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Description of the main postures of the back reached and maintained by the subject during the implementation of the movement protocol: (a) orthostatic posture maintained before each movement subprotocol and between the repetitions of a given subprotocol; (b) back bent to the left of the subject; (c) back bent to the right of the subject; (d) back bent forward; (e) knees bent, back straight; (f) back bent forward and twisted to the left; (g) back bent forward and twisted to the right; (h) placement of the datalogger, and the datalogger used to collect acceleration data, including axis orientation.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g001.jpg
0.48016
195f06bebd8840b28ff960867f6836f1
An example of the raw data collected by the triaxial accelerometer for the subprotocol A1, involving back bending to the left of the subject: the x, y, and z axes in the legend stand for the responses (g) on x, y, and z axes, respectively; right end part of the figure (from 7050 to 7500 50-ms increments) shows in the responses on the three axes during part of the time in which the orthostatic posture was maintained; relatively static responses in the figure indicate the time in which a given posture was maintained; increments and decrements in magnitude indicate the time in which movements were done to change a given posture. Note: the signal contained impulse noise and oscillations.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g002.jpg
0.451225
f3fae432eb5746e4ac310b722c629237
Data partitioning into training (green strips at the bottom of the figure) and testing (red strips at the bottom of the figure) data subsets. Legend: Xfiltered, Yfiltered, and Zfiltered are the values of the signals on the three axes after applying a median filter with a window size of 41; type of work is an arbitrary signal taking a value of 1 when dynamic work (movement) was present and −1 when static work (no movement) was present.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g003.jpg
0.436739
93ba741f5714454eb5a0e2cf30091208
Effect of axial signal filtering by a median filter with a window size of 41. Legend: Xoriginal, Yoriginal, and Zoriginal are the original values collected by the accelerometer on the x, y, and z axes, respectively; Xfiltered, Yfiltered, and Zfiltered are the values of the signals on the three axes after applying a median filter with a window size of 41; type of work is an arbitrary signal taking a value of 1 when dynamic work (movement) was present and −1 when static work (no movement) was present. Note: the time domain from 0 to ca. 5100 (50 ms increments) corresponds to the subprotocol A1 (Table A1), and the time domain from ca. 5100 to 5500 (50 ms increments) (right part of the figure) corresponds to keeping an orthostatic posture before starting subprotocol A2; details given in black box indicate the utility of the used median filter in removing both impulse noise and oscillations during dynamic work.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g004.jpg
0.540995
8912a0b5664b46aa83f5dfb94c9f0612
Variation in classification accuracy (CA), recall (REC), and cross-entropy (LOGLOSS) by parameter tuning: (a–c) results of the two-class problem of evaluating the classification performance over dynamic and static work by the MLPBNN as a function of the regularization term; (d–f) results of the 13-class problem of evaluating the classification performance over back postures by the MLPBNN as a function of the regularization term; (g–i) results of the two-class problem of evaluating the classification performance over dynamic and static work by the RF as a function of the number of trees; (j–l) results of the 13-class problem of evaluating the classification performance over back postures by the RF as a function of the number of trees.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g005a.jpg
0.45516
33bb5e58d2d64ead8028534b2e6db65f
Classification performance in the training and testing phases to differentiate dynamic from static work: (a) by a MLPBNN machine learning algorithm with α set at 0.001; (b) by a RF machine learning algorithm with number of trees set at 10,000.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g006.jpg
0.445903
324ddfd77a7c43bc89dfc65d863078ec
Misclassifications in the testing phase of the two-class problem (dynamic vs. static work of the back) by the two machine learning algorithms: (a) MLPBPNN (α = 0.001) algorithm; (b) RF (number of trees = 10,000) algorithm. Legend: classifier—an arbitrary signal showing the correct (acceleration = −1.5 g) and incorrect (acceleration = −2.0 g) classifications; Xfiltered, Yfiltered, and Zfiltered are the values of the signals on the three axes after applying a median filter with a window size of 41.
PMC9140631
healthcare-10-00916-g007a.jpg
0.456816
d610a667d34149018dd0a0ba4609a576
Location of the study region.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g001.jpg
0.513843
0113f773cd21463c9b2afc2a7dbe3a45
The distribution of soil potential toxic element samples in the study region.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g002.jpg
0.437554
ebe9a5e47d4b47d986a40d4312005d11
Spatial distribution of ecological risk index.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g003.jpg
0.509229
8c4525fa9eaa4b46b46dd7d09293a841
Source composition of the PMF model.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g004.jpg
0.418781
dcd706a214ce4e0a986e3ffcd09907e4
Spatial distribution of the source contribution of each sample for six factors from the PMF model.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g005.jpg
0.459021
50381095fc184edea492b9c9dfe0162c
Geometric distributions of eight potential toxic element contents (after normalization).
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g006.jpg
0.446019
f8e6395e478a4ff690b80bc95a1cbe82
Spatial distribution of the source contribution of each sample for six factors from the Unmix model.
PMC9140723
ijerph-19-06132-g007.jpg
0.491955
0c700891229c414fb0aadd616d23aa37
Family pedigree. Black-filled symbols, subjects carrying the identified RET c.1901G>A and SLC12A3 c.3070_3079delinsCAG mutations; empty symbols, subjects without identified mutations; gray-filled symbols, not sequenced; the black arrow indicates the proband.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g001.jpg
0.412791
82b939fb40904e3ab71d7844e2487d87
The computed tomography of the proband showed multiple nodules on both sides of the adrenal glands.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g002.jpg
0.461231
cb0122fc6d8347c8a443c609bc8ea6d2
Sanger sequencing identified the mutation in RET.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g003.jpg
0.398796
4b2a918a6a2c4b62920f8bf3b84fda91
Sanger sequencing identified the mutation in SLC12A3.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g004.jpg
0.453579
636f553e7e6442a6aa53518ed43a0c6a
Structural models of the protein encoded by SLC12A3 (a) and the mutant (SLC12A3 c.3070_3079delinsCAG) (b). Yellow spheres indicate mutated amino acid residues.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g005.jpg
0.507979
3d1a01f80a5c4f529f0b3e9b10527a3b
(a,b): Interaction pattern between the C-terminal amino acids and surrounding amino acid residues in the protein encoded by SLC12A3. (c,d): Interaction pattern between the C-terminal amino acids and the surrounding amino acid residues in the predicted protein encoded by SLC12A3 c.3070_3079-delinsCAG. Yellow spheres indicate mutated amino acid residues.
PMC9140906
genes-13-00864-g006.jpg
0.411074
3b8dc56cc6bd4d9f8ac0245e282ae16d
Conceptual model.
PMC9141056
foods-11-01375-g001.jpg
0.453887
1941b0fe88dd471391786929af60aa08
Schematic illustration of the preparation process of GelMA HMs and its treatment of skull defects. (A) HMs were fabricated by microfluidic technology with UV irradiation. (B) BMSCs were seeded on the HMs and then transplanted to the skull defects.
PMC9141522
gels-08-00275-g001.jpg
0.407184
a44a9df5fd624223acd162250d21be43
Physical and biocompatible characterization of HMs. (A) The stereoscopic microscope image of HMs. Scale bar: 500 μm. (B) The microscopic image of HMs. Scale bar: 400 μm. (C) The mechanical strength of HMs. (D) Live/dead staining of BMSCs co-cultured with HMs for 1, 4, and 7 days, respectively. Scale bar: 500 μm. (E) Viability quantification of BMSCs co-cultured with HMs for 1, 4, and 7 days. (F) The toxicity test of HMs and BMSCs co-culture. (G) The cytotoxicity of HMs to BMSCs after culture for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days.
PMC9141522
gels-08-00275-g002.jpg
0.395909
46123a467ac848aab7537888be3137d5
The effect of HMs on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (A) The expression of osteogenic marker genes (RUNX2, OCN, and BMP2). (B) The expression of chondrogenic marker genes (SOX9 and COLL2). (C) The expression of adipogenic marker genes (PPARγ, LPL, and C/EBPα). (Error bars, mean ±SD; * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001; n = 3 per group).
PMC9141522
gels-08-00275-g003.jpg
0.423552
7b467dbbb8154fe1bc27ce659657c361
Evaluation of bone regeneration 8 weeks after surgery by micro-CT. (A) Micromorphometric analysis of large skull defects including superficial, three-dimensional, and sagittal views of micro-CT images after 8 weeks of surgery. (B) Micromorphometric bone parameters including BMD, BV/TV, Tb.Sp, BV, BS/BV, and Tb.Th analysis of control, HMs, and BMSC/HMs groups after 8 weeks of surgery (error bars, mean ± SD; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; n = 3 per group).
PMC9141522
gels-08-00275-g004.jpg
0.446398
2001c76020f24843ab2cf67d48d3ed73
Histological analysis of bone regeneration 8 weeks after surgery. (A) Representative images for H&E staining in sections of control, HMs, and BMSC/HMs group for 8 weeks. Scale bar: 500 μm. The magnified images for HE staining in different groups in the area of skull defects for 8 weeks. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Representative images and magnified images for immunohistochemical staining of OCN-positive cells in the skull defect regions at 8 weeks post implantation in the three different groups. Scale bar of the first row: 50 μm. Scale bar of the second row: 20 μm. (C) Semi-quantitative analysis of the relative numbers of OCN-positive cells in the different groups (n = 3). *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.
PMC9141522
gels-08-00275-g005.jpg
0.451527
c451b5aa061b417295b846c0960584d3
The degree of membership of three different channels with (A) M = 64, (B) M = 128, and (C) M = 192.
PMC9141659
healthcare-10-00962-g001.jpg
0.467415
a79c1138421e4a0f93dc2d4022fdc1ce
Preprocessed Image.
PMC9141659
healthcare-10-00962-g002.jpg
0.373698
988879693e5b49f5bf3f5f454142c5b5
Segmented lesions.
PMC9141659
healthcare-10-00962-g003.jpg
0.509434
8a59d66ffb4548c8918fdd8bf0464a10
Block diagram of the proposed model.
PMC9141659
healthcare-10-00962-g004.jpg
0.466823
fdbb7d4f2b6a4e569417128bb63545bc
Confusion matrix.
PMC9141659
healthcare-10-00962-g005.jpg
0.466502
50485c5626104816b68daca1bb86a338
LDA analysis chart (A) and radar chart (B) of aroma at different times using the E-nose test.
PMC9142104
foods-11-01501-g001.jpg
0.393364
a46b3715fd9346579bcec3cdbf52c6dd
Taste value (A) and PCA analysis (B) of E- tongue at different fermentation times. PCA is expressed as the mean of flavor values.
PMC9142104
foods-11-01501-g002.jpg
0.491611
57473130a09c41f0b1976fb8ba74dd2b
Concentrations of 17 FAA (A) and taste activity value (TAV) of various taste amino acids and total TAV (TTAV) at different times (B).
PMC9142104
foods-11-01501-g003.jpg
0.45381
aa27f5fc5b554ba4a9586eae3092a323
Schematic diagram of projected points of observed values.
PMC9142104
foods-11-01501-g004.jpg
0.47294
4e8614dab6504d5d9ac4a36a8913463b
(1A and 1B): MRI shows a retroperitoneal soft tissue tumor, attached to the fourth portion of the duodenum.
PMC9142376
gr1.jpg
0.468813
fac8e84828214535a62101a736263cde
Intra-operative picture of a large mass in the fourth portion of the duodenum (black arrow).
PMC9142376
gr2.jpg
0.455061
3765a17ecaae40839c1615a2b2ad0ec5
(3A and 3B): Microphotography showing a spindlecell mesenchymal proliferation in the duodenum sub-mucosa (Fig. 3B). the tumor express the DOG1 (Fig. 3A).
PMC9142376
gr3.jpg
0.441655
2cd2a3cbfb4d4c9db77eeda380f3deca
Process flow of rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on SVMD and the EP index.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g001.jpg
0.402626
153cfedb5f5b4d0b8fa390296d92fbce
Vibration signal s(t) with fault-related impulsive features.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g002.jpg
0.423686
4887dad016c24803b0def34ea16011ff
The simulated vibration signal x(t): (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g003.jpg
0.446748
1a731175ca1d46d286f0a564f8032b39
Relationship between the α value and (a) the EP index value and (b) order number of the target mode in each step of α increase.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g004.jpg
0.488766
ebaa0080c0fa49b19f06b1e28b8faa91
Results of the simulated vibration signal x(t) obtained using SVMD with αopt = 950.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g005.jpg
0.484211
8ea352c3a99b4162a6fb90b1ac3b4272
The EP index values of all modes.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g006.jpg
0.42643
5dfc1cd128be4dcd82843f5a7d2a82e1
The optimal target mode: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g007.jpg
0.479635
fb4e08d11b6045bcb8da1b1131cbb7a4
Results of the simulated vibration signal x(t) obtained by VMD.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g008.jpg
0.457695
bb667c037cc14b9887ba88cc3c464cea
The target mode obtained by VMD: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g009.jpg
0.433917
30104932f6df4ddd9e44ff4ed7993b60
Rolling bearing testbed.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g010.jpg
0.45521
7b2c70d8705b4d58898be44addd344c4
Vibration dataset associated with the inner race fault: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g011.jpg
0.497688
a92c5365742c497ca698c3cbf3940e8d
Relationship between the α value and (a) the EP index value and (b) order number of the target mode at each step of α increase.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g012.jpg
0.4361
21edf869d6564858a256e2af4d8f8f17
Results of the vibration dataset associated with the inner race fault obtained using SVMD with αopt = 1450.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g013.jpg
0.462934
7cc59c4381cc40049ce3039a6e6a4fe1
The EP index of each mode.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g014.jpg
0.467398
402778dec8a64dd28cf0feb67a907589
The optimal target mode: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g015.jpg
0.428518
77f430f9bb384576be9800387a303be3
The target mode obtained by VMD: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g016.jpg
0.468278
a47d436a96cd49bcb574b0e16ee745ae
Vibration dataset associated with the outer race fault: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g017.jpg
0.460624
125be48650614b95b8c285dadaba5600
Relationship between the α value and (a) the EP index value and (b) order number of the target mode at each step of α increase.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g018.jpg
0.460384
18d7e46a52f04fb4aea6d8efee9ca1fd
The EP index value of each mode.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g019.jpg
0.401472
dbe2c36065c748e7aecc15b347c7a50e
The optimal target mode: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g020.jpg
0.452793
f815c0b10f6848bdbb56562c53bf3802
The target mode obtained by VMD: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g021.jpg
0.390555
e1706c3a75764a99bfdaff39488b9f06
Vibration dataset associated with the ball fault: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g022.jpg
0.472879
7506cce9331a43baa2e85087ff7d2ad8
Relationship between the α value and (a) the EP index value and (b) order number of the target mode at each step of α increase.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g023.jpg
0.42874
9d24409c4b4c4cee85cf3b04f96f52e2
Results of the vibration dataset associated with the ball fault obtained using SVMD with αopt = 2700.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g024.jpg
0.630421
3d2294bd24b540a4b91e0552a9d9be90
The EP index value of each mode.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g025.jpg
0.412268
e67fec055e1640b9a4354544a532e49e
The optimal target mode: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g026.jpg
0.416507
9718baf7619e4592b3729130a62c815e
The target mode obtained by VMD: (a) time−domain waveform and (b) SES.
PMC9142948
sensors-22-03889-g027.jpg
0.384872
ca0c1ab439a54feaba267ccbc4a100bf
Principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot of metabolome distribution of bulls’ liver among the treatments (NP, PP, and FP).
PMC9143101
metabolites-12-00441-g001.jpg
0.363777
0991d9d8cf424ce3bd361804f4f9ac67
Top 25 significant correlations between BW and liver metabolites of bulls. Blue bars are negative correlations, pink bars are positive correlations.
PMC9143101
metabolites-12-00441-g002.jpg
0.425335
0b14bdb2e5364fc1b2104a50df8cdcc4
Top biological processes involved with significant liver metabolites of bulls from the three prenatal nutritional treatments (NP, PP, and FP).
PMC9143101
metabolites-12-00441-g003.jpg
0.398129
bbb87dea34ef4e099cc340afb3f04c9c
Anamnestic reports given for samples of hay, haylage, and straw submitted for microbiological examination. Other (n = 149, all types of roughage): Allergic symptoms (30), refusal of feed (27), laminitis (15), poor performance (14), sudden death (12), cachexia (11), skin disease (4), swelling (legs) (4), intoxication symptoms (3), official control (3), abortion (3), fungal infection (3), swelling (head) (3), sterility (3), nervous disorders (2), lameness (2), sudden collapse (2), bale inflammation (1), salivation (1), cystitis (1), alteration of blood counts (1), botulism (1), Equine Cushing’s disease (1), fever (1), polyuria (1). G.I.D. = gastrointestinal disorder (n = 195): colic (169), diarrhea (16), or watery stools (10).
PMC9143553
vetsci-09-00226-g001.jpg
0.40874
857357f070904d70b1e08e68e1e6ba9f
(A) Monthly net income per person in the household among groups differing in influenza vaccination in 2019; (B) Monthly net income per person in the household among groups differing in influenza vaccination in 2020; (C) Monthly net income per person in the household among groups of people with or without a recommendation from a primary care physician for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination; (D) Monthly net income per person in the household among groups of people who differ in the knowledge of influenza vaccine reimbursement for seniors; (E) Monthly net income per person in households that differ in influenza vaccination avoidance due to possible complications, and the significance test results.
PMC9143662
vaccines-10-00651-g001a.jpg
0.434439
e600862f858e49658783d09afc31a31b
(A) Nutritional status in groups of people that differed in influenza vaccination in 2020 and the result of the significance test; (B) Assessment of the nutritional status in groups of people who were recommended or not by a primary healthcare physician for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, and the test of significance; (C) Assessment of complex activities of everyday life in groups of people who were recommended or not by a primary healthcare physician to vaccinate against influenza and pneumococci, and the result of the significance test.
PMC9143662
vaccines-10-00651-g002.jpg
0.461604
dd7947f694b04776acfcd6d1f33bae71
(A) Number (percentage) of people in groups that differed in 2019 influenza vaccination and coexistence of coronary artery disease; (B) The number (percentage) of people in the groups differing in the coexistence of coronary artery disease and the recommendation of a primary healthcare physician to vaccinate against influenza and pneumococci; (C) Number (percentage) of people in groups that differ in the coexistence of coronary artery disease and know about the reimbursement of influenza vaccine for seniors; (D) Number (percentage) of people in groups differing in the coexistence of diabetes and the recommendation of a primary healthcare physician to vaccinate against influenza and pneumococci; (E) The number (percentage) of people in the groups differing in the coexistence of asthma and the recommendation of a primary healthcare physician to vaccinate against influenza and pneumococci; (F) The number (percentage) of people in the groups differing in the coexistence of heart failure and the recommendation of a primary healthcare physician to vaccinate against influenza and pneumococci; (G) Number (percentage) of people in the groups differing in their responses to the question about the willingness to be vaccinated against influenza and the coexistence of COPD and the results of the independence tests.
PMC9143662
vaccines-10-00651-g003.jpg
0.418221
3aa7985fdbdb4e7a83ebb3c9a0ac7e45
(a) IZO solution based on the metal–nitrate precursor used for manufacturing a-IZO TFT, and the types of ions and by-products that can be produced by dissolution. (b) Schematic illustration of finger-type solution process a-IZO TFT.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g001.jpg
0.350426
953ad8017b45467a956b862f1979eb74
(a) Cross-section and (b) morphological SEM images of a-IZO films with respect to the Zn molarity ratio. The In molarity ratio used for the fabrication of each a-IZO film was 0.05 M.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g002.jpg
0.459727
1583426f1f3d474b96b1d1437daa8a4f
XRD graph to analyze the crystallinity of a-IZO films. (a) Reference peak analysis of IZO, InO and ZnO films. (left) Crystallinity of bulk film measured in 2-θ mode. (right) Surface crystallinity measured in grazing incident (GI) mode. Several reference peaks of IZO, InO, ZnO films are indicated at the top of the graph (a). (b) (left) Bulk and (right) crystallinity of the a-IZO films with respect to Zn molarity.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g003.jpg
0.407076
48f9dc5abc8f48e38311b3f1da8e0f44
XPS results for stoichiometric characterization with respect to the Zn molarity. (a) Zn 2p, (b) In 3d, and (c) O 1s peak analysis of a-IZO films. The bonding energies of 529.8, 531.0, and 532.0 eV suggest M-O, oxygen vacancy (VO), and M-OH bond, respectively.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g004.jpg
0.496989
5a1f64ec286940669396081723e8ce5d
AES graph in terms of the depth of a-IZO film. Measured results (dashed line) after spin coating and soft baking (110 °C) and (solid line) after annealing at 550 °C.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g005.jpg
0.476758
210a63d44cc14cc89fadcc1e88e0eb15
TGA result of IZO solution for a-IZO film fabrication. (a) Weight loss versus temperature graph, and (b) enlarged weight loss/differential TGA graph at 100–450 °C.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g006.jpg
0.425382
aa61203fd98849d881bda24501462b3d
Electrical characteristics of solution-processed a-IZO TFT with respect to the Zn molarity. (a) Transfer curves, (b) output currents, and (c) electrical parameters of the TFT. In (a), the thick/thin lines represent saturation/linear conditions and solid/dashed lines indicate ID/IG, respectively.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g007.jpg
0.409973
7daa335810c846d9a73f8310e7f684b8
(a) Illustration of types of ions in gel-state a-IZO film after spin coating and the simplest atomic structure by oxidation. (b) Schematic of multi-layer a-IZO film and possible atomic structures of by-product through the annealing process.
PMC9143800
materials-15-03416-g008.jpg
0.46471
c5258c86669242568f98cf8412db00dd
Model of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in presence of Wnt ligand. Binding of Wnt to the receptors Frizzled (Fz) and Lrp6 leads to inhibition of β-catenin degradation. After stabilization, β-catenin is translocated into the nucleus and interacts with members of the TCF/Lef-1 family of transcription factors to co-activate expression of numerous oncogenes involved in proliferation and migration, in particular Cyclin D1 and c-myc, as well as other genes, including Twist, Snail, ZEB1, and MITF, thus, facilitating EMT. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 29 April 2022).
PMC9144176
vaccines-10-00790-g001.jpg
0.448555
191f27dcc90c4ac6b70fbad1bdde5730
Wnt signaling involves macropinocytosis, V-ATPase, MVBs, membrane trafficking, and lysosomes. Sequestration of GSK3 is a vital step in the activation of the canonical Wnt pathway. When the Wnt ligands bind to the Fz receptor and the Lrp6 co-receptors (Step 1 in yellow), GSK3 is translocated into the membrane. It is then internalized into an early endosome and subsequently into MVBs (Step 2). The sequestration of GSK3 and the destruction complex activate the Wnt pathway (Step 3). Lysosomal activity is critical for dorsal development. Mimicking Wnt signaling with LiCl can dorsalize embryos, an effect that is even more pronounced with LiCl plus HCQ. Inhibiting lysosomal activity with BafA1 or Concanamycin A or interfering with the MVB formation with VPS4-EQ or HRS-MO ventralizes embryos. Wnt and cell adhesion are often active in the same processes and crosstalk between them exists by reciprocal regulation and sharing of components. Knowing how Wnt signaling and cell adhesion cooperate will improve our understanding of embryonic development decisions and carcinomas. Diagram based on findings reported in Tejeda—Muñoz et al., 2022, with permission from Proceeding of the National Academy of Science and Creative Commons.
PMC9144176
vaccines-10-00790-g002.jpg
0.408039
0ee2339580424d13851f57536158e357
V-ATPases in cancer. The V-ATPase is formed of a peripheral V1 domain, which hydrolyzes ATP and an integral V0 domain that translocates protons. The subunits in the catalytic domain (V1) hydrolyze ATP at the cytosolic side of the membrane. The subunits embedded in the membrane form the proton-translocating domain (Vo) that transfers protons from the cytosol to the vesicle lumen. The effects of inhibiting lysosomal function with the specific vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) inhibitors such as BafA1 was reported to result in significantly decreased tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis through the activation of signaling pathways such as Wnt in several types of cancer.
PMC9144176
vaccines-10-00790-g003.jpg
0.401343
7e291266afc34170aa6eb4117bf35078
Targeting macropinocytosis as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. Macropinocytosis is prominent in several types of cancer, such as colon, pancreatic, lung, prostate, and bladder. Through macropinocytosis, serum proteins and a host of extracellular glycoproteins enter the cellular fluid compartment to either be recycled out of the cell or directed to lysosomes for degradation in order to generate key metabolites that fuel cell growth and proliferation. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is an essential regulator of RAS-induced micropinocytosis as well as the serine/threonine p21-activating kinases, known as PAK-1 protein. Several inhibitors can block membrane trafficking, macropinocytosis, and lysosomal activity, which affect tumor growth and reveal its important role in cancer. Therefore, macropinocytosis represents a metabolic vulnerability that can be leveraged to therapeutically target macropinocytic tumors by limiting their access to nutrients.
PMC9144176
vaccines-10-00790-g004.jpg
0.407643
46b96a8948454f59afd748d5b42b4860
Stepwise elution curve of F and FD1. (A) Stepwise elution curve of F on the DEAE cellulose 52 ion column chromatography column. The fucoidans obtained from 0, 1.3, 2.3 and 3.0 M NaCl eluents were called F0, F1, F2 and F3, respectively. (B) Stepwise elution curve of FD1 on the Superdex 75 gel column chromatography column.
PMC9144781
marinedrugs-20-00300-g001.jpg
0.412707
12f0980221c44f049a2864f362c5fd40
Monosaccharide composition: (A) F, (B) F1, (C) FD1, (D) FDS1.
PMC9144781
marinedrugs-20-00300-g002.jpg
0.493109
dc24f39ae144479da334d8b909c63258
FTIR spectrum of sulfated fucoidans: (A) F, (B) F1, (C) FD1, (D) FDS1.
PMC9144781
marinedrugs-20-00300-g003.jpg
0.445674
a3e81830dc4d4ffd9f1f6b14ff19e889
Cell viability: (A) F1, (B) FD1, (C) FDS1, (D) Adr, (E) Heparin, (F) effects of fucoidan on Adr-induced HUVEC cell viability. Compared with the concentration of fucoidan 0 or Blank, the significance is expressed by * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Compared with the Adr group, the significant difference is expressed by # p < 0.05. Blank means that HUVEC only exposes DMEM medium. Adr refers to the negative control. Heparin means the positive control.
PMC9144781
marinedrugs-20-00300-g004.jpg
0.539682
8b126ec0fc69495aa3cf8e62ac3ffa2f
F1, FD1 and FDS1 affects the levels of cytokines secreted by Adr-induced HUVEC: (A) vWF, (B) t-PA, (C) PAI-1, (D) t-PA/PAI-1, (E) TF. Compared with the concentration of fucoidan 0 or Blank, the significance is expressed by * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Compared with the Adr group, the significant difference is expressed by # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01. Blank means that HUVEC only exposes DMEM medium. Control refers to the negative control.
PMC9144781
marinedrugs-20-00300-g005.jpg
0.374752
bee7358eeee84b1c86928cd7b0e5127c
Patient inclusion flowchart.COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
PMC9144838
gr1_lrg.jpg
0.445361
972ec64062a84de68075d1fad61f0cf8
VCM platelets of different SR polymers.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g001.jpg
0.41439
07b4cc072664438b841f28c4b61f0a54
Printed polypills in various designs.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g002.jpg
0.462022
ec32c0e3a1364408a88ad0969ec9efc3
Dissolution profiles of LD from SR-polymer-VCM platelets (33% (w/w) LD-loading); modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C. x ± s; n = 3.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g003.jpg
0.444699
238be8a5072a474fbfa6341291e5c0ca
Dissolution of LD from F1, F2, F3 and F4; modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C. x ± s; n = 3.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g004.jpg
0.391484
9b95290faada4948bec86aaf5b1e297b
Dissolution of LD/BZ from FC1, FC2, and FC3; modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C. x ± s; n = 3.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g005.jpg
0.432269
81f656c42318445fb0ea2d5296b976d7
(Left): release profile of PP1; modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C, x ± s; n = 3. (Right): Image of PP1: red: PDM-PVA, blue: LD/BZ-EVA.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g006.jpg
0.461612
beb73494aa2044c3b0e22cc1aac83796
Floating properties of PP1 in 300 mL 0.1 N HCl, 37 ± 0.5 °C.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g007.jpg
0.458578
1486b31736994d689a6cf2eb922defb8
(Left): release profile of PP2; modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C, x ± s; n = 3. (Right): Image of PP2: red: PDM-PVA, blue: LD/BZ-EVA.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g008.jpg
0.45131
220f45a36c884eabb85921d9b73fd8fc
Floating properties of PP2 in 300 mL 0.1 N HCl, 37 ± 0.5 °C.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g009.jpg
0.434796
51f748edffce40cd97696d0ff74afca8
(Left): release profile of PP3; modified basket apparatus, 1000 mL 0.1 N HCl, 50 rpm, 37.0 ± 0.5 °C, x ± s; n = 3. (Right): Image of PP3: red: PDM-PVA, blue: LD/BZ-EVA.
PMC9145509
pharmaceutics-14-00931-g010.jpg