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You told me that you were 90 percent optimistic about the future of South Sudan in January.	you told, me that you were 90 percent optimistic, about the future. of south, sudan in	You. told me that you were, 90 percent optimistic about the future of South Sudan in	you told me that you were 90 percent optimistic about the future of south sudan in january.
Yes.			yes.
Are you still that optimistic right now?	are you still that optimistic right	Are you still that, optimistic right,	are you still that optimistic right now?
I am still optimistic because of the people. South Sudan, that's where I was born. That's where my grand-grand-grand-grand-parents are. When I look at myself, I feel that it is a call for me as a major leader in our country at least to do something to our people. And so I'm optimistic every single minute that, no matter what, Sudan and South Sudan has been in a war since 1956. But the generations come and go. So I think this is my time to do something to our people in the country.	i am still optimistic because of the people south sudan that's where i was born that's where my. grand-grand-grand-grand-parents are when i look at. myself i feel that, it is; a call for me as a. major leader in our country at least to do something to our people and so i'm optimistic every single minute that no matter what sudan and south sudan has been. in a war since 1956. but the generations come and go so i think this, is my time to do something to our people in the	I am still. optimistic because of the people South Sudan that's where I was born That's where my grand-grand-grand-grand-parents are When I, look at. myself I feel that it is a call. for me as a major leader in our country at least to do something to our people And, so. I'm optimistic every single minute that no matter what Sudan. and South Sudan has been in a war since 1956. But. the generations come, and go So. I. think this is my time, to; do something to our people, in the	i am still optimistic because of the people. south sudan, that's where i was born. that's where my grand-grand-grand-grand-parents are. when i look at myself, i feel that it is a call for me as a major leader in our country at least to do something to our people. and so i'm optimistic every single minute that, no matter what, sudan and south sudan has been in a war since 1956. but the generations come and go. so i think this is my time to do something to our people in the country.
Well, Daniel, I really look forward to talking again. I hope we hear good news about Anna, and I hope we hear good news about you and your family. Thank you so much for taking the time to talk to us.	well daniel i really, look forward to talking again i hope we hear good news about anna and i hope we hear good news about, you and your family thank you so much for, taking. the time to talk to	Well Daniel I, really look forward to talking again I hope we hear good news about Anna and I hope we hear good news about you and your family Thank you so much for taking the time to talk to	well, daniel, i really look forward to talking again. i hope we hear good news about anna, and i hope we hear good news about you and your family. thank you so much for taking the time to talk to us.
It's my pleasure.	it's my	It's my	it's my pleasure.
That's Daniel Majook Gai. He's a director with Project Education South Sudan, and he spoke to us just before taking another trip to do aid work in his home country.	that's daniel majook gai he's a director with project education. south sudan and he spoke to us just, before taking another; trip to do, aid work in his, home	That's Daniel Majook Gai He's a. director with Project Education South Sudan and. he. spoke to us just before taking another trip to do aid work in his home.	that's daniel majook gai. he's a director with project education south sudan, and he spoke to us just before taking another trip to do aid work in his home country.
A mosquito-borne virus that has made its way to the U.S. might be more serious than researchers first believed. The virus is called chikungunya, and, until now, was thought to mainly cause joint problems. But, as NPR's Rae Ellen Bichel reports, a new study suggests the virus might also infect the brain.	a mosquito-borne virus that has made its. way, to the u.s might be more serious than researchers first believed the virus is called chikungunya and until now. was thought to mainly cause joint, problems but as npr's, rae ellen. bichel reports a new study suggests, the virus might also infect the	A mosquito-borne, virus that has made its way to the U.S might be more serious than researchers first believed The. virus is called chikungunya and until now was thought to mainly cause joint problems But as NPR's Rae Ellen Bichel reports a new study suggests the virus might also infect the	a mosquito-borne virus that has made its way to the u.s. might be more serious than researchers first believed. the virus is called chikungunya, and, until now, was thought to mainly cause joint problems. but, as npr's rae ellen bichel reports, a new study suggests the virus might also infect the brain.
Chikungunya starts with fevers and aches, like malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. What distinguishes the virus is what follows - debilitating joint pain. The pain usually dwindles over the course of a few weeks, but it can leave some people with chronic arthritis. Now a new study in the journal Neurology shows some people developed encephalitis, an infection of the brain, and that can lead to memory problems, dementia and even death. The study was done at the Central University Hospital in St. Pierre Reunion Island off Madagascar. Dr. Patrick Gerardin says an epidemic affected some 300,000 people. It started with a drought.	chikungunya starts with fevers and aches, like malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases what distinguishes the virus. is what follows - debilitating joint, pain the pain usually, dwindles, over the course of a, few weeks but it can leave some people with chronic arthritis now a new, study in the journal neurology shows some people developed encephalitis an infection. of the brain and that, can lead to memory problems dementia, and, even, death the study was done at the central, university hospital in st pierre reunion island off madagascar dr patrick gerardin says, an epidemic affected some 300,000 people it started with a	Chikungunya starts with fevers and aches like malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases What distinguishes the virus is what follows - debilitating joint pain The pain usually, dwindles. over the course of a few weeks; but it can leave some people with chronic arthritis, Now a new study in the journal Neurology shows some people developed; encephalitis an infection of the brain and that can lead. to memory problems dementia and even death The. study was done. at the; Central University Hospital in St Pierre Reunion Island off Madagascar Dr Patrick Gerardin says an epidemic affected, some 300,000 people It started with a	chikungunya starts with fevers and aches, like malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. what distinguishes the virus is what follows - debilitating joint pain. the pain usually dwindles over the course of a few weeks, but it can leave some people with chronic arthritis. now a new study in the journal neurology shows some people developed encephalitis, an infection of the brain, and that can lead to memory problems, dementia and even death. the study was done at the central university hospital in st. pierre reunion island off madagascar. dr. patrick gerardin says an epidemic affected some 300,000 people. it started with a drought.
(Through interpreter) There was an unusual drought. So people basically got out lots of containers to store water because water was rare.	(through interpreter) there was an. unusual drought so people basically got out lots of containers to store water because water was	(Through interpreter) There. was an unusual drought So people. basically got out lots of containers to store; water. because water was	(through interpreter) there was an unusual drought. so people basically got out lots of containers to store water because water was rare.
In doing so they likely providing breeding ground for the species of mosquito that can transmit chikungunya virus. The outbreak started in 2005 and lasted a year and a half.	in doing so they likely providing breeding, ground for the species of mosquito that can transmit chikungunya virus the. outbreak started in 2005 and lasted. a year and. a,	In doing so they likely providing breeding ground for the. species of mosquito that can transmit chikungunya virus The outbreak started in 2005 and lasted a year and a	in doing so they likely providing breeding ground for the species of mosquito that can transmit chikungunya virus. the outbreak started in 2005 and lasted a year and a half.
(Through interpreter) It was horrible. There was a lot of paranoia and a resurgence of old fears - of cholera, the plague.	(through interpreter) it was horrible there was a lot of paranoia and a resurgence of old fears - of cholera the.	(Through interpreter) It was horrible There was a lot of paranoia and a resurgence of old fears - of cholera the	(through interpreter) it was horrible. there was a lot of paranoia and a resurgence of old fears - of cholera, the plague.
Gerardin and his colleagues followed-up with patients three years after the outbreak. Looking at a sample of about 300 people, they found 57 had central nervous system disease, including 24 who had encephalitis.	gerardin and his colleagues followed-up with, patients three years after the outbreak looking at a sample. of about 300 people they found 57 had central nervous system disease including 24 who had	Gerardin and his colleagues followed-up with patients three years after the outbreak Looking at a sample of about, 300 people they found 57 had central nervous. system disease including. 24 who had	gerardin and his colleagues followed-up with patients three years after the outbreak. looking at a sample of about 300 people, they found 57 had central nervous system disease, including 24 who had encephalitis.
For a long time, it was thought to be benign.	for a long time, it was thought. to be	For a long time it was thought to, be	for a long time, it was thought to be benign.
Dr. Desiree Labeaud studies chikungunya virus at Stanford.	dr desiree labeaud studies chikungunya virus at,	Dr Desiree Labeaud. studies chikungunya virus at	dr. desiree labeaud studies chikungunya virus at stanford.
And now as it spreads across the world, we're realizing that it's not so benign.	and now as it spreads across the world we're realizing that it's not so	And now as it spreads across the world we're realizing that it's not so	and now as it spreads across the world, we're realizing that it's not so benign.
She says Gerardin's research highlights a big gap in knowledge about the virus - why some people have chronic complications and brain infection while others get off scot-free.	she says gerardin's research highlights a big gap in knowledge, about the virus - why some people, have, chronic complications and brain infection while others get off	She says Gerardin's research highlights a big gap, in knowledge about the virus - why some people have chronic complications and brain infection while others get off	she says gerardin's research highlights a big gap in knowledge about the virus - why some people have chronic complications and brain infection while others get off scot-free.
We still don't know why there's this wide spectrum of disease, why some people get relatively mild infections with just fever, no joint pain, no encephalitis, right, and then go on to do well without any complications, and other people - as those demonstrated in this paper - end up with very severe complication.	we still, don't know why there's this wide spectrum of disease why some people get relatively, mild infections with just fever no joint pain no encephalitis right and then go on to do well without any complications and other people - as those demonstrated in this paper. - end up with very severe	We still don't know why there's this wide spectrum of disease why some people get relatively mild infections with just fever no joint pain no encephalitis right and then. go on to do well without any complications and other people - as those demonstrated in this paper - end up with very severe;	we still don't know why there's this wide spectrum of disease, why some people get relatively mild infections with just fever, no joint pain, no encephalitis, right, and then go on to do well without any complications, and other people - as those demonstrated in this paper - end up with very severe complication.
And she says it's important to remember that it's not so far from home. Several years after the Reunion Island outbreak, the virus was discovered in the Americas - first in the Caribbean in 2013 and then Mexico and Florida in 2014. That summer, about a dozen people got the virus from mosquitoes in southeast Florida.	and she says it's important to remember that it's not so far from home several years after, the reunion. island outbreak, the virus, was discovered in the, americas - first in the caribbean in. 2013 and then mexico and florida in 2014. that summer about a dozen people got the virus from mosquitoes in southeast	And she says it's important to remember that it's not so far from home Several. years after the Reunion Island outbreak the virus was discovered in the Americas - first in the Caribbean in 2013 and then Mexico and Florida in 2014. That summer about a dozen people got the virus from mosquitoes in, southeast	and she says it's important to remember that it's not so far from home. several years after the reunion island outbreak, the virus was discovered in the americas - first in the caribbean in 2013 and then mexico and florida in 2014. that summer, about a dozen people got the virus from mosquitoes in southeast florida.
We have 9 million visitors per year going to the Caribbean, and so we've see lots and lots of imported cases of chikungunya as these people come back with their chikungunya from their vacation.	we have 9 million visitors per year, going. to the caribbean and so; we've see, lots and lots of imported cases, of, chikungunya as these people come, back with their. chikungunya from their	We have 9 million visitors per year going to, the Caribbean and so we've see lots and lots of imported cases of chikungunya as these; people come. back. with their chikungunya from their	we have 9 million visitors per year going to the caribbean, and so we've see lots and lots of imported cases of chikungunya as these people come back with their chikungunya from their vacation.
There is currently no vaccine or treatment for chikungunya, but people who do get the virus become immune to it. Rae Ellen Bichel, NPR News.	there. is. currently no vaccine or treatment for chikungunya but, people who do; get the virus become immune, to. it rae ellen bichel npr	There is currently no vaccine or treatment, for, chikungunya but people who do get the virus, become immune to, it Rae Ellen Bichel NPR	there is currently no vaccine or treatment for chikungunya, but people who do get the virus become immune to it. rae ellen bichel, npr news.
The death rate for middle-aged white Americans has been going up, and it's been happening for more than a decade. A new report detailing that trend came out today, and it shows that it's different than other Western countries including Germany, Britain, France, Canada. NPR health correspondent Rob Stein has been looking into the findings and what explains them.	the, death rate for middle-aged white americans has been going up and it's been happening for more than a decade a new report detailing, that trend came out today and; it shows, that. it's different than other. western countries including germany britain france canada, npr health correspondent rob stein has been looking into, the findings and what explains	The death rate for middle-aged white Americans has been going. up and, it's been happening for more than a decade A new report detailing. that trend came out today and it shows that it's different than other Western. countries including, Germany Britain France Canada NPR health, correspondent Rob Stein has been looking into the findings. and what explains	the death rate for middle-aged white americans has been going up, and it's been happening for more than a decade. a new report detailing that trend came out today, and it shows that it's different than other western countries including germany, britain, france, canada. npr health correspondent rob stein has been looking into the findings and what explains them.
Americans may have lots of problems, but for decades, there was one thing everyone thought was getting better pretty much across the board. Year after year, the death rate kept falling. Angus Deaton is a Nobel Prize-winning economist at Princeton who's been paying attention to this.	americans may, have lots of problems. but for decades there was one thing everyone; thought, was getting better pretty much across the board year, after. year the death rate kept falling angus deaton is a nobel prize-winning economist at princeton who's been paying attention to,	Americans may have lots of problems but for decades there. was one, thing everyone thought was, getting better pretty much across the. board Year after year the death rate kept falling Angus Deaton is a Nobel Prize-winning economist at Princeton who's been paying attention to	americans may have lots of problems, but for decades, there was one thing everyone thought was getting better pretty much across the board. year after year, the death rate kept falling. angus deaton is a nobel prize-winning economist at princeton who's been paying attention to this.
An important objective of the surge of nearly 30,000 additional U.S. troops into Iraq was to give the Iraqi government the opportunity to resolve some factional differences, make policy changes and secure a broad-based representative government.	an important objective of the surge of nearly 30,000 additional u.s troops into, iraq was to give the iraqi government the opportunity to resolve some factional differences make policy changes and secure a broad-based. representative	An important objective. of the surge of. nearly 30,000 additional U.S troops into Iraq was, to give the Iraqi government, the opportunity, to resolve some factional differences make policy changes and secure a broad-based representative	an important objective of the surge of nearly 30,000 additional u.s. troops into iraq was to give the iraqi government the opportunity to resolve some factional differences, make policy changes and secure a broad-based representative government.
People in Congress and generals debated the effect of the troop increase. We want to turn to NPR's Mike Shuster in Iraq to talk about political consequences. He joins us from Baghdad. Michael, thanks for being with us.	people in congress and generals debated the effect of the troop increase we want to turn to npr's; mike shuster in iraq to talk about political consequences he joins us from baghdad michael thanks, for being with	People in Congress and generals debated the effect of the troop increase We want to turn. to NPR's Mike Shuster in Iraq, to talk. about political consequences He joins, us from Baghdad Michael thanks. for being, with	people in congress and generals debated the effect of the troop increase. we want to turn to npr's mike shuster in iraq to talk about political consequences. he joins us from baghdad. michael, thanks for being with us.
Hi, Scott.	hi	Hi	hi, scott.
Help us understand the size of the problem that Prime Minister al-Maliki has in trying to bring factions together.	help us understand the size of the problem. that prime minister al-maliki, has in, trying to bring factions	Help. us understand the. size of, the problem that Prime Minister al-Maliki has in trying to bring factions	help us understand the size of the problem that prime minister al-maliki has in trying to bring factions together.
Well, of course, the size of the problem is enormous. We're finished four years of war, heading for the fifth year of war in Iraq. This has been a weak government ever since it was formed. A year ago, it was very difficult to form the government and bring enough members of parliament to get a majority.	well of course the size of the problem is enormous we're finished. four years of war heading for. the fifth year of, war in iraq this has been a weak, government ever since it was formed a year, ago it was very difficult to form the government and bring enough. members of parliament to get a	Well. of course the size, of, the problem is enormous We're finished four years of war heading for the fifth year of war. in Iraq This has been a weak government ever since it was formed A. year ago it was very difficult to form the government and; bring enough members of parliament to get a	well, of course, the size of the problem is enormous. we're finished four years of war, heading for the fifth year of war in iraq. this has been a weak government ever since it was formed. a year ago, it was very difficult to form the government and bring enough members of parliament to get a majority.
Prime Minister Maliki has always had great difficulty holding this coalition together, trying to negotiate with the Sunnis who have entered the government in the parliament tentatively in the last year but have not embraced the process wholeheartedly, within his own coalition and within the Shiite alliance, which makes the bulk of his support.	prime minister. maliki has. always had great difficulty holding this coalition together trying to negotiate with the sunnis who have entered, the government in, the parliament tentatively in the last year but have not embraced the. process wholeheartedly, within his own coalition and within the shiite alliance, which. makes the bulk of his;	Prime Minister Maliki has always, had great difficulty holding this coalition together. trying to negotiate with the Sunnis who have entered the government in the parliament tentatively in the last year but have not embraced the process wholeheartedly within his own coalition and, within the Shiite alliance which makes the bulk, of his	prime minister maliki has always had great difficulty holding this coalition together, trying to negotiate with the sunnis who have entered the government in the parliament tentatively in the last year but have not embraced the process wholeheartedly, within his own coalition and within the shiite alliance, which makes the bulk of his support.
There are divisions, and in fact, there are parts of Iraq, especially in the south, where different factions that support Maliki are actually fighting one another. I was in Diwaniya town in the south a couple of weeks ago where that was taking place.	there are divisions and in fact there are, parts of iraq especially, in the south, where different factions that support, maliki are actually fighting one another i was in diwaniya town; in the south a couple of. weeks ago where, that was taking.	There are divisions and in fact there are parts of Iraq especially in the south where different factions that support Maliki are actually fighting one another I was in Diwaniya town in the south a couple of weeks ago where that; was taking	there are divisions, and in fact, there are parts of iraq, especially in the south, where different factions that support maliki are actually fighting one another. i was in diwaniya town in the south a couple of weeks ago where that was taking place.
So it is an enormous problem to try to bring about political reconciliation under these circumstances. But the pressure that's coming from the United States on Maliki to do that is enormous. And they're telling him he's got to get it done quickly.	so. it is an enormous problem to try to bring, about political reconciliation under these circumstances but the pressure that's coming from the united states on maliki. to; do that is enormous and they're telling him he's got to get it done.	So it is an enormous problem to try to bring about political reconciliation under these circumstances But the. pressure that's coming from the United States on, Maliki to do that is enormous And they're telling him he's got to get it done	so it is an enormous problem to try to bring about political reconciliation under these circumstances. but the pressure that's coming from the united states on maliki to do that is enormous. and they're telling him he's got to get it done quickly.
How does this play out in some practical issues like oil production or the role of former Baath Party members?	how does this, play out in some practical issues like oil production or the role of former baath. party,	How does this play out in some practical issues like, oil production or the role of former Baath Party	how does this play out in some practical issues like oil production or the role of former baath party members?
Those are two of the key issues. There is a new law that has been written, but not submitted to parliament on how to share the revenue from the oil production in Iraq. And it is a fundamental difference between different factions in different parts of Iraq like the Kurds who want to control a kind of a separate account and make separate deals to exploit oil in their region.	those are two of the key issues there is a new law that has been written but not submitted to parliament on how to, share the revenue from, the; oil production in. iraq and it is a fundamental difference between different factions, in different parts of iraq like the kurds who want to, control a kind of a separate account and make separate deals, to exploit oil in their	Those are two of the key issues, There is a new law that has been written but, not submitted to parliament on, how to share the revenue from the. oil production in Iraq And it is, a. fundamental difference between different factions in different parts of Iraq like the Kurds who want to control. a kind of a separate account and make separate deals to exploit oil, in their	those are two of the key issues. there is a new law that has been written, but not submitted to parliament on how to share the revenue from the oil production in iraq. and it is a fundamental difference between different factions in different parts of iraq like the kurds who want to control a kind of a separate account and make separate deals to exploit oil in their region.
And Maliki and many of his backers who want the central government in Baghdad to control the revenue and parcel it out like many other states do with revenue of that size. This issue is going nowhere, so far. A law has been written, but not submitted to parliament.	and maliki; and many of his backers who, want the, central government in baghdad to. control the revenue and. parcel it out like many; other states do with revenue of that. size this issue is going nowhere so far a law has been written but not submitted to	And. Maliki; and many of his backers who. want the central government in Baghdad to control the revenue and parcel it out like many other states do with. revenue of that size This issue is going nowhere. so far. A law. has been written but not submitted to	and maliki and many of his backers who want the central government in baghdad to control the revenue and parcel it out like many other states do with revenue of that size. this issue is going nowhere, so far. a law has been written, but not submitted to parliament.
Similarly, with this so-called reform of debaathification, there's pressure from the United States on Maliki to pass a law that will allow more former members of Saddam Hussein's Baath Party to return to the government because they have a lot of skills to run the government.	similarly with this so-called reform of. debaathification there's pressure, from the united states on maliki to, pass a law that will allow, more former members of saddam hussein's baath party to return to the government because they have a lot. of skills to run the	Similarly with this so-called reform of debaathification there's pressure from the United States on Maliki to pass, a law that, will allow more former members of Saddam Hussein's, Baath Party to return to the government, because they have a lot, of, skills to run the	similarly, with this so-called reform of debaathification, there's pressure from the united states on maliki to pass a law that will allow more former members of saddam hussein's baath party to return to the government because they have a lot of skills to run the government.
And there are certainly many members of Maliki's governing coalition that do not want that. On the Shiite side, there is an enormous resistance, hostility to that idea. Again, the Americans are saying, get this done soon this summer, by this summer. And it's not clear that Maliki can do it.	and, there are certainly many members of maliki's governing coalition that do not want. that on, the, shiite side there is an, enormous resistance hostility to that idea again the, americans are saying get this done soon this summer by this summer and it's not. clear that maliki; can do	And there are certainly. many members of Maliki's governing coalition, that do, not want that On the Shiite side there is an, enormous resistance hostility. to that idea Again the Americans are saying get this done soon this summer by this summer And it's not clear that Maliki can do	and there are certainly many members of maliki's governing coalition that do not want that. on the shiite side, there is an enormous resistance, hostility to that idea. again, the americans are saying, get this done soon this summer, by this summer. and it's not clear that maliki can do it.
Are there increasing pressures to create what amounts to semi-autonomous zones in different parts of the country with individual devolving powers to central regions?	are there, increasing pressures to create what amounts to semi-autonomous zones in different parts of; the country with, individual devolving powers to central.	Are there increasing pressures to. create what amounts to semi-autonomous zones in different parts of. the country with individual devolving powers to central	are there increasing pressures to create what amounts to semi-autonomous zones in different parts of the country with individual devolving powers to central regions?
Yes, they've - that's certainly true. They've been here from the beginning, Scott. After all, the Kurds have Iraqi Kurdistan, which is enormously autonomous, not just semi-autonomous, but practically independent. And there are some on the Shiite side would like to see that happen in the south as well.	yes they've - that's certainly; true they've been here from the beginning scott after all the kurds have iraqi kurdistan which is, enormously autonomous not just, semi-autonomous but practically independent and there are some on the shiite; side would like to see that happen in the, south as	Yes they've - that's certainly true. They've been here. from the beginning Scott After all; the Kurds have Iraqi Kurdistan which is enormously autonomous not, just semi-autonomous but practically independent And, there are some on the Shiite side would like to see. that happen in the south as	yes, they've - that's certainly true. they've been here from the beginning, scott. after all, the kurds have iraqi kurdistan, which is enormously autonomous, not just semi-autonomous, but practically independent. and there are some on the shiite side would like to see that happen in the south as well.
Did those debates and, obviously, what can daily(ph) be violent disputes persist with or without U.S. troops on the ground?	did. those debates and obviously what can daily(ph) be violent disputes persist with or without u.s troops on the	Did those debates and obviously what can daily(ph) be violent disputes persist with or, without U.S troops on, the	did those debates and, obviously, what can daily(ph) be violent disputes persist with or without u.s. troops on the ground?
I think that that's certainly true. This society, now without Saddam Hussein and after four years of war, is a deeply divided society. In fact, those here in Iraq who want the American military persons to remain for a while hoped that the strength of the American military might be one of the stabilizing forces.	i think that that's certainly true this society now without saddam hussein and after four years of war is a deeply. divided society in fact those here in iraq who want the american military persons to remain for a while hoped that the strength of the american military. might be. one of the stabilizing	I think that. that's certainly true This society now without Saddam Hussein and after four, years of war is a deeply divided society In fact those here in Iraq; who want the American military persons, to remain for a while hoped that the strength of, the American military. might be one of the stabilizing	i think that that's certainly true. this society, now without saddam hussein and after four years of war, is a deeply divided society. in fact, those here in iraq who want the american military persons to remain for a while hoped that the strength of the american military might be one of the stabilizing forces.