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We have a gap in Cuba. We have a gap in the Caribbean that is huge. And for us it's so important as a scientist to know where these birds are. What are the survival rates in the environment in Cuba? What are the trends that are occurring there? | we have a gap in cuba we have a gap in the, caribbean that is huge and for us it's so. important as a scientist to know where these birds. are what are the survival rates in the, environment in cuba? what, are the trends that are occurring | We have a gap in Cuba We have a gap in the Caribbean that, is huge And for us it's so important as a, scientist, to know where these birds are What are the survival rates in the, environment in Cuba? What are the. trends that are occurring | we have a gap in cuba. we have a gap in the caribbean that is huge. and for us it's so important as a scientist to know where these birds are. what are the survival rates in the environment in cuba? what are the trends that are occurring there? |
But it's been hard to find out. Not many U.S. researchers have gone. Inigo-Elias and Budney are among a few that have. Even when they get there, it's tough doing fieldwork. Cuban scientists welcome them, but... | but it's. been hard to find out not many u.s researchers have gone inigo-elias and budney are. among a few that have even when they get there it's tough, doing fieldwork. cuban scientists welcome them | But it's, been hard to find out Not many U.S researchers have gone Inigo-Elias and Budney are among a few that, have Even when they get there it's tough doing fieldwork. Cuban scientists welcome them | but it's been hard to find out. not many u.s. researchers have gone. inigo-elias and budney are among a few that have. even when they get there, it's tough doing fieldwork. cuban scientists welcome them, but... |
They don't have money to buy gas, to be able to move or they don't have the trucks to go to the field. | they. don't have money to buy gas to be able to move or they don't have the trucks to go to the. | They don't; have money to buy gas. to be able to. move or they don't have the trucks to go to the | they don't have money to buy gas, to be able to move or they don't have the trucks to go to the field. |
And Americans wandering around Cuba can arouse suspicion. Budney recalls a nighttime trip to spot a rare bird in a forest, unfortunately in an area where authorities suspected an impending drug drop by narco-traffickers. | and americans wandering around cuba. can arouse, suspicion budney recalls a nighttime trip to spot a rare bird in a forest. unfortunately in an area where; authorities. suspected an impending drug drop by | And Americans wandering around Cuba can arouse suspicion Budney recalls a nighttime trip, to spot a rare bird in a forest unfortunately in an; area where authorities suspected an impending drug drop by | and americans wandering around cuba can arouse suspicion. budney recalls a nighttime trip to spot a rare bird in a forest, unfortunately in an area where authorities suspected an impending drug drop by narco-traffickers. |
So they were patrolling the highway looking for suspicious characters, and there we were, shining a 2 million candlepower lamp through the southern coast of Cuba. | so they were patrolling the highway, looking for suspicious characters and there we were shining, a 2 million candlepower lamp through the southern coast, of | So they were patrolling the highway looking for. suspicious. characters and there we were shining a 2 million. candlepower lamp through the southern coast of | so they were patrolling the highway looking for suspicious characters, and there we were, shining a 2 million candlepower lamp through the southern coast of cuba. |
A midnight phone call to the minister of environment ensued. The team was briefly detained, then authorities realized they were just lost birders. But there could be a lot more American scientists wondering in Cuban forests soon. Doug Rader is a marine biologist with the Environmental Defense Fund who's been to Cuba over 30 times. He says he's getting a lot of phone calls from U.S. colleagues lately. | a midnight phone call to. the minister of environment, ensued the, team was briefly detained then authorities realized they were just lost birders but there could be a lot more american scientists wondering in cuban forests soon doug rader is a marine biologist with the environmental defense fund who's been, to cuba over 30 times, he says he's getting a lot of phone calls from, u.s colleagues | A midnight phone call, to the. minister of; environment ensued The team was. briefly, detained. then authorities realized they were just lost, birders But there could be a lot more American scientists, wondering in Cuban forests soon Doug. Rader is a marine biologist with the Environmental Defense Fund who's been to Cuba, over 30 times He, says he's getting a lot of phone calls from U.S colleagues | a midnight phone call to the minister of environment ensued. the team was briefly detained, then authorities realized they were just lost birders. but there could be a lot more american scientists wondering in cuban forests soon. doug rader is a marine biologist with the environmental defense fund who's been to cuba over 30 times. he says he's getting a lot of phone calls from u.s. colleagues lately. |
The normalizing of relationships will unleash a tide of scientists champing at the bit to get back in. | the normalizing of relationships will unleash a tide of scientists champing at the bit, to get back | The normalizing of relationships will unleash a tide of, scientists champing at the bit to get back; | the normalizing of relationships will unleash a tide of scientists champing at the bit to get back in. |
And they're not just birders by any means. Cuba has got it all - unique plants, amphibians, reptiles. The Cuban archipelago is also a nursery for fish, like snapper and giant grouper. They spawn in Cuba's numerous coral reefs. One reason for all the diversity is that it's the biggest island in the Caribbean. It's got lots of room and lots of different habitats, which is a recipe for the evolution of lots of species. And economic sanctions by the U.S. slowed development that otherwise might have mowed down forests and mangroves. The result - a biological treasure trove. | and they're not just birders by any means cuba has got, it all - unique; plants amphibians reptiles the cuban archipelago, is also a nursery for fish, like snapper and giant grouper they spawn in cuba's, numerous coral reefs one reason for all. the diversity is that it's, the biggest island. in, the. caribbean it's got lots of room and lots of different habitats which is a recipe for the evolution of lots. of, species and economic sanctions by the u.s; slowed, development that otherwise might, have mowed down forests and mangroves the result, - a biological treasure | And they're not just birders by any means Cuba has got, it all - unique plants amphibians reptiles The Cuban archipelago is also a nursery for fish like snapper and giant grouper They spawn in Cuba's numerous coral reefs One reason for all the. diversity is that it's the biggest island in. the Caribbean It's got lots of room and lots of different habitats which is a recipe, for the evolution of lots of species And. economic sanctions by the, U.S, slowed development, that otherwise might have mowed down forests and mangroves The result - a biological treasure | and they're not just birders by any means. cuba has got it all - unique plants, amphibians, reptiles. the cuban archipelago is also a nursery for fish, like snapper and giant grouper. they spawn in cuba's numerous coral reefs. one reason for all the diversity is that it's the biggest island in the caribbean. it's got lots of room and lots of different habitats, which is a recipe for the evolution of lots of species. and economic sanctions by the u.s. slowed development that otherwise might have mowed down forests and mangroves. the result - a biological treasure trove. |
There are peaks that are more than 6,000 feet high, plunging deeply into the sea that goes 20,000 feet deep. There are cloud forests that house an incredible array of painted snails and lizards and birds. | there. are peaks that are more than 6,000 feet high; plunging deeply into; the, sea that goes 20,000 feet deep there are cloud forests that. house. an, incredible, array of painted snails and lizards. and | There are peaks that are more than 6,000 feet, high plunging deeply into, the sea. that goes 20,000 feet deep There are, cloud, forests that house an incredible array of painted snails and lizards and | there are peaks that are more than 6,000 feet high, plunging deeply into the sea that goes 20,000 feet deep. there are cloud forests that house an incredible array of painted snails and lizards and birds. |
Scientists who know Cuba say the government does have strong environmental laws. It's already protected lots of forests and coastal zones. But newly opened doors to the U.S. could mean more pressure to create wealth - golf courses, hotels, highways, and the lush greenhouse that is Cuba's wilderness hangs in the balance. Christopher Joyce, NPR News.[POST-BROADCAST CORRECTION: An earlier Web version of this story suggested that Cuba is home to 750 species of birds. That number should have been 371. Also, the accompanying radio story mislabels one bird song. The call in the story was not from a Cuban Vireo but instead from a Cuban Solitaire. You can hear the Cuban Vireo here.] | scientists who know cuba say the government does have strong; environmental laws, it's already protected lots, of forests and coastal zones but newly opened doors to the u.s. could mean, more pressure to create wealth, - golf courses hotels highways and the lush greenhouse that is, cuba's wilderness hangs in the balance christopher, joyce. npr. news.[post-broadcast correction: an earlier web version of this story suggested that cuba is home to 750 species of birds that number should have been 371. also the accompanying radio. story mislabels one bird song the call in the story was not from a cuban vireo but instead from a cuban solitaire you can hear the cuban vireo | Scientists who know Cuba say the government does have strong environmental laws It's already protected lots of, forests and, coastal zones But newly opened doors to the U.S could mean more pressure to create wealth - golf courses hotels highways and the lush greenhouse that is Cuba's wilderness hangs in the balance Christopher Joyce NPR News.[POST-BROADCAST. CORRECTION: An earlier Web version of this story, suggested that Cuba is home to 750 species of birds That number should have been 371. Also the accompanying radio story mislabels one bird song The call in the story was not from. a. Cuban Vireo but instead from a Cuban Solitaire You. can hear the Cuban Vireo | scientists who know cuba say the government does have strong environmental laws. it's already protected lots of forests and coastal zones. but newly opened doors to the u.s. could mean more pressure to create wealth - golf courses, hotels, highways, and the lush greenhouse that is cuba's wilderness hangs in the balance. christopher joyce, npr news.[post-broadcast correction: an earlier web version of this story suggested that cuba is home to 750 species of birds. that number should have been 371. also, the accompanying radio story mislabels one bird song. the call in the story was not from a cuban vireo but instead from a cuban solitaire. you can hear the cuban vireo here.] |
Now to a group that was not in a mood to comply. | now to a group that was not in a mood to | Now to a group that was not in a mood to | now to a group that was not in a mood to comply. |
a little rowdy. | a little | a little | a little rowdy. |
Right, so that's the critical process that we studied, and what researchers have found, my lab as well as labs elsewhere at Columbia and at the University of Alabama in Birmingham and at the University of California in San Diego, what they found is that the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression involves the processes of epigenetics, and that's been a very exciting field that has studied how DNA and how the proteins that DNA wraps around the histones are modified to regulate the expression of genes. | right so that's, the, critical process that we studied and what researchers have. found my lab. as well as labs elsewhere at columbia. and at the university of alabama in birmingham and at the university of california in san diego what they found is that the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression involves the, processes of epigenetics and that's been a very exciting field that has studied. how dna and, how the proteins, that dna wraps around the histones are modified to regulate the expression of | Right so that's the critical process that we studied and what researchers have found my lab as well as labs elsewhere at Columbia and at, the University of, Alabama. in, Birmingham; and at the, University of California in San Diego what they found is. that the mechanisms of regulation, of gene. expression involves the processes of epigenetics and that's been a very exciting field that has studied how DNA and how the proteins that DNA wraps around the histones are modified to regulate the expression of | right, so that's the critical process that we studied, and what researchers have found, my lab as well as labs elsewhere at columbia and at the university of alabama in birmingham and at the university of california in san diego, what they found is that the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression involves the processes of epigenetics, and that's been a very exciting field that has studied how dna and how the proteins that dna wraps around the histones are modified to regulate the expression of genes. |
And what's exciting about that field is that these biochemical marks, these epigenetic marks, they respond to experience, to neuronal activation, and then they can be long-lasting and change gene expression for days, weeks, months and to mark particular genes in the nucleus so that when we're re-exposed to a stimulus or an event, the gene expression is reactivated, and that memory is reactivated. | and what's exciting about that field is that these biochemical marks these epigenetic; marks they respond to experience to neuronal activation and then they can; be long-lasting and change gene expression for days weeks, months and to mark particular genes in the nucleus so that when we're re-exposed to a stimulus or an event the gene expression is reactivated and that memory is | And what's, exciting about that field, is that these biochemical marks these epigenetic marks they respond to experience; to neuronal activation and then they can be. long-lasting and change gene expression. for days weeks months and to mark particular genes in the nucleus so that when we're re-exposed to a stimulus or an event the gene expression is reactivated and that memory, is | and what's exciting about that field is that these biochemical marks, these epigenetic marks, they respond to experience, to neuronal activation, and then they can be long-lasting and change gene expression for days, weeks, months and to mark particular genes in the nucleus so that when we're re-exposed to a stimulus or an event, the gene expression is reactivated, and that memory is reactivated. |
Fascinating, so by stimulating the genes, you create the memories. | fascinating so by stimulating the. genes you. create the | Fascinating so by stimulating the genes, you create the; | fascinating, so by stimulating the genes, you create the memories. |
Yes, and so what we did, though, is to try to block the genes and then block the memories, but we are able to stimulate memories by giving drugs, which are called histone deacetylase inhibitors. And these HDAC inhibitors, as they're called, they increase the levels of a particular epigenetic mark, which is called histone acetylation. | yes, and so what we did though is to try to block the genes and then block the memories but we. are able to stimulate memories by giving drugs which are called; histone deacetylase inhibitors and these hdac inhibitors as, they're called they increase the levels of a particular epigenetic mark which is called histone | Yes and so what we did though is to try to block the genes and then block the memories but we are able to stimulate memories by giving drugs, which are called histone deacetylase inhibitors And. these HDAC inhibitors as they're called they increase the, levels of a particular epigenetic mark which, is called histone | yes, and so what we did, though, is to try to block the genes and then block the memories, but we are able to stimulate memories by giving drugs, which are called histone deacetylase inhibitors. and these hdac inhibitors, as they're called, they increase the levels of a particular epigenetic mark, which is called histone acetylation. |
And what this study particularly did, Josh Hawk, who at the time was a grad student in my lab, he's now a post-doctoral fellow at Yale University, what he did was to make a mutant mice in a gene that we thought was the target of histone acetylation, and that gene was a transcription factor that regulates gene expression. | and what this study particularly did josh hawk who at the time was a grad student in my lab he's now a post-doctoral fellow at yale university what he did was to. make a mutant, mice in a gene that we thought was. the target of histone acetylation and that gene was a transcription factor that regulates gene | And what this study particularly did Josh Hawk. who at the time was. a grad, student in my lab he's now a post-doctoral fellow; at Yale University what he did was to make a mutant mice in a gene that we thought was the target of histone acetylation and that; gene was a transcription factor that regulates gene | and what this study particularly did, josh hawk, who at the time was a grad student in my lab, he's now a post-doctoral fellow at yale university, what he did was to make a mutant mice in a gene that we thought was the target of histone acetylation, and that gene was a transcription factor that regulates gene expression. |
All right, we're going to take a break, come back and talk more with Ted Abel about this work with the mice. So stay with us. We'll be right back after this break. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. | all right; we're going to take a break come back, and talk more with ted abel about this work with. the mice so stay with us we'll be right back after this break i'm. ira flatow this. is science friday, from | All right we're going to take a break. come back and talk more with Ted Abel about this work with the mice So stay with us We'll be right back after this break I'm Ira Flatow This. is, SCIENCE FRIDAY from | all right, we're going to take a break, come back and talk more with ted abel about this work with the mice. so stay with us. we'll be right back after this break. i'm ira flatow. this is science friday from npr. |
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This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Ira Flatow. We're talking this hour about how long-term memories are stored in the brain. My guest is Ted Abel, professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. | this is science friday i'm ira flatow we're talking this, hour about how long-term memories are stored in the brain my guest is ted abel professor; of biology at the university of pennsylvania in | This is SCIENCE FRIDAY I'm Ira Flatow We're talking this hour about how long-term memories are stored in the brain My guest is Ted Abel professor of. biology, at the University of Pennsylvania in | this is science friday. i'm ira flatow. we're talking this hour about how long-term memories are stored in the brain. my guest is ted abel, professor of biology at the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia. |
And so just to sum up from where we left off, you're saying that when we want to remember something, we stimulate part of our genes in our brains, and that stimulates our brain to create proteins that store the memory. Would that be correct? | and so just to sum up from where. we left. off you're saying that when we want to remember something, we stimulate part of our genes in our brains and that, stimulates our brain to, create proteins that store the memory would that be | And so just to sum up. from where we left off you're saying that when we want to remember something we stimulate part of our genes in; our brains, and that stimulates our brain to create proteins that store the memory Would that be | and so just to sum up from where we left off, you're saying that when we want to remember something, we stimulate part of our genes in our brains, and that stimulates our brain to create proteins that store the memory. would that be correct? |
Yes, that's correct, and that process is regulated at each of the steps, and I think what's exciting firstly beyond understanding the molecular working of how something as complex as memory would function, we also can identify drugs that can particularly modify each stage of the process and hopefully treat the kinds of cognitive deficits that accompany disorders like Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. | yes that's correct and that process is regulated at each of the, steps. and i think what's. exciting firstly beyond understanding the molecular working of how something as complex; as memory would function, we also can identify drugs that can particularly modify each stage of the process and hopefully treat the. kinds of cognitive deficits that accompany disorders, like alzheimer's disease or | Yes that's correct and. that process is regulated at each of the steps; and I think what's exciting firstly beyond. understanding. the molecular working of how something as complex as memory; would function we also. can identify drugs that can particularly modify each stage of the process and hopefully treat the kinds of cognitive deficits that accompany disorders like Alzheimer's disease or | yes, that's correct, and that process is regulated at each of the steps, and i think what's exciting firstly beyond understanding the molecular working of how something as complex as memory would function, we also can identify drugs that can particularly modify each stage of the process and hopefully treat the kinds of cognitive deficits that accompany disorders like alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. |
Would these drugs stimulate you to create new memories or block the loss of the memories? | would; these drugs stimulate you to create new memories or, block the loss of the | Would these drugs stimulate you to create new memories, or block the loss of the | would these drugs stimulate you to create new memories or block the loss of the memories? |
So in this case - that's a good question. One can think about doing them both ways. You can think about modulating memories in each way. And what the drugs we're talking about would probably act to enhance the formation of new memories. That's certainly what they do in mice when we study them. | so in, this case - that's a good question. one can think about doing them both ways you can think about modulating memories. in each way and what the drugs we're talking about would probably act; to enhance the formation of new memories that's certainly what they do in mice when we study | So in this case - that's. a good question One can think about doing them both ways You. can think; about modulating memories in each way And what, the drugs we're talking about would probably act to enhance the, formation of new memories That's certainly what, they do in mice when we study | so in this case - that's a good question. one can think about doing them both ways. you can think about modulating memories in each way. and what the drugs we're talking about would probably act to enhance the formation of new memories. that's certainly what they do in mice when we study them. |
And you found - and you've identified the genes that do this? | and you found - and you've identified the genes that do | And you found - and you've, identified the. genes that do | and you found - and you've identified the genes that do this? |
Yes, and so that's what's exciting about this is that we think we have the, you know, beginnings of the molecular circuitry for how this goes into - how this is all set into motion. And the challenge now is to really identify - what we've done is identified a process within the nucleus, the part of the cell where the DNA is stored that sets this process in motion. | yes and so that's what's exciting about this is. that we think we, have the you know beginnings of the molecular circuitry for how this goes into - how this is all set into, motion and the. challenge now is to really identify - what we've done is identified a process within the, nucleus the part of the cell where the dna; is stored that sets; this process, in | Yes and so that's, what's. exciting about; this is that we think we have the you know beginnings of the molecular circuitry for. how this goes into - how this, is all set; into motion And the challenge now. is to really identify - what we've done is identified a. process within the nucleus the part, of the cell where the DNA is stored that. sets. this process in | yes, and so that's what's exciting about this is that we think we have the, you know, beginnings of the molecular circuitry for how this goes into - how this is all set into motion. and the challenge now is to really identify - what we've done is identified a process within the nucleus, the part of the cell where the dna is stored that sets this process in motion. |
The challenge is to identify really how these factors in the nucleus, what their target genes are that then are affecter genes that come - code proteins that come out to the synapse to change the function there. We think we have some ideas of that, and we discuss that in this study, but they involve these genes that are called neurotrophic factors, what's called brain-derived neurotrophic factor of BDNF and that that is regulated by this process, these epigenetic processes and then can go and modify synapses. | the challenge, is to identify, really how these factors in the nucleus what their target, genes are that then are affecter genes that come - code proteins that come out to the, synapse to change the function there we think we have some ideas of that and we discuss that in this study but they involve. these; genes that are called neurotrophic factors what's called brain-derived neurotrophic factor of bdnf and that that is regulated by this process these epigenetic processes and then can go and modify | The challenge is to identify really how these factors in the nucleus what their target genes are that then are affecter genes that, come, - code proteins that come out to the, synapse to change the function there We think we. have some ideas of that and we discuss that in this study but they involve these genes that, are called neurotrophic factors what's called brain-derived neurotrophic factor of BDNF and that that is regulated by this process these epigenetic processes. and then can go and modify | the challenge is to identify really how these factors in the nucleus, what their target genes are that then are affecter genes that come - code proteins that come out to the synapse to change the function there. we think we have some ideas of that, and we discuss that in this study, but they involve these genes that are called neurotrophic factors, what's called brain-derived neurotrophic factor of bdnf and that that is regulated by this process, these epigenetic processes and then can go and modify synapses. |
But we need to do future experiments to really show that that's functionally the case. | but we need to do future experiments to really show that that's functionally the | But we need to do future experiments, to really show that that's functionally the | but we need to do future experiments to really show that that's functionally the case. |
I should say this study is part of a relatively new era and area of research known as epigenetics, which looks at, among other things, how the regulation of genes influences memory. David Sweatt is chair of the Department of Neurobiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and he's also studying epigenetics. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY. | i should say, this study is part of a relatively new era and area. of research known as epigenetics which looks at among other things how the, regulation of genes influences memory, david. sweatt is chair of the department of neurobiology at the university of alabama at birmingham and he's also studying epigenetics welcome to science | I should say this study is part of a relatively new era and area of research known as epigenetics which looks at among other things how the regulation of genes influences memory, David Sweatt is chair of the Department of Neurobiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and he's also studying epigenetics Welcome to SCIENCE | i should say this study is part of a relatively new era and area of research known as epigenetics, which looks at, among other things, how the regulation of genes influences memory. david sweatt is chair of the department of neurobiology at the university of alabama at birmingham, and he's also studying epigenetics. welcome to science friday. |
Hi, Ira, thanks for having me on. | hi ira thanks for. having me | Hi Ira thanks for having me | hi, ira, thanks for having me on. |
Did you ever think - I mean, did people believe that genes could regulate memory? | did you ever think - i mean, did, people believe that genes could regulate, | Did you. ever think - I mean, did people believe that genes could regulate, | did you ever think - i mean, did people believe that genes could regulate memory? |
Certainly, it's been one of the most exciting developments in the last couple of decades in the whole memory field. It is a paradigm shift, though, from the kind of old style of thinking. You know, we're kind of used to thinking about genes and environment, you know, nature versus nurture and that old debate. | certainly it's been one of the most, exciting developments in the last couple of decades in the whole memory field it is a paradigm shift though from the kind of old style of thinking you know we're kind of used to thinking, about genes and environment you know nature versus, nurture and that old | Certainly it's been. one, of the most exciting developments in the last couple, of decades in the whole memory field It is a paradigm shift though from the kind of old style of thinking You know we're kind of used to thinking about genes. and environment you know nature versus nurture and that old | certainly, it's been one of the most exciting developments in the last couple of decades in the whole memory field. it is a paradigm shift, though, from the kind of old style of thinking. you know, we're kind of used to thinking about genes and environment, you know, nature versus nurture and that old debate. |
And what these kinds of studies are making very clear now is that's really a false dichotomy, that there's a constant interplay between your experiences, your sensory inputs and the genes in your brain. And that part of how you learn and remember is your experiences dynamically regulate the output of the genes in your brain in order for you to be able to store information. | and what these kinds, of. studies are making very clear now is that's really a false dichotomy that there's a constant interplay between your experiences your sensory inputs and the genes in your brain and that part of how you learn and remember is your experiences dynamically regulate the output. of the genes in your brain in, order for you to, be able to store | And what these kinds of studies are, making very, clear, now is; that's really a false dichotomy that there's a constant interplay. between your experiences your. sensory inputs and the genes in your, brain And that part; of how you learn and, remember is your experiences dynamically regulate the output of the genes in your brain in order for you to be able to store; | and what these kinds of studies are making very clear now is that's really a false dichotomy, that there's a constant interplay between your experiences, your sensory inputs and the genes in your brain. and that part of how you learn and remember is your experiences dynamically regulate the output of the genes in your brain in order for you to be able to store information. |
1-800-989-8255 is our number if you'd like to talk about this. Also you can tweet us @scifri, @-S-C-I-F-R-I. This is something called epigenetics, right? What are we - can you define that for us, because it sounds very interesting. | 1-800-989-8255 is our number if you'd like to talk about this. also you can. tweet us @scifri @-s-c-i-f-r-i this is something called epigenetics right? what are we - can you define that for us because it sounds very | 1-800-989-8255 is our number if you'd like to talk about this Also you can tweet us @scifri @-S-C-I-F-R-I This is, something called epigenetics right? What. are we - can you define that for. us because it sounds very | 1-800-989-8255 is our number if you'd like to talk about this. also you can tweet us @scifri, @-s-c-i-f-r-i. this is something called epigenetics, right? what are we - can you define that for us, because it sounds very interesting. |
Yeah, I'll take a stab at it. All those scientists, like everything, argue about what the precise definition is. But there's - we know that there are genes, and that's a unit of information storage that's encoded in your DNA, and people are very familiar with that. | yeah i'll. take a stab at. it all those scientists like. everything argue about what the precise definition is but there's - we know that there are genes and. that's a unit of information storage that's encoded in your dna and people are very familiar with; | Yeah I'll take a, stab at it All those scientists like everything argue, about what, the precise. definition is But there's - we know that there are genes and that's a unit of, information storage that's. encoded in your DNA and people are very familiar with | yeah, i'll take a stab at it. all those scientists, like everything, argue about what the precise definition is. but there's - we know that there are genes, and that's a unit of information storage that's encoded in your dna, and people are very familiar with that. |
But there's another layer of regulatory mechanisms that sit above the layer of the genes, so epigenetic mechanisms. And these are information storage mechanisms, as well, that operate in a different fashion that the information storage in the gene, but they're mechanisms that are extremely potent regulators of gene output, so readout of the gene products from the DNA. | but there's another, layer of regulatory mechanisms that sit above. the, layer of the genes so epigenetic mechanisms and these are information storage mechanisms as well that, operate in a different, fashion that, the information storage in the gene but they're mechanisms that are extremely potent, regulators of gene output so readout of the gene products from the | But there's another layer of regulatory mechanisms that sit above the layer of the genes so epigenetic mechanisms And these are information storage mechanisms. as well that; operate in a different fashion that the information storage in the gene but they're mechanisms that are extremely potent regulators of. gene output so readout of the gene products from the | but there's another layer of regulatory mechanisms that sit above the layer of the genes, so epigenetic mechanisms. and these are information storage mechanisms, as well, that operate in a different fashion that the information storage in the gene, but they're mechanisms that are extremely potent regulators of gene output, so readout of the gene products from the dna. |
And so these epigenetic mechanisms are, kind of, master regulatory mechanisms that control gene readout. And part of the discoveries in this area have been that these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are how, part of how your experiences get translated into alterations in gene output that allow you to lay down new memories. | and. so these epigenetic mechanisms are kind of master regulatory, mechanisms that control gene readout and part of the discoveries in this. area have been that, these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. are how part of how your experiences get translated into alterations in gene output that allow you to lay down new. | And so these epigenetic mechanisms are kind of master regulatory mechanisms that control gene readout And part of the discoveries in this area have been that these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are how. part of how your experiences get translated into alterations in gene, output that allow you to lay down new | and so these epigenetic mechanisms are, kind of, master regulatory mechanisms that control gene readout. and part of the discoveries in this area have been that these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are how, part of how your experiences get translated into alterations in gene output that allow you to lay down new memories. |
So you're not - you're not saying that the genes themselves are changed? | so you're not - you're, not saying that, the genes themselves are | So you're not - you're not saying that the, genes themselves are | so you're not - you're not saying that the genes themselves are changed? |
It's theoretically possible, and there's a little bit of data that certain types of acquired attributes like that can be heritable, but that's a very rare phenomenon. And it's certainly not something that is going to be the way that people might typically think about, you know, remembering something that -an experience that your grandmother had or something like that. It's not going to operate at that level. | it's theoretically possible and there's a little bit of data that certain, types of acquired attributes like that can be heritable but that's a very rare phenomenon and it's, certainly not something that is going to. be the way. that people might typically think about you, know remembering, something. that -an experience, that your grandmother had or something like that it's not going to operate at that | It's theoretically possible, and there's a little bit of data that certain types of acquired attributes, like that can be heritable but that's a very rare phenomenon And it's, certainly not something that. is going to be the way that people might typically think about you know remembering something that, -an experience that your grandmother had or something like that It's not going to operate at that | it's theoretically possible, and there's a little bit of data that certain types of acquired attributes like that can be heritable, but that's a very rare phenomenon. and it's certainly not something that is going to be the way that people might typically think about, you know, remembering something that -an experience that your grandmother had or something like that. it's not going to operate at that level. |
So this sort of explains a chemical or neuronal basis of the nature versus nurture question. | so this sort of explains a, chemical or neuronal basis of the nature versus, nurture | So. this sort of explains a chemical or neuronal basis of the nature versus nurture | so this sort of explains a chemical or neuronal basis of the nature versus nurture question. |
Exactly. It's the epigenetic mechanisms - and I'm being a little hyperbolic here, but, you know, that's the interface between nature and nurture. That's the mechanism that evolution has put in place to allow those two things to dynamically interact with each other. | exactly. it's the epigenetic mechanisms - and, i'm being a little hyperbolic here but you know that's the interface, between nature and nurture that's the, mechanism that evolution has, put in place to allow those two things to dynamically interact with each | Exactly It's the epigenetic mechanisms - and I'm being. a little hyperbolic here but you know that's the interface between, nature and, nurture That's the mechanism that evolution, has. put in place, to. allow those two things to dynamically interact with each | exactly. it's the epigenetic mechanisms - and i'm being a little hyperbolic here, but, you know, that's the interface between nature and nurture. that's the mechanism that evolution has put in place to allow those two things to dynamically interact with each other. |
And Dave - Ted Abel, how did this paradigm shift influence your approach to studying memory? | and; dave - ted abel how did this paradigm shift influence your approach; to studying | And Dave - Ted Abel how did this paradigm shift influence your approach to studying | and dave - ted abel, how did this paradigm shift influence your approach to studying memory? |
Hi, Dave, how are you doing? It's great to speak with you over the distances here. It's - so I think it's really had a dramatic influence on how we think about memory and really how the field thinks about memory because firstly it's provided, as Dave said, the connection between experience and the neuron. And it's really given us a set of biochemical mechanisms that really are the critical switches for how memories are stored. | hi dave how are you doing? it's great to, speak. with you over the distances here it's - so i think it's really. had a dramatic, influence on how we think about memory, and really how the. field thinks about memory because firstly it's, provided as dave said the connection. between experience; and the neuron and it's really given us a set of, biochemical mechanisms that really are the critical switches for how memories are | Hi Dave how are you. doing? It's great to, speak with you over the distances here It's - so I think it's. really had a dramatic, influence on how we think about memory and. really how the field thinks about memory because firstly it's provided as Dave said the connection between experience and the neuron And, it's really given us a set of biochemical mechanisms that really are the critical switches for how memories are | hi, dave, how are you doing? it's great to speak with you over the distances here. it's - so i think it's really had a dramatic influence on how we think about memory and really how the field thinks about memory because firstly it's provided, as dave said, the connection between experience and the neuron. and it's really given us a set of biochemical mechanisms that really are the critical switches for how memories are stored. |
But what's interesting about them is it's not just the biochemical switches, they're also storage mechanisms. So, you know, Ira, you mentioned that these could be, in some cases, heritable; and that's true in other systems and I think not probably true from these behavioral experiences, or researchers are still studying that. | but what's interesting about them is it's not just the biochemical, switches they're. also storage mechanisms so; you know ira you mentioned that these could be in some. cases heritable and; that's; true in other; systems and i think not probably true from, these behavioral experiences or researchers. are still studying | But what's interesting about them is it's not just the biochemical switches they're also. storage mechanisms So, you know Ira you mentioned that these could be in some cases heritable. and that's true in other systems and I think not probably true, from these, behavioral experiences or researchers are still studying | but what's interesting about them is it's not just the biochemical switches, they're also storage mechanisms. so, you know, ira, you mentioned that these could be, in some cases, heritable; and that's true in other systems and i think not probably true from these behavioral experiences, or researchers are still studying that. |
But what's important about these is that they're long-lasting and that there's this complex code of modifications. I mentioned histone acetylation, but there's a number of these epigenetic modifications. And it could be that these modifications form a biochemical code that could actually be the storage of memory, could be information storage. | but what's important about. these is that they're long-lasting and. that there's this complex code of modifications i mentioned histone, acetylation but there's a number of these epigenetic. modifications and it could be that these modifications form a biochemical code that, could actually be the storage of memory, could be information | But what's important about these is that they're long-lasting and that there's this complex code of modifications I mentioned histone acetylation but there's a, number of these epigenetic modifications And it, could be; that these modifications form a biochemical code that could actually be the storage. of memory could be information | but what's important about these is that they're long-lasting and that there's this complex code of modifications. i mentioned histone acetylation, but there's a number of these epigenetic modifications. and it could be that these modifications form a biochemical code that could actually be the storage of memory, could be information storage. |
And that would be - we haven't really - we haven't shown that directly yet, but that would be the sort of real revolution that you could store memories in your nucleus and that it's these biochemical tags that could be that information. | and that would be - we haven't really - we haven't shown that directly yet but. that would be the sort of real revolution that. you could store memories in your nucleus and that it's these biochemical. tags that could be that | And; that would be - we haven't really - we haven't shown that directly yet but that would be the sort of real revolution that you could store memories in your nucleus and that, it's these biochemical tags that could be that | and that would be - we haven't really - we haven't shown that directly yet, but that would be the sort of real revolution that you could store memories in your nucleus and that it's these biochemical tags that could be that information. |
Let's go to the phones, 1-800-989-8255. I have Dr. Kenneth Fish(ph) from Gaithersburg, Maryland. Hi. | let's go to the phones 1-800-989-8255. i have dr kenneth fish(ph) from gaithersburg maryland | Let's go to the phones 1-800-989-8255. I. have Dr Kenneth Fish(ph) from Gaithersburg Maryland | let's go to the phones, 1-800-989-8255. i have dr. kenneth fish(ph) from gaithersburg, maryland. hi. |
Hi, I was educated, apparently, before dirt, so I need to get an update. My understanding of the way memory works is more holographic, that it's the function of major organs in the brain, the hippocampus, the thalamus, the transfer of information, globally, throughout the brain. | hi i was educated apparently before dirt so i need to get an; update my understanding of the way memory works, is, more holographic that it's the. function of major organs in the brain the hippocampus the thalamus the transfer of information globally throughout the | Hi, I was. educated apparently before dirt so I need to. get an update. My understanding of the way memory works is more holographic that it's the function of major organs in the brain the hippocampus the, thalamus the transfer of. information globally throughout the | hi, i was educated, apparently, before dirt, so i need to get an update. my understanding of the way memory works is more holographic, that it's the function of major organs in the brain, the hippocampus, the thalamus, the transfer of information, globally, throughout the brain. |
Is there some way to relate that to what we're talking about here, which is at the very micro-structure and its effects on the macro-structure? | is there some way, to relate that to what we're talking about here, which is at the very micro-structure and its effects on the, | Is, there some way to relate that to what we're talking about here which is at the very micro-structure and its effects; on the | is there some way to relate that to what we're talking about here, which is at the very micro-structure and its effects on the macro-structure? |
Ted, David, who would like to take a whack at that? | ted david who. would like to take a whack at | Ted David who would like to take a. whack at | ted, david, who would like to take a whack at that? |
Go ahead, Ted. | go ahead; | Go, ahead | go ahead, ted. |
Go ahead, David. | go ahead | Go ahead | go ahead, david. |
I'll take a whack at it. Yeah, the kind of systems neurobiology I think is what you're referring to, is certainly the case, where there is, you know, constant interactions between various brain regions that allow us to cogitate, basically, and learn and remember in that fashion. | i'll take a whack at. it yeah the kind of, systems neurobiology i think. is what you're referring to is certainly the case where there is you know constant interactions between various brain regions that allow us to cogitate basically and learn and. remember in that, | I'll, take a whack at, it Yeah the kind of, systems neurobiology I think is what you're. referring to is certainly the case where there is you know constant interactions between various brain regions that. allow us to cogitate basically, and learn and remember in that | i'll take a whack at it. yeah, the kind of systems neurobiology i think is what you're referring to, is certainly the case, where there is, you know, constant interactions between various brain regions that allow us to cogitate, basically, and learn and remember in that fashion. |
Ted and I are operating - I mean, we study learning and memory in behaving animals in the laboratory, but we're really trying to understand things at a much more minute molecular and cellular level. And it's clear that those types of mechanisms contribute, as well. | ted and i are operating - i mean we study learning and memory in behaving animals in the laboratory but we're really trying to understand things at a, much more minute molecular and cellular level and it's clear that those types of mechanisms contribute as | Ted and I are operating - I mean we study learning and memory in behaving animals in the laboratory but we're really trying to understand things, at a much more minute molecular and cellular level And it's clear that those types of, mechanisms contribute as | ted and i are operating - i mean, we study learning and memory in behaving animals in the laboratory, but we're really trying to understand things at a much more minute molecular and cellular level. and it's clear that those types of mechanisms contribute, as well. |
And then there's a big black box between, kind of, the molecular level and the cognitive level in terms of how the interplay between the molecules and the systems contributes to learning and memory, and it's - you know, most of that is mysterious at this point. | and then there's a big black box between; kind. of the molecular level and the cognitive, level in terms of how the interplay between the molecules and the systems contributes to learning and memory and it's - you know most of that is mysterious at. this | And then there's a big, black box between kind of the molecular level and the cognitive level in terms of how the interplay between the molecules and. the, systems contributes to learning and memory and it's - you, know most of. that is mysterious at this | and then there's a big black box between, kind of, the molecular level and the cognitive level in terms of how the interplay between the molecules and the systems contributes to learning and memory, and it's - you know, most of that is mysterious at this point. |
OK. | ok. |
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You know, maybe if I could just chime in, as well. The one - sort of two comments. I think the first comment is that what's clear at the systems level is that there are distinct memory systems. So there - I mentioned this earlier that there are some memory systems for our episodic memory, which is mediated by the hippocampus. There's memory systems for more emotional memories, which are mediated by another brain region called the amygdala. There's more procedural and motor memories in the striatum and cerebellum. So you have this kind of partitioning of memory in general, and then within each of these brain regions, like the hippocampus, Dave is right, that really the interface of how you then get down to the molecules and come back up to systems is really one of the major challenges. | you know, maybe if i could just chime in. as well. the one - sort of two comments i think the. first comment is that what's clear at the, systems level is that there are distinct memory systems so there - i mentioned this earlier that there are some. memory systems for our episodic, memory which is mediated by, the; hippocampus there's memory systems for more emotional. memories which are mediated by another brain region. called the amygdala there's more procedural and motor memories in the striatum and cerebellum so you have this kind of partitioning of memory in general and then within each; of, these, brain regions like the hippocampus dave, is right that really the, interface of how you then get down to the molecules and, come back up to systems is really one of the major | You know maybe if I could just chime in as well The one - sort of two comments I think the first comment is that what's clear at the systems level is that there are, distinct memory systems So there - I mentioned this earlier that there are some memory systems for our episodic memory which is. mediated by the hippocampus. There's memory systems for more emotional memories which are mediated by another brain, region called the amygdala There's more, procedural and motor. memories in the striatum and cerebellum So you have this kind of partitioning of memory in. general and then within each of these brain regions like the hippocampus Dave is right that really the interface of how you then get down to the molecules and come back up to systems is really; one of the major | you know, maybe if i could just chime in, as well. the one - sort of two comments. i think the first comment is that what's clear at the systems level is that there are distinct memory systems. so there - i mentioned this earlier that there are some memory systems for our episodic memory, which is mediated by the hippocampus. there's memory systems for more emotional memories, which are mediated by another brain region called the amygdala. there's more procedural and motor memories in the striatum and cerebellum. so you have this kind of partitioning of memory in general, and then within each of these brain regions, like the hippocampus, dave is right, that really the interface of how you then get down to the molecules and come back up to systems is really one of the major challenges. |
But one way that - one thing that's quite interesting is that researchers, in particular Mark Mayford has done experiments like this in California, and he studied the activation of genes in particular sets of cells in the hippocampus. And you can argue, and another researcher Carol Barnes has studied similar kinds of problems, that each experience might turn on a gene in a set of neurons. And then there's another experience that would turn on genes in another set of neurons. | but one way that - one thing that's quite interesting is that researchers in particular mark mayford has done experiments like this in california; and he, studied, the activation of genes in particular sets of cells in, the hippocampus and you can argue and another researcher carol barnes, has studied similar kinds of problems that each experience might turn on a gene in a set. of neurons and then there's another experience that would turn on genes in another set of | But one way that - one thing that's quite interesting is that researchers in particular Mark Mayford has done experiments like this in California; and he studied the activation of genes in particular sets of cells in the hippocampus And you can argue and another researcher Carol Barnes has studied similar kinds of problems that each experience might turn on a gene in a set of. neurons And then there's another experience that would turn on. genes in another set of | but one way that - one thing that's quite interesting is that researchers, in particular mark mayford has done experiments like this in california, and he studied the activation of genes in particular sets of cells in the hippocampus. and you can argue, and another researcher carol barnes has studied similar kinds of problems, that each experience might turn on a gene in a set of neurons. and then there's another experience that would turn on genes in another set of neurons. |
And it's that constellation of neurons for experience A that is that - involved in that memory, and another constellation of neurons for experience B that are involved in that memory. But within those constellation of neurons A and B for the two different experiences, the molecular events may be similar, but they're wired in such a way that they're activated more readily by one particular experience than another. So that would begin to get to your kind of holographic idea in a sense. But I would see it as the lighting up of gene expression in a set of neurons potentially as being the circuitry that would mediate that memory. | and it's that, constellation of neurons for experience a that is that - involved in that memory and another constellation of neurons for experience b that are involved in, that memory but within those constellation of neurons a and, b for the two different experiences the. molecular events may be similar but. they're wired in such a way that they're activated more readily by one particular experience than another so that would begin to get to your kind of holographic idea in a sense but i would see it as the lighting up, of gene expression in a set of neurons potentially as being, the circuitry that would mediate that | And it's that constellation of neurons for experience A that is that - involved in that memory and another constellation of neurons. for experience B that are involved in that memory But within those constellation of; neurons A and B for the two different experiences the molecular events may be similar but they're wired in such a way that they're activated, more readily, by one particular, experience than another So that would begin to get to your, kind of holographic, idea in a sense But I would see it as, the lighting up of gene expression, in a, set of neurons, potentially as being the circuitry that would mediate that | and it's that constellation of neurons for experience a that is that - involved in that memory, and another constellation of neurons for experience b that are involved in that memory. but within those constellation of neurons a and b for the two different experiences, the molecular events may be similar, but they're wired in such a way that they're activated more readily by one particular experience than another. so that would begin to get to your kind of holographic idea in a sense. but i would see it as the lighting up of gene expression in a set of neurons potentially as being the circuitry that would mediate that memory. |
And it's the whole integration of it together that creates consciousness or thought, things like that. | and it's the whole integration of it, together that creates consciousness or thought things like | And it's the whole, integration of it together that creates consciousness or thought things like | and it's the whole integration of it together that creates consciousness or thought, things like that. |
That's right. | that's | That's | that's right. |
Yeah. Let's go to a - let's get to the phones. So let's go to Melissa(ph) in Boise. Hi, Melissa. | yeah let's go to a. - let's get to the phones so let's go to melissa(ph) in boise hi | Yeah Let's go to a - let's get to the phones; So let's go to Melissa(ph) in Boise Hi. | yeah. let's go to a - let's get to the phones. so let's go to melissa(ph) in boise. hi, melissa. |
Hi. Thank you so much for taking my call. | hi thank. you so much for taking my | Hi Thank you so much for taking my | hi. thank you so much for taking my call. |
We enjoyed our stay in Boise. Thank you for being such a good host. | we enjoyed our stay in boise thank you for being such a good. | We enjoyed our stay in, Boise Thank you for being such a good. | we enjoyed our stay in boise. thank you for being such a good host. |
(LAUGHTER) | (laughter) |
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Oh, I'm glad. It's cold now. So it may not be as pleasant. | oh i'm glad it's cold now so it may not be as | Oh I'm; glad It's cold now So it, may not be as | oh, i'm glad. it's cold now. so it may not be as pleasant. |
(LAUGHTER) | (laughter) |
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I was calling - I'm curious to know, what could this mean for patients that are suffering from Alzheimer's? Does this help with the creation of new memories, or could this actually help with the retrieval of, well, previously forgotten memories in their case? | i was calling. - i'm curious to know what could this mean for patients that. are suffering from, alzheimer's? does this help with, the creation. of new memories or could this actually help with the, retrieval of well previously forgotten memories in their | I was calling - I'm curious to know what could this mean for patients that are suffering from Alzheimer's? Does this help with the creation of new memories or, could this actually help with; the, retrieval of well previously forgotten memories in their | i was calling - i'm curious to know, what could this mean for patients that are suffering from alzheimer's? does this help with the creation of new memories, or could this actually help with the retrieval of, well, previously forgotten memories in their case? |
This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Robert Siegel. | this is all things considered from npr news i'm robert | This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News I'm Robert | this is all things considered from npr news. i'm robert siegel. |
This is David. I think I'll comment on that, and, of course, would love to hear Ted's thoughts as well. But that's one of the things that a lot of us are working - who work in this area are really very serious about, trying to translate these discoveries about the basic neurobiology of learning and memory into new treatments. The - we've done some studies with genetically engineered mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and have found that these histone deacetylase inhibitors that Ted and our group and others have been looking at in these mouse models can help restore the animals' capacity for learning when it has Alzheimer's-like dysfunction, memory dysfunction. | this is david i think i'll comment on that. and of course would love to hear ted's thoughts as well but that's one of the things that a lot of us are working - who work in this area are really very serious; about trying to translate these, discoveries, about the basic. neurobiology of learning, and memory into new treatments the - we've done some studies with genetically, engineered, mouse, models of alzheimer's disease and, have found. that these, histone deacetylase inhibitors that ted and our group and. others have been looking at in these mouse models can help restore the animals' capacity for learning when it has alzheimer's-like dysfunction memory | This is David I, think I'll comment on that and of course would love, to. hear Ted's thoughts as well But that's one of, the things that a lot of. us are working - who work in this area are really very, serious about trying to translate these discoveries about the. basic neurobiology of learning and memory into new treatments The - we've done some studies with genetically engineered mouse models of Alzheimer's, disease and. have found that these histone deacetylase, inhibitors that Ted and our group and others, have been looking at in these mouse models can, help restore the, animals' capacity for learning when it, has Alzheimer's-like dysfunction memory | this is david. i think i'll comment on that, and, of course, would love to hear ted's thoughts as well. but that's one of the things that a lot of us are working - who work in this area are really very serious about, trying to translate these discoveries about the basic neurobiology of learning and memory into new treatments. the - we've done some studies with genetically engineered mouse models of alzheimer's disease and have found that these histone deacetylase inhibitors that ted and our group and others have been looking at in these mouse models can help restore the animals' capacity for learning when it has alzheimer's-like dysfunction, memory dysfunction. |
So in the studies that we and most other people have done so far these histone deacetylase inhibitors take an animal that has a learning and memory deficit, so it's unable to store new memories, and restores its function so that it can apparently store those new memories normally. So if that hopefully translates into the human condition, then it would alleviate some of the problems that we see with Alzheimer's patients in terms of them being able to - unable to recall recent events and events over the last couple of days, for example. | so in the studies that we and most other, people have done so far these histone deacetylase inhibitors take an animal that has a learning and memory deficit so it's unable to store new memories and restores its, function so that it can apparently store, those new memories normally so, if that hopefully translates into the human. condition then, it would alleviate some of the problems that we see with alzheimer's patients in terms of them being able to; - unable to recall recent events and events over; the last couple of days for | So in the studies that we and most other people have done so far these histone deacetylase inhibitors take an animal that has a learning and memory, deficit so it's unable to store. new memories, and restores its function so that it can apparently store those new memories normally So if that hopefully translates into the, human condition. then it would alleviate some of the problems, that. we see with Alzheimer's patients in terms of them being able to - unable to recall recent events and events over the last couple of days for | so in the studies that we and most other people have done so far these histone deacetylase inhibitors take an animal that has a learning and memory deficit, so it's unable to store new memories, and restores its function so that it can apparently store those new memories normally. so if that hopefully translates into the human condition, then it would alleviate some of the problems that we see with alzheimer's patients in terms of them being able to - unable to recall recent events and events over the last couple of days, for example. |
This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow. Do these involve drugs that have to be developed? Or are they compounds we already know about and could be tested? | this is science. friday from npr i'm ira flatow do these involve drugs that have to be developed? or are they compounds we already know about and could be | This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR I'm Ira Flatow Do, these involve drugs, that have to be developed? Or are they compounds we already know about and, could be. | this is science friday from npr. i'm ira flatow. do these involve drugs that have to be developed? or are they compounds we already know about and could be tested? |
There are compounds that we can use in animals in the laboratory that are not really safe to use in humans to be frank about it at this point. It's a very robust area of drug development right now, though. There are a couple of problems with the drugs we have. They don't get into the brain very well, the ones that we have right now. And they have selectivity issues, that is they're not as selective for one versus another type of enzyme that may be involved. And so a number of biotech companies, pharmaceuticals, these are developing HDAC inhibitors that are alleviating or trying to alleviate some of these problems. | there are compounds that we can use in animals in the laboratory that are not really safe, to use in humans to be frank about it at this point it's a very robust. area of drug development right now though there are a couple of problems with the drugs we have they don't get into the; brain very well the, ones that we, have right now. and they have selectivity issues that is they're, not as, selective for one versus another type of enzyme that may be involved and so a number of biotech companies pharmaceuticals, these, are developing hdac inhibitors that are. alleviating or trying to alleviate, some of these | There are compounds that we can use in animals in the laboratory that are not really safe to use in humans to. be; frank about it at this point It's a very; robust area of, drug development right now though There are a couple of, problems with the drugs we have They don't get into the brain very well the ones. that we have right now And they have selectivity issues that is they're not as; selective for one versus another type of enzyme that may be involved And so a number of biotech companies pharmaceuticals these are developing HDAC inhibitors that are alleviating, or trying to alleviate some of these | there are compounds that we can use in animals in the laboratory that are not really safe to use in humans to be frank about it at this point. it's a very robust area of drug development right now, though. there are a couple of problems with the drugs we have. they don't get into the brain very well, the ones that we have right now. and they have selectivity issues, that is they're not as selective for one versus another type of enzyme that may be involved. and so a number of biotech companies, pharmaceuticals, these are developing hdac inhibitors that are alleviating or trying to alleviate some of these problems. |
So... | so... |
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What's exciting about - one thing that's exciting about the drugs is that in animal studies at least they can be given after animals have began to show memory loss and have began to even show some neuronal loss. So the really encouraging thing from the animal studies on the clinical side is that the drugs have the promise of being able to treat patients, you know, in - that are into the really - into the disorder, and they don't have to treat them sort of before it occurs. | what's exciting about - one thing that's exciting about the drugs is that in animal studies at least they can be given after animals have began to show memory loss and have began. to even show some neuronal loss so the really encouraging thing from the animal studies on, the clinical side is. that. the drugs have the promise of being able to treat patients you know in - that are into the really - into the disorder and they don't have to treat them sort of, before it, | What's. exciting about - one thing that's exciting about the drugs is that in animal studies at least they can be given after animals, have began to show memory loss and; have began to even show some neuronal loss So the really encouraging, thing, from the animal studies on the clinical side is that the drugs have the promise of being able to treat patients you know. in - that are into the really - into the disorder and they don't. have to treat them sort of before it | what's exciting about - one thing that's exciting about the drugs is that in animal studies at least they can be given after animals have began to show memory loss and have began to even show some neuronal loss. so the really encouraging thing from the animal studies on the clinical side is that the drugs have the promise of being able to treat patients, you know, in - that are into the really - into the disorder, and they don't have to treat them sort of before it occurs. |
The other thing that's kind of interesting is that we're finding that some other drugs, one example is folic acid, that have been around and used for other targets and other disorders, for example, for epilepsy with that drug that they have an activity that changes histone acetylation, and it's partially an HDAC inhibitor. So the other avenue is to look at existing drugs and to see what, you know, in what ways they change these epigenetic marks and if that might actually be the mechanism that they work and that we haven't previously identified that. | the, other thing that's kind of interesting is that we're. finding that some other, drugs one example is folic acid that have been around and used for other targets and other disorders for example; for epilepsy with that drug that they have. an activity that changes, histone, acetylation, and it's partially an hdac inhibitor so the other, avenue is to look at existing drugs and to see; what you know in what ways they change these epigenetic marks. and if that. might actually be the; mechanism that. they work and that we haven't previously identified | The, other thing that's kind; of interesting; is that we're finding that some other drugs one example is folic acid that have been around. and used for other targets and other disorders for example for epilepsy with that drug that they. have an activity that changes histone acetylation and it's partially an HDAC inhibitor So. the other avenue is to look at existing drugs and; to see what you know in what ways they change these. epigenetic marks and if that might actually be the mechanism that they work and. that we, haven't previously identified | the other thing that's kind of interesting is that we're finding that some other drugs, one example is folic acid, that have been around and used for other targets and other disorders, for example, for epilepsy with that drug that they have an activity that changes histone acetylation, and it's partially an hdac inhibitor. so the other avenue is to look at existing drugs and to see what, you know, in what ways they change these epigenetic marks and if that might actually be the mechanism that they work and that we haven't previously identified that. |
What do these drugs do for all the plaques and entanglements and things like that we see in Alzheimer's? Do they even mention those things? Or if they're going to restore memory in some of these mice, I mean, are they working in that mechanism or a totally different mechanism? | what do, these drugs do for all the plaques and entanglements and, things like that we see in alzheimer's? do they even mention those things? or. if they're going to restore memory in some of these mice, i mean are they working. in. that mechanism or a totally different | What do these drugs do for all the plaques and entanglements and things like that we see in Alzheimer's? Do they even mention those things? Or if they're going to restore memory in some of these mice I mean are they working in that mechanism or a totally different, | what do these drugs do for all the plaques and entanglements and things like that we see in alzheimer's? do they even mention those things? or if they're going to restore memory in some of these mice, i mean, are they working in that mechanism or a totally different mechanism? |
It looks like it's a different mechanism from that. That is the kind of traditional neuropathological... | it looks like it's a different mechanism from that that is the kind of traditional | It looks like it's a different mechanism from that That is; the. kind of traditional | it looks like it's a different mechanism from that. that is the kind of traditional neuropathological... |
Yeah. | yeah. |
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...markers are not affected by these drugs, at least in the kind of shorter-term studies that have been largely done so far. | ...markers are not affected by these drugs at least in the kind of shorter-term studies that have been largely done so | ...markers are not affected by these drugs, at least in the kind of shorter-term studies that have been largely. done so | ...markers are not affected by these drugs, at least in the kind of shorter-term studies that have been largely done so far. |
And maybe that they - that these drugs would support the kind of resilience of neurons to that insult of having these deposits. But most of the studies, as David pointed out, have been relatively short term in animals. | and maybe that they - that these drugs would support the kind of resilience. of neurons, to that insult of having these deposits but, most of the studies as david. pointed out have been relatively short term in | And maybe that they - that these drugs, would support the kind of. resilience of neurons to that insult of having these deposits, But most of the studies as David pointed out have been relatively short term in | and maybe that they - that these drugs would support the kind of resilience of neurons to that insult of having these deposits. but most of the studies, as david pointed out, have been relatively short term in animals. |
So we're looking about - no one should think that we have something new around the corner here? | so we're looking about, - no one should think that we have something new around the corner | So we're looking about - no one should think that we have something new around the corner | so we're looking about - no one should think that we have something new around the corner here? |
No. That's for sure. But it is - like I said, it is a very active area of development. Ira, I would like to make kind of a comment on this as well because it's relevant to this exciting paper that Ted just published, Ted and Josh. It's been well established for a number of years now that these HDAC inhibitors are very powerful enhancers of memory formation in laboratory animals. But it's been completely a black box as to how it is that they work. It's quite a striking phenomenon that they can affect memory capacity in the behaving animal. But we really had very little insight into what the underlying mechanisms, biochemical infrastructure was. | no that's for sure. but, it is - like i said it is a very active. area of development ira i would like to make kind of a comment on this as well because it's, relevant; to this exciting paper that ted just published ted and josh it's been well established for a number of years now that these hdac inhibitors are very powerful enhancers of memory formation in laboratory animals but it's been completely a black, box as. to how, it is that they work it's quite a striking phenomenon that they can affect memory capacity in. the, behaving animal but we really had very little insight into what the underlying mechanisms biochemical infrastructure | No; That's for sure But it is - like I said it is. a very active area of development Ira I would like to make kind of, a comment on this as well because it's relevant to this exciting paper that Ted just published. Ted and Josh It's been well established for a number, of years now that these HDAC, inhibitors are very powerful enhancers of, memory formation in laboratory animals But it's. been completely a black box as to how it is that they work It's quite a striking phenomenon that they can affect memory capacity in the behaving animal But we really had very little insight into what the underlying mechanisms biochemical infrastructure | no. that's for sure. but it is - like i said, it is a very active area of development. ira, i would like to make kind of a comment on this as well because it's relevant to this exciting paper that ted just published, ted and josh. it's been well established for a number of years now that these hdac inhibitors are very powerful enhancers of memory formation in laboratory animals. but it's been completely a black box as to how it is that they work. it's quite a striking phenomenon that they can affect memory capacity in the behaving animal. but we really had very little insight into what the underlying mechanisms, biochemical infrastructure was. |
And I think Josh and Ted, with this new paper they published, have kind of cracked open the lid on that box, so to speak, and given us really the first insight into what the molecular sequence of events maybe that's being triggered by these HDAC inhibiters. And, of course, the better that we can understand that, the better we're going to be able to refine the drug development, and that's one of the things that's really quite exciting about Ted and Josh's new paper. | and i think josh and ted with this new paper they published have kind of cracked open the lid on that box so to speak and given us, really the first insight into what the molecular sequence of events. maybe that's being triggered by these hdac inhibiters, and of course the better that. we can; understand that the better we're going to be able to refine the drug development and that's; one, of the, things that's really, quite exciting about ted and, josh's new | And I; think, Josh, and Ted with. this new paper they published have kind of cracked open the. lid on that box so to speak and, given us really the first insight into what the molecular sequence of events maybe that's being triggered by these HDAC inhibiters And of course the better that; we can understand that the better we're going to be able to refine the drug development and that's one of the things that's really quite exciting. about Ted and Josh's new | and i think josh and ted, with this new paper they published, have kind of cracked open the lid on that box, so to speak, and given us really the first insight into what the molecular sequence of events maybe that's being triggered by these hdac inhibiters. and, of course, the better that we can understand that, the better we're going to be able to refine the drug development, and that's one of the things that's really quite exciting about ted and josh's new paper. |
Good way to wrap it up. Thank you very much. David Sweatt is chair of the Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Ted Abel, professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Good luck with you, gentlemen. | good, way to wrap it up thank you very much david sweatt is chair. of the department of neurobiology university of alabama at birmingham ted abel professor of biology at the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia good luck. with you | Good way to wrap it up Thank you very much David Sweatt is chair of the Department of Neurobiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Ted Abel professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania in; Philadelphia Good luck with you | good way to wrap it up. thank you very much. david sweatt is chair of the department of neurobiology, university of alabama at birmingham. ted abel, professor of biology at the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia. good luck with you, gentlemen. |
Thank you, Ira. | thank you | Thank you | thank you, ira. |
Thanks, Ira. Thank you. | thanks ira thank | Thanks Ira Thank; | thanks, ira. thank you. |
Thanks for taking time to be with us. | thanks for taking time to be with | Thanks for taking time to be. with | thanks for taking time to be with us. |
Bye-bye. | bye-bye. |
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Good to speak with you. Bye. | good to speak, with you | Good to speak with you | good to speak with you. bye. |
We'll be right back after this short break, so stay with us. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. | we'll. be right. back, after this short break so stay with us i'm ira flatow this, is science friday. from | We'll be right back after this short break so stay with us I'm Ira Flatow This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from | we'll be right back after this short break, so stay with us. i'm ira flatow. this is science friday from npr. |
Those recent complaints about Joe Biden's unwanted hugs and touching are bound to be scrutinized now that he's officially running for president. And there are many more topics from his past likely to get the same treatment. NPR's Don Gonyea looks at two certain to be on that list. | those recent complaints about joe biden's unwanted hugs. and touching are bound to; be scrutinized. now that he's officially running for president and there are many more, topics from his past likely; to get the same treatment npr's; don gonyea looks. at two certain to be on that | Those. recent complaints about Joe Biden's unwanted hugs and touching are, bound to, be scrutinized, now that he's officially running for president And there are many more topics from his past likely to get the same treatment, NPR's Don, Gonyea looks at two certain to be. on that | those recent complaints about joe biden's unwanted hugs and touching are bound to be scrutinized now that he's officially running for president. and there are many more topics from his past likely to get the same treatment. npr's don gonyea looks at two certain to be on that list. |
Let's start in 1991. Clarence Thomas is a Supreme Court nominee facing accusations of sexual harassment. Senator Joe Biden chairs the confirmation hearings. He questions Thomas's accuser, law professor Anita Hill. | let's start in 1991. clarence thomas is a supreme court nominee facing, accusations, of sexual, harassment, senator; joe biden chairs the confirmation hearings he questions thomas's accuser law professor anita | Let's; start in 1991. Clarence Thomas is a Supreme Court nominee. facing accusations of sexual harassment, Senator Joe Biden chairs the confirmation hearings. He questions. Thomas's accuser law professor Anita | let's start in 1991. clarence thomas is a supreme court nominee facing accusations of sexual harassment. senator joe biden chairs the confirmation hearings. he questions thomas's accuser, law professor anita hill. |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite of. archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED | (soundbite of archived recording) |
You have described the essence of the conversation. In order for us to determine - well, can you tell us, in his words, what he said? | you have described. the essence of the conversation in order for, us to determine - well can you tell us in his, words what he | You, have described the essence of the conversation In order for us to determine - well can you tell, us in his words what he | you have described the essence of the conversation. in order for us to determine - well, can you tell us, in his words, what he said? |
He presses her for details. | he, presses her for | He, presses her for | he presses her for details. |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite of archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED | (soundbite of archived recording) |
I can remember something like, you really ought to see these films that I've seen or this material that I've seen. This woman has this kind of breasts... | i can remember something like you really, ought to see these. films, that i've seen or this material that i've seen this woman has this kind of | I can remember something like you really ought to, see these films, that I've seen or this material that I've seen This woman has this kind of | i can remember something like, you really ought to see these films that i've seen or this material that i've seen. this woman has this kind of breasts... |
The election of Barack Obama got people thinking in Europe. It forced Europeans to ask if minorities in their countries could ever reach such prominence. This week, we'll examine the way that Europe treats its minority groups, and we begin in central Berlin. NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reports from a country where your identity is closely linked to your ethnicity. | the election of barack obama got people thinking in europe it. forced europeans, to ask if, minorities in their countries could ever reach such prominence this week. we'll examine the way, that europe, treats its minority groups and we begin, in central berlin npr's sylvia. poggioli reports from a country. where your identity is closely linked to your | The election of Barack Obama got people thinking in; Europe It forced, Europeans to ask if minorities in, their countries could ever reach such prominence This week we'll examine the way that Europe treats its minority groups and, we begin in central Berlin NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reports from a, country where your identity is closely linked to your | the election of barack obama got people thinking in europe. it forced europeans to ask if minorities in their countries could ever reach such prominence. this week, we'll examine the way that europe treats its minority groups, and we begin in central berlin. npr's sylvia poggioli reports from a country where your identity is closely linked to your ethnicity. |
This is a small theater club in the Neukoln district. White and black young people sit on assorted chairs and stools. Tonight's reading is a work about the lives of black people in Germany. Author Sharon Otoo stands on the small stage. | this is a small theater club in the neukoln; district white and black young people sit. on assorted chairs and stools tonight's reading is a work about the lives of black people in germany author sharon. otoo stands on the small | This is. a. small theater club in the Neukoln district White and black; young people sit on assorted chairs and stools Tonight's reading is a work about the lives of black people in Germany Author Sharon Otoo. stands on the small | this is a small theater club in the neukoln district. white and black young people sit on assorted chairs and stools. tonight's reading is a work about the lives of black people in germany. author sharon otoo stands on the small stage. |
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