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27333984_0_2 | 27333984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20C.%20Pederson | Duane C. Pederson | Duane C. Pederson. External links
Northwest Synod of Wisconsin
Election Press Release
Letter to the Synod 2009 |
27333984_0_3 | 27333984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20C.%20Pederson | Duane C. Pederson | Duane C. Pederson. 1955 births
21st-century Lutheran bishops
Bishops in Wisconsin
Christians from Montana
Christians from Wisconsin
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America bishops
Living people
McCormick Theological Seminary alumni
Montana State University alumni
People from Kalispell, Montana
Religious leaders from Montana
21st-century American clergy |
27333993_0_0 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon.
Hermann Wilhelm Souchon (; 2 January 1895 – 1982) was a German Naval officer who, according to the testimonies of two accomplices, executed Rosa Luxemburg on 15 January 1919 in Berlin. |
27333993_0_1 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon. Biography
Souchon, a nephew of Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, was born in Bromberg, Province of Posen (Bydgoscz, Poland). He served in the First World War as lieutenant in an artillery regiment. In 1915, he went to the Imperial Navy as an ensign. After the end of the war, he was discharged and became a member of Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. This Freikorps was active in Berlin in January 1919, as part of the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division under General Lieutenant Heinrich von Hofmann. |
27333993_0_2 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon.
On 15 January 1919 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were captured at Berlin-Wilmersdorf by the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision and brought to their headquarters at Hotel Eden. Captain Waldemar Pabst, along with Horst von Pflugk-Harttung questioned them and gave the order to execute them. When they were being transported, Souchon jumped onto the car. He is one of two people accused of having shot Luxemburg in the head after Otto Runge had knocked her down with a rifle butt. |
27333993_0_3 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon.
In 1920, he flew to Finland where he worked as a bank clerk and became a sympathizer of the Lapua movement. |
27333993_0_4 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon.
After Hitler had granted amnesty to those involved in the murders of Liebknecht and Luxemburg, Souchon returned to Germany in 1935 and joined the Luftwaffe, where he rose to the rank of colonel (Oberst) during the war. After the war he lived in Bad Godesberg. |
27333993_0_5 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon.
When a documentary report on the Liebknecht-Luxemburg story was first shown in 1969 on German television ARD, Souchon with his lawyer Otto Kranzbühler sued the broadcaster, which had to retract their statement of Souchon's guilt in February 1970. Since the 1980s, the documentary has been shown again a few times and is now publicly available. |
27333993_1_0 | 27333993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Souchon | Hermann Souchon | Hermann Souchon. Further reading
Elisabeth Hannover-Drück, Heinrich Hannover: Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1967. |
27334002_0_0 | 27334002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde%20perfusion | Retrograde perfusion | Retrograde perfusion.
Retrograde perfusion (retroperfusion) is an artificial method of providing blood supply to an organ by delivering oxygenated blood through the veins. It may be performed during surgery that interrupts the normal arterial supply of blood to that organ. |
27334002_0_1 | 27334002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde%20perfusion | Retrograde perfusion | Retrograde perfusion.
For instance, when performing surgery that interrupts the cerebral arteries, a hose placed into the femoral artery and the superior vena cava can redirect blood up the internal jugular vein to supply the brain. |
27334002_0_2 | 27334002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde%20perfusion | Retrograde perfusion | Retrograde perfusion.
This technique was pioneered by Oscar Langendorff, who perfused mamallian hearts ex vivo for research applications. Thus, it is often called Langendorff perfusion. |
27334002_0_3 | 27334002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde%20perfusion | Retrograde perfusion | Retrograde perfusion. See also
Langendorff heart
Perfusion
Isolated organ perfusion technique |
27334005_0_0 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
Yokukansan (written as 抑肝散 and read as Yokukansan in Japanese while YiganSan in Chinese) is one of herbal recipes of traditional Chinese medicine using widely in Eastern Asian countries including China, Taiwan, North and South Koreas and Japan. There are some classical text books describing YKS for example 『保嬰金鏡録』 (Prescriptions for pediatrics』by 銭乙 Xue Ji in 1550), 『保嬰撮要』 (Bao ying cuo yao) by 薛鎧 (Xue Kai in 1556）and others. But only 銭乙 (Xue Ji) wrote that "愚製(my original)" in his book, so that 銭乙 (Xue Ji) may be the originator of this recipe. Yokukansan (YKS) contains an exactly measured mixture of dried herbs, 3g of Atractylodes macrocephala macrocephala Koidz. (白术(炒)) in China or 4 g of Atractylodes lanceae rhizoma (蒼朮) in Japan, 4 g of Poria (伏苓), 3 g of Cnidii rhizoma (川芎), 3 g of Angelicae radix (当帰), 2 g of Bupleuri radix (柴胡), 1.5 g of Glycyrrhizae radix (甘草), and 3 g of Uncariae uncis cum ramulus (釣藤鈎). |
27334005_0_1 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
薛鎧 (Xue Kai), the farther of 銭乙 (Xue Ji) explained about this recipe In his text book 保嬰撮要 (Bao ying cuo yao) as below. |
27334005_0_2 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
"This recipe improves convulsion, fever, gnash, unsettled state of mind, and terrify caused by enervation. Also, it is effective for vomiting, feeling of fullness, appetite loss and dysnystaxis caused by stress". |
27334005_0_3 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
The name of the text book 保嬰撮要 (Bao ying cuo yao) means "The essence of Pediatrics". Therefore, 薛鎧 (Xue Kai) and his son 銭乙 (Xue Ji) might use YKS mainly for children. |
27334005_0_4 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
In 2005, the efficacy of YKS for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) such as hallucination, delusion, easy to anger and so on in demented patients was reported in randomized controlled study (RCT), and meta-analysis showed the same result. Moreover, YKS is also effective for visual hallucination in Lewy body disease(DLB). Therefore, YKS Is widely applied to BPSD and DLB treatment in Japan. The sale of YKS by Tsumura company (the top company of traditional herbal medicines for medical use of Japan) was 5903000000 Japanese yen in 2017 (https://www.tsumura.co.jp/zaimu/library/tanshin/pdf/20180207hosoku.pdf). It is the runners up in all traditional herbal medicines for medical use in Japan. |
27334005_0_5 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan.
Though 227 medical papers are hit in PubMed on 27 March 2021, the whole mechanisms of YKS efficacy are still not perfectly clear. At least, there are many reports suggesting that it may have effect on serotonin receptors and glutamate transporters. Further mechanisms will be reported in the future. |
27334005_0_6 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan. History
There are some classical text books describing YKS for example 『保嬰金鏡録』 (Prescriptions for pediatrics』by 銭乙 Xue Ji in 1550), 『保嬰撮要』 (Bao ying cuo yao) by 薛鎧 (Xue Kai in 1556）and others. But only 銭乙 (Xue Ji) wrote that "愚製(my original)" in his book, so that 銭乙 (Xue Ji) may be the originator of this recipe. |
27334005_0_7 | 27334005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokukansan | Yokukansan | Yokukansan. See also
Traditional Chinese medicine
Kampo herb list
Kampo list |
27334016_0_0 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation).
Tule is a plant (Schoenoplectus acutus) of the sedge family. |
27334016_0_1 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Geography
Tule may also refer to the following places in the United States: |
27334016_0_2 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Arizona:
Tule Desert or Tule Basin, in Coconino County
Tule Mountains, in Yuma County |
27334016_0_3 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). California:
Los Tules, a populated place in San Diego County
Tule Creek, California, a stream that roughly parallels the first few miles of California State Route 371
Tule Valley, California, in Riverside County (originally Round Valley)
Tule Lake Basin, in Modoc County, near the 42nd parallel north
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, an open water/croplands preserve of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Tule Lake War Relocation Center, a Japanese American internment camp of World War II
Tulelake, California, a city in Siskiyou County and namesake of the Tulelake Basin Joint Unified School District & Tulelake Municipal Airport
Tule River, in Tulare County, which was named for the Spanish tulare, the place of tules ().
Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation |
27334016_0_4 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Colorado:
Tule Lakes, twin reservoirs separated by the Upper Tule Lake Dam in Arapahoe County |
27334016_0_5 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Montana:
Tule Valley (Montana), the course of Tule Creek in Roosevelt County |
27334016_0_6 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Nevada:
Tule Desert (Nevada), in Lincoln County
Tule Springs, a series of lakes in the Mojave Desert
Tule Springs Archaeological Site, a National Register of Historic Places listing in Clark County, Nevada
Tule Springs Ice Age Park, fossil beds which the Protectors of Tule Springs Wash lobby to be a national monument
Tule Springs Ranch, a National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada partly in the archaeological site
Tule Springs Hills, a mountain range in Lincoln County
Tule Valley (Nevada), on Pine Creek, Elko County |
27334016_1_0 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Texas:
Tule Canyon, a scenic area near Texas State Highway 207.
Tule Formation, the paleontological location of an extinct horse species (Equus francisci)
Tule Creek, a river with the Mckenzie Dam/Reservoir, which is in Briscoe County
Tule Lake Turning Basin, in Nueces County
Tule Pens, a road intersection in Briscoe County |
27334016_1_1 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Utah:
Tule Valley, Utah, an area of several valleys in the Great Salt Lake subregion
Tule Valley (basin), in Millard County and the area of a desiccated paleolake |
27334016_2_0 | 27334016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tule (disambiguation) | Tule (disambiguation). Other uses
Tule fog, a weather phenomenon of California's Central Valley
Guna people, an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia, sometimes formerly called "Tule Indians" |
27334018_0_0 | 27334018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20R.%20Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis.
Arthur Russell Curtis (July 15, 1842 – April 8, 1925) was a volunteer officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. |
27334018_0_1 | 27334018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20R.%20Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis. Early life and education
Arthur Russell Curtis was born July 15, 1842, at Boston, Massachusetts. |
27334018_0_2 | 27334018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20R.%20Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis. Civil War service
Curtis started the war as a private in the 4th Battalion of Massachusetts Militia. He transferred to the 20th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, was eventually promoted to lieutenant colonel and took command of the regiment. On December 3, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Curtis for the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 14, 1868. |
27334018_0_3 | 27334018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20R.%20Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis | Arthur R. Curtis. Post-war life
Curtis was a clerk, postmaster and world traveler after the war. Arthur Russell Curtis died April 8, 1925, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. |
27334031_0_0 | 27334031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruttwell | Cruttwell | Cruttwell.
Cruttwell is a surname, and may refer to:
Clement Cruttwell (1743–1808), English mapmaker
C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, a British historian and academic who served as dean and later principal of Hertford College, Oxford.
Greg Cruttwell, English actor, son of Hugh Cruttwell
Hugh Cruttwell, English teacher of drama
Patrick Cruttwell, literary scholar |
27334070_0_0 | 27334070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Stolte | Adele Stolte | Adele Stolte.
Adele Stolte (12 October 1932 – 26 September 2020) was a German soprano singer in concert and Lieder, and an academic voice teacher. |
27334070_0_1 | 27334070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Stolte | Adele Stolte | Adele Stolte. Biography
Born in Sperenberg, Stolte attended schools in Lübeck and Potsdam. She studied voice with Anneliese Buschmann in Rostock. With the Thomanerchor she started broadcasting in 1958 and recording of Bach cantatas in 1960. In 1958 she sang in the premiere of Te Deum by Ernst Pepping in Dresden. She recorded the oratorio Das Gesicht Jesajas (The Vision of Isaiah) op. 41 of Willy Burkhard, with Kurt Huber, Jakob Stämpfli and the Bern Symphony Orchestra conducted by Martin Flämig. In the recording of Bach's St Matthew Passion conducted by Erhard Mauersberger and Rudolf Mauersberger in 1962 she was the soprano soloist with Peter Schreier as the Evangelist, Theo Adam as the Vox Christi (voice of Jesus), Annelies Burmeister, Hans-Joachim Rotzsch and Günther Leib. She recorded Bach cantatas with Peter Schreier, Theo Adam, the Thomanerchor and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra conducted by Erhard Mauersberger, such as the cantata for Pentecost Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 in 1970. |
27334070_0_2 | 27334070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Stolte | Adele Stolte | Adele Stolte.
In 1964, together with Gerda Schriever, Hans-Joachim Rotzsch and Hermann Christian Polster she founded the quartet Leipziger Bachsolisten. In 1966 she became a member of the Direktorium of the Neue Bachgesellschaft, Leipzig. She started teaching in 1969, including classes in Poland and voice coaching for choirs. She taught at the Berlin University of the Arts from 1990 to 2005 and was appointed Honorary Professor in 1995. She was a teacher of Bogna Bartosz. |
27334070_0_3 | 27334070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Stolte | Adele Stolte | Adele Stolte.
Adele Stolte was awarded prizes such as, in 1962, the Edison Award, in 1966 the East German Art Prize (Kunstpreis der Deutsche Demokratischen Republik) and in 2007 the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. |
27334077_0_0 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto.
Jani Vreto (14 January 1822 – 9 July 1900) was an Albanian writer, printer, publisher and important figure of the Albanian National Awakening. He was responsible for setting up and overseeing the work of the first Albanian printing house in Bucharest in 1886. |
27334077_0_1 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto. Life
Jani Vreto was born in Postenan, a village near Leskovik, southern Albania in 1820. He went to the local school where he took his first lessons from Nikolla Ikonomi, who would teach him both Greek and Albanian. |
27334077_0_2 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto.
Some years before the establishment of the League of Prizren during the Great Eastern Crisis, Vreto met with six other Albanian intellectuals regarding the alphabet question and he supported the use of the Greek alphabet to write Albanian due to the Pelasgian theory. Vreto became a member of the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights (founded 1877) which was a group of Albanian intelligentsia based in Istanbul advocating for the territorial integrity and unity of Albanian inhabited areas in the Ottoman Empire. The Committee for Defending Albanian Rights appointed Vreto along with Sami Frashëri, Vaso Pasha and Hasan Tahsini to create an Albanian alphabet. During discussions about the Albanian alphabet Frashëri and Vreto wanted the inclusion of a Greek alphabet character on the premise that Albanians and Greeks have the same ancestors, the Pelasgians. By 19 March 1879 the group approved Frashëri's 36 letter alphabet consisting mostly of Latin characters. In 1878, he represented the Albanian population of the Ottoman Empire alongside Abdyl Frashëri at the Congress of Berlin. |
27334077_0_3 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto.
In 1879 he became one of the founders of Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings, (), an organization responsible for publishing Albanian textbooks and opening Albanian schools. Vreto transferred its headquarters from Istanbul to Bucharest after the organization was banned by the Ottoman authorities. As a member of this society Vreto set up and operated the Albanian printing house of Bucharest playing an important role in the advancement of the Albanian movement. |
27334077_0_4 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto.
At the same time he was excommunicated by the Orthodox metropolitan of Gjirokastër, who accused him of having committed heresy by "creating an Albanian question". Many of the works of Naim Frashëri, national poet of Albania were published by this organization. In 1882, Vreto left Bucharest for Egypt to develop nationalist content among the Albanian diaspora. |
27334077_0_5 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto. Works
Jani Vreto's most known work is an epic poem titled Histori e Skënderbeut (), dedicated to national hero of Albania Skanderbeg. In 1888 he edited and published the poem Erveheja of Muhamet Kyçyku transliterating it into Latin script completely removing all Turkish or Arabic words Kyçyku had used. Part of Vreto's own work was published in Spiro Dine's work Valët e Detit (), a collection of Albanian history and literature. |
27334077_0_6 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto. Recognition
On 13 January 2012 the President of Albania, Bamir Topi decorate Jani Vreto after death Honor of Nation Order of Albania. |
27334077_1_0 | 27334077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Vreto | Jani Vreto | Jani Vreto. See also
Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
Kristo Luarasi
Sami Frashëri |
27334116_0_0 | 27334116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Klitsov | Igor Klitsov | Igor Klitsov.
Igor Vladimirovich Klitsov (; born 7 July 1986) is a former Russian professional football player. |
27334116_0_1 | 27334116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Klitsov | Igor Klitsov | Igor Klitsov. Club career
He played two seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Dynamo Bryansk. |
27334116_1_0 | 27334116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Klitsov | Igor Klitsov | Igor Klitsov. 1986 births
Living people
Russian footballers
Association football defenders
FC Dynamo Stavropol players
FC Daugava players
FC Dynamo Bryansk players
Russian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Latvia |
27334124_0_0 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House.
The Lewis Mumford House is located on Leedsville Road (Dutchess County Route 2) in the Town of Amenia, New York, United States. It is a white Federal style building dating to the 1830s. |
27334124_0_1 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House.
Social philosopher, historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford and his wife bought the house in the late 1920s, originally using it as a summer house. By the mid-1930s, they decided to make it their permanent residence for a few years. That period extended to more than half a century, the rest of Mumford's life. His experience of living in a rural area informed some of Mumford's thinking about cities and how they should be shaped. In 1999, a few years after his death, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
27334124_1_0 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. Buildings and grounds
The property listed on the Register consists of two adjoining parcels: a lot with the house and carriage house and a larger open field stretching back to Webutuck Creek. Both are located on the west side of Leedsville Road, a street of large semi-wooded residential lots, most formerly part of larger farms, in the eastern section of Amenia. There is a similar 19th-century farmhouse just across the street. The Mumford property is a half-mile (1 km) south of state highway NY 343 and a similar distance west of the Connecticut state line. The house, carriage house and landscaping on the property are all considered contributing resources to the listing. |
27334124_2_0 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. House
The main house's east (front) section is a three-bay two-story frame structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard. It is topped with a side-gabled roof shingled in asphalt, pierced by two brick chimneys at either end. A perpendicular rear wing, similarly sided, is one and a half stories in height, with side entrances and a single-story sunroom added to the rear. |
27334124_2_1 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. House
A single-bay porch with arched pediment and two round columns shelters the main entrance at the northern end of the front facade. All windows have solid wooden shutters. Semicircular windows at the attic level on either side elevation have been boarded in. |
27334124_2_2 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. House
Federal-style crown moldings, pilasters and fielded side panels surround the main entrance. It opens to a small main hall that gives onto a living room with exposed ceiling beams. A study, kitchen and pantry, bathroom and the sunroom complete the first floor. The flooring is wide pine boards. The brick kitchen fireplace has a large mantel and bake oven. |
27334124_2_3 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. House
Two staircases lead up to the second floor. The front one has been opened up to provide more light to the upstairs. The kitchen stair is narrow and steep. The basement has a dirt floor and the original, unfinished stone walls. |
27334124_3_0 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. Carriage house and landscaping
To the rear of the house, at the end of the driveway, is the former carriage house, modified for use as an automotive garage. It is a single-story post and beam wood pegged structure sided in clapboard with an asphalt-shingled roof. It has a low loft inside, a northern addition to accommodate a car, and three windows on the south side. |
27334124_3_1 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. Carriage house and landscaping
Stone paths lead from the driveway south to the house. They are complemented in the landscaping by mature plantings including ornamental shrubs around the house and curvilinear flower beds in the rear yard. Intersecting paths lead through the woods to the open field in the rear. |
27334124_4_0 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
There is some uncertainty about the age of the house. In his 1982 autobiography Sketches of Life, Mumford gives its construction date as 1837. Research done by New York's State Historic Preservation Office in preparation for the Register nomination found that it might be as much as a decade older. |
27334124_4_1 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
Mumford, a mostly self-taught New York City native, and his wife Sophia had lived in Greenwich Village and Sunnyside Gardens in Queens following their 1921 marriage. After the success of Sticks and Stones, his 1924 history of American architecture, critic Joel Elias Spingarn invited him up to his Amenia estate, Troutbeck. The Mumfords spent the summer of 1926 there, and returned in the following years. |
27334124_4_2 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
By 1929 they had decided to purchase a property of their own for their summers, and found the house just down the road from Troutbeck. For $2,500 ($ in contemporary dollars), they bought the house and what Mumford later called its "weedy acre". After seven more summers, the family decided to settle there year-round in 1936, and began adding additional acreage and upgrading the house with electricity and heating to make it livable in wintertime. |
27334124_4_3 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
It was a considerable adjustment for the Mumfords, both of whom had up to that point been city dwellers. "There," wrote one scholar three decades later, "the rural life that previously he had only glimpsed became real to him." He took up gardening in earnest, and the Mumfords began landscaping the property, eventually adding paths that opened up vistas across the Webutuck valley to Oblong Mountain on the west. They bought a used 1932 Chevrolet, their first car. Mumford left it to his wife to drive after he nearly crashed it into the maple trees in front of the house on one attempt to learn, and swore never to get behind the wheel again. |
27334124_4_4 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
The Mumfords primarily socialized with the Spingarns up the road. They nevertheless appreciated their neighbors' help in lending them tools and garden equipment and watching the house when they were away from it; one large family nearby was extremely helpful with the Mumford children. The experience reinforced Mumford's belief that livable city neighborhoods needed to have "something of the village" in them. |
27334124_4_5 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
They told their friends in New York that they initially meant to stay in Amenia for only a few years. But Lewis gradually found the quiet rural environment a good place to write, and it was in the downstairs study that he turned out many of his later major works on the role of cities in civilization and the roots of industrialization. In the early 1940s, after his son Geddes was killed in action during World War II, Mumford recalled his son's childhood in and around the house in Green Memories. |
27334124_4_6 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
"We gradually fell in love with our shabby house as a young man might fall in love with a homely girl whose voice and smile were irresistible", Mumford later recalled. "In no sense was this the house of dreams. But over our lifetime it has slowly turned into something better, the house of our realities ... [T]his dear house has enfolded and remodeled our family character—exposing our limitations as well as our virtues." |
27334124_4_7 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
Over the rest of their lives, the Mumfords sometimes took residence elsewhere for Lewis's teaching or research positions, up to a year at a time. They always returned to what they called the "Great Good Place". Mumford's biographer Donald Miller wrote: |
27334124_4_8 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
They made some changes to it, siding the first story in shingles and removing the south chimney. Inside they put bookcases on almost every wall. |
27334124_4_9 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
In the 1980s, when Lewis could no longer write due to his advanced age, he retreated to the house. He died there in his bed in 1990, at the age of 94. Sophia followed him seven years later. |
27334124_4_10 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
After her death, the house was sold to a local carpenter who decided to restore it to its original appearance and resell it. He removed all the bookcases and the nine layers of linoleum the Mumfords had added to the kitchen floor every time one wore out. Later renovations restored the original siding and chimney. |
27334124_4_11 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. History
In 1999, after being listed on the National Register, the house was again put up for sale with a list price of $375,000. The restorations made it more difficult to sell despite the historic provenance, since it still lacked many amenities sought by contemporary buyers of country houses. It eventually did, and is now an occupied residence again. |
27334124_4_12 | 27334124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Mumford%20House | Lewis Mumford House | Lewis Mumford House. See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York |
27334130_0_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family.
The al-Assad family ( ) has ruled Syria since Hafez al-Assad became President of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party. After his death, in June 2000, he was succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad. |
27334130_0_1 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family.
The Assads are originally from Qardaha, near Latakia, in north-west Syria. They are members of the minority Alawite sect and belong to the Kalbiyya tribe. The family name Assad goes back to 1927, when Ali Sulayman (1875–1963) changed his last name to al-Assad, Arabic for "the lion", possibly in connection with his social standing as a local mediator and his political activities. All members of the extended Assad family stem from Ali Sulayman and his second wife Naissa, who came from a village in the Syrian Coastal Mountains. |
27334130_0_2 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family.
Family connections continue to be important in Syrian politics. Several close family members of Hafez al-Assad have held important positions in the government since his rise to power and continuing after his death. |
27334130_1_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Origin
The Assad family originates from Ali Sulayman al-Wahsh, Hafez al-Assad's father, who lived in the village of Qardaha in the Coastal Syrian mountains. The locals reportedly nicknamed him "Wahsh", Arabic for "wild beast", because he was physically strong and a good fighter. Al-Wahsh remained the family name until the 1920s, when it was changed to al-Assad, Arabic for "lion". Because of Sulayman's reported strength and marksmanship, he was respected in his village. At the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman governor of the Aleppo Vilayet sent troops to the area to collect taxes and round up recruits. The troops were reportedly fought off by Sulayman and his friends who were only armed with sabres and old muskets. Because Sulayman was respected, he was a local mediator between quarreling families. He was also one of the local chieftains who were the de facto rulers of the area. The chieftains from the powerful families would provide protection to their neighbours and in return they gained loyalty and respect. |
27334130_1_1 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Origin
Hafez al-Assad's father Ali Sulayman al-Assad, who was born in 1875, inherited many similar characteristics of his own father and became well-respected among the locals. For his accomplishments, he was called al-Assad, the lion, by the locals. He made his nickname a surname in 1927. He lived until 1963, long enough to see his son's rise to power. He married twice and over three decades had eleven children. His first wife Sa'ada was from the district of Haffeh. They had three sons and two daughters. His second wife was Na'isa, twenty years younger than him. She was the daughter of Uthman Abbud from the village of Al-Qutailibiyah, a dozen kilometres further up the mountain. They had a daughter and five sons. Hafez was born on 6 October 1930 and was the fourth child. |
27334130_1_2 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Origin
The family religion of al-Assad is Shia Islam, more specifically the Alawite sect. |
27334130_2_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (1930–2000). President of Syria 1971–2000. Anisa Makhlouf (1930–2016), wife of Hafez and First Lady.
Bushra al-Assad, died as an infant before 1960.
Bushra al-Assad (born 1960) is a pharmacist and married with five children to: Gen. Assef Shawkat (1950–2012), was deputy-chief of staff of the Syrian army and the former head of military intelligence. He was killed on 18 July 2012 in a bombing in Damascus, during the Syrian Civil War.
Bassel al-Assad (1962–1994), was the original candidate for presidential succession, however, he died in a car accident.
Bashar al-Assad (born 1965), is the President of Syria since 2000. Before Bassel's death he was an ophthalmologist. He is married to Asma al-Assad (born 1975). She is the First Lady of Syria and takes a prominent public role. Before being married she was an investment banker. They have three children.
Majid al-Assad (1966–2009), was an electrical engineer with a reported history of severe mental problems. Died after a long, unspecified illness. He was married to Ru’a Ayyoub (born 1976) and had no children. Majid died in Damascus on December 12, 2009.
Maher al-Assad (born 1967), is the commander of the Republican Guard, which are also known as the Presidential Guard, and the army's elite Fourth Armored Division, which together with Syria's secret police form the core of the country's security forces. He is also a member of the Ba'ath Party central command and is said to have an aggressive and uncontrollable personality. He is married and has two daughters. He is reported to have been severely disabled in a 2012 bombing in Damascus during the Syrian Civil War. He reportedly shot Assef Shawkat in the stomach in October 1999, during an argument. Maher is also known by many to be the most ruthless in the Al-Assad family. |
27334130_3_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Jamil al-Assad
Jamil al-Assad (1932–2004), parliamentarian and commander of a minor militia. Politically marginalized years before his death. Children:
Mundhir al-Assad (born 1961), was arrested in 2005 at the Beirut Airport while entering Lebanon. He was reported to have been involved in arms smuggling to the Iraqi insurgents. In 2011, the EU placed sanctions on him for being involved with the Shabbiha militia in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War.
Fawwaz al-Assad (1962–2015), was the first real Shabiha and gave the meaning known today to the word Shabiha and the concept of Tashbeeh that is to act like a thug. He had sanctions placed on him in 2011 by the EU for being involved with the Shabbiha militia in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War.
One daughter is married to Yarob Kanaan, whose father is: Ghazi Kanaan (1942–2005) who in 2005 during his term as interior minister presumably killed himself. The Kanaans come from the Kalabiyya tribe. |
27334130_4_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Rifaat al-Assad
Rifaat al-Assad (born 1937). Formerly a powerful security chief and commander of the Defense Companies, who was responsible for the 1982 Hama massacre. After attempting a coup d'état in 1987, he went into exile in France and now lives in London. He is married with four wives: Amira al-Assad, a cousin Sana' Makhlouf, from the family of Hafez's wife Raja Barakat, from a wealthy Sunni Damascene family Lina al-Khayer, sister in law of the late Saudi king Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Rifaat has a number of children from these marriages, including:
Ribal al-Assad, has lived abroad since he was nine years old, currently he lives in the United States. In an interview in 2010, he denied that his father was involved in the massacre of Hama or that his family's branch was connected to Abdul Halim Khaddam or Ghazi Kanaan.
Somar al-Assad, supports his father actively in his opposition to Bashar.
Lamia, is married to 'Ala al-Fayad, the son of Shafiq Fayadh (former Syrian General).
Mudar al-Assad, is married to May Haydar, daughter of the Syrian multimillionaire Muhammad Haydar.
Tumadhir, is married to Mu'ein Nasif Kheirbek also from the Kalabiyya tribe and related to Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek, who is indirectly related by marriage and blood to Abd al-Halim Khaddam, Rafik Hariri and the influential Homs al-Atassi family.
Firas al-Assad, accused his cousin, president Bashar, of killing more than 100,000 Alawites and more than half a million Syrians in order to stay in power. |
27334130_4_1 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Shalish family
Sister of Hafez al-Assad married into the Shalish family. The family through paternal cousin General Dhu al Himma al-Shalish maintains a significant level of influence in the Bashar al-Assad government. The Shalishes are mainly active in the automobile and construction sectors. American government sources also report that the Shalish family has engaged in a wide range of illicit activities including smuggling and money laundering.
Gen. Dhu al-Himma Shalish (born 1956), a cousin of Bashar al-Assad, is the head of presidential security and is part of the inner circle of leadership of the Bashar al-Assad government. He had sanctions placed on him by the US government for supplying weapons to Saddam Hussein and his government. On 24 June 2011, the EU sanctioned him for being involved in violence against demonstrators during the Syrian Civil War.
Asef Isa Shalish, nephew of Dhu al-Himma, is the manager of SES, a company that was involved in the weapons trade with Iraq and Iran.
Riyad Shalish is a cousin of Bashar Assad and the director of the governmental construction organization the Military Housing Establishment, which during the 1990s he managed to transform into his own company. He made a fortune on construction and contracting deals in Syria involving large scale projects financed by other Arab states. On 24 June 2011, the EU sanctioned him for providing funding to the regime to repress protesters of the Syrian Civil War. |
27334130_4_2 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Ahmed al-Assad
Ahmed al-Assad, was an older half-brother of Hafez al-Assad from Ali Sulayman's first wife Sa'ada.
Anwar al-Assad,
Hilal al-Assad, was the president of the Syrian Arabian Horse Association. Hilal was killed on 22 March 2014, in the battle for a border crossing with Turkey in the north of Latakia.
Suleiman al-Assad, Hilal's son, was arrested in August 2015 after allegedly murdering an off-duty colonel in a 'road rage' incident in Latakia. However, he was released from prison in late 2020, despite having originally a 20-year sentence.
Hael al-Assad, is the head of the Military Police of the army's 4th Armoured Division, whose official commander is General Ali Ammar, but whose de facto commander is Maher al-Assad. He is also the director of the prison in which Maher al-Assad keeps his personal prisoners outside of state jurisdiction.
Haroun al-Assad, is an elected municipal official of the village of Qardaha.
Daad al-Assad, is married to General Zouheir al-Assad, who was born in 1958 and is a distant cousin. General Zouheir al-Assad commanded the 90th Regiment, a unit of some 10,000 men, charged with protecting the capital.
Karam Al Assad, leads a group of Shabiha. He and his group of shabiha led an assault against the peaceful protests during the "night of destiny". The assault ended in two deaths and dozens injured. |
27334130_4_3 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Ibrahim al-Assad
Ibrahim al-Assad, was an older half-brother of Hafez al-Assad from Ali Sulayman's first wife Sa'ada. He was married to Umm Anwar who took over the smuggling business of her son Malek.
Malek al-Assad was the first known smuggler in the Assad family. |
27334130_4_4 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Rifaat al-Assad
About Hafez's siblings who died early: Bayat, Bahijat and an unknown sister almost nothing is known. |
27334130_5_0 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Makhlouf family
The Makhloufs belong to the Alawi Haddad tribe, both Hafez and Rifaat are related through marriage to the Makhloufs. The Makhlouf family rose from humble beginnings to become the financial advisor to Hafez al-Assad after the former President married Makhlouf's sister. The family headed by Mohammad Makhlouf has established a vast financial empire in the telecommunication, retail, banking, power generation, and oil and gas sectors. The net worth of the family was estimated in 2010 to be at least five billion dollars. |
27334130_5_2 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Hafez's cousins
Namir al-Assad, reportedly established with Rifaat al-Assad in the 1980s the shabiha who controlled the organized smuggling networks, anchored in Lattakia's port.
Adnan al-Assad, leader of "Struggle Companies" militia in Damascus.
Muhammad Tawfiq al-Assad, another leader of the "Struggle companies". He was killed in a dispute with a powerful person over control in the al-Qerdaha area of Latakia province, on 14 March 2015.
Hussein Tawfiq al-Assad, son of Muhammed. He took over the criminal network of his father and reorganized it into a paramilitary unit, the Lions of Hussein.
Gen. Shafiq Fayadh, cousin of Hafez from his aunt in the village of Ayn al-Arus in Jableh. Commander of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Division 1973–78. Commander of the 3rd Armored Division since 1978. Reportedly incapacitated in 1991/92 due to a heart attack. Batatu describes him as an army corps general. |
27334130_5_3 | 27334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad%20family | Al-Assad family | Al-Assad family. Other relatives
Numeir al-Assad, second degree cousin of Hafez's children, led the Shabiha in Latakia.
Nizar al-Assad, is a cousin of Bashar Al-Assad. He was the head of the Nizar Oilfield Supplies company. He was sanctioned by the EU for being very close to key government officials and for financing Shabiha in the region of Latakia.
Fawaz al-Assad, nephew of Hafez, leader of Shabiha
Mundhir al-Assad, nephew of Hafez, leader of Shabiha
Samer al-Assad, son of Kamal and grandson of Ismael who was a half-brother of Hafez al-Assad, runs one of several Captagon factories in Al-Bassah. |
27334151_0_0 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam.
The railway system in Vietnam is owned and operated by the state-owned Vietnam Railways (). The principal route, the single track North-South Railway running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, accounts for of the network's total length of . The national railway network uses mainly metre gauge, although there are several standard gauge and mixed gauge lines in the north of the country. |
27334151_0_1 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam.
The first railways in Vietnam were established in the 1880s, with construction beginning in 1888; these included a tram running between the ports of Saigon and Cholon, and a regional rail line connecting Saigon with Mỹ Tho. Railway construction flourished soon afterwards, during the administration of Paul Doumer as Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. It was during this time that construction of the Yunnan–Vietnam and North–South railways began. Construction of the north–south line took over thirty years, finally ending in 1936, during which time other branch lines were also completed. Beginning in World War II, the entire rail network became a target of bombing attacks by a number of groups, including both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese troops during the Vietnam War. Although the main lines—particularly the North–South line—were quickly restored and returned to service once conflict ended, many branch lines were abandoned and dismantled at their expense, their infrastructure used to replace damaged sections of the main lines, or sold as scrap. |
27334151_0_2 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam.
With increased economic growth brought on by the Doi Moi reforms of the late 1980s, the railway system has entered a renewed phase of development. A number of major projects supported by official development assistance have been proposed or are currently underway, including a series of projects to improve bridge and railway safety on the North-South Railway line, connections to Cambodia and Laos, and the restoration of a number of defunct lines, including the Đà Lạt–Tháp Chàm railway first established in the 1930s. A high-speed rail link between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City has also been proposed, which would reduce journey length from 30 hours to around 6 hours. Laos has held a ceremony but construction remains stalled (2019) on a rail line to Lao Bao from Savannakhet, across from the Thai rail head to Bangkok. Two project for high-speed railway include the North-South Railway Express and the Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ express railway. |
27334151_0_3 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Usage
Rail transport remains relatively underused as a mode of transport in Vietnam. While road transport dominates the transport sector by far—accounting for 65% of freight moved as of 2006—rail transport accounted for only 4% of freight transportation in 2008, and 5% of passenger transportation, leading it to be considered the "least relevant" of all modes of transport in the European Union's 2010 Green Book on Vietnam. According to reports by the Asian Development Bank, however, the role of rail transport is growing, carving out a significant role for itself in long-distance bulk cargo transport. |
27334151_0_4 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam.
The following table gives an overview of rail transport volume and traffic over the period from 1998 to 2011: |
27334151_1_0 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Colonial beginnings
Rail transport was introduced to Vietnam in the 1880s, supported by the French administration of Indochina. The earliest rail project to be completed was the Saigon–Cholon tramway, established in 1881 in what was then Cochinchina, operated by the Cochinchina Steam Tramway Company (SGTVC). After a month of operation, the Lieutenant Governor of Cochinchina noted that ridership had already reached two thousand passengers. Construction of the first regional rail project, linking Saigon and Mỹ Tho, began in the same year, to be completed soon afterwards in 1885. The Saigon–Mỹ Tho line reduced travel time between the two cities from 12 hours to only 3 hours, and established a connection between Saigon and the shipping lanes of the Mekong Delta. The first railway in Tonkin, a gauge line connecting Lạng Sơn to Phu Lang Thuong (now known as Bắc Giang), was established in 1895. |
27334151_1_1 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Colonial beginnings
Railway construction multiplied during the administration of Paul Doumer as Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. Doumer's predecessor, Jean Marie de Lanessan, had been convinced of the necessity of building railways to connect the different parts of Indochina, and had identified certain key routes that should be built as a matter of priority; among these, a route connecting Hanoi and Saigon, and another connecting Hanoi and Lào Cai. In 1897, Doumer submitted an overarching proposal for railway development in Indochina, including plans for what would eventually become the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway and the North–South Railway. The French government approved the construction of the entire Yunnan line and several sections of the North–South line, approving a loan of 200 million francs within the following year. Work began swiftly thereafter, with the Phu Lang Thuong—Lạng Sơn line being upgraded and extended from Hanoi to the Chinese border at Dong Dang. The section between Gia Lâm and Đồng Đăng was inaugurated in July 1900 but completion of gauge conversion of the remaining section and the first section of the Yunnan line between Hanoi and Haiphong were not completed until 1902. |
27334151_1_2 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Colonial beginnings
The Hanoi–Haiphong railway was one leg of the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway, which had begun construction in 1900, and continued northward with the erection of Paul Doumer Bridge (now known as Long Bien Bridge) in 1902, the largest bridge in Southeast Asia at that time. Construction on the Yunnan line continued northwestward towards the border town of Lào Cai, opening in segments beginning in 1903; the entire Hanoi–Lào Cai line was finally opened in 1906. Finally, in 1910, the line was extended to its final destination of Kunming. Construction of the Yunnan line was an extremely difficult undertaking, incurring not only great expenditures but also a great loss of human life. At least 12,000 labourers died from malaria or accidents, 10,000 of these in the Nanxi River Valley alone. |
27334151_1_3 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Colonial beginnings
Construction of the North–South Railway began in 1899, and lasted over thirty years, with individual sections completed serially: from 1899 to 1905, the Hanoi–Vinh section was laid down, followed by the Nha Trang–Saigon section from 1905 to 1913, then the Vinh–Huế section from 1913 to 1927, and finally, the remaining Huế–Nha Trang section from 1930 to 1936. On 2 October 1936, the entire Hanoi–Saigon link was formally put into full operation. The first journeys from end to end of the newly completed line, dubbed the Transindochinois, generally took about 60 hours, or two days and three nights. This decreased to about 40 hours by the late 1930s, with trains travelling at an average speed of . |
27334151_2_0 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Wartime
From the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the railway into Yunnan served as a channel for arms shipments to the Chinese Kuomintang. French refusal to halt shipments of arms and other war-related goods to China through Tonkin eventually provoked the Invasion of French Indochina by Japanese forces in 1940. The Japanese used the railway system extensively during their occupation, inviting sabotage by the Viet Minh as well as airborne Allied bombing raids. The railways sustained considerable damage, including the destruction of bridges. |
27334151_2_1 | 27334151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20transport%20in%20Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam | Rail transport in Vietnam. Wartime
Shortly after World War II ended, the First Indochina War began, and the Viet Minh's sabotage of the rail system continued, this time against the armies of the French Union. The French returned several sections of the railway to full operation, allowing trains to circulate freely from Saigon to Ninh Hoa, Saigon to Loc Ninh, Saigon to Mỹ Tho and Huế to Tourane (Da Nang) by the end of 1947. The sections lying between Nha Trang and Tourane and north of Huế were judged to be too insecure to be returned to service at the time. |
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