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27327668_2_0	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Scotland and France Norman or French culture first gained a foothold in Scotland during the Davidian Revolution, when King David I introduced Continental-style reforms throughout all aspects of Scottish life: social, religious, economic and administrative. He also invited immigrant French and Anglo-French peoples to Scotland. This effectively created a Franco-Scottish aristocracy, with ties to the French aristocracy as well as many to the Franco-English aristocracy. From the Wars of Scottish Independence, as common enemies of England and its ruling House of Plantagenet, Scotland and France started to enjoy a close diplomatic relationship, the Auld Alliance, from 1295 to 1560. From the Late Middle Ages and into the Early Modern Period Scotland and its burghs also benefited from close economic and trading links with France in addition to its links to the Low Countries, Scandinavia and the Baltic.
27327668_2_1	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Scotland and France The prospect of dynastic union came in the 15th and 16th centuries, when Margaret, eldest daughter of James I of Scotland, married the future Louis XI of France. James V of Scotland married two French brides in succession. His infant daughter, Mary I, succeeded him on his death in 1542. For many years thereafter the country was ruled under a regency led by her French mother, Mary of Guise, who succeeded in marrying her daughter to the future Francis II of France. The young couple were king and queen of France and Scotland from 1559 until Francis died in 1560. Mary returned to a Scotland heaving with political revolt and religious revolution, which made a continuation of the alliance impossible.
27327668_2_2	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Scotland and France Cordial economic and cultural relations did continue however, although throughout the 17th century, the Scottish establishment became increasingly Presbyterian, often belligerent to Roman Catholicism, a facet which was somewhat at odds with Louis XIV's aggressively Catholic foreign and domestic policy. The relationship was further weakened by the Union of the Crowns in 1603, which meant from then on that although still independent, executive power in the Scottish government, the Crown, was shared with the Kingdom of England and Scottish foreign policy came into line more with that of England than with France.
27327668_2_3	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Scotland and France A last episode of this Franco-Scottish friendship is the stay of Adam Smith in Toulouse in 1764.
27327668_3_0	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Entente cordiale (1904) In April 1904 the United Kingdom and the Third French Republic signed a series of agreements, known as the Entente Cordiale, which marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict between the two powers, and the start of a period of peaceful co-existence. Although French historian Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) described England and France as a single unit, nationalist political leaders from both sides were uncomfortable with the idea of such a merging.
27327668_3_1	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. World War II (1940) In December 1939, Jean Monnet of the French Economic Mission in London became the head of the Anglo-French Co-ordinating Committee, which co-ordinated joint planning of the two countries' wartime economies. The Frenchman hoped for a postwar United States of Europe and saw an Anglo-French political union as a step toward his goal. He discussed the idea with Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill's assistant Desmond Morton, and other British officials.
27327668_3_2	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts In June 1940, French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud's government faced imminent defeat in the Battle of France. In March, they and the British had agreed that neither country would seek a separate peace with Nazi Germany. The French cabinet on 15 June voted to ask Germany for the terms of an armistice. Reynaud, who wished to continue the war from North Africa, was forced to submit the proposal to Churchill's War Cabinet. He claimed that he would have to resign if the British were to reject the proposal.
27327668_3_3	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts The British opposed a French surrender, and in particular the possible loss of the French Navy to the Germans, and so sought to keep Reynaud in office. On 14 June British diplomat Robert Vansittart and Morton wrote with Monnet and his deputy René Pleven a draft "Franco-British Union" proposal. They hoped that such a union would help Reynaud persuade his cabinet to continue the war from North Africa, but Churchill was sceptical when on 15 June the British War Cabinet discussed the proposal and a similar one from Secretary of State for India Leo Amery. On the morning of 16 June, the War Cabinet agreed to the French armistice request on the condition that the French fleet sail to British harbours. This disappointed Reynaud, who had hoped to use a British rejection to persuade his cabinet to continue to fight.
27327668_3_4	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts Reynaud supporter Charles de Gaulle had arrived in London earlier that day, however, and Monnet told him about the proposed union. De Gaulle convinced Churchill that "some dramatic move was essential to give Reynaud the support which he needed to keep his Government in the war". The Frenchman then called Reynaud and told him that the British prime minister proposed a union between their countries, an idea which Reynaud immediately supported. De Gaulle, Monnet, Vansittart, and Pleven quickly agreed to a document proclaiming a joint citizenship, foreign trade, currency, war cabinet, and military command. Churchill withdrew the armistice approval, and at 3 p.m. the War Cabinet met again to consider the union document. Despite the radical nature of the proposal, Churchill and the ministers recognized the need for a dramatic act to encourage the French and reinforce Reynaud's support within his cabinet before it met again at 5pm.
27327668_3_5	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts The final "Declaration of union" approved by the British War Cabinet stated that
27327668_3_6	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts Churchill and De Gaulle called Reynaud to tell him about the document, and they arranged for a joint meeting of the two governments in Concarneau the next day. The declaration immediately succeeded in its goal of encouraging Reynaud, who saw the union as the only alternative to surrender and who could now cite the British rejection of the armistice.
27327668_3_7	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts Other French leaders were less enthusiastic, however. At the 5 p.m. cabinet meeting, many called it a British "last minute plan" to steal its colonies, and said that "be[ing] a Nazi province" was preferable to becoming a British dominion. Philippe Pétain, a leader of the pro-armistice group, called union "fusion with a corpse". While President Albert Lebrun and some others were supportive, the cabinet's opposition stunned Reynaud. He resigned that evening without taking a formal vote on the union or an armistice, and later called the failure of the union the "greatest disappointment of my political career".
27327668_3_8	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts Reynaud had erred, however, by conflating opposition to the union — which a majority of the cabinet almost certainly opposed — with support for an armistice, which it almost certainly did not. If the proposal had been made a few days earlier, instead of the 16th when the French only had hours to decide between armistice and North Africa, Reynaud's cabinet might have considered it more carefully.
27327668_3_9	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts Pétain formed a new government that evening, which immediately decided to ask Germany for armistice terms. The British cancelled their plans to travel to Concarneau.
27327668_3_10	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Suez Crisis (1956) In September 1956, due to a common foe during the Suez Crisis, an Anglo-French Task Force was created. French Prime Minister Guy Mollet proposed a union between the United Kingdom and the French Union with Elizabeth II as head of state and a common citizenship. As an alternative, Mollet proposed that France join the Commonwealth. The UK Prime Minister Anthony Eden rejected both proposals and France went on to join the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community and strengthened the Franco-German cooperation.
27327668_3_11	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts When the Mollet proposal was first made public in the United Kingdom on 15 January 2007 through an article by Mike Thomson published on the BBC News website, it received rather satirical treatment in the media of both countries, including the name, coined by the BBC, of Frangleterre (merging "France" with Angleterre, which is the French word for "England"). The UK broadcaster stated that Mollet's proposal originated from newly declassified material, arguing no such archive documents exist in France.
27327668_3_12	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. Modern concepts On 16 January 2007, during a LCP television programme, French journalist Christine Clerc asked former French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua (Gaullist) about Mollet's 1956 proposal. Pasqua answered, "if his request had been made official, Mollet would have been brought to trial for high treason".
27327668_4_0	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. In fiction The Lord Darcy alternative history stories take place in a world where Richard I of England lived much longer and managed to unite England and France under his rule; by the 20th Century, Anglo-French is a common language spoken by the inhabitants on both sides of the Channel, and there is no doubt of their all being a single people.
27327668_4_1	27327668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-British%20Union	Franco-British Union	Franco-British Union. See also France–United Kingdom relations English claims to the French throne Gallic Empire Carausian Revolt
27327670_0_0	27327670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Festas	Fernando Festas	Fernando Festas. Fernando António de Carvalho Festas (born 12 June 1956 in Vila do Conde) is a Portuguese retired football central defender and manager.
27327670_1_0	27327670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Festas	Fernando Festas	Fernando Festas. 1956 births Living people People from Vila do Conde Portuguese footballers Association football defenders Primeira Liga players Varzim S.C. players Vitória S.C. players Sporting CP footballers S.C. Braga players S.C. Salgueiros players Portugal under-21 international footballers Portugal international footballers Portuguese football managers Primeira Liga managers Liga Portugal 2 managers S.C. Freamunde managers F.C. Penafiel managers Gil Vicente F.C. managers
27327682_0_0	27327682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless%20palatal%20nasal	Voiceless palatal nasal	Voiceless palatal nasal. The voiceless palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , which are combinations of the letter for the voiced palatal nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J_0.
27327682_0_1	27327682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless%20palatal%20nasal	Voiceless palatal nasal	Voiceless palatal nasal. If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal nasal may be transcribed as (devoiced, retracted and palatalized ), or (devoiced and advanced ); these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are n_-' or n_-_j and J_0_+, respectively. A non-IPA letter (devoiced , which is an ordinary "n", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ) can also be used.
27327688_0_0	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. The 2010 Turkish GP2 round was a GP2 Series motor race held on May 29 and May 30, 2010 at the Istanbul Park in Istanbul, Turkey. It was the third race of the 2010 GP2 Season and the second race of the 2010 GP3 Season. The race was used to support the 2010 Turkish Grand Prix.
27327688_2_0	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. Notes 1. – Rodolfo González received a three-place grid penalty because of impeding Michael Herck in qualifying.
27327688_3_0	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. Teams' Championship standings Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
27327688_4_0	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. Notes 1. – Pablo Sánchez López, Stefano Coletti and Jim Pla received a three-place grid penalty because of ignoring yellow flags. Michael Christensen was penalised for remaining on track after technical problems with car.
27327688_5_0	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. Teams' Championship standings Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
27327688_5_1	27327688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Istanbul%20Park%20GP2%20Series%20round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round	2010 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round. External links GP2 Series official web site: Results GP3 Series official web site: Results
27327701_0_0	27327701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Uber%20Cup%20knockout%20stage	2010 Uber Cup knockout stage	2010 Uber Cup knockout stage. This article lists the complete results of the knockout stage of the 2010 Uber Cup in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
27327703_0_0	27327703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless%20velar%20nasal	Voiceless velar nasal	Voiceless velar nasal. The voiceless velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a combination of the letter for the voiced velar nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. (For reasons of legibility, the ring is usually placed above the letter, rather than regular ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N_0.
27327706_0_0	27327706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%20Defense%20Volunteers	Hawaii Defense Volunteers	Hawaii Defense Volunteers. The Hawaii Defense Volunteers was a predominantly Chinese-American militia in Hawaii and one of three in Honolulu during World War II. The militia also had Filipinos, Hawaiians, Puerto Ricans, Koreans, and Whites.
27327726_0_0	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. The 1983 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1983 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Vandals, led by second-year head coach Dennis Erickson, were members of the Big Sky Conference and played their home games at the Kibbie Dome, an indoor facility on campus in Moscow, Idaho.
27327726_0_1	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. Led by senior quarterback Ken Hobart, the Vandals finished 8–3 in the regular season and 4–3 in the Big Sky to tie for third with rival Boise State, whom they defeated in consecutive years for the first time. It was Idaho's first win in Moscow in the series in six tries, and was the second of twelve straight over the Broncos, through 1993.
27327726_0_2	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. The Vandals won four of five home games in 1983, losing to Nevada for the fifth year in a row. They also lost to conference runner-up Idaho State; both of whom were selected for the 12-team I-AA playoffs. Idaho won all four of its non-conference games, but three were against Division II and NAIA opponents.
27327726_0_3	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. Although Idaho missed the postseason, 1983 marked the first time in 45 years that the Vandals had consecutive winning seasons in football, last accomplished in 1938 under head coach Ted Bank. After just two seasons, Erickson's seventeen victories placed him sixth in career wins among Vandal head coaches.
27327726_0_4	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. Notable players Senior quarterback Ken Hobart, a walk-on four-year starter, led the 1983 Vandals to an 8–3 record and named a Division I-AA All-American. Selected in the second round of the 1984 USFL Draft by Jacksonville, he was traded to Denver during the season and then spent six seasons (1985–90) in the CFL. He was selected tenth in the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft by the New York Jets, but never played in the NFL.
27327726_1_0	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. All-conference Quarterback Hobart, flanker Brian Allen, and safety Boyce Bailey were named to the Big Sky all-conference Hobart repeated as the league's outstanding offensive player. Vandals named to the second team were tight end Kurt Vestman, wide receiver Ron Whittenburg, running back Kerry Hickey, guard Lance West, and linebacker / defensive end
27327726_1_1	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. NFL Draft One Vandal senior was selected in the 1984 NFL Draft, which lasted twelve rounds (336 selections).
27327726_1_2	27327726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Idaho%20Vandals%20football%20team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team	1983 Idaho Vandals football team. Roster Hobart was a second round selection of the Jacksonville Bulls in the 1984 USFL Draft, and signed a contract in January.
27327756_0_0	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Lovebox is Beni's fifth studio album, and second original album under the mononym Beni released through Nayutawave Records. It was released on June 2, 2010. Natuyawave describes the album as "fully loaded with different feelings of love: happy love, painful love..."
27327756_0_1	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Background The album was released only nine months after her debut album with Nayutawave, Bitter & Sweet. Bitter & Sweet is the most successful of Beni's career, it being certified gold by the RIAJ (her only album to receive a certification).
27327756_0_2	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Singles "Sign", released January 20, 2010, was the first single from the album. "Sign" samples Yumi Matsutoya's number-one hit, . The single charted at number 50 on the Oricon single chart. On the Billboard Japan Hot 100 the single peaked at number 96.
27327756_0_3	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). The second single released was "Bye Bye", on March 10, 2010. "Bye Bye" peaked at number 57 on the Oricon charts and is the lowest ranking single from the album.
27327756_0_4	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). The third single, "Yurayura/Gimme Gimme" was released May 5, 2010. "Yurayura/Gimme Gimme" saw more success than the other two singles. The single peaked at number 20 on the Oricon charts, becoming her first Top 20 single since "Mō Nido to...". "Yurayura" was also her highest charting single on the Japan Hot 100, ranking in at #25.
27327756_0_5	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Promotion Beni created a limited edition frozen yogurt for frozen yogurt chain RazzleBerry, called The Okinawan. She appeared at the Shibuya store on May the 15th for half an hour, acting as the store manager and selling the frozen yogurt to customers. The promotion was documented over three episodes on the late night TV show Future Tracks R.
27327756_0_6	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). One of the songs from the album, "Kimi ja Nakya," was released as a ringtone two weeks before the album's release date.
27327756_1_0	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). 3rd Productions - production (#3, #14) Beni - lyrics (#2-4, #6-7, #10-15), music (#13, #15) D.O.I. - mixing (#2, #5, #7, #9-12) Shoko Fujibayashi - lyrics (#5, #9) Shigeki "Crystal" Fujino - mastering Daisuke "D.I" Imai - arrangement (#1-2, #4-6, #8-12), chorus (#10), instruments (#1, #4-6, #9-11), lyrics (#5), mixing (#1), music (#1-2, #4-6, #9-12), production (#1-2, #4-6, #8-12, #15), programming (#2), recording (#1) Gen Ittetsu - string arrangement (#2-3, #8, #15) Jamosa - lyrics (#6) Shohei Katsuya - assistant engineer (#15) Kgro for Gidz, inc. - recording (#7) Yoko Kuzuya - lyrics, music, piano (#8) Lil' Showy - lyrics, instruments, music (#7)
27327756_1_1	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Recording personnel Hiroyuki Matsugashita - piano/piano arrangement (#15) Yumi Matsutoya - music (#3) Kaneko Mitsuyasu - recording (#4, #6, #14), mixing (#3-4, #6, #14-15) Tomohiro Murata - recording (#10-13) Manabu Ohta - recording (#2, #5, #8-9) Satoshi Sasamoto - recording (#15), string recording (#8) Shingo.S - instruments (#3, #14) STY for Digz, inc. - production (#7) Yo Taira - lyrics (#7) Shinsaku Takane - recording (#3) Kenichiro Wada - guitar (#8) Naoki Yamada - mixing (#8, #13) Yanagiman - music (#13), arrangement/production (#13), instruments (#13) Masataka Yoshino - lyrics (#3, #15), music (#3, #15)
27327756_2_0	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Seiichi Hibi - sales promotion manager Akira Kitajima - photography Susumu Machida - executive producer Hideki Nakano - media promotion manager Keiko Nakatani - hair, make-up Issey Nisawa - A&R Sakura Nishimura - digital marketing Shun Odagiri - artist management Takashi Oguni - visual producer Nami Sasaki - product management Shino Suganuma - styling
27327756_2_1	27327756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebox%20%28Beni%20album%29	Lovebox (Beni album)	Lovebox (Beni album). Yasushi Suzuki - props Ikue Takahashi - art direction, design Toshiyuki Takano - A&R supervisor, head of media promotion Kazumasa Takase - head of product management, marketing supervisor Koshino Taketomi - sales promotion Mariko Takita - visual coordination Akira Terabayashi - executive producer Takashi Yamaguchi - digital marketing Masataka Yoshino - artist management, general producer Yasuaki Zushi - artwork coordination
27327833_0_0	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Nanocellulose is a term referring to nano-structured cellulose. This may be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nano-structured cellulose produced by bacteria.
27327833_0_1	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. CNF is a material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). Typical fibril widths are 5–20 nanometers with a wide range of lengths, typically several micrometers. It is pseudo-plastic and exhibits thixotropy, the property of certain gels or fluids that are thick (viscous) under normal conditions, but become less viscous when shaken or agitated. When the shearing forces are removed the gel regains much of its original state. The fibrils are isolated from any cellulose containing source including wood-based fibers (pulp fibers) through high-pressure, high temperature and high velocity impact homogenization, grinding or microfluidization (see manufacture below).
27327833_0_2	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Nanocellulose can also be obtained from native fibers by an acid hydrolysis, giving rise to highly crystalline and rigid nanoparticles which are shorter (100s to 1000 nanometers) than the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) obtained through homogenization, microfluiodization or grinding routes. The resulting material is known as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC).
27327833_0_3	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Nanochitin is similar in its nanostructure to nanocellulose.
27327833_0_4	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. History and terminology The terminology microfibrillated/nanocellulose or (MFC) was first used by Turbak, Snyder and Sandberg in the late 1970s at the ITT Rayonier labs in Whippany, New Jersey, USA to describe a product prepared as a gel type material by passing wood pulp through a Gaulin type milk homogenizer at high temperatures and high pressures followed by ejection impact against a hard surface.
27327833_0_5	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. The terminology first appeared publicly in the early 1980s when a number of patents and publications were issued to ITT Rayonier on a new nanocellulose composition of matter. In later work Herrick at Rayonier also published work on making a dry powder form of the gel. Rayonier has produced purified pulps. Rayonier gave free license to whomever wanted to pursue this new use for cellulose. Rayonier, as a company, never pursued scale-up. Rather, Turbak et al. pursued 1) finding new uses for the MFC/nanocellulose. These included using MFC as a thickener and binder in foods, cosmetics, paper formation, textiles, nonwovens, etc. and 2) evaluate swelling and other techniques for lowering the energy requirements for MFC/Nanocellulose production. After ITT closed the Rayonier Whippany Labs in 1983–84, Herric worked on making a dry powder form of MFC at the Rayonier labs in Shelton, Washington, USA.
27327833_0_6	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. In the mid-1990s the group of Taniguchi and co-workers and later Yano and co-workers pursued the effort in Japan.
27327833_1_0	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Manufacture Nanocellulose, which is also called cellulose nanofibers (CNF), microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) or cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), can be prepared from any cellulose source material, but woodpulp is normally used.
27327833_1_1	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Manufacture The nanocellulose fibrils may be isolated from the wood-based fibers using mechanical methods which expose the pulp to high shear forces, ripping the larger wood-fibres apart into nanofibers. For this purpose, high-pressure homogenizers, grinders or microfluidizers can be used. The homogenizers are used to delaminate the cell walls of the fibers and liberate the nanosized fibrils. This process consumes very large amounts of energy and values over 30 MWh/tonne are not uncommon.
27327833_1_2	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Manufacture To address this problem, sometimes enzymatic/mechanical pre-treatments and introduction of charged groups for example through carboxymethylation or TEMPO-mediated oxidation are used. These pre-treatments can decrease energy consumption below 1 MWh/tonne. "Nitro-oxidation" has been developed to prepare carboxycellulose nanofibers directly from raw plant biomass. Owing to fewer processing steps to extract nanocellulose, the Nitro-oxidation method has been found to be a cost-effective, less-chemically oriented and efficient method to extract carboxycellulose nanofibers. Functionalized nanofibers obtained using nitro-oxidation have been found to be an excellent substrate to remove heavy metal ion impurities such as lead, cadmium, and uranium.
27327833_1_3	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Manufacture Cellulose nanowhiskers are rodlike highly crystalline particles (relative crystallinity index above 75%) with a rectangular cross section. They are formed by the acid hydrolysis of native cellulose fibers commonly using sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. Amorphous sections of native cellulose are hydrolysed and after careful timing, crystalline sections can be retrieved from the acid solution by centrifugation and washing. Their dimensions depend on the native cellulose source material, and hydrolysis time and temperature. Spherical shaped carboxycellulose nanoparticles prepared by nitric acid-phosphoric acid treatment are stable in dispersion in its non-ionic form. In April 2013 breakthroughs in nanocellulose production were announced at an American Chemical Society conference.
27327833_1_4	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Manufacture A chemo-mechanical process for production of nanocellulose from cotton linters has been demonstrated with a capacity of 10 kg per day.
27327833_2_0	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Dimensions and crystallinity The ultrastructure of nanocellulose derived from various sources has been extensively studied. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small incidence angle X-ray diffraction and solid state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and spectroscopy have been used to characterize typically dried nanocellulose morphology.
27327833_2_1	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties A combination of microscopic techniques with image analysis can provide information on fibril widths, it is more difficult to determine fibril lengths, because of entanglements and difficulties in identifying both ends of individual nanofibrils. Also, nanocellulose suspensions may not be homogeneous and can consist of various structural components, including cellulose nanofibrils and nanofibril bundles.
27327833_2_2	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties In a study of enzymatically pre-treated nanocellulose fibrils in a suspension the size and size-distribution were established using cryo-TEM. The fibrils were found to be rather mono-dispersed mostly with a diameter of ca. 5 nm although occasionally thicker fibril bundles were present. By combining ultrasonication with an "oxidation pretreatment", cellulose microfibrils with a lateral dimension below 1 nm has been observed by AFM. The lower end of the thickness dimension is around 0.4 nm, which is related to the thickness of a cellulose monolayer sheet.
27327833_2_3	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties Aggregate widths can be determined by CP/MAS NMR developed by Innventia AB, Sweden, which also has been demonstrated to work for nanocellulose (enzymatic pre-treatment). An average width of 17 nm has been measured with the NMR-method, which corresponds well with SEM and TEM. Using TEM, values of 15 nm have been reported for nanocellulose from carboxymethylated pulp. However, thinner fibrils can also be detected. Wågberg et al. reported fibril widths of 5–15 nm for a nanocellulose with a charge density of about 0.5 meq./g. The group of Isogai reported fibril widths of 3–5 nm for TEMPO-oxidized cellulose having a charge density of 1.5 meq./g.
27327833_2_4	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties Pulp chemistry has a significant influence on nanocellulose microstructure. Carboxymethylation increases the numbers of charged groups on the fibril surfaces, making the fibrils easier to liberate and results in smaller and more uniform fibril widths (5–15 nm) compared to enzymatically pre-treated nanocellulose, where the fibril widths were 10–30 nm. The degree of crystallinity and crystal structure of nanocellulose. Nanocellulose exhibits cellulose crystal I organization and the degree of crystallinity is unchanged by the preparation of the nanocellulose. Typical values for the degree of crystallinity were around 63%.
27327833_2_5	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Viscosity The rheology of nanocellulose dispersions has been investigated. and revealed that the storage and loss modulus were independent of the angular frequency at all nanocellulose concentrations between 0.125% to 5.9%. The storage modulus values are particularly high (104 Pa at 3% concentration) compared to results for cellulose nanowhiskers (102 Pa at 3% concentration). There is also a strong concentration dependence as the storage modulus increases 5 orders of magnitude if the concentration is increased from 0.125% to 5.9%. Nanocellulose gels are also highly shear thinning (the viscosity is lost upon introduction of the shear forces). The shear-thinning behaviour is particularly useful in a range of different coating applications.
27327833_2_6	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Mechanical properties Crystalline cellulose has a stiffness about 140–220 GPa, comparable with that of Kevlar and better than that of glass fiber, both of which are used commercially to reinforce plastics. Films made from nanocellulose have high strength (over 200 MPa), high stiffness (around 20 GPa) but lack of high strain (12%). Its strength/weight ratio is 8 times that of stainless steel. Fibers made from nanocellulose have high strength (up to 1.57 GPa) and stiffness (up to 86 GPa).
27327833_2_7	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Barrier properties In semi-crystalline polymers, the crystalline regions are considered to be gas impermeable. Due to relatively high crystallinity, in combination with the ability of the nanofibers to form a dense network held together by strong inter-fibrillar bonds (high cohesive energy density), it has been suggested that nanocellulose might act as a barrier material. Although the number of reported oxygen permeability values are limited, reports attribute high oxygen barrier properties to nanocellulose films. One study reported an oxygen permeability of 0.0006 (cm3 µm)/(m2 day kPa) for a ca. 5 µm thin nanocellulose film at 23 °C and 0% RH. In a related study, a more than 700-fold decrease in oxygen permeability of a polylactide (PLA) film when a nanocellulose layer was added to the PLA surface was reported.
27327833_2_8	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties The influence of nanocellulose film density and porosity on film oxygen permeability has been explored. Some authors have reported significant porosity in nanocellulose films, which seems to be in contradiction with high oxygen barrier properties, whereas Aulin et al. measured a nanocellulose film density close to density of crystalline cellulose (cellulose Iß crystal structure, 1.63 g/cm3) indicating a very dense film with a porosity close to zero.
27327833_2_9	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties Changing the surface functionality of the cellulose nanoparticle can also affect the permeability of nanocellulose films. Films constituted of negatively charged cellulose nanowhiskers could effectively reduce permeation of negatively charged ions, while leaving neutral ions virtually unaffected. Positively charged ions were found to accumulate in the membrane.
27327833_2_10	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties Multi-Parametric Surface Plasmon Resonance is one of the methods to study barrier properties of natural, modified or coated nanocellulose. The different antifouling, moisture, solvent, antimicrobial barrier formulation quality can be measured on the nanoscale. The adsorption kinetics as well as the degree of swelling can be measured in real-time and label-free.
27327833_2_11	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Structure and properties Liquid crystals, colloidal glasses, and hydrogels Owed to their anisotropic shape and surface charge, nanocelluloses (mostly rigid CNCs) have a high excluded volume and self-assemble into cholesteric liquid crystals beyond a critical volume fraction. Nanocellulose liquid crystals are left-handed due to the right-handed twist on particle level. Nanocellulose phase behavior is susceptible to ionic charge screening. An increase in ionic strength induces the arrest of nanocellulose dispersions into attractive glasses. At further increasing ionic strength, nanocelluloses aggregate into hydrogels.
27327833_2_13	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Pickering emulsions and foams Nanocelluloses can stabilize emulsions and foams by a Pickering mechanism, i.e. they adsorb at the oil-water or air-water interface and prevent their energetic unfavorable contact. Nanocelluloses form oil-in-water emulsions with a droplet size in the range of 4-10 μm that are stable for months and can resist high temperatures and changes in pH. Nanocelluloses decrease the oil-water interface tension and their surface charge induces electrostatic repulsion within emulsion droplets. Upon salt-induced charge screening the droplets aggregate but do not undergo coalescence, indicating strong steric stabilization. The emulsion droplets even remain stable in the human stomach, making nanocellulose stabilized emulsions an interesting oral delivery system for lipophilic drugs. In contrast to emulsions, native nanocelluloses are generally not suitable for the Pickering stabilization of foams, which is attributed to their primarily hydrophilic surface properties that results in an unfavorable contact angle below 90° (they are preferably wetted by the aqueous phase). Using hydrophobic surface modifications or polymer grafting, the surface hydrophobicity and contact angle of nanocelluloses can be increased, allowing also the Pickering stabilization of foams. By further increasing the surface hydrophobicity, inverse water-in-oil emulsions can be obtained, which denotes a contact angle higher than 90°. It was further demonstrated that nanocelluloses can stabilize water-in-water emulsions in presence of two incompatible water-soluble polymers.
27327833_2_14	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Cellulose Nanofiber Plate (CNFP) A bottom up approach can be used to create a high-performance bulk material with low density, high strength and toughness, and great thermal dimensional stability. Cellulose nanofiber hydrogel is created by biosynthesis. The hydrogels can then be treated with a polymer solution or by surface modification and then are hot-pressed at 80 °C. The result is bulk material with excellent machinability. “The ultrafine nanofiber network structure in CNFP results in more extensive hydrogen bonding, the high in-plane orientation, and “three way branching points” of the microfibril networks”. This structure gives CNFP its high strength by distributing stress and adding barriers to crack formation and propagation. The weak link in this structure is bond between the pressed layers which can lead to delamination. To reduce delamination, the hydrogel can be treated with silicic acid, which creates strong covalent cross-links between layers during hot pressing.
27327833_2_15	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Surface modification The surface modification of nanocellulose is currently receiving a large amount of attention. Nanocellulose displays a high concentration of hydroxyl groups at the surface which can be reacted. However, hydrogen bonding strongly affects the reactivity of the surface hydroxyl groups. In addition, impurities at the surface of nanocellulose such as glucosidic and lignin fragments need to be removed before surface modification to obtain acceptable reproducibility between different batches.
27327833_2_16	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Safety aspects Processing of nanocellulose does not cause significant exposure to fine particles during friction grinding or spray drying. No evidence of inflammatory effects or cytotoxicity on mouse or human macrophages can be observed after exposure to nanocellulose. The results of toxicity studies suggest that nanocellulose is not cytotoxic and does not cause any effects on inflammatory system in macrophages. In addition, nanocellulose is not acutely toxic to Vibrio fischeri in environmentally relevant concentrations.
27327833_3_0	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Potential applications The properties of nanocellulose (e.g. mechanical properties, film-forming properties, viscosity etc.) makes it an interesting material for many applications.
27327833_4_0	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Paper and paperboard In the area of paper and paperboard manufacture, nanocelluloses are expected to enhance the fiber-fiber bond strength and, hence, have a strong reinforcement effect on paper materials. Nanocellulose may be useful as a barrier in grease-proof type of papers and as a wet-end additive to enhance retention, dry and wet strength in commodity type of paper and board products. It has been shown that applying CNF as a coating material on the surface of paper and paperboard improves the barrier properties, especially air resistance and grease/oil resistance. It also enhances the structure properties of paperboards (smoother surface). Very high viscosity of MFC/CNF suspensions at low solids content limits the type of coating techniques that can be utilized to apply these suspensions onto paper/paperboard. Some of the coating methods utilized for MFC surface application onto paper/paperboard have been rod coating, size press, spray coating, foam coating and slot-die coating. Wet-end surface application of mineral pigments and MFC mixture to improve barrier, mechanical and printing properties of paperboard are also being explored.
27327833_4_1	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Paper and paperboard Nanocellulose can be used to prepare flexible and optically transparent paper. Such paper is an attractive substrate for electronic devices because it is recyclable, compatible with biological objects, and easily biodegrades.
27327833_4_2	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Composite As described above the properties of the nanocellulose makes an interesting material for reinforcing plastics. Nanocellulose can be spun into filaments that are stronger and stiffer than spider silk. Nanocellulose has been reported to improve the mechanical properties of thermosetting resins, starch-based matrixes, soy protein, rubber latex, poly(lactide). Hybrid cellulose nanofibrils-clay minerals composites present interesting mechanical, gas barrier and fire retardancy properties. The composite applications may be for use as coatings and films, paints, foams, packaging.
27327833_4_3	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Food Nanocellulose can be used as a low calorie replacement for carbohydrate additives used as thickeners, flavour carriers, and suspension stabilizers in a wide variety of food products. It is useful for producing fillings, crushes, chips, wafers, soups, gravies, puddings etc. The food applications arise from the rheological behaviour of the nanocellulose gel.
27327833_4_4	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Hygiene and absorbent products Applications in this field include: super water absorbent material (e.g. for incontinence pads material), nanocellulose used together with super absorbent polymers, nanocellulose in tissue, non-woven products or absorbent structures and as antimicrobial films.
27327833_4_5	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Emulsion and dispersion Nanocellulose has potential applications in the general area of emulsion and dispersion applications in other fields.
27327833_4_6	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Medical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical The use of nanocellulose in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals has been suggested: Freeze-dried nanocellulose aerogels used in sanitary napkins, tampons, diapers or as wound dressing The use of nanocellulose as a composite coating agent in cosmetics e.g. for hair, eyelashes, eyebrows or nails A dry solid nanocellulose composition in the form of tablets for treating intestinal disorders Nanocellulose films for screening of biological compounds and nucleic acids encoding a biological compound Filter medium partly based on nanocellulose for leukocyte free blood transfusion A buccodental formulation, comprising nanocellulose and a polyhydroxylated organic compound Powdered nanocellulose has also been suggested as an excipient in pharmaceutical compositions Nanocellulose in compositions of a photoreactive noxious substance purging agent Elastic cryo-structured gels for potential biomedical and biotechnological application. Matrix for 3D cell culture
27327833_4_7	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Paper and paperboard Bio-based electronics and energy storage Nanocellulose can pave the way for a new type of "bio-based electronics" where interactive materials are mixed with nanocellulose to enable the creation of new interactive fibers, films, aerogels, hydrogels and papers. E.g. nanocellulose mixed with conducting polymers such as PEDOT:PSS show synergetic effects resulting in extraordinary mixed electronic and ionic conductivity, which is important for energy storage applications. Filaments spun from a mix of nanocellulose and carbon nanotubes show good conductivity and mechanical properties. Nanocellulose aerogels decorated with carbon nanotubes can be constructed into robust compressible 3D supercapacitor devices. Structures from nanocellulose can be turned into bio-based triboelectric generators and sensors.
27327833_4_8	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Bio-based sequins for fashion Cellulose nanocrystals have shown the possibility to self organize into chiral nematic structures with angle-dependent iridescent colours. It is thus possible to manufacture totally bio-based sequins having a metallic glare and a small footprint compared to fossil-based sequins.
27327833_4_9	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Other potential applications As a highly scattering material for ultra-white coatings. Activate the dissolution of cellulose in different solvents Regenerated cellulose products, such as fibers films, cellulose derivatives Tobacco filter additive Organometallic modified nanocellulose in battery separators Reinforcement of conductive materials Loud-speaker membranes High-flux membranes Computer components Capacitors Lightweight body armour and ballistic glass Corrosion inhibitors Radio lenses
27327833_4_10	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. Commercial production Although wood-driven nanocellulose was first produced in 1983 by Herrick and Turbak, its commercial production postponed till 2010, mainly due to the high production energy consumption and high production cost. Innventia AB (Sweden) established the first nanocellulose pilot production plant 2010. Companies and research institutes actively producing micro and nano fibrillated cellulose include: American Process (US), Borregaard (Norway), CelluComp (UK), Chuetsu Pulp and Paper (Japan), CTP/FCBA (France), Daicel (Japan), Dai-ichi Kyogo (Japan), Empa (Switzerland), FiberLean Technologies (UK), InoFib (France), Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Iran), Nippon Paper (Japan), Norske Skog (Norway), Oji Paper (Japan), RISE (Sweden), SAPPI (Netherlands), Seiko PMC (Japan), Stora Enso (Finland), Sugino Machine (Japan), Suzano (Brazil), Tianjin Haojia Cellulose Co. Ltd (China), University of Maine (US), UPM (Finland), US Forest Products Lab (US), VTT (Finland), and Weidmann Fiber Technology (Switzerland). Companies and research institutes actively producing cellulose nanocrystals include: Alberta Innovates (Canada), American Process (US), Blue Goose Biorefineries (Canada), CelluForce (Canada), FPInnovations (Canada), Hangzhou Yeuha Technology Co. (China), Melodea (Israel/Sweden), Sweetwater Energy (US), Tianjin Haojia Cellulose Co. Ltd (China), and US Forest Products Lab (US). Companies and research institutes actively producing cellulose filaments include: Kruger (Canada), Performance BioFilaments (Canada), and Tianjin Haojia Cellulose Co. Ltd (China).
27327833_4_11	27327833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose	Nanocellulose. See also Cellulose Cellulose fiber Microcrystalline cellulose Composite material
27327837_0_0	27327837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Amaral	António Amaral	António Amaral. António Jorge Rodrigues Amaral (born 20 June 1955 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese former football goalkeeper and manager.
27327840_0_0	27327840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant%20armament%20support%20march	Peasant armament support march	Peasant armament support march. The peasant armament support march of 1914 () was a demonstration primarily of Swedish farmers on February 6, 1914 in Stockholm. It resulted in a constitutional crisis triggered by the Courtyard Speech held by King Gustav V to the marchers at Stockholm Palace.
27327840_0_1	27327840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant%20armament%20support%20march	Peasant armament support march	Peasant armament support march. Context The support march was a conservative response to the defence policies of Swedish Liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff. As the tensions of the arms race preceding the First World War grew stronger, Staaff's decision to slow down Swedish armament was met with great discontentment by conservatives.
27327840_0_2	27327840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant%20armament%20support%20march	Peasant armament support march	Peasant armament support march. Organisation The initiative of the march came from the landowner Uno Nyberg, and the organisation of housing and otherwise for the Swedish farmers that travelled to Stockholm for the march was carried out by the grocery shopowner J. E. Frykberg. Though called a farmers' march, participants came from a wider range of conservatives. The conservative explorer and writer Sven Hedin also participated in the preparation of the march by writing the Courtyard Speech.
27327841_0_0	27327841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara%20Gion%20Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium. is a multi-use stadium in Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Japan. It was formerly known as Sagamihara Asamizo Stadium since it is located in Sagamihara Asamizo Park
27327841_0_1	27327841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara%20Gion%20Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium. Since the naming rights. were sold in March 2014 it has been called Sagamihara Gion Stadium. It is currently used mostly for football matches and athletics events and is the home ground of SC Sagamihara. This stadium has a seating capacity of 11,808.
27327841_1_0	27327841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara%20Gion%20Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium	Sagamihara Gion Stadium. External links Official website Athletics (track and field) venues in Japan Football venues in Japan Rugby union stadiums in Japan Buildings and structures in Sagamihara Sports venues in Kanagawa Prefecture SC Sagamihara
27327850_0_0	27327850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbogrel	Terbogrel	Terbogrel. Terbogrel (INN) is an experimental drug that has been studied for its potential to prevent the vasoconstricting and platelet-aggregating action of thromboxanes. Terbogrel is an orally available thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist and a thromboxane A synthase inhibitor. The drug was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim.

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