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0.462854 | 2fb96cd07de5433095669dc66e50584e | SEM images of whiskers prepared by adding (a) 5%, (b) 10%, (c) 15% of Na2SO4. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g005.jpg |
0.487257 | 06cd1135ae434842b9973b0a441a0f29 | XRD patterns of samples sintered at 700–900 °C for 5 h. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g006.jpg |
0.405739 | 14a4d70b94814243872b9906a2c72d13 | FTIR spectra of samples sintered at 700–900 °C for 5 h. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g007.jpg |
0.393554 | fe78a8fff70744ada9b8d017b249cc4f | SEM images of mullite whiskers sintered at 700–750 °C. (A1) 700 °C; (A2) the EDS elemental analysis pattern of the corresponding point of (A1); (B1) 720 °C; (B2) the EDS elemental analysis pattern of the corresponding point of (B1); (C1,C2) 750 °C. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g008.jpg |
0.429546 | acd40cc624664b1fae92822f15a3b4c7 | SEM images of mullite whiskers sintered at 800–900 °C. (A) 800 °C; (B) 825 °C; (C) 850 °C; (D) 875 °C; (E) 900 °C. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g009a.jpg |
0.532719 | bd354cb5d4674350af400191d5af426c | TG-DTA curves of the samples prepared in air from room temperature to 900 °C. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g010.jpg |
0.534346 | 487f216ba35f4c0dae8fb39f516d9b55 | TEM (a) HR-TEM (b) and SAED (c) images of mullite whiskers prepared by sintering at 825 °C for 5 h. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g011.jpg |
0.508235 | 11f2b57088e041d6be6c16b6b09e04e5 | XRD plots of mullite whiskers with different aluminum fluoride contents in 10% sodium sulfate molten salt calcined at 825 °C for 5 h, (a) 0.5% AlF3·3H2O, (b) 1% AlF3·3H2O, (c) 2% AlF3·3H2O, (d) 3% AlF3·3H2O, (e) 5% AlF3·3H2O, (f) 7% AlF3·3H2O. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g012.jpg |
0.421806 | cda8468878374b7ebaef82e5cc8ea0ce | SEM images of mullite whiskers with different aluminum fluoride contents in 10% sodium sulfate molten salt calcined. (a) 0.5% AlF3·3H2O, (b) 1% AlF3·3H2O, (c) 2% AlF3·3H2O, (d) 3% AlF3·3H2O, (e) 5% AlF3·3H2O, (f) 7% AlF3·3H2O. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g013.jpg |
0.414061 | e491b6748d234407862d58f1d1e4d805 | Magnified SEM images of mullite whiskers (5% AlF3, 3H2O, 825 °C, 5 h). (a) for magnification 100,000×; (b) for localized mullite whiskers with magnification 200,000×. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g014.jpg |
0.378305 | d151c35ce67d462ca4e00ca4e0b06885 | FTIR patterns of mullite whiskers with different aluminum fluoride contents in 10% sodium sulfate molten salt calcined at 825 °C for 5 h for (a) 0.5% AlF3·3H2O, (b) 1% AlF3·3H2O, (c) 2% AlF3·3H2O, (d) 3% AlF3·3H2O, (e) 5% AlF3·3H2O, (f) 7% AlF3·3H2O. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g015.jpg |
0.437636 | 8b74804616224cb9a63168446b5c8654 | XRD patterns of samples containing 5% aluminum fluoride and 10% sodium sulfate molten salt sintered at 825 °C; (a) holding time is 0 h; (b) 1 h; (c) 2 h; (d) 3 h; (e) 4 h; (f) 5 h. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g016.jpg |
0.447221 | cd4ca9ea29a2465fb0d2c45ddf328148 | SEM of mullite whisker generation after calcination with different holding times. (a) 0 h, (b) 1 h, (c) 2 h, (d) 3 h, (e) 4 h, (f) 5 h. (10% sodium sulfate, 5% AlF3·3H2O, 825 °C). | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g017.jpg |
0.450815 | 53c1deaa19034ce285b953e214e26d45 | Magnified SEM images of mullite whiskers at 200,000 and 400,000 times (10% sodium sulfate, 5% AlF3·3H2O, 825 °C, 5 h). | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g018.jpg |
0.494786 | 6e566ce0eb07455db4ad4893ac810b1f | Infrared absorption spectra of mullite whiskers generated after calcination at 825 °C with 10% sodium sulfate molten salt and 5% AlF3·3H2O catalyst with different holding times, (a) 0 h, (b) 1 h, (c) 2 h, (d) 3 h, (e) 4 h, (f) 5 h. | PMC10097341 | nanomaterials-13-01143-g019.jpg |
0.452414 | 86709f752063491faecf8b5a238cba25 | Study profile | PMC10097509 | gr1_lrg.jpg |
0.456859 | 179ff4913af04c6897d14d896c86ea49 | Changes in child and adolescent emergency department visits for (A) attempted suicide, (B) self-harm, and (C) suicidal ideation expressed as ratios of rates during the COVID-19 pandemic to those before the pandemicRatios are plotted on a log axis. The grey area represents slight changes (RR 0·90 to <1·11). Vertical dashed lines indicate thresholds for large (0·10 to <0·50 or 2·00 to <10·00) and extremely large (<0·10 or ≥10·00) reductions and increases. Error bars represent 90% CIs. When numbers of visits are not reported (ie, NA for Kemerer and colleagues49), RRs and their corresponding CIs were extracted directly from the study. A value of 0·5 replaced counts of zero (ie, for Bothara and colleagues38). RR=rate ratio. NA=not applicable. | PMC10097509 | gr2_lrg.jpg |
0.508571 | c13bda21e9184711b821716b5d0ec87c | Meta-analysed mean changes in child and adolescent emergency department visits expressed as ratios of rates during the COVID-19 pandemic to those before the pandemicRatios are plotted on a log axis. Grey area represents slight changes (rate ratio 0·90 to <1·11). Horizontal dashed lines indicate thresholds for reductions (moderate reduction 0·50 to <0·70; large reduction <0·50) and increases (moderate increase 1·43 to <2·00; large increase ≥2·00). Thick error bars represent 90% CIs for means and thin error bars represent 90% CIs for individual settings. | PMC10097509 | gr3_lrg.jpg |
0.468751 | 1f07469d9bfb49e48a8e5e71b179336c | Modification of Conv Block-6 of VGG-16 neural network model. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig10_HTML.jpg |
0.492651 | 672c4cd5150447d0b613b2255cae44fe | Model training curve results. (a) Classification accuracy graph, (b) loss graph. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig11_HTML.jpg |
0.421361 | 1c03f36929034a6891a35460e83cdc3f | Types of four different types of small fishing vessels. (a) Small alloy fishing vessels, (b) wooden fishing vessels, (c) rubber inflatable fishing vessels, (d) PE plastic fishing vessels. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.479844 | edbcf15137e34222924966ae89084221 | Flow chart of our method. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.457868 | bd8967a58d774a2593460216b0c15773 | The scan results by LIDAR with different angle. (a) 0°, (b) 30°, (c) 90°, (d) 120°, (e) 180°, (f) 240°, (g) 270° scan result, (h) 300°. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.450418 | 45e694c59d0d4ea584486abcc4051f6d | Parts of four types small fishing vessels data. (a) Small alloy fishing vessels, (b) wooden fishing vessels, (c) rubber inflatable fishing vessels, (d) PE plastic fishing vessels. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.517245 | 25f3c318c8ee431094780e1f8b823e80 | A renderings of all fitting results with the intersection point of fitting function equations as the splicing point. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.464769 | 0f8ddb7063794fd88d9cea745ff0451b | One-dimensional time series encoding MTF time series image process. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.39722 | 475a5dd2bf5445788417ec05aa053b14 | The data sampling of fishing vessel by SICK laser scanner, (a) wooden fishing vessels, (b) PE plastic fishing vessels. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig7_HTML.jpg |
0.463622 | 84567a628f084774996ad30b0e737c7a | MTF two-dimensional time series images corresponding to four different types of small fishing vessels, (a) MTF images of small alloy fishing vessels, (b) MTF images of wooden fishing vessels, (c) MTF images of rubber inflatable fishing vessels, (d) MTF images of PE plastic fishing vessels. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig8_HTML.jpg |
0.451757 | 6490755517334f34b53b432fc19590c3 | VGG-16 neural network model structure fine-tuning modification picture. | PMC10097870 | 41598_2023_31319_Fig9_HTML.jpg |
0.452091 | 59eead6cc84d4080bf087db89f2886a0 | The simulation results of the first four-order resonant frequencies. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g001.jpg |
0.42259 | 9b126901bd554e1bbd48af27dff41b47 | Schemes of the FPI and piezoelectric resonance acoustic detection system. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g002.jpg |
0.55021 | 572f2eb8f43240aea190e809e0f62d5f | The formant of the FPI and piezoelectric effects. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g003.jpg |
0.466632 | ca596d71fde14dd0875918d62880121a | (a) Relationship between the piezoelectric effect signal and sound pressure level at the formant; (b) stability test of the resonance sensor. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g004.jpg |
0.385366 | aff5d09588bf43229a2c44745fa104f4 | (a,b) Time-domain signals of the piezoelectric and FPI effects; (c,d) frequency-domain signals of the piezoelectric and FPI effects. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g005.jpg |
0.413054 | d9ecc9691c7e41bfa051ffb5f26cd788 | The output of the lock amplifier of the piezoelectric and FPI effects at different sound pressure levels. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g006.jpg |
0.416665 | e74160ba8e2646ff949b209a2812984a | (a) The amplitude of the signal in the frequency domain and the amplitude after convolution at different sound pressure levels; (b) description of the noise level comparison. | PMC10099085 | sensors-23-03444-g007.jpg |
0.429989 | 0678ec4240b2486c862c905afe8d7215 | Showcasing the multitude of shapes of NMs and the difficulty of describing and comparing them. Different shapes might share common characteristics, while similar shapes might differ significantly in their parameters. In this figure: sphere/ellipsoid, pyramids, and solid versus hollow tubes | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.417167 | 5d1d3d1d117f42398f8d9ea4c9f801d1 | An example of an alpha version (indicated by the 1A) NInChI string that encodes a nanomaterial with two components. Component 1 is a Au shell coating, component 2 is a SiO2 spherical core. Note: the working group on NInChI are aware of some inconsistencies in this approach and its alignment with InChI that will be addressed in the next iteration (beta version or standard extension for nanomaterials 1.0 once accepted by the InChI Trust) | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.380624 | 9c5172f100be497381667a27b9d94c0b | a Probability distribution functions (pdf), and b their corresponding sigmoid-type cummulative density functions (cdf) | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.511381 | 9c4778b01d624491a5c03a00ced400e5 | Nanoparticles of various sizes and their respective size distributions. The distributions are fitted to a gamma pdf after calculating the distribution parameters | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.399519 | 3a31d1d55eab4dc39d2f58d619c17acf | A graphical example of a possible implementation for numbers, distributions & ranges: a pdf for “larger than 40 nm” (left), a specific number that implies a normal distribution (middle) and a range “30–50 nm” (right) | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.480572 | 5707a94b32144b82be38630d159e5223 | Tree structure using the hierarchy and interface operators. Left: a gold-coated silicon nanoparticle. Right: An abstract nanomaterial with some components “A”–”E”. Component “C” is connected through some “bond-a” to component “D”, etc. The percentages 30%, 70% make specific sense in specific contexts; e.g. a mixture with 30% of “B” and 70% of the structure “C–D–E” | PMC10099932 | 13321_2022_669_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.452945 | d7cff0695a0349f1891276963bcb88d5 | a) In situ DRIFTS test for CO2 and H2O interaction with BMO‐R under constant Xenon lamp illumination; b) Computed Gibbs free energy for main reactions in photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 for BMO and BMO‐R; Key steps of CO2 photoreduction to CO/CH4 for c) BMO and d) BMO‐R, in which BMO‐R convert *CO to *OCH. Oxygen of absorbed intermediates, oxygen of BMO/BMO‐R, carbon, bismuth and molybdenum atoms are denoted as balls, respectively red, pink, brown, purple and grey. | PMC10100506 | ANIE-61-0-g001.jpg |
0.412702 | 0733a0ceda154beba427abe218480010 | a) Scheme for BMO nanosheet crystal structure. Bismuth, molybdenum, oxygen and oxygen vacancy are denoted as balls, respectively, yellow, grey, red and white; b) TEM image and SAED, c) XRD patterns for BMO and BMO‐R; d) STEM image and e) series of O K‐edge EELS spectra from bulk to surface of BMO‐R; Bi L3 edge XAS experiment and fitted data for f) BMO‐R and g) BMO; h) Raman spectra for BMO and BMO‐R. | PMC10100506 | ANIE-61-0-g003.jpg |
0.404736 | 80b2a49b096e4724a4cdbd06bb4eaa1a | a) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction for BMO, BMO‐R, BVO, BVO‐R, BWO and BWO‐R under Xenon lamp illumination; b) Repeated photocatalytic CO2 reduction test for BMO‐R; c) UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and band gap for BMO and BMO‐R; d) CO2 photoreduction for BMO and BMO‐R under 540 nm LED illumination for 7 h; e) TSPL spectra for BMO and BMO‐R; f) Transient photocurrent density for BMO and BMO‐R in 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. | PMC10100506 | ANIE-61-0-g004.jpg |
0.385567 | 4b7769fcc0c241ae8fa3507b4f2073dc |
In situ DRIFTS test for CO2 and H2O interaction with a) BMO‐R and b) BMO in dark; Projected crystal orbital Hamilton population (pCOHP) between carbon atom in CO2 and Mo active site on c) BMO‐R and d) BMO; Charge difference distributions for e) BMO‐R and f) BMO following CO2 adsorption (charge depletion is in yellow and accumulation in blue, positive values for Δq indicate electron accumulation on CO2
E
ads is CO2 adsorption energy on surface). Isosurfaces are 0.003 e Å−3. Oxygen, carbon, bismuth and molybdenum atoms are denoted as balls, respectively red, brown, purple and grey. | PMC10100506 | ANIE-61-0-g005.jpg |
0.433916 | 25cf89bd07e84c4f988bcc12c7f219c1 | Schematic overview of the datasets used and their selection process.Datasets in bold represent the datasets used for analyses in this study. Datasets in light represent necessary intermediate steps in sampling or represent a dataset for an analysis whose results are given in the supplemental information (Dataset 4). *Dataset 3 cleaned for specimens having leaf area and LMA outliers, incomplete data, and are of rare fossil-species/TCTs (less than five leaves). **Completeness of observations of variables is mandatory for the applied multivariate analysis. In the present study, the presence of LMA values was limiting. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g001.jpg |
0.407188 | 721d8296d0344bf7a409b4bfc361f383 | Differences in taxonomic composition between leaf assemblages and different datasets.(A) Frequency of plant families occurring in the Seifhennersdorf assemblage and their representation in the datasets. (B) Frequency of plant families occurring in the Suletice-Berand assemblage and their representation in the datasets. The changes in frequency document the effect of the sampling process described in Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g002.jpg |
0.455622 | 1e0ac7e8b4cf468a89535b1797039000 | Frequency of trait combination types (TCT) compared between Seifhennersdorf and Suletice-Berand.The figure is based on Dataset 1 and shows the results of a combined specimen- and taxonomy-based TCT approach. For details, see Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g003.jpg |
0.427788 | 04898e524628438fa1c8f58d77e6eecb | The morphospace of leaves is built from the two first axes of the Principal Component Analysis.(A) Points location reflects leaf quantitative trait variability. (B–D) Highlight the possible relationship with environmental/ecological variables. Only phenology significantly affects leaf morphology (i.e., as assessed with the GLMs on leaf size and LMA, M1 and M2). The PCA was made on data after LMA data imputation (Dataset 5). For details, see Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g004.jpg |
0.425817 | a30bc2ae6db4406a93117e8b63a854ef | Leaf size and leaf mass per area (LMA) variabilities.(A) Leaf size per family. (B) LMA per family. Red dots represent the Seifhennersdorf specimen. Blue dots represent the Suletice-Berand specimen. Grey dashed lines show the LMA boundaries that Royer et al. (2007) defined: LMA < 87 g/m2 = deciduous, LMA between 87 and 129 g/m2 = intermediate, and LMA > 129 g/m2 = evergreen. Letters highlight groups of families sharing the same size or LMA (i.e., families having a letter in common are not significantly different; Multiple Kruskal tests, R package agricolae, p-value <0.05). For details, see Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g005.jpg |
0.391989 | faae2f011f484acebad597bd9d117986 | Herbivory metrics compared between Seifhennersdorf and Suletice-Berand regarding whole assemblages and fossil-species phenology.(A) Damage frequencies by Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) compared between A1-A2: the whole assemblages, A5-A6: leaves of deciduous fossil-species, and A7-A8: leaves of evergreen fossil-species. Additionally, the proportions of leaves from deciduous and evergreen fossil-species in the assemblages are stated in A3-A4. (B) Damage type occurrences by FFGs compared between B1: the whole assemblages, B2: leaves of deciduous and evergreen fossil-species from Seifhennersdorf, and B3: leaves of deciduous and evergreen fossil-species from Suletice-Berand. The numbers above the columns in B1-B3 represent the total damage type occurrence. (C) Damage type richness compared between C1: both assemblages and C2: leaves from deciduous and evergreen fossil-species. The rarefaction curves are reduced to 400 leaves for visibility. For details regarding the metrics, see Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g006.jpg |
0.44052 | ee204b2393af4f2899708c64bee0e541 | Insect damage types on Seifhennersdorf leaves.(A) MMG PB Sf 4356 Carya fragiliformis with DTs 2, 5, and 14. (B) MMG PB Sf 5400 C. fragiliformis with DTs 14 and 81. (C) MMG PB Sf 1672 Carpinus grandis with DT 78. (D) MMG PB Sf 5159:1 C. grandis with DT 78. (E) MMG PB Sf 5181 C. grandis with DT 214. (F) Detail of K. Scale 0.5 cm. (G) MMG PB Sf 4812 C. fragiliformis with DT 16. (H) MMG PB Sf 5525 C. fragiliformis with DTs 50 and 57. (I) MMG PB Sf 1626 C. grandis with DT 214. (J) MMG PB Sf 931 C. fragiliformis with DTs 50 and 57. (K) MMG PB Sf 8360 Acer angustilobum with unknown gall DT. Unless otherwise stated, the scale is 1 cm. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g007.jpg |
0.413521 | dda392a532614e2187e7244a0b5dbcf8 | Insect damage types on Suletice-Berand leaves.(A) MMG PB SuBe 828a Sloanea olmediifolia with DT 20 (07). (B) MMG PB SuBe 25b Carpinus grandis with DT 78. (C) MMG PB SuBe 107c Platanus neptuni with DTs 18 and 38. (D) MMG PB SuBe 2:1c Engelhardia orsbergensis with DT 2. (E) Detail of A. Scale 0.5 cm. (F) MMG PB SuBe 911a Acer tricuspidatum with DT 2. (G) MMG PB SuBe 871t P. neptuni with DTs 5 and 12. (H) MMG PB SuBe 451a Acer palaeosaccharinum with unknown gall DT. The counterpart to I. Scale 0.5 cm. (I) MMG SuBe 634c A. palaeosaccharinum with unknown gall DT. Unless otherwise stated, the scale is 1 cm. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g008.jpg |
0.436975 | c0184e22e4c743079da91ef2a49d4c32 | Herbivory metrics compared between Seifhennersdorf and Suletice-Berand regarding Trait Combination Types (TCTs).(A) Damage frequencies by Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) compared between abundant TCTs in A1–A5: the Seifhennersdorf assemblage and A6–A10: the Suletice-Berand assemblage. (B) Damage type occurrences by FFGs compared between abundant TCTs in B1: the Seifhennersdorf assemblage and B2: the Suletice-Berand assemblage. (C) Damage type richness compared between C1–C5: abundant TCT in both assemblages. The rarefaction curves are reduced to 400 leaves for visibility. Abundant TCTs are represented with more than 20 leaves. For details regarding the metrics, see Material & Methods. | PMC10100813 | peerj-11-15140-g009.jpg |
0.549405 | 093aa766997744dab411fae169ece17c | Phylogenetic and structure analyses of three identified CDAs in B.
bassiana. (A) A phylogenetic tree was generated by using MEGA-X software. Bootstrap values are used to denote the number next to the node. The bar marker represents the genetic distance, which is proportional to the number of amino acid substitutions Complete or relevant enzyme groups for analysis of CDA were mined from the database as follows: Af, Aspergillus fumigatus; An, Aspergillus nidulans; Bb, Beauveria bassiana; Cl, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum; Cn, Cryptococcus neoformans; Fv, Flammulina velutipes; Gb, Gongronella butleri; Ma, Metarhizium
anisopliae; Mr, Mucor rouxianus; Mgg, Magnaporthae oryzae; Pb, Phycomyces blakesleeanus; Pc, Pochonia chlamydosporia; Pes, Pestalotiopsis sp.; Pgt, Puccinia graminis; Rn, Rhizopus nigricans; Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sch, Schizophyllum commune; Sp, Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Ta, Trichoderma atroviride; Vc, Vibrio cholerae. (B) I-Tasser online server (https://zhanggroup.org/I-TASSER/.) was used to predict the 3D structure of CDAs. Three CDA proteins containing the NodB-like DNA-binding regions are indicated by blue lines. Secondary structure pigmented CDA structure; yellow = chain, red = helix, green = loop/coil. Side chains of metal-binding residues, catalytic acids, and catalytic bases are labeled as rods, and metal ions are shown as gray spheres. | PMC10101055 | spectrum.04748-22-f001.jpg |
0.438179 | 47171dd896d945c1b620768d79f442ba | Analysis of asexual development and conidial activity of fungi. (A) Conidial yield was measured daily on SDAY from days 5 to 8. (B) The germination rate of conidia at 25°C is expressed as the GT50 (h). (C) Conidial production was quantified from NLB after 3 days of culture. (D) Conidial heat tolerance (LT50) was assessed by treating the conidia at 45°C. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: standard deviation (SD) of 3 biological replicates. | PMC10101055 | spectrum.04748-22-f002.jpg |
0.431052 | 48716b20b03e4f49bbf41c73b168f74b | Determination of fungal virulence to larval G. mellonella. (A) The LT50 after cuticle infection of G. mellonella was achieved with 107 conidia/mL and hemocoel infection was achieved by injection of ~500 conidia. (B) The images show the mycelia growing on the corpse surface 5 days after larval death. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: SD of 3 biological replicates. | PMC10101055 | spectrum.04748-22-f003.jpg |
0.418062 | eafe74a6c5034078a85464e3d026edc4 | Analysis of secondary sporulation ability. Quantification conidia regenerated on the surface of dead larvae after 10 days. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: SD of 3 repeated assays. | PMC10101055 | spectrum.04748-22-f004.jpg |
0.440882 | 5828ea48cc2945e89b91a9345ec7caa9 | Detection of chitin deacetylation and penetration ability of fungi. (A, B) Colony size was measured and the colony growth state on medium containing cicada wings was photographed after 6 days. (C) Enzyme activity was measured in the fermentation broth of cicada decidua culture medium after 72 h of induction. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's HSD, P < 0.05). Error bars: SD of 3 biological replicates. | PMC10101055 | spectrum.04748-22-f005.jpg |
0.408258 | 3d21b6f5be314f2884263b5003ef9eb8 | PPRV genomic RNA (gRNA) and mRNA transcripts contain m6A modifications. (A) Dot blot assay for PPRV genomic RNA obtained from ultrapurified virus and in vitro T7-transcribed (IVT) RNA (with or without m6A) detected with m6A-specific antibody, using MB (methylene blue) as the loading control. (B) MeRIP-Northern blotting for mRNA from PPRV-infected Vero cells. (C) MeRIP-Northern blotting for RNA prepared from IVT PPRV detected with IgG (control) or m6A-specific antibody. (D) MeRIP-Seq for total RNA extracted from PPRV-infected Vero cells and subjected to immunoprecipitation with m6A-specific antibody, followed by next-generation sequencing. Methylation coverage on the full-length input RNA and m6A_MeRIP are presented, along with the fold change. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f001.jpg |
0.477668 | e9a29be7fb8544fea4930470003b0ff4 | Effect of PPRV infection on expression of m6A modification proteins and m6A levels. Vero cells were infected with PPRV for different lengths of time (24, 48, and 72 h). The expression of m6A machinery genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR, proteins by Western blotting (WB), and m6A levels by dot blot. (A) Expression of m6A writers (METTL3 and WTAP). (B) Expression of m6A erasers (FTO and ALKBH5). (C) WB for m6A writers and eraser proteins. (D) Effect of PPRV infection on the level of m6A modification in the mRNA of host cells and MB (methylene blue) as the loading control. Error bars indicate the standard deviations; *, P < 0.05. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f002.jpg |
0.38282 | 66ed8fb026c0449b8e40ab63ba346ff9 | Effect of PPRV infection on the distribution of m6A machinery proteins and their colocalization with PPRV nucleocapsid (N) protein. (A and B) m6A writer proteins METTL3 (A) and WTAP (B). (C and D) m6A eraser proteins FTO (C) and ALKBH5 (D). These m6A machinery proteins were analyzed along with the PPRV nucleocapsid (N) protein at different time points of infection by double immunofluorescence staining using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Viral nucleocapsid (N) protein is stained green (FITC [fluorescein isothiocyanate]), host m6A modification proteins are stained red (TRITC [tetramethyl rhodamine isocyanate]), and the nucleus is stained blue (DAPI [4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole]). | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f003.jpg |
0.439956 | 3a85fc8304154e0688d4ecc8981bc812 | Effect of reduction in modified m6A in host cells on PPRV gene expression and replication. (A) Effect of 3-DAA on the proliferation of Vero cells, evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. (B) Dose-dependent reduction of host m6A levels by 3-DAA treatment in Vero cell mRNA, confirmed by dot blot assay. Vero cells were treated with 3-DAA and infected with PPRV. The effect of reducing the host m6A modifications on PRV gene expression and viral replication was analyzed; MB (methylene blue) was used as the loading control. (C) PPRV nucleocapsid (N) gene expression determined by RT-qPCR. (D and E) PPRV N protein levels determined by Western blotting. (F) Culture supernatant was evaluated for PPRV titration using the TCID50 method. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f004.jpg |
0.441695 | 06d1c59e89184124bb20dc1910038b8c | Effect of incremental m6A modification in host cells on PPRV gene expression and replication. (A) Effect of meclofenamic acid (MA) on the proliferation of Vero cells as evaluated by MTT assay. (B) Dose-dependent increase in the host m6A levels by MA treatment, confirmed by dot blot assay. Vero cells were treated with MA and infected with PPRV. The effect of increased host cell m6A modification on PPRV gene expression and viral replication was analyzed; MB (methylene blue) was used as loading control. (C) PPRV nucleocapsid (N) gene expression, determined by RT-qPCR. (D and E) PPRV nucleocapsid (N) protein levels determined by Western blotting. (F) Culture supernatant was evaluated for PPRV titration using the TCID50 method. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f005.jpg |
0.461465 | ead4fefd0e4b46d0a3911af0ea6bf2e2 | Effect of METTL3 knockdown on PPRV gene expression and replication. (A) METTL3 mRNA expression was analyzed in wild-type and METTL3 stable knockdown (METTL3_KD) Vero cells by RT-qPCR. (B) METTL3 protein level in wild-type and METTL3_KD Vero cells was analyzed by WB. (C) The levels of m6A modification in mRNA of wild-type and METTL3_KD Vero cells were analyzed by dot blot assay, with MB (methylene blue) used as the loading control. (D) PPRV nucleocapsid (N) gene expression in wild-type and METTL3_KD Vero cells was analyzed by RT-qPCR. (E) PPRV nucleocapsid protein level in wild-type and METTL3_KD Vero cells was analyzed by WB. (F) PPRV replication in wild-type and METTL3_KD Vero cells was analyzed by virus titration using the TCID50 method. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f006.jpg |
0.423684 | 2b6d880f8cd14d7e8ccf13dfd4f7ada7 | Effect of FTO knockdown on PPRV gene expression and replication. (A) FTO mRNA expression was analyzed in wild-type and FTO stable knockdown (FTO_KD) Vero cells by RT-qPCR. (B) FTO protein level in wild-type and FTO_KD Vero cells was analyzed by WB. (C) Levels of m6A modification in mRNA of wild-type and FTO_KD Vero cells were analyzed by dot blot assay, with MB (methylene blue) used as the loading control. (D) PPRV nucleocapsid gene expression in wild-type and FTO_KD Vero cells was analyzed by RT-qPCR. (E) PPRV nucleocapsid (N) protein level in wild-type and FTO_KD Vero cells was analyzed by WB. (F) PPRV replication in wild-type and FTO_KD Vero cells was analyzed by virus titration using the TCID50 method. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f007.jpg |
0.475186 | 2ee70eb5c14940a9a0acd64cb3005a61 | Relationship between m6A modification levels and PPRV gene expression and replication. (A) FTO_KD Vero cells (with increased m6A modification) treated with different concentrations of 3-DAA show reduced m6A modification as analyzed by dot blot assay, with MB (methylene blue) used as the loading control. (B) Comparison of PPRV N gene expression and m6A modification levels in FTO_KD cells treated with 3-DAA. (C and D) PPRV N protein level evaluated in FTO_KD cells treated with different concentrations of 3-DAA. (E) PPRV N protein level analyzed in FTO_KD cells treated with 12.5 μM 3-DAA and wild-type (WT) cells. (F) PPRV replication was analyzed in FTO_KD cells treated with 12.5 μM 3-DAA and wild-type (WT) cells using virus titration by TCID50 assay. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f008.jpg |
0.487356 | a86704711f2c44e1a0a01e50e349cdb2 | Effect of m6A modification on the stability of PPRV nucleocapsid mRNA and efficiency of translation. (A) In vitro T7 transcription (IVT) was used to prepare PPRV nucleocapsid mRNA (with or without m6A modification). The mRNA was used for transfection of the Vero cells and analyzed for its stability at different time points using RT-qPCR. (B) Vero cells were transfected with PPRV nucleocapsid mRNA with and without m6A modification, and the translation efficiency of the mRNA was evaluated by detecting the His-tagged PPRV nucleocapsid protein by WB. (C) His-tagged PPRV nucleocapsid protein was analyzed using immunofluorescence staining of cells transfected with m6A-modified and -unmodified PPRV nucleocapsid mRNA. (D and E) Flow cytometric analysis of cells transfected with m6A-modified and -unmodified PPRV nucleocapsid mRNA. Error bars indicate standard deviations; *, P < 0.05. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f009.jpg |
0.417222 | c1df8ed94a2a48318f7fdc1697e72a41 | Schematic diagram showing the relationship between m6A modification of host Vero cells and PPRV replication. Neither greatly reduced or increased levels of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in host cells favored PPRV gene expression and viral replication. The highest PPRV replication requires certain optimal m6A modification levels, higher than the basal m6A modifications in wild-type Vero cells. | PMC10101086 | spectrum.02666-22-f010.jpg |
0.515999 | cfb98b44278642c18609cf73fa21b84f | First row: a data set of 10 faces with inconsistent mesh structures. Second row: the first principal component geodesic (in the positive and negative directions) from the Karcher mean (purple) of the data set. The principal direction is obtained by tangent PCA (Color figure online) | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig10_HTML.jpg |
0.44839 | a5eac337dbe54dd6ad241dbdd63b70fe | Example of parallel transport using Schild’s ladder. We compute the initial tangent vector in the direction of the top geodesic, use Schild’s ladder to transport the tangent vector along the geodesic between the leftmost surfaces, and finally compute the geodesic on the the bottom as an IVP. Animations of the obtained motion transfer can be found in the supplementary material and on the github repository | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig11_HTML.jpg |
0.539399 | c94e6b70185545ec8c589529ddd9113d | Matching with missing data. We use a complete set of phalanges (i.e., hand bones) as the source, and a different set of phalanges as the target, where some bones on the index finger and thumb were artificially removed. Top row: We matched the surfaces without weight estimation using Algorithm 2. The parts of the transformed source that are getting matched to the removed bones from the target get shrunk to almost zero volume. The estimated geodesic distance is 117.006. Bottom row: We augment the surfaces with weights and use Algorithm 7 to match them. Our model correctly “erases” (i.e., estimates vanishing weights) the appropriate parts of the transformed source to account for the corresponding missing bones on the target. This produces a natural looking geodesic between the source and target, without the production of singularities, with a lower estimated geodesic distance of 114.564 | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig12_HTML.jpg |
0.460378 | 629e597d97084e998f78051f8e6d7258 | Splitting into multiple components. We match a single sphere with two disconnected spheres using Algorithm 7. The transformed source q(1) contains a “bridge” between the two spheres in the target where the algorithm estimates zero weights | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig13_HTML.jpg |
0.432194 | e38bc9ca3ec8419486ed787cd4408c79 | Matching with highly inconsistent topological structures. We match a sphere (genus zero surface) and a torus (genus one surface) via Algorithm 7. Our model artificially accounts for the creation of a hole, i.e., the change in topology, via the estimation of vanishing weights | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig14_HTML.jpg |
0.426717 | 18c62092183841aab34e247d9c80d3e3 | Karcher mean estimation with weights. The data (turquoise) consists of 5 distinct hands each missing a different finger, and the Karcher mean estimate (yellow) is a complete hand (Color figure online) | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig15_HTML.jpg |
0.43689 | bf73e7db26e34401b3753dbf9733e33a | Geodesics between Karcher mean estimate (yellow on the left) and data points of the example in Fig. 15 (turquoise on the right) (Color figure online) | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig16_HTML.jpg |
0.442355 | 11036b3574cf4998af6c5ff87917050a | Examples of optimal deformations (geodesics) between different types of data with unknown point correspondences: genus zero surfaces (line 1 and 2), higher genus surfaces with boundaries and inconsistent topologies (line 3 and 4), shape complexes (line 5 and 6), partial matching (line 7). Animations of the obtained surface deformations can be found in the supplementary material and on the github repository | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.459564 | 5100b948de524381b3b4ed178e6a9376 | Point correspondences obtained after matching two unparametrized surfaces: the coloring of the two surfaces encode the obtained point correspondences. In addition, we highlight the obtained matching for selected points by displaying connecting lines | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.487288 | 6939e3e7caf44d2b90fab76b4189b628 | The induced pullback metric on M of an immersion \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$q: M\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}^3$$\end{document}q:M→R3 | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.397226 | ff9f4e134a8549ef8b50bdf9bb6db7c9 | Defining \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^2$$\end{document}H2-metrics using discrete differential geometry. The cell dual to the vertex v is shown in blue | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.516231 | 62bc84dd71024afc89e54b6d8a59d98b | Solution to a parametrized BVP (top) and to the corresponding IVP (middle), i.e., after solving the BVP, we calculated the corresponding initial velocity of the solution and used this as the initial condition to solve the IVP. The results are overlaid (bottom) to illustrate the small discrepancy in the solutions | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.442555 | 738554fa8cab4dc493aa2af65f137c3b | Influence of constants. An example of the same boundary value problem with different choices for the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^2$$\end{document}H2-metric coefficients \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(a_0,a_1,b_1,c_1,d_1,a_2).$$\end{document}(a0,a1,b1,c1,d1,a2). First row: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), second row: (10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), third row: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0.1), fourth row: (1, 10, 10, 1, 1, 0.1), fifth row: (1, 1, 10, 0, 1, 10), sixth row: (1, 100, 1, 1, 1, 1) | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.46673 | 66dcf47c240a4030b352af6dc34f4c14 | Matching of two skulls with highly incompatible topology. Top row: Geodesic w.r.t. to an \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^2$$\end{document}H2-metric with coefficients: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2). Bottom row: the deformed source q(1) for different metrics and methods: the SRNF pseudo distance obtained with the code of Bauer et al. (2021) (yellow), an \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^1$$\end{document}H1-metric with coefficients: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0) (green), an \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^2$$\end{document}H2-metric with coefficients: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2) (turquoise), an \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H^2$$\end{document}H2-metric with coefficients allowing for partial matching: (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2) (violet). The target is displayed on the right. One can observe the regularizing effect of the second-order terms (turquoise and violet) and, in addition, how topological inconsistencies (such as the thin arc near the left ear) are correctly removed in the partial matching framework (violet) instead of getting shrunk to almost zero volume (turquoise) | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig7_HTML.jpg |
0.432102 | 12afe6722a26411dab104e8f60eb8b89 | Visualizing the distance matrix between ten human body shapes using multidimensional scaling. The geodesic distance naturally clusters the population into male and female shapes | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig8_HTML.jpg |
0.475368 | 869f2f5a91364259afb0422ca39752b9 | Tangent PCA for a set of parametrized surfaces. On the left we display the first three principal component geodesics of a training set. On the right, we display a reconstruction of two elements from a separate testing set, where each vertex is colored based on the Euclidean error of the reconstruction | PMC10102155 | 11263_2022_1743_Fig9_HTML.jpg |
0.446931 | c787409ce29a4647baec1f177f5805bd | The main treatment strategy of cancer. | PMC10102376 | fphar-14-1116558-g001.jpg |
0.425308 | 4a061e34c23b486f90e8259df64ecb76 | The structure of intestinal crypt-villus. | PMC10102376 | fphar-14-1116558-g002.jpg |
0.513377 | 06ae3ddb4777492686018fc03bc68a1e | Irradiation damages intestinal integrity. | PMC10102376 | fphar-14-1116558-g003.jpg |
0.420004 | 5eaaf50f31a442d4940362318a159cb6 | Therapeutic effects of drugs on radiation enteritis. (A). Metformin increased villus length and crypt number after irradiation. (B). Sitagliptin reduced the intestinal damage caused by irradiation in mice. (C). Me6TREN promoted intestinal tissue regeneration after radiation injury. (D). CBP/P300 inhibitiors promoted the regeneration of crypts in vivo. (E). EGCG administration reduces radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury significantly by increasing the number of LGR5 + ISCs and Ki67 + crypt cells. | PMC10102376 | fphar-14-1116558-g004.jpg |
0.409874 | e6f8a5ea4cba4128b8f147d5a83e8570 | The treatment of FMT for radiation enteritis. | PMC10102376 | fphar-14-1116558-g005.jpg |
0.374376 | 4e1ffc91e57744e39d8b6ffb469fed0c | Flow chart of the literature search strategy and eligible study selection process. EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; TMB, tumor mutation burden. | PMC10102485 | fimmu-14-1146898-g001.jpg |
0.480784 | c46da4e7f93640f89a70a4718c9e9ce4 | Meta-analysis of the association between biomarkers and objective response rate (ORR). (A) baseline plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level and ORR; (B) Dynamic plasma EBV DNA load during immunotherapy and ORR; (C) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression [higher vs. lower] and ORR; (D) PD-L1 expression [positive vs. negative] and ORR; (E) tumor mutation burden (TMB) and ORR. | PMC10102485 | fimmu-14-1146898-g002.jpg |
0.407984 | 6eb5c235fce248539d85a7e6f6454376 | Meta-analysis of the association between biomarkers and progression-free survival (PFS). (A) baseline plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level and PFS; (B) Dynamic plasma EBV DNA load during immunotherapy and PFS; (C) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression [higher vs. lower] and PFS; (D) PD-L1 expression [positive vs. negative] and PFS; (E) tumor mutation burden (TMB) and PFS. | PMC10102485 | fimmu-14-1146898-g003.jpg |
0.479133 | 20f1ed69cebb488d9c50ed7edd17adf5 | Funnel plot of objective response rate (ORR) for studies reporting biomarkers. (A) baseline plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level; (B) dynamic plasma EBV DNA load during immunotherapy; (C) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (higher vs. lower); (D) PD-L1 expression (positive vs. negative); (E) tumor mutation burden (TMB). | PMC10102485 | fimmu-14-1146898-g004.jpg |
0.429518 | 2a93e0b17e5f407b829141bec75881df | Funnel plot of progression-free survival (PFS) for studies reporting biomarkers. (A) baseline plasma EBV DNA level; (B) dynamic plasma EBV DNA load during immunotherapy; (C) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (higher vs. lower); (D) PD-L1 expression (positive vs. negative); (E) tumor mutation burden (TMB). | PMC10102485 | fimmu-14-1146898-g005.jpg |
0.376004 | 6229cada9bc642f78889639408eeaa01 | g2nb user interface.A tools panel (a-c) allows users to search for and select from any server that the user has logged into. In this example the user (a) searches for the STAR sequence alignment tool. Tools with STAR in their name or description are displayed for the two servers currently connected: (b) the Galaxy Main server and (c) the GenePattern cloud server. (d) A Galaxy analysis cell shows the interface to the STARsolo tool on Galaxy Main after it has been selected by the g2nb user. (e) input files are selected as they would in the original platforms. Here a Galaxy history is displayed, with possible user input files. Figs. S1– S3 show GenePattern, IGV, and Cytoscape in their g2nb analysis cell formats. | PMC10104038 | nihpp-2023.04.04.535621v1-f0001.jpg |
0.466994 | f2585f9b56624b179a70a55f5e47792f | Uniform re-processing of all datasets. (A), The number of studies, datasets, donors, and samples in the previous publication (R3) and current version of the eQTL Catalogue (R6). (B), Number of genes with at least one significant eQTL (‘eGenes’) on the X chromosome as a function of dataset sample size. Red points indicate datasets for which the X chromosome genotypes were unavailable. (C), The number of eGenes identified in each dataset for the five molecular traits (gene expression, exon expression, transcript usage, txrevise event usage, and Leafcutter splice-junction usage). Datasets newly added since release 3 have been highlighted. | PMC10104061 | nihpp-2023.04.06.535816v1-f0001.jpg |
0.405789 | 3f9c7323a5484960bfdd566558fedc25 | Visualisation of a splicing QTL detected in the CYP2R1 gene. (A) RNA-seq read coverage across the CYP2R1 gene in GTEx transverse colon tissue stratified by the genotype of the lead sQTL variant (chr11_14855172_G_A). All introns have been shortened to 50 nt with wiggleplotr (Alasoo, 2017) to make variation in exonic read coverage easier to see. (B) Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals of the lead sQTL variant on the expression level of individual exons (or exonic parts) of CYP2R1. Associations significant at FDR <= 1% are shown in dark blue. (C) The top two rows show the MANE Select (Morales et al., 2022) reference transcript and all annotated exons of CYP2R1, respectively. The remaining rows show the txrevise (Alasoo et al., 2019) event annotations used for sQTL mapping. The short version of exon 4 (between dashed lines) is only present in annotated nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) transcripts. | PMC10104061 | nihpp-2023.04.06.535816v1-f0002.jpg |
0.476416 | e436466762744a1c90a381d8ee451aa2 | Sharing of significantly colocalised signals with vitamin D (A) Number of colocalised signals detected by the different molecular QTL quantification methods and sharing between them. (B) Number of colocalised signals assigned to empirical functional consequence (eQTL, sQTL, puQTL, apaQTL or ambiguous) and sharing structure between them. (C) Number of independent colocalised signals associated with either a single target gene or multiple target genes in each functional consequences group. eQTL - expression QTL, sQTL - splicing QTL, puQTL - promoter usage QTL, apaQTL - alternative polyadenylation QTL. | PMC10104061 | nihpp-2023.04.06.535816v1-f0003.jpg |
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