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27333765_0_1 | 27333765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniodelphis | Goniodelphis | Goniodelphis.
The fossil specimens were found in just four phosphate mines in Polk County, Florida. These mines were:
American Agricultural Chemical Company (Serravallian)
Fort Green (Hemphillian)
Payne Creek (Hemphillian)
Gardinier (Zanclean) |
27333765_0_2 | 27333765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniodelphis | Goniodelphis | Goniodelphis. Taxonomy
Goniodelphis was named by Allen (1941). Its type is Goniodelphis hudsoni. It was considered monophyletic by Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D. of George Mason University in 2010. It was assigned to Delphinidae by Carroll (1988); and to Iniidae by Allen (1941), Kellogg (1944), de Muizon (1988), Morgan (1994), McKenna and Bell (1997), Hamilton et al. (2001), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Uhen et al. (2008) and Mark D. Uhen. |
27333773_0_0 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan.
The Rue du Sergent Blandan is one of the oldest streets of Lyon. It connects Saint Vincent and the slopes of the Croix-Rousse quarters, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon. The street starts rue Pareille, runs along the Place Sathonay, crosses the rue Hippolyte Flandrin, the rue Louis Vitet and the rue du Terme, and becomes the rue des Capucins just after the square of the same name. The street belongs to the zone classified World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is named in honour of Sergent Blandan (Jean Pierre Hippolyte Blandan), who participated in the conquest of Algeria. |
27333773_0_1 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. Description and architecture
The street is narrow and winding and ends with a short climb and a paved ground. To the north, the odd numbers side begins with a 1912 school, then there are three to five-floor old 17th-century buildings decorated with beautiful doorsteps, generally with stone arches; in front, there are also 20th-century buildings. For example, the doorstep at No. 8 shows a fight between a lion and a bull. The No. 12 and 22 have respectively ancient inscriptions that say "en toy te fie" and "non domo dominus, sed domino domus", a quote from chapter 39 of Cicero's De officiis. |
27333773_1_0 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. History
Originally, there was probably a Roman bridge, and a street name sign indicates that it is the ancient route of the Rhine. |
27333773_1_1 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. History
The current form of the street dates back at least to the end of the seventeenth century. Until 1887, it was called rue Saint-Marcel, while the part near the Saône was called rue Musique des Anges. The name "Saint-Marcel" was chosen after a former anchorite and a former gate of the city. |
27333773_1_2 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. History
At the time, the street provided access to two major climbs to leave Lyon to the north, the montée de la Grande Côte and the montée des Carmélites. There were two monasteries located in the street: the Benedictines of the Desert since 1296, and the Grands Augustins between 1319 and 1509, but these monasteries have moved. The Confraternity of Penitents of the Holy Crucifix was installed in the street in 1633, and, during the Ancien Régime, was the owner of the chapel rebuilt in 1643 which was demolished during the Reign of Terror and replaced by a house that currently overlooks the montée de la Grande Côte. |
27333773_1_3 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. History
The street was eventually named with its current name after the deliberation of the municipal council on 26 April 1887. |
27333773_1_4 | 27333773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20du%20Sergent%20Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan | Rue du Sergent Blandan. History
In 1804, the first Jacquard loom was installed in the street. Circa 1981, Radio Canut was housed at No. 24. On 8 February 2005, the city of Lyon installed a plaque as tribute to Jewish children of the school who were deported and killed during the Second World War. Among the famous inhabitants of the street, there are the painters Jacques Collet (1557) and Jean Montet (1785), and the designer Martin François (1887). The father of artist Paul Chenavard was dyer in the rue Saint-Marcel. |
27333783_0_0 | 27333783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%20Loayza%20Caero | Román Loayza Caero | Román Loayza Caero.
Román Loayza Caero (born February 29, 1948, Independencia) is a Bolivian politician and farmer. He was a prominent leader in the farmers' trade union movement and one of the founders of the Movement for Socialism (MAS). |
27333783_0_1 | 27333783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%20Loayza%20Caero | Román Loayza Caero | Román Loayza Caero.
Loyaza Caero grew up in Independencia and went to school for a few years there. He began working at an early age. He did his military service at the 8th cavalry regiment Mariscal Braun in Santa Cruz. |
27333783_0_2 | 27333783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%20Loayza%20Caero | Román Loayza Caero | Román Loayza Caero.
In 1978 he became the treasurer of a consumers’ cooperative in Independencia. Between 1983 and 1985 he was the general secretary of the Independencia Provincial Trade Union Centre. He then moved on to serve as Secretario de Vialidad of the Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores Campesinos de Cochabamba (SUTCCBA) between 1985 and 1987, then becoming the Organizing Secretary of SUTCCBA between 1987 and 1989 and International Secretary between 1989 and 1991. In 1993 he was elected executive secretary of the Federación Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Cochabamba (FUTCCBA), and re-elected in 1995. In 1995 he also took part in founding the Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples. In 1996 he became the executive secretary of Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (CSUTCB). |
27333783_0_3 | 27333783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%20Loayza%20Caero | Román Loayza Caero | Román Loayza Caero.
In 1997 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, as the United Left (IU) candidate in the single-member constituency No. 31 (which covers areas of the Ayopaya, Arque, Quillacollo, Tapacari and Bolivar provinces). In 1999 Loyaza Caero took the side of Evo Morales in the factional conflict within the ASP, and joined Morales’ MAS. In 2002 he was elected alternate senator as a MAS candidate and in 2006 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, again as a MAS candidate. Loyaza Caero led the MAS faction in the Constituent Assembly. |
27333783_1_0 | 27333783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%20Loayza%20Caero | Román Loayza Caero | Román Loayza Caero. He would lead CSUTCB until 2005.
Loayza Caero was a candidate in the 2009 presidential election, on behalf of the grouping ‘Gente’. However, shortly before the election he withdrew from the race and broke with Gente after having received low percentages in pre-poll opinion surveys. Loayza Caero attributed the difficulties of his campaign to lack of financial resources. Later, he withdrew his withdrawal and returned to Gente. CSUTCB publicly denounced his candidature. In January 2010 he announced an alliance with PPB-CN ahead of the 2010 local and regional elections. |
27333799_0_0 | 27333799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Whitfield%20County%2C%20Georgia | National Register of Historic Places listings in Whitfield County, Georgia | National Register of Historic Places listings in Whitfield County, Georgia.
This is a list of properties and districts in Whitfield County, Georgia, United States, that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). |
27333802_0_0 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988).
Typhoon Ruby, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Unsang, was the strongest typhoon to strike the Philippines in 18 years. The tenth typhoon of the 1988 Pacific typhoon season, Ruby formed from an area of low pressure situated east of the Philippines on October 20. The storm steadily intensified as it moved west, and then west-northwest. After developing an eye, Ruby attained typhoon intensity on October 23 and began to strengthen at a brisker clip. Ruby reached maximum intensity later that day, before moving ashore along the central portion of Luzon early on October 24. The storm steadily weakened over land and this trend only continued after Ruby entered the South China Sea. On October 27, Ruby made a second landfall as a tropical storm on Hainan Island before dissipating the next day. |
27333802_0_1 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988).
In addition to being the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines since 1970, Ruby also brought widespread damage to the country. Ten people died after a tornado wiped away six villages near Cagayan de Oro. Elsewhere in the province, five people were killed, and 26,000 were left homeless. Five people were killed and 40 others were presumed dead when a bus fell under a river on Panay Island. Eleven people died and 15,000 people lost their homes in Marikina, a suburb of Manila. |
27333802_0_2 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988).
The passenger ferry MV Doña Marilyn sank in the Visayan Sea en route from Manila to Tacloban City. At least 77 of the 511 people on board died, though there were initial reports of 261 missing. At least 110,000 people were left homeless. Approximately 200,000 dwellings were damaged, including roughly 39,000 that were destroyed. Furthermore, 208 people sustained injuries. Overall, damage in the island nation totaled $268 million (1988 USD), including $40 million in crop damage and $228 million in infrastructure damage. On Hainan Island, offshore China, two people were killed and damage totaled $35.6 million. Elsewhere, the storm was responsible for $9.89 million in damages and one death in the Fujian Province. Overall, 288 people died as a result of the typhoon. |
27333802_1_0 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Meteorological history
Typhoon Ruby, the last of four typhoons to form in the basin during October 1988, originated from an area of disturbed weather that formed on October 20; consequently, both the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started tracking the system at 18:00 UTC that day. Following an increase in deep convection, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued by the JTWC early on October 21. At noon, the JTWC first classified the disturbance as a tropical depression while the JMA upgraded the disturbance into a tropical storm. At the time of classification, the cyclone was situated about east-southeast of Manila on October 21 and moved southwestwards at first. Early on October 22, the depression was upgraded into a tropical storm, and was given the name Ruby by the JTWC. The same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Usang. |
27333802_1_1 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Meteorological history
Initially, the storm continued to track towards the southwest, before taking on a westward course typical of a "straight runner". During the afternoon of October 22, the JMA upgraded Ruby into a severe tropical storm. Both agencies estimated that Ruby attained typhoon status on October 23. Despite developing a pinhole eye, intensity estimates from the JMA suggested that Ruby only strengthened slightly over the next 24 hours. However, data from the JTWC suggested that Ruby rapidly strengthened during this period, ultimately attaining a peak wind speed of 230 km/h (145 mph), and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg). Meanwhile, the JMA estimated maximum intensity of and the same pressure. Ruby accelerated westward to a speed of about 27 km/h (17 mph) in the general direction of Luzon. While maintaining a small wide eye, it made landfall over central Luzon early on October 24, while according to the JMA still at maximum intensity. This made Ruby the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the main island of Luzon since Typhoon Patsy of the 1970 season. The system entered the South China Sea the morning of October 25. |
27333802_1_2 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Meteorological history
Based on analysis from the JMA, Ruby was believed to have maintained its intensity over land, although the JTWC noted that Ruby weakened substantially over land. During the evening of October 25, when it was about west-northwest of Manila, Ruby started a weakening trend. Meanwhile, the storm's forward motion slowed down significantly, and Ruby turned towards the west-northwest late on October 26. Around this time, the JMA downgraded Ruby into a severe tropical storm. While moving in the general direction of Hainan Island, the JTWC estimated that Ruby lost typhoon intensity on the morning of October 27. Increased northeasterly wind shear took its toll on the storm, resulting in continued weakening. During the afternoon of October 27, Ruby struck the island of Hainan, with the JMA estimating winds of . Land interaction with the rugged terrain of the island accelerated the weakening trend, and after becoming devoid of deep convection, the JTWC ceased tracking Ruby late on October 28. Eighteen hours later, the JMA followed suit. |
27333802_1_3 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Preparations
Prior to the arrival of Ruby, storm warnings were issued in the Visayas Islands, the northern coast of Mindanao and south to central portions of Luzon. Manila's international airport canceled more than 25 domestic flights on October 24, though international flights operated normally. Classes were suspended on October 22 in Manila, along with most private businesses and government offices. There, all major banks and the city's two stock markets suspended operations on October 24. Numerous ships at U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay were evacuated in advance of Ruby and only "mission-essential personnel" were on duty. All six U.S. military bases in the Philippines were put on maximum alert as the storm neared. Due to Ruby's threat to Hong Kong, a No 3. hurricane signal was issued, but was dropped on October 27 once the storm receded. |
27333802_2_0 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Philippines
Throughout the archipelago, Typhoon Ruby flattened homes, sank ships, and blew buses and trucks off freeways. Much of the entire island of Luzon lost power due to the typhoon. Ten people were feared dead, including one child, on October 23 when a tornado destroyed six villages near Cagayan de Oro. There, five others drowned in floodwaters triggered by flash flooding and 26,000 people were displaced from their homes. After the Agusan River overflowed its banks, 1,000 houses were destroyed, leading to more than 20,000 homeless. The Augsen Bridge was also destroyed by the typhoon. The typhoon killed fifteen people in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, six on Camiguin Island, three in Nueva Ecija, two in Surigao City and one in Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan and Iloilo. In Cugman, a town within the province of Misamis Oriental, six fatalities were reported, and 1,000 dwellings were destroyed, which resulted in 20,000 people displaced from their residence. In Mindoro Island, twenty people were killed, and roughly 250 houses as well as a bridge were destroyed. Elsewhere, three miners died in a landslide in Davao. Six people drowned in Zamboanga del Sur. According to military reports, a bus fell under the Sibalom River after a bridge, which the bus was atop of, collapsed. Consequently, five people were killed and 40 others were presumed dead, most of whom were either trapped inside the bus or were swept away by flood waters. Seventeen others were rescued. Five people died in the province of Pagadian, including one in Pagadian City. Around 3,000 people were evacuated due to rough seas in Legazpi. Approximately 150 dwellings were flooded in Cebu City. |
27333802_2_1 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
In the capital city of Manila, power was knocked out, resulting in many downed trees, and numerous landslides were reported. The city itself suffered widespread flooding which left about 6,000 homeless, but no casualties were reported. The suburb of Marikina, however, sustained the worst impact of all Manila suburbs from the typhoon, where a river overflowed its banks, and 15,000 people were reported homeless. According to press reports, water levels in one subdivision of the suburb were nearly high, which forced homeowners to either hang on to oil containers, the trunks of banana trees, and other debris to stay afloat, or climb to the rooftops of the few two-story homes in Marinka. Throughout the city, 11 casualties were reported. A Continental Airlines DC-10 jetliner, which carried 251 passengers from Hawaii, skidded while landing during heavy rain and nearly overshot the runway at the Manila airport, where 24 hour rainfall total exceeded . |
27333802_2_2 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
The 2,855,000 kg (2,855 t) passenger ferry MV Doña Marilyn sank during Ruby in the Visayan Sea, despite altering its course in an attempt to avoid the inner core of the typhoon. Several hours before the ship sank, crew members reported that the engine was failing. The vessel was last spotted about 325 km (200 mi) southeast of Manila, and was en route from Manila to Tacloban City. According to reports obtained from the Philippine Coast Guard, there were 243 confirmed survivors, although reports from the Associated Press suggested that as few as 193 people survived. Based on official government reports, the ferry had 451 passengers plus 60 crew members aboard, although many survivors claim there were over 1,000 crew and passengers, citing the fact that there were 1,200 life vests, and there was not enough of them for everyone on board at the time of the incident. Around a week after the storm, Manila newspapers reported that there were at least 52 people on board who were not officially reported as a passenger or crewman. The ship had taken over the route of a sister vessel, the Dona Paz, which sank the previous December with a death toll of more than 1,700. |
27333802_2_3 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
A cargo ship picked up eight of the aforementioned survivors from the Doña Marilyn; eleven other survivors were found on Maripipi Island and on a nearby inlet, ten were discovered on Sambawan Island, and four others were found floating in the water. In Almagro, 137 survivors washed onshore on October 25, 120 of whom reached shore by either a life jacket or a life boat. Eighteen other survivors were buried in a common grave in Almagro and nine other bodies, also found in Almagro, were shipped to Tacloban. In Tacloban, six other survivors were buried, but over 60 survivors were also found on the island, and were transported on four buses and taken to receive medical treatment. Twenty-two were found on Samar Island, including two in Calbayog. Overall, the shipwreck was confirmed to have killed 77, even though 261 others were listed missing. |
27333802_2_4 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
In a separate incident, the vessel Zenaida, with 20 people aboard was reportedly rendered missing off the Quezon province east of Manila. The USS Blue Ridge found four crewmen of the Philippine freighter Jet Nann Five, which sank to the south of where the Doña Marilyn sunk about 12 hours after the former left Cebu City to Mindanao. Fifteen of the 19 crewmen were reported as missing, and the four survivors were treated for second-degree sunburn, dehydration, and mild hypothermia. A Philippine navy landing ship and a hospital vessel both capsized in heavy waves offshore Zamboanga City, but no casualties were reported. A tugboat owned by the state-run Philippine National Oil Company sank off the Bataan Peninsula, but no casualties occurred. A freighter, the Queen Raquel, broke loose in the storm and smashed into a seawall, which resulted in two security guards being rescued by firemen. |
27333802_2_5 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
At least 110,000 of the nation's 56 million people were left homeless. Additionally, 2,742,666 people or 537,152 families were directly affected by the typhoon. Approximately 200,000 dwellings were damaged, including roughly 39,000 that were destroyed. Furthermore, 208 people were hurt. The Philippine Red Cross reported that 207 people died on land in the Philippines, which was slightly lower than the agency's earlier reports suggesting a death toll of 233. Nationwide, damage to infrastructure totaled $228 million (1988 USD) and damage to agriculture totaled $40 million. Across the Philippines, damage totaled $268 million. |
27333802_2_6 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Elsewhere
Aided by the monsoon trough, the outer rainbands of Typhoon Ruby brought an extended period of heavy rains across eastern Taiwan. According to press reports, one person was killed and another was initially reported as missing. River levels rose drastically, which led to flooding along low-lying areas. High seas associated with the outer rainbands of the storm were responsible for $9.89 million in destruction to the Fujian Province. |
27333802_2_7 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
On the afternoon of October 27, Ruby struck the island of Hainan as a tropical storm, killing two people and injuring 15 others. Heavy rains resulted in flash floods. Telephone service in the eastern and southern parts of the island was disrupted and about of crops were damaged, primarily rice. Flooding occurred in 46 villages, and more than 10,000 residents necessitated evacuation. Island-wide, over 20,000 people were rendered homeless and at least 20 fishing vessels sunk. Damage totaled $35.6 million. |
27333802_2_8 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
Near Hong Kong, Ruby brought strong winds, gusting to on Cheung Chau. Rainfall totaled from October 26 to October 31 at Hong Kong's Royal Observatory (HKO), a bit lower than the measured in Sai Kung, which was the highest recorded total in the vicinity of Hong Kong. HKO also reported a minimum pressure of , the lowest pressure recorded within the area. Citywide, damage was minimal. A large billboard in the western portion of Hong Kong was blown loose, briefly delaying nearby tram service. Four people were injured when billboards close to a construction site were toppled in Kwun Tong. Several shops near Sha Tin were flooded. Twenty dwellings remained flooded on the Tai O island for three days due to storm surge. A tree in Wong Tai Sin toppled, blocking a road. |
27333802_2_9 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Aftermath
A state of emergency was activated in the province of Cagayan de Oro on October 24. In Marikina, military helicopters rescued families trapped in trees for several days following the typhoon. On October 25, Philippine President Corazon Aquino made a surprise visit to a refugee center in Marikina to comfort the typhoon victims and to allocate $500,000 in calamity aid. In the city, the armed forces launched a rescue operation for stranded residents via naval tanks and helicopters. Aquino also declared a state of "calamity" in Manila and 35 provinces, which included seven of the 13 regions of the nation. Additionally, many schools across the devastated area were used as post-storm evacuation centers. |
27333802_2_10 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
Several nations aided the devastated archipelago. Australia provided $82,000, the United States of America donated $25,000, West Germany contributed nearly $40,000, Japan donated $33,834, Canada provided $41,320 in relief, Denmark contributed $146,198, and Norway added $30,303. In addition to revenue, the Department of Social Welfare and Development provided over 3 million bottles of antibiotics. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs awarded a $25,000 emergency cash grant for the purchase of medicines, canned food, and clothing to the country. The United Nations Development Programme granted $50,000 worth of medicines, canned food, clothing, blankets, and cooking utensils. In addition, the UNICEF acquired $55,000 worth of medicine to the island chain. The United States federal government donated 13,000 packages of relief goods. The League of Red Cross Societies donated 4,000 bags of rice, 2,500 containers of milk (combined worth $158,000), as well as more than $250,000 in monetary contributions. Italy airlifted 3,000 blanket, 30 tents, and 10,000 plastic folding water containers. The Catholic Relief Services donated $20,000 while the Church World Service contributed $15,000 in cash for blankets. The Red Cross USSR gave $83,333 in medicine. |
27333802_2_11 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
Aquino also ordered an investigation into the Doña Marilyn sinking. Many relatives of passengers flocked into the Manila office of Sulpicio Lines, the owner of the Marilyn, for an explanation on why the vessel left despite the typhoon, and accused management of profiteering at the expense ov the safety of the passengers. Jose Baldicanas, the nation's Transportation Undersecretary, said the ship was given a permit to sail because the weather was clear when it left for Tacloban. However, Philip Tuazon, administrator of the government's Maritime Industry Authority, ordered the company in court to explain why they should not lose their license for the accident; On October 28, a four-man Senate committee headed by Senator John Osmena blamed the tragedy on the ship's captain, the Coast Guard, and the Philippine Weather Bureau for permitting the Marilyn to sail from Manila. Sulpicio Lines also denied claims from victims of under counting the number of passengers on board. |
27333802_2_12 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). Impact
On November 2, following an investigation, President Corazon Aquino ordered Sulpicio Lines temporarily closed while the government was asked to inspect the company's crews and ships. Company officials felt that the indefinite closing was unfair and argued it would disrupt shipping across the island nation, and that the inspection can take place without shutting the entire company down. Typhoon Ruby was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect the island chain in a span of a mere two weeks; Ruby was followed by Tropical Storm Tess and Typhoon Skip in early November 1988. |
27333802_2_13 | 27333802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Ruby%20%281988%29 | Typhoon Ruby (1988) | Typhoon Ruby (1988). In popular culture
The typhoon is featured on the 12th episode of the GRB Entertainment-produced television documentary series, airing on Discovery Chanel and other television stations around the world, titled Storm Warning! in 1997 and the 2010 television special produced by GMA News and Public Affairs during its 50th anniversary titled Limang Dekada: The GMA News 50th Anniversary Special. |
27333807_0_0 | 27333807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20Joseph%20Met%20Maria | When Joseph Met Maria | When Joseph Met Maria.
When Joseph Met Maria was a television Christmas special featuring several 'Maria' and 'Joseph' finalists from Andrew Lloyd Webber's BBC talent searches How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria? (2006) and Any Dream Will Do (2007), including winners Connie Fisher and Lee Mead. It was aired on BBC One on 24 December 2007 and was presented by Graham Norton. |
27333807_0_1 | 27333807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20Joseph%20Met%20Maria | When Joseph Met Maria | When Joseph Met Maria.
When Joseph Met Maria showed what several of the finalists were up to since taking part in the live shows. It also featured several performances from the selected finalists, as well as judges John Barrowman, who performed with the Marias, and Denise Van Outen, who performed with the Josephs. Also present were judges Bill Kenwright and Zoe Tyler. |
27333807_1_0 | 27333807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20Joseph%20Met%20Maria | When Joseph Met Maria | When Joseph Met Maria. Kerst Met Joseph en Evita
A similar special, entitled Kerst Met Joseph en Evita (Christmas with Joseph and Evita) was aired on Christmas Eve 2008, uniting several 'Evita' and 'Joseph' finalists from the Dutch versions, Op zoek naar Evita and Op zoek naar Joseph including winners Brigitte Heitzer and Freek Bartels. |
27333824_0_0 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham.
James Adams Cunningham (November 27, 1830 – July 17, 1892) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. |
27333824_0_1 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham.
Serving as a company commander in the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry (which later became the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry) on garrison duty at Fort Warren in Boston, Cunningham was transferred with his unit to the battle front in the spring of 1862. He fought in numerous battles with the Army of the Potomac, eventually taking command of the 32nd Massachusetts in 1864. In the closing days of the war, Cunningham distinguished himself during the Appomattox Campaign, earning the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general. During the Battle of Appomattox Court House, Cunningham received the flag of surrender sent by General Robert E. Lee. |
27333824_0_2 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham.
After the war, Cunningham served with the Massachusetts General Court and as Adjutant General of Massachusetts. |
27333824_0_3 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Early life
Born in Boston in 1830, James Cunningham moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts as a young man and took up a career as a stagecoach driver. He married Ann Eliza Lane of New Jersey and had two children before the Civil War. |
27333824_1_0 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Company command
A few months after the start of the Civil War, Cunningham assisted with the recruitment of a company of volunteer infantry in Gloucester. The company was formed in November 1861 under the command of Captain James P. Draper and became Company D of the 1st Battalion Massachusetts Infantry. Cunningham was second in command of the company, receiving the commission of 1st lieutenant on December 2, 1861. The company was made up almost entirely of Gloucester fishermen and, early in its service, had a reputation for unruliness. |
27333824_1_1 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
The battalion was stationed during the winter of 1861–1862 at Fort Warren, the largest fortification in Boston harbor. There, the unit trained in infantry and artillery drill and also guarded the approximately 1,000 Confederate prisoners held at the fort. On March 6, 1862, Cunningham was promoted captain and placed in command of Company F of the battalion. In May 1862, the battalion was transferred to the battle front in northern Virginia. That summer, four more companies were added to the battalion, amounting to ten companies as required for a full regiment. The unit was designated, on September 3, 1862, the 32nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The regiment became part of the V Corps in the Army of the Potomac. |
27333824_1_2 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
Over the course of 1862, Cunningham commanded Company F in combat during the battles of Second Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In 1863, he participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Mine Run. In 1864, still in command of a company in the 32nd Massachusetts, Cunningham saw action in the Overland Campaign, a series of battles aimed at grinding down the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and taking the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Overland Campaign ended in a stalemate and resulted in the long Siege of Petersburg. |
27333824_1_3 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Regimental command
Because several of the senior officers of the 32nd Massachusetts were killed or wounded in the course of the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, Cunningham was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the summer of 1864 and took command of the regiment at the end of September. He would command the regiment for the remainder of its service. |
27333824_1_4 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
In late March 1865, the Confederate army abandoned its siege lines at Petersburg and retreated towards western Virginia, bringing about the Appomattox Campaign and, ultimately, the end of the war. It was during this campaign, on April 2, 1865, that Cunningham distinguished himself in the wake of the Battle of Five Forks. The battle, having taken place on April 1, 1865, forced the Confederates to begin their retreat from Petersburg and Richmond. That night, Cunningham was placed in command of a brigade of skirmishers and ordered to lead the pursuit of the retreating Confederate army. Deploying his brigade under the eye of Major General Philip Sheridan, Cunningham pushed his men rapidly westward, covering many miles of ground and overtaking hundreds of Confederates in the course of their retreat as well as significant amounts of Confederate supplies. On January 18, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cunningham for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from April 1, 1865, for distinguished services during the campaign against Richmond, and for especial gallantry at the battle of Five Forks, Virginia, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 21, 1867. |
27333824_1_5 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
Over the next week, the Union cavalry and V Corps (including Cunningham's 32nd Massachusetts) pursued the Confederates, forcing their surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Near the close of the battle, Cunningham spotted through his field glasses a white flag of truce. Riding forward, Cunningham ascertained that the flag was born by a Confederate staff officer who wished to communicate a message to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant that Confederate General Robert E. Lee wished to discuss terms of surrender. |
27333824_1_6 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
After the close of the war, Cunningham was mustered out of service with the rest of the 32nd Massachusetts on June 29, 1865. |
27333824_1_7 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Post-war life
Immediately after the war, Brevet Brig. Gen. Cunningham dabbled in politics, serving briefly as a representative to the Massachusetts General Court in 1865. At the close of 1866, he accepted an appointment as Adjutant General of Massachusetts, becoming the commanding general of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. He succeeded the wartime adjutant general, William Schouler and served in that capacity until 1879. |
27333824_1_8 | 27333824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Cunningham | James A. Cunningham | James A. Cunningham. Civil War service
In 1882, Cunningham became the superintendent of the Massachusetts Soldier's Home in Chelsea, a position he occupied for ten years until his death in Chelsea on July 17, 1892. He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Gloucester, Massachusetts. |
27333834_0_0 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
The C1 and P1 (also called the P100) are two human scalp-recorded event-related brain potential (event-related potential (ERP)) components, collected by means of a technique called electroencephalography (EEG). The C1 is named so because it was the first component in a series of components found to respond to visual stimuli when it was first discovered. It can be a negative-going component (when using a mastoid reference point) or a positive going component with its peak normally observed in the 65–90 ms range post-stimulus onset. The P1 is called the P1 because it is the first positive-going component (when also using a mastoid reference point) and its peak is normally observed in around 100 ms. Both components are related to processing of visual stimuli and are under the category of potentials called visually evoked potentials (VEPs). Both components are theorized to be evoked within the visual cortices of the brain with C1 being linked to the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) of the human brain and the P1 being linked to other visual areas (Extrastriate cortex). One of the primary distinctions between these two components is that, whereas the P1 can be modulated by attention, the C1 has been typically found to be invariable to different levels of attention. |
27333834_0_1 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). History
The different components within the category of VEPs were first described by Spehlmann in 1965 who compared human ERPs when viewing patterned and diffuse stimuli that were quickly flashed on the screen while a person was viewing the general area where the flash was to appear. However, it was not until Jeffreys and Axford (1972) that the earliest individual components of those VEPs were delineated, including the C1 component. Jeffreys and Axford had human participants view stimulus patterns of squares for a very short time (25ms), aperiodically, in different parts of the participant's visual fields while being recorded using electrodes placed towards the back of the head. Specifically, they recorded from three electrode sites placed on the longitudinal midline of the head: one 3 cm anterior to the inion (the bony projection at the posteroinferior part of the skull), and two 3 cm to either side of the midline. After averaging between like trials (trials where the stimuli were presented in the same part of the visual field) and looking at the ERPs, Jeffreys and Axford postulated that there are two distinct components in the first 150 milliseconds, the C1 and the C2. But of the two components, the C1 tended to show polarity shifts across the scalp for trials where a stimulus was shown on one side of the visual field was compared to trials where stimuli were shown on the opposite side of the visual field. The C1's polarity is also inverted whenever trials where the stimuli were presented in the top half of the visual field versus when stimuli were presented in the lower half of the visual field. Based on this evidence, Jeffreys and Axford proposed that the C1 reflected activity in the striate cortex as the activity tends to reflect a retinotopic map very similar to the one in the striate cortex. |
27333834_0_2 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
Since its initial discovery, the common theory about the C1 continues to state that it is an early component when viewing stimuli and that it represents activity in the primary visual cortex. |
27333834_0_3 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
One of the initial descriptions of the P1 can be credited to Spehlmann (1965) with his categorization of components within the VEPs. Whereas previous papers had looked at human ERPs to visual stimuli, and, undoubtedly, recorded P1 components as can be seen by visually inspecting the waveforms in the early articles (e.g. Cobb & Dawson, 1960), Spehlmann was one of the first to describe a "surface positive component at 80-120ms." In his experiment, Spehlmann showed participants patterns of black and white squares, arranged in a checkerboard manner. These patterns were flashed to the participant by using a strobe light that had a frequency of 1-2 flashes per second. Averaging across trials, Spehlmann noted two different positivites, the first of which would later go on to be known as the P1. |
27333834_0_4 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
In the last quarter of the 20th century, the P1 started to be studied looking at what is called the P1 "effect" in the selective attention domain. In 1977 Van Voorhis and Hillyard found modulations in the P1 due to attention using the famous paradigm used by Eason, Harter, and White (1969). For their experiment, Van Voorhis and Hillyard (1977) had participants view circular flashes of light to the left and to the right of a central fixation with the right and left flashes occurring independently with each side having flashes 2 to 8 seconds apart (a replication of Eason et al., 1969), the flashes occurring randomly with 1 to 4 seconds between each flash (left or right), or the flashes occurring randomly with 300 to 600ms between each flash. Participants were instructed to either attend to the left visual field, the right visual hemisphere, or both visual hemispheres for a double flash (two flashes within 70ms of each other). Participants were also instructed to either look for the target passively or press a button whenever the double flash occurs. To record the ERPs, they had two electrodes down the midline (Cz and Oz) all referenced to the right mastoid. Van Voorhis and Hillyard found that the P1 had a greater positive amplitude when the target was presented in the attended field than when it was presented outside the attended field across all conditions. This was one of the first papers to show that attention could modulate a visually evoked potential as early on as the P1. Ever since this experiment, the difference between the P1 amplitude when the participant is attending in the correct and incorrect visual field (or the P1 effect) has been extensively studied as part of selective attention. |
27333834_0_5 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Component characteristics
The C1 component typically peaks anywhere from 50–100ms and its polarity and scalp distribution are dependent on where the stimulus is presented (Jeffreys & Axford, 1972; Mangun, Hillyard, & Luck, 1993). Roughly speaking, the C1 has a negative polarity if the stimuli is presented in the upper half of the visual field (when using a mastoid reference) but it has a positive polarity if the stimuli is presented in the lower half of the visual field. The C1 scalp distribution is fairly broad with greatest polarity typically along the occipito-parietal sites (Mangun et al., 1993), although the scalp can be lateralized with greater polarity along the occipito-parietal sites contralateral to the stimulus (Jeffreys & Axford, 1972). |
27333834_0_6 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
The P1 component is a positive going component that typically begins around 70–90ms with a peak around 80-130ms (Mangun, 1995). Its amplitude maximum is over the lateral occipital scalp, approximately right over the ventrolateral prestriate cortex, contralateral to the visual field in which the stimuli is presented (Mangun et al., 1993). |
27333834_0_7 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Main paradigms
C1s are evoked whenever a visual stimulus is presented. As such, virtually any paradigm that presents visual stimuli can be used to look at the C1 component. However, one of the main paradigms used to look at the differential effects of viewing stimuli in different visual fields, and the one used to originally identify the C1 component, involves presenting visual stimuli in all different visual hemifields, one at a time(Jeffreys and Axford, 1965). The participant is typically warned that a series of stimuli are to be presented and then exactly the same type of stimuli are presented all while participants fixate at a cross at the center of the screen. |
27333834_0_8 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
Early P1 research centered on looking at what components are present when visual stimuli was viewed. This is reflected by the main paradigm used to elicit a P1. In this paradigm, geometric objects, patterns of geometric shapes (e.g. Spehlmann, 1965), colors (Hillyard & Munte, 1984) or even just flashes of white light (e.g. Cobb & Dawson, 1960) for a very short time. ERPs are then recorded from sites above occipital regions and those waveforms are averaged across trials. |
27333834_0_9 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
Later research on the P1 started to look at the P1 effect with regards to selective attention. These paradigms vary with type of stimuli used and time in between stimuli but the base paradigm mainly involved the participant attending to a specific part of the visual field while looking for a target in his or her entire visual field. Blocks of stimuli are presented one at a time and the participant must indicate (or at the very least look for) the target stimuli's presence. Before each block specific instructions are given as to what part of the visual field to attend to as well as any experiment specific instructions (e.g. Van Voorhis and Hillyard, 1977). The important comparison is between the P1 for targets that are presented in the space where a participant was attending versus targets that appear in parts of the visual field where the participants were not attending. |
27333834_0_10 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
A variant of this paradigm is the filter paradigm. In this paradigm participants are asked to attend to a certain part of the visual field and to not pay attention to or "filter out" the rest of the visual field. Blocks of stimuli are presented one at a time in both attended and unattended space. Participants are to look for a target that differs from the rest of the stimuli on some number of dimensions such as size, length, luminance, etc. within only the attended space as indicated before every block. However, targets are also presented in the unattended space (e.g. Hillyard & Munte, 1984). The important comparison in this paradigm is between the P1 for targets presented within the attended visual field versus targets that were presented out of the attended visual field. |
27333834_0_11 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience).
Another variant of the basic paradigm of selective attention is the visuospatial cueing paradigm. In this paradigm stimuli are presented one at a time in a fixed number of locations in the visual field. Participants are to look for and indicate if a particular stimulus is the target stimulus. The main aspect of this paradigm is that prior to every presentation of a stimulus there is a cue, indicating where the stimulus is going to be present. The cues, though, are not entirely accurate with some percentage indicating the wrong spatial location (Mangun & Hillyard, 1991). In some experiments there could even be cues that do not indicate any specific location whatsoever or a neutral cue (Luck, Hillyard, Mouloua, Woldorff, Clark & Hawkins, 1994). The critical comparison in this paradigm is the comparison between the P1 on trials where the stimulus was presented in the location indicated by the cue versus trials when the stimulus was presented in a location not indicated by the cue. For those experiments where a neutral cue is given, another important comparison is between the P1 of the two trials where a directional cue is given (either correct or incorrect) versus the P1 on those trials where the cue gives no indication of a direction. |
27333834_1_0 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Spatial location in the visual field
The C1 component is sensitive to where a stimulus is presented in a visual field (Jeffreys and Axford, 1965). The C1 has been shown to be negative when items are presented in the top half of the visual field and positive when the visual stimuli are presented in the bottom half of the visual field. The scalp distribution of the C1 component can also lateralized based on the lateralization of the stimuli (Jeffreys & Axford, 1964). Stimuli presented in the left half of the visual field will elicit more negativity over the rightward occipital and parietal channels. Stimuli presented in the right half of the visual field will elicit a negativity over the leftward occipital and parietal channels. |
27333834_1_1 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Functional sensitivity
While the polarity is consistent across presentations of visual stimuli in different visual fields, the P1s scalp topographic maps do change in that the positivity is elicited contralaterally to the visual field in which a stimulus is presented although not to the extent shown in the C1 component (Mangun et al., 1993). |
27333834_1_2 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Attention
One of the main differences between the C1 and the P1 is the effects of attention on each component. Although multiple studies have shown that there is no effect of increased attention on the C1 (Di Russo et al., 2003; Hillyard & Anllo-Vento, 1998), more recent studies suggest that C1 may be more sensitive to internal states than previously thought (Kelly et al., 2008;Rauss et al., 2009). However studies using different variants of spatial cueing paradigms have shown that the P1 shows greater amplitude when a stimulus is shown in an area where the participant was attending. In an experiment by Mangun and Hillyard (1991), they had had participants do a size discrimination task between two bars, one on the left and one on the right with the target stimuli either being the smaller or taller bars, depending on the block of trials. A cue was given before each pair of blocks was given. This cue was only correct 75% of the time. When comparing the P1 when the participant was attending to the correct side to the P1 when the participant was not attending to the correct side, the former had a greater amplitude than the latter. |
27333834_1_3 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Functional sensitivity
However, as shown by Luck et al. (1994), the P1 effect is not necessarily modulated by having participants attend to a certain area. By adding a neutral cue, they showed that there was no difference between the amplitude of the P1 when the correct area was attended and when a neutral cue was given, not giving any indication as to where the target stimulus was to show up. |
27333834_2_0 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). P1 reflects the "cost of attention"
Luck et al. (1994) proposed that the P1 effect is a reflection of a "cost of attention." As has been shown previously, whenever a participant is paying attention to a particular area and the target stimulus was presented outside wherever the participant was attending, there is a decrement in the P1 amplitude (e.g. Mangun & Hillyard, 1991;Van Voorhis and Hillyard, 1977). Luck et al. claim that this decrement is actually a cost of attending someplace and being incorrect. This decrement or suppression of the P1 represents the cost of having to stop attending to one area and shift the attention to the place where the target stimulus is located. This is as compared to another component called the N1. The N1 shows an increment in amplitude when a participant is attending to a certain area and the stimulus is shown in that area. Luck et al. (1994) call this the "benefit" of attention. |
27333834_2_1 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Theory/source
Early vs. late selection attention models
One of the critical debates that the C1 and P1 have helped to contribute to is that of early versus late selection models. Early selection models such as Broadbent's early filter theory (1958) claim that attention filter out unattended information while in the middle of processing that information. However late selection models claim that information is processed to a much later stage and attention serves to choose between that processed information. Attentional effects on the P1 (e.g. Van Voorhis and Hillyard, 1977) show that attention can affect visual processing as early as 65ms with stimuli appearing in unattended regions of space, having a lower P1 amplitude. However, the lack of modulation of the C1 component due to attention or lack thereof (e.g. Di Russo et al., 2003) shows that not all information is being filtered out immediately. Instead, early aspects of visual processing (as reflected in the C1) seem to unfold in a manner that is unaffected by the allocation of attention over space. |
27333834_2_2 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). C1 and the striate cortex
When it was first discovered by Jeffreys and Axford (1972), they suggested that the source of the C1 component was somewhere in the V1 (or the striate cortex or Brodmann's Area 17) as the polarity reversals and the reversals from side to side mirrored the retinotopic map of V1. More specifically, they suggested that the C1 is generated in Brodmann's Area 17 or the V1. In the early years the findings of some studies helped to support this hypothesis (Mangun et al., 1993; Parker, Salzen, & Lishman, 1982). Conversely, others found that the C1 might be located in areas such as Brodmann's Area 18 (Lesevre, 1982) or Brodmann's Area 19 (Maier, Dagnelie, Spekrijse, & van Dijk, 1987). |
27333834_2_3 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Theory/source
However more recent evidence using source localization techniques such as brain electrical source analysis (BESA) in conjunction with fMRI points to the C1 being generated in the primary visual cortex of Brodmann's area 17. Clark, Fan, and Hillyard (1995) for example, using a paradigm whereby circular checkerboards were presented in different visual fields, localized the C1 to the striate cortex using a 2-dipole BESA approach. Di Russo, Martinez, and Hillyard (2003) used sinusoidally modulated black and white checkerboard circles in the four different hemifields (upper-right, upper-left, lower-right, and lower-left) to look at the location of the C1. They found also using a BESA method, using 7 pairs of dipoles, that the C1 originated in the striate cortex. Their BESA results also matched up with the concurrent fMRI results for the same participants. |
27333834_2_4 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). The extrastriate cortex
The source of P1 component, as opposed to the C1 component, is not entirely known. Work by Mangun et al. (1993) with presenting bars in different sections of the visual field, some of which were presented in attended parts of the visual field and some were not, points to the neurological source of the P1 somewhere over the ventrolateral prestriate cortex or Brodmann's Area 18. To make this judgment, they used both current source density maps and structural MRI of the participants to localize the source of the P1. Other papers using a combination of fMRI and BESA dipole modeling have also pointed to the P1 coming from the ventrolateral prestriate cortex ( Di Russo et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 1999). |
27333834_2_5 | 27333834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1%20and%20P1%20%28neuroscience%29 | C1 and P1 (neuroscience) | C1 and P1 (neuroscience). Theory/source
Further evidence that the P1 is located along the ventral pathway comes from a studies using both ERPs and positron emission tomography. These studies have shown that the P1 is associated with activation in the dorsal occipital areas (Woldorff et al., 1998) and the posterior fusiform gyrus (Mangun, Hopfinger, Kussmaul, Fletcher, and Heinze, 1997). |
27333840_0_0 | 27333840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%20air%20crash | Tripoli air crash | Tripoli air crash. Tripoli air crash may refer to
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 - a mid air collision on approach to Tripoli International Airport in 1992
Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 - a crash on approach to Tripoli International Airport in 2010 |
27333856_0_0 | 27333856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20Aero%20Services | Direct Aero Services | Direct Aero Services.
Direct Aero Services was a charter airline based in Bucharest, Romania. Its main base was Aurel Vlaicu International Airport. In 2012, it changed its name to Romstrade Logistic Expres. |
27333856_0_1 | 27333856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20Aero%20Services | Direct Aero Services | Direct Aero Services.
Romstrade Logistic Expres has suspended operations and its air operator certificate has been revoked on 7 March 2013. |
27333856_1_0 | 27333856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20Aero%20Services | Direct Aero Services | Direct Aero Services. Fleet
The Direct Aero Services fleet included the following aircraft (): |
27333860_0_0 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata.
Katharina tunicata (Wood, 1815) is commonly known as the black Katy chiton, black Leather chiton, black chiton, or leather chiton is a species of chiton in the family Mopaliidae. |
27333860_0_1 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Description
Capable of growing up to 12 cm, the animal is generally described as being football-shaped with a black leathery girdle in which are embedded eight protective plates. The parts of the plates that are visible are sometimes (but not always) diamond-shaped in outline. The underside of the animal is dull orange or yellow. |
27333860_0_2 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Anatomy
From the dorsal view, the mantle, girdle, and 8 valves are easily distinguishable. The girdle is covered with a chitinous cuticle. The ventral side shows the muscular foot surrounded by the gills on either side. This view also shows the mouth, anterior to the foot, and the anus, posterior to the foot encompassed by the mantle cavity and pallial fold which is then surrounded by the girdle. The gonopores are located at the posterior end just above the anus. The internal anatomy consists of a complete gut, a nervous system with two visceral nerve cords and two serving the foot, and a hemal system composed of the heart, vessels, and unlined sinuses that make the hemocoel. |
27333860_0_3 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Feeding habits
Like other chitons, it is a slow moving grazer that consumes several species of brown and red algae including kelps, sea lettuce, and encrusting diatoms. They're also known to eat sponges, tiny barnacles, spirobid polychaetes, and bryozoans. Their predators include sea urchins, leather stars, black oystercatchers, glaucous-winged gulls, and humans. |
27333860_0_4 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Reproduction
Black Katy chitons are primarily dioecious, diploid organisms. They reach sexual maturity at about 35mm in length. The decrease in temperature experienced around fall will trigger within a newly settled organism the growth of the gonads. Around springtime, the increase in temperatures will trigger the actual production of gametes. Males will first disperse their sperm into the tides which will then induce nearby females to launch their eggs forth to be fertilized. Settlement of the organism is influenced by the presence of coralline algae. Gametogenesis takes place for 5 months of the year, and most of these chitons will live through the reproduction cycle about 3 times. |
27333860_0_5 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata.
Chitons undergo biochemical changes through the processes of sexual maturity and reproduction. Studies have been conducted, using K. tunicata, pertaining to the ratio of neutral and polar lipids found within the organism at different stages of its life. |
27333860_0_6 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Distribution
Its distribution ranges from Kamchatka, Russia through the Aleutian Islands to southern California. However, modern, accurate surveys do not exist. |
27333860_0_7 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. Habitat
These chitons can be found in intertidal zones to 40m depths. Heavy waves on rocky shores are favorable. K. tunicata is unique compared to other chitons in that it tolerates direct sunlight. |
27333860_0_8 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata.
These intertidal zones are susceptible to contamination from industrial activities, timber harvesting, mining, seafood processing, as well as coastal development. Over-visitation and over-harvesting are a common concern. Effects of climate change, present and future, are not fully understood but it will probably affect the diversity and structure of the intertidal communities K. tunicata reside in. This species is protected in the USA under the Coastal Zone Management Act. |
27333860_0_9 | 27333860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina%20tunicata | Katharina tunicata | Katharina tunicata. As food
The indigenous peoples of California cook this animal on coals or in an earth oven. |
27333891_0_0 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray.
The Boeing Phantom Ray is an American demonstration stealth unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) developed by Boeing using company funds. The autonomous Phantom Ray is a flying wing around the size of a conventional fighter jet, and first flew in April 2011. It will conduct a program of test flights involving surveillance, ground attack and autonomous aerial refueling missions. The developers say it can carry 4,500 pounds (2,040 kg) of payload. |
27333891_1_0 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray. Design and development
The Phantom Ray project, called "Project Reblue" internally at Boeing, was first conceived in mid-2007, and started in earnest in June 2008. The project was secret within the company, except for a small number of executives and engineers, until May 2009. |
27333891_1_1 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray. Design and development
Developed by the Boeing Phantom Works, the Phantom Ray is based on the X-45C prototype aircraft, which Boeing originally developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the US Air Force, and the US Navy Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program in 2002. The Phantom Ray was not aimed at any particular military program or competition, although Boeing considered using the design as an entry for the Navy's Unmanned Carrier-Launched Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) program. |
27333891_1_2 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray. Design and development
The Phantom Ray was unveiled on May 10, 2010, in St. Louis, Missouri. In November 2010, low-speed taxi tests were carried out in St. Louis. The demonstrator aircraft was to perform ten test flights over six months, supporting missions such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; suppression of enemy air defenses; seek-and-destroy; electronic attack; hunter/killer; and autonomous aerial refueling. Boeing anticipated that the Phantom Ray would be the first of a series of new prototype aircraft. |
27333891_1_3 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray. Design and development
The Phantom Ray was scheduled to make its maiden flight in December 2010 from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, but this was later rescheduled, and the aircraft first flew on April 27, 2011, from Edwards AFB, having been carried there by the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. The Phantom Ray flew to 7,500 feet and reached a speed of 178 knots, flying for a total of 17 minutes. |
27333891_1_4 | 27333891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Phantom%20Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray | Boeing Phantom Ray. Specifications
Values for the X-45 are marked with an asterisk (*). |
27333908_0_0 | 27333908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Edwin%20Moultrop | Irving Edwin Moultrop | Irving Edwin Moultrop.
Irving Edwin Moultrop (1865–1957) was an American engineer who pioneered high-pressure steam boilers for electricity generation. He received the 1930 Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute. |
27333908_0_1 | 27333908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Edwin%20Moultrop | Irving Edwin Moultrop | Irving Edwin Moultrop. References
Biography of Irving Edwin Moultrop, Edgar Station, Edison Electric Illuminating Co., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1976. |
27333925_0_0 | 27333925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Montgomery | Steve Montgomery | Steve Montgomery.
Steven Lewis Montgomery (born December 25, 1970) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Oakland Athletics from to , Philadelphia Phillies in , and San Diego Padres in . |
27333925_0_1 | 27333925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Montgomery | Steve Montgomery | Steve Montgomery.
A 1999 single in his only at-bat left Montgomery with a rare MLB career batting average of 1.000. |
27333984_0_0 | 27333984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20C.%20Pederson | Duane C. Pederson | Duane C. Pederson.
Duane C. Pederson (born December 28, 1955) was an American Lutheran bishop. He served as the Bishop of the Northwest Synod of Wisconsin of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Prior to assuming the role of bishop on August 1, 2007, he served as pastor of congregations in Bozeman, Montana, and Chicago, Illinois, before he became senior pastor at First Lutheran Church in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. |
27333984_0_1 | 27333984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20C.%20Pederson | Duane C. Pederson | Duane C. Pederson. Biography
Born in Kalispell, Montana, on December 28, 1955, Pederson grew up on a farm and ranch. He attended Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota, where he majored in English and religion. He graduated from Luther Seminary with a Master of Divinity degree in 1981 and was ordained the same year. While serving Hope Lutheran Church in Bozeman, Montana, from 1981 to 1985, he received a Master of Education degree in counseling from Montana State University. He served Edison Park Lutheran Church in Chicago from 1985 to 1994 and earned a Doctor of Ministry degree at McCormick Theological Seminary in 1991. Pederson served First Lutheran Church in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, from 1994 to 2007. |
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