Applied to High-T*]{}$_{c}$[* Cuprate Superconductors*]{}”, cond-mat/0107155. To appear in Int. J. Mod. Phys. A.
M.M. Ferreira Jr., Ph.D. Thesis: “[*Investigation of Electron-Electron Bound States in the Framework of the QED$_{3}"$*]{}, in portuguese, CBPF-DCP (December 2001)- Rio de Janeiro - Brazil.
H. Belich, O.M. Del Cima, M. M. Ferreira Jr and J.A. Helayël-Neto, [*“Electron-electron States in Parity-Preserving QED*]{}$_{3}$[*”*]{}, hep-th/0204024 work submitted to publication.
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[^1]: [e-mails: belich©cbpf.br, delcima©gft.ucp.br, manojr©cbpf.br, helayel©gft.ucp.br]{}
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
* Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
*
* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
* 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
*
* Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
* for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
* License.
*
* The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code, released
* March 31, 1998.
*
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
* Netscape Communications Corporation.
* Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
* the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Contributor(s):
*
* Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
* either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
* the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
* in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
* of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
* under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
* use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
* decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
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* the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
* the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
*
* ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** */
/**
* File Name: function-003.js
* Description:
*
* http://scopus.mcom.com/bugsplat/show_bug.cgi?id=104766
*
* Author: [email protected]
* Date: 11 August 1998
*/
var SECTION = "toString-001.js";
var VERSION = "JS1_4";
var TITLE = "Regression test case for 104766";
var BUGNUMBER="310514";
startTest();
writeHeaderToLog( SECTION + " "+ TITLE);
new TestCase(
SECTION,
"StripSpaces(Array.prototype.concat.toString()).substring(0,17)",
"functionconcat(){",
StripSpaces(Array.prototype.concat.toString()).substring(0,17));
test();
function StripSpaces( s ) {
for ( var currentChar = 0, strippedString="";
currentChar < s.length; currentChar++ )
{
if (!IsWhiteSpace(s.charAt(currentChar))) {
strippedString += s.charAt(currentChar);
}
}
return strippedString;
}
function IsWhiteSpace( string ) {
var cc = string.charCodeAt(0);
switch (cc) {
case (0x0009):
case (0x000B):
case (0x000C):
case (0x0020):
case (0x000A):
case (0x000D):
case ( 59 ): // let's strip out semicolons, too
return true;
break;
default:
return false;
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Organisms respond to global environmental changes in many ways, including modifications in phenology (e.g. [@PLU061C12]; [@PLU061C39]), decreases in species richness (e.g. [@PLU061C21]) and species abundance (e.g. [@PLU061C17]), and rapid evolution ([@PLU061C43]). Underlying these broad, population and community-level responses are individual demographic traits, which also respond to environmental changes in complex ways ([@PLU061C30]; [@PLU061C27]). For example, using a meta-analysis, [@PLU061C5] showed that larger-scale, across-site responses to nitrogen enrichment were contingent on the smaller scale primary productivity within sites. Top-down effects have also been documented (e.g. [@PLU061C34]), as have complex multidirectional effects across spatial scales (e.g. [@PLU061C4]). Collectively, these studies suggest that research attempting to identify the more comprehensive implications of climate change requires experiments that can explicitly capture effects across spatial scales which are organized by ecologically relevant biological hierarchies (i.e. from individual plant organs, such as a single leaf, to vegetation canopies) ([@PLU061C42]).
A relatively recent review found evidence for a dampening effect at increasing spatiotemporal scales in studies of biotic response to global change ([@PLU061C32]). Specifically, they found that effect size (% deviation from control treatments) shows a negative relationship with the (i) number of treatment factors used in an experiment, (ii) temporal extent of an experiment and (iii) spatial extent of an experiment (Fig. [1](#PLU061F1){ref-type="fig"}A). Effect size is expected to decrease as experimental duration increases, partly due to the widely documented phenomenon of acclimation by the experimental species to the particular treatment simulating global change (e.g. [@PLU061C45]; [@PLU061C35]; [@PLU061C50]; [@PLU061C61]). Alternatively, an increase in treatment complexity and spatial extent of an experiment can increase the number of factors modifying a response to simulated or natural global change. These additional factors render cause--effect relationships less immediate. This may largely be due to attenuation of effect sizes through antagonistic responses (i.e. [@PLU061C33]; [@PLU061C10]). For example, although several factors might be involved in driving a response of a leaf to an experimental treatment (e.g. herbivore presence, light availability, etc.), the effect size of a leaf-level response such as leaf N content is modified primarily by chemical processes occurring inside of a single leaf or stem (e.g. [@PLU061C49]). As higher spatiotemporal levels are considered, the number of factors that play a role in modifying the effect size of a response must increase. This is because each level of organization will include at least the factors driving the response at lower levels (e.g. [@PLU061C7]), in addition to those factors only present at higher levels. For example, the factors that modify effect size of a tree-level response include leaf-level phytochemicals and herbivores, as well as soil properties, plant--plant and plant--atmosphere interactions (e.g. [@PLU061C52]). In contrast, factors that modify effect size of a leaf-level response only include those relevant at the leaf level, namely the first two (photochemicals and herbivores). Since an increase in the number and diversity of factors in a system is generally considered to increase ecological complexity (e.g. [@PLU061C44]), this could lead to a dilution of effect size with increasing spatial perspective, as described above. Figure 1.Expectations for the effect of global change treatments (A) and the interaction of global change treatments and invasion (B) on effect size of responses across spatial extents.
Here, I describe a single experiment in which the effects of two factors associated with global change (nitrate addition and elevated temperature) are assessed at different levels of spatial organization: at the leaf level, at the plant level and at the community level. This experiment allowed me to explore the general relationship between spatial scale and vegetation response to global change treatments. Moreover, an additional treatment, simulated invasion through the introduction of a previously absent plant species into experimental plots, allowed me to assess if increasing ecological complexity serves to extend the distance (as defined above) between treatment and response, thereby dampening the effect size of a global change treatment.
I expected to find a negative relationship between effect size and the spatial scale at which the treatment response was assessed ([@PLU061C32]; Fig. [1](#PLU061F1){ref-type="fig"}A). The interaction of experimental invasion with warming and elevated nitrogen, however, was expected to have a less straightforward effect. First, because invasion can cause direct and indirect effects (thereby increasing ecological complexity) across all levels of biological organization ([@PLU061C59]), the presence of the invasion treatment was expected to reduce effect size across all spatial extents. Second, I expected the slope of the relationship between spatial extent and effect size to become less steep in the presence of invasion. A meta-analysis by [@PLU061C57] suggests that the effects of invaders are larger at lower levels of ecological organization compared with those at higher levels of ecological organization. A larger absolute effect of invasion at these lower levels suggests a bigger disparity in effect size at the leaf and plant level compared with the community and ecosystem level (Fig. [1](#PLU061F1){ref-type="fig"}B).
Methods {#s2}
=======
Experiment {#s2a}
----------
This study was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in a 1.6-hectare-old field at Tall Timbers Research Station (30°39′06.37″N, 84°14′58.30″W), just south of the Florida--Georgia border (last used for agriculture ca. 150 years ago). There is a diverse native plant community in the field, dominated by grasses and legumes, and it is surrounded on all sides by a mixed loblolly shortleaf pine forest. The field was disked annually, and the soil type is a slightly acidic sandy loam (pH ranges from 5.2 to 6.0). Precipitation at the site averages 100 cm per year, and the average annual air temperature is 20 °C.
The experiment was nested within a larger design and is a randomized complete block split-plot design with three main factors: nitrogen addition, warming and experimental invasion, for a total of eight treatment combinations. To minimize leaching of nitrogen between sub-plots, the plots were arranged in a split-plot design, with nitrogen treatments applied to blocks comprising eight plots. Each block of treatments was replicated five times, for a total of 40 plots. Each plot was 4 m^2^, but measurements were only collected from the center 1 m^2^ as a precaution against edge effects. Plots were separated by 1 m, and rows between plots were mowed annually.
### Nitrogen {#s2a1}
Six applications of equal amounts of sodium nitrate (NaNO~3~) were applied during the growing season (April--September) in 2011 and 2012, 5 cm below the soil surface of treatment plots to give a total amount of 4 N g m^−2^ per year. This amount was based on projected dry + wet nitrogen deposition rates for northern Florida ([@PLU061C26]), and exists on the more extreme edge of expected increases in deposition ([@PLU061C40]). Each application was followed by the application of 800 mL of water to flush the nitrogen below the soil surface. The nitrogen treatment significantly increased foliar nitrogen of experimental plants (see [@PLU061C19]). Plots not receiving nitrogen received comparable amounts of water.
### Warming {#s2a2}
Warming was applied to experimental plots by erecting open-top hexagonal chambers constructed of a wooden frame (2.54 × 5 cm boards of pressure treated YellaWood^®^) wrapped with 4 mm clear polyethylene plastic sheeting ([@PLU061C37]) in August 2011. The base of the chamber was 2.4 × 2 m and the top of the chamber was 1.7 × 0.8 m. Each panel was 0.6 m tall. Due to uneven microtopography, the chambers sat ∼3 cm off the ground, allowing for air circulation beneath the base of the greenhouses ([@PLU061C22]) and the unimpeded movement of ground dwelling insects into and out of the warmed plots. The chambers increased the average ambient temperature by 2.5 °C ([@PLU061C19]), and on average, chambers increased night temperatures 25 % more than they increased day temperatures. The chambers were left in the field for the full year of the experiment.
### Invasion treatment {#s2a3}
Invasion was simulated by experimentally introducing adult (\>1-year old) individuals of the perennial composite *Pityopsis aspera* Shuttlw. Ex Small (Asteraceae) into experimental plots in August 2011. The goldenaster, commonly known as pineland silkgrass, is an herbaceous dicot common in xeric sandhill habitats ([@PLU061C38]) in northern Florida and south Georgia. It is self-incompatible ([@PLU061C3]), reproducing both vegetatively and sexually. *Pityopsis aspera* was used as an experimental invader because it typically occurs in the understorey of surrounding forests and, therefore, could be reasonably expected to colonize the old field through the range filling as a response to a changing climate. The experimental old field is within the range of *P. aspera*, which occurs in north Florida, but is devoid of *P. aspera* individuals. *Pityopsis aspera* individuals were planted at a density of 20 per plot (10 individuals in the center 1 m^2^ of the plot and 10 in the periphery of the 4 m^2^ plot). Twenty holes were excavated and refilled in all plots that did not receive transplants, to simulate disturbance due to transplanting.
Measurements {#s2b}
------------
Responses to the experimental treatments were assigned to the spatial level at which they are mostly relevant. All leaf- and plant-level measurements were taken from *Ambrosia artemisiifolia* L. (annual ragweed), an abundant native annual composite that was naturally found in all of the experimental plots. This cosmopolitan species emerges in late spring, can grow to a substantial height (∼1 m) and produces copious windborne pollen, contributing to its weedy status outside of the USA ([@PLU061C18]). This species has been shown to respond favorably to nitrogen addition (e.g. [@PLU061C31]) and warming (e.g. [@PLU061C13]).
Response variables were organized from small to large based on three predictions. First, I used common hierarchical organizational approaches where larger scale factors are composed of a collection of smaller scale factors (e.g. [@PLU061C1]; [@PLU061C8]). Second, I assumed that larger scale factors would be involved in more intraspecific and interspecific interactions ([@PLU061C6]). Third, I assumed that changes in larger scale factors would take more time than changes in smaller scale factors (e.g. [@PLU061C60]).
At the leaf level, I measured relative water content (RWC) and leaf toughness were measured. Foliar RWC can be related to both water availability and stomatal function ([@PLU061C36]), both of which can be modified directly and indirectly by factors associated with climate change. Relative water content was measured using rapid estimate procedures modified from [@PLU061C54]. In June 2012, three leaves were collected at random from two randomly chosen *A. artemisiifolia* individuals in each plot. The leaves were wrapped in plastic wrap and placed in a dark container until weighing. Samples were first weighed to determine fresh weight (FW), and were then reweighed to determine turgid weight (TW) after being immersed in deionized water for 3 h in a dark fridge. Finally, the samples were blotted to dryness and placed in an oven at 85 °C for 24 h and then reweighed for dry weight (DW):
$${RWC} = \frac{{FW} - {DW}}{{TW} - {DW}}$$
Relative water content values for leaves in each plot were averaged for a single plot RWC value.
I also measured leaf toughness in June 2012 to assess treatment effects at the lowest spatial scale. Leaf toughness can be related to plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses ([@PLU061C48]; [@PLU061C11]) and can play a role in driving plant tolerance to changing environmental factors ([@PLU061C46]). In June 2012, I collected the top two leaves from two randomly chosen *A. artemisiifolia* individuals in each plot. Leaf toughness was calculated by measuring the weight of sand necessary to puncture a hole through the center of a single leaf ([@PLU061C15]). Leaf toughness values were averaged among the four leaves collected per plot.
For plant-level response, I measured plant height, which is strongly correlated with the above-ground plant biomass and other important traits ([@PLU061C14]), and is an important component of response to environmental variation. In June 2012, the height of the three largest (generally not yet flowering) individuals of *A. artemisiifolia* was measured to the nearest centimetre in each plot. For community-level response, I measured species diversity and functional diversity of the plant community visually in each plot in August 2012, when most species are at peak biomass. Species diversity was quantified by visually counting the unique number of plant species in each plot. Functional groups were chosen to match the types of plant groups that drive succession in abandoned fields. For example, old fields are generally dominated by graminoids, legumes and annual herbs. As succession progresses, perennial herbs, vines and woody species tend to be dominant ([@PLU061C25]). Plants were therefore divided into functional groups based on a combination of lifespan, nitrogen-fixing capability, amount of woody materials and growth form. Functional groups included in this analysis were perennial and annual herbs, legumes, graminoids, woody plants and vines.
Due to the breadth of response variables included in this study, variation in measurement precision was likely not similar across the data set. Measurement error was expected to be higher in leaf and plant variables compared with numerical community variables, and these errors could have propagated into effect size estimation ([@PLU061C16]; see below). Despite these limitations, the data presented are still useful for exploring concepts related to the role of spatial scale in modifying response to factors associated with global change.
Analysis {#s2c}
--------
Using MetaWin ([@PLU061C51]), I used the log response ratio (ln *R*) as my estimate of effect size for all measured responses, calculated as
$$\ln\, R = \ln\left( \frac{X^{E}}{X^{C}} \right)$$ where *X*^E^ and *X*^C^ are means of the experimental and control groups, respectively. I used the log response ratio as this metric can reduce the effect of plant size across scales on our response variables ([@PLU061C23]).
I was interested in exploring if spatial scale and the presence of invasion contributed to differences in response variables; however, due to small sample sizes (replicates were 'taken up' by calculating effect sizes), this analysis on the effect sizes themselves was descriptive. Additionally, I used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the main and interactive effects of invasion (absence and presence) and spatial scale (leaf, plant and community) on response variables (*n* = 5 for each response) overall, as well as for each of the main treatments (nitrogen addition and warming). Patterns detected in this analysis could suggest dynamics describing the relationship between effect size and the spatial scale of observation and perhaps encourage further investigations. All analyses were conducted in R (version 2.15.1, [@PLU061C47]).
Results {#s3}
=======
Relative water content was mostly unaffected by the treatments (Table [1](#PLU061TB1){ref-type="table"}), although the nitrogen + warming interaction reduced RWC in the leaves of *Ambrosia artemisiifolia* relative to the control plots. Warming and nitrogen as main effects increased leaf toughness in the absence of invasion, but the pattern was reversed in the presence of invasion (Table [1](#PLU061TB1){ref-type="table"}). Height of *A. artemisiifolia* was maintained or reduced in response to all treatment main effects, but was slightly increased in the presence of the nitrogen + warming + invasion treatment. At the community level, both functional and species richness were relatively low across all plots and, unexpectedly, were generally unaffected by all experimental treatments (Table [1](#PLU061TB1){ref-type="table"}). Analysis of variance results suggest that, overall, the effect of global change treatments changed with spatial scale (*F*~2,\ 24~ = 7.67, *P* = 0.003). The interaction between experimental invasion and spatial scale also contributed to differences in effect size overall (*F*~2,\ 24~ = 4.71, *P* = 0.02). Table 1.Means and (SD) of all responses, across treatments.RWC (%)Leaf toughness (g)Height (cm)Functional richness (\#)Species richness (\#)Control Invasion absent47.0 (8.5)80.6 (9.8)99.3 (11.5)4.8 (1.0)9.4 (2.9) Invasion present47.0 (7.7)79.9 (10.3)103.5 (14.9)4.8 (0.7)9.1 (2.9)Nitrogen Invasion absent50.0 (4.9)90.6 (30.3)99.8 (15.5)5.1 (0.9)10.8 (4.1) Invasion present47.0 (4.9)66.8 (10.6)96.5 (18.6)5.5 (0.5)11.1 (2.8)Warming Invasion absent46.0 (9.1)86.6 (12.6)97.6 (10.1)5.4 (0.5)10.3 (2.3) Invasion present46.0 (6.9)68.5 (19.7)102.8 (12.6)5.0 (0.8)12.2 (2.1)Nitrogen + warming Invasion absent42.0 (7.6)76.8 (24.9)102.4 (13.2)5.3 (0.7)10.5 (2.8) Invasion present44.0 (6.8)73.2 (6.6)99.1 (15.2)5.1 (0.7)10.3 (2.4)
Nitrogen {#s3a}
--------
Variance associated with effect size was larger in the absence of invasion (Fig. [2](#PLU061F2){ref-type="fig"}A). Spatial scale contributed to differences in effect size in the presence of nitrogen (*F*~2,12~ = 6.02, *P* = 0.01). In the presence of invasion, there appeared to be a positive relationship between spatial scale and effect size of nitrogen addition. However, there was no main effect of invasion on effect size (*F*~1,12~ = 3.48, *P* = 0.08), and no interactive effect of spatial scale and invasion (*F*~2,12~ = 2.52, *P* = 0.11). Figure 2.Effect sizes and effect size variance for global change treatments in the absence (empty points, solid line) and presence (filled points, dotted line) of the invasion treatment: (A) nitrogen only, (B) warming only and (C) nitrogen and warming. Loess splines are included to highlight relationships. The order of response variables across the *x*-axis is: RWC and leaf toughness (leaf level); height (plant level); species richness and functional richness (community level).
Warming {#s3b}
-------
Patterns of effect size across spatial scales in the presence and absence of invasion and warming were almost identical to those identified for the nitrogen treatment (Fig. [2](#PLU061F2){ref-type="fig"}B). Analysis of variance results for plots exposed to warming showed that there was also no significant main effect of spatial scale (*F*~2,12~ = 3.05, *P* = 0.07) or invasion (*F*~1,12~ = 1.65, *P* = 0.21) on effect size. There was also no significant interaction between the two factors (*F*~2,12~ = 2.05, *P* = 0.16).
Nitrogen + warming {#s3c}
------------------
The nitrogen + warming effect sizes displayed the most similar effect sizes across spatial scales. The shallow, positive relationships between effect size and spatial scale in the absence and presence of invasion were not significant (Fig. [2](#PLU061F2){ref-type="fig"}C).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Although scale effects are common ([@PLU061C62]) and play an important role in driving ecological dynamics (e.g. [@PLU061C58]), experiments that attempt to directly assess the relationship between the ecological response to changing environmental factors and spatial scale are uncommon. Understanding the role of spatial scale in driving ecological dynamics is necessary for developing a conceptual framework in which to consider biological response to a changing environment (e.g. [@PLU061C28]). Although I am aware that the interpretation of the data depends on how the treatment responses are defined on the spatial scale, my experimental approach facilitated an exploration of how the spatial scale of response can contribute to different effect sizes of nitrogen addition and warming. Also, over time, response patterns may change, but including the temporal component was beyond the scope of this study. In the following, I concentrate on the effect of spatial scales on plant responses. Further, I look at the role of invasion in modifying scale effects and how effect sizes are impacted by single versus combined treatment effects.
In the presence of invasion overall, I found a trend of increasing effect size with increasing spatial scale. Although these results correspond with observations recorded in other studies ([@PLU061C55]; [@PLU061C5]; [@PLU061C41]), they do not support initial hypotheses (Fig. [1](#PLU061F1){ref-type="fig"}). A possible explanation is that my original hypotheses were partly predicated on the assumption that response rates at small scales are faster than those occurring at larger scales ([@PLU061C24]). A larger effect might then be expected at smaller spatial scales for short-term experiments (like the one described in this paper). However, it is possible that a single year of exposure to experimental treatment was not adequate time for responses at all spatial scales to occur. Moreover, if smaller scale responses occurred immediately after treatment application, then acclimation could have occurred at these smaller scales by the time data collection occurred, dampening the presumed effect of treatments.
A seeming absence of a contribution from spatial scale or the presence of an invader on responses from plants exposed to the nitrogen + warming treatment was also surprising. The interaction between temperature and nitrogen deposition has been shown to significantly affect plants and plant communities (e.g. [@PLU061C29]). Increasing the number of treatments simulates increasing environmental heterogeneity, subsequently affecting resilience across a system through portfolio effects ([@PLU061C53]). It is possible that increased resilience reduced the magnitude of response across spatial scales, diluting the effect size--spatial scale relationships. However, the trend of lower effect sizes in the combined treatment plots versus the single treatment plots could be confirmed by this study: generally, effect sizes were larger under warming and nitrogen alone than under its combination.
Interestingly, I found that invasion played a role in modifying the relationship between spatial scale and effect size overall. I expected that as the number of relevant processes contributing to an ultimate response across spatial scales increases, the ecological 'distance' between cause and effect would expand, subsequently modifying the relationship between effect size and spatial scale. My observation could be due to emergent effects ([@PLU061C9]), which are often responsible for invaders having a larger effect on native plants in the presence of resource addition (e.g. [@PLU061C20]).
Conclusions {#s5}
===========
Studies that explicitly explore scale effects are of primary importance to understanding the underlying ecological processes driving large-scale responses. However, most studies that include spatial scale do so indirectly (e.g. [@PLU061C56]). Results of this study, although exploratory, do suggest that spatial scales play a role in modifying effect sizes of climate change response in plants. Although I found signals of scale effects in response to experimental treatments overall, these signals can be context dependent ([@PLU061C8]), and perhaps a different type of treatment (elevated CO~2~, for example) may elicit different relationships. Clearly, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions from a single case study, as only a small number of species and treatment effects are involved. The detection of overarching scaling effects often requires a large number of studies in order to obtain a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. Nevertheless, I argue that it is important to use single case studies to verify the effects of spatial (and temporal) scaling. Such efforts have become more common recently ([@PLU061C24]), and it must become a more regular part of experimental research in order to develop our understanding of the complex relationships driving ecological patterns.
Sources of Funding {#s6}
==================
Funding was provided by Tall Timbers Research Station, T. E. Miller and Florida State University.
Contributions by the Authors {#s7}
============================
E.S.G. executed the experiment, collected and analysed all data and wrote the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest Statement {#s8}
===============================
None declared.
This manuscript benefited from several conversations with S. Leuzinger. Two anonymous reviewers also provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.
[^1]: Guest Editor: Sebastian Leuzinger
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a distribution wiring harness for connection to an electrical receptacle, and, more particularly, to a connector terminal for such a distribution wiring harness.
2. Description of the Related Art
A modular wall panel assembly, also known as a partition or divider, is used in an office environment to define and separate work stations for individual workers. Such a wall panel assembly typically includes a wall panel with a wireway located at the bottom of the wall panel. The wireway is used to carry an electrical distribution harness which connects with an electrical distribution harness in an adjacent wall panel assembly. Electrical power may thus be distributed to the individual work stations through the electrical harness assemblies located in the modular wall panel assemblies.
A distribution wiring harness includes connector terminals each having at least one connector or contact which plugs into a respective mating connector or contact of an electrical receptacle, such as the electrical receptacle disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,714. Insulated electrical wires within the distribution harness are crimped or soldered to respective connector terminals. Thus, each connector terminal electrically interconnects a wire to a selected connector or contact of the electrical receptacle.
A problem is that the process of crimping or soldering the insulated electrical wires to the connector terminals is labor and/or capital intensive. Another problem is that once the crimping and/or soldering of the wires has been performed, the wires cannot be easily decoupled from the connector terminals.
What is needed in the art is an easier and less expensive method of attaching a wire to a connector terminal to thereby electrically connect the wire to an electrical receptacle. What is further needed in the art is a method of attaching a wire to a connector terminal such that the wire can be easily decoupled from the connector terminal if desired. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
C4H5N
{{DISPLAYTITLE:C4H5N}}
The molecular formula C4H5N may refer to:
Allyl cyanide
Methacrylonitrile
Pyrrole
Cyclopropyl cyanide | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MAR 21 2000
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
ERNEST DEAN SANDERS,
Petitioner - Appellant,
vs. No. 99-6398
(D.C. No. CIV-99-809-C)
JAMES SAFFLE, (W.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. **
Mr. Sanders, an inmate appearing pro se, seeks to appeal from the denial of
his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition. Mr. Sanders is incarcerated in an Oklahoma
correctional facility on a conviction for larceny of merchandise from a retailer
after former conviction of two or more felonies, for which he was sentenced to
forty years imprisonment. On December 29, 1995, he escaped from the control of
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1 (G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
the Oklahoma Department of Corrections (ODOC), but was returned to prison on
January 22, 1996. At the time of his escape, Mr. Sanders had accrued 5,446
earned credits, but after a disciplinary hearing at which he was found guilty of
escape, he lost all of these credits.
In January 1999, Mr. Sanders requested that his credits be restored under
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 57 § 138(A) (“statute”), which provides: “Lost credits may be
restored by the warden or superintendent upon approval of the classification
committee.” He was informed that Department of Corrections Policy OP-060211
(“policy”) did not allow for the restoration of lost time credits to medium security
inmates or inmates with an escape misconduct. Mr. Sanders’ application for
relief was denied by the state district court and affirmed by the Oklahoma Court
of Criminal Appeals.
On federal habeas, the state moved to dismiss the petition as time barred.
The magistrate judge denied the motion to dismiss but recommended ruling
against Mr. Sanders on the merits. The district court adopted the recommendation
and denied petitioner a certificate of appealability and in forma pauperis status on
appeal.
Mr. Sanders does not challenge the authority of the ODOC to take away his
earned credits based on his escape. Rather, he challenges the decision not to
restore the credits upon his request in 1999. Mr. Sanders first argues that the
-2-
statute and the policy are in open conflict, and therefore, the policy is
constitutionally invalid. This argument is without merit. The statute is not
mandatory or exclusive; the warden “may” restore lost credits based upon
whatever further requirements the ODOC may care to apply. The policy provides
these further requirements:
the facility/district head may grant restoration of lost
earned credit under the following conditions: . . .
(3) No restoration of any [earned credit] to inmates
with any of the following serious class X
misconducts . . . 16-1 [Escape misconduct]
(4) No restoration to inmates assigned to maximum
and medium security.
R. doc. 11, attachment to Ex. A (Rabon aff.). Therefore, Mr. Sanders’
inconsistency argument must fail. 1
Second, Mr. Sanders alleges a violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause
because the policy did not become effective until well after his 1983 conviction.
As noted above, Mr. Sanders is not challenging the loss of his credits in 1995; he
only challenges the refusal to restore them in 1999. The policy was already in
force in 1999 (under either Oklahoma’s asserted effective date of April 7, 1995 or
Mr. Sanders’ alleged date of May 1, 1998), and, therefore, its application did not
violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. See Lynce v. Mathis, 519 U.S. 433, 441 (1997)
1
Mr. Sanders contends that he is “minimum security eligible,” but does not
dispute the escape misconduct.
-3-
(“To fall within the ex post facto clause, a law must be retrospective – that is ‘it
must apply to events occurring before its enactment’. . . .”) (citation omitted).
Finally, Mr. Sanders alleges violations of equal protection because “prior to
the DOC enactment of OP-060211 . . . , Oklahoma prison inmates at maximum,
medium and minimum security Oklahoma prison facilities, similar (if not
identical) situated as Mr. Sanders herein . . . were being restored lost earned
credits by the Wardens or superintendents . . . .” Pet. Br. (Form A-16) at 2a.
However, the policy of the ODOC in regard to inmates prior to the passage of the
policy is not relevant for purposes of equal protection because those inmates are
not “similarly situated” to petitioner. In order to show an equal protection
violation, Mr. Sanders would have to allege that medium security inmates with an
escape misconduct had their lost credits restored after the effective date of the
policy. He has failed to do so, and his equal protection claim must fail.
We DENY a certificate of appealability, DENY the motion to proceed in
forma pauperis, and DISMISS the appeal.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
-4-
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Ghost Recon? Rainbow Six?
For quite some time now, Ubisoft has used Ghost Recon Wildlands as a vessel for the announcement of an announcement. A few months back, Wildlands was updated to receive teasers about a mysterious corporation called Skell Technology. Through some sleuthing, people figured out a login and password combination to access the video that's embedded above -- an overview on Skell's drone division.
It's all seemingly coming to a head next week. The newest development is an invitation to a fictional event called "Skell Con" that's set to take place on May 9 at 11:30am Pacific. The expectation is that it'll be a game reveal for something that falls under the Tom Clancy umbrella. The leading theory is that this will be a Ghost Recon title, but it could also be Rainbow Six or something entirely new.
One thing is pretty much certain: All these helpful drones are almost definitely going to be used nefariously. We know the enemy (probably), and it's just six more days until we know the game (probably).
Ghost Recon teaser suggests we'll see a new Tom Clancy game announced May 9 [PCGamesN] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
2018–19 Coppa Italia
The 2018–19 Coppa Italia, also known as TIM Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 72nd edition of the national cup in Italian football.
Juventus were the defending champions having won the last four editions, but were eliminated by Atalanta in the quarter-finals.
Lazio won the competition by defeating Atalanta 2–0 in the final, winning their seventh title overall.
Participating teams
Serie A (20 teams)
Atalanta
Bologna
Cagliari
Chievo
Empoli
Fiorentina
Frosinone
Genoa
Internazionale
Juventus
Lazio
Milan
Napoli
Parma
Roma
Sampdoria
Sassuolo
SPAL
Torino
Udinese
Serie B (19 teams)
Ascoli
Benevento
Brescia
Carpi
Cittadella
Cosenza
Cremonese
Crotone
Foggia
Hellas Verona
Lecce
Livorno
Padova
Palermo
Perugia
Pescara
Salernitana
Spezia
Venezia
Serie C (30 teams)
AlbinoLeffe
Alessandria
Carrarese
Casertana
Catania
FeralpiSalò
Giana Erminio
Juve Stabia
Monopoli
Monza
Novara
Piacenza
Pisa
Pistoiese
Pontedera
Pordenone
Pro Vercelli
Renate
Rende
Sambenedettese
Sicula Leonzio
Siena
Südtirol
Ternana
Trapani
Triestina
Vicenza Virtus
Virtus Entella
Virtus Francavilla
Viterbese
Serie D (9 teams)
Albalonga
Campodarsego
Chieri
Como
Imolese
Matelica
Picerno
Rezzato
Unione Sanremo
Format and seeding
Teams enter the competition at various stages, as follows:
First phase (one-legged fixtures)
First round: 27 teams from Serie C and the 9 Serie D teams start the tournament
Second round: the 18 winners from the previous round are joined by the 19 Serie B teams and 3 teams from Serie C
Third round: the 20 winners from the second round meet the 12 Serie A sides seeded 9-20
Fourth round: the 16 winners face each other
Second phase
Round of 16 (one-legged): the 8 fourth round winners are inserted into a bracket with the Serie A clubs seeded 1-8
Quarter-finals (one-legged)
Semi-finals (two-legged)
Final (one-legged)
Round dates
The schedule of each round was as follows:
First stage
First round
A total of 36 teams from Serie C and Serie D competed in this round, 18 of which advanced to second round. The first round matches were played on 28 and 29 July 2018.
Second round
A total of 40 teams from Serie B and Serie C and Serie D competed in the second round, 20 of which advanced to join 12 teams from Serie A in the third round. The second round matches were played on 4, 5 and 7 August 2018.
Third round
A total of 32 teams from Serie A, Serie B and Serie C competed in the third round, 16 of which advanced to the fourth round. The third round matches were played on 11 and 12 August 2018.
Fourth round
A total of 16 teams from Serie A, Serie B and Serie C will compete in the fourth round, 8 of which will advance to the round of 16. The fourth round matches will be played on 4, 5 and 6 December 2018. All times are CET (UTC+1).
Final stage
Bracket
{{16TeamBracket-2leggedSF
| RD1=Round of 16
| RD2=Quarter-finals
| RD3=Semi-finals
| RD4=Final
| group1=
| group2=
| group3=
| subgroup1=
| subgroup2=
| subgroup3=
| subgroup4=
| team-width=85
| score-width=40
| RD1-seed01=
| RD1-team01= Torino (1)
| RD1-score01= 0
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02= Fiorentina (1)
| RD1-score02= 2
| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03= Roma (1)
| RD1-score03= 4
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04= Virtus Entella (3)
| RD1-score04= 0
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05= Cagliari (1)
| RD1-score05= 0
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06= Atalanta (1)
| RD1-score06= 2
| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07= Bologna (1)
| RD1-score07= 0
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08= Juventus (1)
| RD1-score08= 2
| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09= Internazionale (1)
| RD1-score09= 6
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10= Benevento (2)
| RD1-score10= 2
| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11= Lazio (1)
| RD1-score11= 4
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12= Novara (3)
| RD1-score12= 1
| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13= Sampdoria (1)
| RD1-score13= 0
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14= Milan (1)
| RD1-score14= 2
| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15= Napoli (1)
| RD1-score15= 2
| RD1-seed16=
| RD1-team16= Sassuolo (1)
| RD1-score16= 0
| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01= Fiorentina
| RD2-score01= 7
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02= Roma
| RD2-score02= 1
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03= Atalanta
| RD2-score03= 3
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04= Juventus
| RD2-score04= 0
| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05= Internazionale
| RD2-score05=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06= '''
Round of 16
Round of 16 matches were played from 12–14 January 2019. All times are CET (UTC+1).
Quarter-finals
Quarter-final matches were played from 29–31 January 2019. All times are CET (UTC+1).
Semi-finals
The first legs of the semi-finals were played on 26 and 27 February and the second legs on 24 and 25 April 2019. First-leg times are CET (UTC+1), and second-leg times are CEST (UTC+2).
First leg
Second leg
Final
Top goalscorers
Notes
References
2018-19
Coppa Italia
Italy | {
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Clinical manifestations of tardive truncal dystonia--abdominal movements: report of two cases.
A variety of involuntary abdominal movements may result from peripheral insults or have a central origin. However, the spectrum of differential diagnoses can be broadened by this report of two patients whose involuntary abdominal movements were related to chronic use of haloperidol or sulpiride. Electromyographic studies revealed two patterns of muscle activity in these two patients. The first patient showed long-duration bursts of the thoracic and lumbar paraspinal muscles, causing repetitive backward tilting of the pelvis and downward shifting of the umbilicus. The second patient showed persistent contraction of the rectus and the external oblique abdominal muscles, causing sustained retraction of the abdominal wall and episodic jerking. Both patients improved dramatically after treatment with reserpine. We conclude that electromyographic study is useful in identifying truncal dystonia and abdominal dystonia, two variants of tardive syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
DETROIT (Reuters) - The United Auto Workers (UAW) said that its members will go on strike against General Motors Co as of Sunday evening, after a lack of progress in contract talks on key issues from wages to health care benefits, temporary employees, job security and profit sharing.
“We do not take this lightly,” Terry Dittes, the UAW vice president in charge of the union’s relationship with GM, said at a press conference in downtown Detroit. “This is our last resort.” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Long-term Outcome of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Unclassified in Children.
To document the frequency at diagnosis and evolution over time of inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified in children. Analysis of case records (2004-2011) of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified following upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy, ileocolonoscopy and small bowel imaging. Any subsequent diagnostic reclassification by 2016 was recorded. 344 children diagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease: 58% Crohn's disease, 34.5% ulcerative colitis, and 7.5% (n=26) inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified. 25/26 inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified patients were followed for 4.5-11.5 years. 17 of these patients needed endoscopic re-evaluation leading to changed diagnosis in ten (Crohn's disease 7, ulcerative colitis 3). 7.5% (25/344) of inflammatory bowel disease children had inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified at diagnosis; 10 (40%) evolved into Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Klamath-Trinity Joint Unified School District
Klamath Trinity Joint Unified Joint School District is a public school district based in Humboldt County, California, United States.
External links
Category:School districts in Humboldt County, California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Rival 100 optical gaming mouse brings unmatched performance to PC and Mac gaming, armed with illumination, a best in class sensor, and six programmable buttons at the best price.
FORGED IN ESPORTS, DESIGNED FOR ALL
Whether this is your first gaming mouse, or you're already topping the leaderboards, the Rival 100 is the gaming mouse for you. Equipped with Prism RGB illumination, six buttons, an ergonomic design, and unmatched performance – we sacrificed nothing. The Rival 100 is the only fully-equipped gaming mouse in its class.
REFINED BY THE PROS
Professional gamers depend on their gear’s tracking accuracy to perform those amazing super-human, reflex plays. To ensure the Rival 100 met their rigorous standards, we ask the pros themselves. Working hand-in-hand with our sponsored teams, the Rival 100 has been designed and refined for eSports.
TOURNAMENT-READY
For the past year, SteelSeries has been working with the sensor manufacturer PixArt to create an optimized sensor solution that would allow our mouse to do everything that our community of professional gamers and streamers want and need.
3059-SS CUSTOM SENSOR
At the heart of the Rival 100 lies the custom-engineered 3059-SS optical gaming sensor with 8 CPI steps up to 4000, 143 IPS, and 20g acceleration. The enhancements made to create this new sensor provide gamers with the most accurate, 1:1 optical tracking experience for any mouse under $50.
OPTIMIZED LIFT OFF DISTANCE
Unlike gaming mice that have to reduce tracking performance to achieve a lower lift off distance, Rival 100 sacrifices nothing by offering the best tracking accuracy paired with an optimal low lift off distance.
ZERO HARDWARE ACCELERATION
On-board zero hardware acceleration means there is no acceleration in the properties of the sensor of the Rival 100. Regardless of how fast you move the mouse it will always reach the same point – it’s registering the physical distance the same - not the pace at which the mouse was moved.
PERFORMANCE CUSTOMIZATION
With SteelSeries Engine, gamers can take full control over the Rival 100's performance. Customize and remap all 6 buttons, adjust the optical sensor's CPI, customize the illumination with over 16 million options, and create personalized configurations for your favorite games that auto-deploy when the game is launched.
GameSense is a part of the new generation of peripherals, delivering real-time, in-game actions. Users can create illumination settings that directly reflect in-game actions as they happen.
UNIVERSAL DESIGN
While other mice have forced ergonomics, the Rival 100 was designed with all players in mind. Regardless of what game you play or your grip style, the universal design of the Rival 100 makes it the most comfortable gaming mouse in its class.
SCULPTED SIDE GRIPS
The durable textured side grips on both sides of the mouse provide maximum comfort so you never lose control in the heat of battle.
ERGONOMIC FOR ALL
The ergonomic, right-handed shape and 6-button layout were designed to work comfortably with any and all grip styles. | {
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Double Digit Growth For GMO-Free Food in Italy
Sales of GMO-free products in Italy have seen double digit growth in 2015, making it the most dynamic segment of the otherwise stagnant food retail sector.
Sales of gluten-free products were also up 50 per cent, while Italians bought 20 per cent more organic food last year.
According to Italian farmers’ association Coldiretti, these figures are due consumers giving increased the attention to wellness, fitness and health, as well as the growing prevalence of food intolerances.
It also found that 70 per cent of Italians are willing to pay more for "fully natural" food, while 65 per cent would pay more for guaranteed GMO-free food, and 62 per cent would pay a premium for organic products.
Purchases of organic products have seen a record increase of 20 per cent, with more than one out of three Italian consumers claiming to buy organic or natural foods.
Italy has the largest number of organic farmers in Europe according to an analysis by Coldiretti based on Sinab data, with 49,070 organic enterprises currently in operation. | {
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Q:
Best practice for running SQL Server reporting services. Should I run on the database or web server?
I am configuring a new environment to run several intranet web applications. I have 2 servers, one will be the SQL Server 2008 server, and the other will be the IIS server. I also need to install SQL Server Reporting Services. I am not sure whether it would be better to run reporting services on the database server, or web server. Is there a best practice for this situation?
A:
Depends...
The reporting services rendering is fairly processor intensive so you need to keep that in mind. Typically if I'm designing a system with heavy load or throughput requirements I place the reporting services instance on its own server. The best practice is really dependent on the complexity of your system.
If a third server is not an option and the two servers you already have are similarly speced I would probably place it on the one with the lowest processor load. If you place the reporting server on the web server make sure that Reporting services uses your dedicated database server for the reporting services meta-data so that you don't have to install the RDBMS on both machines.
You need to keep in mind that if you don't place the reporting server on the same box as SQL server you will need another SQL Server license. The product is only "free" if it is installed on the same machine as SQL.
| {
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Q:
horizontal scrollbar is added to my website
I just finished my first web layout and my container seems to add the scroll bar underneath my #wrapper. Don't really know the cause of all this. Seems to be visible in Firefox and IE. Don't know about others.
The problematic slider
CSS code for the wrapper
#wrapper {
background:#383434;
width:1000px;
height:auto !important;
min-height:100%;
overflow:hidden;
height: 100%;
-moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 15px 5px #000;
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 15px 5px#000;
box-shadow: 0px 2px 15px 5px #01DF01;
margin-top:20px;
border-radius:5px;
margin-bottom:50px;
}
A:
Deleting/modifying overflow:auto; solves the problem. I think hidden is what you are looking for.
If you look at the documentation you can find what does the different values actually do:
visible
Default value. Content is not clipped, it may be rendered outside the content box.
hidden
The content is clipped and no scrollbars are provided.
scroll
The content is clipped and desktop browsers use scrollbars, whether or not any content is clipped. This avoids any problem with scrollbars appearing and disappearing in a dynamic environment. Printers may print overflowing content.
auto
Depends on the user agent. Desktop browsers like Firefox provide scrollbars if content overflows.
| {
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Q:
ICAL Recurrence RULE Generation (RRULE)
I need some help in understanding ICAL recurrence rule generation.
I have created a calendar with just one event in it. The event has a rule to re-occur on Every 2 Days for the Next 5 days.
The google calendar generates an ICS file with this.
...
BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
TZID:America/New_York
X-LIC-LOCATION:America/New_York
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0400
TZNAME:EDT
DTSTART:19700308T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYMONTH=3;BYDAY=2SU
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:-0400
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
TZNAME:EST
DTSTART:19701101T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYMONTH=11;BYDAY=1SU
END:STANDARD
END:VTIMEZONE
...
This is the part which makes me confused.
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYMONTH=3;BYDAY=2SU
EDIT
Full ICS File generated by google.
BEGIN:VCALENDAR
PRODID:-//Google Inc//Google Calendar 70.9054//EN
VERSION:2.0
CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
METHOD:PUBLISH
X-WR-CALNAME:Public
X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/New_York
X-WR-CALDESC:dsdadsa
BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
TZID:America/New_York
X-LIC-LOCATION:America/New_York
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0400
TZNAME:EDT
DTSTART:19700308T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYMONTH=3;BYDAY=2SU
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:-0400
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
TZNAME:EST
DTSTART:19701101T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYMONTH=11;BYDAY=1SU
END:STANDARD
END:VTIMEZONE
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20140415
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20140416
DTSTAMP:20140319T053224Z
UID:[email protected]
RECURRENCE-ID;VALUE=DATE:20140415
CLASS:PUBLIC
CREATED:20140319T053209Z
DESCRIPTION:
LAST-MODIFIED:20140319T053209Z
LOCATION:
SEQUENCE:0
STATUS:CONFIRMED
SUMMARY:event details
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20140413
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20140414
DTSTAMP:20140319T053224Z
UID:[email protected]
RECURRENCE-ID;VALUE=DATE:20140413
CLASS:PUBLIC
CREATED:20140319T053209Z
DESCRIPTION:
LAST-MODIFIED:20140319T053209Z
LOCATION:
SEQUENCE:0
STATUS:CONFIRMED
SUMMARY:event details
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20140411
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20140412
DTSTAMP:20140319T053224Z
UID:[email protected]
RECURRENCE-ID;VALUE=DATE:20140411
CLASS:PUBLIC
CREATED:20140319T053209Z
DESCRIPTION:
LAST-MODIFIED:20140319T053209Z
LOCATION:
SEQUENCE:0
STATUS:CONFIRMED
SUMMARY:event details
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20140409
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20140410
DTSTAMP:20140319T053224Z
UID:[email protected]
RECURRENCE-ID;VALUE=DATE:20140409
CLASS:PUBLIC
CREATED:20140319T053209Z
DESCRIPTION:
LAST-MODIFIED:20140319T053209Z
LOCATION:
SEQUENCE:0
STATUS:CONFIRMED
SUMMARY:event details
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20140407
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20140408
DTSTAMP:20140319T053224Z
UID:[email protected]
RECURRENCE-ID;VALUE=DATE:20140407
CLASS:PUBLIC
CREATED:20140319T053209Z
DESCRIPTION:
LAST-MODIFIED:20140319T053209Z
LOCATION:
SEQUENCE:0
STATUS:CONFIRMED
SUMMARY:event details
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR
Instead of giving this
RRULE:FREQ=DAILY;COUNT=5;INTERVAL=2
google created all the 5 events separately. Why.??
Event start from April-7-2014
Is there any package for doing this in Java, saves me lot of time
A:
The information you have displayed is the timezone information (note the BEGIN:VTIMEZONE and END:TIMEZONE) and covers the start of daylight savings time for that timezone. Specifically, daylight savings time starts on the second sunday of the third month of each year.
Try looking at the piece of code between BEGIN:VEVENT and END:VEVENT where you should see a RRULE for your event.
Generation of RRULEs is very dependent on your underlying data structures. Google has a project which provides parsing and evaluation of RRULEs.
| {
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The Millionaire Recruit
The Millionaire Recruit (Finnish: Miljonäärimonni) is a 1953 Finnish comedy film directed by Roland af Hällström and starring Lasse Pöysti, Sakari Halonen and Pentti Viljanen.
Cast
Sakari Halonen as Recruit Miettunen
Heikki Heino as Captain Mänty
Mauri Jaakkola as Corporal
Eero Leväluoma as Lieutenant colonel
Airi Pihlajamaa as Captain Mänty's girlfriend
Lasse Pöysti as Vihuri
Elvi Saarnio as Miina
Heikki Savolainen as Mönkkö
Veikko Sorsakivi
Reino Valkama as General Peltomies
Toini Vartiainen as Toini
Pentti Viljanen as Sergeant Kulkunen
Kauko Vuorensola as Recruit
References
Bibliography
Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.
External links
Category:1953 films
Category:1950s comedy films
Category:Finnish comedy films
Category:Finnish films
Category:Finnish-language films
Category:Films directed by Roland af Hällström | {
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John Fitzgerald (computer scientist)
__NOTOC__
John S. Fitzgerald FBCS (born 1965) is a British computer scientist. He is the head of the School of Computing and a professor at Newcastle University in the UK. His research interests are in the area of dependable computer systems and formal methods, with a background in the VDM. He is a former Chair of Formal Methods Europe and committee member of BCS-FACS.
Education
Fitzgerald was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and was educated at Bangor Grammar School and the Victoria University of Manchester. He holds the BSc in Computing and Information Systems and the PhD degrees from the Department of Computer Science at Manchester.
Selected books
Bicarregui, J.C., Fitzgerald, J.S. and Lindsay, P.A. et al., Proof in VDM: a Practitioner's Guide. Springer-Verlag Formal Approaches to Computing and Information Technology (FACIT), 1994. .
Fitzgerald, J.S. and Larsen, P.G., Modelling Systems: Practical Tools and Techniques in Software Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 1998. . (Japanese Edition pub. Iwanami Shoten, 2003. .)
Fitzgerald, J.S., Larsen, P.G., Mukherjee, P. et al., Validated Designs for Object-oriented Systems. Springer-Verlag, 2005. .
See also
Colleagues at Newcastle University:
Cliff Jones
Brian Randell
References
External links
Home page
Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Scientists from Belfast
Category:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Category:British computer scientists
Category:Formal methods people
Category:Academics of Newcastle University
Category:Computer science writers
Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society
Category:People educated at Bangor Grammar School | {
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Fox News is now officially the laughing stock of the entire world – at least on Twitter.
It was bound to happen. For years, Fox News has been presenting false “facts” to such an extreme degree that studies find Fox News viewers are less informed than people who watch no news at all.Â
And now, Fox News has been caught – red-handed.
Terrorism “expert” Steve Emerson on Fox News this week spread the false claim that the city of Birmingham, England – that country’s second most-populous – is made up entirely of Muslims.
“In Britain, it’s not just no-go zones, there are actual cities like Birmingham that are totally Muslim where non-Muslims just simply don’t go in,” Emerson, who claims to be a terrorism expert, wrongly told former judge and failed Republican politician turned Fox News host “Judge” Jeanine Pirro.
“Parts of London,” Emerson continued, “there are actually Muslim religious police that actually beat and actually wound seriously anyone who doesn’t dress according to Muslim, religious Muslim attire.”
And un-satisfied with ending the spinning of his tall tale there, Emerson added that Birmingham is “where sharia courts were set up, where Muslim density is very intense, where the police don’t go in, and where it’s basically a separate country almost, a country within a country.”
The claim was so outrageous that Twitter jumped on it, exploding with the hashtag #FoxNewsFacts in mockery. It has been trending worldwide for hours.
Jeanine Pirro, rather than question her “expert,” who has appeared on her show before, agreed, telling him, and her audience, “You know what it sounds like to me, Steve? It sounds like a caliphate within a particular country.”
But what’s not being reported elsewhere is that Emerson spread a similar “no go zones” claim earlier this past week on Fox News, telling Sean Hannity, “I think Europe is finished.”
This mockery of facts follows in the footsteps of Rupert Murdoch – the founder and Executive Chairman of News Corp, the international parent company of Fox News – tweeting an ugly attack on the Muslim community this week. Murdoch was attacked, not only for his comment, but for spelling Muslim, “Moslem,” a decades-old spelling that is antiquated and derogatory.
Maybe most Moslems peaceful, but until they recognize and destroy their growing jihadist cancer they must be held responsible. — Rupert Murdoch (@rupertmurdoch) January 10, 2015
Fox News also came under attack this past week, when host Shannon Bream blurted out an ugly, racist commentary in a discussion about the Islamic extremist terrorists who slaughtered 17 people in France.
“That’s my question about these guys because if we know they were speaking unaccented French and they had, you know, ski masks on, do we even know what color they were?,” Bream asked. “What the tone of their skin was,” she tried to clarify – as if that were less racist. “I mean what if they didn’t look like typical bad guys?”
And that followed a pre-New Year’s eve social media nightmare Fox News brought upon itself, asking viewers to use the hashtag #OverIt2014, to tweet what they are “over” in 2014. Viewers took to Twitter, mocking Fox News, often claiming what they are most over in fact, is Fox News.
Understandably, Twitter once again had a great time mocking Fox News:
The original name of the show was MiddleEastEnders. The BBC dropped the “Middle” to conceal its creeping sharia agenda. #foxnewsfacts — Dan Murphy (@bungdan) January 11, 2015
In Birmingham, the local death squads go by the name of Quran Quran. #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/xHXFtPUHxZ — David Jack (@DamJef) January 11, 2015
One Direction was named to remind people in Birmingham that they may only pray towards Mecca. #FoxNewsFacts — LOLGOP (@LOLGOP) January 12, 2015
Birmingham City Mosque is among the tallest and most sacred in all Islam. #FoxNewsFacts pic.twitter.com/4DPUoaz6CV — Peter Moore (@petermoore) January 11, 2015
Even buildings wear burkas in Birmingham #FoxNewsFacts pic.twitter.com/LpqzvxxL2q — Paul Connolly (@PaulConnolly10) January 11, 2015
The city is now called Birming because Ham is not halal. #foxnewsfacts — Kamila Shamsie (@kamilashamsie) January 11, 2015
A little tip for our american friends, its pronounced worst-sharia sauce.. #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/zBbHGrcGb2 — Dave/Dim (@dimspace) January 11, 2015
Legislation passed in Islamified Britain forcing the Queen of England to don a traditional headscarf #FoxNewsFacts pic.twitter.com/yT0CTRTpi8 — Sarah M (@sazza_jay) January 11, 2015
A quick reminder about on-screen diversity at Fox News #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/XE7tSHw2p9 — The Poke (@ThePoke) January 11, 2015
Muslim cats are expected to wear a hijab too #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/EhBXECyoOa — Yasmin Gooner (@Yasmin_Gooner) January 12, 2015
British citizens respond to new sharia laws ordering hijabs on tableware, with flair and imagination. #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/2No2vk8IRq — Clara Benn (@MsClara) January 11, 2015
You’re only allowed to drive like this if you’re a Muslim woman #foxnewsfacts pic.twitter.com/qroQ5wHuj1 — Yasmin Gooner (@Yasmin_Gooner) January 11, 2015
#FoxNewsFacts Birmingham, Alabama is the next Birmingham to get Sharia law. Because Obama. — Adam Mordecai (@advodude) January 11, 2015
Emerson did apologize later, saying he would take out a newspaper ad and donate to a local Birmingham charity.Â
Â
Image via YouTube | {
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Sunday, September 29, 2013
Once Upon A Time 3.01 Review: Sometimes You Just Need to Believe
All those that have yet to watch
the season three premiere of Once Upon A
Time, entitled ‘The Heart of the Truest Believer’, that wish to do so
devoid of spoilers, then now would be the time to exit the premises. As always,
there is a chance that this blog contains spoilers regarding the episode, as
well as previous episodes. THIS REVIEW
MAY CONTAIN SPOILERS! You’ve been warned.
So we finally managed to get to
Neverland. Can’t say I’m all that excited about it, Peter Pan was never one of
my favourite fairy tales. I do have to say though that the young man that plays
him in this series provided the best performance of the episode. How is it that
a young actor such as himself can do better with the terrible writing this
series emits, than actors almost twice his age? Maybe it has something to do
with the ability to believe that you are the character in this world, and to be
as imaginative as possible. Though that wouldn’t explain just how terrible
Henry is played most of the time.
Aside from Pan, the highlights of
this episode were any time Emma, Hook, or Neal popped up on screen, but I’m
biased when it comes to them because they’re my three favourite characters. I
have to say I’m just glad they each had a fair amount of screen time, because
that’s not always the case of this series.
One of my problems with this
series is that I think that a show that started off as being lead by this one
character, should keep her in the loop for most episodes, and not be distracted
by all these extra characters that get focused on far too often. This show is
very much reminiscent of the structure Lost
had by focusing on one character for an episode, and then different ones
onward. And I get that the creators of this series were apart of that one, but
it becomes tiresome when I’m being sold one thing, and I only get that one
thing every so often.
When it comes to CGI efforts, this
series is never very good, I can almost always tell when something is fake, and
it rather bothers me because it takes me out of the moment. You’d think a
series that knew it was going to heavily involve fairy tale characters would
know that fantastical scenarios would be involved in that, and would either
find good CGI people, or use real things to create it. I can only wonder how
difficult it is for the actors.
That leads me to another issue I
have with this series, the acting. I do have to give some thought to whether
it’s the writing that makes it so bad in this series, but I find a lot of the
time that it’s either over-acting, or just horrible people cast as these
characters. These people are bringing an imaginative world to life, and it
takes a fair amount of vision to actually make that believable to the audience,
and I just don’t think that’s coming across sometimes. Sure there are a few
gems that seem to be able to act their part, but most of them don’t seem to be
able. And these are actors that are very convincing in other roles they’ve
played, but I’m just not seeing it here.
That brings me around to the
writing. Can this series not get some better writers? Strictly from this
episode alone we have these terrible lines for that one Lost Boy, and then the
ridiculousness of crying over a poppet. There’s the terrible back and forth
between the Evil Queen and Snow White, and then between Prince Charming and
Hook. And don’t even get me started on Mulan, Aurora, and Robin Hood. Plus
could that toast to Baelfire/Neal have been any more pathetic? I was writing
better scripts when I was twelve, and I had a pretty big imagination back then.
Was anyone else beyond happy when
Tamara and Greg were killed? I know I screamed ‘Thank God’ when it happened.
And boy am I glad Rumplestiltskin did not permanently save Tamara, because that
would’ve been like dangling the fruit in front of me, and then ripping it away.
Not only were these characters terrible, in both writing and acting, but also
they served almost no real purpose. The whole Home Office thing that was just a
ruse to get Henry to Neverland was beyond ridiculous. Did the writers just pull
that out of their ass? Because honestly, that’s how it felt to me. ‘We’re going
to go this way, no wait we’re going to go this way.’ Make up your mind, and
stick to it, if you want to go one way, make damned sure there’s the ability to
go that way and nothing blocking your path, continuity wise.
In general, this episode was all
right, nothing fabulous about it, and nothing last season’s finale didn’t
falsely get me excited over. For future episodes, I’d really like more work on
the writing, acting, and definitely much more Emma. Oh, and please stop making
the Charming’s ridiculously naïve, when Snow was such a bad ass in the
Fairytale Land that Was.
My rating: 3 out of 5.
Best Lines:
“I will not be capsized by a fish!” – Charming shouts over
the mermaid calling the storm, in a brief line performance that actually struck
well with me.
“Actually, I quite fancy you from time to time, when you’re
not yelling at me.” – Hook referring to Emma, and did anyone see the brief look
that passed over her face when he said this?
Okay buckaroos, that’s all for now, I’m off to go watch Revenge, and then get some more Buffy in before I have to get to sleep
so I can actually be aware for work tomorrow, stay tuned for one more review. | {
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} |
Practice Patterns Among Radiation Oncologists Treating Pediatric Patients With Proton Craniospinal Irradiation.
Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is an important component of therapy for many pediatric central nervous system malignancies. Proton therapy is increasingly available and used for minimizing radiation exposure to normal tissues. The absence of an exit dose with proton therapy mandates decisions regarding coverage of the vertebral bodies (VB) in non-skeletally mature patients. Although the contents within the thecal sac represent the true clinical target volume (CTV), some physicians target the entire VB in growing children because of concerns over asymmetrical growth. This study aims to assess current practice patterns regarding VB coverage for pediatric patients undergoing CSI. Pediatric radiation oncologists were identified from the Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group pediatric subcommittee membership or affiliation with US proton centers. Potential participants were contacted by e-mail with a link to an institutional review board-approved, anonymized web-based survey distributed in June 2017 with follow-up in October 2017. The survey used skip logic and included up to 11 questions regarding practice patterns. Thirty-three physicians responded to the survey (39%), 5 of which were excluded for lack of recent pediatric proton CSI experience. Of the 28 included responses, 23 physicians sometimes treat the entire VB and 5 physicians report always treating the entire VB. Most common responses regarding anterior CTV expansion for uncertainty were no expansion (n = 9) and 3 to 4 mm (n = 8). Most physicians modify the anterior CTV margin to protect normal structures, most commonly esophagus (n = 15), thyroid (n = 6), heart (n = 5), bowel (n = 4), and pharynx (n = 2). Vertebral body coverage in proton CSI varies among radiation oncologists in respect to target delineation, CTV expansions, and modifications for organs at risk. These data suggest the radiation oncology community may benefit from a standardized approach to pediatric proton-based CSI. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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The invention relates to a multi-chamber cartridge for multi-component plastic materials such as silicon, cement etc. . . with chambers arranged axially one behind the other for the reception of the two components.
Besides the well-known standard arrangements for two component cartridges with longitudinal separation of a cylindrical cartridge tube into two chambers by means of an intermediate separation wall or a co-axial inner tube (newer arrangement in the form of a co-axial cartridge), two-chamber cartridges with chambers arranged axially behind one another are also known. Examples here for can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,050,612, 4,029,236, and 4,961,520 as well as EP-0-624 403 a1
In the arrangement disclosed in EP-0 624 403 A1, the two chambers each include a piston for pressing the two components out of the cartridge. The components are disposed in a cylindrical cartridge tube axially one behind the other. The first chamber is formed between the cartridge tube and an inner tube which is arranged concentrically with the cartridge tube. This annular chamber is closed by an annular piston disposed in the back. The second chamber disposed axially behind the first chamber is formed by a piston which, forwardly, becomes wider in a beaker-like manner, and has a wall which abuts the inner wall of the cartridge tube. The beaker-like piston abuts with its front edge the annular piston of the first chamber so that, upon application of a pressure to the piston closing the rear chamber, the pressure is transmitted to the annular piston closing the front chamber and both pistons are advanced in unison. The rear chamber further includes a central lug which projects from the piston of the rear chamber forwardly and which enters the inner tube of the front chamber when the rear piston is moved forwardly. At its front end, the rear chamber is delimited by a radial wall which is disposed adjacent the end of the inner tube of the front chamber and which abuts with its outer end the inner beaker wall of the rear chamber.
The design of the known two-chamber cartridges requires the filling of the cartridge chambers after assembly of the cartridge from the discharge end which is relatively complicated and requires special equipment. In addition, the venting during filling is problematic.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a two-chamber cartridge with chambers arranged axially one after the other wherein each of the chambers can be filled easily with a standard filling apparatus. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Depression in thyrotoxicosis.
The author describes the case of a middle-aged man who was admitted twice to a psychiatric hospital with depression. On the second admission, his mental state improved following treatment for thyrotoxicosis. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing such atypical presentations of thyrotoxicosis and postulates a possible depression-producing mechanism in predisposed individuals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of Kinesio taping of the knee on proprioception, balance, and functional performance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A retrospective case series.
To investigate whether Kinesio tape (KT) application improves proprioception, balance, and functional performance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLr).This retrospective analysis included 48 male patients with surgically-untreated ACLr who attended the Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, China between June 2017 and June 2018. KT was applied to induce a detoning effect on the quadriceps muscle and toning effect on the ischiocrural muscles. Proprioception, balance, and functional performance were assessed before and 1 and 7 days after KT application using the Lysholm scale, anteroposterior shift of the tibia (APST), active angle reproduction test (AART), modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT), and single-hop distance (SHD).KT resulted in significant improvements in Lysholm scale at 1 day (83.00 [6.50] vs. 76.00 [5.25], P < .001) and APST (8.00 [2.00] vs. 10.00 [2.00] mm, P < .001), AART (3.00 [1.00] vs. 4.00 [1.75] degrees, P < .001), SEBT (96.08 [6.62] vs. 83.92 [7.31] %, P < .001) and SHD (120.96 [6.94] vs. 106.46 [9.03] %, P < .001) at 3 hours (median [interquartile range]). However, significant deficits remained when compared with the healthy side. Except for mSEBT posterolateral direction, those effects were maintained at 7 days.KT has benefits in people with ACLr but cannot fully compensate for functional deficits. KT could be used to assist knee strengthening during rehabilitation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Plot Against America by Philip Roth
In an astonishing feat of narrative invention, our most ambitious novelist imagines an alternate version of American history. In 1940 Charles A. Lindbergh, heroic aviator and rabid isolationist, is elected President. Shortly thereafter, he negotiates a cordial "understanding" with Adolf Hitler, while the new government embarks on a program of folksy anti-Semitism.
For one boy growing up in Newark, Lindbergh's election is the first in a series of ruptures that threatens to destroy his small, safe corner of America—and with it, his mother, his father, and his older brother. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Def. going to sign up for this as soon as I get home. I bet they are looking for PCs on a range of hardware, so Imma have my gf register on my mid range laptop, and I will register on my high end desktop.
"No I don't want the Ask toolbar! No I don't want Bing as my default search! No I don't want to make Chrome my default browser!""Good grief, man! WHAT are you trying to install on that poor computer?""Antivirus."
Hey guys, long time no chat. I actually started playing Gw1 again (wouldn't mind a CBE invite if you're all still around). The scan is just to get the basics of your machine to them, it doesn't benchmark anything. It doesn't seem to notice more than one drive so I'm sure my SSD OS drive having on 5GB free will look strange to them.
steelcity_ballin wrote:Hey guys, long time no chat. I actually started playing Gw1 again (wouldn't mind a CBE invite if you're all still around). The scan is just to get the basics of your machine to them, it doesn't benchmark anything. It doesn't seem to notice more than one drive so I'm sure my SSD OS drive having on 5GB free will look strange to them.
Some posts in another forum say that while the scan doesn't show multiple videocards / HDDs the information in sent correctly to Anet. PM sent about CBE invite.
The Internet wrote:"[The] 360 starts at the factory, moves to retail shelves, into consumer's homes, back to Microsoft. So THAT'S why Microsoft called it the 360...It all comes full-circle "
I got my application in. I've never been invited to any beta for a game yet, so here's to hoping. I have the time to devote, a killer rig, and experience with the game. I can only imagine as to what they're looking for.
tanker27 wrote:So did anyone play this past weekend and want to share their observations/ opinions?
You should've watched teh http://www.twitch.tv streams, there were plenty of people playing different characters and streaming their play (yes, it is allowed since open beta is not under any kind of NDA).I've played for some time, overall the game is fun - the PvE questing was fun, especially "dynamic events" (same thing as Warhammer Online's "public quests"). Some "story quests" (the instanced character's storyline quests that you complete solo) and "dynamic events" were too hard, some were buggy, but it's natural for the beta test and they will more likely be fixed before final release. There were no functional "dungeons" during this beta, or perhaps they were later on in the game (I've only reached lvl20 on my characters, and I believe lvl80 is max level in this game).The "World vs World vs World" PvP areas were mad fun, with large group of players playing in huge areas, attacking/defending towers/keeps, using siege equipment to storm towers/keeps, upgrading the defenses of the towers/keeps with stronger walls/stronger gates/more NPC guards/cannons/boiling oil, etc. Some adjustments were obviously needed in this area - for example once the attackers get inside the keep/tower it's basically over since it takes like a minute or less for the attacking "zerg" to reach and kill the (almost useless) tower/keep Lord. The other PvP portion was the instanced 16-people "battlegrounds", with "capture the point" - type of play, where you're instantly given all of your class abilities (regardless of your PvE level) when you enter it; I've played a couple of the rounds, found it pretty boring (I don't enjoy such tiny areas with too little people to fight with).The graphics quality of the game is very good, especially on max quality, though I had to turn down the graphics option slider in WvWvW areas and certain PvE "dynamic events" - the FPS drop was too much with huge amount of people on the screen, even for GTX680 card. All in all, I liked what I've seen in this beta and I don't think I'll be cancelling my pre-order, especially considering that there's no monthly fee involved in this game. If you want to personally see the gameplay - wait for next "open beta" event, or if you can't get into it for some reason, just tune in to http://www.twitch.tv and watch other people play, just be aware that most people stream at pretty low quality so you shouldn't judge about game's visual/graphics quality unless it's a 1080p stream.
My subscription allows you people to exist on this site and makes me a better human being than you'll ever be
I played a fair bit over the last weekend. OVerall the game felt pretty polished for a beta. Rather than level one class, i chose to level 5 different classes to around level 8-12. I liked the idea of a personal story even though some of the dialogue felt a little flat; though this was largely based on your class, choices you made prior to playing during creation, and your race. You could only choose between charr, Human, and Norn.
All the areas I played felt immensely details and alive. There was a ton of things to do. I really love the idea of quests that are given to you just by coming into an area where the quest was taking place. From a PvE persecptive, this game is a refreshing experiences. Everything I love about PvE with none of the grind-type stuff I hate. For example, one of the early quests in the Norn starting area has you pay tribute to 4 animal spirits. I chose to do the spirit of the raven first. To honor the raven I could do a number of things. I could kill 'skelks' that prey on ravens, I could destroy skelk breeding grounds, I could collect raven eggs and return them to roosts, and/or I could visit raven shrines and answer riddles all of which give me partial experience towards completing the quest. The really nice thing about PvE is you're not competing with anyone else for resources be it mobs to kills, things to scavange for recipes, or whatever. So if there is a Raven egg on the ground, and someone goes to grab it, you can also grab it. After you grab it, it disappears so in a sense the item is instanced so everyone can get things done without waiting for respawns. This doesn't apply to mobs, like the skelk, BUT if we both kill it (even if I only hit it once) we both get credit and experience for killing it. I love everything about this, no more camping places. Also, if you're out-leveing an area, they work around this by lowering your effective level relative to the content. So when I hit level 10 on my Norn Engineer, I was helping my friend quest and my effective level was 3. I keep my skills, my health and damage are scaled back. I love it.
Which brings me to combat. My god, combat is amazing. At first it's a little daunting as it's like nothing I've experienced in an MMO. The focus is on actual combat and involves a rather active role with intelligent decision making rather than spamming 1 or 2 buttons. You have endurance in combat regardless of your class that allows you to double-tap a direction to perform a roll thus reducing incoming damage or mitigating it altogether. At the level I was playing, I could only dodge twice before my endurance ran out. It takes a while to regenerate this while in combat so you have to pick and choose when to use it, especially on tougher "veteran" mobs which bring the pain.
Combat is very unique for every class. you have 5 skills, of which you start with one that is tied to your class and the type of weapon you have equipped. Not every class can use every weapon but gone are the days when only rangers can use bows. So your first skill is usually the one you can spam, has a really short cooldown, and doesn't do a ton of damage or anything. As you use this skill, it unlocks the next skill slowly. If you switch weapons to a different type, you get a completely different skillset to start unlocking/using. At level 7 you can learn to hot-swap weapons in combat. Until then you have to manually switch and only out of combat. This really makes combat interesting and varied. Consider an elementalist that not only gets different skills based on if if you're using a long staff vs a wand and a focus/idol, but also you have an elemental attunement that lets you swap elemental 'stances' to cast that kind of spell. Also, you can cast on the run, always, at no penalty. This makes PvP very challenging but I'll save that for the next section. Combat is very fun, entertaining, and frustrating. At level 4, I could not defeat level 6 creatures with consistency. Maybe kill 1 but a second was a death sentence, which brings me to my next point: death in combat.
If your HP drops to 0, you fall to the ground but are not 'dead' yet. You get 4 skills relative to your class that can damage the enemy or heal yourself. If you kill the enemy, you rall y and are brought back to life. If you heal yourself enough, the same can happen. If you die completely you can still be revived as there is no resurrect spell, just that everyone can revive. The more people actively reviving you, the faster it is. If you didn't rally or heal yourself, you have a death penalty. If no one is around to res you, you can pay a small fee and come back at a recent way point (think fast travel points). I absolutely love combat. It's tough, the number and toughness of the mobs also scale with the number of players question in that area. At one point in the beta we were fighting a shaman boss who was around level 12 IIRC. There had to be 100 people fighting him and he was beating our asses silly. Man it was fun, ressing people, dps, healing yourself. Healing is a utility skill of which you can unlock many different kinds. As an engineer I put my skill points into a healing turret and my utility skill (which you can swap as you please) into an ability that lets me drop badage packs others can pick up, as well as a buff pack (vitality/speed/crit chance stuff like that) and there was a pack that removed conditions like bleeds, confuse, poison, cripple etc. Very cool. Every character has a ton of abilities that feel unique and interesting. I can't say enough good things about combat. You start to really feel powerful around level 8 or so, and that's when I got hooked on any character I was playing.
I played a Mesmer, Ranger, Elementalist, and Engineer the most. All of them feel fantastically fun, had interesting abilities and unique combat styles. I could go on about this for ever, it's that good. The PvP is tremendous fun, the WvW is insanity in a good way. It's also a quick way to see what a toon is like at max level with everything unlocked when you play "in the mists" as it's called. IT's like a WvW staging area with mobs you can test your skills on. As an elementalist, I turned INTO a tornado I could control and ran around the battle field destroying everyone. My god it's fun. I'm going through withdrawal, must have more beta....
Surprisingly polished for a beta, not without bugs but I found very few. Lag was a PITA in the early goings but by saturday it was sorted out and I had nothing to complain about. Oh, crafting! You get XP for completing recipes of which there are THOUSANDS. You also get XP for gathering mats for the recipes. You also don't compete for these resources either. Everything i don't like about MMOs is gone, everything I love is in. It was a fantastic experience, well done arena=net. If you have any questions i know I didn't cover it all, ask away!
As for PvP, there 4 battlegrounds and 2 scenerio. First, the sc's are different smaller maps with capture objective mechanic. As far as I saw, the maps are for 2 teams of 8 ppl. The gear you have gets changed with lvl80 PvP gear. So, no matter what level you are, you fight your foes in equal grounds in terms of gear/level. So, the 2 things that can bring you victory are teamplay and skill. As it wasn't very popular in beta, sc's are empty and we had to fight 4 against 7-8 constantly. There is an auto-balance but before it happens, more ppl left so I cant say I enjoyed scenerio. However, if you have a team and proper opposition, scenerios can be genuinely fun
Next big thing is battlegrounds. Eternal battlegrounds is where ppl from 3 different servers fights for dominion. In the map, there are objectives that gives you supplies (like supply depots) and there are keeps and towers that you store the supplies and use them to build things like trebuchet, cannon, siege mechanic beast thing to defend your keep, tower or attack foe's keeps, towers. First, you have to take control of a supply depot from NPC's. After taking it, it starts to generate supply and after a while a caravan of dolyak gets ready. A player needs to activate it and after that it starts to move towards nearest keep. Dolyak supply caravans can be attacked and taken down. So it needs a bit of protection. In beta, dolyak caravans are mostly ignored in the games I played. If you want to take a keep or tower, you need to take door or a wall down to get in. After getting in you have to kill the NPC keep lord to take control of it. Whats different from previous MMOs is, there is not only 1 point you can get in. Walls are also destroyable which makes things less boring for attackers. Because, if only door needs defense, it can be done way too easily by spamming AoE damage as the door is a narrow chokepoint. Eternal Battlegrounds also has a big castle in the middle of the map. This castle is huge compared others in the map. It has 2 set of walls so you have to take 2 doors down to reach the keep lord. It's also not boring to do cos walls are destroyable too. You dont have to get butchered million times at door.
As this is 3 way PvP and there are 3 servers, addition to eternal battlegrounds map, there are smaller server based map. They are called red, blue, green battlegrounds. As a green side player, I can enter green battleground to defend our keep in there and capture points like supply depots and towers or I can enter red or blue battleground and stop them getting supplies by capturing towers and supply depots on their maps. Those maps gameplay is almost same with eternal battlegrounds with only you dont have a big castle but only 1 keep to defend/attack. If you go to red battegrounds as a green or blue player, you only have a spawn point in that map and reds has a keep.
What I saw from beta PvP wise, large scale fights are fun but it needs proper groups to actually achieve something. Else, its just one team pushing ennemy to their keep and then ennemy gathers up in their keep and push back till the opposition keep... Also, the lack of CC (crowd control) immunity timers brings the danger of CC-lock. The Warrior with mace+shield has 4 stuns and if your ennemy doesnt have somekind of immunity system, you can CC him/her endlessly, leaving him as target drone for others. If you are a melee class, forget to charge forth cos you will end up dying in intensen amounts of AoE damage while getting constantly CC'd. Even with my thief I ended up using dual pistols and ranged weaponry to do some damage. This might not apply if you are in a group and the opposition has small or equal numbers. But in massive PvP, you better avoid AoE mayhem of the frontline if you are running around alone.
I played ranger, thief and warrior. As I'm obssesed with dual wield melee play I generally tried to go that way. With ranger, it was fine but the class reminds you that you are mostly ranged class. With Thief it was good with teleporting to mobs do damage and teleport out tactic...Until i met with AoE mayhem of open world PvP. I ended up with "meh" impression after that. On the other hand, the melee class Warrior, which sounds like a lesser version of ranger and thief because the class is not specialized in something, does the best job. It fits to any situation becuase it can use a shield, dual wield 2 full size 1handers (mace, sword. ranger/thief can equip only dagger and small weapons on off hand) and also has some nice AoE longbow. Warrior was the most versatile of all those 3.
I already pre-ordered the game and this game is something I've been waiting for long time. It's fun but needs a bit more polish to stop me playing WAR and completely move to GW2..
So I didnt play the first beta weekend but I did play last night for their super-surprise beta 'night'. I have to say it quite polished. Although I cant put my finger on it but something feels 'off' to me. (maybe its the character movement..You kind of glide across terrain rather than run/walk....I dont know)
It's kind of confusing at first and the game feels more like a J-RPG than anything else. Maybe once I get used to the control and UI schema I will enjoy it, but for now it is kind of frustrating.
Also something that I have a hard time with is tagging mobs. I know its a non-issue but when I play a melee toon and we are doing events its sort of frustrating when you see a pack of mobs charging you and before you can do anything a group of casters have OMGWTF-AOEd-The-bejesus out of them.
(\_/) (O.o)(''')(''') Watch out for evil Terra-Tron; He Does not like you!
I found melee and ranged combat equally fun and engaging - I've played JRPGs and I'd have to disagree with any comparison to them so far. I played in the long beta as well as a little 5's yesterday. The combat is much more difficult and skill based rather than your typical mmo button masher. I think this is primarily because you don't stand still while you cast your skills. Well you can, but I'll rip you apart.
My favorite two things to do are Necro tank while waiting for you to dot me to death, then transfering all the ailments to you. And Mesmer crashing you with all my clones as suicide bombers while I pick you off at range, then at last second, swap to close range weaponwry, swap with my clone, and stab your ass to death. I love the combat!
And now more waiting. I'd rather they get it all right anyhow. Looking forward to torchlight II as well.
ShadowEyez wrote:I loved guildwars, mostly PvE with a monk. Overall, is this new one similar or does it "reinvent" the wheel?
The lore builds upon the original as does the environment, but the game has changed for the better quite significantly. Gone are the days of not jumping and forced pathing. Lush detail everywhere, intense combat with combos and a variety of strategy for each class.
I had a blast last weekend, mostly playing my engineer with rifle/pistol/grenade combos. My favorite thing to do was long range rifle damage blowing all CDs, then swap to grenades to slow their pace towards me and aoe damage them, poison them. Then switch to pistols to deal some more quick damage using poison to combo off the poison grenade, all the while my turret blasts them. Sweet nectar.
1. Crafting is still a mess... Too many components to have in your inventory and still be able to have space for the combined-products (this is especially true for cooking which can have several intermediate ingredients before you get an edible end product.) It means that you will either have to spend a lot of gems on "bank access" tokens at the crafting table or do a lot of running back and forth to your bank.. either way = not fun. (and the food benefits need to increase as they currently are not worth the investment).
Crafting stations need to work as an advanced bank interface where you can work on things in inventory AND your bank to craft. If this means that crafting stations only exist in major cities I am OK with that.
2. Event aggro vs. groups of spawned mobs - If you have been a melee fighter in beta you have experienced this effect. You are standing in an event to 'defend' some area and suddenly a group of enemies spawn. You hit one, and then all 20 of the spawns 1-hit kill you because they have no other threat on anyone yet.
These event spawned mobs need to be set so they have spawn with threat already for some random characters in the event area, which would also spread them out more and make it less an AoE fest. (which is why everyone loves RANGE COMBAT in beta right now because you kill instead of die a lot).
3. Experience for mob killing needs to increase. Even doing every event and "heart" area in beta I found myself at times with no events/hearts still to do in my level range without going to all other race areas (and tagging along with higher level people doing events to leach xp). I should not have to do almost every event in my level range to level up, killing creatures should be a viable way to level. (right now to compare, a level 8 centaur gives 8 xp, compare this to level 8 events giving 250xp or level 8 personal story event giving 1,000 xp)
-=-=
Not to end on a sour note. I really enjoy their trading house (auction house). Very nice to be able to buy something or auction something in my bags or my bank at anytime/anywhere. Only having to go to an actual trader to withdraw any money earned or pick-up any item bought (and a gem store item can spawn a trader NPC where you are standing for 5 minutes). Great way to keep your inventory low and still get top prices for loot. And being able to set BUY orders, FINALLY!
Also being able to send crafting ingredients in your bags to your bank is very nice (doesn't work in reverse).
Being able to teleport to any waypoint you have visited from anywhere is also a welcome feature.
-=-=-
So yes.. a few bugs (IMHO) need to be fixed and tweaked, but I look forward to release with high hopes (and have taken the time off work). | {
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Q:
Replace string with regex and keep some of its content
In my code, I have statements like this:
Project.MVC.Bll.Resources.<resource-name>
And I want to replace them with
ProjectResources.GetString("<resouce-name>")
I want to use the visual studio Find And Replace with regular expression, but the problem is that I don't know how to "take" the resource-name.
For the search pattern I'm using Project.MVC.Bll.Resources.* , but I have no idea what the replacement pattern will be, in order to put the resource name in the brackets.
A:
The construct you're looking for is called captures (or sometimes capture groups). There's an example of how to do that here. There also looks to be an MSDN page on exactly this topic: Using Regular Expressions in Visual Studio with an example of using numbered captures.
Also worth pointing out that earlier versions of Visual Studio used slightly different syntax for this.
In your case the capture will probably look something like
Project\.MVC\.Bll\.Resources\.(?<name>____)
and the replacement along the lines of
ProjectResources.GetString("${name}")
Just replace ____ with whatever pattern your resource names follow. Also don't forget that . means any character in RegEx, so you need to escape them to only match periods.
| {
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Beer Diabolici A DEMONIC BEER!
Beer Diabolici asserts its Triple Blonde character of high fermentation and bottle refermentation. It contains 8% alc. / vol. and continues to bear the name of its creators, who bewitch the minds of those who are merrily drinking it. Continue reading “Beer DIABOLICI”
Geneviève de Brabant draught beer pils
In the draught beer pils de Brabant you will encounter the sunshine – the infrequent sunshine – of Belgium which so warms the heart.
A mere sip is enough to transport you to its northern regions. But drink your fill, for the story has it that one Pope’s wits were so befuddled by beer that he had Gambrinus canonized as St Arnold! Continue reading “Draught beer Pils”
Belgian beer Geneviève de Brabant Blonde
When the weary traveler arrived in our fine province of Brabant (in Belgium), he knew that his wanderings were nearly at an end and that he would soon find well-deserved rest and the table laid for a good meal. Continue reading “Beer Geneviève de Brabant Blonde”
Martin’s beer Pale Ale
Who isn’t familiar with Martin’s beer Pale Ale, once dubbed “the most noble of English pale ales”?
This unique beer pale ale is the result of the exceptional traditional technique of dry hopping as genuine Kent hops are added after the brewing process, at low temperature, so that only the finest of the hops’ aromas and flavours are transmitted to the beer. Continue reading “Beer Pale Ale”
Martin’s IPA – Beer India Pale Ale
The beer India Pale Ale was first brewed when the British ships crossed the oceans on-route to their faraway colonies. To better preserve their beloved beer during these long voyages, the English brewers added extra hops. Continue reading “Beer India Pale Ale” | {
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Pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors of DNA gyrase B (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE). Part I: Structure guided discovery and optimization of dual targeting agents with potent, broad-spectrum enzymatic activity.
The bacterial topoisomerases DNA gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParE) are essential enzymes that control the topological state of DNA during replication. The high degree of conservation in the ATP-binding pockets of these enzymes make them appealing targets for broad-spectrum inhibitor development. A pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold was identified from a pharmacophore-based fragment screen with optimization potential. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes conducted using selected GyrB/ParE orthologs aided in the identification of important steric, dynamic and compositional differences in the ATP-binding pockets of the targets, enabling the design of highly potent pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors with broad enzymatic spectrum and dual targeting activity. | {
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Looking back over the list of actors who have played Holmes, it’s surprising to what degree performances stand or fall by the actor’s capacity to acknowledge this shadow self. An example of how not to do it came with Elementary, the other contemporary Sherlock drama that features Jonny Lee Miller as Holmes fresh out of drug rehab and living with Lucy Liu’s Dr Watson. The writers of Elementary pay lip service to the alien side of Holmes, but Miller offers a performance devoid of human warmth, all gleaming teeth and swivel-eyed self-interest. In Guy Ritchie’s two recent films, meanwhile, Robert Downey Jr turns in a smirking action-hero genius in a leather waistcoat to go with Iron Man’s smirking action-hero genius in a metal suit, but the Hollywood hyper-confidence of his performance strips out nearly all nuance from the role. | {
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594 F.3d 496 (2010)
Maribea BALMERT, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 08-4433.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued: December 1, 2009.
Decided and Filed: February 5, 2010.
*497 ARGUED: Stanley L. Myers, Powell, Ohio, for Appellant. Joshua Bachrach, Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Stanley L. *498 Myers, Powell, Ohio, for Appellant. Joshua Bachrach, Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Appellee.
Before: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; SILER and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
SILER, Circuit Judge.
Pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., Maribea Balmert appeals the district court's judgment upholding the benefits determination of Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company ("Reliance Standard"). Concluding that Balmert received a full and fair review of her claim and that Reliance Standard's benefits determination was not arbitrary and capricious, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Balmert began her employment with Big Lots, Inc. as an accountant-tax analyst in 2001. Her position required her to sit most of the day and manipulate her hands, fingers, and wrists to use a computer. As a Big Lots employee, Balmert subscribed to an employee benefit plan offering long-term disability insurance under a contract insured and administered by Reliance Standard.
In August 2004, she stopped working because of symptoms she believed were related to her rheumatoid arthritis. Balmert was evaluated by her rheumatologist, Kevin V. Hackshaw, M.D., on August 26, 2004, but the results of the examination were inconclusive. According to Dr. Hackshaw, Balmert described symptoms of pain in her hands, but "the pain that she complains of is disproportionate relative to the amount of synovitis that I see."[1] Noting that Balmert's symptoms suggested "some other etiology"with stress as a possibilityDr. Hackshaw referred her to a neurologist and a psychologist and placed her on temporary medical leave in order to obtain evaluations and recommendations from his colleagues.
On August 30, 2004, Balmert had her first consultation with her psychologist, Wanda McEntyre, Ph.D. Balmert told Dr. McEntyre that she had experienced pain from rheumatoid arthritis for a number of years, but her pain level had recently intensified. Dr. McEntyre noted that Balmert "expresses a strong desire to return to her job, but acknowledges that she does not perceive herself as capable of managing the hours, the pressure, and stress at this time." Balmert began meeting with Dr. McEntyre approximately once every two weeks until she discontinued counseling in December 2004. These counseling sessions generally focused on stress management techniques to prepare Balmert to return to work.
After evaluating Balmert on October 21, 2004, Dr. Hackshaw noted that he detected "[n]o active synovitis," that she was "doing well," and that her rheumatoid arthritis "seems to be under good control." Dr. Hackshaw also told Balmert that she could return to work with some limitations, but advised that she may wish to find a less stressful position or explore some type of flex plan that would allow her to take some of her computer typing work home. A few days later, Balmert tearfully expressed her concern to Dr. McEntyre regarding Dr. Hackshaw's determination that she could return to work. At future counseling sessions, Balmert continued to express concerns about her ability to return to work.
Following an evaluation of Balmert on February 10, 2005, Dr. Hackshaw noted *499 that she had "no tender points and no synovitis that I could detect, so I think in general she is doing well." Regarding Balmert's work status, Dr. Hackshaw reported that "we had allowed her to return to work with limitations and they apparently stated that she would not be able to return to work due to the limitations."
After evaluating Balmert on May 19, 2005, Dr. Hackshaw noted that Balmert's rheumatoid arthritis was "somewhat stable," that she had "no synovitis," and that she had "[f]ull range of motion of joints." Dr. Hackshaw noted, after evaluating Balmert on August 18, 2005, that he was generally "pleased with how she is doing." After evaluating Balmert on November 21, 2005, Dr. Hackshaw observed "[m]inimal synovitis" and stated that "she is doing well with current medications."
Balmert filed for long-term disability benefits on February 15, 2005. In a letter dated June 2, 2005, Reliance Standard denied Balmert's claim for long-term disability benefits, stating that "there is no documentation of a physical condition that would preclude you from performing the material duties of your own occupation." Balmert appealed Reliance Standard's denial of her disability benefits. In support of her administrative appeal, Balmert provided Reliance Standard with additional medical and other information pertaining to her claim.
The most important item submitted by Balmert in support of her appeal was a modified Functional Capacity Evaluation ("FCE"), conducted on March 15, 2006. Based on Balmert's modified FCE, Matthew T. Crill, a physical therapist, stated:
I do not believe it would be safe or prudent to place Ms. Balmert in any type of formal work setting. This conclusion is based on her lack of sitting tolerance, lack of standing tolerance, severe deficits in upper extremity strength, severe deficits in fine motor skills, and chronic and intractable subjective pain rating. She would not be able to perform any of her previous work requirements under modified or full duty in the context of a full work [day]. These recommendations are pending the referring physician's final evaluation.
In a letter dated July 25, 2006, Dr. Hackshaw stated: "I have received a functional capacity evaluation on Ms. Balmert from March 15th 2006 and agree with the findings from this evaluation. I have been following Ms. Balmert since 2004 and would agree her condition was the same at that time as it is now."
After reviewing this material, Reliance Standard arranged for Balmert to be evaluated by an independent medical examiner, Marvin Thomas, M.D. On September 29, 2006, Dr. Thomas reported:
While the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis as mentioned seems firm there is very little evidence of active disease and one would guess that it is in relative remission. Prognosis is always uncertain in this disease but looks reasonably good for her at this point.... I would place very little limitation on her in terms of the use of her upper extremities. She might have some difficulty because of her knees with prolonged standing and negotiating steps. In summary while she has a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, it seems controlled. I see no reason why she cannot continue in her present position.
He also noted that "[t]here is no rheumatological basis for disability." On November 2, 2006, he supplemented his report with a statement that "[b]ased on the records that were sent to me it would appear initially that [Balmert] would have difficulty keyboarding and other use of her hands. *500 Based on what I see now this would be much less of a problem."
After reviewing the record, Reliance Standard determined that Balmert would have been precluded from performing her own occupation for a closed period of time between August 26, 2004 to September 29, 2006. The determination to grant Balmert benefits for a closed period of time was evidently based on Dr. Thomas's opinion that Balmert initially would have had difficulty keyboarding and with other use of her hands. Balmert was informed of the resolution of her administrative appeal by letter dated December 14, 2006. The letter states, in pertinent part:
Since it has been established that total disability is supported from August 26, 2004 to September 29, 2006, Ms. Balmert's file has been returned to the Claims Department to pay benefits up to the latter date and then close the file on the basis that disability is not supported beyond that date.... Please be advised that our claim decision is now final, as Ms. Balmert has exhausted any administrative remedies available.
Balmert filed an ERISA claim against Reliance Standard in district court on February 8, 2007, challenging the limited grant of long-term disability benefits. On September 22, 2008, the district court granted judgment on the administrative record in favor of Reliance Standard. The district court concluded that Reliance Standard's determination of benefits was supported by substantial evidence.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court's ruling, applying the same legal standard as the district court. Whitaker v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 404 F.3d 947, 949 (6th Cir.2005). Here, the district court appropriately applied the arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review because the benefit plan granted the ERISA plan administrator discretionary authority to interpret the terms of the plan and to determine eligibility for benefits. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989); see also Glenn v. MetLife, 461 F.3d 660, 666 (6th Cir.2006). Under the arbitrary-and-capricious standard, we will uphold a plan administrator's decision "if it is the result of a deliberate, principled reasoning process and if it is supported by substantial evidence." Baker v. United Mine Workers of Am. Health & Ret. Funds, 929 F.2d 1140, 1144 (6th Cir.1991). However, as we have repeatedly stated, "the federal courts do not sit in review of the administrator's decisions only for the purpose of rubber stamping those decisions." Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 405 F.3d 373, 379 (6th Cir. 2005).
DISCUSSION
A. Full and Fair Review
29 U.S.C. § 1133 provides that every employee benefit plan must:
(1) provide adequate notice in writing to any participant or beneficiary whose claim for benefits under the plan has been denied, setting forth the specific reasons for such denial, written in a manner calculated to be understood by the participant, and
(2) afford a reasonable opportunity to any participant whose claim for benefits has been denied for a full and fair review by the appropriate named fiduciary of the decision denying the claim.
The essential purpose of 29 U.S.C. § 1133 is twofold: "(1) to notify the claimant of the specific reasons for a claim denial, and (2) to provide the claimant an opportunity to have that decision reviewed by the fiduciary." Wenner v. Sun Life Assurance Co. *501 of Can., 482 F.3d 878, 882 (6th Cir.2007) (emphasis omitted). Moreover, an administrator may not initially deny benefits for one reason, and then turn around and deny benefits for an entirely different reason, after an administrative appeal, without affording the claimant an opportunity to respond to the second, determinative reason for the denial of benefits. Id. at 882.
Balmert argues that her administrative appeal was procedurally unfair because Reliance Standard's final benefits determination was allegedly for a different reason than its initial benefits determination. This contention, however, is without merit. Reliance Standard's June 2, 2005 letter to Balmert stated that the reason for denying long-term disability benefits was that "there is no documentation of a physical condition that would preclude you from performing the material duties of your own occupation." Similarly, its December 14, 2006 letter to Balmert stated that the basis for denying continuing long-term disability benefits was that "disability is not supported beyond [September 29, 2006]." In other words, benefits were initially denied based on a lack of evidence of disability, and continuing benefits were finally denied based on a lack of evidence of disability. This is not a case in which the administrator initially denied benefits for one reason and later denied benefits for another reason. See id. The fact that Balmert received benefits for a closed period does not alter the fact that Reliance Standard consistently and accurately notified her that benefits had been denied based on a lack of evidence supporting disability.
Balmert also argues that her administrative appeal was procedurally unfair because she was not given the opportunity to respond to the independent medical examiner's report. Relying on Houston v. Unum Life Insurance Co. of America, 246 Fed.Appx. 293 (6th Cir.2007) (unpublished), Balmert contends that "the persistent core requirements of review intended to be full and fair include knowing what evidence the decision-maker relied upon, having an opportunity to address the accuracy and reliability of that evidence, and having the decision-maker consider the evidence presented by both parties prior to reaching and rendering his decision." Id. at 300 (emphasis in original) (quoting Halpin v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 962 F.2d 685, 689 (7th Cir.1992)). Reliance Standard, quoting Metzger v. UNUM Life Insurance Co. of America, 476 F.3d 1161 (10th Cir.2007), counters that:
Permitting a claimant to receive and rebut medical opinion reports generated in the course of an administrative appealeven when those reports contain no new factual information and deny benefits on the same basis as the initial decisionwould set up an unnecessary cycle of submission, review, re-submission, and re-review. This would undoubtedly prolong the appeal process, which, under the regulations, should normally be completed within 45 days. Moreover, such repeating cycles of review within a single appeal would unnecessarily increase cost of appeals.
Id. at 1166-67 (internal citations omitted). However, because Balmert did not attempt to rebut Dr. Thomas's medical opinion, it is unnecessary for us to address the limits of a claimant's right to rebut medical opinion reports generated in the course of an administrative appeal.
It is sufficient for us to reiterate that, in the context of an administrative appeal of an adverse benefits determination, 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(h)(2) outlines the essential procedural requirements for a full and fair review. These procedural requirements include (1) the allowance of 60 days, after notification of an adverse benefit *502 determination, in which a claimant may file an administrative appeal; (2) the opportunity to submit written comments, documents, records, and other information relating to the claim for benefits; (3) the right to be provided, upon request and free of charge, reasonable access to and copies of all documents, records, and other information relevant to the claim for benefits; and (4) the requirement that the fiduciary take into account all comments, documents, records, and other information submitted by the claimant relating to the claim, regardless of whether such information was submitted or considered in the initial benefit determination. Id.
A claimant's failure to fully explore and exercise her procedural rights does not undermine the fundamental fairness of an otherwise full and fair administrative review process. Pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(h)(2)(iii), Balmert had the right to receive a copy of Dr. Thomas's report, but in order to exercise this right she was required to request a copy of the report. Id. It is clear that Balmert had notice that Dr. Thomas would provide a medical evaluation in relation to her administrative appeal as Balmert was personally evaluated by Dr. Thomas during the course of the administrative appeal process. However, there is no evidence that she requested a copy of Dr. Thomas's report.[2] Moreover, pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(h)(2)(ii), Balmert had the right, during the course of her administrative appeal, to submit written comments, documents, records, and other information for the purpose of rebutting Dr. Thomas's report or otherwise bolstering her claim. Id. There is, however, no indication that Balmert tendered any evidence for the purpose of rebutting Dr. Thomas's report. In other words, in spite of the fact that Balmert knew that she had been evaluated by Dr. Thomas and that his report would be considered by Reliance Standard as part of the administrative appeal process, she did not take the opportunity to request a copy of the report or otherwise attempt to address the accuracy and reliability of Dr. Thomas's medical findings. The fact that Balmert did not fully exercise her rights to receive and rebut Dr. Thomas's medical opinion does not render her administrative appeal procedurally defective.
B. Benefits Determination
Balmert argues that Reliance Standard's final decision to grant benefits to Balmert for a closed period, August 26, 2004 to September 29, 2006, but otherwise deny continuing long-term disability benefits, is arbitrary and capricious. We disagree. Balmert's own physician, Dr. Hackshaw, stated on August 26, 2004 that "the pain that she complains of is disproportionate relative to the amount of synovitis that I see." Finding no rheumatological basis for Balmert's alleged symptoms, Dr. Hackshaw requested that she be evaluated by a neurologist and a psychologist. At follow-up appointments, Dr. Hackshaw's evaluations of Balmert were consistently positive. On October 21, 2004, he told Balmert that she could return to work with certain limitations. His records indicate that he believed that Balmert had the capability to work at a computer, albeit on a more limited basis, as he suggested that she explore some type of flex plan that would allow her to take her computer typing work home.
The findings of Dr. Thomas confirm Dr. Hackshaw's initial observations. Dr. Thomas noted that Balmert's rheumatoid *503 arthritis seemed controlled and stated: "I see no reason why she cannot continue in her present position." He also observed "no rheumatological basis for disability." Dr. Thomas indicated that, at the time of his evaluation, Balmert had the capacity to perform keyboarding functions and otherwise use her hands. However, based on his review of Balmert's medical records, he noted that she initially may have had difficulty keyboarding and with other use of her hands. Although there may have been sufficient evidence to support an outright denial of disability benefits, based on Dr. Thomas's review of the medical records, Reliance Standard granted benefits to Balmert for the closed period of August 26, 2004 to September 29, 2006.
The divergence of medical opinion between Dr. Thomas and Dr. Hackshaw primarily resulted from Balmert's modified FCE. Based on the modified FCE, the physical therapist recommended that it would be unsafe to place Balmert in any type of formal work setting. This recommendation contradicted Dr. Hackshaw's previous medical opinion that Balmert could return to work with some limitations. However, in a highly ambiguous statement, Dr. Hackshaw wrote that he agreed with "the findings from the evaluation" and stated: "I have been following Ms. Balmert since 2004 and would agree her condition was the same at that time as it is now." It is noteworthy that Dr. Hackshaw did not state that he agreed with the recommendations of the physical therapist. Moreover, it is unclear what Dr. Hackshaw meant by his statement that Balmert's condition is "the same" as it was in 2004. Indeed, Balmert remained at work until August 2004; Dr. Hackshaw had consistently opined in 2004 that Balmert's rheumatoid arthritis was under control, and he had told Balmert in October 2004 that she could return to work. Thus, it is reasonable to find that Dr. Thomas's medical observations were more credible than Dr. Hackshaw's ambiguous statement of agreement with the modified FCE.
Under ERISA, plan administrators are not required to accord special deference to the opinions of treating physicians. Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 831, 123 S.Ct. 1965, 155 L.Ed.2d 1034 (2003). Moreover, ERISA does not impose a heightened burden of explanation on administrators when they reject a treating physician's opinion. Id. Reliance on other physicians is reasonable so long as the administrator does not totally ignore the treating physician's opinions. See id. at 834, 123 S.Ct. 1965. The record indicates that Dr. Hackshaw's medical observations were taken into consideration both by Reliance Standard and by Dr. Thomas. Moreover, there is no indication that Dr. Thomas's medical observations were biased. In fact, Dr. Thomas's medical observations accord with Dr. Hackshaw's initial medical observations, and the apparent change in Dr. Hackshaw's medical opinion is unexplained. Thus, it is not arbitrary and capricious for Reliance Standard to rely more on Dr. Thomas's medical opinion.
There are also strong indications in the administrative record that Balmert's symptoms were related to stress rather than rheumatoid arthritis. Balmert viewed her position with Big Lots as a "high stress job," and her family members told Dr. Hackshaw that they felt that the stress was exacerbating Balmert's condition. Balmert's conversations with Dr. McEntyre focused on the long hours at work and the demands that were placed upon her at home. Of particular importance, Dr. McEntyre noted that Balmert used complaints of pain to get help from her husband and sons. Thus, there is an evidentiary basis to conclude that Balmert *504 may have overstated her symptoms or that her symptoms may have been real but unrelated to her rheumatoid arthritis. However, because the record was constructed solely to support disability on the basis of rheumatoid arthritis, there is insufficient record evidence to support a finding of disability on another basis.
There is substantial evidence to support Reliance Standard's benefits determination. Therefore, Reliance Standard's benefits determination was not arbitrary and capricious. See Baker, 929 F.2d at 1144.
AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[1] Synovitis is the inflammation of the lining of the joints.
[2] Balmert received a copy of Dr. Thomas's report as an appendix to Reliance Standard's December 14, 2006 final determination letter.
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INTRODUCTION
============
UniProt strives to provide a centralized repository of protein sequences with comprehensive coverage and a systematic approach to protein annotation, incorporating, interpreting, integrating and standardizing data from large and disparate sources and is the most comprehensive catalog of protein sequence and functional annotation. It has four components optimized for different uses. The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is an expertly curated database, a central access point for integrated protein information with cross-references to multiple sources. The UniProt Archive (UniParc) is a comprehensive sequence repository, reflecting the history of all protein sequences ([@B1]). UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) merge closely related sequences based on sequence identity to speed up searches while the UniProt Metagenomic and Environmental Sequences database (UniMES) was created to respond to the expanding area of metagenomic data. UniProt is freely and easily accessible by researchers to conduct interactive and custom-tailored analyses for proteins of interest to facilitate hypothesis generation and knowledge discovery.
THE UNIPROT DATABASES
=====================
The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB)
-------------------------------------
UniProtKB consists of two sections, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL. The former contains manually annotated records with information extracted from literature and curator-evaluated computational analysis. Annotation is done by biologists with specific expertise to achieve accuracy. In UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, annotation consists of the description of the following: function(s), enzyme-specific information, biologically relevant domains and sites, post-translational modifications, subcellular location(s), tissue specificity, developmental specific expression, structure, interactions, splice isoform(s), associated diseases or deficiencies or abnormalities, etc. Another important part of the annotation process involves merging of different reports for a single protein. After an inspection of the sequences, the curator selects the reference sequence, does the corresponding merging, and lists the splice and genetic variants along with disease information when available. UniProtKB/TrEMBL contains high quality computationally analyzed records enriched with automatic annotation and classification. The computer-assisted annotation is created using automatically generated rules as in Spearmint ([@B2]) or manually curated rules (UniRule) ([@B3; @B4; @B5; @B6]) based on protein families. UniProtKB/TrEMBL contains the translations of all coding sequences (CDS) present in the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases ([@B7]) and sequences from TAIR Arabidopsis thaliana ([@B8]), SGD ([@B9]) and Ensembl *Homo sapiens* ([@B10]) with some defined exclusions. Records are selected for full manual annotation and integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot according to defined annotation priorities.
The UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef)
---------------------------------------
UniRef provides clustered sets of all sequences from UniProtKB (including splice forms as separate entries) and selected records from UniParc to achieve complete coverage of sequence space at identity levels of 100, 90 and 50% while hiding redundant sequences ([@B11]). The UniRef clusters are generated in a hierarchical manner; the UniRef100 database combines identical sequences and sub-fragments into a single UniRef entry, UniRef90 is built from UniRef100 clusters and UniRef50 is built from UniRef90 clusters. Each individual member sequence can exist in only one UniRef cluster at each identity level and have only one parent or child cluster at another identity level. UniRef100, UniRef90 and UniRef50 yield database size reductions of ∼11, 40 and 72%, respectively. Each cluster record contains source database, protein name and taxonomy information on each member sequence but is represented by a single selected representative protein sequence and name; the number of members and the lowest common taxonomy node are also included. UniRef100 is one of the most comprehensive non-redundant protein sequence datasets available. The reduced size of the UniRef90 and UniRef50 datasets provide faster sequence similarity searches and reduce the research bias in similarity searches by providing a more even sampling of sequence space. UniRef is used for a broad range of applications in the areas of automated genome annotation, family classification, systems biology, structural genomics, phylogenetic analysis and mass spectrometry.
UniProt Archive (UniParc)
-------------------------
UniParc is the main sequence storehouse and is a comprehensive repository that reflects the history of all protein sequences ([@B1]). UniParc contains all new and revised protein sequences from all publicly available sources (<http://www.uniprot.org/help/uniparc>) to ensure that complete coverage is available at a single site. To avoid redundancy, all sequences 100% identical over the entire length are merged, regardless of source organism. New and updated sequences are loaded on a daily basis, cross-referenced to the source database accession number, and provided with a sequence version that increments upon changes to the underlying sequence. The basic information stored within each UniParc entry is the identifier, the sequence, cyclic redundancy check number, source database(s) with accession and version numbers, and a time stamp. If a UniParc entry lacks a cross-reference to a UniProtKB entry, the reason for its exclusion from UniProtKB is provided (e.g. pseudogene). In addition, each source database accession number is tagged with its status in that database, indicating if the sequence still exists or has been deleted in the source database and cross-references to NCBI GI and TaxId if appropriate.
The UniProt Metagenomic and Environmental Sequences database (UniMES)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The UniProt Knowledgebase contains entries with a known taxonomic source. However, the expanding area of metagenomic data has necessitated the creation of a separate database, the UniProt Metagenomic and Environmental Sequences database (UniMES). UniMES currently contains data from the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) which predicts nearly 6 million proteins, primarily from oceanic microbes. By combining the predicted protein sequences with automatic classification by InterPro, the integrated resource for protein families, domains and functional sites, UniMES uniquely provides free access to the array of genomic information gathered from the sampling expeditions, enhanced by links to further analytical resources. UniMES is available on the ftp site in FASTA format along with a UniMES matches to InterPro methods file.
MANUAL ANNOTATION IN UNIPROTKB
==============================
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot contains manually annotated records with information extracted from literature and curator-evaluated computational analysis. Manual annotation consists of a critical review of experimentally proven or computer-predicted data about each protein, including the protein sequences. Records are continuously created and updated by an expert team of biologists.
The annotation activities of the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot can be divided into two parts.
Model organism-oriented annotation
----------------------------------
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot provides annotated entries for many species, but concentrates on the annotation of entries from model organisms of distinct taxonomic groups to ensure the presence of high quality annotation for representative members of all protein families: Human and other mammalsNon-mammalian vertebrates: *Xenopus*, ZebrafishBacteria and ArchaeaPlantsFungiVirusesToxinsDictyosteliumArthropods: *Drosophila, mosquito*C. elegans and C. briggsae
Transversal annotation
----------------------
Transversal annotation focuses on issues common to all organisms, such as post-translational modifications (PTMs), structural information and protein--protein interactions.
For more information on UniProt's annotation programs, please see <http://www.uniprot.org/help/projects>.
PROGRESS REPORT
===============
UniProtKB annotation
--------------------
### Revisiting the human proteome
Following the publication in UniProt release 14.1 of the first draft of the complete human proteome, an intensive review and update of the 20 325 records was initiated. Our main objectives are to increase the depth and quality of human protein annotation and to continue to update and correct all associated protein sequences.
As part of the review process, we are using information extraction tools such as the STRING database ([@B12]) to identify UniProt entries which are candidates for re-annotation. STRING is a meta-database that integrates and assigns reliability scores to information on functional protein interactions and as such provides a useful first pass filter for re-annotation prioritization. Propagation of the annotation from well-characterized orthologs in closely related species (e.g. *Mus musculus*) to an uncharacterized human protein is another approach used. Sequence update and review includes the merging of previously undescribed splice isoforms and polymorphisms and the correction or removal of erroneous sequences by comparison to the reference human genome. We also continue to create records for newly discovered protein sequences and to delete spurious records which may correspond to pseudogenes or cloning artifacts. UniProt recently joined the Consensus CDS (CCDS) project ([@B13]), a collaborative effort to identify a core set of consistently annotated and high quality human and mouse protein-coding regions. The long-term goal is to support convergence towards a standard set of gene and protein annotations. To date, UniProt has investigated 700 records in close collaboration with the RefSeq annotation group at the NCBI and the HAVANA team at the WTSI. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot release 57.6 contains 20 330 human proteome entries. More than one third of these contain additional sequences representing isoforms generated by alternative splicing, alternative promoter usage and/or alternative translation initiation, resulting in close to 34 000 human protein sequences. Approximately 58 000 single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs), mostly disease-linked, are also described as well as 69 000 PTMs. This release of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot also includes over 80 000 vertebrate proteins including 16 163 mouse proteins.
### Complete Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteome in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
The annotation effort towards proteins from model organisms recently led to the integration into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot of the complete set of proteins encoded by *S. pombe*, the sixth eukaryotic organism to be completely sequenced ([@B14]). It is the third eukaryotic complete proteome (after *S. cerevisiae* and human) to be integrated in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Since UniProt release 15.4, users can access 4958 sequence-verified, manually curated protein entries, including a link to GeneDB_Spombe, the fission yeast community database. The *S. pombe* proteome set will not be a static one but will be revisited and updated as science progresses in this field.
The availability of the complete set of both *S. cerevisiae* and *S. pombe* proteins and the phylogenetic position of these two species in the fungal tree of life will aid in the identification and annotation of orthologous proteins in many other organisms.
### Viral protein annotation program (VPAP)
Started in 2004, the viral protein annotation program seeks to provide a detailed review on viral proteins from a representative subset of strains for each virus. For this purpose, we focused on the NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) listed strains, which have the benefit of being both fully sequenced and representative.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot release 57.6 contains 14 233 annotated viral entries. Viral entries are created or updated to describe the protein's functionality and characteristics, such as 3D structure, functional domains, localization in the host cell, or post-translational modifications. The annotation also includes data concerning the infectious cycle or interactions with the host proteins (e.g. intracellular machinery, host cell immunity, host entry receptors), as well as a precise description of the host organism, often leading to taxonomy updates. In order to have the most up-to-date annotation, we frequently collaborate with virologists. Special emphasis is put on viruses of public health importance, especially those that are causative agents of human epidemics. As a result, we have fully annotated proteins from HIV, influenza, SARS, hepatitis A, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, Ebolavirus, caliciviruses, Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, lyssaviruses and Rubella virus. In 2009, we completed the annotation of rotaviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella-zoster virus and Herpes simplex virus and have added a set of representative strains of the H1N1 swine flu 2009 outbreak.
### Dictyostelium annotation program
UniProt and dictyBase, the model organism database (MOD) for *Dictyostelium discoideum*, have established a collaboration to improve data sharing. This collaboration, started in 2008, took a major step forward with a jointly organized annotation marathon. The 1-week marathon led to the annotation into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot of more than 1000 *D. discoideum* proteins, plus the updating of a large number of gene symbols, protein names and gene models ([@B15]). This collaboration continues in a new annotation program that was established at the end of 2008. The program's main priority is to annotate *D. discoideum* proteins that have been characterized or whose gene models have been manually verified by dictyBase. It will also include work on gene symbols, protein names and gene model updates.
### Integration with other databases
Integration between the three types of sequence-related databases (nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences and protein tertiary structures) as well as with specialized data collections is important to our users. UniProtKB is currently cross-referenced with more than 10 million links to 114 different databases with regular update cycles. Table 1 lists the 17 new and diverse databases added in the past year. Database cross-references are stored in the DR (Database Reference) lines and allow access to related information in other databases. This extensive network of cross-references allows UniProt to act as a focal point of biomolecular database interconnectivity. All cross-referenced databases are documented at <http://www.uniprot.org/docs/dbxref> and if appropriate are included in the UniProt ID mapping tool at <http://www.uniprot.org>/help/mapping with the file for download at ftp://ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/knowledgebase/idmapping. Database nameDatabase informationBgeedataBase for Gene Expression EvolutionCTDComparative Toxicogenomics DatabaseCAZyCarbohydrate-Active enzymesGeneCardsGeneCards: human genes, protein and diseasesIPIInternational Protein IndexNextBioNextBio gene-centric data for human, mouse, rat, fly, worm and yeastOMAIdentification of Orthologs from Complete Genome DataPathway\_ Interaction_DBNCI-Nature Pathway Interaction DatabasePMAP_CutDBCutDB - Proteolytic event databasePRIDEPRoteomics IDEntifications databaseSTRINGSTRING: functional protein association networksTCDBTransport Classification DatabaseUCSCUniversity of California Santa Cruz Genome BrowserXenBase*Xenopus laevi*s and *tropicalis* biology and genomics resource
Controlled vocabularies
-----------------------
Controlled vocabularies (CVs) (<http://www.uniprot.org/docs/#vocabulary>) are used to describe various UniProt annotation items such as keywords, plasmids or subcellular locations.
### Plastid annotation controlled vocabulary
In the OG (OrGanelle) line (Encoded on subsection of the 'Names and origin' section, (<http://www.uniprot.org>/manual/encoded_on), six general terms for plastids are used: 'Chloroplast' indicates the organism is photosynthetic.'Non-photosynthetic plastid' is used when the organism is from a photosynthetic lineage but genetically unable to photosynthesize, as happens with some parasitic plants (*Epifagus virginiana*, *Aneura mirabilis*), a parastic 'green' algae (Helicosporidium sp. Subsp. *Simulium jonesii*) and a euglenoid (*Astasia longa*).'Cyanelle' is used for the plastid of the glaucophyte algae. It has the remnants of a cell wall between its surrounding membranes.'Apicoplast' is used for plastids from the non-photosynthetic Apicocomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Eimeria which cause malaria, toxoplasmosis and coccidian diseases respectively. Although the plastid remnant has a reduced coding capacity, it is essential for cell survival and as such is interesting as a drug target.'Organellar chromatophore' is used for the plastid of the thecate amoeba Paulinella chromatophora, which has a very large endosymbiont genome (1.0 Mb, encoding almost 900 proteins).'Plastid' (without any qualifier) is used for some parasitic plants (mostly from the genus Cuscuta) which may be briefly photosynthetic when very young.
### Structuring of the metabolic pathway topic using UniPathway
The metabolism of living organisms can be understood as a network of biochemical reactions, generally catalyzed by enzymes. Dealing with this network as a whole is a complex task and a classical approach is to divide it into more manageable segments, called pathways. How this approach is applied is always somewhat arbitrary and depends upon the final usage of the data. Usually, a first level of segmentation is achieved on the basis of biological criteria. For instance, divisions could be achieved by considering the sub-network of all reactions involved in amino-acid biosynthesis or, more specifically, in [l]{.smallcaps}-lysine biosynthesis only, or even more specifically, in [l]{.smallcaps}-lysine biosynthesis via the AAA pathway. This results in a series of coarse- to fine-grained divisions (the coarsest is called a \'super-pathway\').
We have followed this classical approach in the UniPathway project (a collaborative project with the INRIA and the LECA), and have, whenever possible, further refined this first-level segmentation to a second-level one, in order to split the pathways into linear segments (i.e. sub-networks without branches) called \'sub-pathways\'. Such a fine-grained segmentation allows representation of pathway variants. Indeed, depending on the organism (or set of organisms), the chemical route from one compound to another can be performed in different ways. It is important to represent these variations within the same pathway since UniProtKB covers a large number of species. In addition, it offers a convenient way to label the enzymatic reactions that constitute a metabolic pathway by their relative position (\'step\') in the sub-pathway.
The role of a protein in metabolism is described in the \'Pathway\' subsection of the \'General annotation (Comments)\' section. The syntax is \'super-pathway; pathway; sub-pathway: step n/m\'
Examples:
**P49367**: *S. cerevisiae* homoacotinase (EC 4.2.1.36) catalyzes the second step of the sub-pathway [l]{.smallcaps}-α-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate (transformation of 2-oxoglutarate into [l]{.smallcaps}-α-aminoadipate through 4 enzymatic reactions), a component of the [l]{.smallcaps}-lysine biosynthesis via AAA pathway
`CC -!- PATHWAY: Amino-acid biosynthesis; L-lysine biosynthesis via AAA`
`CCpathway; L-alpha-aminoadipate from 2-oxoglutarate: step 2/4.`
**Q980X0**: *S. solfataricus* acetylglutamate/acetylaminoadipate kinase (EC 2.7.2.8 & EC 2.7.2.-) catalyzes two reactions involved in two independent pathways.
`CC -!- PATHWAY: Amino-acid biosynthesis; L-arginine biosynthesis; N(2)-`
`CC acetyl-L-ornithine from L-glutamate: step 2/4.`
`CC -!- PATHWAY: Amino-acid biosynthesis; L-lysine biosynthesis via AAA`
`CC pathway; L-lysine from L-alpha-aminoadipate (Thermus route): step`
`CC 2/5.`
The UniProt web site supplies direct links to UniPathway (<http://www.grenoble.prabi.fr/obiwarehouse/unipathway>), which provides more detailed information on pathways, sub-pathways and biochemical reactions. By making use of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot richness, UniPathway is able to offer several perspectives to understand metabolism: a protein perspective, a genomic perspective and a taxonomic perspective. The chemical perspective is based on KEGG LIGAND compounds and reactions with the kind permission of the Kanehisa Laboratory ([@B16]).
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot release 57.6 contains more than 105 000 distinct proteins (∼155 000 PATHWAY annotations) annotated with the UniPathway controlled vocabulary.
### Enzyme nomenclature in UniProt
EC numbers are used to describe enzyme reactions and are based on the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Unfortunately, not all known enzyme reactions have an EC number assigned yet. Until recently, these reactions were assigned so-called partial EC numbers where part of the numbers were replaced by dashes (e.g. EC 3.4.24.-). Partial EC numbers were used whenever the catalytic activity of the protein was not known exactly, or when the protein catalyzes a reaction which is known but not yet included in the IUBMB EC list. To distinguish between these two meanings, we have started to use the letter 'n' with a serial number instead of a dash '-'for enzymes with known catalytic activities. The serial numbers are included to ensure that each preliminary EC number is unique.
Examples:
The catalytic activity of the protein is not known exactly:
**Q9VAC5**: DE ADAM 17-like protease precursor (EC 3.4.24.-).
The catalytic reaction is known, but not yet included in the IUBMB\'s; EC list:
**Q01468**: DE 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.n1) (4-OT).
Preliminary EC numbers are used in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and are also included in the ENZYME database. They are thus available through same channels as the ENZYME database, i.e. the ENZYME site (<http://www.expasy.org/enzyme/>) and from our ftp server.
UniProtKB additional protein bibliography information
-----------------------------------------------------
UniProt strives to provide comprehensive literature citations on which UniProtKB protein annotations are based. Currently, there are ∼228 000 distinct PubMed citations associated with ∼4.2 million UniProtKB sequences and 67% of these citations are in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Databases such as Entrez Gene and MODs (e.g. dictyBase, SGD, and MGI) also provide curated literature information, which reflect their priorities and focus. We have now integrated literature annotations from 11 external gene or protein databases, including GeneRIF of Entrez Gene (<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneRif>), PDB (<http://www.rcsb.org/pdb>) and 9 MODs: SGD (<http://www.yeastgenome.org>), MGI (<http://www.informatics.jax.org>), GAD (geneticassociationdn.nih.gov), dictyBase (<http://www.dictybase.org>), ZFIN (<http://www.zfin.org>), WormBase (<http://www.wormbase.org>), TAIR (<http://www.arabidopsis.org>), RGD (rgd.mcw.edu) and FlyBase (<http://www.flybase.org>). These 11 external sources contribute ∼350 000 unique PubMed citations not yet annotated in UniProtKB, covering ∼188 000 UniProtKB entries. The additional bibliography is directly linked from the protein entry view on the UniProt website. We continue to identify more sources of bibliography information to enhance the UniProtKB bibliography and to allow scientific users to better explore the existing knowledge on their proteins of interest.
DATABASE ACCESS AND FEEDBACK
============================
The <http://www.uniprot.org> website \[[@B17]\] is the primary access point to our data and documentation and to tools such as full text and field-based text search, sequence similarity search, multiple sequence alignment, batch retrieval and database identifier mapping. These tools can be accessed directly through a tool bar that appears at the top of every page. Most data (including documentation and help) can be searched through the full text search, which allows searches requiring no prior knowledge of our data or search syntax. Results are sorted by relevance and, where possible, suggestions are provided to help refine searches that yield too many or no results. The field-based text search supports more complex queries. These can be built iteratively with the tool bar\'s; query builder or entered manually in the query field, which can be faster and more powerful (<http://www.uniprot.org/help/text-search>). Searching with ontology terms is assisted by auto-completion, and we also provide the possibility of using ontologies to browse search results. Viewing of result sets, as well as database entries, is configurable. The site has a simple and consistent URL scheme and all searches can be bookmarked to be repeated at a later time. The home page features a site-tour as a quick introduction for novice users. In response to user requests for various downloadable data sets (e.g. all reviewed human entries in FASTA format), we have removed all download limits to allow this functionality by directly querying the website. However, large downloads are given low priority in order to ensure that they do not interfere with interactive queries, and they can therefore be slow compared to downloads from the UniProt FTP server. We therefore recommend downloading complete datasets from ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases. The website offers various download formats which depend on the chosen dataset (e.g. plain text, XML, RDF, FASTA, GFF for UniProtKB). The columns of result tables can be configured for customized downloads in tab-delimited or Excel format. All data is available in RDF (<http://www.w3.org/RDF/>), a W3C standard for publishing data on the Semantic Web. All search results can be retrieved as RSS feeds for integration with external tools such as news feed readers or Yahoo Pipes. Programmatic access to data and search results is possible via simple HTTP (REST) requests (<http://www.uniprot.org/help/technical>). Java applications can also make use of our Java API (UniProtJAPI) ([@B18]).
We are constantly trying to improve our databases and services in terms of accuracy and representation and hence, consider your feedback extremely valuable. Please contact us if you have any questions via <http://www.uniprot.org/contact> or email us directly at <[email protected]>. The page <http://www.uniprot.org/help/submissions> provides information about data submissions and updates. You can also subscribe to e-mail alerts (<http://www.uniprot.org/help/alerts>) for the latest information on UniProt databases. Extensive documentation on how to best use our resource is available at <http://www.uniprot.org/help/>. UniProt is freely available for both commercial and non-commercial use. Please see <http://www.uniprot.org/help/>license for details. New releases are published every 3 weeks except for UniMES, which is updated only when the underlying source data are updated. Statistics are available with each release at <http://www.uniprot.org>.
FUNDING
=======
UniProt is mainly supported by Award Number U01HG02712 from the National Human Genome Research Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Human Genome Research Institute or the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Additional support for the EBI's involvement in UniProt comes from the European Commission contract SLING grant (226073) and from the NIH grant (2P41HG02273-07). UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot activities at the SIB are supported in addition from the Swiss Federal Government through the Federal Office of Education and Science and from the European Commission contract SLING (226073). PIR activities are also supported by the NIH grants and contracts on HHSN266200400061C, NCI-caBIG and 5R01GM080646-04 and the Department of Defense grant W81XWH0720112. Funding for open access charge: European Bioinformatics Institute.
*Conflict of interest statement*. None declared.
UniProt has been prepared by: Rolf Apweiler, Maria Jesus Martin, Claire O'Donovan, Michele Magrane, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, Ricardo Antunes, Daniel Barrell, Benoit Bely, Mark Bingley, David Binns, Lawrence Bower, Paul Browne, Wei Mun Chan, Emily Dimmer, Ruth Eberhardt, Alexander Fedotov, Rebecca Foulger, John Garavelli, Rachael Huntley, Julius Jacobsen, Michael Kleen, Kati Laiho, Rasko Leinonen, Duncan Legge, Quan Lin, Wudong Liu, Jie Luo, Sandra Orchard, Samuel Patient, Diego Poggioli, Manuela Pruess, Matt Corbett, Giuseppe di Martino, Mike Donnelly and Pieter van Rensburg at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI); Amos Bairoch, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, Severine Altairac, Andrea Auchincloss, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Kristian Axelsen, Delphine Baratin, Marie-Claude Blatter, Brigitte Boeckmann, Jerven Bolleman, Laurent Bollondi, Emmanuel Boutet, Silvia Braconi Quintaje, Lionel Breuza, Alan Bridge, Edouard deCastro, Luciane Ciapina, Danielle Coral, Elisabeth Coudert, Isabelle Cusin, Gwennaelle Delbard, Mikael Doche, Dolnide Dornevil, Paula Duek Roggli, Severine Duvaud, Anne Estreicher, Livia Famiglietti, Marc Feuermann, Sebastien Gehant, Nathalie Farriol-Mathis, Serenella Ferro, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Alain Gateau, Vivienne Gerritsen, Arnaud Gos, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Ursula Hinz, Chantal Hulo, Nicolas Hulo, Janet James, Silvia Jimenez, Florence Jungo, Thomas Kappler, Guillaume Keller, Corinne Lachaize, Lydie Lane-Guermonprez, Petra Langendijk-Genevaux, Vicente Lara, Philippe Lemercier, Damien Lieberherr, Tania de Oliveira Lima, Veronique Mangold, Xavier Martin, Patrick Masson, Madelaine Moinat, Anne Morgat, Anais Mottaz, Salvo Paesano, Ivo Pedruzzi, Sandrine Pilbout, Violaine Pillet, Sylvain Poux, Monica Pozzato, Nicole Redaschi, Catherine Rivoire, Bernd Roechert, Michel Schneider, Christian Sigrist, Karin Sonesson, Sylvie Staehli, Eleanor Stanley, Andre Stutz, Shyamala Sundaram, Michael Tognolli, Laure Verbregue, Anne-Lise Veuthey, Lina Yip and Luiz Zuletta at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the Biochemistry and Structural Biology Department of the University of Geneva; Cathy Wu, Cecilia Arighi, Leslie Arminski, Winona Barker, Chuming Chen, Yongxing Chen, Zhang-Zhi Hu, Hongzhan Huang, Raja Mazumder, Peter McGarvey, Darren A. Natale, Jules Nchoutmboube, Natalia Petrova, Nisha Subramanian, Baris E. Suzek, Uzoamaka Ugochukwu, Sona Vasudevan, C. R. Vinayaka, Lai Su Yeh and Jian Zhang at the Protein Information Resource (PIR).
[^1]: ^†^The members of the UniProt Consortium are given in the Acknowledgements.
| {
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Q:
SSRS vs Azure SQL Reporting - Cost and Implementation
I have currently implemented some reports for a demo project using Azure reporting and Report builder.
Now we are going to develop the reports properly I have a few questions about SSRS.
We need subscription and scheduling so I guess we have to set up a SSRS server, can this be hosted on Azure or where is a good place? We have no servers of our own.
What cost is involved for licensing?
Our application is an MVC 4 app and I believe this may cause problems for hosting the report viewer (no post backs). What would be the best approach for an integrated experience for running the reports?
Thank you
A:
Be aware that Microsoft's recommendation of installing ssrs on one Azure VM using the SQL Enterprise gallery image will cost you over $1600 per month and does not meet the requirement of two instances for Microsoft's SLA and does not provide High Availability (HA). We are pretty frustrated with Microsoft right now about this.
A:
SQL Reporting will discontinue service on October 31, 2014.
| {
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Comments and insight on advanced technologies and their use in accomplishing business and mission success.
GovCloud Network
30 Day Pageviews
Monday, June 2, 2008
DISA Cloud Computing Plans
During last month's Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Partnership Conference, cloud computing debuted as a "top priority" for senior leadership. Speakers described a future state when users would access computing time from DISA’s "cloud" to run applications without requiring access to a traditional server. John Garing, DISA CIO, said that the Government is looking to only pay for usage. Cloud computing and virtualization were identified as growing business segments and have quickly been adopted by DISA leadership as a service to DoD customers. Led by DISA’s Computing Services unit this new service will provide military users a faster, cheaper source to run applications in an on-demand environment. Called the Rapid Access Computing Environment (RACE) this "cloud" will give warfighters the ability to configure, order and access a server on the network in less than 24 hours.
While I applaud DISA on their rapid adoption of the cloud concept, I am very concerned about their apparent implemetation path. Unless I'm reading this wrong, DISA is focused on deploying a quicker, easier and less expensive model for providing warfigher access to server hardware and storage. If so, I believe they are missing a very key point. Cloud computing is about providing quick, easy and less expensive access to information. To accomplish this, DISA must also provide web services and the means to effectively consume the information provided by those services.
What makes the Google and Amazon clouds worthwhile is their ability to manipulate information. Server hardware and storage aren't even in the discussion. | {
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Why do we care about Casey Anthony?
PJ O'Keefe, WCPO Digital
8:06 AM, Jul 6, 2011
1:15 PM, Jul 6, 2011
ORLANDO, FL - JULY 5: Casey Anthony reacts to being found not guilty on murder charges as she stands next to her attorney Jose Baez at the Orange County Courthouse on July 5, 2011 in Orlando, Florida. Casey Anthony had been accused of murdering her two-year-old daughter Caylee in 2008 and was found not guilty of manslaughter in the first degree. (Photo by Joe Burbank-Pool/Getty Images)
Then again, if you have an Internet connection, a cell phone, a TV or walked around in a public area where people were speaking at an audible volume, you'd know that.
The amount of attention this case received is second to few news stories in recent memory. Many have compared it to the O.J. Simpson trial. Those in the Cincinnati-area would equate it to Ryan Widmer's three trials. Heck, this trial received a similar amount of buzz to that of the killing of Osama bin Laden.
While it isn't expected that the Anthony aftermath will carry such weight as Seal Team Six, it still makes you wonder: Why did we pay this trial so much attention?
When the bin Laden story broke, it elated feelings of pride, patriotism and positivism. The response from the general public and the amount of information that was not only available but consumed was astounding and inspiring.
The fact that a 25-year-old mom who three years ago would have blended in at any Floridian night club just as much as the next young and attractive female would conjure up a similar emotional response to the killing of the most wanted, most hated and most ruthless man in the world today is, to put it lightly, interesting.
Was this trial compelling? Of course, the amount of speculative detail could be found only in that of a John Grisham novel.
Was there lasting information? Heck yeah, there was a new twist in the trial every day, just like watching a new episode of CSI every week.
Was there relatability? If you're a parent, a daughter, a cousin, a sibling or have ever seen a child's face in your life, then you could relate to this trial just as you could to a character developed in a good movie.
The mass amount of outrage on social media was obvious, with hundreds of posts per minute on Twitter and status update after status update on Facebook.
"What is going on in Florida?" one woman wrote on Facebook.
"Wow. Unbelieveable." another wrote in reference to the verdicts.
These sentiments were echoed in the hours following the 2:15 p.m. Tuesday announcement by 12 jurors that Casey Anthony was acquitted of murder.
Some were unbiased about it: "It's the judicial system people. This is America."
Others weren't shocked: "Not surprised by the not-guilty verdicts…'Beyond and to the exclusion of every reasonable doubt.'"
Whatever you thought of the verdicts, you paid attention.
The search for truth is a powerful thing in all walks of life, that much can be said with certainty. But now, after three years of speculation and two months of intense trial, just how does Casey Anthony's fate affect our everyday lives? Was all the hype worth the time spent and the attention paid?
One man made this comment on Facebook immediately following the verdict: "Now if people paid this much attention to the news all the time, imagine how much better things could be?"
He's got a point. How many of you understand the effects of the tax-hike being debated as part of U.S. budget deficit talks in Congress? The result of those talks affects each and every Americans' paycheck.
Or who can say they totally understand how the U.S. economy will change if the debt ceiling is raised?
But hear the word "rattlesnake" and the first thought is related to how Caylee Anthony's body was found.
Many see the coverage of this case as nothing more than a reality TV show, something that could equally be seen in primetime, but with much better fictionally enhanced HD crime scenes. If you think about it, this case might as well have replaced the Soap Operas on ABC with Nancy Grace as the villain; those shows are being canceled anyway.
There is one very good thing that comes to light in the coverage of this trial that shows how great this country is: The constant evaluation of truth and justice.
America has succeeded because of its ability to adapt and evolve, as evidence of the country's founding document and the amendments made to it that have formed the judicial system we have today with its ability to seek out justice.
Casey Anthony's verdict doesn't affect the lives of the majority of Americans, but the result of her case does remind the citizens of the United States the processes of law and that we are free and innocent until proven guilty, and it opens back up that forum of discussion and evaluation of those processes like a good living democracy should.
Whether you can justify the reason you paid attention to the Casey Anthony trial or not, you watched, you read and you listened.
Whether the verdict is justified in your eyes or not, it is part of what makes America's democracy what it is. Amanda Knox in Italy has not been so
lucky. But then again, have you watched, read and listened to her trial?
What do you think? Why did you care or not care about Casey Anthony's trial? Leave a comment below or on our WCPO Facebook page
Copyright 2011 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Is it possible to have a subfolder exempt from review requirements in TFS Branch Policies?
We have a TFS Branch Policy in place to require review of files committed to the Repo. Currently this covers the entire repository.
I want to add a subfolder to the repo that is exempt from the review process. So that everything except files checked into this subfolder require review.
So currently our Branch policy looks like:
I would like the "Documentation" folder to be exempt from review.
I understand I could force reviews on on folders except that one, but I was hoping I could avoid setting up policy for each folder except the Documentation one.
Is this possible?
A:
No such option. Check Q&A on this website: https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/docs/git/branch-policies#how_works
Q: What type of wildcard characters are supported when configuring required code reviewers?
Single asterisks (*) are supported, and will match any number of characters, including both forward-slashes (/) and back-slashes (). Question marks (?) will match any single character.
Examples:
*.sql will match all files with the .sql extension
/ConsoleApplication/* will match all files under the folder named ConsoleApplication
/.gitattributes will match the .gitattributes file in the root of the repo
*/.gitignore will match any .gitignore file in the repo
| {
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In the humble opinions of national pundits that monitor congressional races, Jason Kander pretty much came out nowhere to get on their national radar.
The Washington Post, Roll Call and Larry Sabato’s Crystal Ball recently declared that Missouri’s U.S. Senate race was a “toss-up.” And these prognosticators, in general, are very surprised that Kander made the race close. For instance: When Roll Call ranked Kander as the best Senate challenger of the 2016 cycle, the publication called the development “remarkable” for a race “that most analysts considered a second-tier contest when the summer began.”
While this reporter never thought that Kander was a shoo-in, I never bought into the idea that Missouri’s Senate race was “safe” for the Republicans. And that’s no disrespect for U.S. Sen. Roy Blunt, who is one of Missouri’s shrewdest political figures. It’s more about how Missouri is structured politically.
Sure, it’s easy to look at Mitt Romney’s 2012 performance or the composition of the Missouri General Assembly and subsequently describe Missouri as an impenetrable bright-red fortress. But statewide races here tend to be competitive – especially in presidential years when Democratic turnout expands dramatically. Under the right circumstances, Democratic candidates like Kander can be quite viable. Otherwise, why are most of Missouri’s statewide officials Democrats?
But Missouri’s propensity to elect statewide Democrats isn’t the only reason Kander’s emergence isn’t exactly revelatory:
Kander, a historically prolific fundraiser, has been able to keep financial pace with Blunt. And that's not much of a surprise: Most people who win statewide office in Missouri have to have an advanced sense of how to rake in money to succeed.
Republicans happened to nominate a presidential candidate that’s not exactly popular with a slew of key demographics. And Republican statewide candidates in Missouri tend not to do that well in a soured national environment.
U.S. Senate contests in Ohio, Florida, Wisconsin and Illinois didn’t turn out to be as competitive as previously thought. And that allowed more national resources (money) to shift to Missouri, which in turn helped someone like Kander.
That last bullet point is particularly crucial. One of the unfortunate realities of running for Congress is that challengers are often dead on arrival without support from third party groups like the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee or the National Republican Senatorial Committee. And groups like the DSCC have bought into Kander’s candidacy with gusto, spending millions of dollars on television ads attacking Blunt. (And conversely, third-party groups are also attacking Kander.)
Don’t lose my number
So why did national prognosticators hesitate to see Missouri’s Senate race as competitive?
Credit Jason Rosenbaum I St. Louis Public Radio U.S. Sen. Roy Blunt is facing a tough challenge from Kander. But the closeness of the race isn't hugely surprising, given that statewide contests in Missouri are traditionally competitive.
Kyle Kondik of Larry Sabato’s Crystal cites a number of factors: The difficulty to unseat incumbents without significant scandals; early polling showing Blunt ahead; and Missouri’s status as a relatively sure thing for a Republican presidential contender.
Still, Missouri’s U.S. Senate races have defied all of those variables before. Challengers beat incumbents in 2002 and 2006. And in 2012, Democrats managed to win U.S. Senate seats in at least four states that Romney won – including Missouri.
(Republican Todd Akin hastened his landslide loss to U.S. Sen. Claire McCaskill’s with his “legitimate rape” comments. And Akin’s demise likely helped Kander win his 2012 secretary of state’s contest – an eerily similar dynamic to what’s happening in his 2016 contest.)
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“I would say that we have six toss-ups in the Senate: Nevada is the one Democratic-held seat, and then New Hampshire, Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania and North Carolina,” Kondik said. “I think of those six, Republicans still probably have the best chance in Missouri, just because of the presidential factor and the fact that Blunt is an incumbent. But I think a lot of people have been impressed with the race that Kander has run.”
Kondik said if Kander is going to win, he’ll have to “get some of that crossover vote” that Gov. Jay Nixon and McCaskill received in 2012. When he ran against Republican Shane Schoeller in 2012, Kander prevailed in a collection of urban and suburban counties – as well as a few rural ones.
Kander also narrowly won Jefferson County in 2012, a traditionally Democratic county that many GOP activists are hoping to turn bright red this November. If Kander can’t replicate his 2012 performance there against Blunt, he may need to get larger of voters in urban and suburban counties or hold down Blunt’s margins in rural Missouri.
'Known from the beginning'
Before chatting with a group of veterans at a Troy coffee shop last week, Kander himself was asked about amount of surprise national political watchers expressed about his battle against Blunt.
Needless to say, Kander didn’t share in the pundits’ disbelief.
“I’ve known from the beginning that this was going to be a close race,” Kander said. “If you look at our message from the very beginning of this campaign, my announcement video, it is the exact same message that we have right now. It hasn’t changed at all. Because it’s how I feel. And I’ve known from the beginning that’s also how Missourians feel. So I’ve known all along that as we had the opportunity to get around the state and talk to more people and get message out, then the race was going to get really close.”
_
And Republicans, too, aren’t shocked.
“Look, this is a state where, at least in statewide races, it’s very competitive between both parties. So I don’t think it’s really any surprise that the race is competitive,” said House Speaker Todd Richardson, R-Poplar Bluff. “I expect that Sen. Blunt is going to prevail at the end of the day. And that’s because he’s got a message that’s more in line with where voters are: It’s a pro-life, pro-gun, pro-growth message. And when Secretary Kander has to run in same party as Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, I think he’s got an uphill battle in Missouri.”
Richardson may be onto something: Had Akin not imploded in 2012, it’s possible that the rest of the GOP ticket may have benefited from Romney’s nine-point victory in Missouri. If GOP presidential nominee Donald Trump is able to recover enough and win the Show Me State by a significant margin, that may end up helping people like Blunt.
If Trump flops in Missouri though, politicos in Missouri and elsewhere may be furiously refreshing the secretary of state’s website late into Election Night to see the thrilling conclusion to the Kander-Blunt contest.
On the Trail, a weekly column, weaves together some of the intriguing threads from the world of Missouri politics. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
Running all pytest tests inside a 3rd party application's custom interpreter
TL;DR: How do I get a pytest plugin to redirect the running tests to a spawned process (inside a different environment/python interpreter)?
I'm developing a python script that is run by a python interpreter embedded inside a third party application (Namely, IDA). I'm now in the process of creating tests for my script using pytest, using a pytest plugin I wrote for the application. Because the application makes certain modules available only within it's own interpreter any tests must be running in a python interpreter inside the application.
I would like to improve my pytest plugin by allowing it to execute the pytest session inside the third party application, instead inside a vanilla interpreter.
I know how to cause my tests and pytest to run inside the application, which will be something similar to this:
subprocess.call("C:\Program Files\IDA\idaq.exe" -S <My script>", shell=True)
I'm struggling with where (a pytest hook, I assume, but which one?) should I spawn the pytest session inside? How can I make sure that test arguments are passed along to the new process?
I assume this is possible as a pytest plugin, because it somewhat resembles the xdist plugin.
A:
I will not answer this too in-depth, unless someone comes by and shows interest, because it'll be a kinda long
I've managed to do this by an approach similar to how pytest-xdist does it's distributed execution, where instead of using execnet to execute python interpreters remotely, I'm using subprocess.Popen to spawn an instance of the third party application (pointing to a python script for it to execute). I'm using multiprocessing.Listener and multiprocessing.Client to create a communication channel that can serialize (basic) python objects.
I then, like xdist, created an additional pytest plugin that is being registered by the script the application loads. That pytest plugin registers a handful of hooks using pytest's available hooking facilities that are then communicated back to the original pytest instance, which will fire them again to simulate them being fired by pytest itself.
For anyone interested in an example which I believe is simpler to understand than pytest-xdist, relevant code can be found on my github repo.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
A joint design between the Alliance and the Akrian Hegemony, the Arcane-Class Destroyer is a predominantly Alliance warships that marries the sleekness of modern Armstrong Design to the advanced missile systems utilized by the Hegemony.
A true ship of the Lance, the Arcane is equipped with tiered forward missile launchers giving the ship an impressive fifteen missile bow salvo - something usually restricted to broadsides for a ship of this size.
In addition to the large missile salvo on her bow, Arcane is equipped with a new high powered 150-inch mass-driver, larger than older armored cruiser's bow weapons. This high powered, single-shot heavy mass-driver gives the warship a powerful axial punch when serving in the Lance. Furthermore, this bow-focused weaponry makes the Arcane an effective pursuit and attack ship. Serving the Alliance well as a new workhorse in replacement of the rapidly aging Trafalgar-Class Destroyer Leader and somewhat long-toothed Storm of Olympus-Class Destroyer.
Rumors have even permeated that there is a stealth ONI variant of the Arcane that utilizes a highly expensive gravidium hull and singularity emission sink for enhanced recon operations - however the Alliance has staunchly denied the rumors.
---
A new destroyer fro the Alliance I cooked up tonight. The Arcane reflects the direction I'm going with Alliance warships in the future. More so than anything, I'm trying to bring a bit more diversity to the hulls. Hope you enjoy.
They are. The way I view Ships of the Lance are as workhorses of the fleet. Away from major naval conflicts, they serve as the face of the fleet around the cosmos. They carry out the anti-piracy missions, the good-will missions, etc. while the large ships of the line stay at home and maintain proficiency at their sole purpose, the art of war. During wartime, ships of the line will carry the workload of major engagements and go gun to gun with the other ships of the line. Lance ships carry out small missions, raids, and other engagements. When you combine the two, Ships of the Lance use powerful axial armament to do sweeping hits on the enemies main line of battle to disrupt and confuse them. That allows the line they are supporting to do more damage to the enemy without taking as many loses.
She is. She is getting a new 8-inch variant (smaller than the 10's on the Storm of Olympus, but with a higher rate of fire and higher muzzle velocity translating to same KE at higher rate). Probably not as many guns either, she sacrifices a lot of her gun armament in favor of heavier missile and axial gun firepower.
Sir, I don't know what to say. Your work seems to grow by leaps and bounds every time I look at your page! The artistic life you breath into these pixels are uncanny. ILM should be knocking on your door real soon.
Is this the Compeer-Class Destroyer Leader renamed or a new ship? or even a new ship Class?Also when i look at it i cant help but feel that it has very powerfull anti missile defencens for a ship that size | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
c# sharp proejct .net 4.5 dependency, should interact with a azure message queue
I am currently working on a project that depends on .net 4.5, which I am why forced to use Microsoft.Servicebus - and thus message factory
Creating a messagefactory object, doesn't seem to be problem, but creating the message sender seem to be the issue here.
I am not sure what the entity path for my azure message queue is, and don't know how I should look it up?
I initialized my message factory as such;
public Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging.MessagingFactory client = Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging.MessagingFactory.CreateFromConnectionString(ServiceBusConnectString);
Where servicebusconnectionstring, is the primary conenctionstring extracted from the azure queue, or by following this guide: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/service-bus-messaging/service-bus-dotnet-get-started-with-queues#1-create-a-namespace-using-the-azure-portal
The message sender is created as such:
Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging.MessageSender sender = client.CreateMessageSender(destinationQueue,queueName);
Again destionationQueue, and queueName are strings, which are defined from azure?
The message is to be send is created as such:
Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging.BrokeredMessage message = new Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging.BrokeredMessage(e.ToXml());
e is just an object, which has publich function which can convert it to an xml string.
Here is where I send the message:
try
{
IntegrationLogger.Write(LogLevel.Verbose, "Sending message to azure");
sender.Send(message);
}
catch(System.Exception ex)
{
if(ex is System.TimeoutException)
{
IntegrationLogger.Write(LogLevel.Error, "Timeout exeption");
}
if (ex is System.ArgumentException)
{
IntegrationLogger.Write(LogLevel.Error, "Message is empty");
}
}
IntegrationLogger is a log function I use - and the last message being logged is "Sending message to azure", meaning somethng goes wrong when I send it.
even catch does not catch the exception?..
What could be the problem here?
Am I using the sender incorrectly?
A:
I am not sure what the enity path for my azure message queue is, and don't know how i should look it up?
If we want to create queue MessageSender, we could use following code.
var sender = client.CreateMessageSender(queueName);
We also could use queueclient to send and receive the broker messsage.
var client = QueueClient.CreateFromConnectionString("servicebus connection string", queueName);
// how to send message
var sendMessage = new BrokeredMessage(data);
client.Send(sendMessage);
//how to receive message
client.OnMessage(message =>
{
var dataInfo = message.GetBody<T>();
});
IntegrationLogger is a log function I use - and the last message being logged is "Sending message to azure", meaning somethng goes wrong when I send it. even catch does not catch the exepetion?..
In your case I recommand that you could add the log info to check whether there is any exception during send message.
try
{
IntegrationLogger.Write(LogLevel.Verbose, "Sending message to azure");
sender.Send(message);
//add log
IntegrationLogger.Write(LogLevel.Verbose, "Send message successfully");
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
MySQL query with IF Statement
I want to be able to select values from either column, where column a or b is not the value I specify.
Let me explain more.
I have a table, of buddies on a website, like this:
columna | columnb
6774 887
887 2423
3434 887
3434 6774
887 3455
887 33444
343434 2343
Columna tells you who sent the request.
Our user is currently 887, how using MySQL can I find out who he is friends with?
Thanks
A:
SELECT (CASE WHEN columna = 887 THEN columnb ELSE columna END) AS 'columnAlias'
FROM <table>
WHERE columna = 887
OR columnb = 887
Edit: For using the result of the above query to get details records from another table...
Using JOIN:
SELECT T2.*
FROM Table2 AS T2
INNER JOIN (SELECT (CASE WHEN columna = 887 THEN columnb ELSE columna END) AS 'columnAlias'
FROM Table1
WHERE columna = 887
OR columnb = 887) AS _Temp ON _Temp.columnAlias = T2.ForeignKeyColumn
Using Nested Query:
SELECT T2.*
FROM Table2 AS T2
WHERE T2.ForeignKeyColumn IN (SELECT (CASE WHEN columna = 887 THEN columnb ELSE columna END) AS 'columnAlias'
FROM Table1
WHERE columna = 887
OR columnb = 887)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
---
abstract: 'In this article, we first derive the [*wavevector- and frequency-dependent, microscopic current response tensor*]{} which corresponds to the “macroscopic” ansatz ${\boldsymbol{D}} = \varepsilon_0\varepsilon_{\rm eff}{\boldsymbol{E}}$ and ${\boldsymbol{B}}= \mu_0\mu_{\rm eff}{\boldsymbol{H}}$ with wavevector- and frequency-[*independent*]{}, “effective” material constants $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}$ and $\mu_{\rm eff}$. We then deduce the electromagnetic and optical properties of this effective material model by employing exact, microscopic response relations. In particular, we argue that for recovering the standard relation $n^2=\varepsilon_{\rm eff}{\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}$ between the refractive index and the effective material constants, it is imperative to start from the microscopic wave equation in terms of the [*transverse dielectric function*]{}, $\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega)=0$. At the same time, this result refutes again the relation $n^2=\varepsilon_{\rm r}{\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm r}$ in terms of the microscopic response functions, and thus confirms the recently developed [*microscopic theory of the refractive index*]{} \[[Optik [**140**]{}, 62 (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.03.088)\]. On the phenomenological side, our result is especially relevant for metamaterials research, which draws directly on the standard relation for the refractive index in terms of effective material constants. Since for a wide class of materials, the current response tensor can be calculated from first principles and compared to the model expression derived here, this work also paves the way for a systematic search for new metamaterials.'
author:
- 'R. Starke'
- 'G.A.H. Schober'
bibliography:
- '/net/home/lxtsfs1/tpc/schober/Ronald/masterbib.bib'
title: |
Microscopic theory of refractive index applied to metamaterials:\
Effective current response tensor corresponding to standard relation $n^2 =\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}$
---
Introduction
============
The traditional approach to electrodynamics in media [@Jackson; @Griffiths; @Landau] is based on the division of electric charge and current densities into “free” and “bound” contributions, combined with the so-called “macroscopic” Maxwell equations which are usually written in the form $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla\cdot{\boldsymbol{D}} & = \rho_{\rm f} \,, \label{eq_MaxMac1}\\[2pt]
\nabla\times{\boldsymbol{E}} &= -\partial_t{\boldsymbol{B}} \,, \label{eq_MaxMac2}\\[2pt]
\nabla\cdot{\boldsymbol{B}} &= 0 \,, \label{eq_MaxMac3}\\[2pt]
\nabla\times{\boldsymbol{H}} &= {\boldsymbol{j}}_{\rm f} + \partial_t{\boldsymbol{D}} \,.\label{eq_MaxMac4}\end{aligned}$$ These equations have to be complemented by the so-called “constitutive laws”, which are—more often than not—assumed to be simple linear relations between ${\boldsymbol{D}}$ and ${\boldsymbol{E}}$ as well as between ${\boldsymbol{H}}$ and ${\boldsymbol{B}}$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{D}} & = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}\varepsilon_{\rm r} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}} \,, \label{eq_permitt}\\[2pt]
{\boldsymbol{H}} & = \mu_0^{-1} \mu_{\rm r}^{-1} {\boldsymbol{B}} \,, \label{eq_permea}\end{aligned}$$ where $\varepsilon_{\rm r}$ and $\mu_{\rm r}$ are the [*relative*]{} permittivity and permeability. To lighten the notation, we will in the following suppress the subscript $\rm r$ and simply write $\varepsilon \equiv \varepsilon_{\rm r}$ and $\mu \equiv \mu_{\rm r}$ for these dimensionless quantities. (They should, however, not be confused with the corresponding [*absolute*]{} quantities given by $\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}\varepsilon_{\rm r}$ and $\mu_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm r}$.) In particular, the fundamental field equations – determine the involved field quantities $\{ {\boldsymbol{D}}, {\boldsymbol{H}}, {\boldsymbol{E}}, {\boldsymbol{B}}\}$ only once the constitutive laws are used (to substitute, for example, ${\boldsymbol{D}}$ and ${\boldsymbol{H}}$ in terms of ${\boldsymbol{E}}$ and ${\boldsymbol{B}}$). By contrast, without the constitutive laws the fields would remain underdetermined. The constitutive laws on their side are usually assumed to be given empirically. In the simplest case, one thinks of them as being formulated in terms of [*effective*]{} material [*constants*]{}, which are measurable in principle. In general, though, the constitutive laws could be much more complicated (involving retardation effects, non-linearities, etc.). Consequently, the field equation for, say, the divergence of the “magnetic field” ${\boldsymbol{H}}$ is material dependent in the Standard Approach described above. In principle, this divergence has to be determined by plugging the relation ${\boldsymbol{B}}={\boldsymbol{B}}[{\boldsymbol{H}}]$ into the field equation .
However, along with the advent of [*ab initio materials physics*]{} [@Giuliani; @Kohanoff; @Martin], a new, [*microscopic*]{} approach to electrodynamics in media has been developed [@NozieresPines; @NozieresPines2; @Kittel; @Fliessbach; @Melrose1Book; @Melrose2Book]. Its basis is the division of both the electromagnetic source terms (i.e., charge and current densitites) and the electromagnetic fields into their respective [*external*]{} and [*induced*]{} contributions [@Bruus; @MartinRothen; @Kaxiras; @SchafWegener; @Hanke; @Strinati], where the term “induced” means “generated under the influence of [*externally applied*]{} fields”. For convenience, one also considers “total” fields, which are defined as the sum of external and induced contributions. In this microscopic approach, all electric and magnetic fields are uniquely determined by the microscopic Maxwell equations [@Zangwill], $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla\cdot{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= \rho({\boldsymbol{x}}, t)/\varepsilon_0 \,, \\[2pt]
\nabla\times{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= -\partial_t{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,, \\[2pt]
\nabla\cdot{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= 0 \,, \\[2pt]
\nabla\times{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= \mu_0{\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{j}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) + \varepsilon_0\mu_0{\hspace{1pt}}\partial_t{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,.\end{aligned}$$ These equations now hold separately for the external, induced and total fields in terms of the respective external, induced and total sources. Thus, all electric and magnetic fields are uniquely determined, [*independently of the material under consideration*]{}. The latter’s influence only comes into play when we consider [*response relations*]{}, which mostly express an induced field quantity in terms of an externally applied field via a corresponding [*response function*]{}. In principle, these microscopic response functions can be calculated from [*first principles*]{} (many-body Schrödinger equation combined with Kubo formalism). Hence, they do [*not*]{} constitute freely adjustable material parameters, but they can be theoretically predicted as well.
An important quantity in the [*ab initio*]{} context is given, for example, by the [*density response function*]{} $\upchi$, which is implicitly defined by $$\label{def_density_response}
\rho{_{\rm ind}}({\boldsymbol{x}},t) = \int \! {\mathrm d}^3 {\boldsymbol{x}}' \int \! c \, {\mathrm d}t'\, \upchi({\boldsymbol{x}},{\boldsymbol{x}}';t-t') {\hspace{1pt}}\varphi{_{\rm ext}}({\boldsymbol{x}}',t')\,,$$ where $\varphi{_{\rm ext}}$ denotes the externally applied scalar potential. In particular, in the microscopic approach, response functions are in general given in terms of non-local (possibly tensorial) integral kernels. Only for homogeneous systems (which, admittedly, constitute the most important practical application in theoretical materials science), the response functions depend only on the coordinate difference, such that the response laws have a purely multiplicative structure [*in Fourier space*]{}, i.e. in the above example, $$\rho{_{\rm ind}}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) = \upchi({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) {\hspace{1pt}}\varphi{_{\rm ext}}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) \,.$$ Once this microscopic density response function is given, a more traditional material property like the (relative) [*dielectric function*]{} can be calculated by means of the standard relation [@EDWave §5.1] $$\varepsilon^{-1}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) = 1 + \frac{\upchi({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega)}{\varepsilon_0|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} \,.$$ In principle, this quantity can be identified with the [*permittivity*]{} used in the Standard Approach (see Eq. ). This has to be shown on the basis of the Fundamental Field Identifications being given by [@ED1; @ED2] $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{D}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}{_{\rm ext}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,,\\[1pt]
{\boldsymbol{P}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= -\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}{_{\rm ind}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,, \\[1pt]
{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= {\boldsymbol{E}}{_{\rm tot}}({\boldsymbol{x}},t) \,,\end{aligned}$$ and by $$\begin{aligned}
\mu_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{H}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= {\boldsymbol{B}}{_{\rm ext}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,, \\[1pt]
\mu_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{M}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= {\boldsymbol{B}}{_{\rm ind}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,, \\[1pt]
{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) &= {\boldsymbol{B}}{_{\rm tot}}({\boldsymbol{x}}, t) \,.\end{aligned}$$ As a matter of principle, these identifications relate the microscopic fields used in [*ab initio*]{} materials science to their macroscopic counterparts used in the Standard Approach.
However, the Fundamental Field Identifications lead to the following problem which does not exist in the Standard Approach: if all electromagnetic fields (external, induced and total) are already completely determined by means of their respective Maxwell equations, while on the other hand the induced fields are also determined in terms of the external fields via the corresponding “direct” response functions (or in terms of the total fields via the “proper” response functions [@Refr §2.3]), then apparently there exists an [*overdetermination*]{} in the theory which could in principle lead to contradictions. For example, in the traditional approach the expression simply remains undetermined, while in the microscopic approach we necessarily obtain $\nabla\cdot{\boldsymbol{H}}=0$ on the basis of the Fundamental Field Identifications, although at the same time we have ${\boldsymbol{B}}=\mu{\boldsymbol{H}}$ (within the limits of linear response theory, where $\mu$ in general denotes a tensorial integral kernel). The resolution of this apparent paradox lies in another surprising feature of the microscopic approach, which distinguishes it sharply from its traditional macroscopic counterpart: the microscopic response functions cannot be prescribed arbitrarily. Instead, they are subject to [*constraints*]{} which guarantee the validity of the microscopic Maxwell equations. In particular, this also implies that the response functions are in general not independent of each other, but interrelated by the Universal Response Relations [@ED1]. Concretely, it turns out that the microscopic [*current response tensor*]{} determines all other linear electromagnetic response properties uniquely and explicitly [@ED1; @ED2]. Practically, the Universal Response Relations greatly facilitate both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements as they allow for the deduction of one response function from another one.
Conceptually, however, the somewhat shocking implication of this microscopic approach is that the standard formula for the refractive index in terms of the relative permittivity and permeability, $$n^2 (\omega) \stackrel{?}{=} \varepsilon(\omega) {\hspace{1pt}}\mu(\omega) \label{eq_MaxwellStand} \,,$$ cannot be true [*in this form*]{} [@EDWave; @Refr; @EDFresnel], [*i.e., as a formula expressing the refractive index in terms of response functions*]{}. Instead, its allegedly approximate version, $$n^2 (\omega) = \varepsilon(\omega) \,, \label{eq_MaxwellMoreCorrect}$$ turns out to be the more correct formula, which can be justified microscopically [@Refr]. Here, it is understood that the involved quantities refer to the [*macroscopic limit*]{} (${\boldsymbol{k}}\rightarrow {\boldsymbol{0}}$) of microscopic response functions as they can be calculated from first principles.
Fortunately, in most cases the failure of the standard relation does not pose any serious problems [@EDFresnel]. In fact, textbooks in condensed matter theory often even [*define*]{} [@Kittel; @Ashcroft; @Cardona] the refractive index by the allegedly approximate relation . Furthermore, a [*bulk material*]{} where the standard formula would apply with independently obtained material parameters $\varepsilon$, $\mu$ and $n$ is not known. In the research domain of so-called [*metamaterials*]{}, however, one draws directly on the original Maxwell relation if only with “effective” (i.e., not calculated from first principles) [*material parameters*]{} (not response functions) $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}(\omega)$ and $\mu_{\rm eff}(\omega)$ [@Pendry]. Concretely, it has been argued that $n$ should be regarded as a negative number if both $\varepsilon_{\rm eff} < 0$ and $\mu_{\rm eff} < 0$ [@Veselago]. Such a negative effective permeability can occur in [*artificial*]{} materials by exploiting the concept of a split-ring resonator [@Pendry; @Smith00]. An anomalous light refraction at metamaterials has been observed experimentally [@Shelby]. Therefore, metamaterials are regarded as promising candidates for technological applications such as [*superlenses*]{} [@PendrySuper; @SmithPendry] and [*invisibility cloaks*]{} [@Ergin]. With this state of affairs, we now face two questions:
1. Although the refractive index is microscopically not determined by the standard formula , is it still possible to have a material whose microscopic response functions involve two (constant) [*material parameters,*]{} which have an interpretation as “effective” electric permittivity and permeability, such that the standard formula instead holds in terms of these “effective” material constants?
2. More generally, to which [*current response tensor*]{} does the simple macroscopic ansatz – correspond, which is used in the traditional approach for the derivation of the standard formula ?
To answer these questions is precisely the aim of the present article.
Phenomenological derivation
===========================
We start from the “macroscopic” Maxwell equations written in Fourier space as $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{k}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = 0 \,, \\[3pt]
{\boldsymbol{k}} \times {\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) - \omega {\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = 0 \,, \\[3pt]
{\mathrm i}{\boldsymbol{k}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{D}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \rho_{\rm f}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,, \\[3pt]
{\mathrm i}{\boldsymbol{k}} \times {\boldsymbol{H}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) + {\mathrm i}\omega {\boldsymbol{D}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = {\boldsymbol{j}}_{\rm f}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.\end{aligned}$$ By means of the first two, homogenous equations, we can introduce the potentials $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = {\mathrm i}{\boldsymbol{k}} \times {\boldsymbol{A}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,, \\[3pt]
{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = -{\mathrm i}{\boldsymbol{k}} {\hspace{1pt}}\varphi({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) + {\mathrm i}\omega {\boldsymbol{A}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, in the last two, inhomogeneous Maxwell equations, we substitute $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{D}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,, \\[3pt]
{\boldsymbol{H}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \mu_0^{-1} \mu^{-1}_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{B}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,,\end{aligned}$$ with the [*effective*]{} permittivity and permeability, $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}$ and $\mu_{\rm eff}$, which are assumed to be (wavevector- and frequency-independent) [*constants.*]{} Thus, we obtain the inhomogeneous equations for the potentials (suppressing ${\boldsymbol{k}}$ and $\omega$ dependencies in the notation), $$\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}(|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 {\hspace{1pt}}\varphi - \omega {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{A}}) = \rho_{\rm f} \,,$$ and $$\frac{1}{\mu_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}} {\hspace{1pt}}\big(|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 {\boldsymbol{A}} - {\boldsymbol{k}} {\hspace{1pt}}({\boldsymbol{k}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{A}}) \big) + \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}\varepsilon_{\rm eff}{\hspace{1pt}}(\omega {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}} {\hspace{1pt}}\varphi - \omega^2 {\boldsymbol{A}}) = {\boldsymbol{j}}_{\rm f} \,.$$ In matrix form, they can be rewritten in terms of Lorentz four-vectors as $$\label{zwischen_1}
\begin{aligned}
\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( \!\! \begin{array}{c} c \rho_{\rm f} \\[3pt] {\boldsymbol{j}}_{\rm f} \end{array} \!\! \bigg) & = \varepsilon_{\rm eff} \,
\Bigg( \! \begin{array}{cc} |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 & -\frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \\[3pt] \frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}} & -\frac{\omega^2}{c^2} \end{array} \! \Bigg)
\bigg( \!\! \begin{array}{c} \varphi/c \\[3pt] {\boldsymbol{A}} \end{array}\!\! \bigg) \\[3pt]
& \quad \, + \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}} {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( \! \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\[3pt] 0 & |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - {\boldsymbol{k}} {\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \end{array}\!\! \bigg) \bigg( \!\! \begin{array}{c} \varphi/c \\[3pt] {\boldsymbol{A}} \end{array}\!\! \bigg) \,.
\end{aligned}$$ Finally, defining the $(4 \times 4)$ matrices $$\begin{aligned}
M_{\rm e}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & \stackrel{\rm def}{=} \Bigg( \! \begin{array}{cc} |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 & -\frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \\[3pt] \frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}} & -\frac{\omega^2}{c^2} \end{array} \! \Bigg) \,, \\[3pt]
M_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & \stackrel{\rm def}{=} \bigg( \! \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 0 \\[3pt] 0 & |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - {\boldsymbol{k}} {\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \end{array}\!\! \bigg) \,,\end{aligned}$$ we can rewrite Eq. compactly as $$\label{compact_result}
\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm f} = \bigg(\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm e} + \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}} {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm m} \bigg) A \,,$$ where $j \equiv j^\mu = (c\rho, {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{j}})^{\rm T}$ and $A^\nu = (\varphi/c, {\boldsymbol{A}})$ are the four-current and four-potential, respectively. In the following, this relation will form the basis for the identification of the [*fundamental response tensor*]{} [@ED1 §5.1] in this effective model for metamaterials.
Proper fundamental response tensor
==================================
In order to perform the transition from the traditional macroscopic approach to electrodynamics in media to its modern microscopic counterpart, we now identify $j_{\rm f} \equiv j_{\rm ext} $ and $A \equiv A_{\rm tot}$ [@ED1; @ED2] such that Eq. turns into $$\label{jext}
\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm ext} = \bigg(\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm e} + \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}} {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm m} \bigg) A_{\rm tot} \,.$$ Next, we use that [@ED1 Eq. (3.30)] $$\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm tot}(k) = k^2 P_{\rm T}(k) {\hspace{1pt}}A_{\rm tot}(k) \,,$$ where $k^\mu=(\omega/c, {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}})^{\rm T}$ denotes the four-momentum, $k^2 = k^\mu k_\mu = |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - \omega^2/c^2$, and the [*Minkowskian transverse projector*]{} is given by [@EDFullGF §2.1 and §2.2] $$P_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)= \frac{1}{|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - \omega^2 /c^2} \, \Bigg( \! \begin{array}{cc} |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 & -\frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \nonumber \\[5pt] \frac{\omega}{c} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{k}} & |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - \frac{\omega^2}{c^2} - {\boldsymbol{k}} {\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} \end{array} \! \Bigg) \,,$$ which is equivalent to $$P_{\rm T}(k) = \frac{1}{k^2} {\hspace{1pt}}\big(M_{\rm e}(k) + M_{\rm m}(k) \big)\,.$$ Together, these formulae imply the identity $$\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm tot} = (M_{\rm e} + M_{\rm m}) {\hspace{1pt}}A_{\rm tot} \,.$$ Combining this with Eq. yields $$\begin{aligned}
\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm ind} & = \mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm tot} - \mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}j_{\rm ext} \\[2pt]
& = \bigg((1-\varepsilon_{\rm eff}) {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm e} + \bigg( 1 - \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}}\bigg) M_{\rm m} \bigg) {\hspace{1pt}}A_{\rm tot} \,.\end{aligned}$$ We now interpret the term in brackets as the [*proper*]{} fundamental response tensor [@ED1; @Refr; @EDOhm], which is hence given by $$\label{proper_fund}
\mu_0 \, \widetilde \chi({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \equiv (1-\varepsilon_{\rm eff}) {\hspace{1pt}}M_{\rm e}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)
+ \bigg( 1 - \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}}\bigg) M_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.$$ One easily checks that $M_{\rm e}$ and $M_{\rm m}$ separately fulfill the constraints $$k_\mu {\hspace{1pt}}M\indices{^\mu_\nu}(k) = M\indices{^\mu_\nu}(k) {\hspace{1pt}}k^\nu = 0\,,$$ and hence they are completely determined by their respective spatial parts, $$\begin{aligned}
{\overset\leftrightarrow{M}}_{\rm e}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = -\frac{\omega^2}{c^2} {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{1}} \,, \\[3pt]
{\overset\leftrightarrow{M}}_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{1}} - {\boldsymbol{k}} {\boldsymbol{k}}^{\rm T} = |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{P}}_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}) \,,\end{aligned}$$ where ${\overset\leftrightarrow{P}}_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}})$ denotes the [*Cartesian transverse projector*]{} [@EDWave §2.1]. The proper fundamental response tensor therefore fulfills the same constraints, and it is completely determined by the [*proper current response tensor,*]{} $$\mu_0 {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{\widetilde \chi}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = (\varepsilon_{\rm eff} - 1) \, \frac{\omega^2}{c^2} {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{1}} + \bigg( 1 - \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}}\bigg) {\hspace{1pt}}|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{P}}_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}) \,.$$ We can write this equivalently as [@EffWW Appendix D.1] $$\label{eq_IsoForm}
{\overset\leftrightarrow{\widetilde \chi}}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \widetilde \chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{P}}_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}) + \widetilde \chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) {\hspace{1pt}}{\overset\leftrightarrow{P}}_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}) \,,$$ with the [*longitudinal*]{} and [*transverse*]{} proper current response functions $$\begin{aligned}
\widetilde \chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}(\varepsilon_{\rm eff} - 1) \, \omega^2 \,, \label{propL} \\[3pt]
\widetilde \chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}(\varepsilon_{\rm eff} - 1) \, \omega^2 + \frac{1}{\mu_0} {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( 1 - \frac{1}{\mu_{\rm eff}}\bigg) {\hspace{1pt}}|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 \,. \label{propT}\end{aligned}$$ In particular, this shows that the phenomenological model defined by the fundamental response tensor describes a homogeneous and isotropic system.
Thus, Eq. represents the first central result of this article. It gives the [*microscopic, wavevector- and frequency-dependent (proper) fundamental response tensor*]{} which corresponds to the traditional ansatz defined by Eqs. –. In fact, this microscopic response tensor depends on only two “effective” material constants, $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}$ and $\mu_{\rm eff}$. However, it remains to show that: (i) although these [*material constants*]{} do not coincide with the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability (in the sense of [*response functions*]{}), they can still be interpreted as their “effective” versions; (ii) the microscopic wave equation leads to a refractive index which is simply given by the product of these effective material parameters, hence $n^2 = \varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}$.
Effective permittivity and permeability
=======================================
For an isotropic system, the dielectric tensor has an analogous form as Eq. . The resulting longitudinal and transverse dielectric functions are related to the corresponding proper current response functions by [@EDWave §5.1] $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = 1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}\omega^2} \, \widetilde \chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,, \\[3pt]
\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = 1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}(\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2)} \, \widetilde \chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.\end{aligned}$$ Using Eqs. –, we therefore obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_{\rm eff} \,, \\[3pt]
\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \frac{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} \, \omega^2 - \mu_{\rm eff}^{-1} {\hspace{1pt}}c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} \,. \label{epsT}\end{aligned}$$ Hence, both the longitudinal and the transverse dielectric function fulfill $$\lim_{|{\boldsymbol{k}}|\rightarrow 0}\varepsilon_{\rm L/T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \varepsilon_{\rm eff}\,,$$ and thus $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}$ can indeed be interpreted as an “effective” permittivity. In particular, the longitudinal dielectric function is even [*constant*]{} and given by $\varepsilon_{\rm eff}$. We remark, however, that this does not imply a proportionality between the external and the total electric field. Instead, we have the following relations between the longitudinal and transverse components of the respective fields: $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm ext, {\hspace{0.3pt}}L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm tot, {\hspace{0.3pt}}L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,, \\[5pt]
{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm ext, {\hspace{0.3pt}}T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \frac{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\omega^2 - \mu_{\rm eff}^{-1} {\hspace{1pt}}c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} \, {\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm tot, {\hspace{0.3pt}}T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.\end{aligned}$$ In particular, this shows that $\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{0.3pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\rm ext}$ [*does not coincide with the displacement field ${\boldsymbol{D}}$ used in the phenomenological derivation.*]{} Instead, the Fundamental Field Identification holds only for the respective longitudinal parts, such that the transverse displacement field ${\boldsymbol{D}}_{\rm T}$ remains completely undetermined. In principle, it would then also be unclear how the corresponding transverse response function can actually be measured. In practice, however, this does not pose any problems since in the microscopic approach, all field quantities are uniquely determined by their respective Maxwell equations. Correspondingly, [*we here consider Eqs. – as a heuristic ansatz, whose sole purpose lies in the deduction of the proper fundamental response tensor defined by Eq. .*]{} The interpretation of the material parameters appearing there as “effective” permittivity and permeability can be justified [*ex post,*]{} i.e., independently of the originally macroscopic ansatz. For the electric case, this has already be shown by the above arguments. It remains to prove the analogous result for the magnetic material parameter.
Thus, let us next investigate the magnetic properties of the model defined by Eq. . We first note that the [*direct*]{} fundamental response tensor [@Refr §2.3] has again the isotropic form , such that the longitudinal and transverse components can be calculated as [@EDWave §5.1] $$\begin{aligned}
\chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \frac{\widetilde \chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)}{\varepsilon_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)} \,, \\[3pt]
\chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \frac{\widetilde \chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)}{\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)} \,.\end{aligned}$$ From our previous results, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_0 \, \omega^2 {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( 1 - \frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff}}
\bigg) \,, \label{fundL} \\[5pt]
\chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) & = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}(\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2) \nonumber \\[1pt]
& \quad \, \times \bigg( 1 - \frac{\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\omega^2 - \mu_{\rm eff}^{-1} {\hspace{1pt}}c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} \bigg) \,.\label{fundT}\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, with the Green function of the d’Alembert operator given by [@ED1 Eq. (3.9)] $$\mathbbmsl D_0({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \frac{1}{\varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}(c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 - \omega^2)} \,,$$ we can write the transverse current response function as $$\label{fundTalt}
\chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \mathbbmsl D_0^{-1}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( \frac{\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\omega^2 - \mu_{\rm eff}^{-1} {\hspace{1pt}}c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} - 1 \bigg) \,.$$ In particular, we note that the density response function (see Eq. ) is determined by the longitudinal current response function as [@ED1 Eq. (7.11)] $$\upchi({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = -\frac{|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\omega^2} {\hspace{1pt}}\chi_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.$$ From Eq. , we therefore obtain $$\upchi({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \varepsilon_0 {\hspace{1pt}}\bigg( \frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff}} - 1 \bigg) {\hspace{1pt}}|{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 \,.$$ Finally, the [*magnetic susceptibility*]{} is determined by the transverse current response function as [@ED1 Eq. (7.9)] $$\chi_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \mathbbmsl D_0({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) {\hspace{1pt}}\chi_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) \,.$$ From Eq. , we directly obtain $$\label{zw_1}
\chi_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \frac{\omega^2 - c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{1pt}}\omega^2 - \mu_{\rm eff}^{-1} {\hspace{1pt}}c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2} - 1 \,.$$ In particular, the static susceptibility is given by $$\chi_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega = 0) {\hspace{1pt}}= {\hspace{1pt}}\mu_{\rm eff} - 1 \,,$$ and this shows that the material constant $\mu_{\rm eff}$ indeed has the interpretation of an effective permeability. Finally, we remark that Eq. can also be derived directly from Eq. by using the general identity [@ED1 Eq. (6.48)] $$\chi_{\rm m}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \mu({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) - 1 \,,$$ together with the Universal Response Relation [@Refr Eq. (3.61)] $$\mu({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) = \frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)}$$ between transverse response functions.
Refractive index
================
On the microscopic level, the fundamental wave equation for transverse electromagnetic oscillations in (isotropic) materials is given in terms of the transverse dielectric function as [@Refr] $$\left(-\frac{\omega^2}{c^2} + |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 \right)\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega) {\hspace{1pt}}{\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) = 0 \,. \label{eq_MicrWave}$$ The standard wave equation of [*ab initio*]{} materials physics, $$\left(-\frac{\omega^2}{c^2}\varepsilon_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) + |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2\right){\boldsymbol{E}}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega) = 0 \,,$$ can be obtained from this under the usual assumption of [*coinciding longitudinal and transverse conductivities*]{} (see Ref. [@Refr §4.4]), i.e., $\widetilde \sigma_{\rm L}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)=\widetilde \sigma_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)$. However, from Eqs. – and from the Universal Response Relation $\widetilde \chi({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)={\mathrm i}\omega{\hspace{1pt}}\widetilde \sigma({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega)$ between the current response tensor and the conductivity tensor [@ED2 §3.2.3], we conclude that this assumption is not fulfilled in our case, and hence we have to work directly with the fundamental, microscopic wave equation . We first note that in the vacuum case where $\varepsilon=1$, Eq. would revert to the free wave equation (in Fourier space). In materials, however, we have $\omega\neq c|{\boldsymbol{k}}|$ such that the prefactor in brackets can be canceled. Thus, we obtain the dispersion relation $\omega_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}$ for the propagation of light in the material from the condition [@Refr; @EDLor; @Dolgov] $$\varepsilon_{\rm T}({\boldsymbol{k}}, \omega_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}) = 0 \,.$$ Using our result , this yields $$\omega_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}^2 = \frac{1}{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}} \, c^2 |{\boldsymbol{k}}|^2 \,.$$ Furthermore, the speed of light is given by the phase velocity, $$u_{{\boldsymbol{k}}} = \frac{\omega_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}}{|{\boldsymbol{k}}|} = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}}} \,,$$ and this implies for the refractive index, $n_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}=c/u_{{\boldsymbol{k}}}$, the standard relation $$n^2 = \varepsilon_{\rm eff} {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff} \,.$$ In particular, this implies that the refractive index of our model is [*wavevector independent*]{}. We have thus shown that the standard formula for the refractive index is indeed recovered in this phenomenological model, but in terms of the [*effective*]{} permeability and permittivity. By contrast, the same does not hold true for the corresponding microscopic response functions.
Conclusion {#conclusion .unnumbered}
==========
We have derived a simple, phenomenological model for the microscopic current response tensor which corresponds to the macroscopic description of media in terms of “effective” permittivity and permeability constants. In particular, we have shown that the microscopic wave equation in media, $\varepsilon_{\rm r, {\hspace{0.3pt}}T}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega)=0$, which is formulated in terms of the transverse, frequency- and wavevector-dependent dielectric function, yields back the standard equation $n^2=\varepsilon_{\rm eff}{\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm eff}$ for the refractive index in terms of these effective material constants, but not in terms of the corresponding microscopic response functions, i.e., $n^2\neq\varepsilon_{\rm r} {\hspace{0.3pt}}\mu_{\rm r}$. Since the microscopic current response tensor is in principle accessible from [*ab initio*]{} calculations, one could check whether for certain materials it reverts in some appropriate limit to the form with simultaneously negative material constants (as they are expected for metamaterials). Thus, our work also provides a criterion for the [*ab initio screening*]{}, i.e., the systematic search for new metamaterials based on modern first-principles calculations.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
This research was supported by the DFG grant HO 2422/12-1. R.S. thanks the Institute for Theoretical Physics at TU Bergakademie Freiberg for its hospitality. The authors are grateful to Prof. em. Franz J. Wegner (Universität Heidelberg) for illuminating discussions and critical remarks.
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
let Declaration = require('../declaration')
class InlineLogical extends Declaration {
/**
* Use old syntax for -moz- and -webkit-
*/
prefixed (prop, prefix) {
return prefix + prop.replace('-inline', '')
}
/**
* Return property name by spec
*/
normalize (prop) {
return prop.replace(/(margin|padding|border)-(start|end)/, '$1-inline-$2')
}
}
InlineLogical.names = [
'border-inline-start',
'border-inline-end',
'margin-inline-start',
'margin-inline-end',
'padding-inline-start',
'padding-inline-end',
'border-start',
'border-end',
'margin-start',
'margin-end',
'padding-start',
'padding-end'
]
module.exports = InlineLogical
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Damian Wilson new website
Many fans know Damian as a solo artist but he has an impressive range of bands on his discography and these include his current fronting of Threshold, Maiden uniteD and Headspace, but the list goes on – Star One, Ayreon, Rick Wakeman’s English Rock Ensemble, and much more.
To find out all the latest OFFICIAL news about Damian this is the only site to go to. It has a full bio, discography, store, media section and will be bringing some exciting news as soon as the details are finalised. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
# Translation of Odoo Server.
# This file contains the translation of the following modules:
# * payment_paypal
#
# Translators:
# Martin Trigaux, 2019
# Pernille Kristensen <[email protected]>, 2019
# Sanne Kristensen <[email protected]>, 2019
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server saas~12.5\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-08-26 08:16+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-08-26 09:12+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Sanne Kristensen <[email protected]>, 2019\n"
"Language-Team: Danish (https://www.transifex.com/odoo/teams/41243/da/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: \n"
"Language: da\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:payment_paypal.mail_template_paypal_invite_user_to_configure
msgid ""
"<br/><br/>\n"
" Thanks,<br/>\n"
" <b>The Odoo Team</b>"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: code:addons/payment_paypal/models/payment.py:0
#, python-format
msgid "Add your Paypal account to Odoo"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_email_account
msgid "Email"
msgstr "E-mail"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__fees_dom_fixed
msgid "Fixed domestic fees"
msgstr "Faste indenlandsgebyrer"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__fees_int_fixed
msgid "Fixed international fees"
msgstr "Faste internationale gebyrer"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:payment_paypal.mail_template_paypal_invite_user_to_configure
msgid ""
"Hello,\n"
" <br/><br/>\n"
" You have received a payment through PayPal.<br/>\n"
" Kindly follow the instructions given by PayPal to create your account.<br/>\n"
" Then, help us complete your Paypal credentials in Odoo.<br/><br/>"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:payment_paypal.acquirer_form_paypal
msgid "How to configure your paypal account?"
msgstr "Hvordan du konfigurerer din Paypal konto?"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_seller_account
msgid "Merchant Account ID"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_pdt_token
msgid "PDT Identity Token"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model,name:payment_paypal.model_payment_acquirer
msgid "Payment Acquirer"
msgstr "Betalingsindløser"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,help:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_pdt_token
msgid ""
"Payment Data Transfer allows you to receive notification of successful "
"payments as they are made."
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model,name:payment_paypal.model_payment_transaction
msgid "Payment Transaction"
msgstr "Betalingstransaktion"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:payment_paypal.selection__payment_acquirer__provider__paypal
msgid "Paypal"
msgstr "Paypal"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,help:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_use_ipn
msgid "Paypal Instant Payment Notification"
msgstr "Notifikation af Paypal hurtig betaling"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: code:addons/payment_paypal/models/payment.py:0
#, python-format
msgid "Paypal: received data with missing reference (%s) or txn_id (%s)"
msgstr "Paypal: modtaget data med manglende reference (%s) eller txn_id (%s)"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__provider
msgid "Provider"
msgstr "Udbyder"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:payment_paypal.mail_template_paypal_invite_user_to_configure
msgid "Set Paypal credentials"
msgstr ""
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,help:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_seller_account
msgid ""
"The Merchant ID is used to ensure communications coming from Paypal are "
"valid and secured."
msgstr ""
"Merchant ID bruges til at sikre, at kommunikation fra Paypal er gyldig og "
"sikret."
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_transaction__paypal_txn_type
msgid "Transaction type"
msgstr "Transaktions type"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__paypal_use_ipn
msgid "Use IPN"
msgstr "Brug IPN"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__fees_dom_var
msgid "Variable domestic fees (in percents)"
msgstr "Variable indenlandsgebyrer (i procenter)"
#. module: payment_paypal
#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:payment_paypal.field_payment_acquirer__fees_int_var
msgid "Variable international fees (in percents)"
msgstr "Variable internationale gebyrer (i procenter)"
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The No. 4 men’s golf team opens its season this weekend at the Olympia Fields Country Club/Fighting Illini Invitational after a runner-up finish at the event last year.
Coming off a stellar season and conference championship last year, the Longhorns look to continue the winning tradition with the addition of three new freshmen to the starting lineup. Freshmen Taylor Funk, Doug Ghim and Scottie Scheffler will make collegiate debuts for Texas this weekend.
Senior Brax McCarthy and sophomore Gavin Hall round out the Longhorn team for the Invitational. The Longhorns will compete against some of the toughest teams in the nation, including conference rivals No. 1 Oklahoma State — which is tied with Alabama — No. 11 Oklahoma and Baylor. A total of 10 ranked teams, including No. 1 Alabama, No. 6 Illinois and No. 7 Stanford, will also be in included.
Men's tennis
While the Longhorns will start competition this weekend at the Racquet Club Collegiate Invitational in Midland, their top singles player — two-time All-American
senior Søren Hess-Olesen — will be in his home country of Denmark for the Davis Cup.
Hess-Olesen, ranked No. 5 in singles, advanced to the finals of the invitational the past two years. Without Hess-Olesen, senior Jacoby Lewis will lead Texas in the tournament. The three other Longhorns competing — Brown University junior transfer Michael Riechmann, redshirt freshman William Jou and freshman John Mee — are making their Texas debuts.
Women's tennis
The women’s tennis team, under interim head coach Darija Klaic, will begin the fall season at the Under Armour Kick Off on Friday in Waco.
Texas will return five of its six regular starters from last season, including two-time All-American and defending Big 12 Player of the Year junior Breaunna Addison. Addison was ranked No. 13 in the preseason ITA national rankings, along with No. 81 sophomore Ratnika Batra and No. 112 sophomore Neda Koprcina. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Here are some shots of my sky system. The clouds are 100% generated and
lighted on the GPU. I use 8 octaves Perlin noise, and the lighting is
integrated on the GPU using a ray-tracing technique that I described in
details in the upcoming Game Programming Gems 5 book available in March
2005. The clouds are fully dynamic, I can control the speed of
deformation, the speed and direction of the wind, the density over the
entire sky, etc. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Impact of antigens, adjuvants and strains on sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines in mice.
Sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines has long been noticed. In addition to sex hormones, other factors such as antigens, adjuvants and strains of mice, as shown by indirect evidence, could also impact the sexual dimorphism. To clarify this, we immunized both gender mice of distinct strains with inactivated FMDV or HBsAg with or without adjuvants, and detected the specific antibody response of the mice. We found that in absence of adjuvants, the recombinant HBsAg but not the inactivated FMDV induced enhanced IgG antibody response in the female BALB/c mice. The o/w emulsion could facilitate the HBsAg to induce the comparable level of IgG antibodies in the male BALB/c mice as that in the females. The o/w emulsion rather than ISA206, a w/o/w emulsion, could assist the inactivated FMDV to induce higher levels of IgM antibodies in the female BALB/c mice. Moreover, the sexually dimorphic antibody response varied among the ICR, BALB/c and the F1 (BALB/c × C57BL/6) mice. Thus the data suggest that antigens, adjuvants and strains all impact the sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines and may provide insights for developing gender-based vaccines. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Why oh why do neither Libiquity nor Minifree accept Bitcoin as payment?
Also, why has OpenBazaar not been mentioned on the forum? If you're selling things online, I'd love to see your shop on OpenBazaar. I hope the people who have the ears of Libiquity and Minifree can convince them to put their stores on Open Bazaar. It would kill two birds with one stone! | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
National Residence Hall Honorary
The National Residence Hall Honorary, or NRHH, is the premiere honorary dedicated to recognizing leaders in the residence halls ("dorms") and is as a branch of NACURH, Inc. NACURH, as an organization, believes that recognition is necessary in a strong Residence Hall community. The National Residence Hall Honorary was founded in 1964 to recognize student leaders at universities.
The honorary, although a national organization, has multiple levels of leadership. The most important level is established on university campuses through the creation of chapters. NRHH chapters recognize top leaders that reside on campus through induction into their respective institution's chapter. The NRHH chapter membership (per school) is restricted to the top 1% of students living in their residence halls.
History
In 1964, the National Association of College and University Residence Halls found itself with financial difficulties. Jim Tschechtelin, NACURH Chair, began investigating possibilities for potential revenue sources and grants. Grants were found, but there were two requirements: a central NACURH office had to be established, and the member schools needed more services rendered. Thus, April 25, 1964 at the University of Denver during the annual NACURH Conference the National Residence Hall Honorary was created as an answer to the second requirement.
During the preliminary organization, the National Residence Hall Honorary (NRHH) focused on the incorporation of old into new. Campuses with existing honorary organizations were contacted and coordinated into the NRHH structure. The preservation of chapter identity was primary, as it was incorporated into the NRHH structure, and as each campus is aware of its own individual needs. The primary focus of each chapter became the recognition of the residence hall leaders on its campus. This helped sustain a consistent membership in on-campus organizations, as well as, on the regional and national levels within NACURH.
The years between 1977 and 1987 were years of growth for the NRHH. Pins and certificates were produced to recognize the members of the honorary, the tradition of regional and national receptions during conferences began and formal recruitment and affiliation packets were produced. Regional Recruiter (now called Associate Directors) positions on regional boards were also established. Many awards were created including Program, National Communications Coordinator, Advisor, Student, and Resident Assistant Of The Month Awards as well as the NRHH Outstanding Chapter of the Year.
Today, well over 200 chapters are affiliated with the honorary through the NACURH Information Center. Activities of the chapters vary from campus to campus. Some simply induct new members at an annual recognition banquet every year, thus, an honorary chapter. Others are extremely active on their campuses and in their communities, coordinating leadership retreats, conferences, socials, hall or campus wide programs, fund raisers, and a whole host of other events. Still others have found a middle ground which suits their campus. Membership selection is conducted by each individual chapter.
Leadership
At the close of the NACURH 2008 conference, NRHH became more connected with the NACURH corporate structure through the creation of the National Associate for NRHH position, which was added as a full member of the NACURH Executive Board, as well as the NACURH Board of Directors. This position serves as the CEO of the honorary and oversees all off the regional associate directors for NRHH who serve as executive officers of the honorary for their regional constituencies. Together, the National and Regional Associates for NRHH form the NRHH National Board, which serves as the international governing body of the honorary.
The regional leadership is as follows as of the 2019 affiliation year:
Membership Advantages
By affiliating with National Association of College and University Residence Halls and NRHH, member schools can participate in Of The Month award nominations. They can also purchase recognition pins, membership pins, induction certificates, and membership cords for graduating members through the NACURH Corporate Office (NCO) Store, which only affiliated chapters that completed the affiliation process for that academic year can access. Affiliated schools can also access a variety of resources through the NCO including affiliation documents, program descriptions, and other materials that the NCO develops and provides to its members.
In order to maintain affiliation status, institutions must pay a fee to NACURH every year. For the 2018-2019 year, the Full Affiliation price was $130.00. There is also a "Partial membership" option, for $80.00, though the difference between Full Affiliation and Partial membership is not declared on the NACURH website.
Some universities lapse in affiliation, either due to lack of payment, leadership issues with their RHA and/or NRHH, or coming to the decision that the resources of NACURH are not worth the cost. When a school lapses in affiliation, they lose voting rights in business and may not receive contact or resources from regional board members.
External links
References
Category:University organizations
Category:Honor societies
Category:Organizations established in 1964 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
<?php
/*
* This file is part of the Monolog package.
*
* (c) Jordi Boggiano <[email protected]>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace Monolog\Processor;
use Monolog\TestCase;
class TagProcessorTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* @covers Monolog\Processor\TagProcessor::__invoke
*/
public function testProcessor()
{
$tags = array(1, 2, 3);
$processor = new TagProcessor($tags);
$record = $processor($this->getRecord());
$this->assertEquals($tags, $record['extra']['tags']);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Pop Dash Worldwide Release
Pop Dash, a game I worked on in late 2014 for Playside Studios has finally had it’s worldwide release! It’s an endless runner with a music theme, similar in style to the Spongebob game but with some gameplay variations like flying, multi platform, etc. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The present invention relates to a tool for handling a striking screw wherein the screw is axially driven into a material to handled until it reaches a predetermined depth, and thereafter, it is rotatably driven.
Generally, a striking screw is first axially struck or hammered into a material to be handled until it reaches a predetermined depth, and thereafter, it is rotatably driven, or screwed, further into the material. Such a striking screw has two advantages, one of them being that it can be hammered quickly into a material to be handled like a nail, and the other being that it is securely driven into the material. A conventional tool for handling a striking screw of the foregoing type is constructed such that a striking screw fed from a magazine into a shooting portion is first hammered by actuating a driver. Thereafter, it is fitted at the foremost end of the shooting portion into a socket having a polygonal hole formed therein. It is then rotatably driven in the material to be handled by rotating the socket. With this construction, the conventional tool can be used only with a screw having an enlarged head portion corresponding to the contour of a socket portion. For this reason, the conventional tool cannot be used with a screw having an engagement groove or an standard engagement hole such as a plus character-shaped groove (a "Phillips"-type groove), a minus character-shaped groove, a hexagonal hole, or the like formed on the surface of a circular head portion thereof. Similarly, the conventional tool can not be used for a screw to be driven into gypsum board or a similar material This is because when a screw having a polygonal head portion is used for the gypsum board, a paper backing placed on the surface of the gypsum board is broken or torn by the polygonal head portion or by the corners of a socket portion of the screw so that the gypsum board fails to be retained by the head portion of the screw. This makes the joint strength of the gypsum board undesirably low.
With this in mind, it is difficult to tighten the screw without leaving the head portion protruding from the surface of the gypsum board when it is rotatably driven into the gypsum board. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
---
id: version-2.1.0-incubating-concepts-replication
title: Geo Replication
sidebar_label: Geo Replication
original_id: concepts-replication
---
Pulsar enables messages to be produced and consumed in different geo-locations. For instance, your application may be publishing data in one region or market and you would like to process it for consumption in other regions or markets. [Geo-replication](administration-geo.md) in Pulsar enables you to do that.
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Healing process or collective amnesia?
LOL, y'all
The traditional evergreen wreath will always hold a special place in our hearts, but it's fun to mix things up every now and then. Typography is having a major moment in the design world, and a simple letter can make a bold statement, especially when covered in berries and hung on your front door. This project is great because it's affordable — less than $8 for all of the supplies — and it's really versatile. You could swap out the berries for moss, mini pinecones, cedar, holly leaves, or yarn. You could even get ambitious and spell out a full word to hang on your windows or on the wall. —EJC
1. If your letter is a light color, you'll probably want to spray-paint it black to avoid any color showing through. To prevent the letter from sticking to the paper, prop it up on two disposable cups while painting.
2. While the paint is drying, start cutting small bunches of berries (not individuals) off of the larger bunch.
3. Now it's time to glue. Picking out little sections of berries, manipulate them to fit the shape of your letter and then glue them down. If you haven't used a glue gun before, word to the wise: The heat is no joke. Be careful not to get it on your skin.
4. We ended up applying two layers of berries to the letter, which gave some additional height and texture to fill in the gaps.
5. Loop a pretty ribbon through the top of the letter to hang on your door, or attach it to a wreath using florist wire.
Kristen Gastaldo is the manager of the Music Farm and founder of the Lowcountry Artist Market (lowcountryartistmarket.blogspot.com). She doesn't consider herself to be particularly crafty, and her husband Michael accuses her of creating the market just so she can shop. The couple lives in Longborough with their cat Mable. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Jenkins plugins in jruby, can't get it to work
I've tried to get this to work on several operating systems (Windows 7, OS X and Ubuntu) and I'm about to give up on this.
I've followed the guide on https://wiki.jenkins-ci.org/display/JENKINS/Jenkins+plugin+development+in+Ruby
On Windows 7, bundle fails until I add another "rescue" for Errno::EAGAIN in faster.rb.
When I run jpi server to test the plugins I get the following error:
[...]
INFO: Injecting JRuby into XStream
LoadError: no such file to load -- jenkins/plugin/runtime
require at org/jruby/RubyKernel.java:1038
(root) at < script >:1
2012-jan-26 09:17:31 jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onTaskFailed
SEVERE: Failed Loading plugin ruby-prototype
hudson.util.IOException2: Failed to initialize
[...]
Is this a known issue? I found that some had similar problems last year in August, the answers suggests that this is now fixed.
Suggestions or a solution to this problem would be much appreciated.
// Jens
A:
The support for windows is just poor at the moment and the plugin ruby-prototype is no longer maintained either. It seems like moving to a unix-based OS and trying out existing official ruby plugins from jenkins-ci.org is the best bet to start developing ruby plugins.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
iOS(Swift)で、Azure Notification Hubsのプッシュ通知のメッセージを取得できない
https://azure.microsoft.com/ja-jp/documentation/articles/notification-hubs-ios-get-started/
のチュートリアルをもとに、Azure Notification HubsのPush通知を受け取るiOSアプリを作成しましたが、メッセージを受信できません。
手順は、
https://github.com/Azure/azure-mobile-services/blob/master/CHANGELOG.ios.md#sdk-downloads
からiOS用SDK V1.2.4をダウンロードし、
プロジェクトのLinked Frameworks and Libariesから追加。
Swiftから使用できるようにするために、新規にObjective-Cファイルを作成し、以下のコードを追加。
AzureMessaging-Bridging-Header.h
#import "WindowsAzureMessaging/WindowsAzureMessaging.h"
#endif
Build Settings>Swift Compiler - Code Generation>Objective-C Bridging Headerに上記Bridging-Header.hファイルのパスを指定。
AppDelegate.swiftに以下を追加。
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
var window: UIWindow?
let notificationHubConnectionString = "Endpoint=XXXXXXX"
let notificationHubPath = "XXXXXX"
func application(application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [NSObject: AnyObject]?) -> Bool {
var types = UIUserNotificationType.Badge |
UIUserNotificationType.Alert |
UIUserNotificationType.Sound
var setting = UIUserNotificationSettings(forTypes: types, categories: nil)
application.registerUserNotificationSettings(setting)
return true
}
func application(application: UIApplication, didRegisterUserNotificationSettings notificationSettings: UIUserNotificationSettings) {
application.registerForRemoteNotifications()
}
func application(application: UIApplication, didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken deviceToken: NSData) {
var hub = SBNotificationHub(
connectionString: notificationHubConnectionString,
notificationHubPath: notificationHubPath)
hub.registerNativeWithDeviceToken(deviceToken, tags: nil, completion: {(error) -> Void in
if (error != nil) {
println("Error registering for notifications: \(error)")
} else {
println("Success registering for notifications: \(deviceToken)")
}
})
}
func application(application: UIApplication, didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError error: NSError) {
println("didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError \(error)")
}
func application(application: UIApplication, didReceiveRemoteNotification userInfo: [NSObject : AnyObject]) {
println(userInfo.description)
switch (application.applicationState) {
case UIApplicationState.Active:
let alert = UIAlertController(title: "", message: userInfo.description, preferredStyle: .Alert)
let defaultAction = UIAlertAction(title: "OK", style: .Cancel, handler: nil)
alert.addAction(defaultAction)
self.window?.rootViewController?.presentViewController(alert, animated: true, completion: nil)
case UIApplicationState.Background, UIApplicationState.Inactive:
println(userInfo.description)
default: break
}
}
・
・
・
Apple Member CenterでPush通知用の証明書(開発用)を作成し、p12ファイルをAzureポータルにアップロード(SANDBOX用)。
Apple Member Centerでプロビジョニングファイル(開発用)を作成し、XCodeにインストール。
XCodeで、Build Settings>Code Signing>Provisioning Profise>Debugからインストールしたプロビジョニングファイルを指定(XCodeのプロジェクトのBundle Identiferはプロビジョニング作成時のiOS App IDと一致している)。
XCodeの、General>Deployment Info>Deployment Targetは8.0を指定。
設定しているNotification Hubsの接続文字列はDefaultListenSharedAccessSignatureを使用。
iPhone(iOS8.2)の実機で実行。
以上のような手順を踏みましたが、AzureのポータルサイトのNotification Hubsのデバッグからテスト通知を送信しても、iPhoneでメッセージを受信できません。
・application didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken()で、エラーになっておりません
・application didFailToRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithError()は呼ばれていません
・通知が受信できれば、application didReceiveRemoteNotification()が呼ばれるかと思いますが、呼ばれていません
・iPhoneの設定で、アプリのPush通知は許可になっています
環境は
XCode 6.4
iPhone6 iOS 8.2
です。
他に何か足りない点があるのでしょうか？
ご存知の方、教えていただけないでしょうか？
A:
すいません、自己解決しました。
社内ネットワークのプロキシによってPush通知を受け取れていませんでした。
プロキシのないネットワークにiPhoneを接続しなおすことでPush通知受け取れていました。
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
We Will Never Forget
Today marks the eighteenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks that truly changed things in our country. Kwik Kar Vista Ridge wants to take this time to remember those who lost their lives on that tragic day in September of 2001.
We also want to thank all the first responders and emergency workers who worked so diligently on that day. May we never forget the impact that this day has left on so many people. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
GPE
GPE may refer to:
Computing
Geopolitical entity, a geographical area which is associated with some sort of political structure, used in named-entity recognition
GPE Palmtop Environment, a graphical user interface
Google Play edition, a series of consumer mobile devices
Google Plugin for Eclipse, a set of software development tools
Science
Gravitational potential energy
External globus pallidus (GPe)
Gross–Pitaevskii equation, in quantum physics
GYPE, a protein
Other uses
European Grand Prix for Choral Singing
General Precision Equipment, a former American manufacturing company
Ghanaian Pidgin English
Global Partnership for Education
Global Peace Exchange, at Florida State University
Global political economy
GP Express Airlines, an American airline
Guadeloupe national football team
General physical education; see adapted physical education | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Legislative district of Mandaue
The Legislative District of Mandaue will be the representation of the highly urbanized city of Mandaue in the Congress of the Philippines. The city will be represented in the lower house of the Congress through its lone congressional district after the 2022 elections.
Lone District
Population (2015): 362,654
See also
Legislative districts of Cebu
References
Mandaue
Category:Mandaue
Mandaue | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
i have always liked how you put so much care into your artwork, and it is evident through how the emotions are shown through your creations. The way you are able to add up all the parts to create a beautiful work of art.
Remember there are people that envy what you can do, so never doubt you ability.
Ps: ive always just seen Derpy as a over all loving and helpful pony. And despite what people think based on her voice and other fannon, she is not a retarted pony. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Noutube: the most recently uploaded video on YouTube, before filters applied - diabetesjones
http://noutube.net
======
diabetesjones
Pretty cool thing I made. Can be boring, if its lots of Russian kids vlogging,
but it's the only way I've found to see something 0.1ms old and YouTube
themselves haven't even auto-deleted it yet. Twisted a couple APIs around...
You're guaranteed to be the first person to see that video. Murder count: 3.
"Porn" count: too many. Definitely changes depending on the hour you watch, as
well.
Refresh for the now-newest video. Enjoy...
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
BAFF (B cell-activating factor in the TNF family), also known as BLyS, TALL-1, THANK, and zTNF4, is implicated a number of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. For a review, see, e.g., Kalled et al., Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8:206-242 (2005). BAFF is expressed in macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells and is critical for the survival of B cells. Moore et al., Science 285:260-263 (1999); Mukhopadhyay et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:15978-15981 (1999); Gross et al., Nature 404:995-999 (2000); Shu et al., J. Leukoc. Biol. 65:680-683 (1999). BAFF is a type II transmembrane protein that can be proteolytically cleaved between Arg 133 and Ala 134 and released as a soluble protein. Moore et al., Science 285:260-263 (1999); Schneider et al., J. Exp. Med. 189:1747-1756 (1999). To date, three receptors for BAFF have been identified: TACI, BCMA, and BR3 (also known as BAFF-R).
In vivo, BAFF can exist as a transmembrane protein or a soluble protein, and can be bound or unbound to a receptor. Thus, BAFF is distributed among a variety of pools, including free soluble BAFF, receptor-bound soluble BAFF, transmembrane BAFF, and receptor-bound transmembrane BAFF.
Excess BAFF has been implicated in several disease states, including Sjogren's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus (reviewed in Kalled, 2005, Immunol Rev. 204:43-54). Some known methods for detection of BAFF in biological samples utilize antibodies that detect unbound BAFF (e.g., free soluble BAFF, e.g., in serum). However, because BAFF may also be complexed with receptor, such methods do not identify those patients that may have normal levels of unbound BAFF but may have abnormal BAFF distribution or abnormal or increased levels of receptor-bound BAFF or membrane bound BAFF and/or total BAFF. New methods are needed to identify such patients, e.g., as candidates for therapy (e.g., anti-BAFF therapy) and/or to monitor such patients (e.g., for BAFF response). | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Jómsvíkingadrápa
Jómsvikingadrápa is a 13th-century skaldic poem composed by Bjarni Kolbeinsson (d. 1222), Bishop of Orkney. It is a tribute in drápa form to the fallen Jomsvikings at the Battle of Hjörungavágr.
References
Other sources
Chase, Martin (2014 ) Eddic, Skaldic, and Beyond: Poetic Variety in Medieval Iceland and Norway (Fordham University Press)
Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) Scandinavian Scotland (Leicester University Press)
Pulsiano, Phillip; Kirsten Wolf (1993) Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis)
Ross, Margaret Clunies (2011) A History of Old Norse Poetry (DS Brewer)
External links
Jómsvikingadrápa in Old Norse
The Skaldic Project - An international project to edit the corpus of medieval Norse-Icelandic skaldic poetry
Bishop Bjarni Kolbeinsson (St. Magnus Cathedral)
Category:Skaldic poems
Category:13th-century poems
Category:Jomsvikings | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
HSL:n hallitus päätti tiistaina tulevan vuoden matkalippujen hinnoista. Tällä kertaa korotuksia ei ole luvassa, vaan matkustaminen muuttuu entistä edullisemmaksi erityisesti pitkämatkalaisilla.
Alennuksia tehtiin nimittäin varsinkin kolmen ja neljän vyöhykkeen lippuihin. Esimerkiksi matka Helsingin keskustasta C-vyöhykkeellä sijaitsevalle lentoasemalle maksaa vuodenvaihteen jälkeen 50 senttiä nykyistä vähemmän.
Muutoksen tarkoituksena on edistää joukkoliikenteen houkuttelevuutta heikoimman palvelutason alueilla, kertoo osastonjohtaja Mari Flink HSL:ltä.
– Hintataso pidemmissä matkoissa on nyt selvästi korkeampi kuin kahden vyöhykkeen matkoissa. Kun katsoo, mikä on ollut taloudellinen maksukyvykkyys näissä kehyskunnissa, niin hintataso on ollut vähän liian korkea, Flink toteaa.
Alennettujen hintojen arvioidaan vähentävän lipputuloja 6,9 miljoonaa euroa. Tästä huolimatta kokonaispotti jää useita miljoonia korkeammaksi kuin alustavassa toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelmassa keväällä arvioitiin.
Vyöhykeuudistuksen yhteydessä porua herätti se, että edullinen raitovaunulippu poistui valikoimasta ja halvimman kertalipun hinta nousi 2,8 euroon. Lyhyisiin matkoihin Flink ei kuitenkaan lupaa ainakaan pikaista alennusta.
– En uskalla luvata, että niitä hintoja voitaisiin laskea. Meillä edelleenkin hintaero kahden vyöhykkeen ja pidempien matkojen välillä on korkea, hän sanoo.
Kertaliput
Matkustusalue Nykyinen hinta Hinta 1.1.2020 alkaen AB 2,80 2,80 BC 2,80 2,80 ABC 4,60 4,10 BCD 5,40 4,10 CD 4,20 3,20 D 2,80 2,80 ABCD 6,40 5,70
Kausiliput
Matkustusalue Nykyinen hinta Hinta 1.1.2020 alkaen AB 59,70 59,70 BC 59,70 59,70 ABC 107,50 96,70 BCD 115,80 96,70 CD 98,00 77,60 D 59,70 59,70 ABCD 156,40 139,70
Kaikki uudet lippujen hinnat voit tarkastaa täältä (siirryt toiseen palveluun).
Aiemmin kuntarajoja noudattaneet lippualueet korvattiin uusilla vyöhykkeillä. HSL
Tarkastusmaksu nousisi ensimmäisen kerran kymmeneen vuoteen
HSL:n hallitus esittää myös tarkastusmaksun korotusta nykyisestä 80 eurosta 100 euroon. Lopullisen päätöksen asiasta tekee liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö.
Maksu on pysynyt ennallaan vuodesta 2007.
Tarkastusmaksun korottamisen tekee mahdolliseksi halvimman linja-autoliikenteessä käytössä olevan kertalipun hinnankorotus vyöhykeuudistuksen yhteydessä. Sanktio liputta matkustamisesta saa nimittäin lain mukaan olla korkeintaan 40 kertaa niin suuri, kuin tuo halvin kertalippu.
HSL:n hallituksen mukaan maksu olisi korotettunakin kohtuullinen verrattuna muihin pohjoismaisiin pääkaupunkiseutuihin.
Voit keskustella aiheesta klo 22.00 asti. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Effect of mixing method on the mixing degree during the preparation of triturations.
By using lactose colored with erythrocin, we investigated the effects of mixing methods on mixing degree during the preparation of trituration with a mortar and pestle. The extent of powder dilution was set to 4 to 64 fold in the experiments. We compared the results obtained by using two methods: (1) one-step mixing of powders after addition of diluents and (2) gradual mixing of powders after addition of diluents. As diluents, we used crystallized lactose and powdered lactose for the preparation of trituration. In the preparation of 64-fold trituration, an excellent degree of mixing was obtained, with CV values of less than 6.08%, for both preparation methods and for the two kinds of diluents. The mixing of two kinds of powders whose distributions of particle sizes were similar resulted in much better degree of mixing, with CV values of less than 3.0%. However, the concentration of principal agents in 64-fold trituration was reduced by 20% due to the adsorption of dye to the apparatus. Under conditions in which a much higher dilution rate and/or much better degree of dilution was required, it must be necessary to dilute powders with considering their physicality and to determine the concentrations of principal agents after the mixing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sedation and mechanical antinociception after intravenous administration of detomidine in donkeys: a dosage-effect study.
There is limited, useful, scientific information on detomidine in donkeys. This study compared the effects of intravenous saline, detomidine (10, 13.5, 17 and 20 μg/kg) and acepromazine (50 μg/kg) in donkeys by computing areas under the curve for 0-30, 30-60 and 60-120 minutes (AUC0-30, AUC30-60 and AUC60-120) for sedation scores, head heights and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs). For sedation scores, all detomidine treatments, except 10 μg/kg, increased AUC0-30 values compared with saline, and AUC0-30 values were larger for 17 μg/kg detomidine than for acepromazine. All head height AUC values were lower for detomidine than for saline (except AUC60-120 for 10 μg/kg detomidine) and acepromazine (except AUC0-30 for 10 and 20 μg/kg detomidine, and AUC60-120 for 10 μg/kg detomidine). For MNTs, all detomidine treatments increased AUC0-30 and AUC30-60 values compared with saline and acepromazine; AUC30-60 values were smaller for 10 μg/kg than for 17 and 20 μg/kg detomidine. MNT AUC60-120 values were larger for 20 μg/kg detomidine than for saline, 10 μg/kg detomidine and acepromazine. Detomidine induced sedation and antinociception, but only antinociception was dosage dependent. Selection of detomidine dosage for donkeys may depend on the required duration of sedation and/or degree of analgesia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
I assume that the folks who designed this software assumed that when you searched you'd be interested in all sources of the search subject. If you were wanting to know what channels you'd need to receive in order to get a particular program then the design would be more useful to you. In any event, I usually know which channels I receive and adjust accordingly. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-ijms-17-00791}
===============
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of highly aggressive malignant tumors with a poor prognosis; therefore, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when the tumor is unresectable or metastatic \[[@B1-ijms-17-00791],[@B2-ijms-17-00791]\]. In recent years, new strategies have been sought for the early diagnosis of BTCs, with the most studied being biochemical markers that have proven most relevant in complementing diagnosis and prognosis: total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and tumor markers \[[@B3-ijms-17-00791],[@B4-ijms-17-00791]\]. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate 19-9 (CA19-9) are usually elevated and serve as a standard for clinical diagnosis, although none has sufficient sensitivity or specificity to be used in a differential diagnosis and early stage detection \[[@B5-ijms-17-00791],[@B6-ijms-17-00791]\]. In view of these limitations, diagnosis occurs by pathological examination of the biopsy obtained either via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), or ultimately, during surgical exploration \[[@B7-ijms-17-00791]\]. Thus, better non-invasive methods that can distinguish between normal and pathological tissue are needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of \~20--22 nucleotides, which play an important regulatory role in the mRNA silencing of genes \[[@B8-ijms-17-00791]\] involved in carcinogenic processes, such as development \[[@B9-ijms-17-00791]\], cell cycle and apoptosis \[[@B10-ijms-17-00791],[@B11-ijms-17-00791],[@B12-ijms-17-00791]\], directly affecting tumor progression \[[@B13-ijms-17-00791]\]. For this reason, miRNAs are promising therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers \[[@B14-ijms-17-00791]\]. A biomarker is a biological indicator that should be stable in fluids, accessible, disease-specific \[[@B15-ijms-17-00791]\] and easy-to-measure in the body in order to predict the incidence of outcome or disease \[[@B16-ijms-17-00791]\]. Many studies have shown that miRNAs are a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose human cancers \[[@B17-ijms-17-00791],[@B18-ijms-17-00791]\]. The analysis and determination of circulating miRNAs in multiples biological fluids, such as serum, urine, saliva and bile, could be an alternative to the determination of proteins \[[@B19-ijms-17-00791],[@B20-ijms-17-00791]\]. Recently, accumulated evidence has shown a detectable and deregulated expression of tissues and circulating miRNAs in BTCs, closely associated with prognosis and diagnosis in these patients \[[@B21-ijms-17-00791],[@B22-ijms-17-00791],[@B23-ijms-17-00791],[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\]. This review focuses on a general description of bile tract cancers, the biogenesis of miRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms and the progress of circulating miRNAs as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for BTCs.
2. Brief Description of Biliary Tract Cancers {#sec2-ijms-17-00791}
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Biliary tract cancers include intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), ampullary carcinoma (AC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) \[[@B25-ijms-17-00791],[@B26-ijms-17-00791]\]. Many risk factors are strongly associated with BTCs, such as gallstones, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, biliary duct cysts, hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), chronic liver disease, gallbladder polyps, in addition to non-modifiable risk factors, such as ethnic background, increasing age, female gender, congenital biliary abnormalities and genetic factors. Other lifestyle factors, like obesity, multiparity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection, are also strongly related to this pathology \[[@B27-ijms-17-00791],[@B28-ijms-17-00791],[@B29-ijms-17-00791]\]. Most BTC patients present symptoms similar to those of patients with benign biliary diseases (BBDs) \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\]. These neoplasms exhibit dismal long-term survival outcomes, and although these malignancies are anatomically related, each has a distinct molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological presentation \[[@B31-ijms-17-00791]\]. GBC is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract and the fifth most common malignant tumor of the digestive tract. It was first described in 1777 by German surgeon Maximillian Stoll \[[@B32-ijms-17-00791],[@B33-ijms-17-00791]\]. The evolution of this disease is usually asymptomatic, resulting in a late diagnosis with poor survival \[[@B32-ijms-17-00791]\]. The epidemiology of the disease is highly heterogeneous; populations at low risk for GBC are in northern Europe and among the non-Hispanic white population of the United States. The high-risk populations are found in the Andean countries, particularly Chile, Bolivia and among Hispanic and Indian populations in North America with incidence rates of 3.5--7.0 and 10--15 cases per 100,000 habitants in men and women, respectively \[[@B34-ijms-17-00791]\]. CCA is a malignant tumor arising in the bile duct epithelium, usually diagnosed late, when surgery is no longer an option \[[@B35-ijms-17-00791],[@B36-ijms-17-00791]\]. Anatomically, CCA is divided into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA), which is divided intoperihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA) tumors \[[@B37-ijms-17-00791],[@B38-ijms-17-00791],[@B39-ijms-17-00791]\]. It was initially described by Durand-Fardel in 1840 \[[@B37-ijms-17-00791]\]. Its frequency is less than 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies, and its incidence in the U.S. is 1.0/100,000 per year \[[@B37-ijms-17-00791]\]; however, it has a significant impact on public health in Southeast Asian countries (incidence of 96 per 100,000) \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\]. AC is a relatively uncommon tumor, representing 0.2%--0.5% of gastrointestinal malignancies; the overall incidence rate is 0.49 per 100,000 individuals in the U.S. \[[@B41-ijms-17-00791]\]. Most ampullary carcinomas are adenocarcinomas \[[@B42-ijms-17-00791]\], and three epithelial types can be found in this area, originating in either the duodenal mucosa, the bile duct or the pancreatic duct \[[@B43-ijms-17-00791]\]. Prognosis depends on histological typing of the tumor and its clinical stage. Studies report a good prognosis if the tumor is limited to the duodenal mucosa without invasion into adjacent organs \[[@B43-ijms-17-00791]\]. The mortality rate of BTCs has increased considerably because of frequent metastasis, high recurrence rates and poor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy when surgical resection is possible. Long-term survival depends heavily on lymph node involvement, negative surgical resection margins and tumor differentiation \[[@B44-ijms-17-00791],[@B45-ijms-17-00791]\]. The method for initial study in BTC is abdominal ultrasonography ; however, the sensitivity of this technique to detect early lesions is limited \[[@B46-ijms-17-00791]\]; therefore, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when the tumor is unresectable or metastatic \[[@B1-ijms-17-00791],[@B2-ijms-17-00791]\]. Other high technology, such as computed tomography (CT), cholangioscopy, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are expensive and usually of limited use in the general population, and it is uncommon in the diagnosis of small (early-stage) lesions \[[@B47-ijms-17-00791],[@B48-ijms-17-00791],[@B49-ijms-17-00791]\].
3. MicroRNAs Biogenesis and Their Regulatory Mechanisms {#sec3-ijms-17-00791}
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The accumulated evidence indicates that the miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis \[[@B50-ijms-17-00791],[@B51-ijms-17-00791]\], as well as in the regulation of genes associated with cancer formation \[[@B52-ijms-17-00791]\]. miRNAs may function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes \[[@B52-ijms-17-00791],[@B53-ijms-17-00791],[@B54-ijms-17-00791]\]. When miRNAs are overexpressed in cancers, they usually function as oncogenes by negatively regulating tumor suppressor genes (pro-apoptotic or anti-proliferative roles). Conversely, when miRNAs are repressed in cancers, they function as tumor suppressor genes and may inhibit cancer cells by regulating oncogenes \[[@B55-ijms-17-00791],[@B56-ijms-17-00791],[@B57-ijms-17-00791],[@B58-ijms-17-00791]\].
During biogenesis, miRNAs are initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II or III, as a primary transcripts at the nucleus (pri-miRNA) that contains a stem-loop sequences of \~80-nts \[[@B59-ijms-17-00791],[@B60-ijms-17-00791],[@B61-ijms-17-00791]\]. miRNA genes are located in intergenic regions, intronic regions of known genes, transcribed individually or in tandem with polycistronic sequences \[[@B62-ijms-17-00791],[@B63-ijms-17-00791]\], allowing multiple miRNAs to be expressed simultaneously. This co-expression could ensure negative feedback within the same pathway \[[@B64-ijms-17-00791]\]. A lower number of miRNAs are expressed along with their own promoter regions \[[@B65-ijms-17-00791]\] and regulated by many transcription factors \[[@B66-ijms-17-00791]\]. The pri-miRNA is converted into a \~60-nt precursor or pre-miRNA by nuclease Drosha/DGCR8 \[[@B67-ijms-17-00791]\]. Then, the pre-miRNA is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm by exportin 5 (XPO5) and Ran-GTP \[[@B68-ijms-17-00791]\]. This pre-miRNA is then processed to the miRNA/miRNA\* duplex in the cytoplasm by its interaction with Dicer ribonuclease and the cofactor TRBP, which finally form the mature miRNA \[[@B69-ijms-17-00791]\]. Finally, one strand is incorporated into the effector RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), which couples this mature sequence to target mRNAs. On the other hand, the passenger strand (miRNA\* strand) is degraded by the RISC complex \[[@B70-ijms-17-00791],[@B71-ijms-17-00791],[@B72-ijms-17-00791]\]. However, in some cases, miRNA\* strands are retained, having a regulatory role as a mature miRNA \[[@B73-ijms-17-00791]\]. There are alternative biogenesis pathways that differ in processing steps and the enzymes responsible. Particularly, many miRNAs can be processed by Ago-2 in a Dicer-independent manner \[[@B74-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, mirtrons are a type of microRNAs that is located in the intron regions and is digested via the spliceosome \[[@B73-ijms-17-00791],[@B75-ijms-17-00791]\] and/or in a splicing-independent manner, these being so-called "simtrons" \[[@B76-ijms-17-00791]\]. The multiple biogenesis processes could be related to different development stages in cells \[[@B76-ijms-17-00791]\]. Following transcription, miRNAs can be modified at the post-transcriptional level, potentially affecting miRNA stability and the efficiency of miRNA and miRNA\* \[[@B66-ijms-17-00791]\].
miRNAs induce gene silencing by binding to target mRNAs in complementary sequences (miRNA recognition element) located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA, using a short sequence of approximately 2--8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5′ end of the miRNA, allowing miRNA targeting to have more than one mRNA. This interaction inhibits the translation process and protein synthesis, resulting in a complex regulatory network \[[@B12-ijms-17-00791],[@B52-ijms-17-00791],[@B77-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, some reports indicate that miRNAs can also be joined to the 5′ UTR and the coding region of the mRNAs \[[@B78-ijms-17-00791],[@B79-ijms-17-00791]\]. However, in these regions, the effectiveness in repressing the translation decreases, probably due to the reduced stability in the miRNA-RISC/mRNA complex produced when the ribosomes interact \[[@B80-ijms-17-00791]\]. Furthermore, complex stability depends on the sequence of the binding site, the number of target sites within mRNA, the local structure of RNA and the distance between target sites \[[@B81-ijms-17-00791],[@B82-ijms-17-00791],[@B83-ijms-17-00791]\].
The mature miRNA attached to the RISC complex is the complex effector of gene silencing, which is presented to enable binding by pairing bases to target sites in the RNA. If there is high complementarity between miRNA/mRNA, the mRNA is cleaved by endonuclease Ago2, possibly inclusion bodies and RNA processing (P-bodies) \[[@B77-ijms-17-00791],[@B84-ijms-17-00791]\] and, if imperfectly complementary, only silencing mRNA translation occurs \[[@B12-ijms-17-00791],[@B85-ijms-17-00791]\].
Scientific evidence has shown that miRNAs expression can be controlled by various molecular events, including alterations in genome location, epigenetic changes, transcriptional deregulations and alterations in miRNA biogenesis. Several microRNA genes are located near breakpoint regions, which can present loss of heterozygosity (LOH), amplifications, deletions or mutations \[[@B86-ijms-17-00791],[@B87-ijms-17-00791],[@B88-ijms-17-00791]\]. Moreover, DNA methylation is a potent regulator of miRNA expression and histone modifications and is a frequent event in cancer \[[@B89-ijms-17-00791],[@B90-ijms-17-00791],[@B91-ijms-17-00791]\]. Aberrant DNA methylation in the promoter regions produced the silencing of miRNAs, modifying the expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs \[[@B92-ijms-17-00791],[@B93-ijms-17-00791],[@B94-ijms-17-00791]\] and oncogenic miRNAs \[[@B95-ijms-17-00791],[@B96-ijms-17-00791]\]. Moreover Dicer, Drosha and XPO5 inactivation have been shown to induce an altered biogenesis and, therefore, a significant reduction of miRNA levels, leading to an aberrant expression in several cancers \[[@B97-ijms-17-00791],[@B98-ijms-17-00791],[@B99-ijms-17-00791],[@B100-ijms-17-00791],[@B101-ijms-17-00791]\]. Some proteins (HnRNPA1, SMAD1 and SMAD5) have been involved in the regulation of miRNAs precursors, modifying subsequently their expression \[[@B102-ijms-17-00791]\]. A defect in XPO5 also affects the transportation of pre-miRNAs, provoking the nuclear retention of these precursors \[[@B66-ijms-17-00791]\]. Additional evidence has demonstrated that some dietary compounds, such as folate, retinoids and curcumin, modify the microRNAs expression levels, acting as protective factors \[[@B103-ijms-17-00791]\]. Other factors, such as the hormonal status \[[@B104-ijms-17-00791]\] and hypoxic conditions, can also modify miRNA expression \[[@B105-ijms-17-00791]\].
4. MicroRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles {#sec4-ijms-17-00791}
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One of the most remarkable aspects of miRNAs is their high stability outside the intracellular environment; this aspect is of interest, as potential biomarkers of clinical use (reviewed by Moldovan *et al*. \[[@B106-ijms-17-00791]\]). The mechanisms by which the circulating miRNAs reach the circulation are not fully understood; however, one of the mechanisms through which they originate is active secretion via extracellular vesicles (EVs) \[[@B107-ijms-17-00791]\]. Extracellular RNAs (exRNA) may exist in essentially four forms: freely circulating, bound to specific proteins, associated with lipoproteins or enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs) ([Figure 1](#ijms-17-00791-f001){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@B108-ijms-17-00791]\]. These include exosomes and microvesicles, which are formed by a lipid membrane and contain specific molecules, constituting a communication system between different cell types in physiological and pathological processes \[[@B109-ijms-17-00791],[@B110-ijms-17-00791]\]. These EVs have been found in several cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, monocytes, leukocytes, tumor cells \[[@B111-ijms-17-00791]\] and even in embryonic stem cells \[[@B111-ijms-17-00791]\]. Exosomes are distributed in various body fluids, including human bile, causing them to come into contact with neighboring or distant cells and then deliver the miRNA content \[[@B110-ijms-17-00791],[@B112-ijms-17-00791]\], exhibiting paracrine effects on tumor growth \[[@B113-ijms-17-00791],[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\].
The molecular structure of an EV is very similar to the parental cell or tissue and may contain other molecules, such as receptors, adhesion molecules, proteins, lipids, growth factors, proteases and exRNAs \[[@B115-ijms-17-00791],[@B116-ijms-17-00791]\]. The diversity of exRNA species in EVs is extensive, and according to the different analyses, it is known that miRNA and piwiRNA are the most abundant RNA species, with a lower percentage having been found of pseudo-genes, LncRNAs, tRNAs and mRNAs \[[@B117-ijms-17-00791]\]. miRNAs are secreted both in EVs and in a non-vesicular form. The loading of miRNAs into EVs is controlled by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2B1, which recognizes the EXOmotif (GGAG tetranucleotide) of miRNAs (miRNAs into exosomes attached to specific motifs) and regulates the transfer into EVs. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1(hnRNPA2B1) inside the EVs is SUMOylated; this post-translational modification is necessary for the loading of miRNAs into EVs \[[@B118-ijms-17-00791]\]. miRNA disposal into the EV can be facilitated by the addition of non-templated nucleotides to the 3′end of the miRNA \[[@B119-ijms-17-00791]\]. Current evidence suggests that the miRNAs enclosed in EVs can increase their half-life in circulation, averting the degradation from RNases present in blood \[[@B120-ijms-17-00791]\]. The EV-mediated transfer of miRNAs has been shown to have several physiological roles, for example in the immune response \[[@B121-ijms-17-00791]\]. The selective removal of miRNAs in EVs is also a regulation mechanism, especially the removal of tumor suppressor miRNA in cancer \[[@B122-ijms-17-00791],[@B123-ijms-17-00791]\]. Although it was believed that vesicle encapsulation was the principal mode of stabilization for ex-miRNAs \[[@B124-ijms-17-00791]\], increasing evidence shows that the vast majority of small RNAs exported by mammalian cells are principally associated with ribonucleoproteins more than vesicles \[[@B125-ijms-17-00791]\], particularly with Argonaute (AGO) proteins \[[@B126-ijms-17-00791],[@B127-ijms-17-00791]\]. miRNAs have also been found in apoptotic bodies \[[@B128-ijms-17-00791]\] and associated in complexes with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) \[[@B129-ijms-17-00791],[@B130-ijms-17-00791]\]. It has been demonstrated that these lipoproteins transport endogenous miRNAs and deliver them to the recipient cells; this important discovery suggests that some of the biological effects of HDL could be mediated by these miRNAs. The functional uptake of miRNAs has only been observed in membrane associated and lipoprotein transporters, but not for miRNA/protein complexes. The functional uptake is usually defined as the capability of the exogenous miRNA, transferred within the exosome, to selectively influence the gene expression in the host cell \[[@B129-ijms-17-00791]\].
5. miRNAs as Biomarkers in Biliary Tract Cancer: miRNAs in Blood (Plasma and Serum), Bile and Gallstones {#sec5-ijms-17-00791}
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5.1. Plasma/Serum miRNA Panels as Biomarkers {#sec5dot1-ijms-17-00791}
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Meng *et al.* described the first approach by which miRNAs could be used as biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma. They found that miR-21 and miR-200b are related to sensitivity/resistance to gemcitabine \[[@B131-ijms-17-00791]\]. Various current publications have reported on the potential clinical application of circulating miRNAs in BTCs for diagnosis and prognosis; most have focused on CCA, with little information being provided on GBC and ampullary adenocarcinoma. Li *et al.* \[[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\] analyzed the expression of circulating miRNAs in patients with GBC, finding that miR-21, miR-187 and miR-202 were upregulated; by contrast, let-7a, miR-143 and miR-335 were downregulated between GBC patients and healthy controls (*p* \< 0.05), showing a consistent expression in tissue and blood samples. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the differential expression of three miRNAs (miR-187, miR-143 and miR-202) and lymphatic metastasis/TNM \[[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\]. These data are consistent with the prior report performed by Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\], where expression levels of miR-21 in patients with BTCs (including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater) were significantly higher than in healthy controls or in patients with BBDs, with the area under the curve (AUC) for plasma being 0.93 and 0.83, respectively ([Table 1](#ijms-17-00791-t001){ref-type="table"}). The sensitivity and specificity was 85.1% and 100%, respectively, for healthy controls and 72.3% and 91.3% for BBDs \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, the high expression of miR-21 was associated with the progression of TNM staging, and the diagnostic power increased by the combined use of CA19-9 and miR-21 for distinguishing between BTCs and healthy controls. Interestingly, circulating miR-21 expression decreased after surgery \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\]. Furthermore, miR-21 is uniformly overexpressed in human CCA tissue and cell lines, possessing a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100% (AUC of 0.995), respectively, enough to differentiate CCA from normal tissues \[[@B22-ijms-17-00791],[@B133-ijms-17-00791]\].
Plieskatt *et al.* \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\] performed a comprehensive analysis of profiled miRNA expression levels in iCCA tumor tissue and matched plasma samples. The analysis of miRNAs in plasma was based on the aberrant expression observed in tissues. It was found that the expression of eight miRNAs (miR-483-5p, miR-505-3p, miR-874, miR-885-5p, miR-320b, miR-92b-3p, miR-1275 and miR-1307-3p) was detected exclusively in all iCCA plasma samples and not in controls plasma \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, the aberrant microRNA expression in tissues was not similar to that observed in plasma, where fifteen of the highly deregulated miRNAs were only detected in tissues samples. This expression profile in plasma could be useful as a biomarker for the early detection of iCCA. Similarly, Wang *et al.* \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\] studied the expression of miRNAs in tissue and matched plasma samples, reporting that miR-150 presented the most significant expression level and was upregulated in ICC plasma patients, with the opposite result being observed in tissue, where it was downregulated. No significant differences were found between the levels of miR-150 and age, gender or clinical stage of patients. Based on the ROC analysis, plasma miR-150 could be used to distinguish patients with iCCA from healthy volunteers (HVs), with the AUC being 0.764 (*p* \< 0.010), sensitivity 80.6% and specificity 58.1%. In addition, the diagnostic value is increased when combined with the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 marker, improving patient screening \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\]. miR-150, it has been reported, may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, is significantly upregulated (acts as an oncogene) in several types of cancers, e.g., in breast cancer \[[@B140-ijms-17-00791]\] and gastric cancer \[[@B141-ijms-17-00791]\], and is significantly downregulated (acts as a tumor suppressor) in colorectal cancer \[[@B142-ijms-17-00791]\] and osteosarcoma \[[@B143-ijms-17-00791]\]. There are no other studies correlating this microRNA with BTCs. Meanwhile, Silakit *et al.* \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\] demonstrated that miR-192 levels were significantly higher in the pooled serum of CCA patients than in pooled HVs, with a sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 72%, respectively (AUC of 0.803). Moreover, miR-192 expression was significantly linked to lymph node metastasis and associated with a poor prognosis in CCA patients \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, miR-200b expression was also significantly higher in CCA patients than HVs \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\], but this miR-200b expression was relatively lower compared to miR-192. In tissues, a high expression of miR-192 was observed in 53% of tumor cases compared toadjacent non-tumor tissues; however, no significant difference was found \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\]. Huang *et al.* \[[@B144-ijms-17-00791]\] found that miR-224 was significantly upregulated in serum, as well as in cancer tissue from CCA patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the human CCA cell lines transfected with a miR-224 mimic showed enhanced cell growth, invasiveness and migratory ability \[[@B144-ijms-17-00791]\]. Kojima *et al.* \[[@B138-ijms-17-00791]\] studied a large number of cases of gastrointestinal cancers, including BTCs (intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, hilar bile duct and ampulla of Vater) and healthy controls. They found that 66 miRNAs showed statistical significance in the validation cohort (test cohort), among which 30 miRNAs were upregulated and 36 miRNAs were downregulated in BTCs. Expression of miR-125a-3p and miR-6893-5p showed the lowest *p*-values in a comparison of BTCs and HVs. In addition, miR-125a-3p was able to detect 32 of 33 patients (97.0%) in the test cohort \[[@B138-ijms-17-00791]\]. Unfortunately, miR-125a-3p lacks some specificity because it was described as a reliable marker for pancreatic cancer, and a strong overlap is observed in the expression of this miRNA between these two types of cancers. At the same time, Que *et al.* \[[@B145-ijms-17-00791]\] evaluated the expression partially of circulating miRNAs in AC. Four miRNAs (miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-155 and miR-196a) related to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) were selected to evaluate serum exosomal miRNA levels. No significant differences were found in the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-17-5p between PC patients and AC patients, although they tended to be lower in AC patients. Furthermore, expression of these miRNAs in AC tended to be higher than in healthy controls \[[@B145-ijms-17-00791]\]. According to these results, none of the selected miRNAs reached statistical significance to discriminate between pancreatic cancer and BTCs.
Another study performed by Cheng *et al.* \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\] found that circulating miR-106a is downregulated in CCA patients compared to BBD patients or healthy controls. Moreover, the serum level of miR-21 was higher in CCA patients than in BBD controls; however, no statistically-significant differences were found. The AUC of serum miR-106a for differentiating CCA patients from healthy controls was 0.89; the sensitivity and specificity for this marker were 81.6% and 85.0%, respectively. This result is moderate and higher than serum CA19-9. Meanwhile, downregulation of miR-106a in serum samples was associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in CCA patients \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\].
5.2. Bile miRNA Panels as Biomarkers {#sec5dot2-ijms-17-00791}
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Bile is a fluid produced by the liver and secreted into the intestine through biliary ducts to help digest fats. It is mainly composed of water, salts from biliary acids, compounds of glycolic and taurocholic acid and bile pigments (bilirubin), as well as proteins, electrolytes, mucus and various metabolites \[[@B146-ijms-17-00791]\], such as miRNAs, which have been proposed as excellent biomarkers in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors \[[@B147-ijms-17-00791],[@B148-ijms-17-00791]\]. It has also been reported that extracellular vesicles are present in human bile and contain a large number of miRNAs \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\], which makes these molecules very stable \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\]. Li *et al.* \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] defined a novel biliary microvesicle-"laden" miR-based panel for CCA diagnosis, combining five miR markers (miR-191, miR-486-3p, miR-1274b, miR-16 and miR-484) that were able to differentiate between CCA from primary sclerosing cholangitis or other bile duct obstruction, with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 96%. Considering the individual expression of miRNAs, miR-486-3p has a greater diagnostic value for CCA \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\]. Similarly, Shigehara *et al.* \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\] demonstrated that 10 of the 667 bile miRNAs studied (miR-9, miR-145\*, miR-105, miR-147b, let-7f-2\*, let-7i\*, miR-302c\*, miR-199a-3p, miR-222\* and miR-942) were significantly more highly expressed in the malignant group composed of CCA and GBC patients than in the control group (patients with choledocholithiasis). Moreover, ROC analysis showed that the combination of two miRNAs (miR-9 and miR-145\*) is a suitable diagnostic biomarker for BTCs \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\].
A study conducted by Voigtlander *et al.* \[[@B149-ijms-17-00791]\] revealed that patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a pathology that causes inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts of the liver, increased the risk of developing CCA, having distinct miRNA profiles in serum and bile. A serum validation analysis found significantly higher levels of miR-1281, miR-126, miR-26a, miR-30b and miR-122 in patients with PSC compared to patients with CCA. All of the validated circulating miRNAs were significantly higher in the abnormal cases than in HVs. By contrast, miR-412, miR-640, miR-1537 and miR-3189 expression was different between patients with PSC and PSC/CCA in bile samples \[[@B136-ijms-17-00791]\], of which only miR-412 was upregulated \[[@B149-ijms-17-00791]\]. Similarly, Bernuzzi *et al.* \[[@B137-ijms-17-00791]\] also attempted to identify a miRNA panel for the diagnosis of PSC-related to CCA, but only in serum samples. It was found that miR-200c is significantly downregulated in PSC *versus* HVs, whereas miR-483-5p and miR-194 were upregulated in CCA compared to HVs. If we observe what occurs between CCA with PSC, as in the previous study, miR-222 and miR-483-5p were found to be upregulated in CCA *versus* PSC \[[@B137-ijms-17-00791]\]. Patients with PSC and/or CCA have distinct miRNA profiles in serum and bile; thus, these miRNA expressions could possibly be used to detect an early lesion. However, in this study, Voigtlander *et al.* \[[@B149-ijms-17-00791]\] could not use matched samples (blood and bile) from the same patients to establish this differentiation.
5.3. miRNA Biomarkers in Gallstones for the Identification of High-Risk Patients with Complications in the Biliary Tract {#sec5dot3-ijms-17-00791}
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Gallstones are an important risk factor associated with GBC, being present in most (\~85%) patients \[[@B150-ijms-17-00791]\]. The expression profile of miRNAs in gallstones could represent a new way to assess the degree of injury that the epithelium could potentially present in these patients. The formation of gallstones occurs as a consequence of the excess of cholesterol precipitation in bile caused by a variety of factors that involve cholesterol absorption, biosynthesis and conversion \[[@B151-ijms-17-00791]\]. Interestingly, Yang *et al.* \[[@B152-ijms-17-00791]\] evaluated the miRNA expression in gallstone tissue, finding that miR-210, miR-200c, miR-194 and miR-192 expression was significantly upregulated and miR-133a and miR-891a expression significantly downregulated in patients with gallstones compared to those without gallstones \[[@B152-ijms-17-00791]\]. The miRNA-200 cluster (miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c) has been associated with human GBC via epigenetic regulation \[[@B153-ijms-17-00791]\] and contributes to bile duct proliferation in the cholestatic liver \[[@B154-ijms-17-00791]\]. Additionally, a circulating miR-200b/429 cluster was shown to be significantly increased in the sera of biliary atresia suggesting its use as potential biomarkers \[[@B155-ijms-17-00791]\], and the expression of miR-133 was consistently found decreased in tumors and GBC cell lines compared to normal gallbladder tissues \[[@B21-ijms-17-00791]\]. However, in the study by Yang *et al.* \[[@B152-ijms-17-00791]\], all patients included were confirmed as having no inflammation in the tissue.
Related studies on the synthesis of cholesterol and human gallstones have shown that the FXR/SHP pathway regulates the miR-34a expression and its target SIRT1, which is associated with gallstones because it participates in lipid metabolism and hepatic bile acid synthesis \[[@B156-ijms-17-00791]\]. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an important regulator of bile formation, controlling the secretion of phospholipids, bile salts, and is also associated with the regulation of liver X receptors (LXR), secretion modulators \[[@B157-ijms-17-00791]\]. Recently, it was observed that the activation of FXR regulates SREBP-2 and miR-33 expressionand the regulation of their specific target genes \[[@B158-ijms-17-00791]\]. miR-33 inhibits expression of the mRNAs ABCB11 and ATP8B1, which results in changes in bile secretion and bile recovery from the gallbladder \[[@B159-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a major determinant of HDL-cholesterol levels, and its expression is regulated by miR-144 \[[@B160-ijms-17-00791]\]; and miRNAs 122a and 422a may inhibit the human cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase mRNA (CYP7A1), which is intricately involved in regulating bile acid synthesis in the liver \[[@B161-ijms-17-00791]\]. Several miRNAs have a major influence on cholesterol homeostasis, including miR-122 \[[@B162-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-370 \[[@B163-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-378/378\* \[[@B164-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-143, miR-27 \[[@B165-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-335 \[[@B166-ijms-17-00791]\], and miR-33a/b \[[@B167-ijms-17-00791],[@B168-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-27a \[[@B169-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-223 \[[@B170-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-181a \[[@B171-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-185 \[[@B172-ijms-17-00791]\] and miR-223 \[[@B173-ijms-17-00791]\]. The physicochemical imbalance between the major bile lipids produces hypersecretion of cholesterol in the bile, necessary to saturate the gallbladder and therefore determining individual predisposition to develop gallstones \[[@B174-ijms-17-00791],[@B175-ijms-17-00791]\]. Thus, miRNAs in gallstones and/or deregulation of miRNAs involved in cholesterol homeostasis may be critical in the formation of gallstones, providing a new option for primary detection in subjects at risk ofdeveloping a malignancy or GBC development.
6. Discussion {#sec6-ijms-17-00791}
=============
The diagnosis of BTCs is mainly based on imaging, laparoscopic cholecystectomies and intraoperative exploration performed for cholelithiasis \[[@B150-ijms-17-00791]\]. The examination of cells from the mucosa of the biliary tract can be performed through a brush cytology, which has a high specificity, but a low sensitivity, mainly due to the anatomical location of the gallbladder lesions for specimen collection \[[@B176-ijms-17-00791]\]. Brush cytology is an invasive technique that may be useful as a screening procedure; however, this technique does not replace tissue biopsy. Therefore, more sensitive and non-invasive methods are needed in order to distinguish between patients with or without gallbladder lesions. Emerging evidence has shown that miRNA expression might be altered during various pathological conditions and may become non-invasive and specific molecular diagnostic or prognostic markers for human pathology \[[@B177-ijms-17-00791]\]. This is mainly because they have great stability in various types of body fluids, including blood, urine, tears, colostrum, breast milk, bronchial lavage, amniotic, pleural, seminal, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids \[[@B178-ijms-17-00791]\]. Furthermore, they are resistant to endogenous RNase digestion, and the laboratory detection methods are sensitive \[[@B179-ijms-17-00791],[@B180-ijms-17-00791]\]. The first study to determine the presence of circulating miRNAs was conducted by Lawrie *et al.* \[[@B181-ijms-17-00791]\] in 2008 on patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, finding that high miR-21 expression was associated with relapse-free survival \[[@B181-ijms-17-00791]\]. The role and expression of miRNAs in BTCs have been gradually explored; various miRNAs have been detected initially in tissues. In GBC, multiple miRNAs have been reported as downregulated compared to normal tissues, such as miR-1, miR-145 \[[@B21-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-135a-5p, miR-26a \[[@B182-ijms-17-00791],[@B183-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-34a \[[@B184-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-335 \[[@B185-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-130a \[[@B186-ijms-17-00791]\] and miR-218-5p \[[@B187-ijms-17-00791]\], and others miRNAs have been upregulated, such as miR-155 \[[@B188-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-20a \[[@B189-ijms-17-00791]\] and miR-182 \[[@B190-ijms-17-00791]\]. In addition, some of these miRNAs (miR-26 \[[@B191-ijms-17-00791]\], miR-34a \[[@B131-ijms-17-00791]\] and miR-155 \[[@B192-ijms-17-00791]\]) also exhibited differential expression in CCA. Meanwhile, miR-21, miR-141 and miR-200b are highly overexpressed in CCA cells, and inhibition of miR-21 and miR-200b is associated with sensitivity to gemcitabine \[[@B22-ijms-17-00791],[@B131-ijms-17-00791]\]. Furthermore, miR-21 showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity in distinguishing between CCA and normal tissues \[[@B22-ijms-17-00791]\]. Selaru *et al.* \[[@B22-ijms-17-00791]\] determined in 2009 an expression profile of miRNAs in primary extrahepatic CCA; several miRNAs (miR-106b, miR-21, miR-107, miR-106a, miR-93, miR-27a, miR-19a, miR-103, miR 17-5p, miR-25) were found overexpressed, whereas expression of miR-560, miR-370, miR-198, miR-188, miR-662, miR-191, miR-512-3p, miR-520e, miR-513 and miR-494 was repressed \[[@B22-ijms-17-00791]\]. Similarly, Chen *et al.* \[[@B133-ijms-17-00791]\] identified a more significant expression profile in intrahepatic CCA, correlating mir-200C, miR-141, miR-223 and miR-204 with multifocal cholangiocarcinoma and vascular invasion. There is less scientific evidence in AC tissues, but a microRNA profile has been identified that would allow ampullary adenocarcinomas to be subclassified into pancreatobiliary or intestinal type \[[@B23-ijms-17-00791]\]. Furthermore, miR-215 is the most significantly overexpressed in AC, whereas miR-134 and miR-214 were significantly lower in AC than in pancreatic carcinomas \[[@B193-ijms-17-00791]\]. These unique expression profiles in tissue miRNAs could probably correlate with circulating levels and may be excellent candidates for biomarkers in the serum, plasma and bile of these patients. However, as observed in different studies, the expression of miRNAs in tissue in matched plasma was not always the same; for example, Plieskatt *et al.* \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\], found that the expression of the eight miRNAs was detected exclusively in all iCCA plasma samples and not in control plasma and tissue samples. Conversely, 15 highly deregulated miRNAs in tumor tissue were absent in paired plasma samples, deregulated exclusively in tumor tissue. Similarly, Wang *et al.* \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\] demonstrated that miR-150 was upregulated in iCCA plasma patients, observing an opposite result to matched tissue. As reported by other publications (not matched samples), for example, Shigehara *et al.* \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\] demonstrated that in bile miR-145\* was significantly upregulated in CCA and GBC compared to patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis; however, our work published in 2014 found that in tissue, miR-145 was downregulated in GBC, compared to non-neoplastic tissues \[[@B21-ijms-17-00791]\]. This may reflect different functions present in tissue and in circulating miRNAs. One of the mechanisms through which circulating miRNAs originate is active secretion via exosomes \[[@B107-ijms-17-00791]\], where they are encapsulated in the extracellular vesicles in circulation blood and bile. It has been found that liver and biliary tree cells communicate through EVs and extracellular vesicle-transported miRNA species \[[@B194-ijms-17-00791]\]. This suggests an active mechanism to selectively export or import miRNAs. It is an interesting route that could explain this phenomenon, since the miRNA profiles of exosomes may differ in tissue and plasma \[[@B195-ijms-17-00791]\]; therefore, the expression level could vary from tissue and blood samples. This is consistent with that reported by Pigati *et al.* \[[@B196-ijms-17-00791]\], who hypothesized the existence of an intrinsic mechanism of selection within cells for miRNA secretion, explaining the different cellular and extracellular miRNA profiles. Thereby, the secreted miRNAs do not necessarily reflect the amount of miRNAs in the origin cell \[[@B196-ijms-17-00791]\].
In contrast, miR-192 levels were significantly higher in the serum and tissues of CCA patients; however, no significant difference was found in tissues \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\]; miR-224 was significantly upregulated in serum, as well as in tissue from CCA patients \[[@B144-ijms-17-00791]\]; and circulating mir-21 is upregulated in GBC \[[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\] and CCA \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\], as well as in the tissue of CCA patients \[[@B197-ijms-17-00791]\]. Interestingly, it has been reported that miR-21 is highly overexpressed in GBC cell lines (NOZ) treated with aquaporin-5 (AQP-5) siRNA, and genetic defects involving aquaporin genes have been associated with GBC \[[@B198-ijms-17-00791]\].
miR-21 has been characterized as playing an important role in BTCs \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791],[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\], and it has been suggested that it could have a potential role as in early diagnostic biomarker. Previous reports have also shown that circulating miR-21 expression increases in inflammatory conditions \[[@B199-ijms-17-00791]\]. However, in studies by Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\] and Cheng *et al.* \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\], plasma miR-21 was capable of distinguishing BTC patients from BBD. Distinguishing BTCs and BBD is very difficult to achieve by detecting the standard tumor markers, such as CA19-9 \[[@B200-ijms-17-00791]\]. The determination of the primary disease site in advanced stages is key for applying the appropriate treatment and obtaining the desire results in survival; however, this determination is currently too challenging to achieve without invasive diagnostic methods. On the other hand, miR-21 may lack specificity, because it is one of the most commonly deregulated circulation miRNAs in diseases such as liver cancer \[[@B201-ijms-17-00791]\], esophageal cancer \[[@B202-ijms-17-00791]\], prostate cancer \[[@B203-ijms-17-00791]\], head and neck cancer \[[@B204-ijms-17-00791]\], gastric cancer \[[@B205-ijms-17-00791]\], lung cancer \[[@B206-ijms-17-00791]\], lymphoma \[[@B181-ijms-17-00791]\] and colorectal cancer \[[@B207-ijms-17-00791]\]. Therefore, the use of single and/or multiple miRNA expressed as a profile/pattern and combined with other classic biomarkers measured in plasma/serum could provide more specific and relevant information to diagnose and predict BTCs. Thus, a single biomarker might not reflect the complexity of a disease, and a multimarker strategy may improve the sensitivity and specificity at diagnosis and prognosis. For example, Li *et al.* \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] defined a panel combining five miRNA markers for CCA diagnosis, and Shigehara *et al.* \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\] demonstrated that the combination of two miRNAs (miR-9 and miR-145\*) is a suitable diagnostic biomarker for BTCs. Meanwhile, Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\] showed that diagnostic power increases by using a combination of CA19-9 and miR-21 to differentiate BTC patients from healthy volunteers and BBD patients. Similarly, Wang *et al.* \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\] showed that the diagnostic value is increased when miR-150 expression and CA19-9 are combined, improving patient screening. In contrast, Voigtlander *et al.* \[[@B136-ijms-17-00791]\] showed that the diagnostic value is not increased by using a panel of miRNAs to differentiate patients with PSC from CCA.
In this manuscript, distinct expression patterns of circulating miRNAs have been observed, including some inconsistencies in the results. It is likely that the inconsistency in some data reported in the literature is due to ethnic variations \[[@B208-ijms-17-00791]\]. Li *et al.* \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] delineated a different miRNA pattern to detect CCA in bile, including a multiethnic population (Caucasian, African American, Asian and Hispanic) in the analysis. Considering this variable and although most cases are Caucasian, this analysis is probably more representative of the general population. Considering that miRNAs may be circulating in different forms (freely circulating, bound to proteinsor enclosed in EVs) \[[@B108-ijms-17-00791]\], multiple purification strategies should be considered to enable work with groups of circulating miRNAs separately, thus avoiding a biased group of miRNAs potentially having completely different physiological functions. Li *et al*. \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] and Que *et al.* \[[@B145-ijms-17-00791]\] studied miRNA species solely isolated from EVs with no consideration of the soluble fraction of bile. In addition, RNAs extracted from free-floating cells in bile \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] and isolated from clinical samples of bile and biliary brushings have been shown to be highly degraded \[[@B209-ijms-17-00791]\]. Meanwhile, due to the technical feasibility of obtaining biological material, many researchers cannot evaluate the expression of miRNAs in paired samples and obtain tissue from healthy patients (with no pre-neoplastic lesion), and as the bile collection is an invasive technique, healthy patients do not undergo biliary brushings by ERCP for use as a healthy control and to establish a baseline, which makes the analysis of this complex epigenetic mechanism limited and difficult. In the same context, most studies used samples from "healthy volunteers" as controls, and other studies used samples from benign bile-duct disease (BBD) as controls. Therefore, unfortunately, the expression profile of microRNAs in different preneoplastic stages (hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia) is not comparable. Moreover, BBD controls are formed by large heterogeneous groups with an interesting biological diversity. For instance, Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\] included patients with gallstones, cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, gallbladder polyp, cholangitis, choledocal cyst, malfusion of pancreaticobiliary duct, bile duct dysplasia and postoperative stenosis in their study. Similarly Li *et al.* \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\] included patients with benign biliary obstruction, primary sclerosing cholangitis, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, chronic pancreatitis and cholangitis as bile control. Meanwhile, in other reports \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\], the histological grade of lesions was not informed. Other factors, such as the standardization of the collecting, transporting and storing the bile sample, as well as the molecular technique and its methodological variables (housekeeping gene), are factors that influence miRNA expression. When considering the minimum amount of sample (whole blood, bile, plasma or serum) required to perform the exRNA extraction, Yang *et al.* \[[@B210-ijms-17-00791]\] established a reliable method to detect circulating miRNAs in 100 μL of blood sample in bile duct-ligated (BDL) mice; this is important in systemically-compromised patients, where sample collection can be complex prior to analysis in the laboratory. Other reports are: Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\] extracted total RNA from 400 μL of plasma; Plieskatt *et al.* \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\] used 200 μL of plasma; Voigtländer *et al.* \[[@B136-ijms-17-00791]\] used approximately 0.5--5 mL of bile sample; and Li *et al.* 400 μL of bile \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\].
7. Concluding Remarks {#sec7-ijms-17-00791}
=====================
In the context of cancer biology, as with other malignancies, BTCs exhibit an aberrant expression of miRNAs with a marked difference according to the stage and carcinogenic model. [Table 2](#ijms-17-00791-t002){ref-type="table"} summarizes all of those circulating miRNAs with the potential to become diagnosis biomarkers due to their significant deregulation in BTCs compared to healthy controls or benign lesions. Some of these miRNAs have the potential to become biomarkers for BTC diagnosis, such as miR-21, miR-187, miR-202 miR-483-5p, miR-505-3p, miR-150, miR-1281, miR-126, miR-26a, miR-200c, miR-9, miR-145\*, miR-105, miR-106 and miR-224, as well as to predict prognosis, for instance, miR-187, miR-202, miR-143, mir-21, mir-192 and miR-106a. Specifically, miR-191, miR-486-3p, miR-1274b, miR-16 and miR-484 detected in bile specimens were clinically useful for noninvasive CCA diagnoses of PSC and benign biliary obstruction (BBO) \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\], and miR-192 and miR-106a were found to be related to CCA aggressiveness and survival \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791],[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\]. Moreover, miR-21 expression correlates with tumor progression \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\], and a significant relationship was found between miR-187, miR-143 and miR-202 and lymphatic metastasis/TNM \[[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\]. Collectively, these data reflect that circulating miRNAs could be used as potential biomarkers for clinical use, for the early detection and prognosis of BTCs \[[@B211-ijms-17-00791]\]. In this context, the content of miRNAs \[[@B108-ijms-17-00791]\] has characteristics according to the ideal biomarker, such as: accessibility, high sensitivity and specificity, early detection of disease and comparatively long half-life \[[@B212-ijms-17-00791]\]. However, to date, few studies have specifically addressed the significance of circulating miRNAs in BTC patients, and further research is required.
This work was supported by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) 1130204 and Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT)---Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP) 15130011.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
3′UTR
3′ Untranslated region
ABCA1
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
AC
Ampulla Vater cancer
AGO
Argonaute
AQP-5
Aquaporin-5
AUC
Area under the curve
BBD
Benign biliary diseases
BBO
Benign biliary obstruction
BDL
Bile duct-ligated
BTCs
Biliary tract cancers
CA19-9
Carbohydrate 19-9
CCA
Cholangiocarcinoma
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen
CP
Chronic pancreatitis
CT
Computed tomography
CYP7A1
Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase mRNA
dCCA
Distal cholangiocarcinoma
eCCA
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
EUS
Endoscopic ultrasound
EVs
Extracellular vesicles
EXOmotif
miRNAs into exosomes attached to specific motifs
exRNA
Extracellular RNA
FXR
Farnesoid X receptor
GBC
Gallbladder cancer
HBD
Hilar bile duct cancer
HDL
High-density lipoprotein
hnRNP
Ribonucleoprotein
hnRNPA2B1
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1
HVs
Healthy volunteers
iCCA
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
LncRNAs
Long non-coding RNA
LOH
Loss of heterozygosity
LXR
Liver X receptors
miRNAs
microRNAs
miRNA\*
Temporary string miRNA
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
NOZ
Gallbladder cancer cell lines
PA
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
PBC
Pancreato-biliary cancers
pCCA
Perihilarcholangiocarcinoma
pre-miRNA
Precursor miRNA
pri-miRNA
Primary miRNA
PSC
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
PTC
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
RISC
RNA-induced silencing complex
SOD
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
TNM
Staging system for classification of malignant tumours
TUTases
Uridylyltransferases
XPO5
Exportin 5
{#ijms-17-00791-f001}
ijms-17-00791-t001_Table 1
######
Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity values of miRNAs in plasma and bile samples, according to different histological conditions of biliary tract cancers.
miRNAs AUC Sensitivity Specificity Reference
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------
BTCs *vs.* HVs Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-21 0.93 85.1% 100%
BTCs *vs.* BBD
miR-21 0.83 72.3% 91.3%
iCCA *vs.* controls Wang *et al.* \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-150 0.764 80.6% 58.1%
iCCA *vs.* HVs Silakit *et al.* \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-192 0.803 74% 72%
PSC *vs.* CCA (serum) Voigtlander *et al.* \[[@B136-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-1281 0.83 55% 90%
miR-126 0.87 68% 93%
miR-26a 0.78 52% 93%
miR-30b 0.78 52% 88%
miR-122 0.65 32% 90%
PSC *vs.* CCA (bile)
miR-412 0.81 50% 89%
miR-640 0.81 50% 92%
miR-1537 0.78 67% 90%
miR-3189 0.80 67% 89%
PSC *vs.* HVs Bernuzzi *et al.* \[[@B137-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-200c 0.74 \-- \--
CCA *vs.* HVs
miR-483-5p 0.77 \-- \--
miR-194 0.74 \-- \--
miR-483-5p and miR-194 0.81 \-- \--
CCA *vs.* PSC
miR-222 0.71 \-- \--
miR-483-5p 0.70 \-- \--
miR-222 and miR-483-5p 0.77 \-- \--
PBC *vs.* HVs Kojima *et al.* \[[@B138-ijms-17-00791]\]
Combination of eight 0.953 80.3% 97.6%
miRNAs (miR-6075, miR-4294, miR-6880-5p, miR-6799-5p, miR-125a-3p, miR-4530, miR-6836-3p, and miR-4476)
BTCs *vs.* choledocholithiasis Shigehara *et al.* \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-9 0.975 88.9% 100%
miR-145\* 0.975 77.8% 100%
miR-944 0.765 77.8% 100%
CCA *vs.* HVs Cheng *et al.* \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\]
miR-106a 0.89 81.6% 85%
CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; HVs: Healthy volunteers; iCCA: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; BBD: Benign bile-duct disease; PBC: Pancreato-biliary cancers; AUC: Area under the curve; \--: No data.
ijms-17-00791-t002_Table 2
######
Circulating miRNAs with potential to become markers in biliary tract cancers.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
miRNAs: Up-/Down-Regulation Samples Number Type of Sample Diagnosis/Prognosis Potential Origin of Specimen Relevance Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
[Up]{.ul}: miR-21, miR-187, and miR-202\ GBC (40); HVs (40) Plasma All diagnosis/only miR-187, miR-202 and miR-143 prognosis China GBC *versus* HVs Li *et al.* \[[@B132-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Down]{.ul}: let-7a, miR-143 and miR-335
[Up]{.ul}: miR-21 BTCs (94) including CCA, GBC and AC; HVs (50); BBD (23) Plasma Diagnosis and prognosis Japan BTCs *versus* HVs and BTCs *versus* BBD Kishimoto *et al.* \[[@B30-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-483-5p, miR505-3p, miR874, miR885-5p, miR-320b, miR-92b-3p, miR1275 and miR1307-3p iCCA (13); HVs (5) Plasma Diagnosis Thailand iCCA *versus* HVs Plieskatt *et al.* \[[@B40-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-150 iCCA (15) Plasma Diagnosis China iCCA *versus* controls Wang *et al.* \[[@B134-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-192 iCCA (51); HVs (32) Serum Diagnosis and prognosis Thailand iCCA *versus* HVs Silakit *et al.* \[[@B135-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul} (serum samples): miR-1281, miR-126, miR-26a, miR-30b and miR-122\ PSC (40 serum,52bile); CCA (31 serum, 19 bile); PSC/CCA (12 bile); HVs (12 serum) Serum/bile Diagnosis Germany PSC *versus* CCA Voigtlander *et al.* \[[@B136-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Down]{.ul} (bile samples): miR-412, miR-640, miR-1537\
[Up]{.ul} (bile samples): miR-3189
[Down]{.ul}: miR-200c (PSC *vs.* HVs)\ CCA (70); PSC (70); HVs (70) Serum Diagnosis Italy PSC *versus* HVs; CCA *versus* HVs; CCA *versus* PSC Bernuzzi *et al.* \[[@B137-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-483-5p and miR-194 (CCA *vs.* HVs)\
[Up]{.ul}: miR-222 and miR-483-5p (CCA *vs.* PSC)
[Down]{.ul}: miR-125a-3p and miR-6893-5p BTCs (98) including iCCA, eCCA, GBC, HBD and AC; HVs (150) Serum Diagnosis Japan BTCs *versus* HVs Kojima *et al.* \[[@B138-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-191, miR-486-3p, miR-1274b, miR-16 and miR-484 CCA (46); Control group (50) including BBO, PSC, SOD, CP and cholangitis Bile in EVs Diagnosis USA (Including Caucasian;African American; Asian and Hispanic) CCA *versus* PSC and BBO Li *et al.* \[[@B24-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-9, miR-145 \*, miR-105, miR-147b, let-7f-2\*, let-7i\*, miR-302c\*, miR-199a-3p, miR-222\* and miR-942 BTCs (9) including CCA and GBC; Choledocholithiasis (9) Bile Diagnosis Japan BTCs *versus* choledocholithiasis Shigehara *et al.* \[[@B114-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Down]{.ul}:miR-106a\ CCA (103); BBD (34); HVs (20) Serum Diagnosis and Prognosis China CCA *versus* BBD and HVs Cheng *et al.* \[[@B139-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-21 (no significant difference)
[Down]{.ul}: miR-21 and miR-17-5p (no significant difference) PC (22); AC (6); HVs (8) Serum in EVs \-- China AC *versus* PC Que *et al.* \[[@B145-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Up]{.ul}: miR-210, miR-200c, miR-194 and miR-192\ Choledocholithiasis and HVs Gallstones \-- China Choledocholithiasis *versus* HVs Yang *et al.* \[[@B152-ijms-17-00791]\]
[Down]{.ul}: miR-133a and miR-891a
[Up]{.ul}: miR-224 CCA (30); HVs (50) Serum Diagnosis China CCA *versus* HVs Huang *et al.* \[[@B144-ijms-17-00791]\]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; GBC: gallbladder cancer; AC: ampulla Vater cancer; HVs healthy volunteers ; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis; eCCA: extrahepaticcholangiocarcinoma; HBD: hilar bile duct cancer; BBO: benign biliary obstruction; SOD: sphincter of Oddi dysfunction; CP: chronic pancreatitis; BBD: benign bile-duct disease; PA: pancreatic adenocarcinoma; EVs: extracellular vesicles; \--: No data.
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Protective effect of Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) against experimentally induced fibrosarcoma on wistar rats.
The beta-carotene-yielding microalga, Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teod. maintained in De Walne's medium was harvested and lyophilized. Fibrosarcoma was induced in rats by 20-methylcholanthrene. 0.5 g and 1.0 g of lyophilized D. salina powder was administered to the rats orally through carboxy methyl cellulose. Cisplatin was administered along with vitamin E to compare the protective effect of D. salina against fibrosarcoma. Administration of D. salina decreased the levels of cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, serum aspartate aminotransaminase, serum alanine aminotransferase, when compared to control. A significant reduction in the levels of hepatic and renal RNA and DNA was observed in the sarcoma rats when treated with D. salina powder. Histopathological studies of tumor tissues showed regenerative and regressive changes. beta-carotene globules isolated from the powder of Dunaliella salina confirmed the presence of 9-cis-beta-carotene and all-trans-beta-carotene. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
EATTYDECNEY GENERAL
TEXAS
AUSTIN 11. -rExAs
PRICE DANIEL
ATTORNEYGENERAL
August 27, 1948
Hon. Looney E. Lindsey Opinion No. V-672
County Attorney
Upshur County Re: Withdrawal of Bethle-
Gilmer, Texas hem Common School Dis-
trict from the Indian
Rock Consolidated
School District.
Dear Sir:
We refer to your letter requesting an opinion
from which we quote, in part, as follows:
"More than three years ago Rev Beth-
lehem Common School District of Upshur
County was consolidated with the Indian
Rock Common School District of Upshur
County, Texas, to form Indian Rock Con-
solidated School District of Upshur Coun-
ty, Texas.
"At this time New Bethlehem seeks to
withdraw from the Indian Rock Consolidated
School District, Pursuant to this desire
this community has presented to the Coun-
ty Judge of Upshur County a petition sign-
ed by more than twenty qualified voters
of the old Rew Bethlehem Common School Dis-
trict (now a part of the Indian Rock Con-
solidated School District) asking that an
election be held in the 016 Rev Bethlehem
District to determine whether or not Rew
Bethlehem should dissolve or vithdraw from
the Indian Rock Consolidated School Dis-
trict.
'Laboring under the impression that
Art* 2815 (b) of the Revised Civil Stat-
utes of Texas, was still in effect, the
County Judge has ordered the election to
be held on August 31, 1948, I am enclos-
ing a copy of the election order and a
copy of the notices which have been posted,
Hon. Looney E. Lindsey, page 2 (V-672)
"The matter has been brought to my
attention and after studying the situation
and the law, I have reached the following
conclusions, on the correctness of which
I desire your opinion D D e
"An election held in only one of the
original districts which comprise a con-
solidated district to determine the ques-
tion of dissolution would be a void elec-
tion and the Commissioner's Court would
not be authorized to canvass said elec-
tion or declare the results of said elec-
tion.
"The County Judge who ordered the
election under a mistake of law has the
power to rescind said order.
Article 2815, V. C. S., as amended by H. B.
544, 48th Legislature, Acts 1943, provides:
"Article 2815. Dissolution.
"(a) Such consolidated districts may,
in the same manner provided for their con-
solidation, be dissolved and the districts
included therein restored to their original
status, except that it shall not be neces-
sary to provide polling places in each dis-
trict. Bach such district when so restored
shall assume and be liable for its prorata
part of the outstanding financial obliga-
tions of the consolidated district, such
prorata part to be based on the relation
the total assessed valuation of all proper-
ty in the district bears to the total as-
sessed valuation of property in the consol-
idated district, as shown by the assessment
rolls of the district for the current year.
No election forkthe dissolution of said con-
solidated distriats shall be held until three
(3) years have elapsed after the date of the
election at which such districts were con-
solidated,
"(b) On the petition of twenty (201,
or a majority, of the legally qualified
voters of any common school district9 or in-
Hon. Looney E. Lindsey, page 3 (V-672)
dependent school district, praying for the
withdrawal from a consolidated district,
If three (3) years have elapsed after the
date of the election at which such districts
were consolidated, the County Judge shall
issue an order for an election to be held
in the district desiring withdrawal. The
County Judge shall give notice of the date
of such election by publia8tion of the or-
der in some newspaper published in the coun-
ty for twenty (20) days prior to the date on
which such elections are ordered, OP by post-
ing a notice of such election in the district
desiring the election, The Commissioners
Court shall at its next meeting canvass the
returns of such election, and if the votes
cast in said district show a majority in
favor of withdrawing from the consolidation,
the Court shall declare the district sever-
ed and it sffall,berestored to its original
status. e 0
The present procedure for the dissolution~of
an entire consolidated school district located within
one county is set out in Article 2815(a), V. C. S, as
amended, and Article-b V. C. S. Subsection (b) of
said Act, which authorize1 and provided the procedure-
for the wlthdrawal from a consolidated district of a
district composing a part of such consolidation, was re-
pealed by Section 3 of S. B. 181, 50th Legislature, Acts
1947.
Under the present law, therefore, although a
consolidated school district may be dissolved complete-
ly, there is no provision authorizing a district com-
goslng a part of the consolidated school district to
wlthdraw.therefrom, There can only be a complete dls-
solution of the consolidated district under and In ac-
cordance wl,$hArticles 2815(a), as amended, and 2815W,
v. c. so; there cannot be a partial dissolution of same,
It is elementary that the power of the Legislature to
provide by general laws for the creation, changing OP
dissolution of the school districts of Texas is plenary.
Consolidated Common School District 180,5 v, Wood, 112
S,W.(2d) 235, writ refused.
The authority previously placed and existing
in the County Judge under subsection (b) of Article
2815 to order an election to be held in the district
. .
Hono Loeney E. Lindsey, page 4 (V-672)
do8irUg withdr8wal fpor the consolidates district upoa
presentment of petition of twenty 4~ a majority of the'
qualified voters of the district praying for withdrawal
do4s.n4t now exist by virtue of the repeal of said sub-
section (b).
We are umable to find any provision of law,
now existing, whieh authorizes the qualified voters in
a distrlat composing a part of a consolidated school
district to initiate a petition for withdrawal of their
district from the consolidation, or which authorizes the
Countr Judge upon presentment of such a petition to or-
der an election for the purpose in question. The power
to dissolve the consolidated district and thereby re-
establish the formerly existing compound districts is
now delegated upon the condition that it be done in the
same manner provid4d for their consolidation. Consoli-
dated Common School District No. 5 v. Wood,, supra.
It has been held that there can be no valid
election if the sane has not been called by lawful auth-
ority, for the right to hold or order an election cannot
exist or be lawfully exercised without express grant of
power by the Constitution or Le islature. Count2 v0 MitT
chell, 120 Tex. 324, 38 S.W.(2d7 773.
,It follows that the election order under con-
sideration herein is ineffective and void, Clearlg, un-
der such oircumstances, the election order unauthorized
and void may be set aside or rescinded, McLemore v*
Stanford, 176 S,W.(2d) 770, at page 773; Holden'v, Phil-
lips, 132 s.w,(2d) 519*
An election proposed to be held In
only one of the original districts which
comprise a consolidated school district,
for the purpose of withdrawing from the
consolidation, would be a void election.
Countz v. Mitchell, 120 Tex. 324, 38 SOW,
(28) 773; Article 2815, V. C. S., as amend-
ed by H, B. 544, 48th Legislature, Acts
1943; Section 3 of S. B. 1.81, 50th,Leg.,
Acts 1947o
| {
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3. Divide the slices in half and lay each half face down in a stack. Slice each stack into 4 or 5 half inch slices.
Cutting your potatoes this way will make them even in size (for the most part, don’t get a ruler out or anything) allowing them cook evenly.
4. Toss your pretty potatoes into a large bowl and drizzle 2 tablespoons of olive oil over the top of them.
Take a large pair of tongs and toss the fries around, making sure they all get a bit of oil on them.
5. Measure 1/2 teaspoon oregano and 1/2 teaspoon of thyme out into your hand. Crunch the seasonings between your fingers as your sprinkle them over the top of the potatoes. This really enhances the flavor of the seasonings.
6. Add a bit of salt and pepper
and then sprinkle 4 tablespoons of Parmesan cheese over the top.
7. Toss it all together, making sure every potato gets some of the coating.
8. Spray 2 large cookie sheets with cooking spray and lay the potatoes out evenly.9. Bake for about 20 minutes, stirring once or twice while they cook. When they are crispy on the outside and soft on the inside they are done. | {
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0
By Tim Severien
CSS can be tricky sometimes, especially when aligning and setting sizes. This article contains a bunch of helpful snippets that I’ve gathered. They make my life easier, and hopefully yours as well.
Note: beneath each snippet is a table indicating browser support.
Alignment
Horizontally and vertically
Dynamically sized elements.
.parent { position: relative; } .child { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50% -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -moz-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -ms-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -o-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 4.0 3.6 9 10.5 3.1
Statically sized elements.
.parent { position: relative; } .child { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50% height: 250px; width: 500px; /* Translate element based on it's size */ margin-left: -125px; marign-top: -250px; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 1.0 4.0 7.0 1.0
With percentages
.parent { position: relative; } .child { position: absolute; height: 50%; width: 50%; left: 25%; /* (100% - width) / 2 */ top: 25%; /* (100% - height) / 2 */ }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 1.0 4.0 7.0 1.0
Horizontally
Block elements with a width value.
.block { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 1.0 6.0 3.5 1.0
Inline and inline-block elements.
.parent { text-align: center; } .child { display: inline-block; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 3.0 8.0 7.0 1.0
Vertically
Inline and inline-block elements in a static parent.
.parent { line-height: 500px; } .child { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 3.0 8.0 7.0 1.0
Faking tables.
.parent { display: table; } .child { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 1.0 8.0 7.5 1.0
Sizing
The following creates a full-sized block element, but it fails with borders, margins and padding. The box-sizing property prevents it from becoming larger as is intended.
html { min-height: 100%; } body { height: 100%; } .block { height: 100%; width: 100%; -webkit-border-sizing: border-box; -moz-border-sizing: border-box; border-sizing: border-box; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 1.0 8.0 7.0 3.0
The next snippet creates a full-sized block element for full screen that doesn’t rely on box-sizing for margin and padding. You can set values to create space for things like headers.
html { min-height: 100%; } body { height: 100%; } .center { position: absolute; /* or fixed */ bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; top: 0; /* top: 50px; would reserve 50px for an header */ }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 3.0 7.0 4.0 2.0.2
Next we create an absolute element that’s always equal or larger than the viewport, based on the document’s height.
html { position: relative; min-height: 100%; } body { height: 100%; } .block { min-height: 100%; position: absolute; }
Chrome Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari 1.0 3.0 7.0 4.0 2.0.2
Conclusion
Pretty much all methods discussed here can be combined by nesting them. Do you know any other great tricks or useful snippets? Please share in the comments.
This article was originally published at http://timseverien.nl/2013/10/css-alignment-and-sizing/ | {
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TIMESTAMP = 1533138633
SHA256 (libthai-0.1.28.tar.xz) = ffe0a17b4b5aa11b153c15986800eca19f6c93a4025ffa5cf2cab2dcdf1ae911
SIZE (libthai-0.1.28.tar.xz) = 413592
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The people I trust with my life and yours
Welcome to The Serhant Team, the largest and the most successful team of brokers in Manhattan.
I believe that every client at every price point deserves the same level of service and marketing.
This is the team that delivers on that promise. | {
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Micronized progesterone and its impact on the endometrium and breast vs. progestogens.
It is well established that progestogens protect the endometrium against the proliferative effects of estrogens in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Therefore, micronized progesterone and progestogens are recommended as part of combined HRT in women with an intact uterus. The protective effect of progestogens against hyperplasia and endometrial cancer does not appear to differ with different progestogens (micronized progesterone or progestogens), but appears to be affected by the regimen and thus the dose, with continuous combined treatment conferring better protection. However, the protective effect of progestogens seen in the endometrium is not replicated in the breast. Progestogens combined with estrogens are generally associated with a small increase in the risk of invasive breast cancer, which is believed to be due to a promoter effect. However, all progestogens are not equivalent in their effects on the breast and breast cancer risk. Micronized progesterone does not increase cell proliferation in breast tissue in postmenopausal women compared with synthetic medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Experimental evidence suggests that the opposing effects of MPA and micronized progesterone on breast tissue are related to the non-specific effects of MPA, including glucocorticoid activity and differences in the regulation of gene expression. Therefore, for women with an intact uterus, micronized progesterone may be the optimal choice as part of combined HRT. | {
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Subsets and Splits