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MixtureVitae-genericsKB

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### person \| relative \| ancestor \| grandparent: Grandad * Some grandads have green trees - olive trees * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| grandparent: Grandfather * Most grandfathers are diagnosed with diseases - die in hospitals - eat meals * Most grandfathers have families - large families - suffer from hypertension * Some grandfathers commit crime. * Some grandfathers die from injuries - of cancer * Some grandfathers have diseases - gardens - heart diseases - levels * Some grandfathers pass months - years - share fun and recreation time with grandchildren - smoke cigarettes * are ancestors - for loving and fixing things - grandparents - males - part of families * can have a great influence on the religious development of their grandchildren. * find companies. - problems - same problems - cells - cytoplasm - heads - nuclei * make food - good food * mention first people Grandma * Some grandmas have breast cancer * are capable of welcomes - part of families - cell membranes - cells - human bodies - material bodies - plasma membranes * live for years. * meet friends. * play roles. * take care.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| grandparent: Grandmother * Most grandmothers communicate with grandchildren - pass years - raise children - wear jackets * Some grandmothers die from cancer. * Some grandmothers die in attacks - crashes - houses - prisons - shark attacks * Some grandmothers experience exposure - toxic exposure - feed chickens * Some grandmothers have gardens - heart attacks - lilies * Some grandmothers keep cats - geese - live in towns - make diets * Some grandmothers possess cats - horses - pigs - serve as midwifes * are female animals - females - the people who take delight in hearing babies breathing into the telephone - voices of the past and role models of the present * assume responsibility. * believe in protein. * bring grandsons. * buy food. * have exposure - glass - hard time - old feet and young hearts * help food. - body substances - sections * often have the care of young children because, as in the U.S., both parents work. * raising grandchildren alone are especially vulnerable to economic hardship. * take breaths - last breaths - recipes - silk jackets ### person \| relative \| ancestor \| grandparent \| grandmother: Great grandmother * Most great grandmothers raise children. * Some great grandmothers serve as midwifes. Grandpa * Some grandpas lose weight. * are fictional characters. * have bags - beds * includes arms - corpi - nuclei - personality * share homes. Granny * Grannies have backs. * Grannies includes arms Human ancestor * Most human ancestors eat diets - plants * Some human ancestors eat fruit. * speciate from the ancestors of the chimpanzees - gibbon - gorillas - orangutan	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor: Parent * All parents are at some risk of having a baby born with birth defects. * All parents are concerned about the care, education, and recreation of their children - their child's health and future * All parents are responsible for collecting their child, feeding, and administering medications - the attendance of their children - deal with dangerous situations and how they can keep their children safe - feel protective toward their children - have dreams for their children * All parents have hopes and dreams for their children - for their children's future - strong pedigrees * All parents have the potential to be abusive, and anyone can end up being a victim of abuse - right to have their children educated according to their own beliefs - help their children learn about their bodies - hope to have normal and happy children - make mistakes, and a multitude of complex factors lead to homosexuality - play a special part in the growth and development of their children - possess a modicum of guts - sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their children - struggle to make the best decisions for their children - wish to protect their children from danger and rejection * All parents worry about their children being injured while playing - children, about illnesses and accidents * Any parent knows that infants and children are generally more vulnerable to toxic substances - parents can have autistic children * Every parent can eliminate common allergens and feed their kids a nutritious, healthy diet. * Every parent has a special place in their heart for their firstborn - positive and negative influences on their children * Every parent has the ability to empower a child with the ability to succeed in school - hidden fear of having a child abducted, molested, or harmed - hopes that their children are developing a positive sense of self-worth * Every parent is concerned about the safety of their children - different, just as every baby is different - knows that a baby is usually happiest, and many times even falls asleep, after eating * Every parent knows that children are creatures of habit - engage in magical thinking - children, even babies, have distinct personalities - their child has a schedule, a routine that has been developed over time - well-baby checkups are important to the health of an infant - struggles with getting enough sleep when they have children - uses some form of punishment with children, like taking away a toy * Every parent wants their child to be healthy - to have a healthy baby * Feeding a child is about the connection between parent and child. * Many parent shelter their children from the effects of their sowing - parents allow kids to stay up past bedtime as long as they are reading * Many parents allow their children to do similar things in the privacy of their home - leave for school without breakfast - already know the sex of their child before it is born, through prenatal testing * Many parents also change formulas when their infant develops colic - experience grief and depression when their child is born with a birth defect - like to help their children with research on topics they are studying at school - prefer to have daughters taught by women - report incidents of bedwetting * Many parents are afraid of raising boys * Many parents are afraid to handle their sick baby because they fear that they'll hurt the baby - teach their own children - almost afraid to exercise authority for fear of alienating their children - apprehensive about contact lenses for their children - carriers of the disease * Many parents are concerned about having an infant rear facing in the rear seat - an infant rear-facing in the rear seat * Many parents are concerned about how television portrays sexual issues and sexual behavior - they can get their children to eat nutritious foods - permanent hearing loss * Many parents are concerned about the influence of friends and peers on their children - welfare of their children - their children using the Internet - when to keep children who have been ill home - if a child, even an obese child, refuses a meal or particular food * Many parents are concerned that their child has no initial reaction or visible grief - children learn to become involved in philanthropy - embarrassed and uncomfortable talking with their children about sex - frightened and feel helpless when they find out about their child's hearing loss - guilty of making their children sick or inventing their child's illness - happier when they combine paid work, recreation or study with parenting - hesitant to give their children decongestants, antihistamines, or other drugs * Many parents are unaware children can have glaucoma - of how much their newborns are able to do and to understand * Many parents are unaware that their children are involved in gang activity - newborns are screened for up to nine inherited disorders - worried about growth hormone deficiency in their short children - associate their baby's first spoken word with the onset of language development * Many parents assume that all birth defects are severe, but the fact is that many are treatable - children are so naturally active that they develop skills on their own - attempt to control the circumstances whereby their children get exposed to chickenpox - automatically divide their property equally among their children - avoid or postpone talking to their kids about sex * Many parents begin reading while the child is still in the womb - to talk about conception when their children are still pre-schoolers * Many parents believe laws are an accurate measure of what is safe for children - teaching young children to swim early can take away fear of water * Many parents believe that a green or yellow drainage from the nose sign of a sinus infection - sexuality is healthy and wonderful - their children are safe because they are always watched closely - vaccination against other childhood diseases inadvertently causes autism - they have done well when their children succeed in school - blame themselves even when they have other children with no speech problems at all * Many parents blame themselves for any misfortune that occurs to their children - their children's illnesses - buy their children horns or other instruments when they are young * Many parents can bring their children to tears, for example, without saying a word - recall the pain of undergoing a traditional tonsillectomy - carry tissue and wipes to use in bathrooms that are short on supplies - celebrate each and every birthday of their children - choose to name their babies after a grandparent, other relative, or close friend - confuse milk allergies with lactose intolerance * Many parents consider homeopathy a godsend to their children - violence to be pornographic - continue to feel guilty about spanking - count their blessings toward the end of a healthy, full-term pregnancy - deceive themselves about the quality of their parenting skills - depend on informal child-care providers in their families or neighborhoods - discourage the use of money as a means of allowance - display their child's artwork on the refrigerator or on kitchen or office walls - encourage girls to wear makeup and dress appealing at a young age - expect their children to take on more chores as they get older * Many parents experience guilt, especially when the disease is known to be inherited - isolation and doubt as they raise their children * Many parents express concern for their children, and other children using the Internet - over their child's thumbsucking or use of a pacifier * Many parents feel an intense attachment within the first minutes or days after their baby's birth - angry when they are stressed - guilty about leaving their children in child care - helpless in trying to spend more time in relationships with their children - isolated because their child has a disability - that parenting life sentence * Many parents feel that they have to keep their children busy with activities as well - love and bond to their babies even before they are conceived - they have lost control of their children - torn when their children want to attend schools in faraway places * Many parents find it difficult to get young children to stay in their car seats without complaining - talk frankly with their children about issues of sexuality - talk to their kids about sex - that their babies keep solid foods down more effectively than liquids - give a child a name they can grow into - go through diagnosis and treatment and end up with healthy twins - have a child seat attached to their bikes * Many parents have children in different schools - who are using the Internet at school and at home - concerns about the side effects caused by some childhood vaccinations - difficulty being involved in their children's education for various reasons - infants who cry frequently during the night - initial feelings of shock and confusion when told that their baby has died - kids who have never experienced an adjustment - more than one child to teach - no idea they're carriers of a disease until they have a child with the disease - hesitate to discuss alcohol and other drug use with their child - lack sleep, particularly during the first years of their child's life * Many parents learn to differentiate and interpret their infant's cries - listen to their child with one ear while focusing on something else * Many parents like to encourage their children to make their own cards - give their children crackers or cereal to munch on throughout the day - use lotions for the sweet baby smell - live in fear and trepidation as they view the future welfare of their children - look forward to the time of day when the house is quiet, and the children are asleep * Many parents look to amniocentesis for reassurance - state child passenger safety laws as a measure of what is safe for their kids * Many parents lose their children and are sent to prison for doing nothing more than parenting - mates in car accidents, when children are also badly harmed - pediatricians the minute they refuse vaccines - make their children feel loved but fall short of allowing children to feel capable - minimize or deny the presence of children while the mothers are being assaulted - mistakingly equate parenting with discipline - model appropriate behavior around drugs and alcohol - name their children after great people - notice an increase in the child's appetite and loss of body fat after treatment begins - now think they can take care of themselves when they become old - nowadays are vegetarian and want their children to be vegetarian also * Many parents often look well into the future for their children - wonder about their child's development and their ability to learn - only see their children when they re at home - oppose the levels of violence on television - overestimate their children's street-crossing ability - pay all their kids the same amount regardless of age - plan, save and sacrifice to give a child a special opportunity - play with their children - pray for their children * Many parents prefer home-based care by familiar individuals for infants and toddlers - their partner, a grandparent or another relative to look after their children * Many parents prefer to bathe their baby in the evening, as part of the bedtime ritual - have their children cared for in a home environment - probably feel that their children are in no immediate danger while in their house - purchase home computers to give their kids an educational boost - quickly lose confidence and feel they are incompetent when their children cry - read to their child at bedtime - recognize the vulnerability of their children who already face challenges in life - relive their youth through their children's sports * Many parents rely on audiobooks to help their children pass the time on long car trips - carpools and having their children share rides with each other for school * Many parents remain strangers to their children's schools - totally unaware that their pre-teens and teens masturbate - remove broken shells once chicks have hatched * Many parents report spending more time with their child than any other person on the planet - that girls speak and form word combinations earlier than boys * Many parents report that their children have seemed different since early infancy - young children are engaging in early literacy activities * Many parents report that they are aware of developmental differences during the first year of life - have a very hard time getting vegetables in their kids - the same results with their autistic children - require their children to do chores around the house * Many parents routinely examine their child s head on a weekly basis - read their children a bedtime story - save baby curls and locks from children s first haircuts - say that they feel unwelcome or uncomfortable in their children's schools * Many parents say they limit their children, especially younger ones, to one activity at a time - sometimes feel guilty about whether their children are eating properly - want their children to catch chicken pox and then develop a lifelong immunity * Many parents see signs of an attention deficit in toddlers long before the child enters school - that their child does startle to loud sounds, and assume normal hearing - their children as exceptionally bright or at least brighter than the next child * Many parents seem to assume their children are deaf and mute - still be children themselves * Many parents send their children to a Catholic school rather than no school - private schools - kids to private schools - sign on as commitment workers during their child's fifth or sixth grade year - spend their lives working to create a legacy to pass on to their children - start to use inserts for nap and nighttime when their babies are about four months old - state that helplessness begins to disappear when a sense of reality returns - stay home in poverty because they have no place for their children to stay * Many parents still believe that the safest way for their small infant to travel is in their arms - think that games merely make children and young people passive - stop having children entirely * Many parents stop reading picture books when a child turns five or older - to their children once they learn to read on their own - strive to always keep matches and lighters out of reach of young children - struggle to limit the amount of television their children watch * Many parents struggle with how to best help their children with homework - talk to their kids about rape - their difficult child to the point where they have a nervous breakdown - subconsciously relive their own hopes and dreams through their children - successfully transport their children on a pillow or a foam pad * Many parents suffer from feelings of guilt over leaving a child in care - the same learning problems their children are experiencing - suspend their own dreams and aspirations the day their child is born - take life expectancy under consideration when choosing pets for their children * Many parents think sleep sharing good way to express their love and caring - that any fever that lasts for a long time is brain fever - train with their children * Many parents try and reflect a child's feelings by repeating their exact words - to live their lives through their children - turn to infant formula - underestimate their influence over a child - understand the importance of reading to their deaf children from an early age - unwittingly instill a life-long, irrational fear of spiders in their children * Many parents use a child's temperature as a gauge in determining if a doctor visit is needed - grounding as a discipline technique with their older children - moon to name their daughters - physical punishment to stop undesirable behavior - the Internet to tell their stories - view their control as unchangeable from childhood through the teenage years - volunteer regularly to assist teachers and work with children - wait until children are in their teens before considering orthodontic treatment * Many parents warn their children against substance abuse - childrennot to talk to strangers - wish their children success in life rather than happiness - wonder about the effects of food additives, sugar or food allergies * Many parents wonder if children's language and listening skills are developing normally - their children's speech and language is developing normally * Many parents work long hours and often feel torn between their children and their careers - to keep their adolescents from the pitfalls they fell into - two and three jobs to make ends meet and make responsible decisions * Many parents worry about ensuring their children have the best clothes, toys, or baby furniture - how much their children eat * Many parents worry about the potential effects of large amounts of dietary fat - risk of cot death in the first few months of their baby's life - timing of the appearance of their children's teeth * Many parents worry about their child becoming involved with drugs - child's attention span - children having unlimited access to the web - whether their kids are at an unhealthy weight - because teens are dieting all the time or even showing signs of eating disorders - wrongly assume that discipline is the means they use to control their children * More parents choose childminding than any other form of daycare - work than ever before and many families rely on the mother's income to make ends meet * Most parents act in what they conscientiously believe to be in the best interest of their children - adapt to environments - admit to worrying every week about the quality of care for their children * Most parents adopt immunization schedules * Most parents affect development - offspring * Most parents agree that financial responsibility vital part of every child's education - swearing in front of a child is something to avoid as much as possible - are able to restrain themselves before they hurt the child * Most parents are anxious for their children to be successful - to give their baby a taste of new foods - capable of helping their children overcome fears and anxiety - concerned that their child's diet is lacking in something - conscientious about their parenting role - extraordinarily concerned about the development of pre-reading skills - familiar with the cross-eyed look newborn babies can give - mentally healthy - nervous at first about handling tiny and apparently fragile newborn babies - neurotic by the time they read three or four parenting magazines - refugees from the pain of their work experiences and the pain of their childhoods - willing to provide for their children's needs in love - assist children with workbooks at least twice a week * Most parents assume that their children fight because they are jealous or envious of each other - their kids have got to go to school - begin families * Most parents believe in monitoring the music their children listen to - that their children are special and deserve individual instruction * Most parents believe their children are more capable than other kids - to be happy, no matter how messed up they are inside * Most parents bring children * Most parents can have children - home school, for parents know their children better than anyone - predict the times that their stress levels are high when they're at home - screen what their children watch in the home - sense when their children misbehave on purpose * Most parents care about children - deeply about the welfare of their children * Most parents care for babies * Most parents carry nest materials * Most parents consider their bed-wetting child to be a deep sleeper - themselves sensitive to their infants' needs - vaccination to be a necessary part of the child raising process - contribute to offspring - control temperature - create environments * Most parents create healthy environments - home environments - defend territory - digest food - do children - dream for their children to go to college * Most parents dream of giving their children the best possible secondary education - sending their kids to college one day * Most parents drink alcohol - eat bananas * Most parents encourage children - independence and look forward to the time when their children are autonomous - engage in care - enter unions - exhibit aggressive behavior * Most parents expect their children to be around all the time - kids to fold and put away their own clothes * Most parents experience financial upheaval when they get divorced - many emotions when their children leave home - some reluctance about going to work and staying home with kids - express feelings - face the adolescent years of their children with great anxiety and worry * Most parents feed babies - meals - small meals * Most parents feel frustrated at their children's behavior - under pressure to be seen to parent in a certain way in public - find it difficult to deal with conflict between their children - first experience their child's attempts at autonomy at about age two - force their children to lie - frequently buy books for their kids - get angry at the disobedience of their children * Most parents give alcohol to their teens - infant breast milk * Most parents go through pregnancy - puberty * Most parents have a chronic problem with anger - concern for the education of their children - hard time talking with their children about sex, death, and drugs - positive, affectionate and consistent parenting style - vision of what they want their child to be like - as their primary concern the wellbeing of the young woman in their family - biological children - breasts - color - difficulty in choosing a name for their newborn child - grass in varying amounts - little, if any, experience with blindness - materialistic single generation dreams for their children - no idea why their children have become drug addicts, lesbians, and homosexuals - organs - sex organs - size - some expectations about who they want their children to be - the skills necessary to deal with their child's stress - to work full time away from home and their children - very little time with their children every day - hear cry babies * Most parents help children * Most parents hold arms - jobs and struggle to meet the demands of work and family - identify offspring - interact with children * Most parents join family households - keep food * Most parents know from experience what a child needs most - how to raise their children * Most parents know that children learn by watching their parents - keeping up a patter helps stimulate their child's mental growth - their children are exposed to pesticides on foods * Most parents know to keep their children in car seats until they are four years old or forty pounds - put infants and toddlers in special car seats * Most parents lead life - leave nest territory * Most parents like to keep an eye on the Web pages their kids view - start with fruits and vegetables first * Most parents live in houses - through their children to some extent while the child is on the athletic field * Most parents look at children - common childhood sicknesses like the flu and chicken pox as part of growing up - toward their brothers and sisters as potential guardians * Most parents love children * Most parents love their children having the opportunity to play with a puppy for a few moments * Most parents make doctor's appointments for their children - sacrifices for their children * Most parents move families - fingers - name their children according to a saint - often fear talking to their children about death and grief - only intend on raising a particular number of children - open mouths - pick up children - plan for and expect healthy, happy babies * Most parents prefer to have their child grow up heterosexual - skip the night feeding rather than a daytime feeding - prepare healthy food * Most parents produce children - identical offspring - protect babies - provide a place for their children to study at home * Most parents raise babies - reach maturity * Most parents read books about new babies to their children - what they can about autism in the beginning, when their child is first diagnosed * Most parents realize that reading is critical to a child's success and development - there are vast differences in children's development in all areas - really care about their children - rely on observation to learn about their babies in the first year of life - return to babies * Most parents say slang words at their kids - they want their children to receive sexuality education in school * Most parents see children - that their children drink milk as they grow up - share parental duties - show children - speak to children * Most parents spend a lot of time thinking about what foods to buy and what meals to make - many hours both on the phone and taking their child to appointments - most of their waking hours working - start families - state that they know little or nothing about the person their teen is dating - stay calm when they discipline someone else's children - struggle with discipline - support babies * Most parents survive hard time * Most parents take the time to talk to their children - vacation time to care for their kids - vaccinating their children for granted * Most parents talk about beliefs - religious beliefs - teach babies * Most parents teach their children that they reap what they sow - to be police, respectful, and agreeable - kids that brushing and flossing can help prevent cavities * Most parents think of croup as a nighttime illness - that it's their job to ensure the happiness of their child - they know and understand their children from the day of their birth - train children - treat children - trust other adults and think that their families are safe * Most parents try to give their kids want they want - instil good manners into their children by modelling - protect kids from their activities - very hard to treat their children fairly and equally - unconsciously massage their young children * Most parents understand the concept of rewarding good behavior - importance of buckling infants and toddlers into car seats - use tongues - warn their children to beware of strangers - work because they have to * Most parents work in jobs - professions - worry about kids getting into trouble when the sun sets * Most parents worry about their children s alcohol and drug use, smoking and sexuality - toddler being jealous of the new baby - if their toddler has a small and erratic appetite - needlessly about their child's nutrition * Some parents DO navigate divorce without scuttling their children's childhood. * Some parents abandon their children or go out drinking - abuse their children - adopt patterns - adore their children at birth, but virtually destroy the child through inattention - affect growth * Some parents allow the older child to feel the new baby in a mother's abdomen - their children to earn video game time by putting in equivalent reading time * Some parents also confuse the child by doing things that the child knows are wrong - give their toddler or child a multivitamin to offset a poorly balanced diet - prefer that their children attend a school in a district where they work - spank for willful disobedience, or when a child is inflicting injury on another * Some parents are able to make a regular date to be with other parents and babies - afraid to enroll their kids - concerned about having a convicted felon overseeing their children at school - divorced, separated, widowed or have never married - justifiably concerned about how safe the internet is for children - often worried about children with scoliosis exercising - opposed to childhood immunizations - over-anxious about their children's' sexuality - parents in name only * Some parents are reticent about showing emotion - to enter their child's school or classroom - still children themselves - surprised that masturbation can normally begin in toddlers and preschoolers * Some parents are unable to control their own anger about some aspects of their lives - feed their children properly because of drought, famine, war, or poverty - take time off work to have their child immunized - uncomfortable putting up photos or information about their children - unprepared for the hard work involved in raising a child - unsure how to teach their children to deal with stress - arrange to have family members care for younger children * Some parents attempt to buy their children's love with material gifts or presents - make pacifiers from baby bottle nipples and cardboard shields - attend a parent group at school to learn how to help their children learn at home - attribute their child's special needs to fate or chance it's something that happened * Some parents bathe their babies every other day or try getting someone to help during bath time - with their babies * Some parents begin to recognize the cry of hunger at a very early age - train their children in the habit of prayer by reciting grace before meals * Some parents believe hunting is too dangerous for teens to be involved with - joint custody means equal financial responsibility for the children - spanking is abuse * Some parents believe that it is less dangerous for their children to use alcohol - physical activity can injure the cardiovascular system of a young child - their children are innately good - walkers help children learn to walk - block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see * Some parents bring their babies in a traditional baby board - children and they play games together * Some parents buy baby walkers to help their little ones travel from room to room - backpacks with wheels that resemble luggage * Some parents can listen to their baby cry - spend a full lifetime never quite reaching their children - care for pups - carry food - cause pain - change diets - choose babies * Some parents choose to abort rather than have a disabled child - alternate between the acetaminophen and ibuprofen - explain death in religious terms - have dad at home, mum at home, or parents taking turns with the kids - store their children's cord blood privately but the cost can be prohibitive - use a bassinet the first months the baby is home - work and have a career rather than to take care of children * Some parents come down with their young children - from families or cultures in which older members make decisions for younger ones - compete in sports - confuse showing love with being too permissive - connect with their kids best right before bedtime - create memory - decide to have their infants circumcised for cleanliness or religious reasons - depend on others to raise their children - die from cancer * Some parents die in car crashes - of cancer - direct their anger at their children - discipline by spanking - do favour contact for children starting at eight years old - document their child's behavior in the form of a journal, diary or calendar - doubt their intellectual or academic ability to teach their children - dream of having famous, wealthy, successful children - drive their children to camp - eat nutrients * Some parents encourage their child to drink after every shift - children to participate in the world of demons - daughters to join the army if their marriage prospects are poor - enrol as soon as the mothers are pregnant * Some parents enroll in parenting programs because of particular needs - their children to keep up with or move ahead of their classmates * Some parents enter cavities - nest cavities * Some parents even abandon baby girls or continue trying for a boy - have special rituals and ceremonies just for kids - make recordings of their voices to play to the baby when it's fussy - try to live their lives through their children - value their kids' grades more than their education - expect the state or the church to educate and raise their children - experience feelings of pain, guilt, anger, and helplessness - fail to realize fat's importance for young children - fear that their child' s bed-wetting is due to a disease or other physical problem * Some parents feed birds - ducks - formula to the child constantly - hungry chicks - penguin chicks - the babies within minutes of hatching - young birds * Some parents feel anxious using anatomical language or discussing sex in general - bathing just before bedtime helps create a more relaxed state conducive to sleep - like they have to sleep with both eyes open when their children are growing up - senses - that learning to be competitive at an early age teaches essential survival skills - their child needs both diet and medication * Some parents feel they have lost control of their children - no extra time because of work and family commitments - uncomfortable about letting their children use the Internet - fight back for their child * Some parents find it hard to believe it is their child - express love and affection - give up smoking, but all parents can change their smoking habits - physical exercise a real outlet for their child's stress and also their own - solace in their faith or belief in a higher power - that simply rubbing a finger over sore gums can numb the pain temporarily - the use of rewards a good way to encourage toileting behaviors - first enter their children into beauty pageants almost from the time they are born - forbid their children to use the Internet without direct parental supervision * Some parents get concerned that their child is spending three hours a night on the Internet - into the habit of doing things for their children * Some parents give children a weekly dollar amount equal to their age - their children a relatively small allowance and consider it mad money - harm children * Some parents have a high likelihood of passing on the genes for a disease - tendency to defend their teens by shifting blame on others * Some parents have autosomal diseases - dominant diseases - boyfriends - children with special needs - diabetes - difficulty increasing their children's authority over their lives * Some parents have genetic defects - health conditions and are unable to volunteer at school - less depressions - mutation - online access to their children's progress in school - parties - phenotypes - religious reasons for teaching their children at home - same phenotypes - serious problems with drinking or drugs - telescopes - their kids sign up for little league baseball at six, or gymnastics at three - help children earn TV or video game time by equivalent reading time - home educate because they desire additional time with their children - homeschool their children for educational reasons - hope to shield their children from the evils of drugs and gangs - hurt each other or their children - insist on reviewing criminal records, even of part-time baby sitters - integrate the parent with the child - invest in testing materials to help their children do well - just tolerate the wakings until the child is older and able to communicate * Some parents keep babies - feelings inside, while others find it easier to openly express their grief - their children out of school indefinitely - know their children can take the summer off - knowingly choose to parent a child with particular special needs - lack the ability to read or are embarrassed about their lack of schooling - lead to depressions * Some parents leave colonies * Some parents let a babysitter take care of their baby - childern begin driving farm machinery or automobiles earlier than others * Some parents let their children stay home - children's hair grow longer because the weight pulls out some of the curl * Some parents like to choose unusual names for their children, so that they stand out in the crowd - dress exactly like their children - let their children explore and be free spirits - put an additional pair of socks in a backpack on rainy days - read to their children right before bed - use charts to instill good habits in their children * Some parents lose children - identities - moms - sight of what is best for their children * Some parents love dogs - the internet and encourage their kids to use it * Some parents make a regular date to be with other parents and babies - rules just for the sake of making rules - the deliberate choice to be with their children as much as possible - mistakenly make breastfeeding a control issue * Some parents name their babies after family members - child after a flower that has scent similar to their child's baby scent - girl children after a flower - neglect or physically harm their young - note that their infant twins seem to entertain each other while in their cribs - notice that their son has large calf muscles - now choose names for their children that sound like forms of plastic or vinyl * Some parents object to giving rewards for tasks children ought to do in the first place - their children's eating items cooked in class - pack food for their child to eat at a restaurant - pass years - place high value on knowledge and want their kids to get a good education - plan their children - play a game of intimidation * Some parents possess animals - preach at their children through prayers in their presence * Some parents prefer administering their child's enema every other day - disposable diapers at night because they are leak-proof - for children to have lessons from a religious point of view * Some parents prefer to insert the eardrops while their child is asleep - organize car pools or drive their children to school themselves - use tracking software that keeps a record of every site the child visits - wool covers, which have a natural water resistance - prepare for education expenses by starting a college fund when a child is born - prevent bedwetting by making child go to bathroom just before parents go to bed * Some parents produce peas - seeds - yellow peas - protect offspring * Some parents provide alcohol to minors at parties or fail to see the truth that alcohol use occurs - push babies - quit working to try to avoid paying child support * Some parents raise birds - cuckoos - finches - parrots - their children to be torchbearers from birth - young cuckoos * Some parents react by using sarcasm or ridiculing their child - with disgust when their children have accidents - read or sing to their child before their arrival - really view acne as a normal adolescent process that every kid can live through - recover from injuries - regurgitate food - reject babies - relive their childhoods vicariously through their kids - remain in close physical contact * Some parents remove children - everything from within reach of their children * Some parents report increasing the number of activities involving parent-child interaction - that their child's pectus carinatum seemingly popped up overnight - require growth - resist early childhood programs that promote bilingualism - resort to substance abuse and become homeless, leaving children to fend for themselves - respect and encourage a daughter's decisions about sex * Some parents save life - the first lock of hair cut when a child receives a first hair cut * Some parents say that a vaccine caused a particular illness in their children - mealtimes are hard times * Some parents say their children even start fires - share cards with friends who have none - children's lives have been transformed for the better by the drug * Some parents say they are worried about violence in public schools - have pulled children out of D.C. schools, fearing for their safety - sleep better with their baby in their bed - started drinking again because their children sniff gas * Some parents see death - drinking as a sign of adulthood * Some parents seem to be pushing their children into adulthood and into adulthood experiences - believe that all celebrities are worthy of being role models - sell children * Some parents send in a snack for their child on a daily basis - their children to private schools - sew a pocket in the seat of their child's pants and pad it with a piece of diaper * Some parents share life - personal life * Some parents show intruders - little concern about their child's eating habits - their support by encouraging their child to do something they enjoy - sign up their children soon after they're born * Some parents simply lack the ability to help their children in school - lock their bedroom door - sit at home, miserable and lonely after their child leaves for college - snuggle their babies * Some parents spend a little time at school every day, others a full day a week - more time with their children after the divorce - start giving spending money or allowances to young children with no strings attached - stop hugging their children around that same time - struggle financially to raise their special needs children - subject their male newborns to physical torture by circumcision - swear by co-sleeping * Some parents take babies - their child home for holidays or weekends - talk almost always to children - tape a trach tube set to the child's bed, stroller or humidifier - teach children * Some parents teach their children poor eating habits - trusted nanny to potty train their baby during work hours - tend to pamper children unreasonably - then use a suction bulb to clear the nose of salt water and mucus * Some parents think children needs to be like themselves and make the same decisions - elementary schoolers are too young to learn about drinking and drugs - it's a factor in their child's ability to achieve - nudity definite evil and keep their children from it - they can double the dose if their child seems twice as sick - travel far distances to get to work - try modifying a child's diet or adding special supplements * Some parents try to buy love from their children - equalize the time during school vacations - underestimate the potential of their children * Some parents undergo cancer treatments - chromosomal analyses * Some parents use a baby swing or cradle to soothe their infant - chart to show a child's progress over time - acronyms from their combined names to award to their offspring - an allowance as an opportunity to teach their kids how to manage their money - fruit juice diluted with water instead - intervention with the hope of alleviating problems - reproduction - scare tactics to make their children go to sleep - sexual reproduction - similar restrictions to prevent spouses or partners from sharing in an inheritance - visitation to achieve destructive goals - view public schools as godless or unsafe, breeding unwholesome peer pressure - wait until their child is of school age - wake up the minute the baby starts moving around - withdraw from involvement in education once their children reach school age - withhold food from their kids as punishment - wonder if missing teeth are a result of prematurity * Some parents work families - two to three jobs to support their families - with animals * Some parents worry about their child feeling pain - what to say if their children ask about death * Some parents worry that if their infants use pacifiers, tooth problems are sure to follow - schools are becoming hazardous to their children's health - vaccinations put their children at risk of developing serious side effects - wrap small toys as gifts and allow their child to open items periodically. * It is also legal in Canada. Parents have the responsibility to monitor their children's viewing of the Internet. It's been around long enough now that parents are aware of what can be viewed on it * Suicide among adolescents and young people growing problem. * Supporting Parents support program for parents with children who have special needs. * actively reinforce false beliefs by the processes of autosuggestion and self-repetition. * affect children s emotional, social, and intellectual development in several ways - their children's self-esteem * allow approaches. * also can play a role in preventing teens from drinking and driving - care for and educate their young much longer than other animals - communicate through verbalization, facial expressions, and body movements - experience different levels of anxiety, including fear and panic - grow as parents in stages * also have a responsibility for the health and welfare of their children - significant role to play in influencing the driving behavior of teens * also play a role in decision making and policy - significant role in the academic success of young adolescents * also play an important role as they demonstrate a healthy activity level in their own lives - in the diagnosis of autism - retain rights to monitor their children's behavior * always love their children, regardless of how they act - see their kids as children, even when they reach adulthood * are a channel of physical life. * are a major influence on their kids eating habits - source of adult leadership - vital part of a child's life and childhood - able to support their children developmentally and emotionally * are active participants in the education of their children - their child's learning - adult learners who vary in age, background, learning needs, and ability to learn - advocates for their children * are afraid for themselves and their children - to let children play freely outside * are also a prime source of food - the first teachers of their children - an essential factor in providing children with a sense of history and identity * are capable of school children - separate children - central to children's lives and therefore play an integral part in their education - children who grew up to have children - children's first and most influential teachers of civic values and attitudes * are children's primary character educators - models - the most important people in their lives - committed to their own children, but also to each other's children - crucial in giving children a healthy start in the early weeks and months of life - deeply, even passionately interested in children, or at least in their children - diverse in culture, language and needs - equal partners in planning and meeting the needs of their children - experts about their children * are full participants in the educational process of their children - partners in the decisions that affect children and families - humans and, as such, are born with a sin nature * are important influences on their children's decisions about sexual behavior - partners in the education of their child - to their children's development - influential in teaching children to avoid tobacco - interested in the education of their children - largely responsible for raising their children to be productive adults - law abiding citizens and generally conform to community standards of adult conduct - learn everyday activities to reinforce their children's reading and math skills * are legally responsible for the medical care costs of their children - care costs of their dependent children - legitimate partners in the education of their children at all grade levels * are located in families - most influential in the development of gender roles in their children - often afraid of their children * are often concerned about their children's learning or behaviour - using steroids in children - when their child or adolescent lies - the source of a child's early acquisition of language - unaware of their own role in shaping children's perceptions - unaware, however, that babies placed in adult beds are also at risk of dying - very concerned about the amount of ear wax that oozes out of their child's ears - organisms * are partners in the academic, social, emotional and physical development of their child * are people who bare infants, bore teenagers, and board newlyweds - care for and nurture children - principles of their children, and they are older than their children - probably the greatest single influence on children's television viewing habits - prone to boast about their children * are responsible for child-minding - children except when parents are riding - controlling young children * are responsible for damage caused by children - done by their children - determining the rules for their own children - dropping off and picking up their children - everything that happens to their children - feeding children - how much television their children watch - making sure that their child attends school every day - minor children * are responsible for monitoring Internet usage by their children - and supervising their children's use of the Internet - the Internet activity of their children * are responsible for monitoring their children at all times, even the older kids - nearly every aspect of their children's lives - noticing symptoms of abuse * are responsible for protecting children from violence - their child against the child's specific allergies - providing insurance for their child - shaping their child's values about money - supervision and medical care of their own children * are responsible for teaching and training their children - their children how to live with integrity, pride and love * are responsible for the actions and safety of their children * are responsible for the behavior and supervision of their children - complete education of their children - debts of minor children * are responsible for the discipline and supervision of their own children - nurture and admonition of their children - protection of the computers that their children have access to - social upbringing of a child * are responsible for the supervision of their children at all times - total education of their children * are responsible for their children at all times - children's actions * are responsible for their children's behavior at all times - while they are in the library - safety walking to school - use of the Internet computers - childrens' safety - own children s immunization - use of the Internet by their children - fornoticing symptoms of abuse - responsible, among other things, for the spiritual welfare of their children - role models and eating and exercise behaviours are set early in life * are role models for eating and exercise habits - to their children in many ways, including driving * are sensitive to the affective attitudes of others toward their child - emotions of their infant - solely responsible for children's poor eating habits - sometimes very protective of their children * are the bones on which children sharpen their teeth - cause of their child's eating disorder - earliest and most important teachers in a child's life - experts on their individual children and parenting situations - first and foremost educators of their children * are the first and most important models of lived faith for their children - moral educators of their children - primary spiritual teachers of their children * are the first educators in their children's lives - influence that children have when it comes to gender differences * are the first teachers of children - first, and most significant, providers of children for their future * are the greatest influence on a child's education - single influence in the life of an adolescent - individuals most knowledgeable about their children and the ways they learn - key to everything in life - lifelong teachers of their children - major influence in their children's lives * are the most important and constant influence on a child's education - influential people in a baby s life - assets in caring for children - educators in a child's life * are the most important influence in a child's life - the life of a child - on a child s development - partners in their children's education * are the most important people in the care and education of their children - role models for their children * are the most influential people in a child's life - the lives of their children - role models children have * are the most significant figures in their children's lives - influence on a child's well-being * are the primary educators of their children in faith - children, setting example by word and deed - influence in children s lives - lifelong teachers of children - nurturers of their children - sexuality educators of their children * are the primary source of love for children - sexual education for their children * are the single most important deterrent to drug and alcohol use - factor in a child's life - stewards of procreation - strongest influences in a child's life * are their child's first playmates - children's first and best role models, teachers, and mentors * are ultimately responsible for The actions and safety of their children - making decisions about their child's safety * are ultimately responsible for the actions and safety of their children - welfare, and recently, the decisions of their children - usually the first to recognize that their child has a problem with emotions or behavior - vital to the formation of hearts - willing to practice birth control when they know their children are going to live * ask children * assist in care. * bear primary responsibility for the welfare and development of their children. * buy cream. * can act as role models. * can also harm their children if they smoke when the children are around - have direct control over their child's access to the Internet - help to detect and prevent substance abuse in their children * can also play an important role in keeping young drivers safe - in self evaluation and goal setting - set up a reward system, with specific behaviors resulting in rewards * can be a role model for their children and teens - neglagent without having their children die * can begin massaging newborns from the moment of birth or as soon as they desire - their newborns from the moment of birth or as soon as they desire - reading to their children as infants and continue for years to come - the habit of reading with their children at almost any time - benefit by coming together in a setting where parenting is valued - change the pattern of aggression in their child - check a child's throat by looking inside the mouth with a flashlight - choose to have all genetic imperfections eliminated from their unborn children - clearly have a major impact on the development of active lifestyles in their children - communicate with their children, and the children can communicate with their parents - control what their children eat - deepen that connection during pregnancy, through communication with their unborn child - develop skills to nurture their child's creativity and help build self-esteem - do many things every day to stimulate a child's language and speech development * can encourage children to express their feelings - spend more leisure time reading than watching television - decision-making in their children in many different ways - imaginitive play by engaging their children in games that require thinking - expect children to question their own sexual behaviours - foster family unity by family prayer and by loving each other and their children - get upset, too, when their children are afraid - give children the ability to recognize, solve and cope with their problems - many children - multiple children - the same effect on children - their child transplanted while the child's health is relatively stable * can help a child learn by supporting and fostering active play - adolescents heal from grief by sharing their own grief process * can help children build their self-esteem with positive interaction and feedback - deal with their feelings of sadness, anger, fear, and guilt - grow and learn - succeed in learning with educational tools that provide results * can help children to develop awareness of the signs that they are sleep deprived - use context to figure out word meanings in everyday situations * can help children understand how their actions affect others - that memories are a way to hold on to friends - decrease anxiety about immunizations in a number of ways - develop good habits of food and rest - improve language skills by reading to children everyday - prevent most fire setting by keeping matches and lighters out of reach of children - protect children against sexual abuse - provide opportunities for their child to have positive interactions with peers - save children s lives by always properly buckling up their children - their child control diabetes, rather than letting the disease control the child * can help their children avoid cigarettes by being good role models - develop positive attitudes about money - practice non-shy behaviors by role playing - succeed in school by monitoring their daily activities * can help to prevent children from choking on foreign objects - protect their children from diseases - influence the beginning of schizophrenia in their children - invest with confidence in their children's future * can learn and grow in the understanding and practice of values, just as children - to communicate effectively with their hearing-impaired children - make books come to life by discussing what their children read - mate again immediately after the birth - mean a single cell or an individual multicellular organism - model and encourage active lifestyles, and good nutrition - monitor their child's progress on a daily basis - often help their children deal with cancer through children's books * can play a role in the fostering of social competence at a very young age - significant role in easing their child's adjustment - an early role in recognizing their child's abilities * can play an important role in influencing their children when it comes to plastic surgery - preventing violence among adolescents - key roles in their children's education - powerful, proactive roles in guiding child development - praise children's kindness toward others and teach tolerance of others - prevent long term problems by establishing good eating habits in the early years - protect children by prohibiting smoking in their homes and cars or near their children - recognize gifted children from a very early age * can save for children - serve as models by sharing their feelings with their children - shape babies' bodies and brains - spread decay-causing bacteria to their children in their saliva * can start brushing a child's teeth as soon as the first tooth appears - reading to children soon after their birth - support and help their children with emotional problems and learning disorders - take specific steps to decrease the risk of fluorosis in their children's adult teeth * can teach children about earning, spending, saving, borrowing and sharing - that there reason for everything, even death - to understand anger and direct their energy toward resolving their anger - their children ways to behave to prevent problems - test their children by evaluating eye symmetry in normal lighting - try to rest while their baby sleeps * can use rituals to give permission to their children to grow up - role playing to teach children how to handle teasing and unfair criticism - sports to teach lessons about life - urine test sticks at home to monitor their child's urine everyday - their children, and employers have a vested interest in education * care for infants * carry materials * celebrate anniversaries. * choose godparents. * come from communities - in all shapes, sizes and shades - to offices * commit a mortal sin by forcing or unduly persuading any of their children to marry. * commonly have expectations for children that are beyond their capabilities at that age. * compete for resources. * consider issues. * continue to be the main perpetrators of child maltreatment - play a vital role throughout their children's lives * contribute to characteristics * could have children. * count the number of seasons that have passed to keep track of the ages of their children. * create diversion * deliberately break the bones of their children so that they can earn more while begging. * describe experience. * develop expectations about their children, even before they are born. * display characters. - write books in the minds of their children - delicious bananas * embody the past, the present, and through their children, the future. * emphasize nature over nurture when it comes to their children's intellectual development. * encourage children to socialize with a peer group that values achievement * endow their offspring with coded information in the form of genes. * engage children in preparation of food, and reward children for food consumption * ensure parents. * enter families - deficits * experience few major problems * explain circumstances - concepts * explore ideas. - shocks * face a number of difficulties in raising autistic children * fear for children's diet. * feel pressure - responsible when their babies wake during the night - social pressure * find desire - other similar food - that their babies are often more wakeful if they are excited, overtired or anxious * focus attention. * follow guidelines - safety guidelines * generally have more power than children. * get addicted when they are kids, then force their kids to breathe secondhand smoke - advice - answers - bills * give consent - possibility - to great lengths to ensure the health and well-being of their developing offspring * have a direct genetic investment in the best upbringing of their child - key role to play in stopping cruelty to children - lot to do with the development of a child's body image and self-esteem * have a major impact on their children's eating and physical activity - influence on children's success in school and academic performance - significant role in preparing their children for schooling - special bond with their children - strong drive to prevent their child from excessive crying * have a strong influence on the literacy development of their children - lives of young people - substantial and fundamental right to the custody and care of their children - tendency to evaluate children's behaviour from a lofty adult viewpoint - very important role in helping their children progress in speech and language * have an important role in the health of their children - understanding of all aspects of child development - babies, and they grow up and have more babies - both rights and duties in the upbringing of their children - busy schedules - choices - class meetings - cookers - heritage * have limited ability to control their child's development - predict their child's development - moral and legal rights regarding their children - no control over which genes get passed to their children - notions - obligation - options - other obligation - personal interaction - pressure cookers - profound impact - several places - some fundamental rights * have the basic responsibility for the health of their children - capacity to change their cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes - fundamental right to raise children without governmental interference - greatest influence during children's early years * have the most important influence in the lives of children - role in positive youth development - influence on the language development of their children - power to force obedience from children - primary responsibility for the total growth of their children - to allow children to eat when they're hungry and stop eating when they're full - ultimate control over the health and growth of their children * hear babies * help care - parental care * hide their nakedness from their children. * hunt for meals. * identify as members - cytoplasm - necks - plasma membranes * includes the parent and legal guardian of a child - or legal guardian of a child * increase their parenting skills and both parents and children improve self-esteem. * indeed play a central role during the formative days of their children. * influence choices. * input into caring for the child is called parental investment. * invest time and money in their offspring, depending on their altruism. * keep all children under their care within eyesight at all times - the health, testing and educational records of their child at home * know areas - babies are born with soft skulls - of danger - penalties * know that children's feet grow rapidly - some children are born with or develop serious illnesses and die - they are responsible for feeding their own children - tsunami hazard areas * learn how to bathe, nurture and care for newborn babies. * look after their children when they are young and helpless - forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours * lose power. * love children because they remember being loved so much by their own parents - sharing toys and stories that bring back childhood memories with their own children - to see their children learning and playing throughout the day * make choices - contributions - effort - equal contributions - food choices * make right choices * mature and maturity changes their approach to child-rearing. * may have diseases. * means a natural parent, an adoptive parent, or the spouse of a natural or adoptive parent - that person who is the legal guardian of the student * model positive, constructive interactions with other people - powerful attitudes and behaviours toward alcohol for their children * monitor their childrens' online activity more according to their age. * name children after people who have done significant things in their lives. * naturally touch their infants in a specific way before picking up or moving the child. * need food * observe their children at play, talk with one another, and learn about how children develop. * offer advice. * often assume children learn to manage money by osmosis - blame themselves when a child turns to crime - buy life insurance in their children's names - consider other parents and children to be extended families - control the behavior of their children - employ family imagery to convey spiritual content to their children * often feel frustrated when their children become adolescents - guilt over being unable to protect their children - helpless when their child is in pain or sick - shame and guilt when their children are prodigals - find that feeding and rocking helps an infant to get to sleep - go hungry to feed their children - have the greatest affect on children values, attitudes and behavior - help their children learn to care for pets - hide their children out of embarrassment - leave their young for long periods of time - play an important part in influencing the career decisions of their children * often report a gut feeling that their child learns differently than other children - feelings of sadness and loneliness, particularly if they are single - that their children seem healthier than other kids their age * often tend to inherit their parents characteristics - worry about their baby's growth - treat their children in such a way that their emotional development is stifled - underestimate the power of imagination in shaping a child's sense of truth - use food to reward children for good behavior - wish to change their children's names when they make a new start in life - worry about their children using alcohol and especially about drugs * participate in the protection of their children in a variety of ways. * pass traits to offspring through chromosomes, as chromosomes are made of DNA and protein. * pay close attention - dollars - thousand dollars * play a big part in helping their children develop healthy teeth. * play a critical role in encouraging physical activity in children - influencing adolescent dating behaviors - moral development - preventing teen pregnancy - shaping their children's attitudes towards their bodies - their child's development and education * play a crucial and complex role in the lives of young people with alcohol problems - role for preventing alcohol and drug use in their children * play a crucial role in shaping their children's social behavior - fundamental role in the education of their children * play a key part in their child's literacy development - role in children's development * play a key role in helping a child to grieve - their child learn language * play a key role in the assessment of their child's pain - education of their children, regardless of the child's age - physical and emotional development of their child - large part in a child s early socialization - major role in setting individual academic challenges for their children - most important role in their children's development * play a significant role in the development of their children's literacy - their child's lives during the child's preschool years * play a very important role in the development of a child's self esteem - vital role in education * play a vital role in the education of their children - training of their children * play an extremely important role in the education of their children - large role in the lives of their dependent children - important part in their child's development and education * play an important role in children's lives - helping their child learn to read - preparing children for school - promoting their children's reading achievement - protecting their children from lead - shaping the future of the child * play an important role in the education of their children - prevention of truancy * play an important role in their child's education - children s learning * play an integral role in helping to develop a strong self-esteem in their child - the education of children - central roles - the most vital role in a child's life - vital roles in preparing teens for safer sexual behaviour * plays an important role in helping their children to learn a foreign language. * prefer offspring. * prepare enjoyable meals * prey on children. * provide care * purchase sunscreens. * push kids. * refusing to give love and affection to their children is an example of emotional neglect. * rely on information. * remarry sooner than adults without children. * report adverse reaction * review information. * see behavior - their children develop both mentally and physically * seek to advantage. * serve as important role models for their children. * serve as role models and their attitudes are often emulated by their children * share duties - incubation duties - news * show affection - clear preference - utmost affection * sometimes deny their children the benefits of medical care because of religious beliefs - force their children to be right-handed and normal - forget that kids' eyes are just as vulnerable to sun damage as their skin * sometimes have a tendency to compare children with their siblings and peers - abortions done after there prenatal diagnosis of a defect - ignore the emotional needs of a child once assured of their physical safety - recognise that something is physically wrong at the time of birth - steal, sell drugs, or prostitute themselves to support their family * spend more time caring for their parents than they do their children. - frequent trips * stay parents. - effective teachers * take active roles - charge - extra care * take great care - on roles - children each gender s unique attributes and the ways they view and react to life * teach their children to choose their lifetime partners carefully - lie from the very start of their lives - offspring to feed and to avoid danger * think good ideas * to address issues * to buy books - good books * to care for babies * to discuss conservation - water conservation - follow diets - pay attention - provide food - support children - visit children * traditionally choose their children's mates - have no role in child-naming * transfer a random sample of their genes to their offspring. * transform their own cells into babies. * transmit traits through genes, the environment they provide, or both. * try hard to protect their children from danger, including illness. * trying to be perfect try to raise perfect children. * ultimately bear the responsibility for the environment in which their children are raised. * understand matter - products - head louse products - same techniques - symbols to gauge whether a program is appropriate for their children * usually divorce after a child dies. * usually notice internal tibial torsion about the time the child begins to walk - the time their child begins to walk - signs in the first two years of their child's life * view about their role in their child's education affects their involvement in school. * want activities * watch kids. * will have babies - frameworks - legal frameworks * witnessing a febrile seizure usually think that their child is dying. * work as teams. * work on key skills - outside homes * working long hours want to spend time at night with their children. * would have choices. + Evolution, Darwin's theory, Natural selection: History of science * Parents pass such traits to the children through their genes. + Flower, Flowers for people, null, As a name: * Some parents name their girl children after a flower. Rose, Lily, Daisy, Holly, Hyacinth, Jasmine, Blossom. + Hlinsko, Education: Cities in the Czech Republic * Parents can sign on their children to art school. It offers education in most artistic disciplines. + Internet, Services on the Internet * Some governments think the Internet is a bad thing, and block all or part of it. For example, the Chinese government thinks that Wikipedia is bad. Many times no one in China can read it or add to it. Some parents block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see. Well-known examples of the whole Internet being blocked are in North Korea and Myanmar. + Russian language, Naming: Slavic languages :: Languages of Europe * Parents choose the first name for their child. Some common Russian names for boys are Ivan, Mikhail, and Nikolai. Some common Russian names for girls are Anna, Anastasia and Yekaterina. + The Nutcracker, Modern times: Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky :: Ballets by Marius Petipa :: Ballets by Lev Ivanov :: Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet * Today, 'The Nutcracker' has been staged and seen by many people all over the world. In North America, it is a yearly event in many places. Parents and children take part in staging the ballet and dancing in it. Trained ballerinas dance side by side with children who are only learning to dance. Parents work on costumes and sets. Local celebrities take small walk-on parts.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Abusive parent * do rely on spanking and hitting as a main source of dealing with behavior problems. * keep to themselves, move from place to place, and usually are young. Active parent * help their children learn survival skills. * motivate children to be active.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Adoptive parent * Many adoptive parents approach adoption with a history of infertility or pregnancy loss. * Many adoptive parents choose to come to adoption by being foster parents - open closed adoption for the benefit of their children - create a books from photographs that record important moments and events * Most adoptive parents are aware of the importance of attachment to a child's emotional health - happy to send letters and pictures to their child's birthparents - white - expect their children to ask for information * Some adoptive parents refer to the birth parents by their first names, if known. * agonize over decisions about age, health, gender, and more. * are less likely to divorce - parents in every sense of the word - real parents - the best advocates for their own needs and the needs of their child * can also state the characteristics they hope to find in the birthparents - be single or married - love their child as fully and selflessly as biological parents - specify gender and age, as well as acceptance of siblings if so desired - take parental leave regardless of the age of the adopted child * dealing with impending disruption often feel victimized and isolated. * experience their pain before adoption takes place. * feel exactly the same way about their children as biological parents do. * get information that enhances the parent-child fit. * have all the rights and responsibilities of parents - little children now, they wouldn t have had before - trouble with interracial adoption because of the controversy that it entails American parent * Every American parent knows what happens when a child gets an ear infection. * Most American parents raise their kids to leave home. * discuss things with their children and are more considerate of their feelings. * worry if their children hesitate to test their own wings. Anxious parent * are more likely to have anxious children. * worry that poor eating can lead to nutritional deficiency and development problems. Authoritarian parent * are more likely to have more children, to use corporeal punishment. * can become authoritative to balance love and limits in their parenting. * place an emphasis on obedience, order, and respect for authority. * tend to use spanking as a method of external force. Authoritative parent * exert control and discipling gradually and developmentally. * provide structure, nurturance, and supervision to their children. Bereaved parent * represent the worst fear of other adults. * wonder how to communicate with surviving children. Biological parent * Most biological parents enter families - love children * Most biological parents take active roles * have legal rights regarding children. * to support children. Birth parent * Many birth parents choose adoptive families who share their interests - live with guilt feelings and unresolved grief * assist in the selection of an adoptive family. * can name, see and take care of their child after it is born. * have a short period of time to change their minds after signing consents. * make loving parenting decisions when they plan adoptions. * see the foster parents as advocates and role models. * sign written consent so a child can be adopted. Chinese parent * Many Chinese parents wish their children to go after their own professions. * are well known for their concerns about how well their children do at school.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Christian parent * Christian Parents Contend with autism. * Most Christian parents can see that sin exists in even the smallest of children. * are proud when their children make the correct decision on their own. * have no business placing their children in public schools. * help to form their child's conscience when they teach right and wrong. * strive to pass on to their children a heritage of faith and spirituality.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Dad * Most dads have brothers - fathers - identical twin brothers - live their lives through their sons - shave heads - survive wolf attacks * Some dads can handle two or three children. * Some dads die after life - at homes - from cancer - in arms - of cancer * Some dads have cancer - siblings - live with sisters - lose weight - measure growth - wear hats - work with ostriches * also can learn to understand an infant's needs and how to provide comfort and care. * are often more conditional in love than moms - pathological bullies who abuse their children - the ones responsible for preparing children for careers, marriage, and political activism * assume responsibility. * could have girls - little girls * deal with death. * find methods. - hearts - jobs - lunch * hunt for food. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * live for years. * pass months * play particularly important roles in the formation of both their sons and their daughters. * post photos. * read books. * receive calls - phone calls * run houses. * survive attacks * take care * work in industries - timber industries Daddy * Daddies eat food. * Daddies have glands - sex - venom glands * Daddies includes arms - cell membranes - heads - sections - provide services - see growth - work hard to keep wolves at bay who lurk howling and snapping at their families' doors * Most daddies eat food. * Most daddies have glands * Some daddies kill prey. * go is an attempt to express 'Daddy is going'. * longlegs Daddy longlegs prey on small insects Delinquent parent * are able to flee across state lines to avoid child support obligations. * can avoid arrest by paying child support in full and on time.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Different parent * have different opinions on what is safe for their children - standards for their children - ways of nurturing and bringing out the best in their children. * This is not wikijunior. We are not focused on a specific group. We provide information for all groups. Different parents have different opinions on what is safe for their children. What you would chose as safe for children is likely vastly different than what I would think is safe for my children. Why should one person or group of people be in a position to say their limits are the correct ones. The only limit that is truely neutral is no limit. It imposes nothing on no one and makes everyone decide for themselves what it correct Elderly parent * can also play the role of care recipient. * need to care. Employed parent * are better role models for teaching children a different standard of life. * teach children the importance of working. Expectant parent * Many expectant parents think that with the birth of a baby boy, circumcision is routine. * are quick to show ultrasound pictures of their baby in the womb. * have an enormous adjustment to make in nine short months. * spend much time preparing and looking forward to pregnancy and the baby's birth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Father * All fathers are parents - can be contributors to the well-being of their children * First nonprofit organization dedicated to the heart and art of fathering. * Many fathers also nurse their spouse during serious illnesses - are eager to be involved during labor and birth - enjoy taking their infants for a walk in a stroller or in a baby carrier * Many fathers feel children have the right to be nurtured and guided by both parents - mixed emotions at seeing their children grow up and leave home - fight tooth and nail to remain a part of the children's lives - have no contact with and provide no financial support for their children - lack adequate role models to demonstrate how to be involved with children - leave their families, allowing daughters to grow up with their moms - now participate more significantly in their children's lives than in the past - spend more time playing with their children than do mothers - voluntarily acknowledge paternity * More fathers abuse children than mothers. * Most fathers affect offspring - are anxious and protective when their daughter begins dating - can have lifelong consequences * Most fathers care for babies * Most fathers carry infants - young infants * Most fathers consume diets - fat diets * Most fathers defend babies - eat grapes - get homes * Most fathers have ages - beliefs - blood - blue eyes - brown eyes - development - fingers - grandfathers - little fingers - many children - mouths - open mouths - senses - social development - strong beliefs * Most fathers have wide mouths - hold children - leave mothers - lie in beds - lift hands * Most fathers love daughters - their children and desperately want to be an equal part of their lives - maintain diets - move fingers - pass on to children - represent families - see children - support families - teach siblings * Most fathers touch fingers - lips - treat children - work for years * Some fathers admit to children - adopt children - also feel guilty about the disruption they have caused in their children's lives * Some fathers are diagnosed with cancer - lung cancer - barter their daughters in exchange for the children of other men - beat mothers * Some fathers become men - women - believe that they have the right to have sex with their children - buy animals - can feel awkward or even left out as the mother-daughter bond develops - change diets - commit suicide - confirm death * Some fathers die from cancer * Some fathers die in apartments * Some fathers die of cancer - diseases - heart attacks - lateral sclerosis * Some fathers die of lung cancer - pneumonia * Some fathers die of pulmonary diseases - lung diseases - do ceremony * Some fathers find children - own children * Some fathers get involved in the care of their infants very early - too busy and never seem to have time to do things with their children - grow gooseberries - hate spiders * Some fathers have brothers - conditions - diabetes - educational outcomes - stage lung cancer - help mothers * Some fathers hunt prey - small prey * Some fathers keep bees - cattle - chickens - rabbits - roosters * Some fathers leave families - wives * Some fathers lose old sons * Some fathers love animals - cats - make decisions - move families - murder own sons * Some fathers pass at ages - on to daughters - weeks * Some fathers possess chickens - cows - pigs - practice medicine * Some fathers raise cattle - receive diets - remove children - report being involved in a work or car related accident, perhaps as a result of stress * Some fathers shoot deer - doves - ducks - pigeons - sleep with children - study spiders - sue mothers * Some fathers suffer for years - injuries - minor injuries - take children - talk about the beauty of seeing their children born - tend to be passive, especially if the mother is assertive and confident - undergo surgery * Some fathers work as farmers - outside homes * accept facts. * act as the protectors of their families. * also have a big role to play by modeling healthy, caring and nurturing behavior - play a prominent role in encouraging their child's participation - stay home with their children, of course, though in much smaller numbers than moms * always exist before their children. * are actually better at keeping a baby's attention. * are also critical for the healthy emotional development of girls - like expectant mothers, anxious of their new role as fathers - more likely to promote stereotypical sex-role behavior during play - always even numbers and mothers are always odd numbers * are as irreplaceable in the lives of children as mothers - sensitive as mothers to their baby's signals, and as competent as caregivers * are different from mothers, and no father in the history of the world has ever breastfed - than moms, and they tend to approach their world differently - family founders - heroes, men whom children idolize and struggle to imitate * are important as financial providers for the family - role models to their children - to the well-being of children for several reasons - key in gender role development - leaders - less involved in infant care than are mothers - male animals - models for manhood * are more likely to disregard cues and direct the baby's attention to other things - pressure children into gender roles - psychologically unfit parents - relative in their value as a commodity - significant for both boys and girls * are the first men that daughters ever love - ones who teach their sons control * are to be active in the rearing of their children - love, discipline, train and instruct their children - usually only a minor presence in adolescents' lives * are very important in life, the more present they are the better - society * are, however, somewhat more involved in taking care of children when mothers are at work. * become renown writers * believe that hardship and adversity are things that build character. * benefit from co-sleeping. * can also suffer from baby blues. * can have consequences - help with older children, with cooking, clean up, or bringing home take-out food - hold cuddle, rock, walk, bathe, sing to, change and play with their baby - love, guide, teach and nurture their babies - mentally prepare for and try to anticipate the future needs of their newborn - mentor young people without getting caught up in sports - prepare for involvement in the child's life even before the baby is born * carry out chore - domestic chore - house chore - pictures * close doors. * come in all shapes and sizes. * contribute a higher number of chromosomes to sons than daughters * definitely play an important part in children's development. * develop theories. * discover details. - sour grapes * educate boys during the first years of life while mothers took care of girls. * enjoy lawns. * experience many intense emotions as they watch the birth of their new baby. * express interest - own interest * find food. * generally are the male template from which marriages, especially early ones, are chosen - view children as the most important priority of their life * get food * give care - gifts to their children, and husbands gift their wives - protection * go into streets. * have a great impact on their children's faith and value - more developed upper body and wide shoulder, also perfect for holding a baby - profound influence on how daughters view themselves * have a unique role as providers and role models - in influencing and shaping their sons' lives - attitude - bend little fingers - concentration - conversations - drink problems - high concentration - imaginary conversations - more authority on the job than men without children have - no real biological role to play - positive attitude - rattle sound - responsibility * have serious drink problems * help socialize children, and children help socialize men. * improve chances. - legs - personality - plasma membranes - vacuoles * instinctively know when someone is kissing their daughter. * interact more with sons than daughters - very differently with children than mothers * invest in shoes for feet that mature in six weeks. * kill sons, and sons kill fathers. * know events. * like to roll around with their infants on the floor - wrestle and tumble with toddlers * make daily journeys - major contributions to child development - to areas * offer advice. * often get residential custody of their children - take baths with their children * open doors - side doors * own farms. - differently than mothers * pass X -linked alleles to only and all of their daughters - X-linked alleles to only and all of their daughters * play a big part in influencing their children's actions - different role for children - greater role in child rearing as children get older - major role in preparing children for life outside the family - very important role during a high-risk pregnancy - an important role in promoting the health of their sons, too - crucial roles - diverse roles that are related to cultural and community norms - no part in infant care - very important role in feeding of chicks * possess skills. * provide food. * psychologically abuse their children. * report serious depressions which can last for years. - films - injure sons * seek life. * sexually abuse their children. * share responsibility - stories * should have decisions. * show interest. * sometimes feel left out when so much attention is given to the mother and baby after birth. * spend about a third as much time as mothers in providing direct child care. * still struggle with sons and mothers with daughters. * teach moral behavior by the way they behave in the world - their children how to stay safe and healthy * tend to allow children to roam farther, climb farther and take more chances - be more rigid about gender roles than mothers are, especially with sons * tend to engage in fewer verbal activities with their children than do mothers - more in play activities with their children than in caretaking activities - focus on grades * tend to play more with their sons than with their daughters - with children more physically and less predictably than mothers * to become guardians - lawful guardians - give consent * traditionally are the civilizers of their children. * typically feel that they are being victimized by a brutal destructive system. * use ideas. * want daughters. * watch daughters. * work and provide for their children by the sweat of their brow. * work at companies - manufacture companies * work for companies	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| father: Disengaged father * have few functions that characterize their time with babies. * tend to struggle with more depression and tension. Involved father * correlate with reduced adolescent pregnancy. * tend to be more giving and caring when they reach middle age. Mother father * Some mother fathers confirm death. * Some mother fathers lose old sons New father * are at risk to also get postpartum depression - often quite concerned about what to do with their infants * can make a huge difference in depressed mothers' return to normal - take time off immediately after their child is born or adopted Pater * are fathers. * comes from the Indoeuropean word for father. Patriarch * are equal and autonomous but in communion with one another - men - old men - primates - real people - spiritual leaders * give spiritual leadership to the churches. * is the head of a patriarchal church. Single father * are the fastest growing family form in the U.S. today. * develop close relationships with their children. * experience less stress juggling children and work than do single mothers. * have fewer children than married fathers, but more than single mothers. Unmarried father * are far less likely to be living with their children than married fathers. * have few rights if their children are adopted. Few parent * expect complications of pregnancy or their baby to be sick or premature. * know that some babies' intestines bleed after drinking cow's milk. Good parent * are to live happily with their good children centered upon their true parental love. * can rear children who commit heinous crimes. * promote healthy experiences that become part of one s personal identity and style. * raise their children in many different ways. * recognize that each child is unique psychologically. * teach their children to develop rules of behavior from experience. Healthy parent * are able to keep their children's needs clearly in focus - both a genetic and a generational blessing - more likely to have healthy children * have the capacity to become vitally absorbed in something outside of themselves. Hindu parent * compete to enroll their children. * spend a lot of time teaching their children about their religion. Human parent * continue caring for their offspring long after they are born. * seek to cure the diseases of their children by using distressing remedies. Indian parent * are inclined to maintain a strong family in the children's best interest. * have one-liners to explain cricket. Involved parent * Involved Parents are responsible for ensuring that their children receive a quality education. * are crucial to child development and vitally important to child learning - partners in education Lone parent * Many lone parents are unable to take up paid work because of lack of childcare facilities. * are more likely to experience housing stress than couples with dependent children. Many parent * Most many parents express feelings - prepare healthy food * Some many parents create memory. * enter unions. * express concern * find food - other similar food * give information. * make decisions. * prepare food * rely on information. Married parent * are automatically joint guardians of their children. * have equal rights to the custody of their children until a court orders otherwise.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Mother * All mothers are parents - can successfully breastfeed their babies - care for their children - have their favorite child * Every mother experiences in a special way the memory of having given birth to a baby - feels a wide range of emotions after birth - know that spitting up common occurrence among babies after feeding * Many mothers also have to deal with recovery following a cesarean birth. * Many mothers are able to express milk for quite some time after weaning takes place - desperate to wean at different stages of breastfeeding - fearful of nursing in public - less inhibited in the water - more comfortable with manual expression of breast milk because it is more natural - required to use drugs during breastfeeding - bring their children, especially the babies * Many mothers choose to abort their babies once spina bifida is confirmed - continue breastfeeding throughout pregnancy, while others decide to wean - freeze their milk directly in bottles - combine school or work with breastfeeding their babies * Many mothers die as a result of complications of pregnancy and child birth - young because of their children - do find it easier to lose weight while breastfeeding than at any other time - experience minor discomfort until the baby latches on successfully - express their milk using breast pumps - faint at the sight of their children after surgery * Many mothers feel awkward in the first weeks caring for their babies - babies sleep better after a bath - best if they keep their baby nearby - sad after the baby is born - that their families are economically bound to their careers * Many mothers find solace in rainbows, butterflies and angels - that their babies chance getting little fingers caught in a lacy pattern * Many mothers find they become very thirsty while the baby is nursing - obtain more milk earlier in the day - get amniocentesis or chorionic villi tests done on children while still in the womb - give their children milk to build strong, healthy bones and teeth - have a sense of whether their aborted child was male or female - keep nursing in spite of the pain the first few days or weeks and are glad they did - lack confidence in their own ability to breastfeed - learn that their babies nurse more frequently in the evenings on days they work - prefer to sew their own baby clothing - seek to feed their infants breast milk - suffer from depression after giving birth - tend to monitor feeds by the clock at intervals of every three hours - use a picture of their baby to focus their thoughts - work part-time because of child care considerations * Many mothers worry about how much the new baby needs to eat - possible allergic reactions when they introduce their babies to new foods * More mothers die in childbirth than anywhere else in the Arab world. * Most mothers acquire babies - adapt infant potty training to fit their own family lifestyle * Most mothers affect antler development * Most mothers are able to breastfeed and pump the first time they try - express only a few drops of milk when they first try a breast pump - rear all their offspring to weaning age - awake during delivery and work hard to help the baby come into the world - concerned about taking any medications while breastfeeding - good at loving and nurturing their family - very protective of their young * Most mothers avoid illegal substances - belong to families - can recognise their own babies by smell and pick up fallen babies - care about offspring * Most mothers care for babies - calves - orphans - own children * Most mothers carry babies - daughters - decease daughters - helpless infants - newborn offspring - young children * Most mothers change minds - over years - choose to breastfeed because they want the best food for their baby - claim sons * Most mothers collect food * Most mothers consume alcoholic beverages - diets - fat diets - fruit - contain antibodies - cook meals * Most mothers create homes - defend offspring - deliver babies - digest food - do best if they pump both breasts simultaneously * Most mothers drink diet soda - liquids * Most mothers eat all types of foods while nursing - encourage babies - enter molt stages - examine children - exercise discretion by using a towel while nursing - expect pregnancy - experience some nipple tenderness during the early days of nursing * Most mothers feed babies - baby milk - chicks - pups * Most mothers feel abdomens - an increase in movement, kicking, and hiccups from the baby - lower abdomens * Most mothers find babies - secluded rocks or marshy areas in which to give birth - follow husbands * Most mothers form bonds - strong bonds - gain weight * Most mothers get babies * Most mothers give birth to one young an average of every five to six years in the wild - nutrients - go into labor * Most mothers groom adult female offspring - infant offspring * Most mothers have antibodies - birth outcomes - brown eyes - coats - dry skin - gardens - glands - habits - mental problems - more than enough breast milk to feed their baby - muscles - nipples - proper diets - reproduction - soup bones * Most mothers have strong bonds - tendencies - third eyes * Most mothers hold babies * Most mothers identify offspring - own offspring - inform infants - ingest carbohydrate meals - instinctively protect their children from harm * Most mothers interact with babies * Most mothers keep babies * Most mothers lead families * Most mothers leave babies - hospital four or five days after a Caesarean birth - like to be organised and have a few items of clothing before their child is due * Most mothers live in areas - households - same households - on diets - up to years - look at babies * Most mothers lose extra weight * Most mothers maintain bonds * Most mothers make babies - noise - marry fathers - monitor infants * Most mothers move children - naturally begin to place some restrictions on nursing as their child grows - offer each breast at every feeding, alternating which breast they begin with - only allow themselves about a half a day a year to be sick - oversee children - participate in physical activities * Most mothers pass on to offspring - pick up babies - possess mates * Most mothers produce babies - rich milk * Most mothers protect babies - kittens * Most mothers provide babies * Most mothers raise arms * Most mothers reach maturity - sexual maturity - receive hormones * Most mothers recognize calves - remain with offspring * Most mothers report diarrhea * Most mothers reside in households - respond to offspring * Most mothers say the birth of their children awakens their heart - vagina when their daughters ask questions about where babies come from - search for food - see offspring - serve as daughters * Most mothers show babies - sit in rooms * Most mothers stay in vicinities - suffer from exhaustion * Most mothers support adolescent daughters - take babies * Most mothers teach babies - think their children are cute * Most mothers use food - sphincter muscles - strong muscles - visit the pediatrician often during the first few years of a child's life - worry about being in an inappropriate place when they go into labour * Some mother kangaroos carry babies - rattlesnakes care for their young after they are born * Some mothers abuse infants - act as aunts - add sugar to cereal to make it more flavorful - adopt babies - allow their babies to nurse to relieve the uncomfortable feeling - also begin weaning their children from breast or bottle feeding at about one year * Some mothers are able to breast-feed most of the time and use bottle feedings at other times - absolutely overwhelmed with love the first time they see or hold their baby * Some mothers are cared for babies - new babies * Some mothers are diagnosed with breast cancer - lung cancer - fortunate enough to have wage paying jobs themselves, usually as a school teacher * Some mothers are killed by cars - vehicles * Some mothers avoid certain dairy products * Some mothers become cancer patients - predators * Some mothers begin hibernation - winter hibernation * Some mothers blame breastfeeding for their difficulties - stepmothers * Some mothers break shells - wrists - breastfeeding perfectly well never feel engorged or full * Some mothers bring calves * Some mothers can draw their inverted nipples out with just one pumping session - even breastfeed in their sleep - use their breast to fill the cleft and allow the infant to nurse - care for orcas * Some mothers carry calves - lemurs - meat - nurses - sleeping babies on their backs while scribbling notes into a three-ring binder - tamarins - young calves - change behavior - choose children - claim death - close their eyes and think about nursing the baby, imagining the baby in their arms - combine breastfeeding and formula - consider weaning off the breast now * Some mothers consume acid - control sex - date several men during a short period of time * Some mothers deliver baby girls - develop antibodies * Some mothers die from illnesses - injuries - weakness * Some mothers die in automobile crashes - camps - concentration camps * Some mothers die of attacks - heart attacks - lonelinesses * Some mothers dig burrows - nursery burrows - discover hearts - disown their partners on the spot when they learn their children have been abused * Some mothers do diets - notice that colostrum is present much earlier in their pregnancy * Some mothers eat babies - fish - emerge from dens - enrich their lives by learning or studying while at home with children - even pump twice a day - fall back asleep while baby is still nursing * Some mothers feed buffalo - chickens - pigeons * Some mothers feel like babies - little pain and even describe giving birth as pleasurable - more comfortable using a bottle to feed their baby in public - fight battles * Some mothers find daughters - that applying a little modified lanolin helps heal sore nipples - their infants are more 'fussy' with breastfeeding following a strenuous workout - they only have to give one or two small supplements a day - yoga a peaceful way to connect with their child * Some mothers follow calves - dead calves * Some mothers get fathers - horridly ill during pregnancy - natural immunity * Some mothers go to hospitals - without their baby, depending on the age, and that's stressful as well - guard their egg cocoons in their silk-lined burrows - harm babies * Some mothers have a difficult time dealing with newborn babies by themselves - more difficult time than fathers finding personal time - affairs * Some mothers have aggressive breast cancer - blastocysts - blood types - carnivores - compounds - diabetes * Some mothers have different blood types - hypertension - increasing fatigue - kits - lambs - land carnivores - migraines - nutrition - poor nutrition - pouches - structures - syndromes - twins - two or more let-downs per feeding - urine smell - wigs * Some mothers help dogs - hatchlings - hide or bury their ootheca and never see their offspring - hire people - hold calves - ignore babies - insert beaks - introduce pups - invest their entire being into their child * Some mothers keep eyes - tracks * Some mothers kill chicks - puppies * Some mothers leave dens - paid employment entirely and spend a number of months or years at home full-time - leave, while others stay with their eggs until they hatch - like to use a bean bag or sit on the floor with the back supported - live on mountains * Some mothers lose baby daughters - identities * Some mothers lose own identities - self identities - senses * Some mothers love animals - ducks - maintain ties to their children by telephone * Some mothers make chicken soup - films * Some mothers move babies - old sons * Some mothers murder children - only go in the nest to feed the babies every so often and that's all * Some mothers opt for a natural birth which involves no medication - to use a midwife in a home birthing environment instead of a hospital - pass months - pee the baby before, during or after a nighttime nursing - pick up children - place cotton balls soaked with their breastmilk near their babies * Some mothers possess chickens - parrots - prefer to wean by decreasing the length of feedings - produce daughters * Some mothers protect fawns - orangutans - young orangutans * Some mothers provide parental care * Some mothers raise brothers - grandchildren - monkeys - rabbits - sisters - tails - turkeys - receive corticosteroids - regret that they brought children into the world - reject infants - remain in vicinities * Some mothers report that their milk supply is lower by the end of the week - they feel more interest in sex once they resume ovulating again - restrict nursings to the bed or a certain chair - return to burrows - sell oysters - share environments - show survival - sleep in hammocks - smoke cigarettes * Some mothers spend less time - long time * Some mothers stay with piglets - stop breast milk - suffer from depressions * Some mothers survive attacks * Some mothers take aspirin - lithiums - medicine - teach girls - think that drinking milk is necessary in order to produce milk - trap small animals * Some mothers use breast shells to protect the nipple from the dampness and friction of the bra - dye - hair dye - magic - marijuana - special necklaces that are made just for the nosy or distracted nursing toddler - uses mild baby soap and massage the baby with calendula oil before each bath - visit zoos * Some mothers watch chickens - wear earrings * Some mothers weigh kgs * Some mothers work as secretaries - outside homes * abuse children at a rate twice that of fathers - double to triple the rate for fathers * account for the vast majority of single parents. * allow other females to hold their infants soon after birth. * also can help protect their child by breastfeeding for the first year of the child's life - pass the disease to their newborns - cope by limiting their own food intake to ensure that children have enough to eat - give birth to babies upside-down - groom their young - make a purring sound for their young - talk more about emotions than do fathers * always appreciate pictures of their children, no matter what the age - keep their feet on the ground * appear to adapt their work patterns to fit the specific needs of their young children. * approach doctors. * are Malian children's primary caretakers - always the first teachers of children - aware when their children are in danger, even over thousands of miles - biologically and genetically designed to nurture their babies - books - central to their children, to their nations, to the world - concerned with egalitarianism - cultural icons - daughters' primary role models * are engaged in activities - other activities - female animals - fiercely protective of their young - fonder than fathers of their children because they are more certain they are their own - human and prone to mistakes - inspiration - known as the most caring beings among every kind of animal species - likely to be abusive than fathers - more affectionate to their babies postpartum - old women - perpetrators of abuse upon children at least equally with fathers - pregnant for three to four months, and typically have two - primarily responsible for the nurture of their children - protective and hum to keep babies close * are responsible for taking care of babies needs during class time, such as changing diapers - teaching children - to care for babies during lunch - sacred beings to be treasured and revered - satisfied with their child's development and enjoy raising children - some of the most special people in the world - symbolic with the giving of life * are the backbones that support a family - experts on caring for their babies - first educators of the human person - key to family survival in developing countries - most underpaid workers in our global economy - primary caregivers for the health and illness needs of the family - single most important person in the lives of their children - three times more likely to hemorrhage - under the age of thirty-five - usually more rested and less stressed when they are with their babies * are very protective of their calves - young until they separate after about a year - wary of large birds of prey - yeast * ask for opinion. * bears rear cubs for two to three years - scold their cubs with a low growl or a soft cuff - that are nursing young cubs continue to lose weight - with cubs are especially dangerous, particularly if a hiker gets between cub and sow * become friends. * begin to prepare girls to run a household when they are between seven and nine years old. * benefit from production. * breastfeed babies * bring food - newborn calves to secluded coves to nurse * build nests for their newborns, usually in the fork of a tree. * call their young to nurse with a snorting sound. * can also connect with their baby through music - kill or harm their unborn baby if they choose to - pass worms on to their kittens - watch for signs that their breasts are functioning normally - blame fathers for mutations - bond with their baby throughout their pregnancy - connect with their unborn baby through touch and relaxation - continue breastfeeding during most illnesses - easily raise twins - even nurse their young while standing - feel free to sleep a longer period at night - learn from fathers how to engage in sports and active play with their sons - maintain lactation by pumping while at school or work - now be the primary agents for empowering individuals to transform society - nurse in privacy without removing baby from the carrier - parent their own lives * can pass monilia and trichomoniasis to their babies at birth - on more to their newborns than hair color and an artistic temperament - sex-linked alleles to both sons and daughters * can pass the disease to infants during pregnancy - infection on to their newborn babies causing serious eye disease and pneumonia - milk proteins to their nursing babies if they drink cow s milk themselves - produce adequate milk for twins and triplets - recognize their offspring by a scream alone - rest comfortably and never be more than a few feet away from their new baby - share their stories of grief and joy - simply go to their infants and begin feeding - spend time with their children while working from home - sway easily, encouraging fetal descent or straightening an ascynclitic descent * care for babies until they can swim and hunt on their own - their calves till they are old enough to care for their self * carrier of any X-linked disease. - infants constantly their first three weeks * carry their dead babies on their backs - young around on their backs * catch their newborn young in a special membrane between their legs. * cease traveling with cubs when they become ready to mate again. - positions * choose options - to have sex, which leads to pregnancy * come in all different shapes and sizes. * come in all shapes and sizes and personalities - into contact - to life * communicate with their calves by bleats. * compete frantically with each other over who can give birth to the most babies in ten years. * conserve human life. * constitute more than eighty percent of the women in prison. * construct a nest for their young before birth. - beef meals * continue to breastfeed with complementary food until age one - suckle babies * contribute a higher number of chromosomes to daughters than sons - to sons and daughters * could have children. * cows, like most mammals have a strong maternal bond. * deer typically leave their fawns bedded down while they are away foraging. - territory * describe events. * devote more time to engagement than fathers. - slowly of terrible diseases * differ as much as children differ. * do earn less than both men and childless women - provide children with nests and roots, an embracing love which nurtures growth - try to protect their offspring against assaulting males * double their intake of food following the birth of their babies. - sweet tea * easily carry their young in flight for the first week but do so only to change roosts. * eat diets * encounter sons. * engage in sexual activity with their infants fairly often. * ensure protection. - next stages * experience deliveries - difficulty - spontaneous deliveries * express concern - own opinion * face charge - degree murder charge - hungry children - their babies milk - presence * find areas - lotion - therapy - the next generation and contribute significantly to future generations * frequently are also the spiritual leaders of their families - leave baby on the beach while they go hunting * generally describe a burning pain when the nipple turns white - raise males until they are just about two - nourishment - proper nourishment - very upset when sticky, brown, muddy footprints stain the floors * give birth and raise only one baby koala at time. * give birth to litters of five or six and are extremely protective of their young - live calves that they nurse for a year or more - persons, each with a nature - single young during the summer - their young in disused burrows of other animals - totally complete persons, each with a nature, and never to a nature alone - two to eight offspring at one time - while clinging to the roost with both thumbs and feet - great care - up on breastfeeding even though they are well-read and motivated to breastfeed * go hungry at night so their children can eat - through a grieving process that, for some, can be as painful as death * greet sons. * handle presence. * have a baby only once every four or five years. * have an inherent tolerance for the unpleasant, particularly when it comes to their babies - uncanny ability to manipulate sons' lives - appetite - chances - choices - cluck sound - conditions - different reactions to fathers about the homosexuality of their child - direct contact - foul mood - freedom * have have babies - helpers - ideas - many reasons for nursing their babies - more love for their children than children have for mothers - one to seven babies - primary responsibility * have raise children - resources - responsibility for the care and nurturing of their babies - to pump regularly starting soon after birth - unique needs as they seek safety and healing for themselves and their children * heal faster and babies are more settled when they stay at home. * hear daughters. * help deliveries * hide their young in dens built in tall, thick grass. * hold an especially prominent place because being sick is an attack on one's body - their babies with arms of shock, and never once take a step to walk * human being, capable of making mistakes. * include animals. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * inform babies * involve movement. * is associated with the transmission of life - the trunk of the tree - children from the fields, and infants are kept inside all day * kill their babies - young in the wild, because they weaken the pack * learn about products - lessons - roles - truth * leave areas - natal territory - their young to hunt, and call their young to feed upon returning * line their dens with grass and leaves for comfort. * live at addresses. - precious babies - their precious children to car accidents and violent crime every day * make all kinds of sacrifices for their children - differences - harsh noise - hunt trips * massage their newborns with it, to make their skin supple. * may have babies * miscarry, and sometimes die, too. - to areas * need assistance - attention - plentiful water * need to breast milk - enough milk * now do give birth successfully to extremely premature children - make up almost half the nation's work force * nurse babies - for months - kids * nurse their babies, even underwater, for about eight months - children to sleep and then nurse on demand through the night - cubs in a sitting position, or lying down on their side or back - young for a long period * nurture their children and wives take care of their husbands to succeed in their jobs - young while floating on their backs * observe, evaluate, and even medicate their children on a daily basis. * often allow soiled, foul smelling diapers to remain for a long time on the baby - anchor their young in kelp while foraging - assume a larger role in early parenting, partly because of traditional expectations - bear a larger share of the diabetes care burden than fathers - cry in despair while fathers stop talking at home - find that it is easier to breastfeed than bottlefeed twins - have difficulty with housework and parenting - know that their children are being abused, yet are afraid to speak out - live for their kids - notice abdominal distention in younger children - realize there is something wrong while shampooing a baby's hair * often report giving birth in a hospital is like being on a time clock or an assembly line - that they enjoy the close physical contact with their infant - support their infant there, especially when brachiating or climbing down trees * often travel alone with only their offspring - work part-time to balance work and family needs * only place of humor and reflection for mothers. * participate in activities - duties - regular physical activities * pass PCBs and dioxins to their children through the umbilical cord and breast milk - a portion of their dioxin and other chemicals to their infants when breast feeding - their antibodies to their babies across the placenta and in breast milk * planning a pregnancy are generally careful about their health. * plant the seed of faith in their children. * play roles - significant roles * possess a strong urge to protect and comfort their children * post photos. * prepare meals. - litters about once a year - milk between feedings due to elevated baseline levels of prolactin * provide assistance - opportunity - parental assistance - solid food - sustenance - the first formation of the human heart - tips * raise a single baby at a time - one child at a time - the young by themselves * recognize calls - pups on crowded rookeries through smell, sight, and vocalizations - the squeals of their newborns * recognize their pups through a combination of smell and sound - young by their voice - their young for up to six months * remember cousins. - effects - side effects * require more food and nutrients to fuel the growth of the baby. * respond to every cry to keep their cubs warm, dry, clean, and fed * return several times a day to nurse their young. * routinely turn a blind eye to the treatment and the behaviour of their children. * s can spread the infection to their children. * say in statements. * see adverts * seem to have a negative impact on self-esteem when they fail in that expectation. * send pictures. * should have choices. * sing and rock their infant imitating the rhythms of drums by chanting nonsense syllables. * sit at kitchen tables - wait rooms * sleep with their infants in all traditional tribal cultures. * spank more than fathers, and boys are spanked more often than girls. * spend more time attending to the infants' basic needs while fathers tend to play more. * spending their time begging for food don' t pay attention to their young. * stash their young out of sight for long periods of time. * stay at sites * still carry the lion's share of parenting responsibility. * stop losing weight. * stress emotional security and relationships, and fathers stress competition and risk taking. * suckle only their own babies, and the young stop nursing anywhere from one to five months - their young both early and late in the day * suffer economic consequences for having children * take care of their offspring until they become independent - young during their first year - pride in their cooking and want their children to eat well-balanced meals - shelter - the active role in nursing by squirting the milk into the baby's mouth - infants how to speak over the course of years of intense tutoring - kittens to be wary of humans, to defend themselves, and they become feral - skills * teach their babies what food to eat, in which trees to find it and in what season - pups to forage, and pups learn to hunt the same prey as their mothers - young how to build nests * tend to leave the sex of the first child, and to a lesser extent the second child to chance - reason with their children and show more affection - spend a lot of time outside the nest - stay with their cubs until they become adults, and mothers tend to stick together * to eat food - traditional food - ensure survival * to follow diets - special diets * traditionally play a leading role in choosing the leisure activities for their children - take care of most of our physical and emotional needs * transfer some antibodies across the placenta to the developing fetus. * typically have from one to six cubs, which are born blind and toothless. * use bathrooms - their bodies as bridges between branches for their young * usually give birth every year - to one, two, or three babies at a time - share their nests with nursing infants * visit places. * want choices - justice - medical schools * welcome babies. * will have choices * work with their babies, while the older children accompany their grandparents. * working and supporting young children rely on child care.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Adolescent mother * Most adolescent mothers quit school. * are at higher risk for abusing their children than older mothers. American mother * are less likely to return to work after childbirth as quickly as European mothers. * teach their children to be self-reliant. Animal mother * leave their babies for hours at a time in search of food. * sing their babies to sleep, but only the little ones understand the words. Birth mother * Many birth mothers choose the adoptive parents and keep in contact as the child grows - go to another city or even state to give birth * Most birth mothers change minds - do go on to have families * can change their minds and things can go wrong * come from all walks of life. Black mother * are the lowest percentage of breast-feeding mothers. * receive less prenatal care and are almost twice as likely to be uninsured. Chimpanzee mother * Most chimpanzee mothers carry daughters - decease daughters * Some chimpanzee mothers enjoy life. * share their food with their young. Depressed mother * are tearful, anxious, and easily upset, tired and yet unable to sleep well. * cause depression in their children. * have depressing effects on their children. Educated mother * are more likely to send their children to school. * have lower infant and child mortality rates and are aware of birth control methods.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Expectant mother * Many expectant mothers live by the philosophy that they are eating for two. * Most expectant mothers expect pregnancy. * Most expectant mothers have diets - proper diets - regain some of their energy during the second trimester * Some expectant mothers experience medical problems during pregnancy. * can learn to recognize the impact their pregnancy can have on their oral health. * find areas. * get nourishment - proper nourishment - have babies - two programs to choose from to maintain physical fitness during pregnancy * return to land only to deposit the next generation. * tend to make larger nests a few days before the birth. * to take care. Healthy mother * are more likely to have healthy babies - families * grow healthy babies. * make for healthy children. Infected mother * are far more likely to have low-birthweight or premature babies - often concerned about passing the virus on to their other children * can give the virus to their children before or during birth - infect newborns - pass the virus on to their babies * produce virus in their breast milk, which is transferred to nursing pups. Japanese mother * expect their children to be self-reliant, too. * feel that they have to do their best to bring up the children. * work hard to foster infant and child dependence. Macaque mother * groom adult female offspring * respond to offspring. Mama * Most mamas raise babies. * Some mama hens catch hawks - mamas eat habits * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * like to take care of their kids. ### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother \| mamma: Boob * are boobs - made of soft tissue - mammary glands * are part of human bodies - pairs Udder * are better than breasts for milking without immediate consumption. * can extend themselves greatly to hold high volumes of milk. Mammal mother * are hard workers. * have close, protective relationships with their offspring. Mater * All mater is made from a combination of atoms. * are mothers. - body substances - cytoplasm - heads - sections - vacuoles	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Mom * Many moms deliver their babies and are released in a day or two - go back to work after having a baby and rely on child care for their children - stop breastfeeding, even if they want to continue - take their babies to class and nurse quietly without anyone knowing * Most moms can feel their babies hiccuping in utero, and they gradually go away as children grow up. * Most moms carry babies - cook healthy meals * Most moms have babies - close eyes - dry mouths - hear heartbeats - help babies - report that it is easier to wean an older child than a younger - return to work after giving birth - start families * Some moms affect children - carry twins * Some moms die before birthdays - third birthdays * Some moms die in accidents - car accidents - of cancer - exclusively express their milk and feed it to their baby with a bottle - expect twins - find it more comfortable to sleep in a recliner during the last few weeks of pregnancy * Some moms have an instinct and know exactly when their baby is arriving - chickens - colon cancer - dogs - lung cancer - hold sisters - leak only during the early weeks of breastfeeding while others leak for many months * Some moms lose babies - precious babies - raise pups - reject babies - return to burrows * Some moms say it takes only a few weeks, especially if their baby seems bored with nursing - that they are working when the kids are small to save money for college - sit up, move their baby, and then lay down on the other side * Some moms suffer from cancer - kidney cancer - take in other children in a childcare situation * also benefit from breast-feeding. * are also more likely than dads to chat with and listen to their children - the most resilient individuals in the world * buy stock. * cause problems. * come to babies. * contribute information. * cook good healthy meals * do have favorites. * drink plenty. * eat food. * enjoy diets - food diets * even catch and release prey to improve the young otters' foraging skills. * feel movement - remorse * get breaks - cars - ice tea - sweet tea - chairs - friends - good friends - ideas - issues - locations - responsibility - same issues - sex * hold hands. - human bodies - legs - personality * is an online magazine for mothers who work from their homes. * look for food. * lose lbs. * make birthday cakes - sandwiches - soup * move to places. * need proteins. * own houses. * provide tips. * return to babies. * see birds. * share values. * spend more time driving than they spend dressing, bathing, and feeding a child. * support dads. * take active roles - chances - notice * tend to get at least one more cold per year than dads - hold on tighter when a child starts to drift * use recipes. * walk into rooms. * want homes. * work jobs. ### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother \| mom: Healthy mom * take chances. * tend to have healthy babies. Single mom * are a diverse group, but frequently experience the same problems - heroes born out of necessity * bear the brunt of the financial burden for their children. Teen mom * Many teen moms are victims who have been preyed upon by adult males. * Most teen moms raise their babies without the help of the baby's father. Mother love * is the fuel that enables a normal human being to do the impossible - strongest of all human emotions, and is indeed the basis of civilisation * tends to be unconditional, accepting the child no matter what, regardless of behavior.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Mummy * Most mummies are very old. * Mummies are a few feet under ground buried in a lot of layers of dirt - scarce remain of ancient cultures, but bones can be found more abundantly - fragile - one of the most characteristic aspects of ancient Egyptian culture - the preservation of the body of a dead person or animal - come with their own fingerprinting kits - conjure up so many images in people's mind * Mummies includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - material bodies - necks - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles - leak hot oil if they are exposed to light - love fashion models as snacks - occur when a body is dried after death - probably spend a fortune on skin moisturizing creams - remain either hanging in the trees or scattered on the orchard floor during the winter - resemble the living except for the marked lack of water, giving buoyancy to the skin - soak up some rays in Philippi, West Virginia - usually are represented by animals preserved by natural desiccation in arid regions * Some mummies are preserved wet, some are frozen, and some are dried - bear evidence of henna-stained fingernails, an early form of nail polish - work and others stay at home<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: New mother * Many new mothers carry their babies on their hips, often through the toddler years - experience panic and anxiety attacks * Many new mothers have periods of sadness, fear, anger, and anxiety after childbirth - slightly tender nipples at first * Most new mothers have questions and concerns about breastfeeding. * Some new mothers choose to have a natural birth using only breathing and relaxing methods - get very sick and even refuse to eat the whole time they're nursing - have better blood sugar control in the first few weeks after delivery * are happier on the job when they can combine work with breastfeeding - often concerned about whether they are producing enough milk * can wake in fright at night wondering whether their babies are still breathing. * do experience powerful hormonal changes. Nurse mother * care for children - own children * drink liquids. * have appetite. * live in areas.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Nursing mother * Many nursing mothers are unsure of how much milk their babies are actually getting - supplement breastfeeding with bottlefeeding * Most nursing mothers have sore nipples at some point, particularly at first. * can also pass it along through their breast milk - eat basil to promote production of breast milk - pass on cocaine to their babies through breast milk * conserve their own body fluids by producing a thick milk, rich in fats. * donate extra milk, which is then frozen until it is needed. * form groups, and take care of other cubs as well in their mother's absence. * have live-in quarters. * note that hyoscyamine is excreted in breast milk. * pass nicotine to the infant in their milk. * risk passing toxins on to their infant. Old mother * Most old mothers have dry skin * Some old mothers are diagnosed with cancer. Older mother * are more likely to have had other children. * live longer. Orangutan mother * Most orangutan mothers care for infants - leave babies - produce offspring * are very caring and attentive - loving and caring mothers Pregnant mother * Most pregnant mothers have diets. - many questions about breast feeding - more complications during childbirth * infected with group B streptococci can transmit the infection to their babies. * keep their children. * need proteins. Rural mother * are also more likely to have care only in the last trimester. * has more tendency of breast feeding.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Single mother * Many single mothers struggle to pay the bills and support their families. * More single mothers have jobs and report having more money. * Some single mothers make heroic efforts on behalf of their children - produce daughters * are likely to be the most sensitive to child care costs - seven times more likely to be at poverty levels * are the fastest growing demographic group in Australia - group most closely identified with welfare * carry a huge financial burden compared to two-parent households. * cope alone with finances, family schedules, crises, homemaking, and full-time work. * demonstrate higher levels of psychiatric symptoms than other categories of women. * face numerous barriers when pursuing higher education - social stigma and economic difficulties in trying to raise a child - twice the risk of depression as do married mothers * form the largest percentage of the poor. * head the nation's poorest households. * turn to kinship and social networks. * work hard to do the job of two parents. Surrogate mother * Most surrogate mothers have a fantasy of helping a young infertile couple with no children. * Some surrogate mothers say they have never stopped grieving. * are generally very sensitive, caring people - women who agree to carry a pregnancy for a couple<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent \| mother: Teenage mother * Many teenage mothers end up raising their children alone in poverty. * Most teenage mothers drop out of school. * are also likely to have low birth weight babies. * are less likely to complete high school and more likely to be poor - seek out regular prenatal care - likely to have another child before they are an adult * are more likely to drop out of school - smoke than their older counterparts * face risks with children. * have a higher rate of anemia and pregnancy induced hypertension occurring - risk of having very small babies * smoke more during pregnancy than mothers of any other age. Unmarried mother * are thus more likely to cohabit with another adult. * tend to be younger and more disadvantaged than their divorced counterparts. Young mother * Most young mothers have reproduction. * are just one segment of the homeless population - less likely to drink or to hang out with youth who drink * die early. * experience problems in giving birth due to undeveloped reproductive systems. * have greater risks of complications during pregnancy Myopic parent * are more likely to have myopic children. * prefer to have night-lights on and are more likely to have nearsighted kids. Natural parent * Most natural parents raise chicks - see humans * Some natural parents do jobs. * have protectible interests in life, health and well-being of their unborn children. * take care - extra care<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: New parent * All new parents work at knowing, understanding, and loving their babies. * Many new parents become concerned when they listen to the breathing noises a newborn makes - experience anxious nights with sleepless children - spend weeks in their child's birth country with little, if any, medical support * Most new parents suffer from uncertainty, confusion, and fatigue - worry a great deal about their baby's breathing * are especially concerned with doing everything they can to keep their children safe - voracious consumers of both information and new products * can immediately share pictures of their newborn with loved ones around the world. * leave applies to parents who adopt or take in a foster child. Obese parent * rear obese children. * tend to have obese children. Palestinian parent * love their children, like all parents. * see their children as their only thread of continuity in life.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Papa * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * is boiled corn meal, like very stiff grits. Permissive parent * have high responsiveness, but low demandingness. * like to let a child's natural impulses unfold freely. * perpetuate a subtle form of child abuse. * produce rebellious and egocentric children. Poor parent * Most poor parents appear to do well by their own kids. * Some poor parents lead to depressions. * allow or force their children to work. * do care and sacrifice for their children. * have less education, have worse health, fewer skills and differ in many other ways. Proud parent * like to call attention to their offspring. * photograph their babies. * support their children at home as well as in the classroom. Responsible parent * gain self-esteem from knowing it was done right. * raise healthy children. Short parent * can produce tall children. * have short children, and tall x short often gives intermediate height.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Single parent * Most single parents make decisions. * Most single parents produce identical offspring - take care * Some single parents have to work two jobs just to make ends meet. * are also highly encouraged to become parents - an important resource for children without families - more likely to partake in risky health behaviors than parents in couples - on welfare and are largely female - one of the fastest growing groups in America - the sole source of support for their households and their children * bear both financial and psychic burdens. * can adopt children through some adoption agencies. * deal with grief from divorce and loss of a parent. * depend more heavily on the voluntary cooperation of their children. * have a difficult time raising their children and holding down a job at the same time - an even more difficult job of parenting - higher child abuse rates than couples who share child rearing responsibilities * head thirty-one percent of American households. * is the sole responsible care giver of a child. * reassure children Single parents deal with grief from divorce and loss of a parent. * receiving social assistance have high rates of depression. * report differences in parent-child interactions in their new family structure. * represent the fastest-growing segment of families in the workplace. * running a household on their own often have less time to listen to their kids. * struggle to hold down jobs and raise their kids * travel with children * trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty. Sole parent * Most sole parents do children. * are also more likely than couple families to live in rental and public housing. * have a high unemployment rate. Stepmother * Most stepmothers have children. * Some stepmothers share identities. * are mothers - stepparents * clean floors. * frequently spend more time in child rearing than a stepfather. - experience - ideas * help ease. * include advice. - cytoplasm - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections Stepparent * are parents. * help create family unity when they Work with the natural parent. * often adopt children to form a close family bond with a new spouse - face significant difficulties when interacting with the paternal parent Successful parent * Most successful parents can only breed biennally. * believe in prevention and planning. * build self-esteem. * establish structure as soon as a child is born. * focus more on their own behavior than on the behavior of their teens. * know how to appreciate their children, even when they are misbehaving. * teach their children to think for themselves.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| ancestor \| parent: Supportive parent * Most supportive parents create healthy home environments. * control negative emotions and think positively. * create environments. * create healthy environments Tall parent * can produce short children. * have tall children and short parents have short children. * tend to ultimately have tall children and vice-versa. Teenage parent * are at especially high risk of long-term welfare dependence. * consume a large share of all welfare dollars. True parent * True Parents are the first true couple in all of history - owners of love - have physical children * means someone who has realized the highest love. Wealthy parent * More wealthy parents are willing to make more of education for their children than the poor. * can afford to send their children to better or safer schools. White parent * face some different issues in raising their children to be free of prejudice. * seeking infants to adopt are much more likely to look beyond their own race. * use more corporal punishment than minority group parents. Wise parent * are affectionate, supportive, and tender to their mate and to their children. * understand that play is the work of children. Progenitor * are responsible for giving existence to other beings. * is an ancestor Veneration of ancestors * forms the core of most Liberian traditional religion. * is prevalent throughout the island of Madagascar.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Antecedent * are causes - events that come before a behavior and prompt it to happen * are the events and conditions that immediately precede a behavior - nouns or pronouns to which the pronoun refers + Applied behavior analysis, Definitions and concepts, Three-term contingency * Three-term contingency is a concept for understanding operant behavior that was first used by B.F. Skinner. The three-term contingency says that every behavior has an antecedent and a consequence. An antecedent is what happens right before the behavior. The antecedent can change the chance that a behavior will happen. Some antecedents make a behavior more likely to happen. Other antecedents make a behavior less likely to happen. The consequence is what happens after the behavior. It is the response to the behavior. So, an antecedent happens before a behavior and a consequence happens after a behavior. Keeping track of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences is called taking ABC data.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Aunt * Most aunts live for years - marry uncles * Some aunts adopt nieces. * Some aunts die at homes - from diseases * Some aunts die of breast cancer * are part of families. * exist to boss around other people and make sure that girls marry well. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * love nieces. * share information. * spend extra pennies * spend single extra pennies * take charge.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative: Brother * Most brothers share fathers. * are almost always allies, but unrelated males often form bonds with each other - capable of bugs - friends - islands * are located in families - houses - seminaries - male animals - members - monks - siblings * are used for family support - friendships - lovings - statistical testing * become companions - operations - successful operations * come from places. * could have sisters. * differ in temperament, cultural background, customs, abilities, gifts and specific traits. * experience degrees. * feel emotion. * find diets. * get families. * go to schools. * grow up in neighborhoods. * have choices - life - pulses - sight - wilderness experience - body substances - corpi - nuclei - plasma membranes * leave houses. * like peace. * love life. * meet kids. * normally share about half their DNA on any chromosome. * play roles. * point out rules. * produce offspring. * provide services. * refers to the husband of any woman with whom one had an adulterous affair. * reveal truth. * show cent growth * take glucose tolerance tests * will have life - normal life * work for years. Close relative * are usually grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. by blood or marriage. * can have consequences - serious consequences * give up to ten animals, others one or two. * have a greater likelihood of passing on identical traits to their offspring - pest problems - similar problems * share many genes - the same bad genes because of their common grandparents<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Cousin * Most cousins take insectivorous diets. * are cousins - females - part of families - people - relatives * go to nurse schools * have eyes - tongues - toys * include wolverines. * includes arms - cell membranes - cells - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * need water. * pass years. * sit at tables. * survive events - extinction events * take diets - moms * weigh over kilograms. Descendant * adapt to conditions. * are films * become ancestors. * draw conclusions. * include mammals. - cells - necks - nuclei - sections - vacuoles * is the opposite of ancestor. * show characteristics - survival. * are 'offspring' ### person \| relative \| descendent: Scion * are brands - companies - descendants - games * bud with a small piece of bark and cambium. * develop crowns that bear nuts of their own variety. * ' brand of small cars sold by Toyota in the United States. Scion is marketed to young car buyers. * is the piece of plant at the top of graft. * shoot cutting with terminal bud. Immediate relative * are the children, spouses and parents of U.S. citizens. * is son, daughter, brother, sister, wife, husband, mother, or father. Niece * Some nieces are diagnosed with breast cancer - have babies * are located in family reunion - trees * have dreams. - cell membranes - heads	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative: Offspring * Every offspring has a number of genetic differences when compared to their parents. * More offspring are produced, resulting in more chances for an individual's genes to be passed on. * Most offspring are produced by individuals - mothers - same parents * Most offspring develop internal organs - die before birth * Most offspring eat food - normal diets * Most offspring have dads - genetic characteristics - single parents - identify mothers - leave parents - live in conditions - maintain genetic diversity * Some offspring are produced by two parents, and others are produced by just one parent - the result of pairings between captive and wild-born animals * Some offspring carry genetic defects - factors - life cycle strategies - have genetic makeup * adapt to environments. * are bands - created by copulation - essentially genetic carbon copies of their parent cells - when male and female gametes combine * bear to mothers - obese mothers * become adults * born to a mother and son, or to siblings, are very rare. * carry new combinations of genes, and are therefore unique individuals genetically. * come from parents - into contact * compete for limit resources * consume diets - milk - nutrition * depend on food * develop diseases * discuss problems. * display differences. * drink milk. * eat diets * enter stages. * establish own territory * exhibit characteristics - dominant phenotypes * find food. * follow mothers. * formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. * gain more weight * get exactly one half of their genes from a single parent. * go through larval stages * grow into adults. * grow to adulthood - full size * have advantage - blind eyes - care - fur - good chances - health problems - heat tolerance - high milk production - mass - mortality - opportunity - red eyes - variation - white fur * help brothers. * include kids. - legs - vacuoles * inherit characteristics - the characteristics of their parents, which are controlled by genes * learn hunt techniques * leave homes * live for years. - environmental conditions * live in same conditions * maintain color * may have chances. * open eyes. * paradigm of much of our thinking and philosophies. * participate in activities - physical activities * pass on to offspring - own offspring * possess characteristics - particular characteristics - phenotypic characteristics * produced sexually are genetically somewhat different from either parent - through asexual reproduction are genetically identical to their parent organism * reach adolescence - full maturity - reproductive maturity - sexual maturity * receive care - intensive care * receive parental care - supervision * remain with mothers * require care - proteins * resemble ancestors * respond to situations - stressful situations * see mothers. * share genetic information - materials - same genetic information * show characteristics - considerable variation - lower values - potential * stay in natal territory * stay with mothers * survive to maturity. * to assist parents. * undergo development. * weigh ounces. * will have chances - chins - percent chances - smooth chins + Sex, Benefits and drawbacks: Biological reproduction * Offspring produced sexually are genetically somewhat different from either parent. They inherit genes from both parents. + Sexual reproduction: Methods of reproduction * Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Offspring is made by a sperm fertilising an ovum from the female. Different steps are involved in the process.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring: Baby * All babies are different, and they develop at their own rate - foal-bonded, handled daily and raised with peers * All babies cry a lot during the few months of their lives - sometimes - when they are undressed or exposed to unusual stimulus * All babies cry, and many have fussy periods - often without any apparent cause - develop from two different cells that join together- the sperm and the ovum - eat and sleep differently too - explore by putting things in their mouth - fuss and cry from time to time, but some babies cry excessively - gain weight at different rates and no two infants are alike, even if they are siblings - grunt and turn red in the face when moving their bowels * All babies have an opening in the belly at the belly button - blood tests to look for the presence of certain diseases - different sleep patterns - flat feet at first - meconium bowel movements in their intestines prior to birth - slight elevations in bilirubin after birth - the right to be born healthy and happy - their own internal developmental timetable - two soft spots, or fontanelles, on the top of their head - learn language and speech by babbling * All babies lose a few ounces during the first few days after birth - weight during the first days of life because their bodies get rid of extra water - spend most of their early weeks feeding and sleeping - thrive on the love and attention of their parents and families - touch their genitals - wake during the night - walk differently * Any baby born prematurely is more likely to be very small. * Babies Can Communicate at Birth - Remember Birth - Usually stop breathing because of food blockage - accompany mothers - acquire some antibodies from the mother, usually only active for a few months - actually have survival instincts from the very start - aged under one are totally dependent on their carers and are physically fragile * Babies also can get herpes if they are kissed by someone with a cold sore - use their memories to anticipate the future - develop aggression very early on * Babies also have an undeveloped immune system - differences in how alert they are during the time they are awake - learn about communication through crying - respond according to their temperament - tend to sleep a lot while being treated for jaundice, waking only for feedings - use sucking to calm themselves when they are upset * Babies are adaptable and sleep more than toddlers - adult spirits in infant bodies - all white at birth * Babies are almost always happier when carried - never allergic to their mother's milk * Babies are also ready to learn how to point to their nose, eyes, ears and mouth - sensitive to a parent's mood through touch - simply more vulnerable to disease - always prone to infection * Babies are as different from each other as are adults - sensitive to pain as anyone else - small as a man's thumbnail - at increased risk for bacterial meningitis compared to people in other age groups * Babies are at risk of acquiring a chlamydial infection from their infected mother - when the antibody defense system is weak * Babies are at risk without an immunoglobulin to fight the germs that invade - breast fed milk to transfer of immunity from the mother * Babies are at risk without the transfer of the immune system from the mother - transfer of the immunity from the mother - the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep - aware and feeling human beings from well before the time of birth - black when born * Babies are blind and totally dependent on their mothers for two or three months - when they are born * Babies are born about five weeks after mating - brightly colored and take off on their own as soon as they're born - helpless * Babies are born in a hidden underground den, rock crevices or caves - hospital, old people die there - spring or fall, and females reproduce every two to three years - live, encased in a thin membrane that they puncture after being born - naked and blind in a special burrow, or stop, made by the doe - outside of the burrows, but move inside shortly afterward - through the space between the three bones of a woman 's pelvis * Babies are born with a sterile environment inside - whole set of reflexes that essentially enables their survival - active sebaceous glands and therefore can develop acne - an eye for beauty - individual differences in personality, or temperament differences - up to three litter mates and are suckled for six weeks - without fur but develop a full coat in a week - breast-fed until about two years of age - breastfed in the context of bottles and formula * Babies are called calves or cubs - kits or kittens and are born blind - newborns during their first month of life - pigs * Babies are capable of cries - defending themselves, and are often more venomous and aggressive than adults - giggles - nurses - wet diapers - carefully and meaningfully named, and their names are alterable over time - children * Babies are created by humans - dependent on their mothers for up to two years - determined to walk - duller in color until they molt and occasionally have some red on the top of the head * Babies are especially at risk of irritation from their diapers and excessive heavy clothing - sensitive to the effects of methylene blue - extraordinarily susceptible to pesticides * Babies are extremely sensitive to smell - susceptible to the impacts of hormone disruption - fetuses - frequently stillborn, and spontaneous abortion during pregnancy is common - gifts of love - hairless at birth except for a few patches of fine, silvery-gray fur - hand-fed from day one for loving pets - hard at work whenever they are awake, trying to learn all about the world - having babies, some people prize their BMWs more than their children - healthy and develop normally for the first few months of life - immortal - innocents - introduced to solid food about six months of age * Babies are likely to pick up colds and other minor illnesses - wake up frequently as they move from deep to light sleep in any sleep cycle * Babies are located in cradles - cribs - houses - rugs - wombs * Babies are more likely to reject a cornea transplant than adults - suffer from food allergies - susceptible to sun burning - vulnerable to candida because their immune systems are still immature - most comfortable in loose, soft clothes - much more likely to survive at birth, as are mothers - naturally healthy, happy, and active - nighttime people - now able to swallow solids - offsprings * Babies are particularly attuned to the form of speech known as motherese - susceptible to nitrates in drinking water - primarily carnivorous - prone to dysbiosis, which is one of the leading reasons that babies - safer without pillows - sensitive or sometimes allergic to remaining detergent in clothes - six times more likely to die in their first year of life - smaller than kids and adults - sometimes too fragile, too small, or just too silly to cope with an aggressive older rat - specially vulnerable to UV radiation and also to overheating * Babies are susceptible to bacteria - many kinds of infections - parasites - virus infections - the MOST inquisitive of people - their own experts in eating - unpredictable and can cry a lot * Babies are very attracted to contrasting colors such as black and white, red and yellow, etc - sensitive to alcohol and can easily overdose - weak and dependent, so are children and old people - young mammals - attain weight - bear to women - become teenagers * Babies begin life with the ability to perceive and reproduce sounds from any language - solitary life * Babies begin to learn from the moment they are born - rapidly from the moment they are born - self-control when they begin to soothe themselves - the meaning of specific words by seeing the object and hearing the word - show pleasure in their interactions with their parents * Babies begin to suck on their fingers or thumbs even before they are born - thumbs and fingers before they are born - understand how the world works when they see, touch, hold, and shake things - with a sexual act - belong to women * Babies benefit from early treatments * Babies born after embryo cryopreservation are just as healthy as babies conceived spontaneously - before thirty-seven weeks of gestation are considered to be preterm - by cesarean section usually have more normally shaped heads - early have an increased risk of developing medical complications - even mildly premature are more than twice as likely to die in infancy - in water tend to be quiet and calm, although alert - into loving hands learn to treat others with respect * Babies born prematurely also are at risk for vision loss from other conditions like lazy eye - are at risk for a host of complications - die more often in their first year of life than others - have developmental problems later in life - often experience several health problems - remain healthy - to Indigenous mothers are more likely than other babies to die around the time of birth * Babies born to abused women are more likely to be low birth weight and premature - more likely to be underweight and premature - addicted mothers show signs of shortened attention spans and violent rages - crack-addicted parents have serious medical problems with lifelong consequences - drinking mothers are physically smaller than the babies of non-drinkers - heavy-drinking parents often have mental and physical defects - heroin-addicted mothers often have withdrawal symptoms similar to adults - illiterate girls are less likely to survive to adulthood * Babies born to infected mothers also can contract the disease - can also become infected * Babies born to iodine-deficient mothers are especially at risk of mental impairment - lethargic and difficult to feed - mothers living in poverty more often have a low birth weight * Babies born to mothers who are too young are also much more likely to die in the first year of life - drink can develop fetal alcohol syndrome * Babies born to mothers who smoke are likely to be smaller than normal - can be more sickly - tend to feel less well and to be less contented - with chicken pox can develop high fevers and other serious problems - opiate-addicted mothers often have withdrawal symptoms similar to adults * Babies born to smokers have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome - usually weigh less at birth - smoking mothers tend to be smaller at birth - teen mothers are at high risk of being too small - teenage mothers are two to three times as likely to die during the first year - very young mothers are again more likely to be premature or underweight - women who are smokers are on the average lighter than babies born to non-smokers * Babies born to women with chlamydia can develop eye infections and pneumonia - malaria are also likely to be small - untreated syphilis can become seriously ill or die - young teen mothers have a higher risk of serious health problems * Babies born with a neural tube defect most commonly have spina bifida - anencephaly have underdeveloped brains and incomplete skulls - cleft lip only have the highest probability of success - esophageal atresia sometimes have long-term problems - metabolic diseases require severely restricted diets - rubella can have heart disease, be blind or deaf, or have learning problems * Babies born with spina bifida have a defect in their spinal column - usually have surgery straight away to close the lesion - the disease often have trouble sucking and swallowing, forcing many to be tube fed - breath more frequently, and the heart beats much faster than in an adult - breathe much faster than older children and adults - can adapt to low sodium levels by retaining more of it * Babies can also be susceptible to heatstroke in high temperatures and it can come on suddenly - become distressed for low amniotic fluid and cease growing properly - experience whiplash of the neck muscles * Babies can also get Herpes if they are kissed by someone with a cold sore - localized infections under the skin called abscesses or infections of the skin - yeast infections - have problems after they are born - lose fluid from vomiting - play a part in insufficient milk supply - sense movement from very early on - and do develop normally when fed only formula * Babies can be anywhere from just born to just before having all their feathers - equally healthy with either cloth or disposable diapers - exclusively breast-fed for their first six months of life - little brothers or sisters * Babies can become bored or lonely - dependent on opioid analgesics if their mothers use too much during pregnancy - infected during a latent stage - overweight or have food allergies if solids are started too early - begin to develop balance - benefit from stimulation as early as the third month of pregnancy - bond entire communities to work together for a common goal - breathe well even if the tip of their nose is compressed - burn even in indirect sunlight * Babies can catch the disease from their mothers while they are being born - virus from their mother during birth - choke on even the smallest, softest bit of food - communicate physically before they can do so verbally - continue sucking without stuffing themselves and without swallowing a lot of air * Babies can contract it during the birthing process - the disease at birth from their infected mothers - cry and sleep - develop crippling orthopedic problems if left on the bare floor - die of stress from handling or from excited, loud situations - digest breast milk easily - draw up their lower lips so that they can take food from a spoon * Babies can drown in a small amount of water - toilet or mop bucket - as little as two inches of water - just inches of water in seconds - eventually learn to put themselves to sleep - fall to the ground and suffer serious injuries - follow moving objects with their eyes - get a yeast infection in the mouth and throat * Babies can get chlamydia during birth if the mother is infected at the time of delivery - ear infections from falling asleep with a bottle in the mouth - eye infections, pneumonia and other problems soon after they are born - gonorrhea in their eyes at birth if their mother has the disease - herpes at birth if their mothers are having an outbreak at the time - pneumonia, have seizures, have brain damage, or even die - the disease from their mothers during birth * Babies can get the virus from infected mothers during birth - their mothers when they are born or when they are breastfeeding - if their mothers have genital warts at the time of delivery - yeast infections in their mouths and diaper areas - grasp their mother's fur to cling to the mother's belly soon after birth * Babies can have an insecure attachment with one parent and a secure attachment with the other - better life - books in their cribs and play pens - diarrhea - difficulty - eye, ear or lung infections * Babies can have low birth weight that leads to many medical problems, and in some cases, death - blood pressure for many reasons - severe effects - hold about twice the amount of food per gram of bodyweight that adults can hold - identify their mother's breast milk pad by smell - learn their mother's emotional state - live on milk alone for the first six months of life - lose heat rapidly, as much as four times more quickly than adults - only communicate fear, pain, hunger, cold, or tiredness by fussing or crying - overheat because of too much bedding or clothing, or because the room is too hot - pick-up on emotions - play with kitchen utensils or their own toys or be carried in a sling or carrier - raise their heads from a very young age - range in age from newborn up to three years old - receive up to one third of their nutrition at nighttime feeds - scan facial features in the first month - see fairly well at birth, especially objects that are one to two feet away - seem VERY awake when they are extremely tired - sense when mom or dad is worried or scared - settle back to sleep by themselves - sit or lay comfortable in a variety of positions - suffocate in soft bedding so get it out of the crib, pillows, comforters, sheepskins * Babies can survive on cold jars of baby food and easily stored items like dry baby cereal - until morning with a wet diaper - very easily get into hazardous situations, especially when unattended - wiggle and tip themselves over - care deeply about their mothers, and their happiness and well-being * Babies carry the DNA of both carries in their cells and so they exhibit traits from both parents - their weight too - catch it during birth - change positions - cling tightly to their mothers for up to four years * Babies close eyes - fists * Babies come before adults - from sex * Babies come into contact - the world with different temperamental patterns - to both the married and the unmarried - when the moon is full - with parents * Babies communicate from a birth with facial expressions, body position, and vocalizing - in ways other than speech - joy, happiness, concerns, worries, and fears during massage - long before they are able to use words - with bodily movements, by crying, babbling and laughing - complete development * Babies consume large quantities of water in relation to their body weight - more milk if the fat content is low - contract the infection from their mothers during the pregnancy and when nursing - crawl into a pouch on the mother's belly and stay there four months * Babies cry and dogs bark - because of their own inner needs and their individual temperaments - by instinct, and ducks follow their mother by instinct - for a number of reasons including tiredness, hunger, discomfort and boredom - from hunger or from fear - if they are lonely, bored, or tired, and when they are in pain - to communicate - when they are hungry or sick * Babies cry when they are hungry, hot, cold, wet, sick, or hurt - sick, angry, in pain, or have a wet diaper - wet or hungry - demonstrate their early memory skills many times each day * Babies depend on adults - their mother for the first two months of their life - deprived of colostrum have considerably higher rates of viral and bacterial infections - desire comfort - despise bad smells and become active and startled when introduced to noxious odors * Babies develop a sense of timing, listening and language skills - pitch, listening and language skills - abdomens - antibodies to other blood types at around six months old - in the uterus, and menstrual blood comes from the uterus - strong bones - their speech at their own rate - trust and the capacity for pleasure as they are cared for, held and cuddled * Babies die because of a lot of reasons - their mothers get poor health care, poor nutrition, little education - each year from being violently shaken - or are born imperfect * Babies differ in size, appetite and readiness to eat solid foods - the amounts of food they eat * Babies digest breast milk * Babies do cry if they feel discomfort and if they - feel pain - draw their legs up and are better for having their tummies rubbed * Babies drink differently from a bottle than from the breast - milk from their mom until they are old enough to eat food * Babies eat and sleep when they are most comfortable doing so - as much as adults and making too many babies too soon can quickly create a food crisis - fatty food - fruit - meat baby food - mushy stuff - pinhead crickets, or other small insects - spinach - too much partially hydrogenated fats, too - vegetation * Babies enjoy contact - moms - sharing books while cuddling on a parent or provider's lap * Babies enter a drowsy state when they are waking up or falling asleep - heaven - especially love to arrive in the middle of the night * Babies even exhibit signs that are interpreted as anger, such as crying or screaming - suck their thumb before they are born - exercise their independence at an early age and generally come when they want to * Babies exhibit separation anxiety when they become upset at the departure of a familiar caregiver - symptoms of failure to thrive * Babies experience many illnesses, small and large, while growing up - the world through their mouths * Babies feed best when they're awake but before they're crying - milk products - powder milk products * Babies feel ears - heartbeats - pain as strongly as adults do - find homes - finish meals * Babies first laugh when they are as young as three to four months old - wave their arms, then move their hands towards objects, and finally use their fingers - fledge when they are nice to eleven days old * Babies follow circadian rhythms, and as any pregnant woman knows, are more active at night - dads - their natural instincts for eating - frequently take up to two years to completely heal * Babies gain benefits - control over their hands long before they develop the skills required for speech - enough weight - excess weight when exposed to excess blood sugar - knowledge about objects from their experiences with the mother - many benefits - or lose weight from day to day since their appetites vary * Babies generally have fat pads over the instep of their feet, giving the appearance of a flat foot - lose a little weight in the first few days after birth and then begin to gain * Babies get a large dose of estrogen while they're still in the uterus - antibodies from their mothers while in the womb - breathe air * Babies get enough due breast milk - hungry at irregular times during the first few weeks - ill frequently as they learn to crawl, walk, and play - nicotine when they breathe in second-hand smoke - nutrients - oxygen - teeth - the best nutrition from breast milk - to feel their bodies as they are gently maneuvered to aid digestion and development - toes * Babies go from crawling to walking and from suckling to feeding - through development * Babies go to homes - nurseries - zoo nurseries - graduate into the toddler room around one year of age when they are walking steadily * Babies grow and develop quickly during the first year - mothers want to take their babies home after awhile - fastest if they are kept warm - hair before they are born - in and out of clothes at a breakneck speed * Babies grow into adults - more rapidly than at any other period in their lives - normally and gain weight regardless of how they are fed, if fed correctly * Babies grow out of infantile seborrhoeic eczema - their clothes, fast - shape organs * Babies grow to full size from two cells the size of a tiny dot - up in environments - very quickly - hatch as tadpoles and grow legs as they lose their tails - have 'growth spurts' * Babies have a delicate skin, which can scald, or burn, easily - keen sense of smell and are also comforted by their mother s scent - reflex to suck everything that is put in their mouth - tendency to put almost everything they get their hands on into their mouths - tremendous capacity to respond to their environment from the minute they are born * Babies have an enormous capacity for learning the unique sounds of foreign languages - inexperienced immune system * Babies have an innate ability to begin nursing immediately after they are born - self-regulate their food - innate, evolutionary developed and natural preference for sweet tastes - attributes - big eyes - bilateral club feet - bluish lips - brown eyes - burns from spills - dark eyes, while adult eyes are an ice-blue * Babies have different cries to represent their different needs - sleep patterns then adults do - even faster pulses because they are even younger - excretion - extra toes, fused fingers, and missing ears - faces - fangs, venom and are dangerous from day one - fewer colds while they're breastfeeding - good time - hard time * Babies have have little time * Babies have heavy heads and fragile necks - weak necks with soft bones and stretchy ligaments - large round eyes - large, heavy heads and weak, underdeveloped neck muscles * Babies have less acute illnesses and allergies - colic, colds, allergies, and asthma - pigment in their skin and are more susceptible to burning than older children - long necks - lungs - membranes - more hair at birth * Babies have more sensitive skin because the outermost layer of their skin is thinner - than older children and are easily burned - negative mood - no concept of day and night when they are born - normal heartbeats - obvious reaction - pink skin - responses - senses - sensitive skin that dries out easily * Babies have sharp teeth and bite their gums and tongue, often causing bleeding - even when they are born - small eustachian tubes angled in such a way that drainage is poor - soft quills at birth, which harden within a few days * Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak - swim when they are very young - a reflex - right to be born gently, without fear, trauma or pain - their own rhythms - thin membranes - tiny stomaches and breast milk digests much faster than formula - umbilical cord * Babies have very sensitive skin - small lungs and airways which get even smaller when they breathe smoke-filled air - weak neck muscles, very large heads, and soft brains - white faces * Babies identify with the voices they hear while in the womb * Babies includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - human bodies - material bodies - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - instinctively take their breathing and sleeping cues from their mothers - just start to breathe - know when they are hungry and when they are full - lack ability * Babies learn about differences as infants - the world through their senses - as their brains grow * Babies learn by doing, by reacting to their surroundings at their own pace - putting things into their mouths and are at a high risk for choking on toys - using their senses to explore and gather information about the world - early that touching their bodies and sex organs feels good * Babies learn from adults * Babies learn important skills - social skills - largely through play and by watching others do things - receptive language skills long before they learn expressive ones - through interaction with their environment * Babies learn to breastfeed by breastfeeding - climb out of their cribs before they learn to walk - crawl, then walk - give cues to their needs and abilities - identify the faces of their parents at a very early age - recognize their mothers voices while they are in the womb - speak in stages - very actively, so inhibiting their activity limits their learning ability * Babies lie in beds - infant beds - lift their heads before they can sit up, and they sit up before they can stand * Babies like to be carried in packs - with people and see what is going on - chew on anything from toys to bed rails, window seals to furniture - know that they can have an effect on the outside world - look at people's faces and listen to all of the noises they make - mimic what they hear - move and be moved - suck when they are hungry, but also like to suck for oral stimulation and comfort - watch people * Babies live in environments - water and adult lives on land or in the air - very close to their mothers so that they can be kept warm - with their mother for several months - look like parents - look, smell, sound and move differently than big humans * Babies love animals - the sound of the human voice and respond to rhythms and music - their hands, and they move both hands together to explore or touch something * Babies love to be carried - held, stroked and cuddled - read to and it helps build their brain capacity - rocked and cuddled - talked to and hear that voice they heard so often while still in the womb - experiment with new foods - explore the world with their mouths - focus on bright colours and strong shapes * Babies love to look at faces and eyes - simple pictures and to listen to the sound of a voice * Babies make all kinds of movements without anything being wrong - an enzyme called lactase inside their bodies - sound from the time that they are born - their entrance into the world at all hours of the day and night * Babies may have fathers - livers - stomachs - move joints - naturally develop a fear of falling once they have been crawling for about two months * Babies need assistance - calcium - kangaroo care - medicine - micronutrient - proper nutrients - rooms - strengthen bones * Babies nurse for months - on their mothers until they are old enough to eat vegetation - observe everything, and little children remember - occupy areas * Babies often become very attached to their primary caregiver - contract the virus from their mothers while nursing - cry at the beginning of a new meal when they are very hungry - fail to gain weight or to grow at an appropriate rate, and frequently have diarrhea * Babies often get a kind of rash called milia, usually about two weeks after birth - acne, usually after the second week of life - hiccups when they are cold or wet - rashes for no apparent reason * Babies often have a small bald patch at the back of their head where their head rubs the cover - two, on the wrist and ankle - lie awake looking around - lose their hair during the first six months of life - make throat clearing or gurgling sounds and make noises during sleep - prefer sleeping near their mommy - rock or bang their heads to fall asleep * Babies often urinate right after falling asleep - shortly after falling asleep - wake up at night to feed - weigh less when the mother smokes - placed on their sides can roll onto their tummies during sleep - practise breathing movements while in the womb * Babies prefer human voices and enjoy vocalizing in their first efforts at communication - prepare for deliveries - probably learn their mothers' calls, while still inside the womb - produce urine * Babies raise heads * Babies reach adult size * Babies reach full height - mature ages - react to food * Babies receive adequate nutrients - calories - injections - recognise the parental face in the first few weeks of life - recognize voices * Babies remain with moms - remember pain - represent one of the challenges that our behaviour has adapted to during evolution * Babies require assistance - many years of development before they themselves are able to reproduce * Babies require special attention - resemble parents * Babies respond to bright colors, soothing sounds, and images of themselves or of their mommies - the emotions of their parents - very quickly to antibiotics - return to mothers - roost separately from their mothers * Babies see parents - seem to change every day as they grow and learn - share one placenta and one amniotic sac * Babies shed more often than adults because as babies they outgrow their skin faster - much more often than adults * Babies show an interest in solid foods when they are approximately four to five weeks old - early signs of hunger, even when still asleep - long-term, positive effects with less exposure to drugs, alcohol and violence - various desires immediately following birth and throughout their carious growth phases * Babies sleep a lot, but wake frequently - best on their bellies - but their ears are more sensitive - differently than adults * Babies sleep in car-seat carriers - clean, soft, warm beds - many hours throughout the day, and sleep patterns differ from one baby to the next - much more than adults, and a much larger fraction of their sleep is REM sleep - through the night when they are ready to sleep through the night * Babies sometimes breathe the moment their head delivers - choke on small foods - cry when they are born - die, yes, but are more likely to when being birthed in drugged, manipulated danger - experience a blocked nose due to mucus buildup - get simethicone when they have colic - spit up or vomit at meals if they eat too fast or too much - swallow more air or have more fluid in their intestinal tract than they can handle - soon turn into children, who turn into adults - speak to their mothers through emotions- through whispers of longing and desires - spit up, and diapers sometimes leak - spontaneously reach out to clutch at anything * Babies start at about four months, when peekaboo gets a response - eating again after one or two days of help - out as single celled creatures - pulling up on things shortly after they start crawling - swimming lessons as young as four weeks old * Babies start to coo between two and four months of age - imitate others as quickly as their development allows * Babies stay small for many years, depending on their mothers for nurturing * Babies still go to sleep on their stomachs and sides - move in labor * Babies suck harder at the beginning of feedings - milk from mother's fur - on pacifiers differently than on mothers' nipples * Babies survive an hour or more after the premature delivery - first years - swallow more air if the nipple hole is too small * Babies take a few days to recuperate from the shock of birth - tremendous amount of calories to grow, and even more to nurse afterward - baths, eat and fall asleep - breaths - first steps - some time to develop a proper sleep pattern - tend to be born before dawn * Babies tend to be most allergic to the first foods they have been offered - receptive to massage from the time they are born until they begin to crawl - very dark at first and lighten up and flatten out as they age - pay more attention to things that vary slightly from what they already know - reach the major milestones in early motor development at similar ages - ring the dinner bell by crying, fussing or nuzzling mom's breast - suck differently from the breast than from bottles - weigh less and be shorter than normal * Babies thrive on schedules - the kind and loving attention of their caregivers * Babies thrive when they enjoy adequate stimulation - receive warm responsive early care * Babies to drink enough fluid - survive winter - turn heads * Babies typically fail to gain weight normally - get their gut bacteria from their mothers during childbirth - have symptoms within the first three months of life - take fuzzy or hopper mice, and as they grow they can easily be switched to rats - urinate very little in the first few days * Babies use fingers * Babies use sucking to calm and settle themselves - get food, explore the world, and have pleasurable oral sensations * Babies use their senses to take in information - toes to grip the floor and maintain their balance * Babies usually begin sleeping through the night when they are about two weeks old - develop quite runny bowel movements two or three days after birth - focus on developing one major task at a time - get warts in their throat from birth - love vocal sounds, such as talking, babbling, singing, and cooing - remain healthy despite bouts of colic - sleep for brief periods throughout the day - start sleeping through the night sometime between eight weeks and six months of age - wet the diaper at least six times each day - vary enormously in their capacity to sleep through the night * Babies vary greatly in personalities and developmental milestones - size and body type, and there's a wide range of normal * Babies vary in how well they communicate - the frequency of their stools - vomit when they've had too much to eat * Babies wake frequently during the night to nurse - up and cry in the middle of the night - wear diapers * Babies weigh few pounds - kilograms - wet their diapers with urine several times a day * Babies will have airways * Babies would have better chances * Every baby awakens one or more times a night. * Every baby has a mother and a father - mother, a father, and a string of relatives - is born with a ductus arteriosus * Many babies actually make a brief cooing sound as they attempt to communicate - also get rashes or have birthmarks - appear flat footed because of a large fat pad beneath their arches - are aggressive feeders who gulp their formula, which increases the intake of air * Many babies are allergic to cow s milk formulas - cow's milk, which is in infant formulas - unable to digest lactose * Many babies born to heroin-addicted moms have serious medical problems - women who use cocaine are stillborn - breastfeed even more often in the early days - can become very ill from honey, even a small amount - clamp down only when they fall asleep - die from pneumonia and dehydration caused by diarrhea - do get a good portion of their nutrition from nighttime feeds - fall asleep once the car begins to move * Many babies get better before they are even two years old - pimples on their face, scalp, and chest at three to six weeks of age * Many babies go through painful withdrawal in the first few days of life - stages of inconsolable crying after feeding - grow up with disabilities, including cerebral palsy, while others die * Many babies have a time during which they are very difficult to console - birthmarks when they are born - brief drops in the heart rate - colic beginning sometime between their second and fourth week - days of frequent crying - particular times in the day when they cry and cry and are difficult to comfort - rashes and bumps that are normal - reactions to certain foods when they begin to eat solids - some jaundice during their first week - their mother's or grandmother's maiden name as a first or middle name - undeveloped organs-respiratory distress syndrome, and bleeding in the brain - improve before two years of age - learn to eat more easily if the cereal is very thin - like to gnaw on a smooth lamb chop bone, especially when teething * Many babies love rhythmic music, especially when they're cranky at the end of the day - to dip finger foods into sauces or dressings - make the transition to sleep easier if they have a favorite object in their crib - normally spit up part of every feeding - prefer to feed themselves - start crawling between seven and ten months of age - suffer from a condition called cradle cap - swallow air while feeding * Many babies take expressed breast milk well when fed with a cup or spoon - pleasure in exploring the physical properties of foods * More babies die because of complications due to birth defects than from all other causes - from being born prematurely than from any other cause * Most babies announce the end of the meal by drifting off to sleep or letting go of the breast. * Most babies are able to hold their own bottle by the time they are nine months old - eager to learn within the first hour or so after birth * Most babies are ready for solid food between four and six months of age unless premature - foods at about four to six months - to start supplemental foods at approximately six months of age - two years old or more * Most babies begin life - bite at the end of a feed - born on the streets live for about a year * Most babies born to mothers taking epilepsy medication during pregnancy are perfectly normal - women who have chicken pox in pregnancy are normal * Most babies born with spina bifida have hydrocephalus - the disease die within a few days of getting protein - breastfeed well when held correctly at the breast and helped to latch on * Most babies can have blood tests - pull themselves up to a sitting position from lying down without help - change position by the time labor begins - come into the world knowing how to breast feed - consume milk * Most babies cry because of some physical distress - for some time each day, sometimes for no reason * Most babies depend on adults * Most babies develop abdomens - die within the first two years * Most babies digest breast milk * Most babies do have projectile vomiting at some point during the first few weeks to months - learn to handle let-down as they mature - double their birthweight by four to five months - drift off to sleep an hour or so after birth * Most babies eat baby food - every two to four hours - fruit and vegetables as one of their first solid foods * Most babies enjoy diets - looking in the bathroom mirror while being held in-arms at toilet time - some type of rocking or vibration when trying to doze off * Most babies feed milk products * Most babies feel ears - safest when they are in their mother's arms - follow instinct * Most babies get breathe air - enough fluids from breast milk or infant formula - go through development * Most babies go to homes * Most babies grow into adults - out of it after about six to ten weeks - to maturity - well even if their mothers exercise * Most babies have a fussy time each day - short attention span - an evening fussy spell during which they want to breastfeeding very frequently - easy temperaments, and they are usually in good moods - no noticeable effects from fetal distress - their heart rate, temperature and blood oxygen saturation level monitored - to learn to suckle in the first few days - heads aren t quite the right shape at birth, but correct themselves as the babies grow - heal without complications * Most babies hiccup from time to time - regularly after meals, especially during the first few months - hold it or rub it when they're going to sleep * Most babies learn from mothers - to sleep all night during the first year * Most babies lie in beds - like to take a walk or a ride * Most babies live for years - lose a little weight in their first few days * Most babies love animals - the security and closeness they provide * Most babies love to be held, caressed, kissed, stroked, massaged, and carried * Most babies move into a normal, head-down position a by three weeks before birth - up to the three to six month size before they are two months old - naturally prefer their mother, at least in the early months - nurse for weeks - only have one home with one set of parents - outgrow colic by the time they are three or four months old - pass through the first six months of life without any problems - peak at about six weeks of age, and then get better * Most babies raise heads * Most babies reach adult size * Most babies reach full height * Most babies receive adequate nutrients * Most babies remain with moms - require ventilator support after surgery - say their first words between ten and eleven months of age * Most babies scream frantically when the foreskins are cut off - their foreskins are cut off * Most babies see parents * Most babies sleep a great deal at first, often waking only for feedings - after a feeding - through the hearing screening tests - spit up milk after a feeding * Most babies start drinking from a cup between six and nine months of age - teething at six months - stop being colicky after three full months - suffer from colds and congestion * Most babies survive first years * Most babies take breast milk - travel through the birth canal face-down - treble their birthweight by one year * Most babies use fingers - vomit after the coughing spells and lose weight - wake during the night over the first few weeks * Most babies weigh few pounds * Most baby kangaroos stay in pouches - rattlesnakes have short fangs * Some babies adapt faster and get over stranger anxiety - always die * Some babies are able to satisfy their sucking urge during feedings * Some babies are allergic to a formula - certain materials, so watch for rashes in clothing contact areas - the protein in cow's milk formula - at a higher risk for hearing loss - blue or have very low blood pressure shortly after birth - born without any spot - both premature and growth-retarded - creatures of habit - dead at birth * Some babies are diagnosed with diseases - heart diseases - difficult to teach to eat - easy to care for - even allergic to soy formulas - extremely sensitive and learn to associate nursing with negative emotions - found preserved together, suggesting that they stayed in groups - fussy if their mothers eat too much of one food - happy nursing at one breast per feed, while others want to nurse at both breasts - hard to wean from the breast - in a higher risk category for having hearing loss than others * Some babies are more at risk of developing tuberculosis than others - nervous and hyper-vigilant even before birth - quite sensitive to a wet or soiled diaper - restless, and they wake easily * Some babies are sensitive and excitable - to stimulation and cry easily - short sleepers from the start and some sleep more than average for their age - slow to get their teeth - vigorous nursers, while others like to relax and take their time * Some babies become cranky when they are over-fed or thirsty - infected and they become retarded, deaf, and blind * Some babies can climb up on furniture and crawl through open windows before they can even walk - furniture and crawl through open windows even before they can walk - onto furniture and crawl through open windows before they can even walk - develop failure to thrive because they have an underlying medical problem * Some babies can have dreams - hydronephrosis without reflux or obstruction - take longer to learn eating skills - climb into pouches - come from gerbils - continue to consume the same amount of food and liquid even with a stuffy nose * Some babies cry a lot when they are hungry, wet, tired, or just want company - because they're startled by the rush of milk when they start nursing - for excessively long times and are particularly difficult to console - more than others - much more than others - very intensely while others whimper - when their heel is pricked, but the discomfort lasts only a short time - derive comfort from being tightly swaddled * Some babies develop a fever - abnormalities - constipation when solid foods are introduced into their diet - medical complications which increase their chance of developing hearing loss - problems even before they are born - reproductive structures - slowly in all areas * Some babies die after accidents - being shaken - at hospitals - by chance * Some babies die from head injuries - the infection and other babies are born with serious health problems * Some babies die in bush fire * Some babies die of common infection - starvation - discover their fingers or their thumbs * Some babies do chew on their cribs, and ingesting lead can cause brain damage - die as a result of complications resulting from their circumcision * Some babies do have conditions - medical conditions - shells - thin shells - drink nectar * Some babies eat bananas - egg yolks - grass - more often than others, some eat less often - eat, sleep, even mess their diapers at around the same times each day * Some babies emerge from pouches - in summer * Some babies even crawl up to their mother's breast if laid on their mother's stomach - have a full head of hair by now - eventually learn to suck and swallow, progressing to bottle or breast feeding * Some babies exhibit health problems - irritability for weeks, rather than for a few hours or days * Some babies feed milk - often during the day and sleep all night * Some babies feed on lizards - small lizards - fight for survival - follow fathers - get their first tooth a little earlier and others a little later * Some babies go back to sleep on their own, but others cry, and their parents wake up - into cages - through teething without any problems, others find it difficult and painful - happen to be born with lots of vernix still on the skin * Some babies have a bluish or gray appearance which eventually turns red - bowel movement following each feed - drop in their blood sugar after birth - fussy period every day, many times in late afternoon - head of hair already, others have only a few wisps - more sensitive gag reflex then others - sensitivity to formula - significant hearing loss due to unknown factors - beaks - been know to spit up if bathed on a full tummy - cognitive development - excess amounts of fluid in their lungs - extra fluid or absorb the fluid too slowly - eye discharge - female guppies * Some babies have frequent ear infection - fussy periods, even if they've been fed, changed, and are rested - harder bowel movements at first with whole milk - healthy skin covering the spinal defect at birth - heart defects - horrible birth defects - incredible strength - lifelong problems from being born too early - light colored eyes before the age of one - more than an average chance of having hearing loss than others - reflux without vomiting - sacs - severe diarrhea - skeletal structures - stripes - syndromes - to be awakened to nurse - very strong preferences for one nipple over another - weight gains well above the norm - yolk sacs - improve when their formula is thickened with infant cereal - inhale fluid - just take a little bit longer to get adjusted to the world or to a day and night cycle - leak milk around the mouth while feeding * Some babies leave buds - nourish environments - taste buds - the womb and enter the world with teeth already in place - leisurely suck and take short catnaps during an extended feeding * Some babies like to be carried in a sling or a pack, others prefer the rocking motion of a cradle - cuddled and others seem to dislike handling and cuddling - have their arms and hands free - rock before going to sleep - sleep for longer periods during the day than at night * Some babies live in african rainforests - woodlands * Some babies lose eyes - their appetite because of the pain * Some babies love the comfort of being wrapped in a blanket - to have the bare area under the bottom beak kissed - move to pouches - nap right after breakfast, mid-morning, after lunch or in the late afternoon - naturally cry much more than others * Some babies never crawl, but stand up and walk as their first voluntary locomotion - normally prefer to continue to nurse on one side at a feeding * Some babies nurse for years - rapidly and some slowly - outgrow the condition as the lungs mature * Some babies prefer a certain position in their crib - one parent over the other at certain stages of development - that the nipple be warmed slightly by holding it under warm running tap water - the right or left breast to the other * Some babies reach maturity - react after feeding, others at any time - remain in parks * Some babies resemble adults - respond to white noise such as car engine sounds, vacuums, or fan motors * Some babies rub their eyes or pull on their ears - eyes, while others get fussy or stare off into space - scream frantically while being circumcised - seem healthy at birth but later the infection shows presence * Some babies seem to adapt best to the bottle when sleeping - be born knowing exactly what to do and how to nurse at the breast - sleep for long periods, just waking for feeds - suffer from diaper rash, others never get a rash - separate from adults - share warmth * Some babies show NO signs of an ear infection - signs of autism from infancy - symptoms of autism from early infancy * Some babies sleep a great deal, while others never seem to sleep - for several hours at a time during the day * Some babies sleep more during the day, whereas others sleep more at night - than that, maybe for eight or ten hours at a time - through by age six weeks - well in a crib in the baby's room - spend six to nine months after their due dates in the nursery * Some babies spit up because they gulp air while feeding - stand alone and even walk at twelve months - start sleeping through the night on their own around three or four months - stop making eye contact with their mothers - suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly * Some babies suck their thumbs even before they are born - more than others, but the fact remains that all babies do * Some babies suffer from diseases - genetic diseases * Some babies swallow a lot of air and readily produce an earsplitting burp - softly and other gulp loudly * Some babies take a little longer than others to develop speech and language - longer to learn to sleep through the night - several months before they sleep through the night - think they've got hollow legs - tolerate absolutely no milk products in the mother's diet - undergo treatment with general anesthesia so that they sleep quietly - use pacifiers to fall asleep - wake and coo while waiting to nurse or have their diaper changed - weigh about ounces - baby bears live in safety * Some baby dolphins drink milk - stay with parents - syndromes cause death * bleeds to death after circumcision. * breastfeeds frequently which promotes frequent physical contact between mother and baby. * can also get a sunburn on overcast days - comfortably sit up, or recline to horizontal, dreaming day or night - lie down and sleep, or nurse in privacy with head and neck supported - move foods from the front to the back of the mouth * coats to six months old tend to take more time, and tangle more. * cockatoos grow very quickly but the larger species can be slow to wean. * crested geckos are cared for the same way as adults with a few exceptions - fed everyday - tend to be flighty and can be injured in the course of handling * flying foxes are very large when they are born. * hummingbirds life cycle from start to finish. * is fed when hungry. * nematodes then go off to find another insect, and start the cycle again. * plays at making noises and sounds. * rattlesnakes are capable of a venomous bite from birth. * rattlesnakes are just as poisonous as adult snakes - find safety in the coils of their mothers * reacts to pain, heat, cold and certainly, to touch. * responds to sounds by moving or increasing the pulse - in frequencies too high or low for adults to hear * sign of true love, friendship and emotions. * sleeps and wakes at regular intervals - between feedings * snapping turtles are about one inch long at hatching, with tails about the same length. * stops breathing during sleep. * urinates regularly and has passed at least one stool. * wearing practice in which babies are kept with their mothers as much as possible. + Botulism: Diseases caused by bacteria * Botulism' is a rare disease caused by a bacteria called 'Clostridium botulinum'. You can get it from eating meat that is not cooked properly. Babies can get it as well as adults. + Breastfeeding: Biology :: Milk + Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Description * Because they are marsupials, the female carries its young in special pouch. Babies are born about five weeks after mating. The tiny baby which is only about 15 millimetres long, and weighs less than one gram, crawls up into the pouch. Inside the pouch there are four nipples. The baby kangaroo, called a joey, will only use one of the nipples. It lives in the pouch for about eight months. It still drinks milk from its mother until about 18 months of age. + HIV, How people get infected: Sexually transmitted diseases :: Viruses :: HIV/AIDS * Babies can get the virus from their mothers when they are born or when they are breastfeeding. A baby may be protected from getting HIV this way if their mother takes certain medications while she is pregnant. + Homemaker, History, Traditional societies: Occupations :: Social sciences :: Family * In societies where people are 'hunters and gatherers', for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people, it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat, and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain, fruit and vegetables. One of the reasons is that a married woman usually had children and babies for a large part of her life. It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip or back than to hunt a fast-moving animal. So the men were able to raise up sons and daughters and the life of the community could continue into another generation. Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things, men and women did different jobs. Babies live very close to their mothers so that they can be kept warm. + Milk, Lactose: Symbols of Oklahoma * Milk contains a chemical called lactose. Babies make an enzyme called lactase inside their bodies. Adults make less lactase. If they do not have enough, they may not be able to digest lactose anymore. This problem is called lactose intolerance and it affects many adults. There are many medicines that help adults digest lactose. Many lactose-intolerant people drink soy milk instead of animal milk, because it does not contain lactose. + Premature birth, Complications: Biological reproduction * Babies born prematurely die more often in their first year of life than others. Most such deaths occur in the first month of life, which is called 'neonatal mortality'. + Scurvy, Treatment of scurvy: Diseases * When a person gets help for scurvy, they usually get better very quickly. Babies start eating again after one or two days of help. The symptoms get better within seven days. + Secondary sex characteristic: Sexuality * However, the wider hips are needed to give birth. Babies are born through the space between the three bones of a woman's pelvis. So is doubtful to call this a 'secondary' characteristic, except so far as the width helps attract mates. Breasts are also essential, but in humans they are much larger in proportion to other mammals, and they do serve to attract males. + Sudden infant death syndrome: Syndromes :: Death * Babies are at the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep. Infants also die more often during winter months. + Tooth, Tooth eruption: Teeth * Children have 20 teeth. When these teeth erupt it can hurt. Babies chew on things to make the pain better. Most children have all 20 teeth by 2 or 3 years of age. At age 6-7 the 'permanent' teeth start to erupt. By the age of 11-12 most children have 28 adult teeth. The last 4 teeth, called 'wisdom teeth' or 'third molars' come in by age 17-21 in most people. Some people never grow wisdom teeth. + Wallaby, Description: Macropods :: Marsupials of Australia * The soft, woolly fur can be gray, brown, red or almost black. The belly is lighter. Babies are called joeys. They have short arms with clawed fingers. They can hop and jump with their powerful legs.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| baby: Baby girl * Some baby girls have a little pink discharge from the vagina - diabetes * are born with ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus * have small chances to grow up healthy. Baby wipe * are great for removing pencil, chalk or crayon from walls - surprisingly effective on clothing stains - useful for clean-up * can remove a multitude of sins. Beanie baby * Beanie babies are collectibles - fads * Beanie babies are located in stores - toy stores - products - stuffed animals - toys * Beanie babies are used for collections - cuddles - decoration - fun Black baby * Black babies are slightly ahead of Caucasian babies at all ages in height and weight. * Black babies are twice as likely to die within the first year as white babies - to die within the first year of life as white babies - die at over twice the rate of white babies * Some black babies are quite light skinned when they are born but become darker during infancy.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| baby: Breastfed baby * Breastfed babies are at less risk for juvenile diabetes and crohn's disease - lower risk of developing some childhood cancers - far healthier than their bottle-fed peers - half as likely to develop respiratory illness in their first seven years * Breastfed babies are healthier and have fewer allergies - fewer ear infections - sometimes breastfeeding mothers want some supplemental formula - overall - healthy babies and healthy babies are good for business * Breastfed babies are less likely to be troubled by eczema and nappy rash - develop colic - get allergies like eczema, for example - get serious illnesses like bronchitis and pneumonia - have allergies - spit up than formula-fed babies - suffer from diarrhea, constipation, anemia, pneumonia - vulnerable to infection and allergy - often less constipated and human milk changes to meet a baby's growing needs - sick less often - smarter because of better brain development - usually on their side, or with their head slightly elevated during feedings * Breastfed babies can smell mom and are more likely to reject a bottle that mom gives - sometimes subsist on milk alone for up to a year - cry a lot - experience fewer infections than babies that are bottle-fed * Breastfed babies get a significant portion of their milk intake from night nursing - sick less, cutting down on trips to the doctor - grow up to be leaner than bottle fed babies * Breastfed babies have a head start - lower incidence of allergies - better antibody response to vaccines than formula-fed - different growth patterns from infants who are fed synthetic milk - fewer allergies than formula fed babies * Breastfed babies have fewer allergies, ear infections and bouts of diarrhea - especially in the first year of life - illnesses, weight problems, and tooth decay - less constipation or diarrhea, and fewer stomach upsets - doctor visits * Breastfed babies have fewer ear and diarrheal infections - earaches and colds - infections, diarrhea, and allergic reactions - learning disabilities - respiratory illnesses - speech impediments * Breastfed babies have fewer stomach upsets and almost never have constipation - no constipation - good cheekbone development and jaw alignment * Breastfed babies have less gas and spit up less - heart disease and cancer later in life - problems with constipation and diarrhea - lower cholesterol levels, on average, when they become adults - stronger and straighter teeth * Breastfed babies receive important natural protection against some infections and allergies - optimal nutrition for physical and neurological development * Breastfed babies tend to be leaner adults than bottle-fed babies - grow faster than formula-fed babies in the first four months of life - pass stools that are yellow, soft or seedy, and frequently watery - thrive - wake their parents less often at night with earaches and stuffy noses * Most breastfed babies cry less because they are held more. * Some breastfed babies have a bowel movement each time they nurse. Colicky baby * Colicky babies appear to be suffering from abdominal pain - cry more often than that, sometimes well in excess of four hours - have a healthy sucking reflex and a good appetite * Many colicky babies have digestive troubles such as gas or constipation. * Some colicky babies cry less if they are kept in motion. Elephant baby * Elephant babies have unusually long gestation periods. * Some elephant babies do survive.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| baby: Healthy baby * All healthy babies cry. * Healthy babies born in a vaginal delivery are usually able to stay with the mother - come out when they are ready - go through a stage where they put everything in their mouth * Healthy babies have bilateral club feet * Healthy babies reach full size * Most healthy babies have bilateral club feet - move about ten times in four hours * Most healthy babies reach full size * Some healthy babies lose weight. Human baby * Human babies are never allergic to human milk - the most helpless of any creature - totally dependent on adults - belong at their own mothers' breasts - can swim from the moment of birth * Human babies develop inside their mothers - within their mother for nine months before they are born - protect themselves by being held - require large and steady supplies of glucose to feed the growing brain Hydropic baby * Hydropic babies are bloated, swollen, and pale. * Many hydropic babies are stillborn. Infected baby * Infected babies are even more likely to die - can develop eye inflammation or pneumonia * Many infected babies have no symptoms at birth, but symptoms develop weeks or months later. * Some infected babies die in early infancy, but some have no obvious symptoms when they are born. Little baby * Little babies begin life. * Little babies can do things without thinking that require pages and pages of equations to describe - sleep in the lying down position, while larger babies can hip straddle * Little babies have good time - like to be thrown into the air and caught again * Most little babies begin life. Mammal baby * Mammal babies are harder to put back for their parents to return to, but sometimes that even works - quite different in appearance and behavior from their adult counterparts * Most mammal babies live inside their mothers before they are born, just like humans - suckle milk from their mother's teats New baby * All new babies cry some during the day and night. * New babies are born during the brief time there are small pools and puddles - really small when they re born, but they grow really fast * New babies have little defense against germs - very tiny tummies that fill up quickly and empty out quickly - like to look at faces and most like to be held - need attention * Some new babies are bald, some have thick manes, and others have a light cap of hair.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| baby: Newborn baby * Many newborn babies have skin that is covered with soft, furry hair. * Most newborn babies are eager to suckle after birth. * Most newborn babies benefit from early treatments * Most newborn babies reach full size - weigh pounds * Newborn babies are addicted to drugs - especially susceptible to such infections due to their immature immune systems - extremely vulnerable to unsanitary conditions * Newborn babies are immune to many diseases because they have antibodies they got from their mothers - some diseases because they have antibodies they got from their mothers - infants - juveniles - newborn animals - perhaps the purest example of life being celebrated daily in Norfolk * Newborn babies can choke on bread - contract the disease by passage through the birth canal of an infected mother * Newborn babies can get severe infections that can lead to mental retardation or death - the virus from their moms * Newborn babies cry in response to the sound of another baby's cry - to make their wants known - do a lot of sleeping - dream up to eight hours a day * Newborn babies drink only breast milk and water, or formula and water - and water, or iron-fortified formula and water - feed exclusively on milk * Newborn babies have a natural feel for floating - about one third of a litre of blood - passive immunity by getting antibodies from their mothers - very, very small stomachs, and can only hold a little milk at a time - inherit the effects of maternal disorders - love only themselves - may have features - need oxygen - react to almost anything by crying * Newborn babies respond favorably with lower heart and respiration rates to having people nearby - to high contrast black and white much better than color - see little more than the difference between light and dark - sleep for periods throughout the day and night - spend more than half their sleep time in REM dreamstate Normal baby * All normal babies have apnea, which is to say, central apnea. * Normal babies learn and develop at their own pace. Older baby * Most older babies play during the day while their nocturnal mom is catching a nap in a nearby tree. * Older babies are able to roll from their tummies to their backs without any help - love to hear songs and rhymes repeated over and over again Orangutan baby * Most orangutan babies depend on adults. * Some orangutan babies eat bananas. Prs baby * Most PRS babies grow to lead a healthy and normal adult life. * PRS babies have a horseshoe shaped wide cleft, typically involving both the soft and hard palates. Small baby * Small babies act tough when in danger by raising up on all fours, and hissing small screams - are often very hard to see - grow better and feel better when they are in physical contact with a familiar adult - have more problems during labor and just after they are born - tend to run in families * Some small babies require suction and oxygen after a spasm has ended. Tiny baby * Some tiny babies share warmth. * Tiny babies have immature defenses against germs. Young baby * Most young babies take three naps each day, although some take two longer ones. * Young babies can dehydrate quickly with vomiting and diarrhea - keep legs tucked up * Young babies have a rudimentary ability to ward-off unwanted contact - an immature digestive system - the memory of swimming and floating in mother's womb - sleep and wake throughout the day and night * Young babies use all their senses to learn - throaty vocal sounds, called coos Firstborn * are twice as likely to reject a new scientific idea than their laterborn siblings are. * is an offspring * tend to occupy the niche of a surrogate parent.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring: Grandchild * are offsprings. * ren are the crown of old men, And the glory of sons is their fathers - dots that connect the lines from generation to generation - enjoy events - expect grandmothers - experience death - feel grandparents - get taller and with age most grandparents lose at least a little height - have time * ren includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles - learn from grandparents - see importance - share memory - to drink milk - view grandparents ### person \| relative \| offspring \| grandchild: Granddaughter * Some granddaughters have allergies. * have bonds - special bonds * help dishes. - cell membranes - heads - legs - personality - plasma membranes * may have genetic predisposition * suggest stories. Human offspring * are human beings, persons from fertilization. * require more care from their mothers than the offspring of any other life form. Hybrid offspring * Most hybrid offspring have high milk production * Some hybrid offspring have mutation. * exhibit characteristics. Illegitimate child * is an offspring * ren have no rights to inherit things from parents - rights of the same nature as legitimate and adopted children - tend to be shorter and have smaller heads	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring: Infant * All infants are always under direct observation during sleep - born with a whitish buff coat that turns black over the first two years of life - individuals, and they vary in how much formula or breast milk they take per feeding - eat, sleep, and play on their own, unique daily schedules - have many reflexive behaviors - receive infant cereal and infant juice after three months of age - sometimes pause when they breathe, but some infants pause longer than others * Many infants also have some weight loss in the first week. * Many infants are allergic to wheat cereals - bone with multiple fractures - die as a direct result of their mothers' inadequate diets - drink between one and two quarts of milk on a daily basis * Many infants have a period of frequent feedings, usually in the evening to early night - episodes of wheezing associated with viral respiratory illnesses - more than one disability - nurse poorly and sometimes cough and choke during feeding - outgrow allergies - prefer to sleep on their tummies because doing so relieves gas pains - recover complete or near complete function with occupational therapy - regain their birth weights by one week of age * Many infants require intubation and prolonged mechanical ventilation - the placement of a cardiac pacemaker - seem to have day and night mixed up, they sleep all day and are awake at night - start having trouble sleeping through the night * More infants die each year in accidents involving cribs than with any other nursery product - every year in accidents involving cribs than with any other nursery product * Most infants are sleepy for the first two days - term and borderline small for gestational age * Most infants bear to depress mothers * Most infants become children - ready to try solid foods when they are between four and six months of age * Most infants benefit from food - rich food - born with anencephaly only survive a couple of hours after birth * Most infants breathe and cry immediately after birth - very rapidly if they have any respiratory problem * Most infants consume breast milk - depend on mothers * Most infants develop ages - dietary habits - senses * Most infants die during the second year of life - within the first year - double their birth weight in six months and triple it in a year - drink milk - eat diets - enter life * Most infants exhibit movement - muscle movement * Most infants exhibit voluntary movement - explore environments * Most infants feed breast milk - cow milk * Most infants feed whole cow milk - first come in contact with yeast as they travel down the birth canal - follow parents - gain weight * Most infants get coughs - hiccups - grow into adults * Most infants have a cleft lip and cleft palate and low-set ears - fussy period - development - difficulty with eating, digesting food and breathing - exposure - limbs - mental development - normal mental development - skin - survival - ingest milk - lack ability * Most infants learn from mothers - to walk, manipulate objects and can form basic words by the end of infancy - leave the center in disposable diapers because few parents use cloth diapers at home - live in homes * Most infants maintain stability - thermal stability * Most infants make sound - vocal sound - prefer to look at moving objects with distinct shapes - produce the enzyme lactase at birth, but the amount tends to decrease by adulthood - reach ages - receive nutrients * Most infants recover following supportive care in a hospital - from botulism with hospital care - respond to pain - return to mothers - share environments * Most infants show characteristic facial expression - growth - symptoms of the disorder shortly after birth * Most infants sleep in rooms - same rooms - start out eating well and gaining well - stay with mothers * Most infants stop spitting up before their first birthday - when they spend more time upright - suffer from the moderate to severe form of the disease and require hospitalization * Most infants survive first years - tend to cry between one to four hours a day - tolerate any food a mother eats * Most infants use fingers - hands - mouths - wear diapers * Most infants weigh kgs - pounds * Some infants also develop a fever after being vaccinated. * Some infants are exquisitely sensitive to cow milk and can lose large quantities of blood - extremely active, moving their arms and legs incessantly - seriously ill or die shortly after birth because of heart defects - so sick that they require multiple medical interventions every day - very quiet and sleep a lot * Some infants become dependent on having feedings to soothe themselves and put themselves to sleep - begin sucking their thumb while in their mother s womb - born to moms with thyroid disease have imbalances as well - calm down to rhythmic motion such as rocking, walking, or riding in a car or stroller * Some infants can have effects - harmful effects * Some infants can present because of red blood mixed in stools - with pronounced protein-losing symptoms after introduction of cow's milk - cause production - climb into pouches * Some infants cry at certain times - very little while others cry a great deal * Some infants develop a lot of gas or diarrhea while on formula - rash that looks like eczema - diseases - excess gas or diarrhea while on formula - repetitive hand movements and fiddling * Some infants die during incidents - labor, but others survive the procedure - periods - in hospitals - of measles * Some infants die over periods - year periods * Some infants die within month periods - draw their legs up and clench their fists, as if in pain - eat rice * Some infants experience catabolic states - frequent crying and fussiness at feeding time - feed on soy * Some infants have a genetic inability to use biotin - clefts of both the lip and the palate - coats - cognitive bias - concentration - constipation - evidence of coexisting airway hyperreactivity - excretion patterns - fur - immunity - minor, correctable, or ongoing medical needs - monkeys - only mild breathing problems while eating - proteins - seizures or tetany due to low calcium levels - values - hold heads - increase secretion - inhale corticosteroids - live in poverty - move bags - only exhibit problems as they experience increasing textures in their food * Some infants reach height * Some infants react to certain formulas and develop pain in the stomach and intestinal area - the stress of circumcision by becoming more active - receive glucose * Some infants recover from acute gastroenteritis - respond best to quick strokes and kisses and others prefer a longer, slower caress - seem to tolerate significant trauma from birth, without ill effect - separate from mothers - spit up or throw up so frequently that they are said to have gastroesophageal reflux - stay in pouches * Some infants suffer from illnesses - recur illnesses * accompany mothers. * acquire information by listening. * also die more often during winter months - recognize the smell of their mother's breast - require histidine, a ninth essential amino acid - sleep in their mothers nest - use eye contact to form a bond with parents * appear to be more sensitive to the laxative action of sulfate than adults - have some success in segmenting speech even during their first year of life * are active individuals who needs stimulation through activity and movement - also sensitive to the emotions of others and they try to understand their meaning * are at a higher risk for congenital abnormalities and some infectious conditions - greater risk from falls associated with furniture, stairs and baby walkers - greatest risk of developing methemoglobinemia from excessive intake of nitrate - highest risk of being seriously injured and killed in cases of maltreatment - risk of exposure to the pesticides through their mothers' breast milk - birth to one year * are born once a year - so fully developed that they are able to run and jump an hour after birth * are born with a black natal coat that changes to the adult coloration as they age - their eyes open and fully furred and are able to groom themselves - capable of sleep - children aged less than one year - completely white at birth but gain full adult coloration around four months - dark in coloration and lighten after about one year - entirely dependent upon their mother, father or guardian * are especially sensitive to the effects of phenylpropanolamine - of pseudoephedrine - vulnerable in the first four weeks of life - fragile and have little physiological reserve - given an injection of vitamin K at birth - heart rate dependent for their cardiac output - helpless at birth, so they get rides by clinging to their mothers - in caring, encouraging environments outside the home - incredibly tiny at birth, and are very helpless - individuals with differing temperaments - kinesthetic creatures who organize the world through sensorimotor exploration * are large and precocial at birth - in comparison to their parents' body mass and grow quickly - less likely to have ear infections in the first year of life - meconium stained at birth * are more susceptible to nitrate toxicity than older children or adults - vulnerable to injuries and infections - most vulnerable in the second and third months of life - much more likely than adults to become sensitized to food allergens - new converts who necessarily require ministering by others - normally interested in social, as opposed to nonsocial environments - often more sensitive to sulfate than adults - particularly susceptible to effects of indoor air pollutants - showered with affection and attention by both women and men of all ages - social creatures from the day they are born - susceptible to tooth decay even before they cut all their teeth - symptomatic immediately or soon after birth - too young to get vaccinated - usually small in height and weight * are very alert and develop normal intelligence - different from children - vulnerable to maltreatment in often unique ways * become independent from their mothers between the fourth and fifth weeks of life. * begin smiling when they are two months old and laughing when they are four months old - taking oral zidovudine shortly after birth and continue until they are one week old * bom to alcoholic mothers can also have undescended testes and labial hypoplasia. * born in multiple births are smaller than infants born as singletons - of immune mothers have antibodies for upto six months of their lives - to anemic mothers often suffer from low birth weight and anemia themselves * born to infected mothers can acquire the infection during passage through the birth canal - often become chronic carriers * born to mothers infected with the disease can also experience serious complications - who received inadequate or no prenatal care are often of low birthweight - parents who have allergies are more likely to develop asthma in childhood - teen-age mothers have a lower chance of survival because of low birth weights - women with chlamydia can develop eye infections and pneumonia * born with anencephaly usually die at birth or within the first days after birth - duodenal atresia begin vomiting large amounts of material shortly after birth * breastfed by mothers using cocaine can suffer seizures and extreme irritability. * can also sense movement early on - alter the loudness, pitch and frequency of their sounds to express different moods - be outdoors for short periods of time - become dehydratedquickly from vomiting and diarrhea - contract the disease from the mother at birth, or from the mother's breast milk * can develop lung infections and blindness - the flu, especially if there is contact with school-age children * can distinguish fathers from other adults early - people from other animals and both from inanimate objects * can drown in a bucket that has water in it - just a few inches of water - one inch of water * can eat and swallow semi-solid food from a spoon - well and grow properly when parents feed on demand - follow back and forth motions as early as three days after birth - grow poorly, tire easily, and breathe rapidly * can have depression, as can people well into their second century on earth - one to several bowel movements in a day - normally have pauses in breathing - often drift off to sleep in spite of noise from vacuum cleaners, TVs and noisy siblings - regulate their own milk intake - show non-organic failure to thrive, anxiety, and inadequate social responses - start sudden unexpected crying some time after food - strangle when cords are tied around their necks - suffer head, face and bodily injuries - tell their mothers from other mothers in three days * carry no inherited sin nature, although they each do eventually choose to sin. * change before our very eyes - positions about once a minute * circumcisionviolates the universal human right of anyone to have normal intact genitalia. * commonly show a fearful response to loud noise or the sudden loss of physical support. * communicate mostly through crying. * consume amounts - up to one-third of their daily calories during night feedings * count as one person. * cry as a form of basic instinctive communication - because they are uncomfortable or distressed - like a baby, and young ones scream and throw tantrums - when they are hungry, then they satiate themselves according to their needs - and change so quickly, that every day really does count - distress when the cyst becomes hyperinflated with breathing - motor skill from the center of the body outward * display low muscle tone and irregular breathing patterns. * do have a higher metabolic rate than children and adults. * eat, sleep and cry when they are wet or soiled. * empty their bladders by reflex. * enjoy looking at pictures of other people, especially other babies. * everywhere have the same developmental potential. * excrete mercury more slowly than adults. * experience adverse reaction * find comfort in breastfeeding, sucking on a pacifier, and being rocked. * gain control of their head and facial movements with the first few months - knowledge by using all of their senses * generate multiple spontaneous movements in the early months of life. * get adequate fat and protein from breastmilk or infant formula - mercury toxicity from vaccinations because of the mercury-containing compound thimerosal - to three times their birth weight by their first birthday * have a cry reflex that normal, involuntary response to a stimulus - greater susceptibility to illness as a result of their age * have a higher rate of many foodborne illnesses than adults - risk for cancer development with exposures because of rapid cell division - natural ability to know when they are hungry and when they are full - number of reflexes that are inhibited later in development - philosophy about life and their place in the scheme of things - relatively large head and therefore brain - adult-like brain specializations for processing music - amazing capacity to distinguish all the sounds of the world s languages - difficulty gaining enough energy and nutrients for healthy growth and development - far fewer antibodies to botulinum toxin than do adults - great difficulty - heartbeats - large heads as well ventricles because of their flexible skull - little knowledge of environment - mild symptoms - needs, wants, and behaviors that can differ greatly from one another - pulses - requirements - rights - severe muscle atrophy, weakness, and sensory problems * have the highest normal temperature , which decreases as people age - same type of incision as adults - their own unique nutritional and developmental needs - well-developed senses of touch, hearing, and smell * inherit their mothers' ranks and rank also seems to play a role in conception and outcome. * initially have little control over the use of their trunks - vocalize primarily when moving * is child from birth to eighteen months of age. * learn about the world through touch, sight, sound, taste and smell - their world by mouthing objects - actively by moving, grabbing, tasting and hearing - language by using an innate sense of probability to understand words as well as music - mostly through trial and error learning - techniques * learn through sight, sound and touch * learn to crawl, then to walk and talk - regulate their behavior and soothe themselves with direction from their parents - speak through observing others speak * look and act differently. * lose body heat quickly. * love motion and closeness to a warm body-something they enjoyed in the womb - to be cuddled and held and talked to * love to look at human faces and eyes, bright primary colors, and simple designs - interesting shapes and colors * lying face down are vulnerable to re-breathing expelled air. * make important discoveries about changes of state and changes of position - sounds that imitate the tones and rhythms of adult talk - up for loss of night feedings by eating more during daytime feedings * means persons under one year of age. * metabolize caffeine very slowly. * nap as needed, and older children generally sleep in the afternoons after lunch. * naturally start life being self-centered. * need diets - fat diets * normally cry two to four hours per day during the first three months - develop attachments to more than one person - seem to cross their eyes until about three months of age * nurse for months * often appear blue in colour, as they have little fur when they are born - develop an intense fear of adults, lose their appetite and scream incessantly - grow out of cows' milk intolerance - have seizures and high fevers associated with a secondary infection * open eyes. * play more frequently than adults. * progress rapidly through physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development. * rapidly absorb the content of their environments and interactions. * react differently than adults to the high levels of disease-fighting phytoestrogens in soy - to fathers differently than they do to mothers * remain at centers. * remember the order of words in a spoken sentence. * represent the group at greatest risk for severe illness, disease complications and death. * require a great deal of time and attention - fat in their diet for normal growth and development - many nutrients early in life, including lipids such as fats - monitors - sounds by blinking or startling * seem to be particularly sensitive to the toxin in honey. * sink into depression and die without it. * sleep as often as necessary and according to individual schedules. - their mother's nest until they are about three years of age * sometimes get relief by chewing on something - have umbilical hernias * speak many languages before they find one that grown-ups can understand. * spend most of the day asleep. * start life as egocentrics, as they are unable to think of another person's point of view - sleeping longer as a result of weaning rather than the style of breastfeeding - to wean when they are given anything other than breast milk * suffer birth injuries, fall, and are occasionally subjected to abuse at home - from issues - injury twice as often as children who are older * take about a year for the bones of the neck to fully develop regardless of their size - breaths * teach themselves to cry when they are hungry or hurt. * tend to develop diarrhea when their breastfeeding mother eats a lot of sweets - falter in the rate of weight gain from the time of weaning * to become adults * to gain much weight * touch and rub their genitals because it provides pleasure. * understand the prosody of speech, long before they understand the words. * use action schemes, such as pushing and grasping, to make interesting things happen - all their senses to learn about the world - different muscles in the same spatial regions before vs. after they learn to reach - only the abdominal muscles to breathe - other forms of vocalizing, such as cooing and babbling, to communicate with parents - senses and motor activities to explore environment and develop new schemas - sheepskin or a padded blanket to protect skin * use their hands and eyes to play - senses to learn about their world * usually acquire the yeast from their mothers during passage through the birth canal - cry when they get circumcised - die of pneumonia or other infections before reaching four years of age - swallow pieces of food whole without chewing - on average one or two pounds at birth * will have better chances + Fever: Symptoms :: Medical signs * Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans. + Sudden infant death syndrome: Syndromes :: Death * Babies are at the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep. Infants also die more often during winter months. + Tay-Sachs disease: Diseases * Infants usually die of pneumonia or other infections before reaching four years of age. The disease is very rare in the common population, but common in Jewish families. There is no known treatment for this disease, however there is a cheap blood test that helps prevent this disease.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| infant: Affected infant * Most affected infants do learn to smile, laugh, raise their heads and interact socially - survive the neonatal period, but succumb by the age of three years * have a low birth weight and a distinctive mewing, cat-like cry. * tend to have lighter colored skin, hair, and eyes than unaffected family members. Black infant * are more than twice as likely to die as white infants - to die before their first birthday as white infants - nearly twice as likely to be preterm as white infants * continue to die at twice the rate of white infants. * die at a rate more than twice that of white infants. * mature faster than White infants. Breastfed infant * Most breastfed infants have fewer allergies. * are also at risk because of the decreased amount of Vitamin D in breast milk - less likely to develop into overweight children or adults in later life - sick less often than bottle-fed infants * enjoy additional general health, growth and developmental benefits. * have better jaw and speech development - fewer infections - less constipation, diarrhea, spitting up, and colic Chimpanzee infant * Most chimpanzee infants benefit from mothers. * Some chimpanzee infants ride on backs. Female infant * Most female infants enter life. * Most female infants have contact - survival * are more responsive to the sound of a human voice in distress. - higher leptin concentrations than do male babies<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| offspring \| infant: Human infant * All human infants laugh or cry to express their emotions without being taught. * Most human infants produce ample quantities of lactase for milk digestion. * Some human infants have bias - cognitive bias * begin to recognise themselves in mirrors at about two years old. * lead an exceedingly complex cognitive and emotional life. * possess taste buds on the fungiform papillae but they later disappear. * require years of care before they gain the ability to fend for themselves. * respond similarly to experiments involving dolls rather than eggplants - to pairs of eyes, female voices, and touch * seem to be born already knowing a lot about human speech. Infant baptism * are usually by sprinkling or pouring water on the head. * is either a strange mystery or a superstition for most people. * practice whose origin is simply lost in antiquity. * reflects the message of the gospel. * violates the regulative principle of worship.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| offspring \| infant: Newborn infant * Most newborn infants enter life - weigh kgs * Some newborn infants have values. * display considerable variability in their tolerance to digoxin. * do breath through the nose. * gaze longest at drawings with about the same amount of order. * have a natural instinct to hold their breath underwater - no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection - values that are approximately half that of adults * imitate adult facial gestures * perceive the phonetic differences between the sounds of all the world's languages. * prefer attractive faces. * produce coordinated stepping movements when held upright. * seem more resistant to disease than their slightly older peers. Normal infant * Some normal infants do have disproportionately large heads compared to their lengths and weights. * have periods where they are more active or less active. * respond with increased breathing and faster heart rate. Old infant * Most old infants have development. * Some old infants die in hospitals - inhale corticosteroids Older infant * Some older infants have temper tantrums at bedtime. * delight in exploring their world through touch. White infant * are more than three times as likely to be breast fed as black infants. * have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| offspring \| infant: Young infant * Some young infants recover from acute gastroenteritis * accompany mothers. * are at highest risk of acquiring clinical pertussis and complications. * have a reflex known as the gastro-colic reflex. * rely on their parents to provide a safe environment. Progeny * have the same genotype as the parent. * monthly column focusing on queer families. * vary slightly from their parents and from one another. Relative risk * describes the influence of a particular variable on the likelihood of an outcome. * measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and cancer. * ratio formed from comparison of two levels of risk. * statistical comparison between two groups of people in a well-defined population.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Sibling * Some siblings are able to read baby's signals better than adults - develop symptoms of illness in an attempt to regain attention from the parents * also tend to build stronger bonds when parents are away. * are animals - essential to child development - located in families - produced by parents - relatives - the children of the same parents * arrive in succession. * can also form families with one another - be an important source of support in times of stress * create identities. * develop preference. * follow parents. * form bonds. * get experience. * have ages. * help people. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * learn behavior. * observe mothers. * often have a greater understanding of people and their needs. * participate in services. * share experience. * stay with parents. * survive childhood. * to engage in activities. * use approaches. ### person \| relative \| sibling: Half sibling * are children of the individual's mother or father with a different spouse. * share either the same mother or the same father. Older sibling * are involved in caring for the younger children - role models * exhibit personality traits that differ from their younger siblings.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| sibling: Twin * Most twins have bonds - differences * Most twins have different fingerprint patterns - fathers - life - special bonds * Most twins raise in different environments - share identical patterns - weigh pounds * Some twins can have conditions. * Some twins have diabetes - different disease status - godparents - marry other twins because they know what it is like to have a twin - produce a great deal of alpha, causing their spectra to have a peak - require blood type or DNA testing after delivery to determine if they are identical - vary in height * are a genuine rarity, and only a few births of three or more foals have ever been recorded - rare occurrence - also more likely to be left-handed than singletons - always of the same sex - at a marked increased risk for becoming concordant, suggesting a strong genetic component - bands - capable of complete sentences * are common enough to have inspired myths in every culture - in good habitat, and triplets have been documented - common, which the mother can easily raise, and often there are triplets - complex machines - crystal - different persons with distinct bodies and souls and personalities * are extremely rare, but have been known to occur - frequent in adult ewes and most people are successfully breeding their ewe lambs - in essence clones as they share the same genetic blueprint * are more common with urials than with some other sheep species - likely to occur in larger families as well * are most common in African-American women - commonly of similar age and single lineage - natural clones - part of snakes * are rare but do occur occassionally - in the wild - rare, although they have been reported - relatively rare - slightly more common when pregnancy is assisted with clomiphene - the most natural human clone known to man * are the norm for healthy adult cows - older does, while young does usually give birth to a single fawn - together in the womb * are very common among lorises - and often there are triplets and quadruplets * attached at the head occur only once in two million births. * bridge the gap between the world of the gods and the world of humans. * can also form after a crystal has grown. * can be clones - identical, if they result from the division of one fertilized egg - have either one placenta, which is most common, although they can have two * carry substantially more risk than a normal pregnancy. * communicate, touch, and even caress each other in the womb. * fascinate people, especially if they are identical. * have a higher risk of complications and premature birth - legs - necks - nuclei - sections * interact with each other in the womb. * make trips. * need nutrients. * never survive in the wild as the mothers only have room for one baby to ride on their backs. * often appear to consist of two or more individual crystals symmetrically united. * result when a mare ovulates and conceives on two follicles during a heat cycle. * seem to be born more frequently in captivity, when artificial insemination is used. * share habitats * show patterns. * to share life stories ### person \| relative \| sibling \| twin: Dizygotic twin * develop from the same fertilized egg. * form when two separate eggs are fertilized by separate sperm. * result when two separate eggs are fertilized.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| sibling \| twin: Fraternal twin * are also the hereditary kind - called dizygotic or two egg - formed when to separate eggs and fertilized by to separate sperm - genetically the same as ordinary siblings - more similar in their intelligence scores than are ordinary siblings - the result of two eggs getting fertilized in the same ovulation phase - twice as common - two egg cells fertilized by two sperm cells * arise when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm cells. * can be either the same sex or opposite sex. * can be of the same or opposite sex - sex or of the opposite sex * can either be of the same sex or different sex - sex, or male and female * come from different embryos that are carried at the same time. * develop from different fertilized eggs - two separately fertilized ova * enjoy being twins for the most part. * occur because the mother has produced two mature eggs during a single cycle * result from two eggs being independently fertilized by two different sperm cells. * share half the same genes - only half their genes - the same womb, but come from different ovum * start as two eggs and two sperm and are no more alike than two brothers or sisters. * tend to run in families, especially on the mother's side + Identical twins: Biological reproduction :: Developmental biology :: Classical genetics * Research shows that the frequency of monozygotic twinning is one in 240 births. Fraternal twins are twice as common. A dictionary of genetics', 7th ed.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| sibling \| twin: Identical twin * All identical twins are clones. * Having the same genetic make-up can be a blessing or a curse. * Most identical twins have life. * Most identical twins raise in different environments - share identical patterns * Some identical twins are mirror twins, and their physical traits are mirror images of each other - so alike they can wear each other's contact lenses * Some identical twins have different disease status - raise in homes - vary in height * are a clone formed from a single fertilized egg - result of the natural separation of an embryo into two identical embryos - actually clones of one another because they have the same genetic code - also always the same sex - always the same sex because they are genetically identical - basically clones of each other - clones that have happened naturally * are clones, as are clones of bacteria that reproduce by simple cell division - colonies of bacteria that reproduce by simple cell division - especially useful for such research because they are genetically the same - essentially clones with exactly the same genes - genetic carbon copies, but they are separate individuals * are genetically alike and look extremely similar - more similar behaviorally than fraternal twins * are natural clones as they are exact biological copies of each other - from the one fertilized egg - normal in a few species - one egg cell fertilized by one sperm cell - the best possible donors of stem cells * are the result of a fertilized egg dividing into two - one egg joining with one sperm to form the zygote * are the same genetically, but they are different psychologically and morally - sex and the same genetic makeup - true clones of each other, with the same genes - two people - unpredictable and of an unknown genetic makeup * are very helpful to researchers since they both have the exact same genetic code - useful in psychological studies because of their genetic equality * are, in a sense, clones. * can be completely different - use each other's marrow in a syngeneic transplant * come from the same egg and sperm which breaks in in two after fertilization. * develop when a fertilized egg splits - single fertilized egg splits in two, leading to two embryos * differ from fraternal twins in the number of genes they have in common - in many respects * exhibit almost identical brain wave patterns. * have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins - all the same genes - an almost identical character - identical genes - many similar qualities but are distinct * have more risks during pregnancy than dizygotic twins - similar personalities than fraternal twins reared together - separate and distinct bodies * have the same genetic make up - make-up, so they often serve as a focus for research studies - twice the chance of being the same as fraternal twins * look the same because all of their genes are the same - but they are different individuals * make the perfect donors for each other because they are genetically identical. * occur when a single egg splits in two, creating two babies of the same sex - one embryo divides into two genetically identical ones - the egg splits after fertilization * raised completely apart are rarer still. * result from a single fertilization to form a zygote, which then clones itself - when a single fertilized egg divides into two replicas of itself * separated at birth have some striking differences. * share all of their genes, and fraternal twins share about half - the same genetic make-up and the same family environment - virtually all of their genetics * start as one embryo that splits into two. * tend to have similar achievement test scores - sleep through at almost identical ages + Genetics, Tools of Genetics, Twin studies: History of science * Identical twins are natural clones. They carry the same genes, they may be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary in how much they owe to heredity. + Identical twins, Twin research: Biological reproduction :: Developmental biology :: Classical genetics * Identical twins are natural clones. Because they start out with the same genes, they can be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. This is the nature vs nurture question - Twins in animals * Twinning is normal in many mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs. Identical twins are normal in a few species. The nine-banded armadillo, 'Dasypus novemcinctus', gives birth to identical quadruplets. Cyranoski D. 2009. 458', p826.Newman H.H. Patterson J.T. 1909 + Nature versus nurture, Twin research: Classical genetics :: Social sciences * Identical twins are natural clones. Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary greatly in how much they owe to heredity. + Skin graft: Surgery :: Tissues * Transplants of skin from one person to another is limited by tissue rejection caused by the immune system. Identical twins make the perfect donors for each other because they are genetically identical.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| relative \| sibling \| twin: Monoamniotic twin * are always identical - less than one percent of all twin pregnancies * occur when the split takes place after the ninth day after fertilization.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative \| sibling \| twin: Monozygotic twin * Most monozygotic twins are remarkably similar. * are identical twins - individuals with the same genetics * can implant separately or at only one site. * form when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos. * have a very important genetic equality, and they also share the same environment. * result from one egg fertilized by one sperm - the division of one fertilized egg, or zygote * result when a single fertilized egg splits after conception - zygote splits into two embryos * share the same genetic makeup. Siamese twin * All Siamese twins are identical or 'monozygotic'. * are always identical and of the same sex, as they come from a single egg. Sis * female sibling * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Sister * Most sisters die at ages - have babies * Some sisters live with mothers. * address mothers. * are an example of collateral relatives - members - nuns - people - siblings * choose appearances. * chromatid cohesion and chronosome dynamics - in mitosis * chromatids only separate during meiosis. * chromatids separate and move to opposite cell poles - toward the corresponding poles * come into rooms - to houses * enjoy tradition. - breasts - brown eyes - friends - lady friends - teeth - body substances - corpi - legs - necks * live in foster homes * make appearances - regular appearances * seek shelter. * take pictures. * want contact. * work in offices.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| relative: Spouse * Most spouses are happiest when they know they are meeting the needs of their partner. * Some spouses find it hard to sleep when the snoring stops. * are a primary group of caregivers to the elderly - located in homes - relatives * can become single parents - easily infect each other, and mothers can pass the infection on to their children * have equal rights and obligations in marriage. * means someone who lives with another person as that person's husband or wife. * often are the beneficiaries of trusts. * refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is husband or wife. Uncle * Some uncles die of brain tumors. * are benefactors. * are located in houses - older generation - males - part of families - used for fun * have pulses - purposes * includes arms - human bodies - plasma membranes - vacuoles * take breaths - last breaths ### person \| religious person: Agnostic * are people - religionists - typically people who approach life theoretically and justify their behavior * believe differently. * come in all colors, shapes, and sizes. * question whether light bulbs really exist. * religious person Ascetic * Some ascetics rub it all over the body - still give up all clothing, as a sign of renouncing everything, including shame * are in favor of lightness. * believe that materiality spiritual problem. ### person \| religious person \| ascetic: Puritan * are christians - protestants * is an ascetic<\|endoftext\|>### person \| religious person: Believer * All believers are priests and continually offer themselves as living sacrifices. * Many believers argue that people are resurrected in their physical bodies. * Some believers even label other churches who practice baptism as heretics. * are located in churchs - ones who are found in the Book of Life - priests involved in the spiritual service of worship - supporters * reap their reward in eternal life, while sinners suffer eternal damnation. * view the world through their beliefs and opinions.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| religious person \| believer: Apostle * are believers - disciples - films - poor sinners who love souls just enough to animate their faith with works * have great power. Bible believer * Most bible believers know that at death the soul and the spirit of a man departs the body. * are the world s greatest continuing education students.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| religious person \| believer: Evolutionist * All evolutionists are atheists - religious fanatics - recognize that, based on scientific observations, life comes only from life * Many evolutionists already acknowledge the existence of irreducibly complex systems - admit that there is no known natural cause for the origin of life - believe that cavemen evolved from apes thousands of years ago - depict creation as a purely religious view - regard the Bible as myth and allegory - theorize that dinosaurs evolved into modern birds * Most evolutionists accept that creatures like the peacock have added beauty - realize that there strong element of faith in their scientific views - say that various changes inside the nucleus of the cell play their part * Some evolutionists claim that snakes came out of the sea, from something like a mosasaur - the peacock tail gives a camouflage advantage - even try to explain rape as a consequence of evolution * admit puzzlement about how the aardwolf is related to other creatures. * also pay no mind to the mind. * appear to accept many things by faith without realizing it. * are also romantics and speculators - as biased toward naturalism as the creationists are toward supernaturalism - by faith agnostics and atheists - either atheists or believers - master propagandists - religious in their faith in the miraculous power of nature to create life * ascribe ages to rocks. * attempt to distract the masses by creating an alternative to the origin of life. * begin by ASSuming that the earth is billions of years old. * believe Earth formed by gravitational accretion of smaller bodies - cellular cooperation was essential for evolution of multicellular organisms - each rock layer represents several million years - science provides answers to the questions of the universe * believe that all living things descended from a single common ancestor - animals change from one species to another - birds evolved from reptiles - canyons are formed by rivers over millions of years - cetaceans evolved from land mammals - complex beings are developed from simpler ones - genetic information somehow accumulates slowly over millions of years - intelligence is associated with brain size - men are attracted to the looks of the helpless and dependent - some time in the distant past, dead chemicals produced a living organism - the smaller horses evolved into the bigger ones * believe they evolved from reptiles, maybe even a type of dinosaur - even some type of dinosaur * call the fourth from the bottom geological age layer the Paleozoic Geological Age. * can explain the real world. * claim radioactive dating proves the Earth is old. * claim that different organisms have similar parts because they had a common origin - dinosaurs evolved over millions of years * claim that evolution has no purposes - is the uniting principle in biology * claim that the paddles of the crossopterygians Evolved into legs - platypus links birds and mammals - theory of evolution has many advantages to a society - they show that baleen whales evolved from toothed whales - that, The present is the key to the past - their theory is scientific * consider the coccyx or tail bone the remnant of our evolutionary ancestor's tail. * continually repeat their mantra that evolution is science while creation is religion. * declare that all the radioactive elements had to decay from the top of the chain - no man ever lived alongside dinosaurs - petrified wood is millions of year old, yet humans have worked with it * deny that such a marriage between evolution and theism can exist. * even ignore certain animal species. * face a similar contradiction with proteins preserved in dinosaur bones - the difficulty of explaining the beneficial effects of mutations * generally agree that plants evolved from algae that slowly began to colonize the land - believe in several ice ages tens of thousands of years ago * habitually regard humans as just another species in the grand scheme of evolution. * have absolutely no evidence of what sharks and rays evolved from. * ignore the fact that they rely on circular reasoning. * insist that only they have the scientific truth. * like to talk over everybody's head so they appear to know something. * love time - to assume uniformitarian processes * maintain that some invertebrate evolved into a fish. * note five major periods of mass extinction in the fossil record. * object to the supernatural. * often claim that, given enough time, evolution was certain to happen. * point out that sexual differentiation has both costs and benefits - to the dinosaurs as outstanding evidence of evolution * postulate that flowers came from changes in leaves. * readily admit that evolution occurs too slowly to be observed. * realize that the fossil record challenges the very notion of macro-evolution. * say dinosaurs predated man by millions of years - it is the only way everything happens in the stars and on earth - man evolved by chance, without purpose - that evolution fact * say that the DNA molecule originated by purely physical-chemical forces - earth has to be millions of years old because of the empirical evidence - what they call the Cambrian rock is the oldest rock with fossils in it - that, given enough time, a few mutations, here and there, can produce new species * say there are plenty of transition fossils, for example, the horse - had to have been an oxygen-free atmosphere for life to have begun * say, It s a lower life-form changing from fish, to primate, to human. * seem to think of creationists as religious nuts. * simply have no mechanism for evolution. * speak of evolution as still occurring. * speculate that life gradually evolved from mere hydrogen in a series of stages - rock layers are associated with periods of time * state that diversity proceeded from a single common ancestor. * study the forces that bring about changes in species. * teach that whales evolved from a land mammal. * theorize that homosexuality serves adaptation in terms of altruism and kin selection - peat moss forms at the rate of one-fifth inch per century * try to find likenesses between various types of creatures. * use placoderms and flatworms as examples of steps in the evolution of eyes - the fact that amphibians are here to prove that they evolved * usually point to the fossil record as their best evidence.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| religious person \| believer \| evolutionist: Darwinian evolutionist * have no credible explanation for the origin of life on earth. * maintain that natural selection alone produces evolution. True believer * are indeed a minority in the world, even in our own cities - similar whatever their religion - spiritual priests * have in every age the same religion as to substance. ### person \| religious person \| church member: Congregant * are people. * church member ### person \| religious person \| monastic: Monastic life * is one of the more radical forms that conversion takes to itself. * life filled with structure and blessings. * statement that the spiritual journey is one that is shared. Novice * are novices for their first year - people - persons in their first year of rowing * have the highest rate of wrist, ankle, and knee injuries. * person who's new to a job, or a position. Oblate * Most oblates are ordinary lay people. * also have a love for holy reading, or lectio divina - work in missions throughout the world, on all six continents * are monasticism's gift to the world - part of the monastic family, but live outside the monastery - religionists * strive to incorporate Benedictine values and spirituality into their everyday lives. Religionist * Some religionists pretend to have answers to everything, including the difficult moral problems. * believe it is found through balance and nature - that evil is rooted in man's lack of spirituality * confuse fact with feeling. * relate Japanese groupism to Japanese religiosity.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| religious person \| superior: Lake superior * Lake Superior agates formed in the cavities left by gas escaping the cooling lava - holds one tenth of all the fresh water on earth * Lake Superior is among the most pristine of the world's freshwater systems - frozen well out from shore, although there are cracks and open areas - however the largest freshwater lake in the world - large enough to cover all of the other great lakes - larger than any of the four smallest Central American nations - probably the only freshwater lake with conditions somewhat resembling Lake Huron - the deepest Great Lake * Lake Superior is the largest body of fresh water in the world - of freshwater in the nation - of freshwater in the world - expanse of fresh water in the world - largest, deepest and coldest - least polluted of the five lakes - second largest lake in the world + Michigan, Economy * Michigan is noted as the place where many automobiles were made, and it still shows today. It also borders four of the Great Lakes, which are some of the largest reservoirs of fresh water in the world. Lake Superior is the largest body of freshwater in the world. Worshipper * Some worshippers believe the water has healing properties when drunk or sprinkled over the sick. * are located in churchs - synagogues * believe that by unveiling the universal truths, the world can achieve peace and harmony. * often emulate their gods by wearing clothes or tokens of the same color. ### person \| religious person \| worshipper: Monotheist * are believers - theists * comprise about half the world s population. * therefore worship only one god, polytheists more than one.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| religious person \| worshipper: Mystic * All mystics speak the same language, for they come from the same country. * are adventurers of the spirit - characteristically monist rather than pluralist in their ultimate view of the universe - divination specialists and also dabble in summoning - gifted contemplatives - holy persons who have reached Christian perfection - spiritual anarchists * aspire after spiritualization in the man opposite the crisis in the outer world. * conceptualize time as being an infinite present in which all that moves is consciousness. * increase in power by absorbing enemies. * know the universal law of prosperity and abundance. * often use the term god for that of which each human being part. * swim where others drown. * value constant congregational prayerfulness. Numerologist * are believers. * believe everything occurs in cycles. * chart the destiny of a person by using the numbers in the date of birth. * consider the number four to be related to the material plane. * measure the wealth of a person on many levels.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| religious person \| worshipper: Pantheist * Most pantheists believe the universe is sacred and the earth and nature are divine. * also celebrate the monthly lunar cycle, the dance of the moon with earth and sun. - typically moral people * believe in a god which is the natural universe - that everything is sacred, including the inanimate * regard the universe itself as sacred. + Pantheism: Theology * Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Most pantheists believe the universe is sacred and the earth and nature are divine. Theist * Most theists pray, either to their god or to saints, prophets, angels and minor deities. * base their belief on faith, belief based on emotion and culturalization. * believe in a god or gods - that a deity created everything that exists * try to live their lives according to the religion that they follow. Theosophist * Some theosophists say at two years after birth. * also place a great deal of importance upon the germ plasm. * have the duty to deliver mankind from the clutches of organized priesthoods.<\|endoftext\|>### person: Reporter * are capable of cover stories - communicators - professionals, doing an important and difficult job - where cases are published when the court that heard the case wrote an opinion - writers * contribute to articles * cover fields - news * give attention - full attention * have degrees - information * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * know editors. * live in countries - other countries * provide descriptions * receive copies. * share photos. * take assignments - pictures * to obtain credit - pay attention * use digital recorders - machines * write stories. ### person \| reporter: Court reporter * Court Reporters are books containing cases, court reports or judicial decisions. * Some court reporters work in courts. * are officers of the court - professionals with independent codes of ethics * provide descriptions. * use digital recorders * work for government, courts, freelance reporting agencies, and large businesses - in attorneys offices and courtrooms News reporter * are located in conferences - war * to pay attention. Newspaper reporter * are located in demonstrations. * write news articles and stories for newspapers. + Journalist * A 'reporter' is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports information. Newspaper reporters write news articles and stories for newspapers. They write these articles and stories by interviewing people, asking questions, and doing research.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Representative * are negotiators * belong to families. * demonstrate diversity. * enter territory. * have duties. * have high commercial values - legal duties - responsibility - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs * inform people. * interact with customers. * lead forces. * point out capacity. * provide additional information. * receive skills - specific skills * respond to customers. * seek growth opportunity * send letters. * share knowledge. * to provide information. * understand complexity. * use computers - telephones * visit departments. * work for organizations - full time + Federal government of the United States, Legislative branch * One house is the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives is made up of Representatives, who are each elected by voters from their own state. Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau conducts a census, or count, of the population of the United States. States gain or lose Representatives based on their total population as shown by the census. Representatives serve two-year terms. The total number of representatives today is 435. The leader of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House, who is also the person who would become president if the President and Vice President were unable. + United States, Government, Legislative branch: English-speaking countries :: G8 nations * One house is the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives is made up of Representatives, who are each elected by voters from an set area within a state. Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau conducts a census, or count, of the population of the United States. States gain or lose Representatives based on their total population as shown by the census. Representatives serve two-year terms. The total number of representatives today is 435. The leader of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House, who is also the person who would become president if the president and vice president were unable to serve. ### person \| representative: Chancellor * Some chancellors have daughters - sit in cabinets * are heads of state - politicians - principal * chief of state * demand services. * have residences. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * make suggestions. Customer service representative * interact with customers. - opportunity * use telephones. * work full time Rep * are independent contractors who are generally paid by commission only when sales are made. * are professional sales people who, at least in theory, are well trained - least in theory, are well-trained ### person \| representative \| spy: Double agent * Double Agent is harmless to plumbing when used as directed, melts grease and dissolves hair. * are spies. ### person \| representative \| union representative: Shop steward * are the key interface between labor and management - union representatives * is an union representative Rescuer * are films * do jobs. * have experience. - cell membranes - material bodies - plasma membranes * open airways. * return to victims. * talk to hunters. Retard * have their heads shaved to prevent lice. * often have loogeys on their shirts - walk with crutches * tend to be restrained in leather collars and harnesses after dark - run around naked in the snow - suffocate themselves in abandoned refrigerators * use their fingers when digging for gold.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Retiree * Many retirees have a considerable amount of disposable income - significant health care coverage from their previous employees * Most retirees come from large cities or highly urbanized states - depend on their pensions as their primary source of income - usually place their retirement benefits in bank fixed deposit accounts * Some retirees get medical retirement benefits from their employer - like to play golf in their golden years * are increasingly concerned about their benefits, especially medical care - often active in volunteer work, part time jobs, and civic organizations * can encourage stability in the real estate market. * describe community service and leisure activities. * keep track of finances while spending the winter in the Sun Belt. * make up a large part of the population. * often believe health benefits are guaranteed - have more free time to spend with their grandchildren than do their parents * pay taxes on their income just as most people with incomes do. * play a large role in a program to catalog the age of local trees. * share in the cost of health care benefits - their health care benefits * struggle with household budgets on fixed incomes withered by low interest rates. ### person \| retiree: Early retiree * Many early retirees underestimate their living expenses after retirement. * travel more, and as their needs change, they move closer to relatives and services. Rich man * Most rich men marry women. * Rich men experience burial. * Rich men marry beautiful women Rotter * Most rotters belong to phyla. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles Rounder * are baseball - tools - cytoplasm - heads - vacuoles * is similar to baseball because it is another stick and ball game. Same person * Same people create disturbances - initial disturbances - enter houses * Same people have responsibility - sole responsibility Sap * also force Southern governments to sell natural resources to pay debt - widen the gulf between the rich and the poor * can reform economies in positive ways but can also contribute to poverty. * feeding on beans causes leaves to be stunted, crinkles, and curled downward. * runs best in healthy trees with healthy, strong bark and wood. * sucking insects isert a probiscus into the plant and remove sap. * usually mean severe cutbacks in public spending. ### person \| sap: Excess sap * becomes concentrated as honeydew , which often attracts ants. * is secreted as honeydew - out the anus, and mixed with a substance secreted by glands on the abdomen Manna * are bread - food * are saps. * is described as being comparable to Hoarfrost in size. Hoarfrost on grass lawn - from mannitol, a sugary substance - the resin that seeps out of the bark when it is cut<\|endoftext\|>### person \| sap: Maple sap * clear liquid containing water, sugar and other nutrients important for tree growth. * clear, colorless, liquid. * colorless liquid taken directly from the maple tree - with a light, sweet taste * contains two sugars, levulose and dextrose. * is boiled to remove the water and concentrate the sugars in a process called evaporation - clear, slightly sweet, and has consistency of spring water - collected from the trees several times a day - composed of water and sugars - found in the living tissues of the roots, stems, twigs and trunk of the maple tree - really just water absorbed by the roots and mixed with the sugars stored in the trees * is thin, barely sweet, and as colorless as spring water - colorless as water	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| sap: Plant sap * Some plant sap is excreted as honeydew, which makes the plant sticky. * contains an assortment of other materials in larger quantities than amino acids. * has a high sugar content. * is under pressure inside the plant. + Honeydew: Botany :: Insects * To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant. Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant. The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect. Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect. This is how honeydew is made. The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant. Tree sap * delicacy to some species. * is the cells of a tree in fluid form. Savage * are primitives. * often suffer from famines, and are sometimes expelled by war from their own homes. ### person \| savage: Cannibal * are albums - animals - heterotrophs - messy and dismember their prey - people too * are people who eat human flesh - other people - savages * eat a male penis - man's brain - only their enemies * exist within the Plankton lifestyle. Saver * are owners. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles ### person \| saver: Hoarder * Most hoarders are middle-aged or older women living alone. * are savers. * believe that they take care for their pets usually. + Animal hoarding: Pets ### person \| saver \| hoarder: Miser * are hoarders - play * don t go to restaurants.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| saver \| hoarder: Scrooge * is the richest duck in the world. * prefers darkness to the light. + DuckTales, Basic story: First run syndicated television programs :: 1987 television series debuts * Scrooge is the richest duck in the world. He has no want for anything. This does not stop him from finding ways to try to get more money. Other common plots deal with him protecting his wealth from villains. In general, there were several different plotlines that were used many time in many of the episodes. * Scrooge learns about an ancient treasure or civilization. When he goes to find it, he finds more trouble than he thought he would find. + The Master of the Mississippi, Plot * Scrooge comes to America. Here he begins to work on his uncle Pothole McDuck's boat. Scrooge has his first adventure with the Beagle Boys finding a lost treasure. The Beagles are arrested by the police and Scrooge buys his uncle's boat. But the Beagles escape and destroy Scrooge's boat.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Scientist * Many scientists acknowledge that cloning invites a host of ethical and scientific dilemmas - evolution can be hard to swallow - actually expect that, in a few years, natural foods are likely to disappear - advise against human reproductive cloning * Many scientists agree that humans are speeding up the rise in temperature of the earth - life exists in other portions of the universe and even in our galaxy - aim to eradicate diseases and help the poor * Many scientists also consider the eating of plants by animal species to be predation as well - point to a substance known as glutamate as having a hand in neuron death - recognize bank reefs and patch reefs as distinct reef types * Many scientists are also physicalists - treasure hunters - convinced that birds evolved from the dinosaurs - deeply religious - full or associate members of international scientific academies - interested in using natural gas to generate electricity - like Einstein, in that they have a deep emotional attachment to determinism - argue for evolution - assume that science is already a profession in the formal sense - attribute the problem to the misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals - base their entire careers on animal experiments * Many scientists believe a large asteroid was responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs - aging muscles or muscles deprived exercise go through shortening - any exposure to a cancer-causing substance increases the risk of cancer - birds evolved from dinosaurs - carbon dioxide emissions are contributing to the warming of the planet - dioxin is formed through a catalyzed reaction on fly ash surfaces - human hunting and climate change combined to kill off the mammoths * Many scientists believe it can be triggered by stress - is also a dangerous neurotoxin - massive black holes thrive at the center of most galaxies - plaques are the probable trigger of AD's destruction in the brain - psoriasis is triggered by an immune system or inflammatory response - slumping can trigger tsunamis - such emissions are causing the Earth to warm up significantly * Many scientists believe that a mutation exists on a certain gene that causes aggressive behavior - viable population needs at least one hundred wolves - acid deposition contributes to deforestation and soil degradation - allicin is the key to the health benefits of using garlic - any level of sodium fluoride is harmful and unsafe - efforts to slow the development of resistance in pests are ineffectual - handedness is genetic - humans are the only species on the planet who have emotions - ibex goats are keeping the mountain juniper forests from expanding - part of the cause buildup of greenhouse gases - rivers and lakes existed in the past on Mars, and perhaps even oceans - teeth evolved from placoid scales * Many scientists believe that the algae, called zooxanthellae, promote polyp calcification - biggest gaps in human understanding relate to consciousness - emperors of cultural studies have no clothes - mantle transfers heat from the core to the surface - origin of life required molecular handedness - penguins' coloration evolved as a means of camouflage - solar cycle plays an important role in climate change - universe is naturally evolving toward a state of maximum entropy - thoughts are energy * Many scientists believe that, as a result of global warming, the polar ice cap is beginning to melt - sometime around four billion years ago, simple life arose * Many scientists believe the hyperthermophile lineages reflect the first organisms on Earth - neutrino has no mass at all - right hemisphere is associated with emotional and subconscious learning - virus spread to humans through infected ape or monkey meat - warming is being accelerated by air pollution * Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a cancer causing agent - safe level of exposure to a cancer-causing agent - safe level of exposure to a carcinogen - safe level of exposure to any cancer-causing agent * Many scientists believe they arose south of the equator and migrated north - migrate using the magnetic field of the earth - believe, however, that Mars once had much more water than is visible today - belive that coral reefs absorb carbon dioxide in the same way that oceans do - blame the gases for global warming - call today's loss of biodiversity The Sixth Extinction - characterize viruses as nonliving - claim that the ingestion of genetically engineered food is harmless * Many scientists consider genetic damage to fry unlikely - photosynthesis to be the most important life process on Earth * Many scientists consider the bear's winter sleep to be an example of hibernation - tuna the most highly-evolved fish in the world - two subspecies of brown bear - contend that neurological damage from lead poisoning is irreversible - describe the snake as a symbol of movement and of development - develop and test models in order to predict future conditions - disclaim any role of a supreme being in the design of creation - divide satellites into four main groups based on their geologic history - draw on their dual backgrounds in science and art - even claim that reproduction is the basis and purpose of all life * Many scientists expect aquaculture to relieve pressure on the ocean's fish stocks - graphene to play a large role in electronics - the Arctic to be a bellwether of any climate change * Many scientists fear that freshwater stingrays are threatened by habitat loss and pollution - human activity is the driving force behind the warming - increased levels of carbon dioxide is leading to global climate change - happen to be religious * Many scientists have different understandings and uses of bioengineering - few if any objections to cloning animals - no exposure to or interest in business * Many scientists keep daily journals on their research findings - individuals in refrigerators in various types of envelopes - love animals and have pets of their own - make a distinction between speech and language * Many scientists now agree that the earth's climate is warming - believe climate can change dramatically over just one decade * Many scientists now believe that great white sharks are intelligent , highly inquisitive creatures - the brain basically works by simulating reality - the Earth's climate changed drastically - practice what they call methodological naturalism - pursue careers in research - recognize the link between the origin of oil and exploration * Many scientists say antibiotics on the farm are forcing food-borne germs to start mutating, too - pollution from cars is causing global warming - temperature changes linked to human activity already are occurring * Many scientists say that biological diversity is declining at a dangerous rate - eating beef from hormone-fed cattle can cause cancer in humans - only people can think - there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen * Many scientists see agrobiotechnology as the solution to an upcoming food crisis - balloon technology as an economical means of studying the Earth and space - speak dismissively about religion and believers * Many scientists study animal behavior in order to help endangered animals make a comeback - the physics of baseball to build, test and improve equipment - suggest that the ancestors of modern salamanders are among the lepospondyls - surmise that fluid metallic hydrogen exists deep inside Jupiter and Saturn * Many scientists think a warming Antarctic climate is induced by human activity - dinosaurs died from large glaciers or even a comet hitting the earth - greenhouse gases are heating up the Earth's atmosphere dangerously - it's a mechanism for cells to position themselves in a water column - maniraptorans gave rise to birds * Many scientists think that high biodiversity equates with ecosystem stability - insects share an ancestor with the crustaceans - life is an emergent quality * Many scientists think the Earth is warming up - gases are causing global warming - virus spread to people through infected ape or monkey meat - there is an ocean of liquid water underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon Europa * Many scientists use acoustics to estimate the abundance of biological animals in the water column - animals in their quest for information, including Zoologists - the scientific method for their research - view telomerase inhibition as a potential new approach to cancer therapy - work in the private sector * Most scientists accept the free radical theory of aging. * Most scientists agree that deer are likely to suffer in the final stages of hunting - each gemstone varies in chemical composition and crystalline structure * Most scientists agree that global warming is caused by an increase of in the atmosphere - is real and dangerous - heavy metals can enter the body through food, drinking water, and air - life exists in other solar systems - sinks lower the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere * Most scientists agree that the earth is heating up, but the cause of global warming is less certain - key to our success is the unusually large size of our brains - there is human-induced climate change occuring - viruses are alive because of what happens when they infect a host cell - also believe that the burning of fossil fuels is causing global warming - apply knowledge - are aware that women are underrepresented in all natural science fields - ask human subjects to sign forms describing the risks and benefits of the research - attend universities - become scientists * Most scientists believe birds are descended from dinosaurs - gases such as carbon dioxide are key contributors to global warming - life originated by chance - mass extinction - psychological experience is stored in the brain - small cetaceans are somewhere between dogs and chimpanzees in intelligence * Most scientists believe that all humans trace their roots to the African continent - animal or test tube studies can predict anticancer activity - dolphins are on a level with chimpanzees and dogs - human activities are already shaping climate trends - improvement in childhood nutrition to be the cause * Most scientists believe that the cause of premature aging chronically weakened immune system - color of speleothems are determined by the mineral content - loss of sea ice forces a reduction in krill populations - universe is expanding - under the cracked ice is an ocean of water - that, in the quantities used, pesticides are safe * Most scientists believe the Earth is warming, though satellite observations cast some doubt - first living cells formed in, or at the edges of primordial seas - humans caught the disease by consuming infected meat - size of the earth's population is THE most critical environmental issue - change behavior * Most scientists classify living things into one of the following six kingdoms - methods * Most scientists collaborate with scientists - their colleagues, rather than working all by themselves - collect life history information - concerned with big animals think that hybridisation is an exception - conduct themselves according to the ethical norms of science * Most scientists consider chemistry - swamp s, marsh es, and bog s to be the three major kinds of wetlands - create materials - currently recognize seven living species of sea turtles grouped into six genera - define forests depending on finer gradients of rainfall - determine ages - devise classifications * Most scientists discover bacteria - birth defects - medicine - relate birth defects - structures - disdain gambling because they know the math - dismiss fears about the health risks of genetically-altered crops * Most scientists document human pregnancy * Most scientists find animals - biospheres * Most scientists focus on mass - roles - form societies * Most scientists have degrees - diets - ethical code - graduate degrees * Most scientists identify plastic materials - special plastic materials - involve in science * Most scientists know about survival - earthquakes - functions - spiders * Most scientists learn about evolution - genetics - human genetics - rats - biology * Most scientists look at knowledge - physical features - love the exactness of science * Most scientists measure time - weight - never change paradigms, but paradigm shifts do occur * Most scientists now accept light is indeed energy packets, which they call photons - the power of psychological variables to modulate stress physiology - agree that the Earth is hotter than it has been for at least a thousand years - believe such rocks are the basic building blocks of the solar system - work in groups * Most scientists observe behavior - climates - gravitational effects - mate behavior * Most scientists point their finger at estrogen as the contributing factor for both - to two reasons why so few freshwater organisms exhibit bioluminescence - publish books * Most scientists recognize energy - orangutans - orcas - that information can be exchanged for entropy and vice versa - regard carbon dioxide as a leading contributor to global warming - rely on quantitative methods - report cell growth - say that homeopathic remedies are basically water and can act only as placebos - see animals - show behavior - simply use the name phenols - specialize in fields - still reject the idea that the dead return to earth as spirits * Most scientists study animal behavior - atmospheres * Most scientists study atmospheric optical phenomena - bees - beetles - behaviour - courtship behavior - critters - human behavior - jellyfish - mice - microbes - physical characteristics - studying global climate change look to the atmosphere - suffer from anxiety - suggest that eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes - teach at colleges - test blood - think it is the way iron is made * Most scientists think that Europa icy surface covers a deep ocean - dark matter is composed of non-baryonic matter - genetically modified foods are safe, yet the public remains uneasy - western prairie fringed orchid seeds are wind borne * Most scientists understand cell functions - evolutionary theories * Most scientists use brains - different symbols to differentiate between specific heat and heat capacity - genetic materials - instruments - macaque brains - molecular techniques * Most scientists use quantitative methods - research methods * Most scientists use scientific methods - statistical techniques - the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments - usually say there are no potential toxic effects of consuming carotenoids - utilize behavior * Most scientists wear coats - lab coats * Most scientists work at laboratories - weather stations - full time * Most scientists work in fields - industries - labs - organizations - private industries - small, interdisciplinary teams - specialize fields - on scientific problems * Most scientists work with experts - vertebrates - write books * Some scientISTS understand evolution as a mindless, purposeless process - scientists actually believe that hormetic effects are contrary to reason * Some scientists also attribute a significant portion of warming to changes in solar output - classify viruses as microorganisms - have concerns about the way genetically engineered crops have been developed - predict the spreading of certain diseases - theorize links between sunspot activity and ice ages - think the rhino is closely related to the hippopotamous and the elephant - analyze weather * Some scientists are already parents, so they are more comfortable with kids - led by charity - out in the middle of the ocean, trying to reproduce proteins in shark's brains - theorizing that black holes provide half the energy of the universe - argue music is in our genes * Some scientists argue that the idea of a maximum life span is based only on empirical data - universe is essentially a huge computer - attribute wrinkles directly to dehydration * Some scientists believe Titan's surface is made up of half water-ice and half rocky material - another species of sailfish lives in the tropical Atlantic Ocean - dinosaurs died out due to the rapid evolution of flowering plants - elephants have emotions similar to humans * Some scientists believe it is highly unlikely that insects can acquire such genes - the most potent memory enhancer of all time - transmitted when cattle are fed products made from infected animals - life on Earth originated from outer space - our climate is changing, largely due to human activities - quantum fluctuations account for the existence of matter in the universe - such weather extremes are actually the result of global warming * Some scientists believe that a key element is blood flow changes in the brain - acupuncture works by affecting the central nervous system - all beings originated or evolved from matter - bonobos are the species of chimpanzee most like man - both species diverged from a common ancestor - disturbed environments are more prone to invasion - green tea fights cancer by making cancer causing agents less toxic - head size is an indicator of raw intelligence - hormone residues in beef contribute to rising breast cancer rates - life on Earth began in such extreme environments - male pachycephalosaurs butted heads for the right to rule the herd - many years ago, most life on Earth lived in water - men evolved from monkeys - microwave radiation has a cumulative effect on the body - mitochondria are the key to aging - music existed among people before language did - people arrived in the Americas as long ago as forty millenia - pinnipeds belong to a separate order of mammals - prairie dogs only mean to warn their close kin - salt is carried into the lake from mountain streams - schizophrenia is transmitted genetically - science can explain everything, at least in principle - sexual orientation is, at least partly, genetically determined - sickle cell disease developed as a defense against malaria * Some scientists believe that some dinosaurs persisted into historical times - spoonbills are pinker than others because of what they eat - tapeworms can also help to alleviate allergies such as hay fever * Some scientists believe that the exposed roots allow the trees to take in oxygen - land masses have come together more than once - mammalian neocortex evolved from the olfactory cortex - plague spread faster than the rats - shark's lateral line detects the lowest-pitched sounds - universe has no boundaries, no edgies, no limits * Some scientists believe that there are more than one universal explosion - black hole in our very own Milky Way - growing shortage of fish in the sea - they are the source of water in Earth's oceans and atmosphere - things inside their computers are actually alive - that, in many cases, the disturbance begins before birth * Some scientists believe the Earth is warming up - European bison was at one time a grazer - asteroids represent the remains of an exploded planet - clouds are related to man-made greenhouse gases - decline in menhaden has affected striped bass in the Bay - origins of life lie in the dust clouds of space - there is something in the human person deeper than ethics and reason * Some scientists believe they are surviving ancestors of our own species - the ancestors of the Arabian horses - trawling and dredging are as destructive as clear-cutting forests on land - viruses are obligate parasites, and are indeed living - blame comets for the lack of dinosaurs on earth today * Some scientists build plants - windmills * Some scientists buy animals - butterflies - mollusks - calculate size - capture bears - catch dogs - challenge whether there is long-term climate change at all * Some scientists claim that it also plays a part in our thinking and language processing - quantum theory necessarily requires faster than light influence - soya has a negative effect on fertility - the robustness of the skull and lower jaws gave a rigid crushing bite * Some scientists classify animals - tiny animals, worms, and rotifers as microbes as well - tree shrews among primates as prosimians - waterfalls based on the average volume of water in the waterfall * Some scientists collect bees - chickens - lobsters - semen - urine - wasps - come from culture * Some scientists compare anatomies - metabolism - shapes - sperm concentration * Some scientists consider animals - cultivated land to be a biome - extinct birds - tarsiers to be a taxonomic suborder among the primates - the waters around Antarctica to be a separate, fifth ocean as well - contend that it is here where life on Earth began - contract parasitic illnesses * Some scientists create crops - diamonds - debate whether neotropical migratory birds are declining as a group - define culture as a product of language and thus unique to humans - deny that behavior is genetically influenced * Some scientists describe amphibian fungi - cells as little machines - vertebrate evolution * Some scientists determine consumption - numbers - salinity * Some scientists develop ages - bones - electron microscopes - fire - mouths - proper diets - disagree whether the giant panda type of bear or raccoon * Some scientists discover babies - compounds - conductivity - eye tree frogs - inflammation - pathogenic fungi - testosterone levels - theropods - vacuum tubes - divide the grassland biome into temperate and tropical regions - doubt that irrational ideas and faulty logic cause depression - drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago - emphasize the genetic fraternity of humanity - establish surfaces * Some scientists estimate animals - beavers - roundworms - that rainforests the size of Pennsylvania are lost each year - wild animals - even believe that free radicals cause the aging process in humans * Some scientists even consider aging as a disease, a new perspective of a developmental event - it an aphrodisiac - see consciousness as a cognitive function * Some scientists favor research on embryonic stem cells - the hypothesis of existing field forms of life - fear extinction * Some scientists feed animals - coyotes - crabs - lions - lizards - pigs - predators - rabbits - snails - feel that the climatic phenomena are becoming more frequent due to global warming * Some scientists find breast cancer - infertility - killer whales - focus on genetics - have doubts about the ways in which wind chill is used * Some scientists help disasters - healthy offspring - hope to identify genes that increase the risk of autism * Some scientists identify ages - chemical messengers - starch grain * Some scientists improve photosynthesis * Some scientists infect animals - geese - investigate life * Some scientists isolate substances - waxy substances - keep dogs - kill clams * Some scientists know fish * Some scientists learn about chimpanzees - like to refer to the coconut as a water dispersal fruit and seed - link increasingly extreme weather events with global warming * Some scientists look at diamonds - to satellites to reveal something about the Earth's changing climate * Some scientists measure bones - calories - torque - note the striking parallels between bird and dragonfly migrations - now speculate that males sing to trigger the estrous cycle in females * Some scientists observe coatis - magnetic disturbances - nest sites - tadpoles - tissue - possess chimpanzees * Some scientists predict massive rains for central Australia as a result of global warming - propose certain gene therapies for the treatment of sickle cell disease * Some scientists propose the neutron is made up of a proton and electron like particle - made up of a proton and electron-like particle * Some scientists publish in journals - scientific journals - put red plastic or tape over their flashlights to fool their eyes - question the use of methods like cloning to save animals - realize ancestors * Some scientists refer to the dark material as soot, silicates, or tar-like hydrocarbons - heliopause as the edge of the solar system - refuse to admit that there metaphysic imbedded in science - regard the Arctic Ocean as a marginal sea of the North Atlantic * Some scientists release beetles - rely on radiation - remove nuclei - report magnetic confinements - restrict use of the term to mean the outpouring of molten rock * Some scientists say birds' bodies are too hot for developing embryos - bonobos are closer to humans than common chimps - it's as much as two or three billion years old * Some scientists say that a virus type of life form - animals can sense an earthquake before it hits - chlorine is the real reason behind blood plaque and most heart attacks - climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna - global warming is the ultimate environmental problem - men actually die of grief - through knowledge comes the ascent of man - tiny diatoms are the source of oil - what one observes is changed by the observer - the black and white fur coat warning for animals to back off - there is evidence of intelligent design in the origin of life - they are very slow moving liquids - say, with evidence, that our universe has hyperbolic geometry * Some scientists see allergies - mysticism as a mental illness - obesity as America's latest epidemic - particles - seabirds * Some scientists see the idea of multiple causes as a kind of intellectual cop-out - involvement of the observer as the most important feature in quantum theory * Some scientists seek animals - bats - stray dogs - shudder at the thought of labeling people potential violent criminals * Some scientists specialize in instruction - studying living things - swim instruction - speculate that endothelial dysfunction cause of insulin resistance * Some scientists speculate that it plays a role in the nucleation of ice from water - was spawned by a single spore thousands of years ago - most galaxies, including our own, harbor a supermassive black hole - their coloration provides camouflage during the winter - there is an ocean of liquid water lying beneath that ice layer * Some scientists spend many hours watching and studying the behaviour of animals - most of their lives learning how to do good experiments - their lives inventing death - still dispute that human-induced global warming is happening * Some scientists still doubt that frogs are actually disappearing worldwide - the impact human activity has on the world's climate - strongly believe genetics play a role * Some scientists study affect growth - air pressure - amphibians - animals that freeze over the winter - carnivores - chipmunks - community ecology - dragonflies - ducks - fate - giant pandas - gorillas - habitats - how insulin works - intelligence by looking at the brain - layers - leafhoppers - lemurs - macaques - mammalian evolution - manatees * Some scientists study marine habitats - meteorology - minerals - molecules, others study the stars - monarchs - narwhals - owls - panthers - properties - regeneration - reptiles - scars - sheep - snakes - sunspots - the needs of human or animal minds and bodies - toads - turkeys - vessels - zoo pandas to figure out how to save wild pandas from going extinct * Some scientists suggest that a small effective population faces a strong likelihood of extinction - eyewall lightning is associated with intensity changes - suspect formaldehyde of being a carcinogen * Some scientists suspect that certain viruses can cause obesity - the chemical messenger dopamine is in some way responsible - they cause or contribute to certain cancers - widespread use of pesticides also harms bat populations - teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists * Some scientists theorize that men pass on mutations to their offspring twice as often as women - mothers experience a biological impulse to wean during pregnancy * Some scientists think animals are capable of primitive emotional life - it was theoretically possible for life to evolve on Mars - monarchs moved more north as the milkweed plant moved north - stellar winds bring the ingredients necessary for building galaxies * Some scientists think that Jupiter is responsible for making our's an ocean planet - chemical compounds in plants protect plants from herbivores - continental drift happens in cycles - early life on Earth arose in such deep sea hot spots - emus recognize rain clouds and respond to the sound of thunder - fat factor in other diseases as well, such as breast cancer - females have larger bodies to store more fat for motherhood - global warming is exacerbating the effect of ozone depletion - green algae belong in the plant kingdom - narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin - poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis - pterosaurs walked on all fours - solar flares heat the corona * Some scientists think that the land relatives of whales are a group of mammals called mesonychians - red wolf is really a hybrid, a mixture of wolf and coyote - risk is greater when the parent with diabetes is the mother - sunspots affect our weather * Some scientists think that there is enough water on the moon to fill an entire lake - no single factor that controls cell division - they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies - trees can save more water if they lose their leaves * Some scientists think the atlatl is responsible for the demise of the wooly mammoth - hotspots move relative to the earth - long neck helps boy giraffes show off to girl giraffes - world is about due for another ice age * Some scientists think they resemble crustaceans more closely - use their rumps to attract females - water is involved - totally reject the notion of the supernatural - try to figure out how things work, like the weather * Some scientists understand nutrition * Some scientists use Kirlian photography to take pictures of plant auras - bird behaviour to support their theories about dinosaur behaviour - cameras * Some scientists use genetic manipulation - variation - gravity - intensity lasers - magnets - microscopes to take a close look - platypuses - powerful microscopes - purple bacteria - small magnets - speed cameras - videotaped interviews with human subjects as their data - waves * Some scientists view petroleum as a naturally occuring mineral of earth - religious practices with an equal dose of cynicism * Some scientists watch bats - centipedes - wonder whether clays presented surfaces that helped with biogenesis on earth * Some scientists work for companies - drug companies - firms * Some scientists work for large companies * Some scientists work in biology - offices - synthetic biology - teams, and some work alone, but all communicate extensively with others - to genetics * Some scientists work with amphibians - electrical engineers - fishermen - government - honeybees - modern day animals - newts - physicians * abide by certain rules to identify and treat diseases. * accept conclusions - descents * account for factors. * achieve aims - immortality through their contributions to the knowledge base of the species * add DNA to a plate of embryonic cells. * agree that air pollution from human activities is partly responsible for global warming - all medical products, including vaccines, have risks - ancestors of baleen whales probably had teeth - diversity is highly important in plants for disease resistance - estrogen therapy lowers women's risk of heart disease after menopause - exploding stars produced most of the materials found on earth - people can get cancer through repeated long-term contact with carcinogens - photosynthesis originated in bacteria * agree that the Earth's core is composed primarily of iron - bowhead whale has the longest lifespan of all marine mammals - trachea are a later development in the evolutionary history of spiders - whales are actually highly specialized ungulates, or hoofed mammals * aim to discover new things, new ideas or ways of thinking - help out humankind by applying their knowledge to complex problems * already know how to measure the speed of stars - split an atom to produce energy * already know that bacteria can live without light or oxygen - ion channels are complex, able to open and close in different ways - prolonged time in space causes the body to age - the structure of the insulin receptor - ultraviolet exposure can lead to skin cancer and cataracts in humans * also are interested in learning how nature assembles substances on the nanoscale - believe SA triggers plants' natural immune response to infection * also believe that dreams help form and reinforce long-term memories - living in shallow water was a preadaptation to living on land - today's birds descended from dinosaurs - viruses and bacteria can play a role in contracting the disease - call ionic bonds electrovalent bonds - consider the bear to be an indicator species - control how much data is output, and how often - create products to detect disease organisms and to degrade pollutants - disagree over the origin of neurons - give importance to beauty in constructing theories - grow crystals to determine a protein's structure through X-ray crystallography - help find cures for diseases - imagine theories to explain what they observe * also know that at least in mice, what mom eats can affect how a pup's DNA is methylated - cancer cells have abnormal methylation - migration plays a big part in the lives of most shark species - myosin is vital to daily cell maintenance in both flies and people - like to group fish into smaller and smaller groups - list four other kingdoms including bacteria, archaebacteria, fungi, and protozoa - make medicine using microorganisms to fight other microorganisms * also measure plant height, weight, growth rate, mortality, and seed production - radon in soil air * also play a big part in finding cures - an important role in civic life when they interact with the press - rear insects in laboratories to study insects closely in different situations * also say a bird direct descendant of a lizard - person's retina can change with age, while an iris remains intact - it stimulates metabolism by aiding the body's thermogenic process * also say that global warming has accelerated the formation of glacial lakes - potatoes contain an enzyme that serves as a natural anti-depressant - they have found a type of salmon which can only live in almost-pure water * also study ecology at the population level - living animals that resemble dinosaurs in some ways - rocks to learn about the history of the natural world * also think some illnesses can cause depression - that some illnesses themselves can bring about depression * also think the hot air makes air pollution worse and slows down plant growth - lights and the creatures enormous eyes allow it to see * also use aerosol distributions to trace atmospheric pollution - cloning to test how identical cells react to different substances - induction to generalize from their observations to theoretical constructs - intense, narrow beams of X rays generated by devices called synchrotrons - seismographs in exploring for minerals and petroleum - synchrotron light in many other ways - synthetic compounds to mimic the action of the naturally occurring hormones * alter liver gene in rats. * analyze HOW biochemical and structural features are involved in producing color - bear hair follicles using six markers to determine species, sex, and individuals - government policy - how fast sponges breathe and the amount of nitrogen they release while doing so - information gathered through research to solve problems in the natural world - tick saliva for possible medical benefits for humans - trials * announce discoveries. - the term dolphin to two families of cetaceans, marine dolphins and river dolphins * are a notoriously conservative and skeptical group of people. * are able to determine or estimate age by tracking birds that have been banded - link mutations and disease states to specific sites on chromosomes * are also concerned about the medical risks and uncertainty associated with human cloning - interested in factors causing clinical disease * are an important part of modern science - unsung part of the workforce * are aware that chemicals create free radicals that cause cancer - dopamine is involved in both addiction and reward stimulus in the brain - bands - basically parasites or dependent people - both users and producers of databases * are capable of experiments - committed to the scientific method as a way of making sense of nature - concerned about children's exposures through food and through the environment * are concerned about the future of the lynx, fisher, wolverine and marten - long-term effects of marijuana on the unborn child * are concerned that bats are waning in number and in diversity of species - global warming is causing serious climate change - discoverers, methodically searching for truths of the natural world - especially interested in the number of fish that live within limited areas - even able to identify microscopic crystals using the principles of crystallography * are explore methods - possibility - fortunate because they can sometimes use special tools to enhance their senses - helpings plants defend themselves against insects without using pesticides * are human agents in a field of material agency - and prone to be swayed by personal convictions - human, and they are as entitled as anyone to revile cruelty and abhor suffering - hypothetical people * are in the process of determining how they react with the human body - redesigning the human body and what it means to be human - increasingly interested in creating synthetic materials found in nature * are interested in cloning because it has immense scientific and medical potential - discovering laws which can then be used to predict events - fluids for a variety of reasons - the changes of the signature when a normal cell becomes a cancer cell - where gases and liquids flow and at what rate of speed - particularly in why and how crystals begin formation * are just as capable of self delusion as other human beings - regular people who are curious about the world and life and how they work - knowledge seekers, always searching out why things happen - largely responsible for the huge quantity and rapid pace of social change - like atomic nuclei * are located in chemistry labs - magazines - more likely to be atheists than the rest of the general population * are most concerned about the effects of chemicals and other pollutants on communities - interested in mutations that result in or lead to disease * are now able to alter the genetic make-up of plants and animals that people eat - make protein from chemicals - study single genes - ordinary people with varying degrees of physical ability - particularly interested in proteins associated with diseases * are people Scientists strive to discover objective explanations about the real world - and people make mistakes * are people who do science - help put together spaceships - make judgements based on what they see and as a result of tests conducted - notice details - use scientific principle to answer questions - products of their culture - real people - research scientists for the same reason farmers farm, they love their work - researchers - some of the most biased people in the world - specialized and professionals - strongly divided on potential risks to people and the environment - subordinates - the best sources for information about science * are unsure as to how many species of plants and animals exist on the Earth - exactly what important role every plant or animal plays in the environment - how puffins find their way home and are still learning how birds migrate - of how long beluga whales live * are very interested in the dart frogs and in batrachotoxins that they secrete - often men of real faith - workers * are, in the popular mind, the crowned royalty of nerddom - therefore, wrong in equating life force with the physical form of living organisms * argue classifications * assess carcinogenicity by weighing the available data from both animal and human studies - different treatments - volcanic hazards based on a volcano's past behavior * assume comets carry the water ice to the moon - degeneration - slow degeneration * assume that carbon in bacteria takes up about one-half of their dry weight - the universe vast system governed by the same basic laws everywhere * attach special proteins to the normal protein coating of a virus - tags to animals in order to recognise individuals in a population - the webbing to young falcons when they have reached nearly full physical size * attribute global warming to heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere - sharp declines in duck populations largely to the loss of wetlands - the shades of red to the presence of iron as the rock formed * begin by observing natural phenomena - to infer scientific principles based on observations * believe CFCs are responsible for the destruction of the ozone - Hawaii's rock wallabies have evolved into a new species - Jupiter dense ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium, with some ammonia - Triton has at least a small atmosphere of methane and possibly other gases - a similar disease develops in humans who consume infected meat - adding a catalyst to a reaction increases the number of particle collisions - algae prevents the grasses from growing more - amiloride thins lung secretions by blocking sodium uptake by lung cells - asynchronous hatching is an adaptation to unpredictable food supplies - auroras are caused by solar particles hitting the Earth's atmosphere - babies are born with digestive systems containing few or no bacteria - cell damage has a direct effect on aging - cells stop replicating when the telomeres reach some critical length - changes are caused mainly by loss of neurons and deficiencies in surviving cells - dark matter makes up much of the matter in our universe - depression is linked to genetics and brain chemistry - dust particles in the atmosphere pick up bits of solid water - earth's first cells got their energy from such reactions - even more water lies deep under the Martian surface - fat plays an important role in helping the body to work properly - fireflies are omnivores, and some species eat other fireflies - flu outbreaks began in China where humans and animals live in close contact - genetic mutations occur spontaneously in children's cells * believe high doses of Vitamin E help diabetics on at least two levels - levels of blood sugar gradually damage the nerves * believe humans first contracted the virus after capturing chimps for food - have lived on the plateau for thousands of years - ice good environment for primitive bacteria - in a very old earth - inflammation leading cause in neurodegenerative disorders * believe it evolved when Earth was bombarded with more radiation than today - has never caused death in humans - ladybugs lay both fertile and infertile eggs in the cluster - lupus is rooted in many subtle genetic abnormalities - manure is washing off fields and into waterways, feeding pfiesteria - many diseases begin with genetic mistakes known as mutations - mental exercise causes changes in brain tissue - our atmosphere was formed when gases seeped out of the Earth - penguins can navigate using the sun, stars, and geographical landmarks - proteins evolved first - radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer - robins use vision to find earthworms - sea snakes descended from a single family of Australian land snakes - sperm cells find a waiting egg cell via a couple of complex mechanisms - that Io heats up internally when it changes shape * believe that Mars once resembled Earth with oceans, seas, and rivers - used to have a thick atmosphere - REM sleep is the time when most people dream - Secretarybirds are monogomous, spending their lives with one partner * believe that a diet containing pesticides causes eggshell thinning - dolphin adds one growth layer each year - part of the human brains contains the ability to use mental powers - person is born genetically predisposed to psoriasis - abnormal prions cause TSEs - about a meter of a comet's surface evaporates on each passage near the sun - air pollution is heating up the globe - amphibians evolved from primitive reptiles - any ice on the moon probably came from comets - asteroids are pieces of the material that formed the solar system - autism biological disorder at least partly caused by genes - bacteria helped create the earth's atmosphere - between outbreaks the virus is carried in animals, perhaps monkeys - birds are the closest living relative to the dinosaurs * believe that birds evolved from reptiles and dinosaurs - theropod dinosaurs * believe that certain enzymes in the body convert normal cells to cancer cells - foods have health benefits for specific diseases - chameleons change color to reflect their moods - changes in the earth's climate caused the ice sheets to grow - chlorine is also enriched in inaccessible regions deep in the Earth - current emissions of greenhouse gases are warming the earth dramatically - depression is caused by low levels of serotonin, a brain chemical - dietary factors play a role in the development of colon cancer - drinking tea improves oral health by helping prevent dental caries - during the time of the dinosaurs, a giant meteor collided with the Earth - early whales actually walked the earth - ecological succession bring in stability - environmental quality and the incidence of cancer are inseparably linked - faulty signals in the digestive tract lead to problems with motility - female cicadas can distinguish between the calls of individual males * believe that giant squid can attack and eat small whales - squids live for less than five years - greenhouse gases are capable of causing global warming - high diversity makes animals more resilient to changes in their environment - humans began to eat meat when the climate where they lived began to change - intelligence can be measured or tested * believe that it is the interaction of many factors together that produces cancer - takes nearly a thousand years for a stalactite to grow - jaws arose via the modification of the first or second gill arches - land plants evolved from single-celled green algae * believe that life first appeared on Earth nearly four billion years ago - on Earth began as an evolutionary process - light therapy works by altering the levels of certain brain chemicals * believe that maiasaurs lived and moved across North America in large herds - in enormous herds of ten thousand - manatees evolved from land mammals that returned to an aquatic life - many chondrites formed during the early stages of the solar system - meteorites are debris from long-ago collisions between asteroids - mice produce powerful antiangiogenic factors in response to the infection - more red-back voles die from the cold than are eaten by predators * believe that most caves form below the water table by slowly moving water - or all toothed whales have echolocation abilities - women have a hymen - new stars form inside of nebulae - nicotine and other addictive substances change brain chemicals - non-REM sleep has a replenishing effect on our bodies - only females are dangerous to people * believe that our atmosphere used to consist mainly of carbon dioxide, methane and water - galaxy contains five to ten times as much dark matter as visible stars * believe that people are exposed when they inhale contaminated material - inherit a tendency to be allergic - planet Mars, like the Earth, has a largely iron core - radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States - raindrops in the winds of clouds form up electric charge - scorpions used to be more than tree feet long - seasonal changes in day length and temperature trigger the urge to migrate - sharks are older than dinosaurs * believe that some forms of depression are caused by low levels of serotonin in the brain - people are born wired for mental illness through genetics - stars form when gas clouds collapse due to gravity - stem cells can be used to treat degenerative diseases - taste nerves mutually inhibit each other * believe that the amygdala is responsible for emotion - botos hairs are used as tactile sensory organs - bright, visible clouds of the white ovals are composed of ammonia - compounds stop cancer cells from initiating or developing into tumors - conditions on some planets are conducive to life - continents rest on huge plates - early universe contained as many particles as antiparticles - earth was originally a ball of molten rock and lava - human brain has evolved - macular pigment protects the retina - negative head movement precursor of the same behavior in humans - oldest frogs developed jumping legs to avoid being eaten by dinosaurs - present continents are parts of what was once a single large continent - rings are the material left after a moon broke apart - virus causing genital warts also causes several types of cancer - weightlessness of the ocean makes large body size possible - there genetic basis for intelligence * believe that they contain heavy chemical elements originated in stars - resemble the outer core of the Earth - things and events are understandable through careful study - tidal freshwater marshes play a key role in nitrogen cycling - tiger coloration and stripes evolved as a form of camouflage - too much glutamate can harm motor neurons and inhibit nerve signaling - toxic chemicals play a significant role in the decline of river life - turtles live longer than any other back boned animal - up to half the nerve cells in the brain are devoted to vision - wampas are solitary predators - water reaches the moon from impacting comets - wet dreams are the body 's way of removing too much semen - wolves are the direct ancestors of today's domestic dogs - zinc is the natural modulator of prolactin secretion by the pituitary gland * believe the adult shrimp die and leave tiny eggs when the rain-fed pools dry up - amyloid plaques are evidence of the brain trying to repair itself - bacteria become resistant to antibiotics by switching on two genes - disease is spread in humans after they consume contaminated cattle products - gasses are causing significant changes in the Earth's climate - hormone binds to receptors in the brain that control food intake - iridium-rich layer was formed when an asteroid struck the Earth's surface - magnetic field that exists around the planet is generated by Earth's core - majority of trash is related to the shrimping and petrochemical industries - moon has been inching away from Earth for billions of years - outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid - owl's reproductive cycle is loosely tied to lemming abundance - stem cells are so new and healthy in umbilical cords they can adapt - total amount of water on Earth has remained unchanged for millions of years * believe there are as many species of nematodes as there are insects - only four classes of such protease enzymes - several other mutations that play a role in infertility - specific genes that control longevity - special part of the brain that can tell time * believe they are born when a star collapses - clouds of ammonia-ice crystals that bubble to the top of the atmosphere - descended from creatures that lived on land, possibly the mesonychid - like the inside of the earth, near the earth's core - made of stony material and metals such as iron and nickel - smarter than primates and even three-year old children - the principal cause of the trend to global warming - can determine the health of an ecosystem by measuring efficiency - contain chemicals that help the body detoxify cancer-promoting compounds - feed on schooling fish - occur at the rate of about one a day somewhere in the universe - play an important role in making genes active or inactive - understand how a fish's gills evolved into an amphibian's lungs - three out of every five breast cancers are hormone responsive - turtles live longer than any other backboned animal * blame a myriad of effects on the Earth's land, water, and air on the temperature change. * break down time according to what animals and other life on the planet where doing. * breed plants to grow in specific areas - tumor-resistant mice using gene engineering * build special instruments to separate light, usually with gratings. * calculate momentum by multiplying the mass of the object by the velocity of the object. * calculate the mass of large objects in space by studying their motion - position of a star against the background of more distant stars * call amino acids the building blocks of proteins - deoxyribonucleic acid the blueprint of individuality - electric eyes photoelectric cells - horseflies blood-feeding arthropods - it methane hydrate - making sperm 'spermatogenesis' - sugars carbohydrates * call the lengths of discolored fibers, pixels - material in which waves travel the wave medium - path that electricity takes an electric circuit * call the process of mating, laying eggs and raising chicks, breeding - somatic cell division mitosis - study of tree rings dendrochronology - variety of life forms Earth's biological diversity or biodiversity - their body shape a medusa - unusual occurrences of cancer in an area or in time a 'cancer cluster' - waves of electromagnetic energy that travel through space light * can actually feel each atom - see organs developing * can also be selfish, arrogant and prejudiced - deactivate genes in mice, then watch what happens to the mouse without the gene - determine climate from studying rock faces and observing the mineral deposits - easily alter fruit fly genes - grow cells to help make people better - measure the movement of extremely distant objects with the lenses - shorten or lengthen their plants day using automated shades and grow lights * can also study autopsy specimens to investigate how the brain changes over time - dog families much easier than human families - smaller crystals and much larger proteins and protein complexes - take a cell from an adult animal and produce a new cloned off-spring - understand how other cells react to repair a wounded cell - change their minds after more evidence is produced - classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical makeup - compare parts of the human genome to the mouse and see where the differences lie - conduct natural studies and experiments with people who live more remotely - control the temperature, humidity, light, pollutants and atmospheric gases - date the age of the tree by counting and measuring the rings - detect changes over weeks, months, years or even decades * can determine annual snowfall because each year's snow forms a layer - mast cell activation by measuring an increased level of tryptase in urine - the age of ancient objects by a method called radiocarbon dating * can do amazing things, and they can make human cells live away from the body for a while - delicate experiments - easily genetically alter adult cells - encode vast amounts of digital information onto a single strand of synthetic DNA - engineer food by inserting genes into an organism's DNA in the cell's nucleus * can estimate how much of each type of carbon is in the body of a living organism - the amount of dust that falls every year * can even create oysters with three sets of chromosomes, instead of the normal two - extract genetic material from bones and tissues - measure the activity of individual neurons in sleeping animals - examine lichens to indirectly measure air pollution - follow the path of seismic waves from earthquakes as they travel through the Earth - help to understand the causes and dynamics of consumptive behavior * can identify a coywolf from a coyote and a wolf, and a coydog from a coyote and a dog - individual zebras by comparing patterns, stripe widths, color and scars - individuals and determine relationships among dolphins in a group - sea turtle species by the number and pattern of scutes - the chemical composition of gases by examining their light spectrum - image the solid inner core using energy from earthquakes, known as seismic waves - isolate DNA from cells of any plant, animal, or microorganism - learn a great deal about our world by observing, measuring, and examining - look at some crystals and know what substance they are observing * can make all sorts of claims about man originating by purely natural evolutionary causes - electrons travel from one atom to another * can measure infrared absorption by molecules very accurately - the glaciers in order to know how much freshwater is on Earth - monitor phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean - and use that to help predict cholera - move from being interested in rocks to chemistry to biology and astronomy - never again close their eyes to the social effects of their discoveries * can now add, remove or change genes to produce the plants and animals they want - begin to read the blueprints of all organisms - insert genes into cells - isolate, read and even manipulate certain characteristics of human genes - manipulate stem cells in mice to regenerate tissue and organ systems - send animals, even people into space - use DNA information to identify desirable traits in organisms - obtain stem cells from the cloned embryos * can only guess why many butterflies are so brightly colored - study natural forces in the material universe - photograph the surface or view in real time on a computer screen - predict eclipses of the sun and moon - recognize gene families because their members have similar sequences - see that the movement within the atom is continuous * can sometimes do tests for things that they couldn t possibly believe in - identify individual whales by their tail markings * can study all aspects of the natural world, including experimenting on an extinct animal - meteorites to learn more about the asteroids from which they originated - molecules in space, for example, to learn more about the formation of stars - the growth rings of old trees and determine rainfall patterns for years past - tag sharks to study their behaviour * can tell how much energy a particle had by seeing how much lead it took to stop it - old fish are from the otoliths, which are part of the inner ear - thus work the age of sections of skeleton - trace the magnetic fields of sunspots using a device called a magnetograph - track hurricanes with satellites after they form * can use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil - active sonar to explore the bottom of the ocean - gamma rays to determine the elements on other planets - gene technology to locate and analyse single genes in a chain of many thousands - special instruments to detect the heat the objects give off * can use the distribution of living organisms to find out about pollution - emission spectra of atoms and molecules to study the composition of stars - three-dimensional topographic maps to study the potential of natural hazards - work in different areas of science * carry out electrochemical studies on physico-chemical systems for a variety of reasons. * categorize fuel cells by the type of electrolyte used - objects displaying cometary properties according to their orbital period * caution that growth hormone also comes with risks, especially at high doses. * chart iron cycle in ocean. * chemically analyze the fish's otoliths - also known as earstones. * choose specific stains when they want to look at a particular part of a cell. * cite causes - other possible causes * claim that men and monkeys are from the same origin. * classify all living things into different groups - five groups * classify animals according to how closely related they are to each other - their bodies have evolved - physical properties and characteristics - clams by how far down they dig and what kind of surface they dig into * classify cosmic ray particles depending on their source - rays depending on their source - dinoflagellates in a group of living things called protists - fingerprints into several general patterns - invertebrates based on their structure - lemurs, along with human beings, apes, and monkeys, as primates - orbits by the shape that they trace through space * classify organisms based on common physical characteristics - in a hierarchical scheme - to organize and understand similarities among organisms - using a series of hierarchical categories called taxa * classify the activity of a volcano according to how often it erupts - different types of living things into groups called species - walrus as a kind of large seal - to organize living things into groups so that it is easier to study - vitamins by the fluid in which they dissolve - whales as either baleen or toothed * coax stem cells into repairing damaged hearts. * collaborate with other researchers * collect cases * commonly debate new information to arrive at new understandings - report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments - study tens of thousands of specimens from large areas * communicate in writing - with each other through their professional meetings and journals * compare results - samples - the flow of traffic to the flow of liquid through a pipe * complete experiments. * conduct classifications - experiments to understand natural processes - novel experiments * confirm attributes - that fish and crustaceans, like all animals, feel pain * confront intelligent design and creationism. * consider bird eyes to be the finest in the animal kingdom - environmental factors - free radicals to be the geatest contributing factor to aging - frogs cheaper and easier to work with than mice - muons the most basic of particles - pain a sense, like touch or sight - rain forests to be more valuable intact than when converted to pastures - sea turtles to be an indicator species * consider the baldcypress a living fossil - gray wolf to be the species from which most other wolf subspecies evolved - ocean floor to be a two-dimensional volumetric scattering surface - once-teeming sea one of the world's most threatened ecosystems * constantly keep tabs on pesticides to see if they pose an unacceptable health risk - make assumptions in order to build theories to explain and make predictions - measure things when they do experiments * continue education. * continue to debate the ancestry of domesticated corn - history of man - monitor the depleted region of ozone commonly known as the ozone hole * continue to study birds, uncovering new evidence of reproductive damage - dolphin therapy - lightning, trying to learn more lightning and why it occurs * continue to study the details of how evolution occurs - intricacies of snake venoms - use fluke patterns to study behavior - tradition * contribute to an understanding of what life is all about * control conditions. * count things and measure things such as size, weight, temperature, speed, etc. * create environmental sensitivity index maps - hypotheses to try and explain the observed behavior of the world - transgenic animals by incorporating genes from one animal into another - words for indescribable states of physical being * crystallize protein molecules in order to study their complex internal structures. * currently consider natural biotin supplements to be non-toxic - have the ability to create human embryos in their labs * currently recognize six subspecies of North American elk - two distinct types of killer whales - use light as a probe to study chemical molecules * debate the connection between carbs and obesity. * define a wetland as being a large swampy or marshy environment with lots of vegetation. * define energy as the ability to do work - get work done - learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of experience - the boundaries of ecosystems in different ways - tornadoes as, very simply, violently rotating columns of air - work to be the product of force acting through a distance * demonstrate causes - inventions * depend on human body parts for research. * describe and name winds based on the direction from which they are blowing - gravitation as the force with which bodies attract each other - light as being made of photons that form waves * describe the Earth in terms of sphere s - human brain as the most complicated physical structure in the universe - stability of an isotope by reporting it's half-life * determine a gray whale's age by counting the annual layers in the whale's waxy ear plug - person's exposure to mercury by measuring the content in a strand of hair - extent - mainstreams - what angler fish eat by examining their stomach contents * develop conditions - explanations using observations and what they already know about the world - images - products to improve the efficiency of producing meat, milk and eggs - theories about the way the world works * differ greatly in what phenomena they study and how they go about their work. * disagree about the age of dinosaur remains - whether hypnosis involves a special mental state - in their theories as to how horned dinosaurs walked - on many dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of chronic diseases * discover aspects - injuries - life causes cancer - mental g-spot in men - new species of fungus each year - performance * discover relate birth defects - strategies - structure of an enzyme crucial to life * discuss cases - how the brain processes stress and illness * dismiss ideas. * divide bats into two groups - eras into periods * divide the Precambrian into three eons - mosses into eight groups * do a lot of watching, or observing, to learn about things like insects * do know that a tendency for severe obesity runs in families - dark matter forms massive halos that surround galaxies - dogs smell much better than most animals, including humans * do know that drinking on a regular basis affects a developing baby - regular basis affects a developing child - most leukemias are associated with specific gene mutations - once green turtles shift to benthic feeding grounds, they are herbivores * do know, however, that fragrant chemicals make up only a fraction of a live flower - frogs serve as an environmental barometer - understand the science behind evolution * do, of course, identify the senses. * don t understand everything, but they often observe links between certain phenomena. * draw clear distinction - inference * emphasize how critical the first ten years of life are in terms of brain development. * employ innovative strategies - protocols - research protocols - the methods of scientific inquiry to develop a body of knowledge or theory * enter fields - territory * establish fields. * estimate only one percent of the species of plants and animals are preserved as fossils - some microbial communities to be millions of years old * estimate that about one-fifth of the earth's land surface is desert - lightning can travel at around one mile per minute - millions of tons of toxic pollutants are released into the air each year - more than two-thirds of the earth's coral reefs are at risk or in decline - most of the dark matter in our universe is made up of unusual particles - virtually all puppies have roundworm * evaluate control methods - values * examine aspects - evidence of physical differences between the brains of men and women - fecal samples - plate tectonics, one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century * exercise faith in their instruments and their own powers of observation. * expect all three types of neutrinos to be emitted from a supernova - the mouse to be the workhorse in the effort to understand how genes work * explain capacity - that adaptations come about through the process of evolution - the bio-chemical reactions that determine our thoughts, feelings, and actions * explore ideas - mysteries - the nature of matter and energy * express heat in terms of the joule, a unit used for all forms of energy. * extend investigations * face problems. * fear disasters. * feel presence. * feel that birds possess a sense of touch much like humans - by improving our knowledge of nature they can benefit mankind * finally transform mouse marrow stem cells into nervous tissue. - answers - capability - cause of death of brain cells - consequences - feedback - genes that speed evolution - particular scientific theories - plots - signs of a pollutant's subtle hormonelike influence on human reproductive cycles - that during the growing season, land plants can be used to measure drought - wave functions * first formulate hypotheses , or predictions, about nature. * focus attention. * focus on areas * follow rules of argument to advance their ideas. * forecast that microorganisms are very likely to increase in number and diversity. * formulate and test their explanations of nature using observation and experiments * frequently measure distances from a planet in terms of the radius of that planet. * frequently use deuterium to study organic and biochemical reactions - eggs as a standard for measuring the protein quality of other foods - work as parts of teams * function outside the constraints of traditional academic disciplines. * gather evidence * gauge the health of a river by sampling the population of aquatic insects. * generally agree that lizards are the evolutionary forefathers of snakes - play fosters healthy development of young and adult animals alike - believe the cure for pseudoscience is to raise science literacy - conceptualize time as moving in a direction from past to future - concur that excess fat can significantly shorten one's life span - define fossils as being at least ten thousand years old * generally refer to old forests as old-growth - smaller bodies of flowing water as streams and larger ones as rivers - support irradiation as a way to reduce food-borne illnesses - think in terms of hard facts - use hectopascals to measure air pressure - work in metric units * get evidence * give evidence - fish their scientific names * grow crystals of proteins and viruses to understand their molecular structure - hair without the use of drugs * guess that the bugs spiders eat in one year weigh as much as all the people on the Earth - the colors of the dinosaurs based on habitats and lifestyles * harness natural processes of biotechnology like fermentation to produce some medicines. * have a general understanding of the geologic processes that formed the Andes - life - they travel, they have cars, they buy insurance - number of ways to detect climatic changes preserved in ancient ice - numbering system for the brightness of stars - rank structure, just like the military - social responsibility - special for classifying plants and animals - system for naming all the living organisms on earth - tendency to be enamored with the scientific method - tradition of writing equations in certain ways - biases that influence their work - chances - classified regions of the world into different biomes - confidence * have different ideas - opinions about what constitutes a species or a subspecies - difficulty observing the actual movement of the particles that atoms are made of - direct experience - documentation * have ethical code - traditions - for the first time repaired a genetic mutation that causes disease in animals - glass - good reason to no longer believe in the spontaneous generation of insects * have many guesses on what happened to the dinosaurs at the end of the dinosaur age - theories about what caused the extinction of dinosaurs - tools to understand the properties of a distant light source - moral obligation - opportunity - particular concerns about their effects on the developing brains of children - rules that they work by called conservation laws - several theories about the nature of dark matter - similar ideas - some ideas about which parent's gene is activated during imprinting - substitutes for some components of blood - talent * have the ability to see how cocaine actually affects brain function in people - gene for shyness - responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion - technology to continuously measure weather and climatic conditions on land - to map the seven chromosome groups that form the genetic material of wheat - unique opportunity * have yet to determine how much carbon the oceans and land can absorb - discover whether such nerves and bulbs are functional - succeed in cloning primates * heat animal tissue to extremely high temperatures until atoms begin to emit light. * help procedures. * hold degrees. * hope that the creation of young cells through cloning can treat diseases in humans. * hope to be able to grow complicated organs such as hearts, livers and kidneys - pig cells and organs which are compatible with the human body - restore youthfulness in the elderly by replacing hormones * hypothesize that if water moves around on Mars, it does so as water vapor - repeated withdrawals sensitize parts of the brain to anxiety * identify cases - designs - specific animals with photographs of their flukes * immunize rats against some effects of cocaine. * improve desalination plants to turn ocean water into drinking water. * includes arms - human bodies * increasingly look at stress as an important factor in the origin of illness. * infer and predict things based on their observations. * infer that the first invertebrates evolved from a. simple vertebrates - whale has evolved from an ancestor that once had legs * interpret facts. * introduce concepts. * investigate conservation - habitat conservation - own interest * involve in development - management issues - weed science * join researchers. * keep journals - track of all the different types of animals with a system they call classifying - tracks * know Titan has a thick atmosphere, which is unusual for a moon. * know a distinct human life begins at conception - great deal about individual neurons - great deal about the stars that shine at night - how to grow cells * know little about how children develop their sleeping habits - tubeworms reproduce * know little about the behavior of tapeworms in the intestines of their hosts - migration of tropical bats - what happens when lightning hits water - of the biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics of pressure adaptation - makers - much about death rate and the related life span of many organisms - smog as ground level ozone - some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by a single defective gene * know that a single genetic mutation gives rise to blue eyes - albatrosses nest on Tern Island in Hawaii - almost all modern galaxies have supermassive black holes in their centers - cannabis plants make a group of chemicals called cannabinoids - different molecules absorb light only at certain wavelengths - dioxin is one of the most toxic chemicals ever studied - endocrine systems can be adversely affected by a wide variety of substances - energy always changes from high to low quality when work is performed - falling water releases negative ions - gene mutations contribute to cancer development - global average temperatures are rising * know that global warming can raise ocean temperatures and affect currents - is real and heating up the planet - hormones often override judgment and common sense in many people - hot air rises and carries the moisture with it - humans have fewer genes than they once predicted - in nature antibiotic resistance genes can pass from one organism to another - iridium is much more common in asteroids and meteors than it is on Earth - lightning steady current of positive electrons - modern-day soil bacteria spores can revive after many years - only huge quantities of methanol can affect vision - other types of one-celled creatures can perform similar chemical breakdown - ozone-destroying industrial chemicals are the major cause of ozone loss - pigs can easily get retroviruses * know that plants respond actively to their environment - try to use as much energy as they can - rattlesnakes use their rattles to sound a warning when they feel threatened - roots are the most important part of a plant * know that some insects change color when their populations increase - kinds of proteins cause the immune system to attack cells - people have higher metabolic rates than others - sound waves in the atmosphere correspond to similar waves underground - stress can cause problems with memory and problem solving - superfluids form quantum whirlpools when they rotate * know that the flight muscle of an insect burns more oxygen than any other animal tissue - heart sends neurological information to the brain and the rest of the body - protein myosin is the main molecular motor of muscle - tobacco causes lungs cancer - various forms of prions have been around for a long time - weight loss increases the risk of gallstone formation - when an object is moving in a direction, it tends to keep going that way - while morphine stimulant in dogs, it has the opposite effect in people - the location and mechanism of certain genes - they existed because they have found skeletons buried in the ground * know very little about the chemical properties of curium - chemical, physical, and structural properties of gas hydrates - habits of the young because they are so secretive * know, for example, that species characteristics vary depending on latitude - roughly, the average amounts of thorium in food and drinking water * launch trials. * lead teams. * learn a lot by observing things in nature and in the classroom or laboratory. * learn about apes - dinosaurs from fossils, the records and remains of ancient living things * learn about the causes of cancer from specific observations - eating habits of owls by identifying the remains of prey in such pellets - make up and energy levels of atoms by studying UV rays - from the society they live in, such as from teachers - much from comparing the structures of different proteins - the age of rocks by measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes in the rocks - to be skeptical, to question the accuracy of our ideas - whole lots * leave universities. * like to break up time into different periods just as historians do - define aging as a decline in functionality - find empirical explanations to account for past superstitions and prejudices - keep their animals visible so they can focus on a certain characteristic - use equations to predict the outcome of events * link a single gene to longer life in mice - increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to Antarctica's rising temperatures - radiation and cancer * list different events as signs of global warming. * lists the elements in the periodic table in order of atomic number. * live and work in an underwater habitat. * look at death - fur and scat collections to track animals - genetic evidence * look for ancestors and descendants through geologic time - similarities in behavior, coloration, body structure, and genetic makeup - similarity - ways to fight diseases that affect our lungs - to penguins to gauge the health of our oceans and, in a larger sense, earth * love graphs, because they are a way to look at complex data in a visual way - lasers for their precision and power - to share information * maintain distinction * make a general identification of viruses by the size of their coat proteins - all sorts of claims to know about the causes of things, like how plants make oxygen - cells immortal Scientists have discovered a way of making cells immortal - certain assumptions - correct hypotheses - decisions - hypotheses and theories about their fields of study - monoclonal antibodies by fusing two kinds of cells * make new discoveries years before people are ready to accept their ethical consequences - hair follicles in humans without using drugs - preparation - progress - recent discoveries - startle discoveries - term climate predictions * manufacture pharmaceutical products through chemical synthesis. * map a bacterium's genetic code - first structure in important family of proteins * mask certain antigens on the porcine cells that trigger the immune response. * may have assistants. * measure a number of different decay processes - earthquakes by using an instrument called a seismograph - energy in units called joules - heat in something called joules - light transmittance with balloons - magnetic fields in units of teslas and gauss - primary production and the amount of animals in a system in terms of carbon - radiation's effect on humans in units called rems - ranges - reactions in the gas phase , on surfaces and in water * measure the amount of pore space by determining the rock's porosity - radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray - amplitude in atmospheres - force needed to shear muscles - intensity of light coming from any source in units called lumens - jaguar's temperature, pulse, and respiration rate - ozone layer to see if it is getting thinner - rate of breakdown in half lives - salt content of tide water in parts per thousand - volume in cubic units, such as liters, cubic meters, gallons and ounces * model magnetic forces using field lines. * monitor bear reproduction and mortality to assess population trends - global air pollution from space - various methods * move nests that are too close to the water to safer areas or to hatcheries. * must have computer skills - excellent computer skills * naturally use and build upon the works of others. * need basic information - such information * never function in isolation. * normally work in groups, and social interactions are critical to their work. * note that the size of a bear's range is determined by the amount of available food. * notice structural similarities between fossils of a land animal and an aquatic organism. * now agree that thermonuclear reactions are the source of solar energy. * now believe that global warming and greenhouse gas pollution are related - lobsters do very little thinking and feel almost no pain - pets and wild animals have feelings * now believe that the dark bands represent elements in the sun's atmosphere - top quark's mass is about equal to that of an atom of gold * now believe they can bring back extinct animals such as dodo birds - know how cannabis works in the brain - chart changes in a pig's body composition as it grows - consider fungi to be a separate Kingdom that is nearly one billion years old - describe the possible positions of electrons in terms of probability * now know that X rays are one of several forms of electromagnetic radiation - at least half the heat is carried by vast ocean currents - humans are genetically wired for walking - light can be described as a train of waves that carries energy * now know that many cases of male infertility have genetic origins - factors besides the food itself affect blood glucose levels - other infections can be transmitted during sex - spirulina extracts can protect hamsters from herpes virus and cancer - the creation of stars is an evolutionary process that is still ongoing - the variations and locations of many genetic markers on each human chromosome - make polymers with particular properties - recognize pesticides as a threat to groundwater quality and drinking water supplies * now recognize that they understand only a fraction of olfaction - wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems - the crucial role that nutrition plays in supporting immune function * now think epigenetics can play a role in the development of some cancers - supermassive black holes are a fundamental part of what a galaxy actually is * now think that the solar activity influences the Earth's weather in some way - women can also ejaculate when they have an orgasm - understand that good feelings relate to chemicals known as endorphins * now use phylogeny, mathematics, and other computations to date fossils - the theory of evolution to explain how a larval and pupal stage came to be * observe and study living cells using microscopes which can magnify objects - annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water - apparent effects - how a set of mosquitoes, for example, behave in a village - recessive patterns - things, and then they try to explain their observations * offer contributions - specific recommendations * often age an animal by looking at the enamel growth layers on the animal's teeth - assume the existence of an objective reality, which is the object of their study - battle disease or infection with drugs that block the receptors an invader seeks * often categorize fossils as either trace fossils or body fossils - mutualism into two types, obligate mutualism and facultative mutualism - compare Titan to the early Earth, before life began * often compare the binding of proteins to a key matching a lock - to a key matching with a lock - consult the fossil record when considering issues of evolution - disagree about scientific evidence and hypotheses - do different kinds of experiments to cross check their results - express considerable uncertainty about the dangers of a particular substance - find solutions to problems by knowing the results of other scientists' experiments * often have different perspectives and views on what is important - to use specific amounts of liquid in order to conduct experiments - like to think of themselves as dispassionate seekers of knowledge - look to the Arctic for indications of the effects of global warming - make inferences based on their observations * often refer to beavers as the engineers of the animal world - sex as a biological tradeoff - spend an extended period of time examining individual images * often study the tools, clothes, utensils, homes, and weapons of early civilizations - wildlife to determine the qualify of our environment - talk about an ideal world where laws uniformly apply * often use a small world in a laboratory to study - animals in their research - different species in the laboratory for research into human organ development - equations as models of natural processes - homology to support the theory of evolution - numbers that are so large or so small that they dazzle and confuse the mind - phycobilins to track tumor cells - pure compounds, with known solubilities and robust toxic end points - rates to express quantities and to make changes from one unit to another - sophisticated instruments to measure the exact pH of a substance - statistical formulas to calculate an estimate of the amount of sampling error - such devices to measure vibrations and tiny fluctuations in pressure - vectors to graphically represent numerical problems - work from experiments of nature * only understand the function of a relatively tiny fraction of our genes at present. * organize all life on earth into groups based on shared traits - the elements into a table called the periodic table * participate in public affairs both as specialists and as citizens. * pay attention to high acidity because it can kill fish, frogs and trees - close attention - much attention * perform a lot of experiments to observe important things - remarkable experiments - successful experiments * place great faith in the evidence of our senses - living things in groups based on the features that the living things share * play a major role in the swelling tide of consciousness. * possess quality. * predict rising sea levels, freak weather patterns, storms, floods and tidal waves - summers to become warmer while winters become far wetter - when flares are going to happen by looking at their magnetic fields * prepare summaries. * present evidence * pretend that planets and stars have a line drawn through their middles. * pride themselves on being able to share information and resources, share samples. * produce evidence - solid evidence - vaccines from either dead or live viruses * propose areas - frameworks - hypotheses to explain facts and they are usually correct in their predictions - interference - notions * propose that either women or men can be immunized against proteins vital to fertility - the seabed's hot springs are the birthplace of all life on Earth * prove that linguistic capacity is present even without speech and hearing. * provide compel evidence - suggestions - descriptions - paper - several books * pursue degrees * question fundamental theories * rank bamboos among the most primitive of grasses. * realize theories. - five major mass extinctions in the Earth's history - genus - potential problems - that various materials can conduct electricity in different ways * record results. * refer to each other by their proper degrees and academic affiliations - species using both their genus and species name * refer to the entire range of photon energies as the electromagnetic spectrum - sticky molecules as CAMs, or cellular adhesion molecules - time as the fourth dimension - warm-blooded animals as endothermic or homeothermic * regard the tarsier as the oldest mammal now inhabiting the earth. * regularly tap into biological systems to find solutions for human problems. * reject notions. * rely heavily on direct observation and physical laws. * rely on computerised climate models to make their predictions about climate change - technology to enhance the gathering and manipulation of data * remain divided on why people have different urinary responses to eating asparagus. * repeat measurements. * report a global loss of amphibians including salamanders, newts and toads * report that eating turkey sandwiches causes pancreatic cancer - only a quarter of infants survive their first year of life - some kinds of trees exude certain chemicals when they are under stress - taller men have greater reproductive success - two experimental drugs decrease the duration and severity of influenza - thousands of birds there have perished from throat parasites * represent expertise - the invisible magnetic field by drawing magnetic field lines * require information. * require specific information - soil information * research marine life, ocean water, pollution, marine plants, and ocean salts * routinely design experiments, analyze data, and write papers in groups - use models to depict, test, and refine their ideas - work together over the internet and exchange ideas, manuscripts, and data * say Earth was bombarbed by large meteorites millions of years ago - Nigerian oil flares are the single biggest cause of global warming - a dog's mouth is cleaner than a human's mouth - all planets are solid - animals' thoughts and feelings also affect their actions - any ice on the moon probably came from comets falling into deep craters at the poles - bergs are a part of the natural cycle - children who sleep with a light on are more likely to grow up myopic or near-sighted - depression is linked to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine - extra heat in the atmosphere makes thunderstorms stronger - freshwater plumes from the great rivers can go hundreds of miles out to sea - genetics probably plays a role in the graying process - gluten molecules are heavy and non-volatile - infected mosquitoes bite wild birds, such as crows, robins and starlings - laughter increases the production of antibodies that fight upper respiratory disease - lavender oil stimulates the brain - liquid water seems essential to life - mad cow disease is spread in cattle by tainted animal feed - mustard gas can cause genetic damage - other fireworks which emit red, green or white light give off less dioxins - pigeons carry diseases harmful to human beings - reefs around the world are threatened by coral bleaching - species are always going extinct, but usually at a much slower pace - sperm whales are hard to track because they surface less often than balleen whales * say that alligators have the most acidic stomachs in the animal kingdom - blue slows down the heart rate and green helps prevent eyestrain - carbon dioxide key contributor to global warming - certain kinds of shark lived in prehistoric times with the dinosaurs - earthly life has been around nearly four billion years - electricity is the quantity of electric charge - fifty thousand thoughts pass through the average person in a day - good color vision helps animals find food on the land or in the water - inhaling one millionth of an ounce of plutonium can cause a fatal cancer - many tropical plants are on the verge of extinction - success, independent of money, can affect people's health - sugar and salt are soluble in water since they completely dissolve * say that the average infant cries two to three hours per day - earth is experiencing a wave of extinction - universe is constantly expanding - there are three different races of orca * say the biggest sources of dioxins are meat and dairy products - human genome contains nearly all the information needed to make a human being - nitrogen oxide emissions also contribute to smog and acid rain - ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from ultraviolet light - pill works by relaxing certain tissues, allowing blood to flow in - there have been three ice ages in the past * say they believe the acetic acid in vinegar liquefies minerals in bones and shells - can genetically alter pigs so that they produce cleaner excrement - urban areas stay hot in the summer because heat is trapped in concrete and metal - water from Earth's interior reaches the surface in a similar fashion * say, strong sunlight thousand times stronger thanordinary electric light. - promise for treating many diseases, especially aging disorders - the industry primarily as a source of new compounds or medicines * seek to discover and understand nature's laws - understand the molecular structure of proteins and viruses * select samples. * sense mystery in the vast tracts of genes and DNA that have unknown functions. * set up stations. * shake heads. * share information and data with each other - with children a natural curiosity about the world * shine a laser at the moon, and measure the time it takes to reflect back. - how the chemical origin of life is compatible with certain natural laws - scale behavior - that genetic factors affect motherhood * sign documents. * sometimes compare the human brain to a computer - rainforest to a giant sponge that soaks up water from heavy rains - neglect to distinguish between living systems and their artifacts - take baby eagles away from their parents - use lenses to concentrate or spread a beam of light - write a key to how to classify things * speak in terms of half lives. * specialize in areas * speculate hydrogen is probably present in the form of water ice - that smoking and heavy drinking impair the body's ability to fight infection * spend six to nine hours a day in the water and often venture out at night as well. * spin microscopic particles with laser beams. * start with some basic numbers in order to figure out how much owls eat. * still argue over whether viruses ARE organisms - debate over the identity and genetic relationships of some shrew species - have vastly different ideas over the approximate age of our universe - proclaim the power of the atom to transform our everyday lives in benign ways - use Latin for naming living things * study Greenland ice because it is sensitive to climate change - bats to find ways to help blind people be more mobile - butterflies because they are very visible and are a good example of other insects - cells to learn a lot about the whole human body and what makes it healthy or sick - disease using animal models - diseases to find out how they are caused - earthquakes by using instruments that measure the seismic waves in the ground - ecology at different levels - fossil remains in order to discover the early climate and plant life of a region * study fossils to discover how fish developed through the ages - learn about how the world has changed - global warming and pollution and their possible effects on worldwide weather * study ice cores to find out how the climate was in the past - look for records of the Earth's past climate - living animals for clues to how dinosaurs stood and moved - local vegetation, water systems, and wildlife - mass coral spawning on reefs in Florida - meteorites for clues to the types of material that formed the planets - mutations in order to A. understand more about the nature of genes - olfaction and what attracts moths - only the physical processes by which life on earth has unfolded - operations - space in many ways - sunspots and other solar phenomena , so they can know what they do to Earth - terminal moraines to see where the glacier flowed and how quickly it moved * study the effects of gravity on the body using centrifuges - low levels of radiation - nuts on cardiovascular health - habits of elephants in central Africa - light reflected by different parts of a comet - nervous system for two main reasons - universe, and invent experiments to explore space - way the parts of nature work - topics - twins to look for the genetic basis of disorders such as drug abuse - volcanoes to prevent people from getting hurt or killed - watershed processes, wildlife and fisheries, and their associated habitats - watersheds to learn how much water is available to meet people's needs - weather, ozone, climate change and pollution of the atmosphere - what makes man different from animals - why more women are affected than men * studying Mars hypothesize that if water moves about the planet, it does so as vapor - asthma say interacting with other kids seems to help children's immune systems - tree rings look for wide rings, signifying a warmer year * suggest nutrients - that breeding happens throughout the year, in tropical regions * support darwin theories * surmise that dolphins have a language too complex for man to interpret - laughter helps ease stress and in turn, helps the body stave off disease * suspect sperm whales hunt by using sound as a weapon. * suspect that bryostatin works by driving long-living cancer cells to commit suicide - planets in other solar systems have atmospheres as well - some ozone sinks from the stratosphere into the troposphere - wood frog tadpoles prey on chorus tadpoles * switch memory recall on and off in fruit flies. * take advantage - approaches - censuses - conservative approaches - diverse approaches - genetic material from a cell in an adult's body and fuse it with an empty egg cell - inspiration - the sun's temperature by looking at the light from the sun - water samples * talk about eras like the Mesozoic era , when dinosaurs lived on the Earth - in terms of linkages, genes being associated with a certain trait * tend to be isolated from the general public - less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers - categorize everything and matter is no different - the fetus to detect various genetic disorders at early stages * theorize that a thin ice crust is floating on top of liquid water - collisions of astral bodies created the planets in our solar system - hydrocarbon rain and snow drizzle down to the surface - rising magma met up with ground water, creating highly pressurized steam - the surface is an ocean of liquid methane or ethane * therefore call ferns and mosses that reproduce without the use of seeds non-seed plants. * think Earth formed billions of years ago - started off as a waterless mass of rock - Earth's solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust - Mars once had oceans and an atmosphere - a hormone called androgen plays a role in acne - asteroids are the rocky remains of large objects that collided in space - centrifugal and tangential forces shifted Earth's solid mass - chondrites are some of the oldest rocks in the solar system - comets are made up from materials like magnesium, aluminum and silicon - dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward - flares are produced by a sudden release of energy from solar magnetic fields - it plays a key role in aging - milky seas are produced by bioluminescent bacteria on the surface of the ocean - of the pupa as very similar to the nymph stage in incomplete metamorphosis - some kinds of cancer can run in families - supernovae are the source of materials that planets like our earth are built of - thalidomide works by altering the immune system * think that Trilobites reproduced sexually,so do mostly all arthropods now day - atom microscopes, atom interferometers, and even atom lasers are possible - clouds made up of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide exist at higher pressures - cortisol has possibly hundreds of effects in the body - giant rocks in space smashed together when Earth was forming - glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration - huge meteors caused craters in our moon - macaws mate for life, producing one to three young each year - methylation can change a lot in the DNA of any cell - more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else - most asteroids are the result of collisions between larger rocky space bodies - neurons are the most diverse kind of cell in the body - once pigeons mate, they stay together for life - one early cell gave rise to all subsequent life on Earth - only about half of the small songbirds survive migration - photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria produced the oxygen - pigeons can detect the Earth's magnetic fields - plates move because of convection currents in the mantle * think that solar systems are created out of a huge cloud of gas - winds blew away the water and gases in the atmosphere above Mars - some animals use landscape maps when they migrate * think that the bodies of prehistoric sea animals and plants became trapped in sediments - colors are due to sulfur compounds or organic materials in the atmosphere - earliest bony fish had lungs - entire crust of the Earth is broken into big pieces called plates - human body is very much like other animals - nose leaves help the bats send the sounds in different directions - real world approximates equations * think that there are really four different shapes of snow crystals - is liquid water under the ground on some moons, for example Europa * think the body's immune system plays a part in causing excess collagen deposits - frogs' poisons come from the insects and arthropods they eat - longer shelf life of bottled water gives bacteria more time to grow in it - pale red color comes from complex organic molecules mixed in with the ice - sounds are created just below the animals' blowhole, in their nasal passages - toxins in the skin come from the frogs' diets * think they left no descendants, as modern birds evolved from other prehistoric birds - live in pairs - spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean - tiger stripes act as camouflage that help tigers hide from their prey * thrive on uncertainty and problem-solving. * thus believe sea otters contribute significantly to the overall marine ecosystem. * to assess conditions - health conditions - collect samples * to develop alternatives - management strategies - other alternatives * to draw broad conclusions - examine methods * to explain forces * to explore methods * to find explanations - proper explanations - get permission - identify plants * to investigate occurrences - learn about aspects - monitor situations - obtain information - predict effects - recognize patterns * to study effects * to test samples * to understand causes - circulation patterns - human impact - use equipment * transform data into pictures by connecting data icons to program icons. * trap a gas of atoms and use magnets to remove the hottest atoms. * travel around the world to study earthquakes and volcanoes - to plate boundaries, many of which are located in deep ocean waters * try to explain phenomena and solve problems using evidence - figure out how the natural world works - guess, from limited observations, the rules by which nature operates - make objective decisions based on fact - solve problems without ideology * try to understand nature - what processes are going on in the interior of stars * try to use animal species with body functions that are similar to humans - models of dendritic growth to predict a metal's strength and malleability * turn leaves into petals - to lichens as indicators of air quality * typically present their data in two-dimensional graphs, charts or figures - receive all or most of their education within the same disciplines - use a tool called an anemometer to measure the speed of the wind * uncover knowledge. - how computers work * understand the health effects of high levels of radiation - mind in only small ways - why resistance develops to pesticides - work hypotheses * undertake tasks. * use DNA sequencing to understand relationships among life on Earth - X-rays to observe and record protein molecule positions locked within the crystals * use a body mass index figure to determine who is overweight and obese - characteristic to classify animals into two groups - scientific method to investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge - seven-level system to classify organisms - similar method to measure the volume of objects that are irregularly shaped * use a variety of instruments in order to measure an item of their interest - methods to determine the composition of materials - techniques to trap animals in the rainforest - tools to investigate the nature of stars, galaxies, and the universe - advanced mathematics, while ordinary people use simple math * use an electroencephalograph to measure brain waves during sleep - instrument called an anemometer to measure how fast the wind is blowing - orderly approach to learn new information and to solve problems - analyses - binomial nomenclature, which two-word system, to name organisms - boron when they make fiberglass - both numbers and letters on a compass to measure wind direction - chlorine to make paper white - chromatography to separate different chemicals - classification systems to show how organisms are related - clinostats to simulate the growth of plants in microgravity - computation tools to solve many different types of problems * use computer models to help in the effort to predict future earthquakes - make their best guesses about future changes in climate - predict where hurricanes are going to strike * use computers to do simulations of things they are studying - study protein folding - deuterons as bombarding particles in particle accelerators - devices to generate radio waves at the surface of an ice sheet * use diagrams called cladograms to illustrate evolutionary relationships - to show a basic outline of relationships between different populations - dielectric mirrors for communications and high-powered lasers - different methods to determine marine mammal life spans - diffraction gratings to break up light into many wavelengths - dorsal fins to identify individual dolphins - echosounding to follow the movement of zooplankton and other animals - electrodes and amplifiers to map the brain's electrical activity - experiments called bioassays to determine the effects of chemicals on living things - formulae - fossil evidence - genes for antibiotic resistance when they manipulate genes in the laboratory - graphic software - hormones to stimulate egg production - hot spots to measure the speed of tectonic plates relative to a fixed point - inductive reasoning to formulate general laws from specific observations - information about topography to help in their studies of plants and animals - infrared images to tell the temperature of the Earth - instruments to collect data about the location and behavior of marine mammals - it to match up carbohydrates, proteins and other molecules like a puzzle - keys to classify relationships of birds - lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures - magnetic force as a probe of nature * use many instruments to detect ozone and other ingredients of the atmosphere - tools to look at things like crystals * use many types of devices to detect and measure infrared light - models to visualize concepts about the real world - math to organize, analyze, and present data * use mathematical functions to assess the spread of diseases - logic when everyone else uses statistics - microwaves to make chalcopyrite, a semi-conductor, made of copper * use models are used to describe the structure of Earth - of dendritic growth to try to predict a metal s strength and malleability * use mutant zebra fish to learn how vertebrate embryos develop - zebrafish to learn how vertebrate embryos develop - optical illusions to study how the brain allows itself to be tricked - owl pellets to determine what owls eat - patterns to create models that simulate the environment - projective tests to measure motivational theory - properties or characteristics of living things when they are classifying, too - purposes - qualitative methods - radar images to further their understanding of the planet's volatile surface * use radio collars to track the movements of polar bears - waves to monitor weather, national defense and space exploration * use radioactive dating to determine how many years ago an event happened - the time in years ago that an event happened - rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in * use scientific names to identify all living things - signify into what groups living things belong - seismic imaging techniques to map the geological structure below the earth's surface - seismographs to monitor nuclear tests - seismometers to determine the location and strength of earthquakes - sidescan sonar to map features on the bottom of the ocean and Great Lakes * use similar approaches - space-grown crystals to determine the molecular structure of proteins and viruses * use special tools to observe animals - types of electron microscopes to see viruses - specimens in natural history museums to categorize new plants and animals - spectral data to identify and measure the abundance of elements in the sun and stars - spectrometers to measure wavelengths of light - stains to help see different biological structures - statistics to summarise variation as best they can - stem cells to create bone in mice - subscripts to identify how many of each atom makes up the molecule - supercomputers to model tiny snowflakes or the entire Arctic region - tables, diagrams, and texts to compare information - tarantula venum to experiment on bugs and insects - technological tools to collect and measure earthquake statistics and data * use technology and technologists use science - telescopes and spacecraft to study satellites and their parent planets * use the Earth to study all the other planets - beaks to estimate the size of squid - distinct sounds made underwater by different size raindrops to measure rainfall - knowledge to study and explain our world and the universe - micron to describe electromagnetic radiation - scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature * use the term albedo to define the percentage of solar energy reflected back by a surface - entropy to describe how much energy has become unusable - evapotranspiration to describe both processes - piebald to refer to areas of pure white hair and pink skin underneath * use the word 'sample' to describe an object that is being observed under a microscope - density, saying that liquid water is more dense than ice - organelle to describe a cell's different parts - their brains preferentially to search for intelligible structure in the world - thermodynamics for many reasons - transgenic sheep, for example, to produce medically useful proteins - two major types of events to break up the Earth's history - two-hybrid systems to study a number of protein classes - underwater vehicles to study marine biology, geology, or archeology - various tools - vectors to represent plate motion on maps - wading birds as a measure of a wetland ecosystem's environmental health - weather forecasts to fight disease - wind tunnels with artificially controlled airflow to study aerodynamics * usually classify organisms accor ding to their similarities - conduct research in laboratories using a wide variety of other equipment - define the natural communities on the basis of vegetation - inquire about how physical, living, or designed systems function * usually measure air density in kilograms per cubic meter - the distance from one gene to the next in both directions - record data in an orderly way * usually think about science in terms of their discipline or subdiscipline - of farmers as collecting seeds in a clumsy way - use the metric system of measurement * value every part of the electromagnetic spectrum. * view nature through a lens that has been molded by their social experience - space and time as one object, called spacetime * visit facilities - observatory facilities * widely believe chlorofluoro-carbons, or CFCs, have reduced ozone in the upper atmosphere. * will have confidence * work alone, but they also work in teams. * work for departments - governments , companies , schools and research institutes * work in areas - dairy cattle industries - largely through experimentation, disregarding unsubstantiated ideas and theories * work on problems - to uncover the secrets and develop orderly descriptions of nature * work with developer - farmers and zoos to save cheetahs - geothermal developer * working in different fields define the ranges of wavelength differently. - sell books + Absolute zero: Temperature :: Thermodynamics * In theory, 'absolute zero' is the temperature where the particles of matter stop moving. Absolute zero is impossible to achieve, because all particles move, even if it is just a small vibration. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures. + Acellular: Biology * Acellular' or 'Non-cellular life' is life that exists without a cellular structure. Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form. + Antarctica, History of its discovery, People: Gondwana * People of the Antarctic live in there for a short time to learn more about Antarctica, so most of the people who live there are scientists. They study the weather, animals, glaciers, and the air around our earth. Some scientists drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago. People who work in the Antarctic must be very careful, because a blizzard can start any time and any where. When they go far away from their shelter, they must always take lots of food just in case. + Atheism, Atheism in daily life: Religion :: Philosophy :: Society :: Lifestyles * Many scientists practice what they call methodological naturalism. They silently adopt philosophical naturalism and use the scientific method. Their belief in a god does not affect their results. Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. Revised May 2007. + Atmospheric chemistry, Methodology, Lab measurements: Environmental chemistry * Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients. + Australian megafauna, Extinction: Lists of animals :: Animals of Australia * Scientists have been unable to agree on the reasons the megafauna became extinct. Miller, G. H. 2005. Climate change, which made the country much drier during an Ice Age about 18,000 years ago, may have also have led to the extinction of the megafauna. Some scientists say that climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna. This argument does not allow for the fact that the megaufaunal species had lived through two million years of climate changes. They had lived through a number of dry times before their sudden extinction. + Beamline, Synchrotron radiation beamline: Nuclear physics :: Synchrotron instrumentation :: Materials science * Regarding synchrotrons, a 'beamline' is the instrumentation that carries beams of synchrotron radiation to an experimental end station, which uses the radiation produced by the bending magnets and insertion devices in the storage ring of a synchrotron light source. A typical application for this kind of beamline is crystallography. Scientists also use synchrotron light in many other ways. + Beluga whale, Description: Toothed whales * This melon holds oil, and the whale is able to change its shape. Scientists believe that it has something to do with the whale's echolocation system. They have one blowhole. Beluga means 'white one' in Russian. Unlike most other cetaceans, the beluga's seven neck vertebrae are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck. + Cassowary, Description: Birds of Australia :: Ratites :: Endangered species :: Flightless birds :: Struthioniformes * Cassowaries have three toes on each foot. Each has a sharp claw. The middle toe has a claw like a dagger, which is long. Because a cassowary can kick, this claw is very dangerous and can hurt or kill enemies. Scientists believe they can run up to. + Clam, Clinging clams: Bivalves :: Seafood * Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide. If you go to the beach and see little holes that appear in the sand each times the waves go away, it is probable that clams made them. Scientists classify clams by how far down they dig and what kind of surface they dig into. Some burrow less than an inch under the sand, while others dig several inches below the surface. + Dengue fever, Research: Diseases spread by insects :: Diseases caused by viruses * Scientists keep doing research on ways to prevent and treat dengue. * Scientists keep working on creating a vaccine to protect people from all four types of dengue. The best possible vaccine would have a few different qualities. First, it would be safe. Third, it would protect against all types of the dengue virus. A few vaccines had been tested by 2009. + Dolphin, Dolphins and humans, Dolphin therapy * Scientists announce that they have created a form of synthetic life. + Dopamine reuptake inhibitor: Neurology :: Drugs * Dopamine is a type of brain chemical called a neurotransmitter. Dopamine has many jobs and responsibilities in the brain. Scientists think dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward. Dopamine affects dreams, motivation, and sexual gratification, too. + Dugong: Sirenia :: Mammals of Australia * The dugong is a migratory animal, but very slow moving. Studies by James Cook University showed that while many dugongs traveled less than , some went as far as. Scientists believe that dugongs move long distances for several reasons. They may be looking for food, as cyclones or floods can affect the seagrass. Males may be following females, or looking for their own territory. If the water gets cold, less than 17 degrees Centigrade, they will travel to warmer areas. + Ejaculation, Men, First ejaculation * Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty, which is when his body starts changing into a man's body. Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams usually stop happening. + Ejaculation: Female reproductive system :: Male reproductive system * Scientists now think that women can also ejaculate when they have an orgasm. They also think that the fluid is produced by the Skene's glands. This fluid contains glucose and fructose, which are kinds of sugars, and other chemicals. + Eland: Even-toed ungulates * When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Scientists take it as a form of communication in elands. + Energetics * Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends. + Era: Units of time :: Geology * In historical geology an 'era' is a very long time, many millions of years in the Geologic time scale. Scientists talk about eras like the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth. + Extra-sensory perception: Occult :: Pseudoscience * The study of extra-sensory perception is part of parapsychology. Most scientists think of it as pseudoscience. + Falsifiability: Philosophy of science + Fermium: Chemical elements * It has an atomic number of 100, which makes it at position 100 at the periodic table. Scientists can create it by combining plutonium with neutrons at very high speeds and temperatures. It is named after Enrico Fermi. + Formation and evolution of the Solar System * Scientists think that solar systems are created out of a huge cloud of gas. The process by which the solar systems are created is called the Nebular Theory. The spin of the planets around the Sun, and each around its own axis was first caused by the original gas cloud having different density in different places. The spin increased as an effect of the contraction under gravity. So did the flatness of the solar system overall shape. + Giant squid, History: Cephalopods * Then, in the late 18th century, several giant squids washed up on shore, proving that giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean. + Human body, The human body and other animals * Scientists think that the human body is very much like other animals. They see that some human 'behaviors' are like animal behaviors. + Ice core * Scientists study ice cores to find out how the climate was in the past. The ice keeps information like gases, particles, ash from volcanoes. The type of water that forms the ice can be used to calculate the temperature of Earth. * He is just publishing papers. All scientists do that. + Intelligence quotient, Problems, Test does not measure intelligence: Intelligence :: Giftedness * Some scientists dispute psychometrics entirely. Harvard professor and paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence tests were based on faulty assumptions and showed their history of being used as the basis for scientific racism. + International Bureau of Weights and Measures: Measurement :: Scientific organizations :: Paris :: 1875 establishments * It was established in 1875 and has laboratories and offices. Scientists use the laboratories to compare measurements that are made in different countries. The offices are used for meetings where scientists discuss the best way to make sure that all countries use the same measurements. + Jungle: Forests :: Biomes * The 'jungle' is a forest in a tropical place. In jungles, it rains a lot. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When many people talk about jungles, they may also mean rainforests. They have lots of rivers or streams. + Jupiter, Structure, Cloud layers: Very good articles * Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia. There may also be clouds of water vapour similar to clouds on Earth. Spacecrafts such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet. Scientists think it was water vapour because lightning needs water vapour. These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth. + List of seas, Seas which are not on Earth: Lists + Logarithm, Properties of logarithms, Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications: Mathematics * Numbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s. Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table. + Minerals, Chemical properties, Definite chemical makeup: Natural resources * Scientists can classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical makeup. Though there are thousands of different minerals, only about 30 are common in Earth's crust. These 30 minerals make up most rocks in the crust. For that reason, they are called rock-forming minerals. + Moss: Botany :: Bryophytes :: Plant taxonomy + Narcolepsy, Causes: Neurology :: Sleep * Some scientists think that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain which wakes people up and regulates sleep. However, It is not yet known for sure what causes it. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes. + Naturalism (philosophy), Method and science: Epistemology :: Philosophy of science * Many scientists use the scientific method for their research. Barbara Forrest 2000. + Nature: Bionics * The words 'nature' and 'natural' are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. Things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies and much more are part of nature. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts. + Need: Philosophy :: Psychology * Some scientists study the needs of human or animal minds and bodies. The study of the mind is called psychology - 'words about the mind'. The study of bodily needs is part of medicine. * The 'Arctic' is the area around the Earth's North Pole. The Arctic includes parts of Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Lapland and Svalbard as well as the Arctic Ocean. It is an ocean, but it is always frozen, so it is solid ice. Most scientists call the area north of the treeline Arctic. Trees will not grow when the temperatures get too cold. The forests of the continents stop when they get too far north or too high up a mountain. The place where in the trees stop is called the treeline. * Scientists believe that intelligence can be measured or tested. A type of intelligence test would be solving many problems in a very short time. Most of the problems have to do with seeing things, or telling what a rotated shape would look like. Other tests have to do with words or the understanding of language. Since many of the words on the language tests come from Latin, this part of an Intelligence Quotient might measure how much a person has learned or understands Latin. + Nuclear magnetic resonance, How it works: Nuclear physics * A key idea of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. This resonance is used in imaging techniques. If a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Scientists try to use the highest possible magnetic fields to get the best image quality. + Penetrometer: Geology :: Measuring tools * A 'Penetrometer' is a device to test the strength of soil. There are many different types of 'penetrometer'. They are usually round or cone shaped. The 'penetrometer' is dropped on soil or it is pressed against soil to measure how deep a hole it makes. This is a way to decide if soil is strong enough to build a road on. Scientists can use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil. Penetrometers are used on space probes such as the Cassini-Huygens probe, to measure the amount of moisture in soil on other planets. + Poltergeist: Folklore * Poltergeists will bother only their focus. They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents. Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis. + Protein Data Bank: Chemistry :: Proteins * The PDB is useful for scientists studying structural biology and structural genomics. Many scientists have to send their information to the database. The PDB has the original or primary data. Hundreds of other databases reuse the data. These secondary databases organize the information in different ways. For example, both SCOP and CATH put structures into groups organized by type of structure and ideas about how they are related through evolution. Gene ontology puts the data into groups based on genes. + Puberty, Body changes in males, Sex organs grow bigger: Physiology :: Human sexuality * Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty. For some boys, the first ejaculation takes place when they are sleeping. This is called a nocturnal emission or a wet dream. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen. A male masturbates when he rubs his penis to make himself feel good sexually. The study also found that most boys who have their first ejaculation by masturbating do this a year or more earlier than boys who have their first ejaculation through a wet dream. Kinsey, 'Sexual Behavior in the Human Male', p. 299. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams often stop happening because semen is taken out from his body regularly. + Rainforest, The five layers * Most scientists think of the rainforest in five layers. The top layer is the 'Emergent' layer. Then there is the 'canopy' layer. Under the tall canopy is the 'understory'. The understory is made up of smaller trees, vines and shrubs. The next layer is called the shrub layer, it is mainly made out of bushes. + Rat, Carriers of disease: Old World rats and mice :: Omnivores * Those rats lived in the European cities of the day, and died of the plague themselves. Some scientists believe that the plague spread faster than the rats. If this is true, the rats cannot be the main carrier. More research is needed to find out if this is true. People believe this disease was the Black Death. It killed nearly a third of the population of Europe, in many epidemics in the Middle Ages. + Rotary evaporator: Laboratory equipment :: Chemistry * If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in. + Salinity: Oceanography * Salinity' is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much table salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of salt it is 1 part per thousand. + Saturn, Planetary rings * Scientists believe that the rings are the material left after a moon broke apart. A new idea says that it was a very large moon, most of which crashed into the planet. This left a large amount of ice to form the rings, and also some of the moons, like Enceladus, which are thought to be made of ice. + Scientific method, Criterion * Scientists try to let reality speak for itself. They support a theory when its predictions are confirmed, and challenge it when its predictions prove false. Scientific researchers offer hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experiments to test these hypotheses. Since big theories cannot be tested directly, it is done by testing predictions derived from the theory. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter * Here the scientist tries to run the experiment they have designed before. Sometimes the scientist gets new ideas as the experiment is going on. Sometimes it is difficult to know when an experiment is finally over. Sometimes experimenting will be very difficult. Some scientists spend most of their lives learning how to do good experiments + Scientist, About * Scientists work for governments, companies, schools and research institutes. Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists. Scientists often make experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups. Scientific work is also carried out in laboratories. Scientists are more likely to be atheists than the rest of the general population - Types of scientists + Standard deviation: Statistics * Standard deviation is also used to measure how close a reported number is to being exactly right. For example, the standard deviation is used to find margin of error in opinion poll numbers. The reported margin of error is usually two times the standard deviation and gives the range for the true poll number. Scientists commonly report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments. They often decide that only differences bigger than two or three times the standard deviation are important. + Sugar: Carbohydrates :: Chemical compounds :: Sweeteners * Scientists call sugars carbohydrates. This is because sugars are made from carbon and water. Carbohydrates can be 'simple carbohydrates' or 'complex carbohydrates'. Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of 'many' of the smallest sugars. + Supernova, Supernovas and science * Scientists can learn things from supernova explosions. Astronomers and scientists who study cosmology often look at supernovas. They can also tell us about physics. + Swan, Description: Anatidae * The Coscoroba Swan is different to the other swans. Some scientists think it is more like a duck or a goose. It is the smaller than the other swans. This swan lives in South America. + Syphilis, Cause, Transmission (How syphilis is spread): Sexually transmitted diseases * Scientists think that there is also a fairly low risk of getting syphilis by sharing needles. + Terra Nova (TV series), Setting: American drama television series :: American science fiction television series * In the future, Earth is overcrowded. Most plants and animals are extinct. The skies are dark grey and the air is barely breathable because of pollution. The only hope for humanity to survive is in the distant past. Scientists find a way to travel to the past. They decide to send people into prehistoric times. They want to try to rebuild civilization and not repeat the mistakes they have made in their own world. The story told in the series begins in the year 2149. It continues 85 million years in the past. + Testicle, Function, Making sperm: Anatomy of the male reproductive system :: Glands * As well as being chemical-producing glands, testicles are gonads. Apart from 'hormones', the other important substances made by the testicles are spermatozoa, which are generally just called sperm. Scientists call making sperm 'spermatogenesis'. Boys begin making sperm when they start growing into men, at a time of life called puberty. + Thermodynamics, Uses of thermodynamics * Scientists use thermodynamics for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not. Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks. + Will o' the wisp * Scientists try to use a natural explanation. Some says they are gas, like methane, that goes up from the ground and burns. Other people says they are electric things, like ball lightning.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Agricultural scientist * Many agricultural scientists work in basic or applied research and development * Most agricultural scientists agree that farm soils are generally overworked and mineral deficient. * Some agricultural scientists are consultants to business firms, private clients, or to government. * continue to develop new crops or modify existing crops. * foster and encourage the use of natural enemies to combat plant pests. * recognize importance. * test crops varieties or cultural practices in small plots.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Archaeologist * DON'T dig up dinosaurs, palaeontologists dig up dinosaurs. * Many archaeologists also are anthropologists - look to modern Native peoples to determine the importance of birds * Many archaeologists work for academia as researchers - the federal government * Most archaeologists do begin work at an academic level to gain practical experience. * Some archaeologists believe that mummification occurred through a natural drying process - specialize in marine archaeology, most often exploring sunken ships - study things that are now underwater - suggest that early societies employed baskets extensively * Some archaeologists work in cultural resource management * also concern themselves with literate societies of the past - dig in layers that relate to each level of human occupation or activity - seek the origins of humans' capacity for creativity and symbolic expression - try to put pieces of artifacts together like a puzzle - use larger tools, like shovels and even backhoes, to move great amounts of dirt * apply scientific methods by formulating plans to gather and analyze data. * are anthropologists, after all. * are concerned only with the material remains left by human communities - with understanding societies that existed in the past * are interested in discovering a bygone people's culture, technology, and behavior - much older artifacts, from the prehistoric or historic past - painting a picture of our past by examining what was left behind * are interested in the human story through a study of the things they left behind - people who like to travel and work outside - perhaps one of the more popular types of anthropologists in the eye of the media - scientists who study people and cultures - subgroup of anthropologists who excavate the material remains of man in the past - the people that study archaeology * believe that corn traveled north from Mesoamerica, where it was first domesticated. * can work for a wide variety of employers. * classify artifacts in order to answer specific research questions. * collect and study artifacts to find out about life in the past. * develop maps. * dig up the bones of one of the biggest dinosaurs that ever lived. * discover evidence. * divide time into periods in order to make it easier to understand. * examine ancient sites and objects to learn about the past. * explore the past and examine the ice age, tools, spear points, and human adaptation. * fall within the larger occupational category of social scientists. * find depictions - skeletons * gather information by excavating artifacts and features left by past cultures. * generally try to estimate the age by cross dating with other styles or artifacts. * get dirt - to know the types of soil and how it clings to pottery or bone * identify stages. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * investigate and report about the events occurred in a particular period in history. * investigate the behavior of past human cultures - past by digging in the ground to see what they can find * is an anthropologist - the professional body for UK archaeologists * like to deal with artifacts in situ , that is, in place. * look at stratigraphy - the layers of soils and deposits in a site. * love making new and useful excavating tools from everyday objects. * mark off squares to keep track of where they are digging. * measure time differently than Bible scholars. * often dig trenches to reveal layers of earth - focus their investigations on a single site - obtain information from aerial photographs - reach conclusions based on small amounts of information gathered at a site * produce patterns - skeletal patterns * reconstruct past human lifeways through the study of cultural artifacts. * recover, preserve, and study artifacts from past human cultures. * rely on measuring tapes and notebooks under water just as on land. * search for clues to how earlier cultures developed, lived, and died. * sometimes work with museums, both pubic and private. * speculate that they served as calendars in ancient times. * spend all of their time digging - their lives dedicated to the scientific research of excavation * still dig with spades, their hands and sometimes even with toothbrushes. * study historic cultures as well as prehistoric. * study human cultures from around the world and throughout time - groups, both past and present, by looking at their material culture - material culture of the past * study past cultures and lifeways - peoples and their ways of life - people of the past through the things they left behind * study the artifacts of past cultures - human past through the material remains left by ancient cultures - material remains of past societies - relationship between human cultural adaptation and the environment * tell stories of ordinary people. * tend to classify or type artifacts and features. * think in terms of artifacts and features. * to identify sites - study cities * track down places where ancient civilizations lived. * typically study prehistory by reconstructing a society based on remains. * use a variety of tools to excavate a site - age to indicate periods of time according to cultural progress - all kinds of tools - artefacts and stratigraphic evidence, whilst historians use documents - artifacts like puzzle pieces, each one tells part of the story of a past culture - computers all the time just as scientists do in other fields of research - sheets of mylar underwater for paper * use the scientific method - study of modern social groups to help interpret their artifact assemblages - word to refer to a way of life prior to the widespread use of pottery - tools to dig in the ground and recover clues about the past - trowels to excavate features - various terms to describe their finds * wish to understand how complex societies arose. * work in any area that has been inhabited by humans - within the framework of archaeological legislation + Archaeology, Fields of interest * Archaeologists do not all study the same civilizations, they specialize in different areas of interest. Archaeologists study every civilization that is known, especially the ones where there is no written history. They can study any time period. Some archaeologists study things that are now underwater. They search for sunken ships or cities that have been lost under the sea. + Pre-history: Periods and ages in history * Some important sciences that are used to find out more about pre-history are palaeontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, and archaeology. Archaeologists study things left over from prehistory to try to understand what was happening. Anthropologists study the traces of human behavior to learn what people where doing and why.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| archaeologist: Underwater archaeologist * discover and excavate ancient shipwrecks and submerged cities. * undertake inventories and evaluations of underwater cultural resources.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Astronomer * All astronomers can do is look at the light from stars and galaxies - watch the sky * Many astronomers are physicists. * Many astronomers believe quasars are a more energetic version of nearby active galaxies - that the early solar system was a swirling cloud of dust and gas - consider the turn of the millennium a golden age for X-ray astronomy - now believe that most galaxies have massive black holes at their centres - specialise in particular areas of astronomy, called fields - theorize that Jovian lightning is also created in clouds containing water ice - think that advanced life is widespread in our galaxy * Many astronomers work at observatories and use powerful telescopes to study the universe - with the sole aim of improving scientific knowledge * Most astronomers are creatures of the night - employed by colleges and universities - assume that the gas is heated by the magnetic field that pervades the corona - believe black holes do exist and are really quite common * Most astronomers believe that comets originated at the same time as the solar system - massive black holes power quasars - quasars are unrelated to the peculiar galaxies - that, at the centre of an active galactic nuclei, lies a black hole - calculate size - create diagrams * Most astronomers describe motion - positions * Most astronomers determine ages - orbits * Most astronomers discover chemical elements - nebulas - employ scientific methods - estimate circumferences * Most astronomers examine clouds - molecular clouds * Most astronomers have observations - space telescopes * Most astronomers help citizen scientists - learn about phenomena * Most astronomers make calculations - discoveries - important discoveries - measure brightness - monitor weather patterns - now believe it is made of mostly hydrogen, liquid inside and gas on the surface - study different phenomena - understand size * Most astronomers use cameras - eyes - large telescopes - measurements - notation - optical telescopes - radio telescopes - scientific notation - tools - visit observatories * Most astronomers work full time, and sometimes have to work irregular hours - with scientists * Some astronomers accept big bang theories - become photographers * Some astronomers believe that hundreds of thousands more exist in our Galaxy - the halo formed first - build detectors - calculate brightness - come to earth - commit suicide - compare brightness * Some astronomers contribute to astronomical discoveries - many important astronomical discoveries - create maps - define measurements * Some astronomers determine angular diameters - develop theories - die in prisons * Some astronomers discover concentration - degrees - rings * Some astronomers estimate ages - dimensions - even watch for meteorite impacts on our moon during meteor showers - focus their research on objects in our solar system, such as the sun or planets - gather in the sand, under clear, bright skies to look at heavenly bodies - guess that comets have low densities, perhaps less than half that of water ice * Some astronomers have civilizations - missions - to work in museums housing planetariums - identify optical images - learn evolution - look at positions - make measurements - measure size - point out rings - predict existence - rely on techniques * Some astronomers say that comets bombarding the early Earth provided atmospheric gases too - they are the result of black holes gobbling up their companion stars - think that a gravitational or magnetic disturbance causes the nebula to collapse * Some astronomers use computers - emissions - horizons - indexes - satellites - work full time in observatories * Some astronomers work in business or private industry - offices - write paper * act as children. * adapt the Earth's orbit to make a huge rangefinder. * advocate lighting that is shielded with reflectors. * aim for shortest submillimeter wavelengths. * already know that the early history of the universe was very dynamic. * also categorize galaxies by how much energy they produce in their cores - hope to see jets of dust emerging from the comet's nucleus - measure distances, but they are on a different scale from the ones noted above - refer to a certain kind of variable star as an eclipsing binary - study stars by passing their light through a glass prism or a diffraction grating - suspect that many galaxies have extremely massive black holes at their centers * always try to make things as easy as possible for themselves. * analyze spectra and images of a celestial body to get a complete picture. * announce discoveries. * answer questions about the Sun and the solar eclipse. * apply the laws of spectroscopy in analyzing radiation from beyond Earth. * appreciate functions. * are able to calculate past and future passes of comets based on present behavior - gage the mass of the planets if they have an idea of how far away they are * are able to look back in time, by observing galaxies at ever greater distances - in detail only at the sun's closest neighbors - artwork - eager for observations of the sun's corona, or outer atmosphere * are especially interested in the voids between the superclusters - keen to predict destructive solar storms - experts on the properties of light - interested in pulsars for a number of reasons - likely to know more about astronomy and technology - people who watch and study the sky - pretty sure in general how stars form - scientists that use remote sensing to study the stars * are still uncertain about how the Earth s atmosphere formed - as to where our sun's magnetic field comes from - workers - wrong about the distances to stars and galaxies * assert that some stars are a million light-years from the earth. * attempt to understand the origins and shape of the universe. * base their studies on research and observation. * believe a star forms from a rotating cloud of dust and gas - some twenty thousand billion billion stars exist in the universe * believe that Mars once sustained life - Titan's atmosphere resembles Earth's, with clouds and rain - a single set of equations governs the structure of all stars - black holes emit strong amounts of x-rays - both types of quasars are fueled by massive black holes - many black holes are to be found in the Milky Way * believe that most comets eventually just disintegrate and disappear - galaxies harbor massive black holes at their centers - planets form from the swirling debris around nascent stars - radio telescopes offer the best way to find intelligent life in space - seven binary star systems they have observed probably contain black holes - supernovas occur in our galaxy roughly once every hundred years on average * believe that the atmosphere is being driven by heat flowing from the interior - lightning observed in Saturn is the strongest ever seen - there vast amount of dark matter surrounding our galaxy - the Kuiper Belt is filled with hundreds of thousands of small, icy objects - there's no air on there because they've never tryed to breathe up there * believe they are primordial remnants, left over from the birth of the Milky Way - volcanic vents, which are a scant few million years old - have calculated the age of the cosmos more accurately than ever before * calculate orbits based on multiple observations of an object's exact position * calibrate new telescopes with an image of a point source. * call apparent magnitude m. * call it the 'photosphere' - small stars dwarfs * can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites - discover some black holes and neutron stars because they are sources of x-rays * can estimate that time by measuring how fast the universe is expanding now - the age of the universe by studying globular clusters - examine the skies constantly and without atmospheric interference - explore the global cosmological structure of the universe - learn the most about the distant universe from rare and unusual objects - look at starlight and tell what the star is made of * can measure a cluster's age by analyzing the light of the stars within it - stars by the amount of energy that they transmit - nevertheless study the Venusian surface with radar telescopes - now measure differences as small as one-hundredth of a magnitude - prove that neutron stars exist, because they give off a unique distress signal * can tell stars are ringing when their brightness varies in characteristic ways - the mixture of elements in a star from the colour of the light it emits - then separate stars from quasars by their distinctive colors - trace the X-ray jet all the way into the neutron star * can use a filter on their telescopes to block that color of light - telescopes to look at very distant galaxies - watch the same phenomena on the sun * catch glimpses. * caution observers to never look directly at the sun, including during a solar eclipse. * challenge aspects. * characterize the morphology of a globular cluster by means of standard radii. * choose a fixed point on that circle and measure the motion of the sun from there. * claim there limit to our universe. * classify asteroids into two broad groups based on their composition - comets based on the durations of their orbits around the sun * classify galaxies according to their shape and appearance - into three major categories - most galaxies by shape as either spiral galaxies or elliptical galaxies * come from many backgrounds and countries and include both women and men. * consider any chemical element heavier than hydrogen a metal * construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. * count the galaxies that are most easy to see. * deal with quantities ranging from the truly microcosmic to the macrocosmic - some of the largest numbers * decry excessive light levels for obstructing the view of the skies. * define the reflectivity of an object in space using a term called albedo. * demonstrate existence. * describe how most asteroids orbit in a belt between Mars and Jupiter - to calculate the age of the universe * detect gamma-ray bursters almost every day - new long-period comets at the rate of about one per month - redshift of distant objects by looking at the spectra - conditions - the distance to a faraway object by measuring the object's red shift * discover about ten supernovas in distant galaxies each year - hundreds of quasars, radio galaxies, and active galaxies * discover rings around Uranus, making Saturn no longer the only planet with rings - unique link between stellar death and birth * divide stars into different spectral types. * do it in the dark - under the stars * do it with lenses - mirrors - young stars - something similar when they study the stars - the same sort of thing using the inverse square law of light * draw knowledge. * employ methods * encounter statistical issues frequently during their research. * enjoy books. * establish existence. * estimate that the universe is billions of years old - there are millions of cold clouds in the Milky Way - within that distance the sky holds roughly a million sun-like stars - the speed at which a galaxy is moving away by measuring the galaxy's red shift - there are roughly a trillion galaxies - the positions, motions, and properties of celestial objects * expect the comet to be as bright as the brightest stars when it passes Earth - northern half of the moon to be a richer red than the southern half * explain how the strength of spectral lines is related to stellar temperatures. * explain the composition of meteorites and various theories about their origin - solar nebula theory that explains how our solar system was formed * express distance in terms of redshift - the brightness of celestial objects in terms of units called magnitudes * fall in two classes - professionals and amateurs. * feel that astrology delusion. * find Saturn-sized planets in other solar systems - clumps of galaxies tied together by loose bonds of gravitation - evidence - examples - forms of the cycloidal curves in various coronas - no evidence for a systematic rotation of the universe * function like detectives, looking for clues to solve mysteries. * generally believe that Jupiter's core was formed by the accumulation of icy volatiles. * get images. * go on attacks - up into the stratosphere and make sure their instruments work right * have a model of stars as giant nuclear reactors that burn hydrogen to make helium - number of ways to measure the distance to stars - different ideas - explanations - long dreamt of a pristine observing sight with no air turbulence or pollution - more than saros periods with which to count - no control over the events that they study - several coordinate systems and several time measurement systems to choose from * have the same task when classifying stars - unique ability to look back in time as they look far out into space - their organizations as well - to tax their intellect to justify their value to society - wide-ranging opinions on the existence of extraterrestrial intelligent life * identify numerous types of dwarf galaxies, based on their shape and composition. * identify the presence of elements millions of light years away by their spectra - of light years distant by their spectra * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * keep a master list of asteroids with well-determined orbits - record of their observations * know of several variations of supernovas, but they all fall into one of two main types - pretty accurately how fast galaxies are moving by their color * know that the more massive a star is the more rapidly it evolves - younger stars are typically hotter and brighter than older stars - the universe is awash with the stuff of life * learn about interest phenomena - the final evolutionary paths of massive stars from supernovas - ringing truths about the sun - to be problem solvers and pick up lots of math and computer skills * like to measure angles in seconds of arc. * locate stars by reference to the constellations. * look for new moons, asteroids and comets by tracking their motion - the bright stars that orbit dark partners in the same way * love to talk about their hobby and are normally happy to explain things at length. * make calculations based on the sky as it is by observation at the present time - computer models of the evolution of stars - contributions - progress - total meteorite-mass measurements in a variety of ways * measure brightness in units of magnitude - the angle of stars in the sky throughout the year * measure the brightness of stars by their apparent magnitudes - in Magnitudes - distance from the sun to each planet in astronomical units - parallax of a star using Earth's orbital diameter as a baseline - resolving power of a telescope in terms of degrees * monitor patterns * name some stars by the constellation they are in and their position or brightness. * need backgrounds. * normally try to use the largest aperture they can to capture as much light as possible. * now believe that a nova consists of two stars in tight orbits around each other - blue stragglers are created by the merger of two low-mass stars - the source cloud of gas from between the stars - two are really one great belt filled with particles - estimate that there are tens of billions of galaxies in the observable universe - exploit wide regions of the full electromagnetic spectrum - know the orbits of nearly half a million individual asteroids in the asteroid belt - see engineering as a crucial component of making advances in knowledge - study comets from a scientific viewpoint * now think that planets form readily, grow quickly, and for the most part, die young - there is 'something' which inhibits internal convection in Uranus - when a galaxy has a quasar , the quasar changes the galaxy - use the constellations mainly as a convenient way to name regions of the sky * observe comets in different spectrums in order to measure their chemical content - dramatic changes in the system during the months before and after periastron * observe the apparent magnitude of the stars - locations and motions of heavenly bodies * officially recognize nine major planets. * often believe that the significance of their work is self-evident - choose very faint objects in the sky to study * often refer to asteroids as minor planets - the light bucket of a telescope * pick up the radio waves only when the pulsar's beam sweeps across the Earth. * plan projects, make observations, study results, and figure out theories. * play active roles - significant roles * point telescopes. * possess ability. * provide evidence. * publish paper. * rate the size of sunspots in terms of millionths of the sun's earth- facing hemisphere. * reach consensus. * realize results. * receive information from the sky. * record eclipse. * refer to Venus as Earth's sister planet - such couplings of bright planets as conjunctions - the aging process as heat death * repeat calculations. * report witnessing the largest explosion ever recorded in the universe. * sample part of the sky to count the number of stars in the whole sky. * say it's actually a regular occurrence as the Earth travels through the comet's tail. * say the darkest skies in the world occur in the Australian Outback - difference between planets and brown dwarfs is based on how they formed - they are mainly made of iron and stony materials * search the skies for many things. * see evidence of first light in Universe - stars form, because star formation is an ongoing process - the emitted radio waves as radio pulses * seek ever-larger mirrors to increase the power and efficiency of telescopes - the recipe of stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects through spectroscopy * simplify their timekeeping by simply counting the days. * speak of two kinds of zeniths, astronomical zeniths and geocentric zeniths. * specialty of Physicists. * speculate that the dust nearer to the star has been largely consumed in making planets. * spend most of their lives in the dark - weeks or months or years analyzing their data using computers * still don t understand the origins of gamma ray bursts - use the same principle today to find out how far away stars are from the earth * study black holes by investigating X-rays coming from binary systems - movement - multiple wavelengths in order to learn more about the objects of the universe * study the light emanating or reflected from distant objects - spectrum of the Sun to determine it's chemical composition - stars, the planets, and everything else in our universe - sun and other stars using telescopes - sun, moon, planets, stars, and galaxies - time to seek out the answer * suggest the supermassive black holes are the remains of fossil quasars. * take notes. * talk about heat death when they discuss stars. * tend to work with industry to extract more from the available technology. * theorize that the gaseous knots are the results of a collision between gases. * therefore make heavy use of physics, mathematics, and computer science - recognize different kinds of year - use a larger unit to measure stellar distances * think both types of quasars are powered by massive black holes - most galaxies harbor a black hole at their centers - of infrared in terms of exceedingly long-range signals * think that massive stars end their existence in titanic explosions called supernovae - quasars are located in galaxies which have black holes at their centers - stellar black holes are what are left from a burned out star * think that the black hole glows in X-rays as it swallows nearby clouds of gas and stars - elliptical galaxies are older than the spiral ones * think the rings are dark, because there is no dust for the sunlight to reflect off of - solar system is more than four billion years old - there are a few times the mass of the Earth in rocky material deep down inside * think they are created during the universe's most cataclysmic events - understand how stars are born * thus use time to measure distances, and the scale is based on the speed of light. * to compare patterns - gain knowledge - measure characteristics * to study details - understand characteristics * try to measure it all the time. * use a day called a sidereal day - distance unit called parsec - logrithmic scale for the brightness of stars called the magnitude system - special trick to keep bright flashlights from ruining their night vision * use a technique called blinking to find objects that move from one image to the next - gravity lensing to search for black holes and neutron stars - parallax to precisely measure to distance to stars in the sky - an effect called parallax to measure distances to nearby stars - constellations like location names on the sky map - degrees to give the relative placement of objects - effects - emission lines to identify the composition of stars - extensive observations - huge telescopes in places called observatories for studying the stars - instruments such as bolometers to detect it - it to calculate the masses of stars in binary systems - lasers and computers to measure the amount of distortion - light, which moves in straight lines - magnetograms when they study sunspots - magnitudes to describe the brightness of an object in the sky - measurements of the red shift of stars and galaxies as a distance indicator - much the same measurements as do other scientists * use parallax to find the distances to remote planets or stars - when measuring the distances to the planets by triangulation - physics and mathematics to learn about the universe and all it contains - seconds to measure short periods of time - similar coordinate systems to locate objects on the celestial sphere - spectroscopes, which separate different wavelengths of light from a single source - standard candles to measuring distances - star charts to locate stars and other objects - supernova data to estimate a distance to the supernova - telescopes in space to record the gamma-ray bursts * use telescopes to collect radiation from astronomical sources - look at things that are far away and dim * use the difference between transmitted and reflected light to observe sunspots - magnitude scale for describing the brightness of stars - principle of parallax to measure distances to the closer stars - principles of physics and math to learn about the nature of the universe * use the same kinds of angular measurements to find the objects they want to observe - principle to calculate the distances to the nearer stars - technique to measure the distances to planets and stars - sidereal year for comparison purposes * use the technique in telescopes to grab ever-better photos of the heavens - of spectroscopy to analyse the light from individual stars - term zenith to describe the point directly overhead - triangulation to determine distances within the solar system - two basic techniques to measure distances - very large telescopes to gather as much of light as they can + Astronomy, Fields * Astronomy is a very large subject with many different things to study. Many astronomers specialise in particular areas of astronomy, called fields - Methodology, Instrumentation * Telescopes take all the light in a big area and put in into a small area. This is like making your eyes very big and powerful. Astronomers use telescopes to look at things that are far away and dim. Telescopes make objects look bigger, closer, brighter + Quasar: Galaxies * Astronomers now think that when a galaxy has a quasar, the quasar changes the galaxy. Gas and dust from the galaxy falls onto the quasar, and the bright quasar heats up gas in the galaxy. This stops new stars from forming in the galaxy, so many of the elliptical galaxies we see in the universe now may have once had a quasar in their centers. + Saturn, Exploration * Cassini observed lightning occurring in Saturn since early 2005. The power of the lightning was measured to be 1,000 times more powerful than lightning on Earth. Astronomers believe that the lightning observed in Saturn is the strongest ever seen. * Astronomers can use telescopes to look at very distant galaxies. Like this they see what the universe looked like a long time ago. This is because the light from distant parts of the universe takes a very long time to reach us. From these observations, it seems the physical laws and constants of the universe have not changed.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| astronomer: Ancient astronomer * Most ancient astronomers possess ability. * Some ancient astronomers determine brightness. * study movement. Chinese astronomer * observe a supernova. * record a comet. Dutch astronomer * create diagrams. * demonstrate existence. * publish paper. German astronomer * Some german astronomers make measurements - predict existence * have different ideas Greek astronomer * estimate circumferences. * help form the foundation for modern astronomy. * make discoveries. * repeat calculations. Many astronomer * Most many astronomers use powerful telescopes * Some many astronomers have positions. * take notes. Modern astronomer * do more than spend their nights in drafty observatories staring at the heavens. * spend relatively little time at telescopes usually just a few weeks per year. Most astronomer * Most most astronomers visit observatories. * Some most astronomers have degrees - work in offices * get images. Optical astronomer * seem to think that they can observe galaxy formation by taking optical images. * use the magnitude scale to express and compare stellar brightnesses - wavelengths as well<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| astronomer: Radio astronomer * Most radio astronomers use radio telescopes * Some radio astronomers identify images * ask that the radio frequency spectrum be used in a responsible manner by all. * can collect a terabyte of raw data per day - make observations day or night, as long as the object is above the horizon * catch a glimpse of the sun's future. * pinpoint the center of the Milky Way. * study sources. * use a system of numbers to name objects in the sky - different techniques to observe objects in the radio spectrum - dish antennas to study the universe * use radio telescopes to analyze the radio spectrum for data about their subjects - specialized telescopes to observe radio emissions from celestial objects<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Atmospheric scientist * Most atmospheric scientists have degrees - graduate degrees - study physical characteristics - use instruments * Most atmospheric scientists work at weather stations - full time * Most atmospheric scientists work in industries - private industries - on teams * Some atmospheric scientists analyze weather - study weather - understand weather - work in research * study characteristics - wind patterns and a diminishing ozone layer * use concepts - graphic software * work at stations Australian scientist * are strictly opposed to such cloning, believing it to be morally indefensible - wimps * consider ethical, welfare implications of transgenic animals. * discover a new gene to stem global malaria crisis. * say they have discovered why the human eye turns yellow with age. * speculate on the all year round. Basic scientist * Many basic scientists have little knowledge about the pathology of human disease. * Most basic scientists focus on research and teaching at the university and postgraduate level. * can teach about the mechanisms of pain and interventions for pain. * investigate problems. * study the differences between normal cell growth and cancerous cell growh. Behavioral scientist * Many behavioral scientists question the effectiveness of perfection standards. * believe children's brains are hard-wired to pick up language skills. * call the different ways people think cognitive styles. * know a great deal about success. Biological scientist * Some biological scientists depend on grant money to support their research. * study living organisms and their relationship to their environment - the living world and how it works	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Biologist * All biologists agree that organismal traits commonly reflect adaptations. * Any biologist knows that in all sexual species, the female controls sexual behavior. * Many biologists also believe that viruses played a vital role in the evolutionary process - believe man-induced changes in habitat tipped the scales in favour of the raccoon * Many biologists believe that cheetahs narrowly escaped extinction - the giraffe slowly developed by a gradual process of evolution - they have a personal duty to the improvement of society - the sandhill has been virtually unchanged for nine million years * Many biologists consider mitochondria to be a good example of viruses - the interests of humans and of other species to be opposed - enjoy regulatory work - making sure that laws are understood and enforced - enter professional fields, such as education, medicine, dentistry, or law * Many biologists hold faculty positions in colleges and universities - that multiple new lineages can arise from a single originating population - identify organisms within ecosystems using field guides - refer to amphibians as primitive vertebrates and mammals as advanced vertebrates - restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships - say salmon produced in hatcheries have contributed to the loss of wild salmon - specialize in some area of biology - study organisms and their natural history - then classify land biomes into six groups - think the shift in winter feeding has led to the over-abundance of geese - use a comparative approach, comparing structures, organisms, ecosystems, etc - view it as an adaptation to fight disease - work in research and development * Most biologists acknowledge pollution - actively avoid using undescribed species - agree that the relationship between wolf and caribou benefits both - apply knowledge - become familiar with statistics and computers used in data processing - believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak - classify plants * Most biologists consider animals - life - describe evolution - divide the living world into five Kingdoms * Most biologists emphasize scientific theories - true scientific theories - employ age determination techniques - estimate animals - examine temperature - explain bust and boom cycles as being fixed around the size of lobster harvests - find animals * Most biologists focus on diversity - follow ecological approaches - handle dead specimens * Most biologists have fields - some assay for the biological activity of their specimens - keep diaries - know plants - make decisions - monitor health * Most biologists observe barnacles - perform experiments - see animals - show evolution * Most biologists study amphibians - life history variation - microscopic creatures - skeletal biology - support the idea of evolution , by means of natural selection - think monophyletic, have common ancestor with annelids * Most biologists understand complex interaction - ecological interaction - facts * Most biologists use expression - view their social responsibilities somewhat differently - watch snakes * Most biologists work with animals - nocturnal animals - teams * Some biologists adopt cognitive interpretations. * Some biologists are generalists with broad training in all aspects of biology - under virtual house arrest for simply trying to do their jobs * Some biologists argue that Earth is on the verge of another major extinction event - evolution occurs primarily within populations - attempt to describe evolution teleologically * Some biologists believe that flight began with aquatic insects skimming over still water - nematodes are the most abundant multi-celled animals on earth - relocation of prey seems to be a logical explanation - the deformities are a result of parasitic infestation - catch geese * Some biologists claim that poison oak is more virulent than poison ivy - they pre-programme virtually every human trait from hair colour to sexuality - classify hartebeests * Some biologists collect birds - butterflies - chimpanzees - falcons - frogs - owls - turtles - commit suicide * Some biologists conduct censuses - laboratory experiments involving animals , plants or microorganisms * Some biologists consider great whales - currently see the virus as a nonliving infectious particle - determine survival - develop theories - discover germ - estimate mortality - explore physiology - fear a collapse in the bison population - feed animals - find worms - follow caribou * Some biologists have animals - values - hold faculty positions at universities or colleges - identify turtles * Some biologists investigate feed habits - the chemical and physical properties of biological molecules - involve in universities * Some biologists keep animals - elk - tracks - know sponges * Some biologists look at crops - for genetic differences * Some biologists monitor mortality - ocelots - peccaries - now believe that they are too inbred to flourish as a species * Some biologists observe phenomena - pregnancy - opt for the more formal name of macrophytes or macroalgae - possess dolphins * Some biologists recognize beavers - roles - regard it as a separate species, others as a subspecies of the African elephant * Some biologists release animals - reptiles - rely on principles * Some biologists see beggars - vectors - seek owls - sign letters - speak of a predisposition of the genome - spend time outside laboratories * Some biologists study cattle - crocodiles - death - eastern chipmunks - golden eagles - lobsters - migrate shorebirds - new world vultures - the complex interactions of animals and plants in forests or prairies - using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology - take complex systems apart to understand their simpler components more fully * Some biologists use antennas - dogs - embryos - enzymes - freeze tissue - layers - microscopes - natural selections - radios - restriction enzymes - satellite transmitters - the term for evolution in already separated gene pools - view evolution * Some biologists watch butterflies - chickens - squirrels * Some biologists work as consultants * Some biologists work for agencies - departments - municipal departments - state government agencies * Some biologists work in administration or management - management or administration * Some biologists work with birds - geologists - goats - journalists - worry that populations of some Neotropical migratory birds are declining * accept ideas. * acknowledge fourth options * agree that all living things are made of cells - ashe juniper is absolutely a last resort food for deer and many other animals * also agree that coyote populations have no lasting effects on other wildlife populations - natural selection exists and that it contributes to evolution - are concerned about hair loss in black-tailed deer - believe that there are wolves living in the mountains of Mexico - estimate there are more species of nematodes than any other group of organisms - propose to make movies of every gene's activity in the worm's development and life - spend time writing papers and grant proposals * also use headings and subheadings as organizational tools - other sciences to research life - telemetry to study the movements of rattlesnakes and bog turtles - yeast in many research studies * announce success. * are a different breed - explore possibility * are interested in decomposing a long sequence into shorter ones - preserving the diversity of living organisms on the planet - the identification of conserved regions in sequences - just glorified engineers since organisms are just machines - most concerned about the Louisiana black bear - never ambiguous about the beginning of the physical life of organisms - now able to read every human gene, providing a map of the human genes - split on many aspects of evolution * are, of course, human. * argue about the relative importance of random events in evolution. * assert that bacteria evolved into a human being, a completely different species. * assess health risks based on body weight, proportion of fat intake, and exercise habits. * assume biologists understand mathematics, statistics and logic. * assume that bees minimize the amount of wax they use to build their combs - deer killed by hunters are representative of the entire herd * attempt to identify similarities due to descent from a common ancestor - isolate environmental factors and measure their effect on a population * believe as human population increases, more extinctions occur - loss and degradation of habitat is the primary reason the species has declined - pronghorn vision is roughly equal to looking through eight-power binoculars * believe that at least three, and perhaps all four of the young successfully fledged - coyote numbers actually increase in the face of predator control programs - hatchlings then switch to navigating using a biological magnetic compass - host specificity is most likely a by-product of natural selection - life originated in water - protected areas are the key to the wolf's long term existence - starvation is the leading cause of death for subadult bears * believe the fish find their natal streams through their uncanny sense of smell - fossil record expresses a sequence of life forms that evolved through time - greatest human threat they face today is collisions with large ships - phenomenon is an instinctive form of territorial marking behaviour * blame reduced and degraded habitat as humans continue to convert land to other uses. * call it endoparasitism , when the invader dwells within - that phenotypic plasticity * call the domino-like chain of events a trophic cascade - duplication of shapes and behaviors in unrelated animals convergent evolution * can conduct surveys in remote and interesting places - discern many similar features between cephalopods and slugs and snails - locate elk from the ground or from an airplane or helicopter * capture and tag various fish species for examination of laboratory analysis * carry out population viability analyses to assess danger of extinction. * challenge dogma. * cite the male hormone testosterone as a kick-starter for aggressive behavior in men. * claim that their preferred water temperature is in the sixties - to care about the environment * classify animals and plants according to characteristics that they have in common - ants as a special group of wasps - species into a hierarchy of groups - traits and organisms according to how simple or complex they are * collect specimens for laboratory study or make a laboratory analysis of the specimens - water samples for testing, to directly measure pollution levels * come from all over the country to study scrub - into their own when it comes to using software to find out new things * conduct aerial surveys of the nests in spring and summer - modern bat surveys by taking digital photos of large bat clusters - research with a concern for ethics - studies of the structure and characteristics of humans, plants and animals - surveys to locate and protect nesting areas and other key eagle habitats - bilateral symmetry to be a marker of developmental stability - black-footed ferrets to be the most endangered mammal in the United States - the existence of biological evolution to be a fact * continue to monitor the population to detect the presence of environmental contaminants. * count manatees from airplanes - the Delta bison herd each year * deal with millions of species. * define a species as a population that interbreeds under natural conditions - biodiversity as the totality of species, genes and ecosystems of a region - evolution as a change in the gene pool of a population over time * define life by listing characteristics that living things share - using a body of traits that living organisms share * despise alien species. * determine compliance. * develop techniques. * devise ways. * diagnose dynamical diseases when fractal rhythms fall out of sync. * differ only with respect to theories about how the process operates. * disagree about whether cyclostomes are a clade - on whether sage grouse can coexist with domestic grazers * discuss factors. * distinguish themselves from MDs. * divide amphibians into three major groups or Orders. * do know, however, what habitats most wildlife species prefer - research in all areas of health care and pollution control - the same thing with lifeforms * document mile trips - the first continuous wolf pack activity in Montana in over half a century * drive a route just after sunrise, counting each pheasant they see. - the scientific method to study the living world * estimate that an adult mountain lion needs a deer a week to survive - needs the equivalent of a deer a week to survive - as many as one-third of all human pregnancies spontaneously abort - for every coyote killed, there are at least ten more still at large - it had the most powerful bite of any mammal , alive or extinct * evaluate effects - factors that affect their distribution, abundance, and survival * even have a hard time identifying the sexes. * examine quality * examine the behavior of discrete sets of individuals in a population - skulls in the pellets to identify the kinds of animals owls are eating * expect to see an increase in the number of lynx, for example, which feed on hare. * explain behaviour without reference to consciousness * extol big wilderness as a foundation for ensuring ecological sustainability. - complexity - evidence - it difficult to study wild jaguars because they have become so rare - methods - wholes within wholes, and contexts within ever larger contexts * fly over known otter areas and count tracks in the snow. * follow approaches - in footstep - rules - tradition * gather enough evidence * generally classify living organisms into one of the five kingdoms illustrated here - concede that the dolphin has a better brain than a human - hate to debate creationists - think that brain size relative to body size relates to intelligence - work only with compounds they can buy or find in nature * get ideas. * have a lot to learn about the lives of piping plovers in their winter range - set list of characteristics that can help determine whether an object is living - an elaborate way of classifying every form of life - duties - good reason no longer to believe in the spontaneous generation of insects from mud - results - several options in describing the variation they observe in people - studies the growth of the human population and found some interesting points - to decide whether organisms are alive or dead - trouble defining life, too - two basic models for how new species form * identify a major subdivision of a kingdom as a phylum - aging mechanism in yeast cells - the universal pacemaker of mitosis * imagine a tree of life with different groups of animals or plants as branches. * include other scientists * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * joke that physicists are always trying to re-invent the wheel. * know aspects - better than to keep all their eggs in one breeding colony * know that everything is cyclic in the natural scheme of things - maximum biological diversity is necessary for a healthy ecosystem - there are different ways that cells reproduce - very well what a dominant role reproductive behavior plays in the life of animals * learn about salmon - the proper function of any gene by studying mutations - much about health, age and relationships of mammals by studying their skulls * look at how many cows have twins as a good sign of moose health and habitat quality - production of the salmon in variable natural environments - for changes in behavior * maintain that all food webs ultimately depend on primary production. * make controversial decisions - progress * map human genes. * measure length and width of all observed turtles. - population trends and nesting success for many species * name all organisms using a binomial system - modern animals exactly the same way * note that squid are a key link in the Pacific food chain. * now know that moving sea otters is usually a waste of time. - reaction * obtain samples. * often collect annual growth rate information - compare the brains of many species of animals - differ in opinion about what constitutes a true subspecies - underestimate nature - wish to find out how different a particular DNA sequence is from other sequences * pay attention - much attention * perspective on analytical systems as applied to protein gel electrophoresis. * place great hopes in genomics to better understand the history of life on Earth. * point out that the northeast corners of slopes generally have the moistest soils. * prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. * present ideas - novel ideas * propound the theory of heridity and claim that it satisfactorily explains human beings. * provide evidence * recognize four races of desert bighorn - styles of partnership in nature - several forms of asexual reproduction - there are many factors that can either limit or favor wildlife - two subspecies, the northern largemouth and the Florida largemouth * refer to physiological adjustment as a response to environmental change. * regularly analyze trends in populations - observe seal pups resting on top of the nets * rely heavily on a chemistry foundation since living organisms represent chemical systems. * report elevation - using a wide range of professional skills * require techniques. * ridicule the virgin birth. * run tests. * say aflatoxin is particularly deadly to smaller birds like doves and quail - fish feed substantially more on subsurface bugs - over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest * say that leaving the fish in the water is the optimal way to go - wetlands provide food and shelter for many animal species - the nutritious seeds are one of the four major food sources that grizzlies depend on - their numbers are decreasing - they can now trace human life back to bacteria in the elemental chaos * see a difference between rocks and life - types * seek to understand the evolutionary relationships among the species alive today. * show darwin theories * solve problems in real biological systems, but physics looks for effects and principles. * sometimes say that energy is the currency of life - to a first approximation, all species are extinct * sow food plots. * speak a different language than traditional physical scientists and engineers. * spend time and money to dispose of the animals. * stain cells and tissues with fluorescent dyes to observe biological processes. * study all living things and the interactions with their environments - their interactions with their environments - black-footed ferrets at night, usually with the help of spotlights - icebergs to find out how they influence ocean life - living creatures * study living organisms and the relationship of animals and plants to their environment - their relationship to the environment - things and their interaction with each other and the environment - origins - properties of life, with reductionist approach and holistic approach * study the interactions of genes and proteins to develop an understanding of cells - origin of organisms - relationship among organisms and their environment - trends in several different components to try to get a grasp of the big picture * suggest hypotheses. * take interest - keen interest * talk about components. * think dwindling daylight is what brings moose together in the fall - logging and wildfires are decreasing their numbers * think that the blood going through their ears helps African elephants to cool off - first fungi on Earth arose from a. prokaryotes - the eagles are getting the DDT from sea gulls and dead seals they eat - they're biochemists * to explore biology - population biology - study problems - understand habitats * try to alter the traits of the plant - complete the banding process as quickly as possible to reduce stress on the birds * typically work regular hours. - requirements * urge wildlife watchers to keep their distance. * use a binomial system for naming species - classification system to name organisms with a universally accepted name - similar diagram, called a cladogram - variety of experimental methods to discover phylogenetic relationships - agar as a medium in which to grow bacteria and molds - bionformatics resources in a variety of ways - chemistry as language, the way physicists use math - cold plasmas to sterilize all objects bound for another planet in a spacecraft * use computers extensively in modelling and number crunching - to store, process, and analyze research data - informal channels such as personal conversations and letters as do other people - it for interpreting nucleotide sequences - metrics to analyze samples of benthic invertebrates taken from a stream - microscopes to study things that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye - mutants to investigate the function of genes - radio tracking equipment to monitor the locations of the trout throughout the winter - seven characteristics to classify something as a living thing * use the Linnean scheme for giving names to species - term biodiversity to describe the earth's stunning variety - tracers to follow the path of nutrients through the food chain - tracks to locate animals and determine population sizes - various methods for estimating how closely species are related to each other * usually define species based on their appearance and structure - study scuba diving skills while they study creatures in their natural habitats * view such interaction as a strong sign that two proteins are functionally related. * visit libraries. * work in a variety of occupations - research and development which advances the knowledge of living organisms - on services - very close to the frontier between bewilderment and understanding - people in maintenance, designers, plumbers, etc * working in educational settings have great control over their time and duties - museums and zoos hold a variety of positions * worry about eco-systems and the diversity of life. + Argument from design, Formal objections and counterarguments, Complexity does not imply design: Intelligent design * A designed organism would, on the face of it, be in contradiction to evolutionary theory. Most biologists support the idea of evolution, by means of natural selection. They therefore reject the first premise, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence. Living organisms obey the same physical laws as inanimate objects. A range of chemical reactions could take place, forming other chemicals with complex properties and ways of interacting. Biologists therefore commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god. + Christian right, Issues, Evolution: Conservatism :: Religion in the United States * Many members of the Christian right do not believe in evolution, because it goes against the creation story of the Bible. They instead favor creationism or intelligent design. Most biologists believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak. In a few places, they have been successful in teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools. + Elephant, Physical description, Teeth: Animals used for transport * African elephants are larger and have bigger ears. These big ears have many 'veins', which carry blood throughout the body. Biologists think that the blood going through their ears helps African elephants to cool off. The weather is hotter in Africa than in Asia, so it is hard for elephants to stay cool. Female African elephants have tusks, but female Asian elephants do not. African elephants have a low place in their back. Indian elephants eat mainly grass. + Macroevolution: Evolution * Some biologists use the term for evolution in already separated gene pools. Matzke, Nicholas J. and Paul R. Gross 2006. For them, macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species. Again, this is a minority position. * A 'biologist' is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study living organisms. + Marsupial lion: Marsupials of Australia * It had strong claws and very powerful jaws. Biologists estimate that it had the most powerful bite of any mammal, alive or extinct. + Protoplasm: Cells * It is no longer much used. Biologists prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. + Rainforest * The most notable rainforests are tropical or sub-tropical. A typical rainforest is the Amazon Rainforest. Most of it is in Brazil, though Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and other countries have parts of it. Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. Biologists say over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: American biologist * Most american biologists study skeletal biology. * study biology Animal scientist * Some animal scientists inspect livestock food products. * conduct beef nutrition, health and management studies. * develop better ways of producing meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. * experiment with grains as animal feed. * work in a variety of careers. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| animal scientist: Bird watcher * are amateurs. * can plant sago pondweed and northern arrowhead. * focus binoculars on the numerous marine and terrestrial birds. * is an animal scientist * love to take pictures of the birds that visit their feeder. Ichthyologist * Most ichthyologists currently consider the char to be two species. * are zoologists. * is an animal scientist * report that many sturgeon already show signs of poisoning and disease. * specialize in fish. * study fish - wild fish, such as sharks and lungfish * use a diversity of research methods and techniques. Mammalogist * are zoologists. * specialize in mammals. * study mammals, such as monkeys and bears. * train and feed seals daily.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Botanist * Many botanists conduct their work and research activities primarily outdoors or in greenhouses - consider daffodils to be long-trumpet narcissuses - study the features shared by more than one species of plants * Most botanists classify plants - collect specimens - describe plants - discover plants * Most botanists identify carnation - publish descriptions * Most botanists refer to creep vines - understand fields * Some botanists believe they originally grew wild in Spain and Italy - find plantains - prefer to use the term gynoecium instead of pistil - recognise two botanical varieties - study the structure of plants - teach at colleges - unite the genus azalea to rhododendron - use photography * Some botanists wear coats - lab coats * Some botanists wear white coats - work on physiology * also consider the shape and arrangement of the leaves. * are biologists - in demand in a number of fields - people who study plants - responsible for studying the properties and life processes of plants - workers * believe that a female conifer cone originated by the reduction of large fertile branches. * believe that the Caspian Sea region was the original home of the European grape - Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis explains how water moves upward in the xylem * bring tulips. * call it deceit pollination. * can now identify every member of the microbial community that surrounds a plant - scan their botanical specimens a lot more accurately, in color - study ecosystems, whole organisms, cells, or molecules * classify all plants on the basis of their flowers or other reproductive parts * come from all over the world to see the delicate Arctic orchids that only grow there. * currently recognize nine species of Hevea. * define a fruit as the portion of a flowering plant that develops from the ovary - weeds as plants of disturbed ground * examine many different species of plants, algae, and fungi and their environments. * find gum. * gather seeds and plant new forests. * generally divide cultivated plants into two categories, cultigens, and cultivars. * have ideas. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * make knowledge. * often recommend the planting of native species instead of exotic or non-native species - specialize in one type or group of plants or one method to studying plants * seem to have given little attention to the study of plant hairs. * share interest. * study our ancient live oaks - plants and their environments * use many different techniques to tell similar species apart - the word to mean any plant with soft , succulent tissues - three different words, 'thorns', spines, and 'prickles' * usually identify the forests by the kinds of trees that predominate - speak of plant families , while entomologists refer to insect orders - use the word 'division' instead of 'phylum' * work with a variety of plants. + Herb: Plants :: Spices * The word herb comes from the Latin word 'herba', meaning grass, green stalks, or blades. Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues. But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value. + Phylum: Taxonomy + Spine (botany): Plant anatomy * Botanists use three different words, 'thorns', spines, and 'prickles'. Thorns are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. Prickles are on the outside of stems. There are many different kinds of spines, some on leaves, some grow instead of leaves. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| botanist: Economic botanist * are scientists who study the interactions between humans and plants. * study human-plant interactions from a variety of different angles.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Cell biologist * Most cell biologists talk about components. * are therefore always on the lookout for new ways of 'immortalizing' normal cells. * continue to study the workings of cells. Cytologist * are biologists. * can find employment in research laboratories and pharmaceutical industry. * label chromosomes with numbers. * study minute particles of plant tissue with the help of microscopes. + Chromosome * The 'chromosomes' of a cell are in the cell nucleus. They carry the genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein combined as chromatin. Each chromosome contains many genes. Cytologists label chromosomes with numbers. The chromosomes', 6th ed. Developmental biologist * Most developmental biologists use hypotheses. * Some developmental biologists investigate roles. * are no less attracted by the nervous system than cell biologists. * develop techniques. * take interest - keen interest * visit libraries. * work on frog embryos for many reasons.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Ecologist * Many ecologists argue that predator numbers are controlled by the number of prey - feel that dams on big rivers have put numerous animal species in peril - view human overpopulation as the foundation of all environmental problems * Most ecologists divide the year into six seasons that have no fixed dates - find life - identify stages - investigate interaction - involve in conservation - think that hunting was the cause, Anthropologists think climate change did it - work with mammals * Some ecologists apply it in an abstract sense as a recurrent association of organisms. * Some ecologists carry out experiments - scale field experiments * Some ecologists combine experiments - concentrate on how a given species responds to physical factors - educate policy makers - find gardens - focus on the ecology of individual organisms * Some ecologists identify nematodes - soil nematodes - investigate the effects of different land uses and management practices * Some ecologists involve in agricultural technology - regard man as the planet s cancer - say that the best approach is to try to save the widest variety of species - see salvation in the power of hurricanes to move water and sediment - suggest that character displacement is due to past competition between the species - think that ecosystems never reach equilibrium because of frequent disturbances - think, that the universe is an eternal circular process - try to track responses of the environment due to human effects - utilize quantitative approaches * acknowledge approaches - linear approaches * also study how temperature influences the ecology and evolution of species - many kinds of environments * also study the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients - negative effects of human activities on the environment - use graphs called survivorship curves to show the relationship of age to survival * analyze factors - various factors * are a type of biologist, who study the basic functions of life * are concerned about science education - with interrelations between biological communities and their habitat * are interested in energy budgets of animals - phenotypes like seed number, body size * are interested in the interactions between organisms - structure and function of ecosystems - where animals and plants live and how they interact with each other - irreplaceable informants in any society, whatever their political color - magazines - people - scientists - women - workers * assign the organisms in ecosystems to categories called trophic levels. * become professors or instructors at universities, colleges and private schools. * call such organisms primary producers. * can become consultants in business, industry, the military and other organizations - study ecological relationships at several differ-ent levels of organization * construct energy pyramids based on the available energy at each trophic level. * contribute significantly to our understanding and preservation of the natural world. * define carrying capacity as the largest population an environment can support - complexity in terms of both individual species and functional groups * devise approaches. * distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession. * divide freshwater ecosystems into bodies of running water and bodies of standing water. * do much of their work outdoors and in laboratories. * document occurrences. * drool over Antarctica. * explore the relationship between organisms and their environments. * express great concern about engineered salmon. * fear that the loss of variety leaves nature very vulnerable to any catastrophe. - that archaeology reveals information on environmental stability and change * focus on factors. * have much to contribute to the analysis of the global change problem - various ways of categorizing groups of living and non-living things * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * look at factors. * make further distinctions between the levels of consumption that occur in ecosystems. * often work in teams with other scientists and government and business employees. * provide basic information * recognize two kinds of succession. * refer to all living organisms in a given ecosystem as a community - mountains as areas of complex zonation because of the many ecosystems found * say it can cause local extinctions and reduce biodiversity. * seek experience. * show factors. * speak about 'ecotones' - which are places where different habitats come together - of conservation * study Earth, home of living things - microbes * study the interactions of organisms with their environment - natural changes in biodiversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels - numbers of and interactions between organisms at several levels * to understand behavior. * typically distinguish between oceanic and inland waters - divide the ocean into zones based on depth and distance from shore * use energy pyramids to show how energy decreases at each succeeding trophic level - food webs to better understand the intricate workings of the ecosystems they study - graphics to represent the flow of energy throughout the ecosystem - models to a. b. c. d. make predictions about the future behavior of an ecosystem - precise sampling techniques to determine dominance - the word environment to refer to all conditions, or factors, surrounding an organism - units to measure organisms within the quadrats * usually assume that the colors of organisms are somehow matched to their environments. * work to understand nature and to stem the tide of environmental degradation * worry about increasing environmental pollution arising from economic growth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist \| ecologist: Behavioral ecologist * strive to understand why behavior is adaptive. * use the term strategy in a different way from most people. Community ecologist * analyze factors - various factors * investigate interaction. Industrial ecologist * Most industrial ecologists focus on manufacturing. * can benefit directly from research in sustainable agriculture. Marine ecologist * Some marine ecologists carry out experiments - scale field experiments * Some marine ecologists combine experiments - investigate the movement of energy and molecules through ecosystems * know very little about either stage in the life histories of marine organisms.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Entomologist * Many entomologists are interested in the ways that insects grow - involved with research in integrated pest management - combine their passion for entomology with an aptitude for communicating - suggest combinations of tactics to control pests - work for government agencies * Most entomologists collect insect specimens - samples - maintain an expert interest in some particular group of insects * Most entomologists specialize in entomologies - insect physiology * Most entomologists study ants - beetles * Most entomologists use knowledge - methods * Most entomologists work for agencies - with beetles * Some entomologists can identify firefly species by the pattern of their light flashing. * Some entomologists find heat energy - leaf hoppers - seek larvae - start their own consulting or pest control businesses * Some entomologists study butterflies - dragonflies - how insects are related to each other - insects to learn more about their basic life processes - worms - tend to pest control fields * Some entomologists work for industries - in museums - write cookbooks * are biological scientists who specialize in the study of insects - study insects - obscure scientists - professors, teachers, outreach coordinators, bloggers, writers, and artists - scientists who study insects - specialized zoologists or animal biologists * call it integrated pest management - the organ an ovipositor, or egg-placer * can learn whether a termite eats more dead wood in the summer or in the winter - only guess at why the beetles crowd together * continue to seek new methods of preserving the mystical flying flowers. * debate whether first-generation southwestern corn borers cause economic damage. * expect the mosquito population to flourish in late summer. * generally cover a specific area over an extended period of time. * have a similar system, but even their line between categories blurry one - ideas - many important jobs * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * is an animal scientist * must have knowledge. * now count fifty species in Europe. * refer to it by the technical name, ladybird beetle. * report details. * research which insects do what and why. * say the larch sawfly is black and orange when it's a flying insect. * specialize in insect identification and control * spend their time looking for ways to control and eliminate pests. * study ant colonies, but they don t petition to take tea with the queen ant - bugs - caterpillars - insects and related creatures, including ticks - the characteristics and behavior of insects - ways to control insects destructive to grains * use blacklight traps or pheromone traps to monitor adult corn borer activity - evidence + Entomology: Branches of zoology * Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| entomologist: Forensic entomologist * are a new breed. * can collect and identify maggots from human corpses. Many entomologist * Most many entomologists specialize in entomologies * have ideas.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Ethologist * Most ethologists strongly prefer to study behavior in natural settings, or something close to it - study instinctive behavior - work in labs * Some ethologists discover albino gorillas * are scientists who study animals in their natural habitats - workers * differentiate between goal and cost. - cells - heads - legs - sections * routinely record animal behavior optically in the field for later analysis. * study animal behavior - the behavior of animals in their environments * travel far and wide to observe gene-environment interactions.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| biologist: Evolutionary biologist * Most evolutionary biologists agree that what makes humans unique among animals is our brainpower - describe evolution - keep diaries * Most evolutionary biologists show darwin theories - study life history variation * Some evolutionary biologists rely on principles - see vectors - view evolution - work with geologists * are much teased for their obsession with why sex exists. * argue that such claims are pseudo-scientific nonsense. * believe that birds evolved from reptiles. * call it the r-K scale of reproductive strategies. * continue to debate the phylogenetic origins of segmentation. * include other scientists * reduce sex to simple math. * refer to the functional components of organisms as 'adaptations'. * require techniques. * spend a hell of a lot of time watching animals have sex. * state their assumptions as fact. * study aspects Fisheries biologist * are interested to know if such discards survive and reproduce normally. * attach external tags or mark fish using finclips for research projects. * expect stream flows to be the lowest, or second lowest, in recorded history. Fishery biologist * consider the canals substandard habitats for native fishes. * use techniques.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Geneticist * Many geneticists feel confident that cloning a human being is possible. * Most geneticists are trained in medicine diagnosis treatments - learn genetics * Some geneticists help genetic tests - possess mice * Some geneticists work as health care teams - in companies * are biologists - concerned with how traits are passed from generation to generation - experts or specialists in genetics - reliant on the gene pool for variance * believe that oncogene mutations account for a fifth of all human cancers. * can use recombination data to map a chromosomes genetic loci - work in many different fields, doing a variety of jobs * collect samples. * describe the degree of linkage in terms of centiMorgans. * develop DNA fingerprinting. * disagree on the exact inheritance of brindle - whether dorsal stripes are a requirement for duns * focus their studies on DNA replication and enzyme synthesis. * foresee a number of practical applications for the cloning of humans. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - vacuoles * indicate that with every color in nature exists hues or shades of that color. * investigate the structure, function, and transmission of genes. * now argue that all diseases are partly genetic and all are partly environmental - understand that only a few traits are controlled by a single gene pair * often make controlled matings to infer the underlying mode of inheritance for traits - use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying * overwhelmingly reject biblical creation theories. * prefer to call identical twins monozygotic because they arise from one fertilized egg. * question behavior. * recode a certain part of life's building block in order to banish a disease. * recognize a different type of mutation. * report finding gene that raises prostate cancer risk. * run experiments. * say there is no evidence of North African ancestors in Irish genes. * see the number of mutations piling up. * study the biology of heredity - inheritance of traits - nature and inheritance of genetic variation in organisms - process by which organisms inherit and transmit genetic information * use cloning in their research to study genetic structure and function - markers to help pinpoint the location of genes they are seeking - selective breeding in an attempt to capitalize on hybrid vigor - the bands to match the pairs - tools * work forty or more hours per week - in many different areas of science + Virus, Uses: Viruses * Viruses are used widely in cell biology. Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. This is useful for making the cell produce a foreign substance, or to study the effect of introducing a new gene into the genome. Eastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time, and interest in this approach is increasing, because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| geneticist: Clinical geneticist * Some clinical geneticists have private practices. * are medical doctors with special training in genetics - still somewhat divided in their views on sex selection	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Herpetologist * Many herpetologists work as faculty members or research staff at colleges and universities - in research positions, which require advanced degrees * Most herpetologists do research on amphibians and reptiles - study animal behavior * Most herpetologists work as university professors or researchers - in zoos * Some herpetologists choose to specialize in working with just one particular species of interest. * Some herpetologists consider pit vipers - extract poisonous venom for use in antivenom preparation - find babies - focus solely on research and they publish their findings in scientific journals * Some herpetologists have degrees - doctoral degree in zoology and complete a significant amount of fieldwork - postsecondary training in wildlife biology or other related field - place boas and pythons in separate families - teach biology in high schools - use sticks - work as writers, photographers, or animal breeders * Some herpetologists work in areas - museums * are scientists who work with amphibians and reptiles - zoologists * assist in the conservation of species. * can work in many fields. * focus on the study and examination of a variety of reptile and amphibian species. * have ability - other information about reptiles to work with - cell membranes - corpi - legs - sections * is an animal scientist * pick up rattlesnakes. * require skills. * seem to have a thing about carving their initials in box turtle shells. - reptiles and amphibians - snakes and frogs * usually specialize in one or the other of the two classes and often in one organism. * work in zoos. Many biologist * Most many biologists consider life - keep diaries - observations * follow tradition.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| biologist: Marine biologist * Many marine biologists are academics and therefore contribute to knowledge and teach students - do much of their work in special laboratories near seacoasts * Most marine biologists apply knowledge - are male but it is an occupation which is attracting more females - employ age determination techniques - handle dead specimens - monitor health - work in states that border the ocean * Some marine biologists are self-employed as consultants - observe pregnancy - use layers * are more or less like most academics - the people who study it - workers * can work in a variety of settings. * describe and classify marine organisms. * explore the secret sex lives of squid. * have two theories on why whales breach. * study behavior - fish and other wildlife that inhabit the oceans - organisms that live in saltwater * study salt water organisms, and limnologists study fresh water organisms - the mammal and learn how important it is to the ecology of the ocean * suspect that a parasite is causing the disease. * take notes. * think a disease caused by a parasite is to blame. * use similar arrays in tracking animal life such as whales. * walk around in hip boots for no explainable reason, even in the middle of winter. + Marine biology: Biology * Marine biology' is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists are the people who study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography. There are many kinds of marine animals and plants to study. You can learn about it on the Internet, and, if it seems interesting to you, you might even want to pursue it as a career.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Microbiologist * Many microbiologists develop a career in research or move into management roles - use biotechnology to advance knowledge of cell reproduction and human disease * Many microbiologists work in laboratories - research and development conducting basic research or applied research * Most microbiologists consider viruses to be alive. * Most microbiologists work full time and keep regular hours - on research teams with other scientists and technicians * Some Microbiologists train and supervise other personnel, keep records, and prepare reports. * Some microbiologists discover strange, new life forms that no one even knew existed - move into managerial positions, often as natural sciences managers * Some microbiologists work in pharmaceutical plants in antibiotic development - the field collecting samples or running field trials * also examine samples for organisms called plankton, or algae. * also work in hospital, clinical, and public health laboratories - hospitals, clinics, and public health agencies * are also in great demand in clinical microbiology * can specialize in a variety of areas - use test tubes, but most prefer culture tubes * classify dermatophytes into three genera. * count colonies per liter and bacterial growth rates. * do it with culture. * draw conclusions from experimental results through sound reasoning and judgment. * evaluate the effects of anti-infective drugs on germs. * investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms. * regularly use complex mathematical equations and formulas in their work. * require small pieces of tissue for culture. * study all aspects of microorganisms, both at a pure and an applied level - critters small and tiny - micro-organisms and how they affect human, animal and plant health - the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as viruses * use electron microscopes and other complex laboratory equipment in their work - laboratory equipment such as microscopes to study microorganisms - the steak plate technique as well as special media to isolate desired organisms * usually work with pure cultures containing a single strain of the microbe they want. * work in almost every industry and have many different responsibilities - areas related to agriculture, the environment, and medicine ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| microbiologist: Virologist * are always on the alert for new types and are interested in how viruses change - doctors * conduct research on the smallest of infectious agents. * study bacteriophages and viruses. * use scientific jargon and technical language to justify their beliefs. Modern biologist * More modern biologists emphasize that marsupial wonder, the fur-lined abdominal pouch. * Some modern biologists use natural selections. * follow rules. Molecular biologist * Many molecular biologists deal exclusively with bacteria or protists. * Most molecular biologists lack physics and math beyond the introductory calculus level. * Some molecular biologists commit suicide. * are biologists - truly unique people * do everything with as much precision as possible. * study the molecules that make up living matter. * think they are chemists. * use various molecules such as DNA collected from living animals. Natural scientist * Most natural scientists formulate theories. * Some natural scientists understand nutrition. * can study how chemicals interact with great confidence. Neurobiologist * Some neurobiologists even speak of the eyes as if they are part of the brain. * are biologists. * can order devices that can be used directly in their experiments. * seek the seat of consciousness. * teach hands-on summer institutes for high school science teachers. * tend to mean focusing attention, almost as limited as the neurologists.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist \| neurobiologist: Neuroscientist * Many neuroscientists believe that there clear involvement of biological factors. * also theorize that higher forms of learning occur in the cerebral cortex. * are neurobiologists - novices at deception * believe there's basically one pleasure mechanism, and music is one route into it. * call anything that turns on the reward pathway in the brain addictive. * can selectively destroy neurons by injecting ricin into nerves. * compete against each other in other ways. * now regard addiction as a chemical deficiency. * primarily look at animals and study the chemistry or biology of neurons. * study another complex information-processing system - the brain and nervous system * think of the human brain as a super computer. * try to decipher the fundamentals of sleep. * use complex environments to mimic the rats' wild or natural environment. * usually work at something like a laboratory. * visit Tucson-area civic groups to talk about the brain.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| biologist: Ornithologist * Many ornithologists believe birds navigate by the stars. * Most ornithologists believe cardinals mate for like. * Most ornithologists discover individuals - many individuals - divide the albatrosses into three groups - study birds * Most ornithologists use many different methods - work full time * Some ornithologists also work with non-avian species as a part of their research - claim their brilliant plumage is matchless among all birds - estimate spiders - focus on how birds find food, while others focus on how birds digest food - hold conferences - lead bird-watching tours - reseach changes in blood cells in an individual bird - teach at colleges - work to educate the public about ornithology or lead bird-watching tours - write books * are biological scientists who specialize in the study of birds - people who study birds - the scientists who practice ornithology - unclear why there is no consistent pattern of blue jay migration - workers - zoologists * argue at length and with surprising heat about what the word means. * assess status. * come to the rookeries to study gulls, albatross, and penguins. * contribute knowledge. * estimate their precolonial population at two to three billion. * face facts. * find employment. * have a great habit of changing names on many species of birds - at least a bachelor's degree, and many have one or more graduate degrees * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * introduce ideas. * is an animal scientist * organize birds into family groups that share certain structural characteristics. * present different ideas * recognize three subspecies of the Gray Singing Finch. * research and look at every facet of a bird's life. - every aspect of bird life * use different methods - the information to track bird migration	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Physiologist * Some physiologists study insects or worms, some study fish, some study man. * address some of the most exciting and pivotal questions in modern biology. * analyze body-organ function, both separately and as part of an integrated system. * are biologists * can study how organs of an organism work together to make things happen. * distinguish between external and internal respiration. * generally apply the black-box approach to living systems. * get into the nitty gritty about how and why our muscles react to stress. * label it as ground substance. * measure heart rates, blood sugar levels, oxygen uptake, and ion concentrations. * say that chilies are truly addictive, like nicotine or cocaine. * study the life functions of plants and animals - structure and function of organ systems + Physiology * Physiologists can study how organs of an organism work together to make things happen. In human beings, for example, the digestion of food hormones and other chemicals are made by the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Muscle contraction happens because of chemical messages made by nerves of that muscle. By learning how the body functions normally, physiologists and physicians can better understand what happens when organs do not function normally. For example, an understanding of how the thyroid gland functions has helped in treating goitre. Studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system have helped physicians understand and treat such illnesses like heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| physiologist: Exercise physiologist * are people who make it happen. * develop exercise routines and educate patients referred by a physician. * have for the most part been educators more than practitioners. * say tnat healthy people willing to train can finish a race at any age. Plant biologist * Most plant biologists know plants. * Some plant biologists maintain that the banana was one of the first crops to be domesticated by man. * classify several different types of fleshy fruits. Plant scientist * Many plant scientists earn a master's or doctoral degree. * Most plant scientists recognize kinds. * Some plant scientists spend most of their time in fieldwork studying crop growth. * Some plant scientists study habitats - marine habitats - use the parallel terms monocarpy and polycarpy * use equipment found in laboratories, greenhouses, and farms. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| plant scientist: Mycologist * are biologists who study fungi - botanists - scientists who study fungi * investigate how fungi produce cheeses, fermented drinks, breads and antibiotics. * study fungi of interest to medical, agricultural and food industries. * take notes on their collections and often make spore prints. * work with fungi. Population biologist * build models of how evolutionary change occurs. * study the properties of groups of organisms. Sociobiologist * Most sociobiologists are genetic determinists, though some are more subtle than others. * believe that staring at women helps to maximize male reproductive opportunities. * often conflate social and genetic evolution. * predict that helping decreases with kinship distance. * say it's all about reproduction. * think that analogies between ants and people are somehow revealing.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Taxonomist * Some taxonomists classify only two species though. * are biologists who classify organisms - diverse - the ones who decide which species are related to which * carry out reclassification by using physical specimens. * decide how newly discovered organisms are classified and named. * divide the animal kingdom into between twenty and thirty phyla. * have to accept diversity of opinion as a fact of life. * identify unknown insects for themselves and for other researchers. * like to think about evolutionary relationships. * now classify muskoxen with the sheep and goats. * recognize seven races - up to eight species of burdock * replace once-accepted names for a variety of reasons. * require good powers of observation and usually have skills in computing. * think carefully before making changes, e.g., uniting two genera into one. * work in mysterious ways. ### person \| scientist \| biologist \| taxonomist: Plant taxonomist * are botanists who work to identify, describe, classify and name plant species. * identify new plant species previously unknown to the field. * use a variety of leaf characteristics to classify plants.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| biologist: Wildlife biologist * Most wildlife biologists study characteristics. * Most wildlife biologists understand complex interaction - ecological interaction * Most wildlife biologists work with animals - nocturnal animals * Some wildlife biologists help make and implement laws and regulations for protecting wildlife - monitor ocelots - use satellite transmitters * Some wildlife biologists work for agencies - state government agencies - in fields * are primary hired by federal and state agencies - professionals who work within the broader field of wildlife management * believe that all the young bats are being killed by the brown tree snake - woodcock have several migration routes - there are currently about one million bears roaming North America * can determine a bear's age by removing a small tooth. * consider wolves one of the easiest species to manage. * evaluate a geothermal plant's effect on local animal life - effects * examine quality. * manage deer numbers through the harvest of antlerless deer. * recognize importance. * say most moose are trying to find winter road salt to lick - that predators play a crucial role in healthy ecosystems * study animals within their environments or in relationship to humans * suggest taking down bird feeders when the snow melts. * work to preserve the habitat of various animal species.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| biologist: Zoologist * Many Zoologists choose to specialize in one particular animal group, such as birds or mammals. * Many zoologists are classified by the animal they study - involved in research and development - believe that the acoelomate body plan is the basis for the other invertebrate phyla - teach and conduct research in colleges and universities - work at zoos, aquariums, and museums * Most zoologists work at universities where often they also teach biology. * Some zoologists are interested in the biology of particular groups of animals - go on to study veterinary medicine - place the lynx, the bobcat, and the caracal in a separate genus, Lynx - work with animals in the field * allow any language for the description of animals. * also breed animals in captivity. * are biologists that study a wide variety of animal species - scientists - workers * believe stripes offer zebras protection from predators in a couple of different ways. * can predict what's closely related using their techniques of observation and analysis. * disagree about how closely the giant panda and the red panda are related to each other. * divide Indonesia into three zones. * do it with animals. * is an animal specialist. * know little about their lifespan. * observe the ways animals interact with one another and their environment. * often specialize in the study of one particular species. * say it's a mammal because it has fur and is warm-blooded. * seek to understand and appreciate the incredible diversity of animal species. * study animals their origin, behavior, diseases, and life processes - everything from single-celled protozoa to whales * study the genetics, structures, behavior, and development of all types of animal species - origins, behavior, diseases, and life processes if animals * tend to be experts on a very specific group. * try to answer many questions about animals. * usually are identified by the animal group they study. + Biological classification * When the present system of naming living things was developed, Latin was the language most widely used around the world. So, such names are still in Latin. The official descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa in Latin were and are written in Latin as well. Zoologist allow any language for the description of animals. Brazilian scientist * collect samples. * make human skin in their laboratory. Brilliant scientist * are universally knowledgeable in all fields of scientific study. * have subjects. British scientist * Some british scientists understand nutrition. * claim to have created what they believe is the world's first intelligent pebble. * claims to have isolated a language gene. * conduct an experiment in which a cat is fed a few drops of distilled tobacco oil. * report their discovery of a giant hole in the earth's ozone layer. * say they have uncovered the first conclusive evidence the earth is warming.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Chemist * Every chemist knows that it has two parts, a cation and an anion. * Many chemists are interested in molecules and compounds - do research and create new things - enter management after beginning their careers in a technical position - favour supramolecular chemistry - prefer to use the term molar mass for the mass of a mole of substance - seek employment in the health-care professions after graduate work - use Argon as a carrier gas to make the plasma * Many chemists work in research and development laboratories in industry * Most chemists analyze samples - believe that the electronic structure of benzene is delocalized - determine equilibrium constants in a solution with a high ionic strength - evaluate properties - identify materials - investigate products - specialize in methods - study atmospheric components * Most chemists understand air - structures * Most chemists use alcohol - elements - microscopes - their research skills to formulate, produce, and analyze new compounds * Most chemists work for companies - industries - private industries * Most chemists work in facilities - labs * Most chemists work on computers - procedures - regular hours in well-equipped labs, offices, or classrooms - with departments * Some chemists conduct basic research to expand knowledge of the field. * Some chemists create color - discover oxygen - do field work - have a knack for using annelations to alter the nature of molecules - look at metabolism - prefer self-employment through small business or consulting firms - realize products - restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms - start their own businesses or work as consultants - study air pollution and reactions in the upper atmosphere * Some chemists use acid - graphite - watch what happens when they mix two or more chemicals together * Some chemists work around dangerous chemicals - for research organizations and educational institutions * Some chemists work in marketing, sales, or computer programming - production and inspection * Some chemists work with biologists - material scientists * add chemicals. * also can precipitate substances out of the air - count atoms when naming a sigmatropic shift where a hydrogen atom moves - design and develop instruments to study matter - pursue academic careers at high schools, colleges and universities - record and report on test results - search for new chemicals in nature or they make up new ones - seek to understand chemical changes * also sell cosmetics and insect and sun protections - cosmetics, insect and sun protections - use computers to form molecules * also work in chemical manufacturing plants - factories - production and quality control in chemical manufacturing plants - on environmental problems, collecting samples of plants and animals for analysis * always use the molecular formula, if there is one, in preference to an empirical formula. * analyze and experimentally test chemical substances - reactions to determine the properties of matter * analyze, synthesize, quantitate and design materials. * analyzes blood for drugs and poisons. * apply their knowledge of chemistry in various ways - to problems of the environment, energy, medicine and agriculture * are also at the forefront of developing fields such as nanotechnology - concerned about the handedness of molecules - experts on the behavior of molecules - highly paid professionals - in high demand in industrial, government and academic laboratories * are interested in the composition, properties and transformations of matter - properties of substances - located in chemistry labs * are people who like to solve problems - study compounds and find new ways to do chemical reactions - physical scientists that specialize in the study of matter - science career professional doing extraordinary work - scientists, technicians, managers, producers, teachers, and always, problem solvers - surer than ever that they are now 'seeing' atoms - trained in analyses * call the calcium-fatty acid product a grease or metallic soap or salt - first category ethers and the second category alcohols * can also use several different chemical reactions to separate carbon dioxide - apply their knowledge of chemistry to various purposes - classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas - have involvement * can use it to see how organic materials react with each other - spectroscopy to identify chemical compounds as well as elements * carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. * change the molecules in the petroleum and create many new products. * characterize fluoride as a poison. * classify matter in order to better understand and describe it. * come in all shapes and sizes and all socio-economic backgrounds. * commonly abbreviate acetic acid using the symbolic formula, HOAc. * consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules. * construct knowledge by systematically examining quantitative data for patterns. * contribute to such diverse fields as medicine, agriculture, oceanography, and archaeology. * create new compounds. * design commercial polymers to combine the best properties of their various components. * desire to know nature and work within natural laws. * detect certain air and water pollutants by using fluorescence. * develop coloring agents, preservatives and flavours, which are safe for food use - colourants, preservatives and flavours, which are safe for food use - products, test quality control, monitor the environment, and control pollution - theories * disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. * discover concepts * dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion. * divide energy into two classes. * do experiments to learn how matter is composed - fundamental research on the properties and reactions of substances - it organically and inorganically * don t argue about where to put newly discovered elements in it. * explore potential of dendritic macromolecules as functional materials. * find jobs in every sector of manufacturing, from home products to pharmaceuticals. * generally combine the complex wave functions to create new wave functions that are real. * get carbon dioxide from cooling air. * have a whole shorthand notation for representing the structure of chemical compounds - active collaborations with biologists, physicists, geologists, and engineers * have many different ways of putting together an understanding of something - strategies to find the best sequence of reactions to make the desired product - professional obligations to the public, to colleagues, and to science - responsibility to avoid pollution and to protect the environment - responsiblity to avoid pollution and to pretect the environment - similar problems observing individual molecules in reactions - tailored microscopic beads to sop up and permanently bind toxic waterborne pesticides - what they call chemical abstracts - the molecules, both natural and man-made, that exist in the environment * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * invent new substances and develop theories to explain chemical reactions or processes. * investigate new products - properties of matter and the laws that come into play when elements combine * isolate the active chemicals and determine their structures. * keep records and prepare reports showing results of tests. * learn to knot their molecules. * like to experiment - work with pure substances * make contributions - statements * measure acidity using pH. An acid has a low value of pH and a base has a higher value. * need computer skills * often identify elements from their physical properties - label orbital energies with the lower case Greek letter epsilon - melt the reactants together and then later anneal the solidified melt - mix compounds together creating new substances with different physical properties * often specialize in a particular branch of the field - subfield - one of the subfields of chemistry - study problems by constructing models - use hydrogen peroxide in chemical reactions * perform experiments to measure the equilibrium constant of various reactions. * prefer to think in terms of moles of material, however. * prepare new compounds and study their composition and structure. * recognise that hydrogen is an unusual element. * say the materials damaged by ozone include rubber, nylon, plastics, dyes, and paints. * search for and put to practical use new knowledge about chemicals - use new knowledge about substances * see importance. * seem to form a significant group of winemakers. * serve society in a variety of ways to improve the quality of life. * sometimes find it necessary to specify the atomic mass of an isotope. * sort the MOs by energy levels. * spin materials to improve magnetic resonance data. * start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine. * study all things that have mass and occupy space, making chemistry the central science - and work with chemicals - atomic orbital interactions - atoms as well as the structures and reactions of molecules - characteristics - many different fields - molecules to see how they change, how they form, and how they move - symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react - the atomic structure of physical matter and analyze how it changes * study the composition and properties of matter and energy - of substances, how the substances act, and how they change - makeup of substances and the ways they combine and react with each other - structure and behavior of chemicals - structures, physical properties, and chemical properties of material substances * talk about entropy and activation energy when they talk about chemical reactions. * tend to become deeply involved in their work - enjoy an unemployment rate that is significantly less than the national average - mold a nanostructure - organize atoms together to grow a nanostructure - synthesize esters in a two-step process * test liquid mixture * therefore distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid. * think they are physical chemists. * try to choose names that provide information about the chemical. * typically work regular hours. * undertake responsibility. * use a formal language to represent the chemical structure of molecules - process called reverse osmosis to purify water and perform other functions - solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor - technique called chromatography to accomplish much of the needed separation - atoms and molecules to explain properties and behaviors of matter - blends - catalysts to speed up slow reactions - chemical equations to express what occurs in chemical reactions - clay and sticks to form models of molecules - entropy as a tool for understanding spontaneous change - equations to describe the changes substances undergo - hybridization theory mainly in organic chemistry - hydriodic acid in experiments as a powerful reducing agent * use it as a solvent for chemical reactions and in cromatography - to remove a material from a solid - methyl orange as an indicator in the titration of weak bases with strong acids - molarity to express quantitatively the concentration of a solution - molecular models for a variety of reasons - one or two lettters to represent elements - pH as a measure of how acidic or basic a compound is - reaction diagrams to predict reactions in a test tube - sensitive magnetic equipment to measure simple and complex molecules - several definitions to describe the behavior of acids - special kinds of graphs to represent chemicals - specific knowledge - spectroscopy, the utilization of electromagnetic radiation, to study matter - strong acids to break down other molecules * use such data to work out the molecular structure of substances they wish to analyze - functions to predict or explain chemical and physical properties - superacids to make plastics and high-octane gasoline * use symbols to represent elements - stand for the elements * use the graph to calculate fundamental quantities - scientific method when they investigate matter * usually build mathematical models of molecular orbitals by combining atomic orbitals. * usually refer to proteins as polypeptides - the wave function of the H atom as the atomic orbital of the atom * usually work as part of a team - in offices and laboratories * work as professionals in virtually every industry, business and research organization - teams - toy companies * work in all fields of modern civilization, academe, government, and industry - every sector - including academia, the private sector, and the government - sales for chemistry related companies - the pharmaceutical, paper, oil, biotechnology and consumer product industries - important problems and tackle the challenges posed by our ever-changing world * work with departments - engineers, who in turn work with modern-life scientists * working in applied research use their knowledge to improve and create new products. + Acetonitrile: Chemical compounds :: Organic compounds * It is a clear liquid and is the simplest molecule in a group called nitriles. Acetonitrile is made when plastics are being made so is quite cheap. Chemists use it as a solvent for chemical reactions and in cromatography. + Carbon dioxide, Isolation and production: Organic compounds :: Biochemistry :: Greenhouse gases :: Oxides * Chemists get carbon dioxide from cooling air. They call this air distillation. But this method is inefficient. Chemists can also use several different chemical reactions to separate carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is made in the reactions between most acids and most metal carbonates. + Chemical synthesis, Strategies * Chemists have many strategies to find the best sequence of reactions to make the desired product. In cascade reactions multiple chemical changes take place within a single reactant. In multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product. In a telescopic synthesis, one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolating intermediates after each step - synthesis: Chemistry * Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine. These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants. Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel. Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition' + Equilibrium constant * For equilibria in solution, activity is the product of concentration and activity coefficient. Most chemists determine equilibrium constants in a solution with a high ionic strength. In high strength solutions, the quotient of activity coefficients changes very little. * This is more likely to happen if the reactants have a higher concentration. So, the concentrations of all the necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place for the reaction. Going the other way, all of the concentrations of those necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place to react in the opposite direction. The ratio between those two numbers represents how popular each side of the reaction will be when equilibrium is reached. An equilibrium constant of 1 means that both sides are equally popular. Chemists perform experiments to measure the equilibrium constant of various reactions. + Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Analysis, Types of ionization, Electron ionization: Mass spectrometry :: Laboratory techniques * This is like the filament one would find in a standard incandescent light bulb. The electrons hit the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic way that can be repeated. EI has few, if any, fragments having a mass that is near the mass of the original molecule. Chemists consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules. The use of 70 eV helps to compare the spectra generated from the test sample against known library spectra. The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching. Many method standardization agencies now control these algorithms and methods to assure their objectivity. + Hydrogen halide * The hydrogen halides are diatomic molecules with no tendency to ionize in the gas phase. Chemists therefore distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid. The former is a gas at room temperature that reacts with water to give the acid. Once the acid has formed, the diatomic molecule can not easily be regenerated - peroxide: Chemical compounds :: Oxygen compounds :: Hydrogen compounds * Chemists often use hydrogen peroxide in chemical reactions. Oxidising agents' take electrons from other compounds + Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry :: Laboratory equipment :: Analytical chemistry * Many chemists use Argon as a carrier gas to make the plasma. The machine sends the sample ions through a series of small cones. The cones let the plasma ions slowly enter the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. + Molecular orbital, Formation of molecular orbitals * Chemists study atomic orbital interactions. The overlap is important if the atomic orbitals are close in energy. Finally, the number of MOs in a molecule must equal the number of atomic orbitals in the atoms being brought together to form the molecule - Qualitative approach, HOMO and LUMO * Each molecular orbital has its own energy level. Chemists sort the MOs by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will fill the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has electrons to fill 15 orbitals, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be filled. The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap - orbital: Physics :: Quantum chemistry :: Theoretical chemistry :: Computational chemistry :: Chemical bonding * A MO is a mathematical function which describes the wave-like behaviour of an electron in a molecule. Chemists use such functions to predict or explain chemical and physical properties. For example, the functions can tell the probability of finding an electron in any specific region. * Chemists usually build mathematical models of molecular orbitals by combining atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms can also be used. Computers can work on these functions. Molecular orbitals allow chemists to apply quantum mechanics to study molecules. MOs answer questions about how the atoms in molecules stick together. The various rounded shapes in an orbital diagram indicate where electrons would most likely be found in an atom - symmetry, Point groups, Representations * Chemists use the irreps to sort the symmetry groups and to talk about their properties - symmetry: Symmetry :: Theoretical chemistry * In chemistry, 'molecular symmetry' is the symmetry of molecules. It also puts molecules into groups according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry. It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as its dipole moment. Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react. The molecular symmetry of the reactants help predict how the product of the reaction is made up and the energy needed for the reaction + Orbital hybridization, Historical development: Chemical bonding :: Quantum chemistry :: Stereochemistry * In the case of simple hybridization, this approximation is based on atomic orbitals. In heavier atoms, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, the atomic orbitals involved in bonding are the 2s and 2p orbitals. These orbitals can be occupied in a hydrogen atom, but only when the electron is in an excited state. Hybrid orbitals are assumed to be mixtures of these atomic orbitals, superimposed on each other in various proportions. It provides a quantum mechanical insight to Lewis structures. Chemists use hybridization theory mainly in organic chemistry. + Pericyclic reaction: Pericyclic reactions :: Rearrangement reactions * Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized. + Polymer chemistry, History * Polymer chemistry started by studying the long fibers in plants. Nitrocellulose treated with camphor makes celluloid. Chemists dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion. Doctors have used collodion as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before. * There are now a large number of commercial polymers. Chemists design commercial polymers to combine the best properties of their various components. For example, special polymers used in automobile engines are designed to work at high temperatures. + Sigmatropic reaction, Overview of Sigmatropic Shifts, Woodward-Hoffman Sigmatropic Shift Nomenclature * Chemists also count atoms when naming a sigmatropic shift where a hydrogen atom moves. The carbon chain does not break in a hydrogen atom migration. So, chemists count across all atoms involved in the reaction rather than only across the closest atoms. + Solid-state chemistry, Synthetic methods, Oven techniques, Melt methods * Chemists often melt the reactants together and then later anneal the solidified melt. If volatile reactants are involved, the reactants are often put in an ampoule and then all air is removed. The sealed ampoule is then put in an oven and given a specified heat treatment. + Soxhlet extractor, Uses * Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves. * Chemists are people who study compounds and find new ways to do chemical reactions. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, or to make things clean, for example. They also use compounds to find out more about the laws of chemistry. + Superacid: Acids * Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Supercids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids. + Thermochemistry, Calorimetry: Physical chemistry * The temperature of the chamber is measured either using a thermometer or thermocouple. The temperature is plotted against time to give a graph. Chemists use the graph to calculate fundamental quantities.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| chemist: Analytical chemist * analyze compounds. * are always in search of selectivity. * design new scientific instruments and develop methods for analysis. * develop new techniques and instruments for analyzing unknown substances. * perform analyses, make chemical measurements, and design and build instruments. * study what substances are made of. * tend to overlook X-ray techniques. * use microprocessors to control instruments, collect data, and analyze results - xenon compounds as oxidizing agents Atmospheric chemist * Most atmospheric chemists study atmospheric components. * come in three basic flavors. * study atmospheric components, reactions, measurement techniques, and processes<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Biochemist * Many biochemists are interested in molecular biology-the study of genes and gene expression - study directly or use the protein molecules called enzymes * Most biochemists deal with the chemistry of life process, such as metabolism, digestion and growth - have only a meagre understanding of, or interest in, evolution - know it as ubiquinone, an equally arcane name * Some biochemists also find a career as a consultant in public- or private relations. * are chemists - scientists - workers * can specialize in a specific area of biochemistry. * concern themselves with the chemistry of the living world. * generally have much more chemistry than biology as their focus. * investigate the chemical aspects of cells and blood, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones. * look at how living organisms function at the molecular level. * often draw a picture of an enzyme to use as a visual aid or map of the enzyme. * refer to the interrupted reaction as a rate-limiting step. * require a firm background in chemistry, biology, math, and physics for their work. * specialize in the chemical composition and behavior of living things. * squeeze self-evolving molecules into tiny plastic test tubes. * study how organisms derive energy, use nutrients and reproduce. * study the chemical composition of living organisms - chemicals that make up living things * study the chemistry of life processes - living systems from viruses and bacteria to plants and animals - effects of soil, temperature, and light on plants - molecules that define the structure and function of living beings - organic chemistry of life * think they're chemists. * try to answer questions that are fundamental to life. * use the suffix -in to designate proteins - term conformation when talking about protien shape * work to develop new diagnostic tools and improve existing systems. + Enzyme, Enzyme structure: Biochemistry :: Molecular biology * Biochemists often draw a picture of an enzyme to use as a visual aid or map of the enzyme. This is hard to do because there may be hundreds or thousands of atoms in an enzyme. Biochemists can not draw all this detail. Instead, they use ribbon models as pictures of enzymes. Ribbon models can show the shape of an enzyme without having to draw every atom.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Biophysical chemist * study protein structure and the functional structure of cell membranes. + Biophysical chemistry: Chemistry :: Biology * Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| chemist: Environmental chemist * Environmental Chemists do fundamental research on the properties and the reactions of substances - monitor emissions and help prevent and resolve environmental issues * Most environmental chemists understand air. * study the effects that various chemicals have on ecosystems. Food chemist * Most food chemists work for industries - private industries * Some food chemists improve taste. * test products.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Green chemist * reduce the hazards and increase the efficiency of any chemical choice. + Green chemistry: Environmental chemistry * Green chemistry applies organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. While green chemistry seems to focus on just industrial applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. Click chemistry is often said to be a style of chemical synthesis that has the same aim as green chemistry. Green chemists reduce the hazards and increase the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. Industrial chemist * are always interested in finding new and more effective solvents. * work with clays as raw materials from which to develop new products.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Organic chemist * Some organic chemists use acid. * are also very interested in the three dimensional shapes of molecules. * develop drug, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and plastics. * focus on carbon-based compounds used in prescription drugs and fertilizers. * know how to cleave Double Bonds. * study reaction - the chemistry of carbon compounds * study the chemistry of the compounds made of carbon - vast number of carbon compounds - structure, properties, and reactions of molecules that contain carbon * thrive in a highly interdisciplinary and team environment. * use many shortcuts in drawing complex molecules - tetramethyl silane as a standard * work with molecules big and small.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Physical chemist * Most physical chemists develop theories. * Physical Chemists think they are Physicists - they're physicists * Some physical chemists work with material scientists * seek to understand the nature of matter. * strive to uncover the principles that unify chemistry. * study characteristics - the structures of materials, and rates and energies of chemical reactions * think they are physicists. * use math to explain reactions of atoms and molecules. * work on a diverse set of problems. Polymer chemist * Most polymer chemists work on organic polymers, using chains of carbon atoms to build molecules. * Polymer Chemists do it in chains. Research chemist * Most research chemists work on procedures. * create three dimensional models of molecules in shared workspace. * spend most of their time in labs.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| chemist: Supramolecular chemist * study the interactions at a drug binding site. + Supramolecular chemistry, Uses, Medicine: Chemistry * Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new drug therapies. Supramolecular chemists study the interactions at a drug binding site. The area of drug delivery has also made critical advances as a result of supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation and targeted release mechanisms. In addition, supramolecular systems have been designed to disrupt protein-protein interactions that are important to cellular function. Theoretical chemist * help identify drug targets via computer modeling. * use a wide range of tools. + Theoretical chemistry, Overview: Chemistry	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Chinese scientist * Some Chinese scientists are critical of panda cloning - chinese scientists discover theropods * believe stem cells can be used to grow body organs for transplant operations. * blame the early arrival of the floods on global warming * explain why they like global warming. * recognize global warming has benefits as well as costs. * report pandas - zoo pandas Climate scientist * Most climate scientists believe global warming is occurring - the cause of the warming is pollution from cars and power plants - say that Earth does seem to be heating up * work on the theoretical foundations and the modeling of climate change. Clinical scientist * establish cause and effect by looking at groups of people. * work with a broad range of patient groups, from before birth to extreme old age. Cognitive scientist * Many cognitive scientists view consciousness as the last unconquered frontier in science. * are scientists. * believe that mind can be explained entirely in terms of classical physics. * study how the mind works - many different phenomena within the general topic of spatial cognition Conservation scientist * Most conservation scientists understand extinction. * manage, improve, and protect the country's natural resources. * specialize in areas. Creation scientist * recognize the role of natural law in the world today. * report observations. Different scientist * Many different scientists have a different view of how the gorillas evolved. * classify biomes in different ways. * view biodiversity in different ways.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Earth scientist * Most earth scientists are employeed in the energy and mineral exploration industries - now familiar with computer generated images and image processing software - have one or more computers * can reassure people that it is normal to feel uneasy about earthquakes. * find much evidence of plate movement at the boundaries of plates. * prefer the term mass wasting. * struggle to explain why Icelandic hotspot is centered on a mid-ocean ridge. * study fossils. * use density measurements to identify minerals and other solids - the data to create three-dimensional models of underground rocks Ecological scientist * study size. * take approaches - diverse approaches	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Economist * Learn about current and past economists. * Many economists argue that one of the main causes of inflation is excessive money supply growth - believe high taxes have a negative impact on a state's economic performance * Many economists believe that e-commerce is driving the U.S. economy - indebtedness keeps our country financially on the move - that's a natural evolution among wealthy industrialized nations - blame the technological age for the huge differences in American incomes - cite the jobless rate as one of several indicators that the economy is slowing - claim that the economy is at full-employment - define a recession as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth - focus on the secondary or tertiary effects of government deficits and surpluses - hold that environmental quality improves with economic growth - like to work with things and values - link economic expansion and contraction to the level of interest rates - point to technological change and globalization as major contributing factors * Many economists see a carbon tax as the most economically efficient way to reduce emissions - indexed annuities as an appropriate form of retirement income - the rampant dollar as the main inflationary factor - teach and do research at colleges and universities - think that countries can boost national saving by privatizing public pension plans - work for government agencies * Many economists work in federal, state, and local government - the public sector in all types of contexts * Most Economists work in education, consulting firms, manufacturing, banks, and government agencies. * Most economists agree that inflation result of too much money - products are under-priced as a result of externalities * Most economists analyze habits - lifestyle habits * Most economists are concerned with practical applications of economic policy in a particular area - argue that savings lead to more investment - associate the sources of a credit crunch with a sudden disappearance of liquidity * Most economists believe that it started in the United States - profits and cash flow are the primary determinants of capital spending - collect and analyze data, monitor current trends and forecast new trends - define a recession as two consecutive quarters of economic decline - develop economic theories - favor free trade because it tends to make everyone better off - have math or computer science as undergraduate degrees - predict growth - recognize that the global economy is what has changed in the last decades - rely on computer printouts of numerical data for their financial planning - specialize in one or more subfields within economics - understand the monetary value of investing in a good reputation - work full time * Provides biographies of living and deceased economists. * Some economists argue that because of our tax system, inflation discourages savings - monetary and fiscal policy destabilizes the economy - the economy can sustain higher growth without the perils of inflation - assert that economies have basic flaws which, for some reason, lead to cycles - believe budget cuts create economic distress if they go too far, too fast * Some economists believe that large government deficits led to large current account deficits - the economy can never grow too fast - the United States is already teetering on the brink of recession - blame unrestrained capitalism - claim that a healthy housing market can prevent an overall economic downturn - contend that natural resources can be a curse for developing countries - envision a single global currency - even fear that derivatives threaten the stability of the financial system - have unemployment - predict the cycle is about to start again - see a negative correlation between restaurants and supermarkets - seem to believe that all behaviour is controlled by economic priciples * Some economists study disasters - natural disasters - the cost of products, healthcare, or energy - think a consumption tax leaves incentives in place * agree that business taxes are always passed on to consumers, workers, or investors. * also figure out economic strategies that can sway economic decisions - look at the 'rate of growth', which is how fast a country gets richer - modify and improve contracts when necessary - produce abstruse research, in highly scientific terms - study how entire economies work and how they work together - try to determine why economies are different and how they work together - work for industry and trade associations, labor unions, and government agencies - results of millions of decisions made by individuals and firms - the role of government in the economy * apply academic rigor to understand and quantify the behavior of human beings - rational decision-making procedures to complex questions * are also concerned with the allocation of resources - always interested in the use of resources - awful people - they think they can reduce everything to dollars and cents - best know for their extensive use of supply and demand models - concerned with the conservation of scarce resources - inquisitive people, usually with social concerns - newspapers - social scientists - specialists trained to look only at one particular thing - still concerned about the relationship of government and markets - strong advocates of the virtues of allocation through the price system - unable to predict, with certainty, rates of return over long periods - usually interested in computing the output vector x given the demand vector d - well aware of the problems with government statistics - wrong to assume people are rational * arrive at conclusions - same conclusions * ascribe an order to the circulation of material goods, resources, and wealth. * assess unit pricing of garbage. * assume people behave rationally, which means that people never make mistakes. * assume that firms maximize profit, while consumers maximize consumer surplus - producers attempt to maximize profits - the goal of firms is to a. maximize profit * attribute economic growth so far to heavy government spending that is somewhat deficit. * avoid crises. * believe research is also essential to growth and keeping our competitive edge - self-interest is the dominant motive in all human behaviour * believe that capitalism is powered by money - high profits are due to increasing the productivity of workers - individuals are paid according to how productive they are - markets are efficient aggregators of information - most taxes have some distortionary effect that reduces economic output - our discipline explains a major portion of how the world works - prices of goods represent that anchor - the most important factor in creating a good economy is education * borrow from all the social sciences in order to theorize about human behavior. * call it capital accumulation - economies of scale, and businesses take advantage of it all the time - that working with real values, instead of nominal ones * can offer insights into the problems associated with escalating health care costs - produce sophisticated statistics to demonstrate the rate of growth in our economy - supply on demand - use economic growth data to predict trends in other economic factors * care because productivity growth accelerates economic expansion. * classify recreational spending as a luxury good. * closely watch capacity utilization for signs of inflation pressures. * concentrate on resources rather than money. * conduct research on grain markets and transportation. * consider two consecutive quarters of contraction to mean that an economy is in recession. * contend that people are more likely taking cash out of stocks and buying houses. * continue to debate whether financial markets are 'generally' efficient. * create facts from principles or theory - principles or theories to form facts or move from particular to general * criticize unions for misallocating labor. * define a recession as an economy that declines for two consecutive quarters - an efficient tax as one that changes behavior little - four types of utility that are involved in marketing - growth as an increase in a country's real GDP from year to year - income as A. The market value of all assets owned at a point in time - sectors in terms of their output - technology as knowledge concerning the production process * describe economic activity as having three levels of knowledge intensity - environmental impacts as negative externalities - the efforts by business firms to earn the greatest profits as the profit motive - theories to explain how aspects of the economy operate * differ in their views of the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy - on how to resolve the international financial crisis * differentiate between countries with good and poor environments for development. * disagree as to the output effect of inflation. * disagree on most economic issues facing an economy - the extent to which living-wage laws displace workers * divide resources into four basic categories of land, labor, capital, and management. * do it with inflation. * do use data collected from the observation of human behavior - theories that are gross simplifications - worry about the increasing impact of volatile stock prices on the nation's economy * dominate local, national, and international decision-making bodies. * engage the world of current affairs. * examine east asian success - how goods and services are produced and distributed * examine the effects of economic reform policies on child growth - entrepreneurial habits of immigrants * explain that the decline of business failures is an indicator of a strong U.S. economy. * find concepts - employment in all areas of the public and private sectors - many career opportunities in business and government * forecast lean times well into the new millennium - sales, project trends, and analyze production * frequently do original research - estimate hedonic pricing models using data from the housing or labor markets * gather data, analyze trends, and develop forecasts. * generally agree that trade is beneficial for the economy as a whole - cite four sources or types of unemployment - concern themselves with exchanges in which one of the items traded is money - focus on protectionism against international competition - tend to believe that tax cuts can make an economy more competitive - uphold the theoretical lawfulness of interest on loans - view productivity growth as the primary measure of an economy's dynamism * have a tendency to analyze only what is available in neat, historical tables - variety of indices they use to measure inflation - estimates of the contribution of the factors to growth - ethical values that help shape the way they do economics - high starting salaries compared to most professional groups - laws, which are observations and can be tested through research * have no interest in the value of a company after fifty years - real standards for measuring fairness, except through a social welfare function - their own approach to problems that differs from that of the other social sciences - well developed equations for the optimum allocation of scarce resources * hold important positions at many banks and financial firms. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * interpret and analyze trends in terms of savings, investment, and growth - forecast market trends * invariably measure the tax burden as a share of income. * investigate efficiency as one dimension in the fulfillment of the human experience. * know how to calculate optimal prices for electricity transmission - surprisingly little about the causes of economic growth * know that fierce competition prevents businesses from raising prices - trade is the engine of prosperity * like to argue, about climate change as much as anything else - claim a rational or scientific basis for their theories - measure economic performance over a complete business cycle - refer to their discipline as the science of choice - see rises in productivity, because it suggests non-inflationary growth - take out food and energy and look under the hood - think that stock market prices reflect some underlying fundamentals * look at India as model of growing economy - microeconomic issues and problems by developing theories of behavior - to construction spending for clues about the overall economy * love charts and graphs - to use numbers to prove their points of view * measure growth by such standards as the gross domestic product - inflation regularly to know an economy's state - the strength of a state's economy in several different ways - value A using the concept of trade-offs * now believe that global warming is good for the economy and the people. * nowadays tend to overlook the fact that labour markets are unlike product markets. * object, saying that the gases behave differently in the atmosphere. * occupy positions of leadership in every sector of American industry. * offer advice. * often argue that inflation is caused by too much money in circulation - investment is current consumption that has been given up - focus on the additional or extra costs or benefits of a choice - use the goal of profit maximization to simplify their analysis - work closely with policy makers in both the executive and legislative branches * perform a variety of functions for the firms - cost effectiveness studies to find the least cost method of achieving the goal * preach that scarcity prerequisite for a product to be marketable. * propose several ways * question values. * recognize the power of market mechanisms to efficiently allocate resources - two major types of inflation * refer to commons as a shortened form of common property resource - prices from a given year as nominal or current prices - such a world as neoclassical * refer to the former as general human capital and the latter as specific human capital - production outputs as products or commodities - sum of reserves and cash as base money, or high potential money * regard free trade as just about as controversial as motherhood - modeling as a form of scientific method * say four-fifths of Indonesian business groups are run by Chinese tycoons - housing often follows the stock market with significant lag time * say that the equivalent price in a different year is in real or constant dollars - last economic factor to recover after a downturn is the unemployment rate - whole sectors of the economy are at risk of collapse * see a basic pattern in investing when they review the history of the financial markets - nature as humanity's handmaiden, while environmentalists see nature as autonomous - the relationship between shareholders and managers as one of principal and agent * specialize in international trade, development, policy and economics. * study a. how people make decisions and factors which affect the overall economy - business within the context of the market setting and overall economic conditions - decision-making in the context of scarcity * study how individuals and organizations manage source resources - people make choices in life when scarcity limits what is available - products are made, how they are distributed, and how they are used - human behavior during economic exchanges - people's use of scarce resources to satisfy competing desires - the behavior of consumers, business firms and financial institutions * study the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities and services - of goods and services - sources of environmental disruption and fashion mechanisms for control - way people produce, distribute, and consume goods and services * take the position that there net gain in jobs for all nations through trade. * talk about a principle called price elasticity - economies of scale i.e., bigger is better - people voting with their feet - the 'real' interest rate on an investment * tend to believe bull markets are created by a growing economy - focus on wage costs as the main determinant of employment - see potential growth defined by technological limits - start biting their nails when they see the price of oil start to rise * theorize that marriages are less alluring because men and women have similar roles. * think the world works by magic - they can raise economic growth by increasing saving * traditionally rely on working papers to communicate current research. * treat the unemployment rate as an indicator of aggregate pressure on the economy. * try to measure the value people put on things - understand how and why the economy works * typically assume that the production function exhibits constant returns to scale - consider six months of supply to be a balanced market - work independently in an office * use a demand schedule to determine price and quantity demanded - framework called game theory to think about auction behavior - relatively simple formula to determine the degree of elasticity - variety of techniques to forecast interest rates - adjustment - both theoretical and empirical lenses to look at the economy - computer programs to make predictions - it to study the stock market - other indicators of the health of the economy * use statistical adjustment - methods and standardized economic models in their work - such variables in constructing models of a given economy * use the term capital to refer to physical resources - ceteris paribus to indicate that supply and demand are in balance - consumption to mean use of goods in satisfying human wants - their knowledge to help businesses - two criteria to help determine the relative fairness of a particular tax * usually call firms small or large relative to their markets - obtain empirical production functions from statistical analysis of industry data - view productivity growth as the best measure of an economy's dynamism * warn that oil markets, like all commodity markets, are inherently unstable. * work in almost every area of government - business firms, government agencies, and private nonprofit organizations - virtually every federal agency + Economic development, Measuring Economic Development: Economics + Financial crisis of 2007–2008, Background and causes: 2007 :: 2008 :: Financial crises :: Stock market * There are many reasons economists think this had happened. Most economists believe that it started in the United States. From 1997 until 2006, people bought expensive houses, even though they did not have enough money for it. Since the money had come from other countries, it was easy to have good credit. People used this credit for expensive home loans. This created a housing bubble which caused the houses' prices to raise. Because they had a lot of money, the loaning companies made it easier to get a loan, even if the borrower didn't have a good credit history. + History of India, Republic of India * Some economists think it was a mixed economy. In a mixed economy, socialism and capitalism continue together. During this period, lasting for several years up to end-1980s, India could rapidly develop its infrastructure, science and technology. + Inflation * Inflation' means that the general level of prices is going up, the opposite of deflation. Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. + Moral hazard: Market failure :: Insurance * Economists agree on the positive role that 'good' incentives play to increase production. They also agree that 'perverse' incentives have an opposite impact.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| economist: Academic economist * teach and conduct research at colleges and universities around the world - do research on a variety of theoretical and applied topics * tend to favor peers whose crafts exalt their own handiwork. Business economist * Some business economists are self-employed as consultants to companies. * forecast and analyze various aspects of the economy for their employers. * look at anything and everything to get an idea where the economy is headed. Econometrician * develop models and use mathematical analyses to test economic relationships. * is an economist Home economist * are interested in both the individual and the family. * examine theories, research, and practices related to the quality of life in homes. Labor economist * explore education and resulting income. * study the supply of workers and the demand for labor by employers.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| economist: Monetarist * advocate rules rather than discretion in macroeconomic management. * analyze economic behavior and activity in terms of stock variables. * are economists. * believe money is to be spent. * believe that V is constant and Q is relatively stable - money is wanted only for the transactions motive - people have no money illusion - the demand for money is interest inelastic * blame failure of government and central bank policy for economic downturns. * differ in their policy recommendations for control of the money supply. * is an economist * vary in their precise beliefs on expectations. Neoclassical economist * argue that competition generates static efficiency. * assume that interpersonal utility comparisons are impossible. * oppose the use of discretionary fiscal and monetary policy. Neoliberal economist * embrace two first principles as fundamental articles of faith. * provide corporate libertarianism with a patina of intellectual legitimacy.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Environmental scientist * Environmental Scientists are responsible for the rehabilitation of degraded land. * Some environmental scientists determine numbers - study the effects that various chemicals have on the ecosystem * are concerned with the problem of natural and social environments. * bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. * claim that the real risks to our health are much closer to home. * observe, measure and experiment in all environments and habitats. * require information. * require specific information - soil information * use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment - tree ring cores to derive climate history * work in both the private and public sectors - on cleanups, management of hazards, and all aspects of planning * work with developer - geothermal developer European scientist * Some european scientists observe decomposition. * find evidence of exceted human medications polluting water. Evolutionary scientist * Some evolutionary scientists claim that humans' oldest living relative is the starfish - that kangaroos evolved from possums - think that meat eating lead to our big brains * argue for a South American origination for all flying birds. * claim that fossil fuels take millions of years to develop. Few scientist * discover importance. * pay attention. * take discoveries. Fisheries scientist * Many fisheries scientists believe that stocking creates the possibility of genetic dilution. * track the movements of the endangered humpback chub.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Food scientist * Food Scientists look for cost-effective ways of using the food supply to feed the world. * Some food scientists believe such labels are needed to notify consumers of potential allergens - develop food * advise people in management on new equipment and new sources of supplies. * are the people behind food safety and new products. * can help by processing excess crop yields and thereby reduce post-harvest losses. * compare it to the amount of alcohol that occurs in very ripe fresh fruits. * create new foods and innovative processes. * evaluate values. * hope to genetically modify crops to add vitamins and minerals. * lead the world in food quality, safety, technology, and abundance. * look for ways. * say the United States has the safest and most ample food supply in the world. * study food to improve existing products or create new ones - the physical,microbiological, and chemical makeup of food * to develop alternatives - other alternatives<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Forensic scientist * Forensic Scientists examine DNA and other scientific evidence relating to criminal investigations. * are chemists who work in a science or crime lab - responsible for scientific analysis of evidence * collect, analyze, and compare physical evidence from crime scenes or persons. * come from a variety of backgrounds. * have a long list of tools that they use to collect and analyze evidence. * know that every fingerprint is unique - what things look like under microscopes * practice in a wide variety of disciplines. * use formulas to determine height based on the length of leg and arm bones - microscopes to study evidence from crime scenes	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Geologist * Many geologists apply their knowledge in the search for metals, minerals, and petroleum. * Many geologists are self-employed as geological consultants or work with consulting firms - self-employed, often working as consultants - hold the belief that rocks are too weak to support high overpressures - search for oil, natural gas, minerals, and underground water - specialise in new fields that require knowledge of another science as well - spend a large amount of their time in field work - travel down to the South Pole to do research in Antarctica - work outdoors most of the time * Most geologists accept the assertion that the early earth had a reducing atmosphere - agree that tsunami-causing landslides tend to start on active volcanoes - apply geologic principles - consider themselves specialists in one or more types of geological work * Most geologists create geologic maps - develop senses - divide their time among field and laboratory work, data analysis, and office duties - do jobs - make measurements * Most geologists study earthquakes - things that happened thousands of years ago * Most geologists work in areas - on land - or supervise exploration work at a variety of sites * Most geologists work with companies - oil companies * Some geologists administer and manage research and exploration programmes - research, exploration, and environmental programs - also teach at universities - argue that the Arabian plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate * Some geologists begin careers - oil industry careers * Some geologists believe Alaska contains as much coal as the rest of the United States combined - that continents grow in size primarily by the addition of exotic terrains - determine landscapes - divide their time between field work and lab or office work - focus on permeability - have minerals - identify minerals - say the moraines are composed of the debris that washed off the glacier - spend the majority of their time in an office - theorize that the force of the moon on the earth causes the cracks - work in trenches * already know that water once existed on Mars. * also are concerned with matters of safety - determine sources of groundwater and possible contamination effects * also examine chemical and physical properties of specimens in the laboratory - events such as asteroid impacts, mass extinctions, and ice ages - have an elaborate system of classification for rocks and minerals - obtain data through stratigraphy, boreholes , core samples , and ice cores - search for natural resources such as coal and water * also study Earth's long history including the history of life - the history of the Earth - unlithified material, which typically comes from more recent deposits * also use methods to determine the absolute age of rock samples and geological events - several other properties in studying rocks - the principals of biology to study paleontology - topographic maps as base maps for plotting data or localities they have visited * analyze earth samples. * are 'earth detectives' - able to detect submarine movement of magma and seabed materials - also concerned with solving the many problems of our physical environment * are also interested in the history of and possible life on other planets - of the Earth and other terrestrial planets - as diverse as any other group of people - curious about the earth - familiar with the idea that dams store sediment and cause changes in river channels - people who have a special knack for working such puzzles - responsible for locating and assessing coal deposits * are scientists who specialize in the study of earth sciences and rocks and minerals - study rocks to learn more about our Earth * are scientists who study the Earth's crust, rocks, and formations - uniquely able to help the general population to understand the environment - workers * assess contamination problems * associate potholes with large volumes of very turbulent water. * attempt to explain how the earth was formed and how it changes. * attribute the crystal growth to the percolation of groundwater in the geologic past. * believe it was formed by the rise in sea levels at the end of the last ice age. * believe that Earth's layers separated because of their different densities - Iceland formed because of an unusual geological coincidence - the Twin Mountains once formed one range * break time down into geologic time units called eras. * build complex models of salt deposits. * call basalt rock cooled in water, pillow basalts. * call the light minerals felsic and the dark ones mafic - liquid rock magma - rocks and soil above the water table the unsaturated zone - way obsidian breaks a conchoidal fracture * can also help identify the components of clay used in making pottery - measure the tilting of the ground above the magma chamber - model and predict the severity of quakes - describe past changes in sea level by studying the marks ocean waves left on rocks - even tell which way the current once flowed by the shape of the ripples in the rock - gain new insight into the history of the earth by studying cave rocks and minerals - measure an earthquake on various scales of intensity and magnitude - photograph rock samples - tell the age of a fossil through a variety of radiometric dating techniques * categorize faults according to the direction of the fault slip. * characterize streams as youthful, mature, and old. * cite several other processes by which arsenic can be released into ground water. * classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. * comb the Arctic and Antarctica for fossils and rocks. * commonly describe traps on the basis of their origin. * consider banded iron formations to be the first indications of free oxygen in the oceans. * counter that our oceans, our atmosphere and our climate all ultimately come from rocks. * describe Florida as a state built on what amounts to floating Swiss cheese - scenic stone as oxidation fronts in rhyolite rock * determine the nature and extent of contaminants on a site - relative age of a surface by counting the number of impact craters * develop intuitive senses - surface and subsurface maps to locate oil and gas resources * distinguish between two type of ages for a geologic feature. * divide the Earth's history into sections called eras - surface and the interior of Earth into layers - their time between fieldwork and office or laboratory work * do it eruptively, with glow, and always smoke afterwards * eat meals. * examine cores - diamond drill cores - distribution * explain HOW the earth's surface behaves as it does. * explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks - for energy, mineral and water resources * find absolute ages by measuring the amounts of certain radioactive elements in the rock * frequently dig to get at the rocks. * have a major role to play in understanding how aquatic ecosystems function - process much like meteorologists - concepts * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - vacuoles * insist that receding glaciers cut the lakes from calcium-rich seabeds. * interpret old, complex, and corrupted evidence. * investigate the materials, processes, products and history of the Earth. * know all about rocks - great ice sheets once covered large portions of the continents - how to distinguish different types of rocks - that sediments are deposited in horizontal beds - they formed under water because of structures found in the rocks * learn about oil and mineral formation by close study of the crystals that form rocks. * locate faults and determine which are active and inactive. * look for places where they can most easily and accurately interpret the earth's history. * love rocks Which can be used as clocks When using radiocarbon dating - to look at and study volcanoes * make a real difference in the world - maps of different types of rocks and where they are found * measure and record activity on the volcano - the ratio of the mass of a mineral to a mass of an equal volume of water * now think the Earth is about four and a half billion years old. * occupy managerial positions, sales positions, and technical positions. * often refer to a flat elevated region as a table - say that ages that are too old are due to excess argon - subdivide formations into smaller units called members or beds * perform land surveys to look for anticlime layers, which appear as folds in rock. * play a very important role in understanding the past. * pour acids on rocks to test for certain compounds. * recognize many different environements. * record their data by making maps. * refer to a gem in the rough simply as a stone - it as coralgal sand because most of the grains are coral and algal fragments - specific intervals of time in Earth history using the geological time scale * regard a landscape as the product of processes operating across time and space. * rely on ideas - similar narratives to understand and interpret the earth - the fossilized carapaces of ostracods to date sediments * say that each layer of sediment was laid down one year at a time - the sands are stained by decaying vegetable matter as it seeps through - water flowing just one foot per second can move gravel * say the state is the last portion of the nation's land mass to emerge from the ocean - water enters the aquifer soils more slowly than the surface soils * see groundwater as a major force in geological change * seek an understanding of the nature and speed of the processes involved. * serve as consultants. * set up camps. * speculate that drumlins formed by processes related to glacial ice motion. * spend much time writing reports. * still have a lot to discover about the Earth's deep interior. * study chemistry and physics as an essential part of their education - different parts of the Earth - mud volcanoes because many believe they point to oil and natural gas deposits * study rocks, soil, fossils, mountains, and earthquakes - the very image of immobility and stasis - the Earth to A. locate energy and mineral resources * study the composition, processes, and history of the Earth - structure, and history of the earth's crust * study the earth and it's history - the materials of which it is composed - formation, history, structure, and physical composition of the earth - layers of rock of the earth's crust * study the materials, processes, and history of the Earth - products, physical nature, and history of the Earth - microscopic world of rocks in order to better understand the earth's history - physical aspects and history of the Earth - present surface of the Earth * study the structure, composition, and history of the Earth's crust * sudy the formation, history, structure, and physical compostion of the earth. * tell of a period in earth's history when something extraordinary took place. * tend to enjoy hiking, camping and canoeing since they work in the environment. * think hot fluids carried the mercury and oil from deep underground - that standing bodies of water partly filled the canyons in past times - the hot spots are stationary and the tectonic plates are mobile * thus utilize erratics to determine ice-flow directions. * trace past ice sheets. * track the history of continental motion by measuring the magnetism of ancient rocks. * use a range of evidence to establish whether a star is faint enough to be a brown dwarf - series of instruments to locate underground fossil fuel deposits - variety of mathematical and scientific concepts and techniques - data from the Earth itself to reconstruct past arrangements of land masses * use fossils as time markers in the geologic record - to determine the age of the rock layer that it was found in - fulgurites as a time signature of paleo-environments - instruments to measure the earth's gravity and magnetic field - many methods to find geothermal resources - marker beds to help identify which sedimentary layers they are looking at - mathematical models to find oil and study earthquakes - moraines to map ice margin positions through time - radioactive age dating methods to determine the ages of rocks - satellites to prospect for minerals or oil - seismographs to record the surface and body waves * use the age of rocks to determine the sequence of events in a planet's history - evolutionary sequence of fossils because it works - fossilized shells to determine the ages of rocks and sediments - physical properties of a mineral to identify it in the field - symbols shown above to classify rocks on a map according to their ages * use the term gneiss - right-lateral to describe the direction the fault moves - stream to refer to the smallest creek or the largest river - word sediment when they talk about fragments of rock * work in a diverse range of occupations - business, government, private practice, and in teaching and research - the private sector as consultants or are involved in exploration and survey - on every continent and in every ocean - to understand the history of our planet + Caving, Modern caving: Hobbies :: Caves * Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun. + Geology * Geology' is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust. People who study geology are called 'geologists'. Geologists also study the history of the Earth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| geologist: Economic geologist * explore for and develop geologic materials that have profitable uses - the world for deposits of valuable mineral resources * locate earth materials such as minerals and solid fuels<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| geologist: Geophysicist * Most geophysicists think that the core is composed of high density materials like iron and nickel. * already eavesdrop on low-frequency vibrations using seismometers. * also use seismographs. * apply the techniques of mathematics and physics to understanding Earth processes. * are also concerned with understanding the dynamics of the solid earth - geologists - scientists - trained mathematicians, physicists and computer specialists - workers * can also make maps of other physical properties that rocks show over an area. * commonly refer to 'typical wavelength' when they mean 'typical spatial scale'. * employ gravitational, electromagnetic, and seismic methods to study the earth. * generally direct their skills toward exploration for oil, gas, and other minerals. * help to decipher the earth's interior and magnetic, electric and gravitational fields. * make pictures of the rock formations beneath the surface of the earth. * object that there is no known mechanism to move solid rock through solid rock. * specialize in areas such as geodesy, seismology, and magnetic geophysics. * study the earth using gravity, magnetic, electrical, and seismic methods. * use a variety of methods, depending on the geological object they wish to visualize - remote sensing to detect small movements in the Earth's crust * work for many different employers - outdoors collecting basic data and indoors processing the data<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| geologist \| geophysicist: Seismologist * Some seismologists do have earthquake insurance. * are geophysicists - scientists who study earthquakes * assess seismic risks so that sensible building and zoning codes can be written. * can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. * commonly consider seismic gaps to have a high future-earthquake potential. * describe earthquakes in terms of their intensity and magnitude. * do know that when a quake occurs, the pressure released moves down the fault. * draw upon the fundamentals of geology, material science, geodesy, and statistics. * generally describe earthquakes as local, regional, or teleseismic. * mark the ground surface above the hypocenter with a dot known as the epicenter. * measure and study earthquakes. * offer three major theories for the occurrence of large, deep earthquakes. * study earthquakes and related phenomena, such as tsunamis - the pattern of aftershocks and foreshocks * use several methods to measure the intensity of an earthquake - the epicenter for determining site locations of quakes for mapping purposes + Seismology: Geology * Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| geologist: Hydrologist * Some hydrologist work as researchers in universities. * also serve to manage our lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. * are concerned with the fluid earth - geologists - interested in obtaining measurable information and knowledge about the water cycle - scientists who study water - the geoscientists who specialize in water, both on the surface and underground * can measure municipal and industrial consumption. * frequently develop and use mathematical models to mimic the physical processes. * investigate the movement and quality of surface water. * measure discharge in units of volume per time, usually in cubic feet per second. * often work as a team with other scientists - in meteorology, studying and forecasting floods and river flows * study the water table levels and river levels. * use acre-feet to determine how much water can be stored in a resevoir or wetland - their expertise to solve problems concerning water quality and availability Marine geologist * collect data during scientific ocean cruises. * evaluate shoreline types for sensitivity to marine oil spills. * investigate the oceans and continental shelves - oceans, continental margins, and coastal environments * study the rocks and other mineral deposits. Most geologist * Most most geologists develop senses. * develop intuitive senses Petroleum geologist * Most petroleum geologists work with companies - oil companies * Some petroleum geologists focus on permeability. * are geologists. * attempt to locate underground oil and natural gas deposits. * explore the Earth for oil and gas deposits - subsurface for oil or gas * locate oil and gas deposits below the Earth's surface. * search for and study fossil fuels. Surficial geologist * use stereo photos to identify landforms deposited by glaciers. * work on the processes and evolution of landscapes. German scientist * Most german scientists find animals. * Some german scientists work with government. * are interested and involved in shelf-basin interactions. * report that adults breast-fed as babies are less likely to be fat. Indian scientist * Some indian scientists find pollen - observe tissue * believe they have discovered a way to make safer plastics. * have considerable information on the impact on emissions by using ethanol. * make tests. Individual scientist * Most individual scientists have ethical code. * have code * perform experiments to test hypotheses about biological phenomena. Information scientist * Information Scientists are concerned with how people's information problems can be resolved. * refer to bibliographic couplings and co-citation analysis. Investigator * Some investigators believe the immune system is responsible for aging - state that arachidonic acid and prostaglandins are stimulants of melanization - suggest that placental thrombosis and infarction can cause recurrent miscarriage. * announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player * are experts. ### person \| scientist \| investigator: Adjuster * Some adjusters work with all kinds of insurance. * are investigators. * is an investigator ### person \| scientist \| investigator \| adjuster: Insurance adjuster * are in the business of limiting risk. * have schedules that are used to compute an item's worth when a claim is filed. Public adjuster * are a rarity in the insurance industry - like doctors, lawyers and other professionals * represent consumers who have fire or other property insurance losses. Coroner * Many coroners have legal qualifications but there is no requirement that coroners be lawyers. - part doctor, part detective, and part public administrator - responsible for a county in Colorado - variable in quality * collect body parts. * have a critical role to play in the investigation and prevention of deaths in custody - responsibility for enquiries into treasure finds	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| investigator: Corporate investigator * conduct internal and external investigations for corporations. * work for companies other than investigative firms-often large corporations. Examiner * are humans - investigators * is an investigator Medical examiner * are coroners. * can draw nuclear DNA samples from any part of the body.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| investigator: Ombudsman * Ombudsmen are advocates for nursing home residents and they help resolve complaints - people living in nursing and residential care homes - merit system employees of the State of Alabama - primarily a liaison between commanding officers and families - assist individual families with information, problem solving and a helping hand - come from all walks of life - provide services to protect the health, safety, welfare and rights of the elderly - take on a variety of roles at different levels - usually help settle disputes between employers and employees * are investigators - people who visit nursing homes on a regular basis Italian scientist * Some Italian scientists say they've found conclusive proof that life on earth originated in space. * convert brain stem cells into blood cells. * to understand principles. * use hypotheses. Japanese scientist * Most japanese scientists publish books. * Some japanese scientists study macaques. - several books * report discoveries.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Linguist * Many linguists believe the child's brain is preprogrammed for language learning - study a variety of languages, others study a single language intensively - technically differentiate between grammar and syntax, at least some of the time * Most linguists deal with descriptive grammar - know that the number of human languages in use is rapidly decreasing - now regard language as compulsory in humans - organize the African languages into four major language families * Some linguists also study the acoustical properties of sound, i.e. the physics of sound - work part time * Some linguists say a dialect language without official status - that people can only perceive what their language can describe * Some linguists use augmented transition networks to model natural grammars - the term genitives to include English possessors * also study the geographical and social dialect variations of language. * also work in law, in the computer industry, and in foreign language translation - occupations related to law, the computer industry, and foreign languages * are interested in all aspects of language, and in all languages of the world - every aspect of language - learning how language works - several types of relationships between languages * are often bilingual and find work as interpreters - multi-lingual and find careers in the business world as translators * believe that it is easier for a child to learn a second language than it is for an adult. * can work in many kinds of jobs depending on choice of concentration. * compare languages, looking for universal rules. * divide sounds up into several large categories - words into function and content words * estimate that a language dies about every two weeks, and with it unique ways of life - the number of languages today at about six thousand * explore the sounds, the words, the sentences, and the meanings of language. * gather data and test out ideas to make conclusions about language. * investigate both spoken and written language. * look at languages to learn about their generalproperties and differences. * love to be tolerant about the way languages grow. * often differ when they talk about languages, dialects, and linguistic affiliations. * say names have gender markers, even when they're invented. * seek to explain how language is organized and produced. * sometimes make mistakes in how they analyze things in a language. * study all aspects of human communication - both the universal properties and the particular structures of language - how each particular language structures the expression of concepts * study the development of grammar and word meaning - language itself * study the nature and development of language and the relationship of language to culture - structure of human speech - role of language in society, and the effect of social structure on a language - science of language - structure of language * try and create a grammar, or set of rules, for a language. * use specialized symbols in order to transcribe language. * usually refer to 'varieties of language'. * work with communities in many different ways. + Languages of Africa, Organization + Rusyn language: Slavic languages * It is spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. In English, it is also called 'Ruthene' or 'Ruthenian'. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language. Some Ukrainian scholars think it is a dialect of Ukrainian. + Sign language, Writing sign languages: Disability :: Language-related lists * Linguists use it for research on sign languages. Most of these linguists are in Europe. ### person \| scientist \| linguist: Grammarian * are linguists - workers * call pronouns that substitute for beings and objects, personal pronouns. * make a distinction between telling an untruth and lying. Psycholinguist * consider language to have three major components. * examine the cognitive aspects of language.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| linguist: Semanticist * are concerned with what people can do with language. * make a distinction between reference and sense. * work on the principle that everything is either true or false. Sociolinguist * are also generally interested in research around language choice and language change. * emphasize the practical challenges to language purism.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Many scientist * Most many scientists believe mass extinction - study insects * Most many scientists work at weather stations - in fields * Some many scientists consider animals - observe magnetic disturbances - see hibernation * Some many scientists study monarchs - motion - use platypuses * argue concern - ideas * assume degeneration - slow degeneration * believe extinction * contribute to discoveries. * develop experiments. * focus attention - on methods * have information. * offer contributions. * predict effects. * take inspiration. * to draw broad conclusions - pursue careers * work at stations Marine scientist * Many marine scientists have multiple specialties or work as part of multi disciplinary teams. * Some marine scientists study creatures. * are concerned that the oceans are so polluted with the dangerous chemicals. * discover existence. * report levels. * undertake tasks. Material scientist * Most material scientists hold degrees - study materials * Some material scientists report confinements - magnetic confinements - work with specialists * enter territory. Materials scientist * Materials Scientists make, study, and design the stuff of civilization. * Most materials scientists describe themselves as curiosity-driven. * tend to specialize by the material they work with most often. * work in metals, ceramics, and plastic producing companies.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Mathematician * All mathematicians are logicians - philosophers * Many mathematicians are Platonists - math professors at universities - work in colleges and universities as teachers and in research and development * Most mathematicians apply theories - are Platonists on weekdays and formalists on Sundays - focus on problems - produce knowledge - propose theories * Most mathematicians study abstract concepts - knots just because they enjoy it * Most mathematicians use equations * Most mathematicians work full time - in teams in research and development labs * Most mathematicians work with designers - industrial designers * Some mathematicians also work for banks, insurance companies, and public utilities. * Some mathematicians are more focused on pure mathematics - topologists - devote their careers to training and assisting young mathematicians and others - find jobs outside of universities - have their own consulting firms * Some mathematicians have very poor social skills - serious religious beliefs and many others are complete atheists * Some mathematicians involve in analyses - financial analyses - make discoveries - propose jet forces - watch streets * Some mathematicians work for federal government - with individuals. * A 'mathematician' is someone who studies mathematics, either as a hobby or as a job. Many mathematicians are math professors at universities. Euclid, Ramanujan, Sir Isaac Newton are some of the most famous early mathematicians * are capable of study bibles - workers * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * pass stringent tests ### person \| scientist \| mathematician: Algebraist * are books * do it by symbolic manipulation - in groups * do it with homomorphisms - rings	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| mathematician: Applied mathematician * are in demand in industry and government. * do it by computer simulation - with a real world model * lie about their beliefs. * suffer from the word 'mathematics'. * use theories and techniques to solve practical problems. * work on mathematical problems arising in science and industry. Geometer * Some geometers say that mathematics is the science of pattern. * are mathematicians. * do it with involutions. Most mathematician * Most most mathematicians work full time * Some most mathematicians work for federal government Number theorist * are mathematicians. * do it a prime number of times.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| mathematician: Statistician * Many statisticians have an inquisitive nature as well as an interest in numerical data. * Most statisticians are concerned with primary data analysis. * Some statisticians argue for a separation of ethics and competence - differentiate between 'mild' outliers and 'severe' outliers * also work for manufacturers - in environmental monitoring, for example, analysing water chemistry data * always have an ethical imperative to tell what is closest to the truth. * are both tools and tool makers - calculators - concerned with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data - fond of figuring the value of Kansas crops - in high demand in government, industry and in research institutions - interested in the collection and interpretation of information - interpreters of the vast accumulation of facts and figures available today - one group of mathematicians who have much to offer the science of image analysis - very good at turning data into information * are, increasingly, being called to give expert testimony in cases. * assume biologists understand mathematics, statistics and logic. * can work in just about any type of industry. * construct confidence intervals all the time. * define two different categories of error. * develop algorithms for exploring properties of test and estimation procedures - models based on probability theory * disagree about how solid the ground is. * effectively use computers in doing their data analysis. * evolve from a variety of undergraduate backgrounds. * frequently report birth rates. * frequently use computers - much smaller groups as a basis for projecting results * have careers in consulting, government, business, industry and utility companies - solid backgrounds in applied mathematics and in the use of computers - sophisticated ways of selecting sample size that depend on what is being tested * keep statistics. * refer to the background as the null model. * rely on looking at both to determine the significance of a certain outcome. * try to summarize what's known about demand curves. * use it As a probability model - various formulas to calculate sample size Theoretical mathematician * research to discover new theories or increase basic knowledge. * try to discover new mathematical principles.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Medical scientist * Most medical scientists analyze trials - become scientists - conduct experiments - develop experiments - discover health - pursue degrees * Most medical scientists specialize in areas - fields * Most medical scientists use statistical techniques * Most medical scientists work in industries - laboratories - private industries * Some medical scientists have medical degrees. * Some medical scientists work in offices - with physicians * are scientists. * can use sound waves to see inside the body. * continue education. * do research both to develop new treatments and to try to prevent health problems. * have only limited knowledge about the causes of fibromyalgia - trouble agreeing on what stress is * identify changes in cells and organisms. * investigate interest - own interest * look for ways. * study causes - the causes of diseases and other health problems * survey various strains of influenza and their progression around the world. * use expertise<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| medical scientist: Epidemiologist * also study the interaction of diseases in a population. * are doctors - essential in tracking a disease and determining who is at risk - interested in the study of infectious and noninfectious diseases - public health professionals who study health and disease - scientists who track trends in diseases * determine the frequency and pattern of health problems in different communities. * develop studies to identify factors that cause diseases and injuries. * look at the health patterns of large groups of people using statistical methods. * overwhelmingly believe vaccinating swine has worked. * posit no clear link between blood cholesterol and ischemic stroke. * rely on statistical data. * study the incidence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease - patterns and causes of diseases in population - what health problems occur in groups of people and investigate the causes * suspect that the illness is spread through sexual intercourse between men. * talk often about the efficiency of transmission. * tend to talk in numbers, as most scientists do. * typically have a graduate-level education. * use informatics as a tool. + Epidemiology, The practice * Epidemiological studies are aimed, where possible, at revealing unbiased relationships between exposures such as alcohol or smoking, biological agents, stress, or chemicals to mortality or morbidity. The identification of causal relationships between these exposures and outcomes is an important aspect of epidemiology. Epidemiologists use informatics as a tool. The term 'epidemiologic triad' means the intersection of 'Host', 'Agent', and 'Environment' in analyzing an outbreak. Epidemiologists use the key term inference and gather data, a broad range of biomedical and psychosocial theories biology, sociology, mathematics, statistics, anthropology, psychology, and policy in an iterative way to generate or expand theory, to test hypotheses, and to make educated, informed assertions about which relationships are causal, and about exactly how they are causal. Since 1965 they use Bradford-Hill criteria for assessing evidence of causation. + Epidemiology: Public health * Epidemiologists work from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population. Immunologist * Some immunologists believe that there are always malignancies in the body. * are detectives of disease * call it a collectin, rather than an opsonin. * study the ways in which humans and other organisms resist illnesses.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| medical scientist: Toxicologist * are environmental detectives, seeking out toxins and evaluating the harm they do - interested in the damage caused by chemicals at all levels - often pharmacologists who specialise in studying the adverse effects of drugs - professionals who are experts in some aspect of toxicology - researchers who study the effects of poisonous substances on living organisms - workers * can use many kinds of animals but most often testing is done with rats and mice. * evaluate the impact on various mammalian and other nontarget organisms. * examine body fluids and organs for the presence of poisons, alcohol, and drugs. * have the responsibility to treat laboratory animals with great care and compassion. * inject or feed test-chemicals to lab animals, then extrapolate results to people. * investigate chemicals' potential for harm. * recognize aflatoxins as among the most potent animal carcinogens known. * report that venoms represent some of the most complex chemical compounds in nature. * say burning allows some arsenic to vaporize and become more easily inhaled. * study how toxins effect the molecules of cells and organisms. * study the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems - effects of chemical poisons on living systems - toxic effects of chemicals - way in which hazards harm the body * work for companies that make consumer products or medicines - mainly in industry and governments, but also at universities * working in universities conduct research and teach. Microscopist * Many microscopists have a room where they have their microscopes and do their microscopy. * Some microscopists claim that live-blood can be used to diagnose for parasites. * are scientists. * say limestone particles are similar to the hills around Jerusalem.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Mineralogist * Many mineralogists argue about certain minerals or substances. * also record what color minerals turn in a special light. * can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn. * study mineral formation, composition, and properties - minerals and precious stones * study the formation, composition and properties of minerals - composition, structure, and properties of minerals + Mineralogy: Geology * They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at. * Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more. Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn. Most scientist * Most most scientists recognize humans - orangutans - work full time * accept descents. * draw clear distinction * find ideas. * have ideas. * must have computer skills - excellent computer skills * realize theories. * recognize genus - power * see logic. Norwegian scientist * perform experiments. * weigh cod found in the stomach of a minke whale. Numerous scientist * Some numerous scientists study physiology. * argue theories.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Oceanographer * Many oceanographers are interested in how much the height of the sea surface changes over time - collect data then create computer models, or simulations, of ocean phenomena * Most oceanographers do their work on boats in the ocean - specialize in one area and discipline - work in fields that use science to solve a particular problem in the ocean * Some oceanographers work in ocean research at other organizations. * also present their research at scientific meetings and in scientific journals. * are global scientists who study a wide variety of topics - people who study oceans - scientists who study the ocean and the organisms in the ocean * become increasingly interested in underwater sound. * call all small animals critters. * define distinct water masses based on their physical and chemical characteristics. * divide the ocean into different zones by physical and biological conditions. * generally do all of their work on boats in the ocean. * have many uses for gene technology - two theories on rip current formation * hope to determine why whales tend to concentrate in some areas and shun others. * investigate the physical, chemical, biological, and geologic dynamics of oceans. * monitor how much sediment is in the water and what components make up the sediment. * now understand the oceanic circulation much better than ten years ago. * often use chemical techniques which can be quite sensitive in identifying plankton. * report salinity in parts per thousand. * seek to understand the physical and chemical processes of the oceans. * serve in a wide variety of jobs. * sometimes go underwater. * study how waves move through the ocean and how the air and sea interact. * study the ocean floor and physical aspects of the ocean * use a number of different instruments and techniques to collect data - diagrams of satellite measurements to figure out what is happening in the ocean * work at sea, on land, in laboratories, and at computers - for the federal government, for private industry and for universities ### person \| scientist \| oceanographer: Biological oceanographer * investigate marine organisms and their relationship to the environment. * study marine life. Geological oceanographer * are the earth's real historians. * study and map the ocean floor - the ocean bottom Physical oceanographer * are geophysicists who study the physical aspects of the ocean. * have the most enviable position of all marine scientists. * study the ocean's circulation, currents, waves, and tides - physical aspects of oceans Other scientist * collect samples. * have different ideas * look at images. * maintain distinction. * observe patterns - recessive patterns * offer contributions. * produce evidence - solid evidence * see evidence. * study causes. * support darwin theories * take approaches - conservative approaches * use scientific techniques - similar techniques<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Palaeontologist * Most palaeontologists consider the larger shells to have been female and the smaller ones male - work for museums, universities or national parks * Some palaeontologists believe it ran on two legs, but the majority think that it did so on four. * commonly identify five global extinction events in Earth's history. * frequently discover fossils of dinosaurs that have never before been seen. * know of several sites with fossils of many different kinds of animals. * now agree that birds evolved from Maniraptora group of dinosaurs. * say they have found dinosaur footprints in the far north of Canada. + Bird, Evolution and taxonomy, The first bird-like creatures: * Palaeontologists now agree that birds evolved from Maniraptora group of dinosaurs. This explains why some consider birds to be living dinosaurs.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Paleontologist * Many paleontologists are also evolutionary biologists - believe birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs - end up working in other geology fields * Most paleontologists are faculty members in the geology departments of colleges and universities - begin their interest with a fascination for fossils and field collecting * Most paleontologists believe evolution - that it was a carcharodontosaurid * Most paleontologists consider animals - carnivorous dinosaurs - determine ages * Most paleontologists discover dinosaurs - theropods - find employment at colleges and universities or with petroleum companies * Most paleontologists hold fossilize jaws - say there's no question about the origin of birds - speak of five major episodes that occurred millions of years ago - spend a lot of time in the field to collect the fossils that they study - study all sorts of life forms, including plants and even single-cell organisms - work at universities and museums * Some paleontologists believe that dinosaurs began to die out long before the end - early humans had an advantage over other animals - contend that birds are the living descendents of ancient dinosaurs * Some paleontologists describe marine reptiles * Some paleontologists discover complete fossil skulls - do study the fossil record of humans and their relatives - find bones - identify trilobites - know ages - make scientific contributions - suggest that turtle shells evolved from the dermal shells of parareptiles * Some paleontologists use evolutionary patterns * accept Allosaurus as an active predator of large animals. * actually spend far more time in the laboratory than in the field. * announce discoveries. * are people who conduct research on ancient life - scientist who study fossils * are scientists who study fossils, the remains of ancient organisms - the history of life on Earth - use fossils to study life in the past - still amazed by the extraordinary history of the pterosaurs - the scientists who study dinosaurs and fossils - well aware that fossil proboscideans are filled with biology - it type of therizinosaur previously found only in Asia * believe that the skeleton is nearly completely intact - they evolve into chordates, which was more in the tertiary period * build fires with natural vegetation. * can also estimate dinosaur gait and speed from some footprint track ways - do a number of things depending on their interests * can now detect subtle shifts in the composition of the ecosystems through time - trace the origins of whales through a series of fossil discoveries * classify and identify fossils based on their shapes and appearance - the first bipedal primates as hominids * compare new fossil finds to other fossils and to living animals. * complain that laws against fossil theft have lagged behind the times. * conduct field trips, work with large fossil collections, and publish their research. * depend on dry conditions to fleck away sedimentary rock with delicate tools. - the best model from the real world to use as an analogy for the body part * do a lot of research to decide where to dig for dinosaurs. * estimate the age of fossils using techniques such as carbon dating. * even learn why plants and animals become extinct. * explore the early history of cetacean evolution. * face a minor dilemma with dinosaur tracks compared to skeletal remains - tasks * find accumulation - lots of plant fossils * frequently analyze the results of past experiments - are involved in studies of evolutionary biology * generally have a major in either geology or biology. * have a sense of humor - little concrete proof on how the extinct species handled nesting * have to be extremely careful when digging up fossils - build skeletons out of pieces of bone that they find in the ground - identify the fossil from remains such as shells, teeth, or bones - keep careful records of the fossils they find - work very long to dig out bones * hunt dinosaurs. * identify genus. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * infer that whales evolve d from land-dwelling animals, for instance. * investigate sites all over the world. * know what they looked like and what they ate. * learn about climate change in prehistoric times by studying fossils and sediments. * look at fossil records - fossils and try to decide where in the fossil record they go - on such evidence as good grounds for inferring the extinction of an animal * make discoveries. * name new dinosaurs based upon their interesting characteristics. * need specimens. * now have evidence that dinosaurs lived on all of the continents. * often find teeth from extinct animals. * read books. * realize that many people find dinosaurs fascinating and enjoy fossil hunting. * say it it is one of the richest fossil deposits ever found in the United States. * seek to ability. * specialize in five main areas. * study ancestors - life during past geological periods as known from fossil remains - modern plants and animals - fossilized remains of organisms that lived long ago * study the fossils of dinosuars - extinct animals, including dinosaurs - record of life on Earth left as fossils - two types of fossils - virtually every other kind of fossil, including human bones * take interest. * think that the aetosaurs roamed the higher, drier upland areas. * to understand extinction. * uncover specimens. * use anatomical and morphological homologies to trace lineages - fossilized pollen grains and radio carbon dating to chart climate - fossils to describe the nature and development of life through geologic time - geologic maps to find out where the best rock are to find fossils in * use the difference to divide dinosaurs into two large groups - fossilized remains of plants and animals to figure out how they lived - information to help understand how extinctions occur * usually specialize in a particular research area. + Acrocanthosaurus: Theropods :: Cretaceous dinosaurs * Acrocanthosaurus' was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period. Its classification is uncertain. It was originally classified as a spinosaurid, because the spines on its back resembled those of 'Spinosaurus'. However, 'Acrocanthosaurus' is now classified as a carnosaur. Most paleontologists believe that it was a carcharodontosaurid. Acrocanthosaurus' was 39 feet long, almost as large as 'Tyrannosaurus rex'. It was the largest theropod in North America before the evolution of the tyrannosaurids. There is a famous trackway in Paluxy, Texas that shows an 'Acrocanthosaurus' stalking its prey, a 'Paluxysaurus'.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Physical scientist * attribute it to biochemistry and hormones. * collect data to further their understanding of how the world functions. * gather data and formulate theories or laws based upon the information collected. * work alongside engineers in construction and transport.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Physicist * Every physicist understands basic thermodynamics, usually calling it statistical physics. * Many physicists also see massive neutrinos as part of the solution to the problem of dark matter. * Many physicists believe that matter consists of small packets of light - the neutrino, like a photon, has no mass at all * Most physicists believe that indescribable dark matter makes up most of the mass of the universe - now believe that space is non-Euclidean - specialize in a subfield - work in research and development * Some physicists call themselves experimentalists because they take data from experiments - even go as far as claiming that all of science can be reduced to physics - pretend that light consists of tiny particles which they call photons - say it is theoretically possible to travel back in time - speak about inconstant 'energetic fields' that at a certain place fill up space - specialize in sectors outside the science of physics itself, such as engineering - theorize that there are countless universes in existence * Some physicists think gravity is caused by gravitons , but they are still unsure - that gravity is due to very small particles called gravitons - they can predict the future of stock markets - use their principles in theoretical areas, such as the origin of the universe - work exclusively in research and development * agree with each other on the charge of the electron. * also design research equipment, which can often even lead to additional, unexpected uses - have their own brand of weirdness * also use a measure of angle called a radian, defined below - their knowledge of fundamental principles to solve more concrete problems * always make many compromises to describe processes of nature. * are also interested in microscopic wormholes, much smaller than a proton - responsible for determining doses which the patients receive from the radiation - at the center of technological development and expansion of knowledge - concerned with how nature works at the most fundamental level * are curious about the events that occur during and after a particle's collision - why the universe works the way it does - explorers of the physical universe - hard at work on a tiny device that emits light particles, or photons, one at a time * are more and more interested in non-commutative spacetime - careful about keeping track of physical units - responsible for measurement of precise doses of radiation - scientists who study physical phenomena such as light or electricity * are the persons that pretend to find simple explanations for complicated things - shamans and witch doctors of contemporary life - workers * believe reality is an approximation of the equations. * believe that a handful of fundamental principles control all physical phenomena - four forces, or interactions, govern all matter - time can behave in weird ways, especially intergalactically * call it electro-magnetic energy - such particles 'tachyons', though there is no evidence for their existence * can also describe the universe on a microscopic scale with quantum mechanics - detect gravity waves by an amount of a million trillion smaller than an electron - easily express the interaction between photons and matter in a mathematical equation - experiment in laboratories to test their theories - write out the maths of quantum physics * classify both liquids and gases as fluids, based on how they flow - visible light as part of the electromagnetic spectrum * collide millions of protons in hope of observing a single fleeting interaction. * consider discrete sets of atoms but also study discrete sets of celestial bodies - neutrinos among the most mysterious of the basic ingredients of the universe - that matter in the world is composed of a large number of elementary particles * create Fermi degenerate matter, the stuff of neutron stars, in an ultracold gas. * currently believe one needs on the order of a dozen dimensions to explain physical world - perform most experiments at subatomic, atomic, or mesoatomic levels of reality * define interesting problems as the ones they can do. * demonstrate the first atom laser. * design and make instruments that diagnose and cure diseases. * develop new materials and continue to provide technological advances - theories that describe the fundamental forces and laws of nature * devote a lot of time to the study of forces that are found everywhere in the universe. * discover and study the laws that govern the interaction of bodies in motion. * do it at the speed of light - two places in the universe at one time * do it in black holes * do it with Tensors - high energy particles - rigid bodies - vectors * enjoy dreaming about all sorts of fantastic things. * even dream of creating new universes. * examine the relationships among space, time, matter, and energy. * exhibit a tendency to name new particles after letters in the Greek alphabet. * experience ultra-high speed computing. * explore the fundamental properties and laws that govern space, time, energy, and matter. * find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles. * form a rather closed group of people. * generally work regular hours in laboratories and offices. * get jobs in technologically oriented industries, including the computer industry. * go on to become lawyers, doctors, and engineers. * have Ph.D. degrees. * have an aesthetic for symmetry and simplicity - important role to play as promoters of peace - many sides to their personalities as do people in other professions - no idea what the rays are, where they come from, or how they travel so fast - strange quarks * identify top quarks by the characteristic electronic signals they produce. * know that all of matter, our whole Universe, is made of vibrational energy - substance, our whole Universe, is made of vibrational energy - everything is energy - it is impossible to add energy continuously to a subatomic particle - the energy before the collision is the same as the energy afterward * learn to tie a knot. * like to ask questions - solve hard problems * live on high vacuums. * measure an undulator 's effectiveness in terms of spectral radiance - subatomic activity that happens in nanoseconds - the energy content of food by burning the food * note that the mere act of observing even subatomic particles changes their motions. * now believe that the quarks and the electrons ARE fundamental - think of light in terms of photons, particles that have no mass but carry momentum * observe a similar pattern when water freezes and becomes ice - atoms and research the fundamental constituents of matter * often are members of a team working toward a common goal - claim that there is no superluminal transfer of information predicted - talk of the imminence of the 'third revolution' in physics - use the letter 'c' to denote the speed of light * perform experiments with their computers first and look at the world second. * prefer simple explanations for various phenomena found in nature. * propose harnessing 'quantum entanglement' to surpass accuracy of any single atomic clock. * question, investigate and scrutinize all systems. * recognize that the universe is constructed of energy bundles known as quanta. * represent sources of magnetic moments in materials as poles. * say energy obeys a conservation law. * say that the interference pattern manifests itself as a probability density function - universe had to surmount vast odds to exist at all - world is simple, but biologists disagree * search for the symmetry hidden within the tangle of everyday reality. * see that humans and rocks are made of the same elements - water for what it is - a fluid * seek that which is constant throughout the universe - to investigate and understand the basic structure of the universe * slow speed of light. * still tend to think more deterministically than biologists. * study all aspects of matter and energy and the interactions between the two - both the largest and the smallest structures by elementary particle physicist - interactions of matter and energy - such subjects as gravity, light, and time - the interplay between space, time, matter and energy * take up an enormous variety of careers. * talk about interactions - of the duality of light * tend to integrate teaching and research by involving students in their research - remove matter from a bulk sample until the nanostructure is all that remains - sculpt a nanostructure * test their ideas by performing experiments which lead to new ideas and theories. * think of sound waves in terms of their intensity, or forcefulness - reality approximates their equations * think that reality approximates theory - there are force carriers for all forces - the real world approximates equations * try to understand what matter is and why it behaves the way it does. * use high-energy accelerators to probe matter at the smallest scale. * use it to describe various natural phenomenon - study atoms and subatomic particles - large accelerators to make high-energy particles collide * use mathematics and the scientific method to study the material universe - to understand, explain, and predict their theories and equations - models also as well as astronomers - particle accelerators to produce antiparticles - spectroscopy to understand the operation of superconductors * use the SI system of measurement which uses meters as the basic length unit - concept of a system to trace and quantify the flow of energy - scientific method to test the validity of a physical theory - term 'particle' as a model to better explain their theories - terms electron liquid or electron gas to describe the free electrons in a metal * usually admit there is no logic to higher level physics - choose to be either experimentalists or theorists - label themselves as either experimentalists or theorists - specialize in theoretical or experimental areas - specify lenses by their focal lengths - work at the forefront of science and technology * work on analysis channels - with a mixture of theory and experiment + Cauchy distribution: Physics :: Probability distributions * As a probability distribution it is usually called a 'Cauchy distribution'. Physicists know it as a 'Lorentz distribution'. + Gravity: Force :: Basic physics ideas + Magnetic flux: Magnetism * The CGS unit is the maxwell. For example, it is used by electrical engineers trying to design systems with electromagnets or designing dynamos. Physicists designing particle accelerators also calculate it - moment, Two definitions of moment, Magnetic pole definition * Physicists represent sources of magnetic moments in materials as poles. The North and South poles are an analogy to the positive and negative charges in electrostatics. Consider a bar magnet which has magnetic poles of equal magnitude but opposite polarity. Each pole is the source of magnetic force which weakens with distance. Since magnetic poles always come in pairs, their forces partially cancel each other because while one pole pulls, the other repels. This cancellation is greatest when the poles are close to each other i.e. when the bar magnet is short + Particle physics, Collider * Physicists find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles. A good analogy of how physicists study particles through colliding is the car crash example. Imagine a person wanted to look inside cars. By crashing two cars together at very high speeds, we can break the cars apart and see inside. In the same way, physicists crash two particles together in order to break them and study the inside. + Quantum gravity * Quantum gravity' is an area of research in physics. Right now, physics is able to describe gravity of real-life sized objects using general relativity. Physicists can also describe the universe on a microscopic scale with quantum mechanics. The goal of quantum gravity is to develop a theory which contains both general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, combining the theories of the big and the small is very difficult in practice - mechanics, The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Basic physics ideas :: Mechanics :: Mathematics :: Nuclear physics :: Quantum mechanics * Physicists usually talk about the momentum in such discussions instead of talking about speed. Momentum is just the speed of something in a certain direction times its mass. * Physicists discover the top quark subatomic particle + Speed of light: Light :: Astrophysics :: Relativity * The 'speed of light' is the speed at which light travels in empty space. Physicists often use the letter 'c' to denote the speed of light. + Undulator: Synchrotron instrumentation * Physicist think about undulators both using classical physics and relativity. This means that though the precision calculation is tedious the undulator can be seen as a black box. An electron enters this box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit. The slit should be small enough so that only the main cone passes, so that the side lobes may be ignored.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| physicist: Biophysicist * are physicists. * use methods and instruments designed by physicists and physical chemists. * work in universities, industry, medical centres, research institutes and government. Experimental physicist * do laboratory work to discover or verify laws of nature. * study nature by poking and prodding it, and measuring a response. * work in laboratories equipped with facilities and detectors. Nuclear physicist * are physicists. * study the internal stucture of nucleons as well as the structure of nuclei. * think of protons and neutrons as practically identical. Particle physicist * are especially fond of histograms. * do both. * do it energetically - with three colours and anti-colours * seek it within the smallest bits of matter predicted by atomic theory. * talk about particle radii. * try to understand the nature of nature at the smallest scales possible. * use basic terms and concepts when describing their research.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| physicist: Theoretical physicist * Some theoretical physicists use their math expertise for jobs in the world of finance. * Theoretical Physicists work with mathematical formulas. * are interested in the quantum mechanical foundations of quantum computing - spiritual seekers * develop new models or adjust current models to fit observed phenomena. * live in a classical world, looking out into a quantum-mechanical world. * produce mathematical models of phenomena and processes in nature. * speculate that neutrinos oscillate from one type to another<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Planetary scientist * Many planetary scientists believe the rest of the water is frozen beneath the surface. * Some planetary scientists think that Titan's surface is covered with gooey oceans of hydrocarbons. * agree that water is available at the poles of Mars in the form of ice. * believe that the fractures in the surface are caused by tectonic activity. * have no doubt that Jupiter's moon Io is volcanically active. * know that the moon has a magnetic surface and lacks a global magnetic field. * rely heavily on images to explore planets that no human has ever visited. Professional scientist * Most professional scientists work in labs. * make observations. * use information.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Psychologist * All psychologists are social engineers - specialize as they earn their doctoral degrees * Many psychologists agree that trying on new identities is often a hallmark of adolescence - also have specialist responsibilities which vary their days even more * Many psychologists believe in a theory known as gender schema - that self-concepts have a major impact on behavior - consider fear of government to be some sort of mental illness - do psychological and neuro-psychological evaluations and testing - look at eating disorders from a diathesis-stress perspective - provide a variety of professional services to the public - regard case studies as somehow less scientific than experimental research - reject the use of attitudes as a basis for predicting behavior - say IQ tests are a very limited way to measure a person's mental capacity * Many psychologists say that the childhood period shapes one's personality significantly - envirnoment plays a key role in the development of a person - subscribe to the notion that there very limited set of actual emotions - use laboratory rats to study behavior * Many psychologists work for universities - in more than one setting - independently however, they also team up with other professionals * More psychologists work in institutions of higher education than in any other kind of organization. * Most psychologists agree that everyone can be hypnotized to certain degrees - the big five personality traits are stable across the life-span - there are four types of stalkers - apply to graduate school during the senior year of college - consider that dreams of nudity highlight feelings of vulnerability - feel hoarding is more of a mental disease than a controllable impulse - meet with the parents prior to the child's first visit - say they love their work - start with observations of animals, children, clients, etc - use computers in some part of their jobs - work in independent or group private practices * Move into the Technological Era. * Some Psychologists try to answer issues that are of extreme importance to society - psychologists act only as negotiators and moderators * Some psychologists also have degrees in animal behavior - work in business and industry - are concerned about computer addiction * Some psychologists argue that eating disorders represent a variant or masked form of depression - environmental contingencies govern behavior * Some psychologists believe that mental images play a very important role in thinking - such mistakes happen in thousands of courtrooms every year - visions are born out of an abaissement du niveau mental - blame our personal histories, upbringing and learning * Some psychologists claim that infected humans show personality changes as well - it's mostly learned through cultural images and role models - differentiate two forms of sexual guilt * Some psychologists even see pharmaceutical companies as psychology's saviors - use pets to soothe patients - hold that the mind is an instrument in the hands of the intellect - maintain that love is an instinct that evolved - primarily perform psychological testing and provide little or no psychotherapy * Some psychologists say it's a civilized way of venting human aggression - that stress is the body s natural response to change - say, rightly, that our entire lives are lived in denial - see genius as inseparable from failure * Some psychologists study animal behavior rather than the behavior of people - behavior in the laboratory, others study behavior in more applied settings - the development of children, while others study social groups - think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance * Some psychologists think that when kids watch violence they act more violently on the playground - yawns help regulate changes in alertness - treat individuals with mental disorders and abnormal behavior * Some psychologists use behaviour therapy - hidden tape recorders * Some psychologists work as full-time researchers for organizations other than universities - in the areas of computer science and communications. * A p'sychologist' is someone who studies and practices psychology as a job. Psychologists study the human mind and behavior. They study human perceptions, emotions, and personality relationships * acquire and analyze behavioral data. * advocate open communication about sexuality between parents and their children. * also argue for the virtues of inequality - conduct evaluations of competence of a person to stand trial - differ in their analyses of the nature of conscience - explore the causes of mental disorders and possible methods of treatment - play a central role in employee and organizational development - point out that it is important to distinguish between love and desire - practice professionally in business and industry * also provide mental health care in hospitals, clinics, schools, or private settings - psychological testing and assessments - teach people how to manage their life more productively - use graphs to represent data * also work as consultants in government and industry - with groups of people with similar problems * analyze dreams to fuel their work. * apply psychological knowledge to medical problems. * are Ph.D.'s - able to make conclusions about their personalities based on their answers - always interested in predicting behavior - an important resource for information about the biases which motivate hate crimes - aware that the more remote a situation, the less intense the person's response - behavioral scientists specializing in human behavior in the work place * are concerned about and work to mitigate the causes of human suffering - other people - with how people act, think, reason, and feel - doctors who are trained to diagnose and treat mental disorders - either employees or associated as independent practitioners * are experts at helping people find their way through life's difficulties - lead positive lives through a healthy mind - on human behavior and complex change processes - familiar with the term state-dependent memory - highly skilled mental health professionals who can help * are in a variety of careers addressing a number of issues on many different levels - increasing demand in health and medical settings - interested for what psi implies about the nature of perception and memory * are interested in rhythms, and how people vary over time in their responsiveness - the mechanisms underlying the hunger drive - key to designing neuroimaging studies that search for biological bases of autism - little understood in Arab countries - no more able to define information than anyone else - one in saying that mental health is essentially a devotion to reality - people who work in the field of psychology - psychotic - researchers who typically have diverse interests - responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of various psychological problems - social scientists and behavioralists - they are students of human behavior - stupefied by the human brain * are the only mental health professionals who perform psychological testing - primary providers of mental health services to inmates - scientists of human behavior and mental processes - trained researchers - used for counselling - usually well trained to assess attentional problems and emotional health - workers * assist in understanding how violent behavior develops and can be intervened upon. * associate it with right-brain thinking. * assume that behavior is lawfully determined or caused by prior events. * attempt to understand humanity - the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior * attribute much hostility and destructiveness in our society to displaced aggression. * avoid improper and potentially harmful dual relationships. * become specialists in a particular area by acquiring training and experience - specialized in a particular area through training and experience * believe in the healing power of talk therapy - it coping mechanism to escape problems of abuse or memories of abuse - that emotions determine the quality of motivated behavior * believe the most important factor in stress level is perception of control - root of the problem occurs when the children are infants * build a culture of citations. * builds a culture of peace. * call a pair of opposite ideas a bipolar construct - it the subconscious - such experiences dissociation caused by trauma or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder * can also help women communicate more effectively with their health care providers - work with problems such as low self-esteem and depression - contribute knowledge of how children develop during middle childhood - debate about values * can help deal with low self-esteem and self control - people with stress relief, as well as coping with chronic back or neck pain - with stress management techniques - only measure that which varies, hence, only variance can be detected - use their training and experience to help clients in a variety of ways * classify memory into the four R s - recollection, recall, recognition, and relearning. * conduct basic and applied research. * consider personality to be the totality of one s thoughts and behaviors. * counsel people through individual, group, or family therapy. * deal with mental and behavioral disorders. * define a cult as a group which deviates from cultural norms - attitudes as a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way - hypnosis as the filling of the field of attention by one sense only * describe green as a restful color. * design and implement interventions to help people manage their health. * diagnose and treat people for mental and medical disorders. * differ as to how much our emotions are learned or inborn. * disagree as to how much and which parts of the mind is constructed modules. * discuss relationships in families facing catastrophic or terminal illness - their views on science and religion * distinguish between beliefs and attitudes. * do observe and study animals in natural environments - play an important role in providing hospital-based care - say, after all, that people hurt others because their own lives are miserable - therapy, testing, evaluations, research etc * encounter other difficulties with the parents of the child or adolescent. * end psychiatrists say alcoholism is due to a character defect. * engage in a range of activities - variety of kinds of talk therapy - work with persons, and research * evaluate and analyze the results of our testing with children. * even use roleplaying as an aid in their profession. * examine how plans of action occur, such as the planning of speech utterances - the value of a progressive approach to teaching children how to read * explore how personality affects ability to perform well on the job. * fear talk therapy losing ground to drugs. * find that height can have impact on interaction. * finds that blacks, females are vulnerable to lowered expectations. * focus on four sets of assumptions. * focus on the links among brain, environment, and behavior - total mental health needs of their clients * generally agree that personality is formed half by genes and half by environment - assume that movie violence contributes to societal violence * give tests and questionnaires to aid in the diagnosis of problems. * have a Ph.D. degree and specialized clinical training - good feel for how hard human behavior is to predict - lot of ideas, theories - respected heritage of empirical scrutiny and moral integrity - graduate-level training, including an internship in a mental healthcare facility * have no medical training - required medical training - way of truly measuring and quantifying intelligence - radio shows to broadcast their cures to the entire population - the background in research skills - their theories * have training specifically in human behavior - that is significantly different from other clinicians - varied proficiencies to draw upon when treating a patient * help athletes stay calm and focused - determine whether a child has a learning disability - individuals by conducting research and by providing counseling services - patients deal with the mental and emotional problems that follow a stroke - prevent and manage learning difficulties brought on by cancer treatments * identify resources in the family and the larger community. * join physicians in a provider-driven health service. * know that people see mostly what they're ready to see - reality is dependent on our perception of it - there close homogeneity between love and hate - thoughts are directly related to feelings * label five personality traits and explain which increase and decrease with age. * learn to cope with stress and avoid burnout. * like to kill their patients and feast on their bloody carcasses. * link Internet use and depression - behavior management with the legal expert interpreting the laws * live in specific social contexts. * make a living helping patients review their relationships from an adult's view - consider- able use of experiments - every effort to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain of animals - reasonable efforts to protect against the misuse of records - theories to try to explain a behavior or pattern they see * name attention deficit disorders as the leading behavioral diagnosis for children. * observe that much of our mental process goes on subconsciously - people approach an edge and then back away, only to try again later * often become producers and researchers in specialist areas - develop behavioral plans - emphasize internal mechanisms - employ standardized personality, aptitude and intelligence tests - face terrible problems of a similar nature - find it frustrating to deal with people with cleft and other facial deformities - like to make comparisons between human communication and animal communication - provide mental health services in a variety of settings - refer to personality traits or characteristics * often work alone, reading and writing reports - in education as teachers, school counselors or learning specialists * operate either through schools or privately. * oppose the use of corporal punishment for many reasons. * overwhelmingly reject religious models of human morality, and with good reason. * participate in the affairs of business and industry in at least three ways - development of each individual's total treatment program * point out that grief has many faces, many expressions - to feelings of denial, fear, confusion, and isolation * practice in several principal areas of specialisation. * predict what people want by understanding why people behave as they do. * probe their psyche to determine their mental fitness for the ministerships they seek. * produce habits out of rats. * provide adult, couples, family, child and group therapy - assessment, referral, and follow-up to employees and their families - developmental testing - evaluation and treatment of children, adults, and families - individual, couple, family and group counseling * recognize the desire for new experience as one of our basic human needs - limits of their competencies and expertise * recommend floating as a way to reduce levels of depression. * refer to major themes as subpersonalities. * report that abused children become abusive parents. * say a key factor in preventing racism is to get children to talk about it - actors can become lost in their roles and lose sight of their own identies - children are programmed to be picky eaters - death is the ultimate form of rejection - few people have ever studied courage, but it's important in a basic, human way - it's common for someone who is grieving to go into seclusion - parental exaggeration plays a vital role in a child's development * say people feel a lot better about themselves when they are driving a clean car - have more fun with friends than with their spouses - stalking way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects * say that a forum for expression is necessary for emotional health - adults often repeat the habits they observe as children - anger wears many masks - hysteria is more common when hypnotism is induced by amateurs - intelligence and awareness depend on level of consciousness - it take fourty days to make a habit * say that people remember things based on the laws of primacy and recency - who overeat are trying to satisfy something inside themselves - sex addicts crave genuine love - such people have 'low arousal' - teens join peer groups to establish identities separate from their families - unburdening the soul and opening up positive experience - there are at least three levels of goals - there's a huge difference in what motivates girls and boys to commit crimes - they still have much to learn about lower levels of violence - thousands are suffering from post-traumatic stress * seek to answer a wide range of questions - questions about how and why people behave the way they do - foster better eating habits in children - understand how and why people and animals function as they do * serve as consultants to communities and organizations. * sometimes do cruel experiments on animals. * speculate that beards are perceived as dishonest because they cover the face. * still use personality tests to determine masculinity or femininity. * stress the importance of establishing good communication habits as early as possible. * strongly disagree, claiming that aggression learned behavior. * study computer-aided instruction. * study how individuals develop, and how they function and interact with each other - language is learned and used - people relate to each other and to machines * study human behavior and counsel or advise individuals or groups - the mental processes related to that behavior - humans and other animals - implicit memory through priming - observable behaviors such as eating, fighting, and mating - our thought processes so as to better predict our decision-making strategies - the forms and consequences of such interactions - human behaviour - role of personality in leadership - science of human behavior, and then apply it, in a professional setting - thoughts and feelings, sociologists groups and how they're put together * suggest that gargoyles represent the fears and superstitions of medieval men. * suspect daughters typically get less of their dad's attention than sons get. * suspect that a lot of adolescent acting out can be untreated depression - majority of limited preppers had a traumatic childhood * talk about children who are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder - deep subconscious processes - of self-esteem, defenses, true and false selves, transitional space, projections - with parents who have trouble getting up and with children who wet their beds * teach courses about the psychology of women - critical thinking - future psychologists and other students - people to improve depression by changing the way they think * team up with engineers to design computers that read faces. * tend to stress the individual in the social situation. * test humans, measuring what they see or how they remember. * think a lot about how people solve problems. * though do have a habit of burying an enormous amount of variation in error terms. * train extensively to prepare for private practice. * treat clients to assist in self-improvement. * try to avoid misuse of their work - help people change problematic behavior, such as excess drinking - understand the mind and the behaviour of humans and other animals * typically work in consultation and collaboration with other professionals. * understand both the practical applications and the limitations of their knowledge. * urge parents to look at studies cautiously - monitor children for signs of trouble * use a variety of methods appropriate to the questions they study - art to help people sort out their problems - different types of techniques to assess individuals - discussion and testing to make diagnoses - formal theories and empirical research to enhance our comprehension of behavior - mazes to study how animals learn - objective scientific methods to understand, explain, and predict human behavior - questionnaires, rating scales, and other methods of personality assessment - surveys to ask people how they feel and what they think - tests to identify personality and cognitive functioning - the methodology of science to study human behavior and experience - videos to help kids overcome stuttering * usually have graduate education and hold a Ph.D. degree * warn about mixing sex and violence with impressionable young ones. * work a variety of hours - in conjunction with primary care providers, physical and occupational therapists * work in many different settings - social, institutional, educational and industrial settings - schools and the judicial systems as psychometricians and counselors - to develop a valid and reliable body of scientific knowledge based on research - together with students, staff, and family members * work with all kinds of people from all kinds of occupations from around Ohio - individuals and families to help resolve problems which disrupt family life - patients across the lifespan - within specialty areas of learning, too, such as the arts and sports + Cognitive neuropsychology, History of Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20th Century: Psychology * Cognitive Neuropsychologists use the method of double dissociation when studying the modules of the mind. This is when they use many patients who have had brain damage and try to figure out which parts of the brain are responsible for different cognition. This concept of modularity was developed by Jerry Fodor in his 1983 book The Modularity of the Mind. Psychologists disagree as to how much and which parts of the mind is constructed modules. Cognitive Neuropsychology twenty years on. + Cyberstalking, Stalking: Internet :: Types of crime * It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person. + Hypersexuality: Human sexuality :: Mental illnesses * It is caused by some stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. Some cases are of unknown cause. Some psychologists think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance. Others believe it is caused by early exposure to pornography and sex. + Personality psychology, Studying Personality * Self-reports include things like surveys and interviews. In this method of studying personality, people are asked questions and given choices to these questions. Psychologists are able to make conclusions about their personalities based on their answers. In self-reports, there are scales and inventories. Scales assess a single aspect of the personality, while inventories are used to measure several distinct aspects of the personality. The person being studied would then have to rate how much they appreciate their family on a scale from 1 to 10. Another type of self-report is experience sampling. Experience sampling is also known as diary studies because the participants give a brief report of how they are feeling throughout the day. * In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and is a social, Behavioural, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. They also explore the physiological and neurobiological processes which underlie cognitive functions and behaviours. + Psychology, Methods, Scientific approaches * Psychologists make theories to try to explain a behavior or pattern they see. Based on their theory they make some predictions. They then carry out an experiment or collect other types of information that will tell them whether their predictions were right or wrong. * Scientific psychologists use many different tools as part of their daily work and to carry out their studies. Psychologists use surveys to ask people how they feel and what they think. They may use special devices to look at the brain and to see what it's doing. Psychologists also often use computers so that they can carefully measure when and how people behave, usually in response to pictures, words, symbols, or other stimuli. Psychologists also use statistics to help them analyze the data that they get from their experiments * Psychologists are people who work in the field of psychology. A psychologist may work in either basic research or applied research. Basic research is the study of people or animals to learn more about them. Applied research is using what was learned from basic research to solve real-world problems. If he or she is qualified as a clinical psychologist they may be a therapist or counsellor as well as a researcher	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Academic psychologist * Some academic psychologists work as consultants, therapists, and counsellors on a part-time basis. * work as teachers and researchers in universities and colleges. Behavioral psychologist * exhort that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior. * have a term known as territorial imperative. * teach that behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Behaviorist * Many behaviorists feel that cats mark their environment in response to stress or anxiety - have academic appointments in biology, zoology or psychology departments * Most behaviorist explain most everyday learning in terms of operant conditioning - behaviorists are trainers with a boatload of experience * Some behaviorists refuse to treat a dog they consider to be a threat to life - say fishing form of obsessive-compulsive disorder * are often a last resort for owners of problem pets - persons who study the behavior of others - strong believers in determinism * believe learning is explained in terms of observable stimulus and response events. * believe that all behaviors are learned - behavior is caused by things that happen in the environment - infants' attachment behaviors are learned responses - personality is plastic - the function of the mind is to mirror an external reality * consider 'mind' to be a catch-all term for a set of behaviors - all human actions to be implicit reactions to prior conditioning - factors such as alcohol consumption and speeding * deny the relevance of mental states to psychological explanation. * explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. * focus on conditioning, including reinforcement, extinction and stimulus control - relationships between stimuli and responses - solely on what can be observed * have no interest in the intangible and invisible workings of the mind. * learning theorists believe that knowledge exists independently and outside of people. * often categorize aggression toward people according to the source of the aggression. * respect beliefs. * seek scientific laws to control and predict human behavior. * stress the importance of dealing with behaviors that are directly observable. * study individual's behaviour rather than looking at their brain and nervous system. * treat animal neuroses in a number of ways. * use personality traits as intervening variables rather than as hypothetical constructs - the word behavior to refer to the sensorimotor effects of reinforcement history + Applied behavior analysis, History, Behaviorism * Psychologists who study the way the environment influences behavior are called behaviorists. Behaviorists believe that behavior is caused by things that happen in the environment. These things are called external events. External events could be any change in the environment. They study the external causes of behavior instead of a person's feelings. A person's feelings are internal so behaviorists think they cannot be studied scientifically. Feelings are internal because they happen inside of a person's body. + Behaviorism: Psychology * Behaviorism', or 'behaviourism', is an approach to psychology. Behaviorists say that scientific study of behavior should consist only of what can be directly seen. A person's behavior or an animal's behavior in specific situations can be seen. The mind or thoughts of people and animals cannot be seen. Behaviorists focus on relationships between stimuli and responses. Unseen qualities such as states of mind were not part of the study. Even though we know today that the mind plays a part in all advanced animals' behaviors. The mentality of apes'. They believe that in man, the mind was not allowed to play any part in behaviorist psychology This was decided because the mind could not be directly observed.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| psychologist \| behaviorist: Animal behaviorist * agree that a water spray bottle safe, effective means of disciplining cats. * are very concerned with the ethical treatment of the animals they study. * know that every species is predisposed to certain kinds of social interaction. * say they stink the place up as a last resort in their self defense. Behaviourist * agree with cognitivists about the unacceptability of a homunculus. * suggest that paraphilias begin through a process of conditioning.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Cognitive psychologist * Many cognitive psychologists see the brain as a computer. * are particularly interested in eyewitness identification - workers * believe our thinking is the key causal factor in behavior. * conduct research on and often teach about a variety of cognitive processes. * deal with memory, thinking, and perceptions. * explain the interpretative act of reading in terms of ' schema theory' - in terms of 'schema theory' * focus on the participant's process and problems over time. * make inferences about how the brain works based on how a computer works. * study how people acquire, utilize, organize, and retrieve information - such things as perception, language, memory and action - the brain's role in memory, thinking, and other mental processes * use logic to infer mental processes by observing the behavior of people. Comparative psychologist * Most comparative psychologists are trained in psychology departments. * study the behavior of humans and lower animals.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Developmental psychologist * Developmental Psychologists attempt to understand humanity in the context of the human life cycle * Most developmental psychologists work in university settings, teaching and doing research. * are interested in human development cognitive, social, moral, etc. * describe, explain and attempt to predict age-related behaviors. * look at the changes that occur across an entire lifetime. * recognize that the brain evolves. * seek to explain human behavior by studying people at different ages. * study behavioral differences as children grow up - changes in behavior across the life span - how people behave and change throughout life - principles and processes responsible for change throughout life - the physiological development that takes place throughout life * tend to specialize in a single aspect or domain of child psychology. Educational psychologist * are concerned with the study of human learning. * concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place. * contribute to science and practice. * deal with the various aspects of teaching and learning in schools. * design, develop, and evaluate educational programs. * develop programs to improve schools. * study the process of learning and, by extension, teaching. * work in a wide variety of settings - mostly in elementary and secondary school classrooms Evolutionary psychologist * Some evolutionary psychologists point to natural selection during prehistory. * are interested in the psychology of cheating. * attempt to determine cross-cultural consistent behaviors. * believe that the brain, like the body, product of natural selection. * claim there is an underlying genetic reason. * focus on psychological adaptations. * say that men want pretty, young and fertile women. * write about male aggression and survival of the fittest. Forensic psychologist * Forensic Psychologists apply psychological principles to legal issues. * Some forensic psychologists work in private practice. * are active in the applied and clinical aspects of psychology and law. * deal with criminology and corrections. * work for the criminal and civil justice systems. * work in a variety of settings - the criminal and civil justice field	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Health psychologist * are interested in the links between behavior and health. * focus on the individual and interpersonal aspects of health - prevention of disease and maintenance of health * study how the mind and behavior influence physical health. Hypnotist * are psychologists. * describes natural rhythm of trance readiness. * do it in their sleep. * only guide the power that people already have. * use rhythm to induce trance. Modern psychologist * Modern Psychologists know how to relax people. * conceptualize the self in terms of the self schema. * have a rational explanation for the phenomenon known as stage fright. Parapsychologist * Some parapsychologists consider ghosts and poltergeists separate phenomena. * feel that the phenomena is due to automatism. * have an extremely broad understanding of what counts as good science - two basic approaches to their subject matter * overlook the implications of the fact that deaf people exist. * perform serious experiments on paranormal phenomenon. Research psychologist * study human behavior - many other areas of human behavior * work in universities or private companies.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| psychologist: School psychologist * School Psychologists promote open communication between the child's home and school - provide both indirect and direct services to students and families - vary in the degree of training and the nature of the evaluations performed * Some school psychologists work in private practice. * apply the knowledge of psychology to the problems of education. * are accountable for the integrity of their practice - key in helping with a task they have essentially been doing for years - responsible for functional behavioral evaluations - the mental health professionals in schools * can address issues of sexual orientation in inservice sessions as well. * fill a wide range of positions within the educational enterprise. * have specialized training in both psychology and education. * help develop behavior plans for students having problems at school. * maintain the highest level of professional and ethical competence. * play a key role within educational settings. * practice with a master's degree. * promote emotional well-being and effective learning experiences. * provide a wide variety of services, evaluation and diagnosis of children - testing and psychometric information as needed * recognize schools as a crucial context for development. * tailor their services to the particular needs of each child and each situation. * treat social and learning problems of school children. * understand school systems, effective teaching, and successful learning. * work directly with public and private schools - in a variety of school settings - to develop effective interventions in a collaborative relationship<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Social psychologist * All social psychologists use both the individual and the group as their unit of analysis. * are interested in both cultural universals and differences in social behavior - the best methodological researchers in psychology * distinguish between altruism and egoism in the motivation to act prosocially. * emphasize the power of social situations. * examine people s interactions with others and with the social environment. * explain human behavior as they interact in social situations. * feel that one s self-concept is structured around a few very important traits. * help groups of people. * strive to collect data to test their ideas. * study how our beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are affected by other persons - feelings, and behaviors are affected by other persons * study how people influence each other - interact in groups - our thinking and behaviour as influenced by others * try to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| psychologist: Sport psychologist * Most sport psychologists oppose using psychological tests for team selection. * Some sport psychologists collaborate with sport medicine physicians and rehabilitation specialists. * describe self-talk as thinking, or making internal or external statements. * help athletes prevent problems and overcome difficulties when they occur. * offer their views on the healthy kind of competition in today's society. Sports psychologist * Some sports psychologists advocate building confidence through positive internal dialog. * are concerned with the psychological factors that improve athletic performance.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Researcher * Find that Glaucoma Disease of the Eyes and the Brain. * Many researchers agree that in some individuals tartrazine can cause hives, swelling, or asthma - are interested in the phytoestrogen content of soy products * Many researchers believe free radicals are the primary factor in the aging process - humans are the largest contributors to global warming * Many researchers believe that antioxidants fight cancer and other diseases - automatic imitation is mediated by the mirror neuron system - bipolar-illness hereditary disease - environmental factors primarily cause cultural and ethnic differences - fibromyalgia is an abnormality in the way the body handles pain - jumping evolved to help frogs to escape dinosaurs and other predators - migraine sufferers have inherited a more sensitive nervous system - strenuous exercise releases endorphins into the blood stream * Many researchers believe that the body keeps phosphorus and calcium in balance in the bloodstream - parrotfish major source of sand in tropical waters - tendency toward alcoholism genetic trait - there are many species that have died off in the past - vegetarianism is the only way to feed a growing human population - water is being used excessively in agriculture - the impact of human emissions on the Earth's climate has been overstated - blame schizophrenia on an overactive dopamine system in the brain * Many researchers claim that all polar bears are left-handed - antioxidants can fight disease - consider the gifted as the largest group of underachievers in education - feel that ghosts are made up of electromagnetic energy - have their eyes on the stars - investigate the effect of technology in education - now consider bears to be super-hibernators * Many researchers say that pollution frequent cause of cancer - violent TV and movie images lead to increased violence in society - specialize in one area of abuse, such as physical abuse or sexual abuse - study reproduction as part of a doctorate in reproductive or developmental biology - think stem cells taken from embryos are the most powerful kind * Many researchers use banding as one tool in their studies of bird populations and communities - cell-free systems to study mitochondrial pathways - revenue as a proxy for output in productivity measurement * Most researchers agree free radical pathology is the biggest single cause of aging and disease - that the first humans to make tools lived in Africa - are aware of how oil effects electricity * Most researchers believe ozone has no medical use - sleep benefits the brain, perhaps by giving neurons a chance to recuperate * Most researchers believe that attachment develops through a series of stages - climate change is happening too fast for many species to keep up - obesity is caused by numerous susceptibility genes - sea turtles have an acute sense of smell in the water - the loss of myelin is related to a virus or autoimmune process - capture beetles - die at ages - feed rats - have senses - identify antibiotic compounds * Most researchers keep mice * Most researchers study animals - wild animals - think humans contract a variation of the disease by eating the same thing - understand biochemical reaction - use atomic microscopes - watch animals - work with butterflies * Some researchers apply cockroach pheromone - genetics - are of the opinion that ringbone is an inherited condition * Some researchers argue that aggregations of beta-amyloid proteins are the key culprits - economic inequality is now the most powerful predictor of ill health - humans are born with certain rules for categorizing animals - attribute wandering to a combination of memory impairment and disorientation - believe canola oil to be very beneficial to health * Some researchers believe it blocks signals from the retina that tell the eye to grow - can travel long distances through the air - large babies are more prone to obesity later in life - macular degeneration is related to heart and vessel disease * Some researchers believe that a persons that are infected, are contagious through viral shedding - as much as half of the tendency to be happy is genetic - bioflavonoids help maintain capillaries - dogs eat grass as an emetic when feeling ill - each epithelial cell extends to the basal lamina - excess NO creates nicks and breaks in the DNA of neurons - genes shape our inborn frame of mind, or temperament - it is caused by overdevelopment of the cloacal membrane - keeping busy is key to maintaining health and well-being into old age - most nonspecific vaginitis cases are caused by hemophilus - reelin is important to learning and memory - religious affiliation entails greater social support and hopefulness - sleep apnea is the greatest risk factor car accidents - sliding form of play in river otters * Some researchers believe that the Zebras' stripes help to camouflage it from predators - disease is viral in nature and acquired during childhood - first craniates developed by neoteny - organic forms have fewer toxic effects - virus is carried in seminal fluids outside the sperm cells - the consumption of clotting factors is part of the disease process - there are signs of autism that can be detected in infancy - blame traumatic experiences in the person s life - build actual, physical devices onto silicon - buy animals - calculate food intake * Some researchers claim that apes can learn the rudiments of human language - dolphin swims also boost the human immune system - it improves speech in children with autism - situatedness is key to understanding general intelligence - there link between mirror neuron deficiency and autism - they are the cause of headaches, sleeping disorders and memory loss - classify lampreys * Some researchers collect animals - clams - lizards - pets - pollen - snails - snakes - vertebrates - concentrate on programming computers to recognize speech * Some researchers consider it to be the leading cause of infertility in cattle - multiple cropping the most important of today's agricultural practices - testosterone also to be a weak estrogen * Some researchers contend that law enforcement agencies tend to minimize female gang membership - there is no dose of endocrine-disrupting chemicals small enough to be safe - count chicks to estimate the total population, others count breeding pairs - declare that the eels gobble masses of small fish, including baby largemouth bass - describe children * Some researchers develop babies - parrot food - tube babies * Some researchers discover fossil vertebrates - mammals - vitamin d receptors - do their experiments on laboratory animals - doubt that human activities are inducing rapid climate change - dream in rainbow colors * Some researchers even define robots as the physical extensions of computers - report instances where ginseng has been substituted with a different herb * Some researchers examine ear bones - lungs * Some researchers feed animals - coyotes - diets - horses - insects - lions - marmoset diets - pigs - pregnant mice * Some researchers feel dreaming is purely physiological - pigs to be smarter than dogs and can learn many things - the virus can also cause penile cancer in males * Some researchers find amylases - arsenic compounds - squid beaks * Some researchers grow crystal - fluorite crystal - synthetic crystal - have fungal plants * Some researchers identify fungi - tapeworms * Some researchers improve photosynthesis - plant photosynthesis - indicate that one out of five young people have had sex by the age of thirteen * Some researchers infect animals - monkeys * Some researchers isolate compounds - substances - keep butterflies * Some researchers keep research diaries or journals on tape or on their computers - so that they have a record of the methods they used - kill monkeys - look at zinc excretion - make a distinction between pedochemical and geochemical weathering * Some researchers measure body weight - noise magnitudes * Some researchers now complain that dopamine 's activity in the brain has been overstated - suspect that the virus chokes off the supply of new immune cells - observe spiders - predict health * Some researchers question if aggression results from or precipitates child abuse - the idea that human activities are inducing rapid climate change - raise chimpanzees - relate the de-emphasis of smell to the emergence of complex vision * Some researchers release animals - remain sceptical about the idea of family conflict in plants * Some researchers report animals - diarrhea - neutron bursts from capacitor discharges through water or ice - penises - porcupines - testosterone levels * Some researchers report that chronic pancreatitis is more common in the male than in the female cat - it has the ability to strengthen the immune system and reduce tumors - that, on average, one child per week is abducted and murdered by a stranger - rescue sick and injured manatees, and study the causes of death - ride horses * Some researchers say changes in DNA open the door to cellular mutations and even cancer - making violence seem harmless can cause imitative behavior in kids - that being on welfare is hereditary - there link between caffeine intake and reduced fertility - search for the causes of mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, ad infinitum - see snoring as a condition similar to high blood pressure - show antimicrobial properties * Some researchers specialize in biology - ecosystem health - population biology * Some researchers speculate that extremely low cholesterol is tied to depression - imprinting evolved in order to establish boundaries between species - the magnets affect pain receptors in the joints, muscles or brain - the prostate produces important enzymes or other chemicals * Some researchers still doubt human activities are inducing global warming - subscribe to the notion that carpenter ant colonies are only monogynous * Some researchers study ants - biology ecology - birds - bowhead whales - brain wave patterns - calves - cheetahs - chickens - crabs - electrical capacity - elephants - female athletes - fetuses - fireflies - gene expression - gorillas - hawks - jellyfish - killer whale calves - lobsters - newborn calves - nutrition habits - parrots - patterns of cancer in the population - rabbits - reptiles - rodents - sharks - sheep - social dominance - tortoises - viruses - women * Some researchers suggest that animals use a variety of plant products - infection probably occured during childhood - living near water is an important aspect of their habitat - some microorganisms are essential to earthworms - they are an ancient, deep-branching eukaryotic lineage - there loss in the total number of neurons - women try alternates other than marriage and courtship - suspect that eating too many calories triggers reproduction of cells - teach chimpanzees - test metabolism * Some researchers theorize that eczema starts in the stomach when acid-base levels become unbalanced - magnesium deficiency contributes to retinopathy in diabetes * Some researchers think charcoal reduces intestinal gas - cot death is related to the size of babies' airways - epinephrine contributes to smokers' increased risk of high blood pressure - quercetin in red wine protects the heart * Some researchers think that aerobic exercise releases endorphins in the brain - it's time for the prostate, seminal vesicles, and other ducts to refuel - leptin helps regulate ghrelin - many, many years ago, people did use the appendix to digest food - smaller fragments of soluble fiber are absorbed into the bloodstream - the syndrome is an allergic response to particular foods * Some researchers understand ecology - landscapes - metabolic syndromes * Some researchers use death indexes - fat diets - metal compounds * Some researchers watch birds - cats - penguins - squirrels * Some researchers work on blades - human monoclonal antibodies - wind turbine blades * Some researchers work with alligators - deer * access information. * achieve goals. * acquire chances. * analyze development - types * announce breakthroughs - discoveries - success * apply concepts - responses - techniques * are adults - led by institutes - located in laboratories - responsible for the scientific study of the animals or specimens - theorists - usually doctors, nurses, pharmacists or other healthcare professionals - workers * argue types. * arrive at conclusions. * ask participants. * assess values. * become experts. * begin careers - transitions * believe babies benefit from having a close bond with more than one person - close relationship with more than one person - cancers erupt when immune system response is weakened - elevated blood pressure affects the brain's blood vessels - in autistic individuals the thalamus functions abnormally - inactive beta cells are more likely to escape the immune system's attack - phantom pain is the body's way of responding to the trauma of amputation - polyps are the most common precursors or cancer of the colon and rectum * believe that a brain chemical, called substance P, regulates the inflammation - chemicals called neurotransmitters are involved in depression - children have a deficient immune response * believe that chronic stress affects the digestive tract in a number of ways - immune system in a number of ways - eating more food produces more body fat, which boosts production of leptin - genetics sometimes plays a role in the cellular breakdown - ghosts, and paranormal energy, are electro-magnetic in origin - immune cells in the gut overreact to the presence of bacteria - iron helps to build brain neurotransmitter activity - many kinds of bats are under threat of extinction - most obesity is caused by small differences in food intake - whales have a highly evolved sense of hearing, using a range of sounds - two brain functions work together as language is acquired in childhood * breed lab mice to study how specific genes affect growth and behavior. * calculate consumption levels - trophic levels * can do jobs - harvest and grow adult cells in large amounts compared to embryos * care about the welfare of laboratory animals. * carry out experiments - trials * catch effort. * challenge conclusions. * choose indicators - locations * cite causes - possible causes - several possible causes * collect fecal samples - gas samples - important information - sperm samples * commonly use chicks, mice and rats when they study bone growth and development. * compare characteristics * complete demonstrations. * conduct analyses - blood tests - censuses - computer simulation - similar experiments * confirm perceptions - student perceptions * consider diagnoses - outcomes * continue investigations. * contribute to advancement - articles - current knowledge * coordinate activities. * create databases - grate patterns - the first transgenic animal, inserting a viral gene into the DNA of a mouse * define activities - long-term care as the care of an individual with a chronic condition - sexual activities * demonstrate capacity - occurrences * describe impact - positions - progress - psoriasis as an autoimmune skin disorder - the first carnivorous plant known to prey on protozoa * determine areas - effectiveness * develop approaches - hybrids of plants to adapt to many adverse conditions - ideas - methodologies - new ideas - pest management strategies - reproduction techniques - several approaches - theories * discover additional details - advantage - breathe patterns - evidence - importance - mates - mechanical properties - potential - that men and women use different parts of their brain to hear - trends * discuss aspects - concentration - possibility * do analyses * do know that about four times more men than women commit suicide - sharks and rays are some of Earth's oldest fish * document absence - environmental conditions - reductions * draw conclusions - firm conclusions - similar conclusions * employ in experiments - laser deposition techniques * establish arid conditions - more arid conditions * estimate ages - density - distribution - numbers - that mosquitoes have been responsible for half the deaths in human history * evaluate blood samples - reproductive characteristics * examine differences - domain structures - issues - major factors - offspring - sites * explain purposes. * explore distribution * face limitations. * feel conditions - treatments * find ability - answers - attributes - boom sound - breeds - compound growth - estimations - examples - exposure - genetic materials - glass - improvement * find nuclear genetic materials - participation - phenomena - places - relate information - shiny stuff - similar results - solutions - subjects - tasks - that music can stimulate the same parts of the brain as food and sex - yaks * focus attention * focus on brainstem regions - sources * follow lead * genetically engineer hybrid seeds, for example, to maximize crop yields. * get answers - approval - consent - more complete answers - permission * give consideration - thoughtful consideration * have answers - hard time - hearts - no evidence that babies inherit normal sleep patterns from their parents - opportunity - proof * hear stories. * identify activities - battle wounds - genes that are regulated by the hormone leptin * implement services. * include compression. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * inject a harmless, radioactive form of glucose into a person's bloodstream. * interview parents. * investigate activity patterns * isolate the gene for a protein on the surface of a virus. * join forces - teams * know of existence. * know that ageing can be slowed by reducing the number of calories taken in to the body - alcohol and diet are important factors in cognitive function - as humans age, their immune systems weaken - calcium is involved in the production of prostaglandins - chemicals which behave like oestrogen can cause health problems - people make cortisol and other hormones in times of stress - psychological stress can alter the level of certain hormones - the prostate produces a thick fluid that forms part of semen * learn behavior * look at activity patterns * look for pandas * make breakthroughs - follow conclusions - great strides - major discoveries - nerve cells from bone marrow - predictions - reasonable suggestions - routine - several suggestions - startle discoveries - surprise discoveries - tremendous breakthroughs * measure effects * monitor effects - the activity of the bacteria by measuring how much light they emit - wildlife and vegetation communities to look for change in their populations * need copies - tissue samples * now believe that an animal-based diet actually draws calcium out of bones - some adult cells probably retain their imprints throughout development - know that asparagus belongs among the list of foods that contain inulin - realize that cells employ sugars for a variety of purposes * observe areas * obtain permission. * often examine fabrics with UV-visible spectro scopy, which uses light to determine dyes - mark wildlife in order to identify particular individuals across time or space - segment the first two decades of life into five age periods * participate in transmissions. * pass experiments. * pay attention - more attention * perform experiments. * point out differences * present evidence. * propose hypotheses - novel solutions * provide descriptions. * publish news - paper * pursue advance degrees * raise possibility. * realize necessity. * receive patents. * recognize effects * record term effects. * rely on observations. * repeat experiments - procedures * report activities - compliance - dry matter intake - movement patterns - preference - the dangers of pesticides can start as early as fetal stages of life * return to labs. * reveal details. * reveal important details - new details * say a number of factors seem to affect male fertility as they grow older - significant amount of people with asthma have abnormal breathing patterns - antioxidants strengthen blood vessel walls - anxiety disorders are relatively common in children - chocolate contains anti-oxidants, which fight cancer and keep arteries open - fatty acids prevent glucose from metabolizing - fiber influences body weight, blood pressure and cholesterol levels - human myoglobin is found only in the heart and skeletal muscle - most people receive the most of their lifetime sun exposure during childhood - smoking is the leading avoidable cause of morbidity and mortality - the male human brain shrinks faster with age than the female brain - when exposed to black tea, certain bacteria lose their ability to produce acid * see animals - atlantic walruses * seek careers * show functions. * solve problems. * specialize in development. * study advance topics - coots - habitats - how water-borne pheromones control the reproductive behaviour of fish - situations * study the brain activity of animals to in turn understand the human brain - tissue, which develops a spongy form in diseased animals * studying dreaming often use subjects who regularly have lucid dreams - the genetic structure of lung tissue cells is much more active in women - wolves today observe the common traits shared by humans and wolves * suggest discoveries * support theories. * take active roles - different approaches - exceptions - measurements - notes - notice - on tasks * talk about evidence. * test effects - features - scenarios - various scenarios * think smoking contributes to the incidence of some types of cataracts. * think that glycan protects cell membranes, slowing the rate of drying - people's immune systems begin to fade when they get older - sleep arose to allow organisms to conserve and restore their energy * to collect samples - sufficient samples - compare results * to conduct experiments * to discuss overall results - examine aspects - identify habits - learn about evolution - study problems * travel to cities. * try to alter pig genes and then clone the modified pigs as a source of organs. * trying to develop drugs focus on figuring out why people get diseases. * turn human stem cells into heart tissue. * uncover behavioral habits - complexity - drought conditions * use advance image techniques - cameras - computers to manipulate data, and programmers use computers to manipulate programs - different strategies - force microscopes - frameworks * use functional magnetic images - resonance images - high speed cameras * use human research subjects - instruments - light, typically lasers, to stop and cool atoms - millions of animals to produce antibodies by techniques that cause great suffering - modern technology - phylogenetic methods - powerful microscopes - protocols - radio telemetry as a means of tracking the movements of wolves remotely - social science subjects - statistical methods - unique approaches * utilize analyses. * visit laboratories * want rats. * work at universities. * work for many years - in fields * work on applications - relate problems - patients * write notes + Anorexia nervosa, Causes: Eating disorders * There is no single cause of anorexia. Researchers believe that it is caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors. It has been linked to the media. Many people think that anorexia is caused by wanting to be thin like models in magazines. However, it is not that simple. + Developmental biology, Regeneration * Regeneration is the reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back. This phenomenon has been studied particularly in salamanders, where the adults can reconstruct a whole limb after it has been amputated. Researchers hope to one day be able to induce regeneration in humans. There is little spontaneous regeneration in adult humans, although the liver is a notable exception. + Solid-state chemistry, History: Chemistry * Technology helps solid-state inorganic chemistry. Solid-state chemistry works to make materials used in commerce. Researchers serve industry, as well as answering academic questions. William Lawrence Bragg invented X-ray crystallography in the early 1900s, which brought further discoveries. + Tactical voting, Ethics: Voting * Many experts question tactical voting in that it can undermine a democratic outcome. That is, ethical voters may believe it more important how a candidate wins than who wins. Others feel the end justifies the means. Most researchers tend to frown on tactical voting.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| researcher: Australian researcher * Some australian researchers observe logic. * are world leaders in renewable energy systems. * believe protease inhibitors interfere with the way the body processes fats. * claim the scent of a sexy man can send a woman on a shopping spree. * say misguided amateurs are driving frogs to extinction. * suggest parents wait until after their daughter has begun menstruating. Brain researcher * make discoveries - major discoveries * talk about evidence. British researcher * draw conclusions - similar conclusions * recommend teenagers start working out regularly now to build up bone mass. * report unprecedented success in resprouting damaged nerves in rat brains. * say they have found a way of marking cervical cancer cells with a dye. Cancer researcher * are also very interested in telomeres. * continue to study and learn more about skin cancer. * research the causes of cancers, as well as ways to prevent and cure cancers. * use the word risk in different ways. Clinical researcher * Some clinical researchers talk about the pre-embryo. * make efforts to include both women and men in their studies. German researcher * report that it gently increases the strength of the heartbeat. * suggest the berries increase production of luteinizing hormone and prolactin. Japanese researcher * Many Japanese researchers are active in the field of conductive plastics today. * develop new technique for fabricating excimer lasers. * report consumption. * say strains of influenza are becoming resistant. Many researcher * Some many researchers study reproduction - understand metabolic syndromes * feel conditions. * have hard time * report compliance. * seek careers. * study effects. * suggest energy. * take on tasks.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| researcher: Medical researcher * Most medical researchers believe that bipolar disorder is genetic. * Most medical researchers identify antibiotic compounds * apply the scientific method. * are committed to reducing or replacing the use of animals - increasingly nervous about antibiotic resistance - people * concoct a drug that cures the common cold. * contend that no disease ever identified has been completely eradicated. * continue to find better ways to treat breast cancer. * emphasize that reducing the total amount of fat and saturated fat is important. * find that computer monitors cause cancer. * keep detailed records on patients, treatments, and outcomes. * realize the importance of using high-quality laboratory animals. * say our diets and our genes are the major nonsmoking cancer sources - the smaller the infant, the bigger the adult * use radioactive isotopes from nuke plants for diagnosing and treating cancer. * worry about doses, responses, and probabilities of disease occurrence. Modern researcher * are now most focused on the medicinal and healing capabilities of mushrooms. * think that their diet consisted of small animals, plants, nuts, and shellfish. Nurse researcher * are scientists who study various aspects of health, illness and health care. * study the responses individuals and groups have for a variety of health concerns. Other researcher * believe results. * challenge conclusions. * find conclusions - intake * have chances. * identify issues. * suggest patterns. * use databases - materials * utilize analyses. Several researcher * cite instances. * conduct trials. * consider unopposed estrogen to be the only known cause of endometrial cancer. * report preference.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist: Social scientist * Many social scientists believe that as the family goes, so goes social control - report that the future belongs to the vast masses of Asia * Most social scientists distinguish gender from sex - employ theories - regard scientific racism as dead - say beating adolescents, toddlers or babies has bad results - study human behavior * Some social scientists do fieldwork - find behavior - identify characteristics - see roles - workers * call our longing for belonging assimilation, affiliation or social webbing. * can help to overcome difficulties. * collect primary data that is often analyzed using statistical software. * define culture as the holistic style. * disagree on the future of labeling theory. * document rising rates of teen pregnancy and juvenile crime. * examine the social world using a variety of approaches. * follow suit with systematic surveys and studies of so-called racial experiences. * have a concept called social capital - plethora of explanations for the decline of civility * love to communicate using statistics. * say ex-prisoners who gain employment are less likely to commit crimes again. * speak of 'the vicious circle' of prejudice and discrimination. * study all parts of human society - and conduct research for many different areas of society - the way people act * test research hypotheses through making observations or conducting experiments. * use interviews and surveys to collect information. * work in many different areas - muddy information arenas	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| social scientist: Anthropologist * DO cite informants. * Many anthropologists argue that there are one hundred or more racial groups - believe that modern humans evolved from earlier, ape-like, primates - enjoy working as university and community college teachers - link the beginning of war to religious rites, and especially to sacrifice - subscribe to the idea that land determines lifestyles - teach in colleges and universities, combining teaching with research * Most anthropologists agree that patriarchy existed way before capitalism - carry out research and teach about what they have learned - specialize in one particular region of the world * Some anthropologists believe native videomaking can help preserve traditional cultures - that head-hunting evolved from cannibalism - specialize in museum work, linguistics, or folklore - speculate that the urge to compete is part of basic human nature - trace most aspects of cultural difference to the environment - try to compare stages of tooth calcification with the stages of maturation - view themselves as members of a dispersed community of scholars * also investigate the processes through which cultures change - look at the human experience in terms of holistic integrated systems * are also able to see other markers present on the bones - careful observers of humans and their behavior * are concerned about the loss of languages and cultures - with their own society, but only as one among many - interested in what things are valued in the culture * are trained specialists who conduct studies of the culture and adaptation of humans - to do their research via the scientific method of enquiry * base their ethnographies on the extended period of time they live in a community. * believe that 'H. erectus' was the first human species to control fire - East Africa's Great Rift Valley is the site of the origin of humankind - traditional medicine can remedy Africa's aids crisis * can create a database on local knowledge about fish - work as television and radio journalists and editors * classify cultural artifacts such as spear points and musical instruments. * commonly see the body as a statement of identity. * conduct interviews and study case histories to determine where to look for remains. * consider magical thinking a precursor to scientific thinking. * explain it by examining cultural myths, procreative instincts and mating behavior. * feel that nothing that is human is foreign to anthropological inquiry. * find ritualistic behavior. * frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships. * gather information about cultures and try to explain what has been observed. * invest great intellectual sums to invest early man with animal traits. * know it all - from the anatomy of the earliest primates, to that of living primates. * look at how humans develop physically and socially - people across a broad spectrum of space and time * make a distinction between people who are doing, and people who are being - frequent use of the primate collection in their studies of human evolution * mostly do research. * never forget that humans are biological as well as cultural beings. * observe people in their own surroundings for an extended period of time. * often define humans as a peace loving being for nature - distinguish between two forms of magic, the sympathetic and the contiguous - focus on the context - regard anthropomorphism as an element in primitive human societies - specialize in particular culture areas as well - work as advocates of cultural and ethnic rights both at home and abroad * recognize burial as a very human, religious act. * regard modern Chinese people as secondary descendants of Mongoloids. * report that lesbians and gay men have been part of every culture. * say evangelism threatens local customs and cultures - that holidays reflect a culture's values * see social rituals as one of many cultural universals. * seek to inform their professional colleagues while journalists inform the public - understand what is common to all cultures, and what is truly unique * share a common perspective that is diachronic , holistic , and comparative. * study all aspects of the lives and history of humans - different cultures, compare obscure languages, and dig up old bones - every facet of human social life, past and present - how culture interacts with family structures and processes - human beings - humans, and paleontologists study ancient life forms - peoples and cultures, both past and present * study the diversity of humankind as manifest through time and across the globe - full range of human experience in both the past and present - history documented in primitive aboriginal carvings on cave walls - origin and behavior of humans - traces of human behavior to learn what people where doing and why - various groups of people to determine their similarities and differences * suggest that hearing was more important than seeing to early humans. * suspect that early hominids lived in fission-fusion societies. * take a global and comparative perspective on cultural diversity. * tend to be generalists, and the concept of holism is central. * think that fieldwork is at the very core of their research. * trace the home of the Malay race to the northwestern part of Yunnan, in China. * try to determine how people who share a culture view their world - see other cultures from the point of view of a person from that culture - understand how and why cultures change * understand complexity and can help devise answers that reflect that complexity. * usually gather information about culture by talking to the people who experience it. + Control of fire by early humans: Fire :: Human skills * A reconstruction of 'Homo erectus'. Anthropologists believe that 'H. erectus' was the first human species to control fire. + Ethnocentrism, Ethnocentrism and anthropology: Cultural geography :: Sociology * All people tend to use the values of the culture we were born in. One of the main goals of anthropology is to not use ethnocentric ideas. Anthropologists try to see other cultures from the point of view of a person from that culture. This is also known as 'cultural relativism'. Cultural relativism says that all human action is relative to the culture where the action happens. Anthropologists know that they have to not use the standards of their own culture if they want to understand another society correctly. + Pre-history: Periods and ages in history * Some important sciences that are used to find out more about pre-history are palaeontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, and archaeology. Archaeologists study things left over from prehistory to try to understand what was happening. Anthropologists study the traces of human behavior to learn what people where doing and why.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| social scientist \| anthropologist: Applied anthropologist * use their knowledge to solve contemporary problems. * work both internationally and in the United States - in many fields, both in the United States and throughout the world<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| social scientist \| anthropologist: Archeologist * also manage and protect archeological sites. * are anthropologists - capable of digs - people that study ancient civilizations - scholars whose work seeks to uncover the past, figuratively and literally - scientists who study the life and culture of ancient peoples * dig to find out how ancient peoples lived. * divide prehistory in the eastern United States into several cultural periods. * examine, recover, and preserve evidence of human activity from past cultures. * find Asia's oldest stone axe tools. * is an anthropologist * know where Homo-like species existed by the discovery of tools. * look at the artifacts and the environment around the artifacts to recreate the past. * report that cannabis was most likely the first plant cultivated by humans. * research archeological sites in order to understand the lifestyles of ancient people. * reveal that Greek history flows with honey, according to a survey of bees. * search for human bodies. * strive to preserve and interpret significant resources. * study past cultures to better understand present cultures - what people left behind many years ago to get clues about their life-styles * think the oldest kind of jewelry is the pendant. * work carefully to uncover the mosasaur bones. Biological anthropologist * are concerned with the biological and biocultural dimensions of humanity. * explore evolution and contemporary human biological diversity. * have career opportunities in law enforcement as forensic anthropologists. * study a variety of aspects of human evolutionary biology. * use dental formulae to classify groups of primates.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| social scientist \| anthropologist: Cultural anthropologist * Most cultural anthropologists study contemporary societies rather than ancient ones. - connoisseurs of the common - interested in investigating contemporary world cultures - students of the ordinary, mundane, everyday experience of being human - workers * focus on the explanation of learned behavior. * look at human interaction from many angles, as if through a prism. * seek to understand the internal logic of another society. * study present cultures - the culture of contemporary, or recent, groups * study the customs, cultures, and social lives of groups - values, cultures, and social lives of groups of people * take a holistic approach to the study of humankind. * use their knowledge to help in the analysis and planning of social change. Ethnographer * Many ethnographers now work outside university settings. * aim to render the strange familiar. * also provide material about many other peoples - use documents, archives, memoranda, newsletters, and the like * now work in other disciplines as well. Forensic anthropologist * Forensic Anthropologists reconstruct human and animal identities from fossil remains. * have the skills to go beyond merely eyeballing photos. * solve murders. * team up with law enforcers to help solve crimes. Linguistic anthropologist * Linguistic Anthropologists look at language as the measure of our lives - tend to focus on linguistic performance and situated discourse * investigate the relationship between communication and culture. * study how humans communicate and how language shapes social life - the development and evolution of languages * study the role of language in various cultures - languages in cultures	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| social scientist \| anthropologist: Physical anthropologist * Some physical anthropologists work in medical schools. * are experts in human skeletal variation. * do a lot more than study bones. * study physical development and evolution. * study the changes in the human body over thousands of years - relationship between biology and behavior Social anthropologist * are anthropologists. * concentrate on politics, social structure, and economic organization. * is an anthropologist * point out that man, across all cultures, game-playing animal. * study cultural diversity in western and non-western societies - the full range of human societies, cultures, beliefs, and institutions<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist \| social scientist: Political scientist * Many political scientists believe that revolutions spark wars by shifting the balance of power. * Most political scientists adhere to a simple model of scientific inquiry when building theories. * Some political scientists are primarily researchers or consultants in nonacademic organizations - teach at colleges and universities - work as journalists * analyze quantitative and qualitative data. * are committed to developing a body of knowledge about their subject - social scientists * can study public communication, for example, and sociologists study groups. * conduct research into government and public policies. * examine the effect of freedoms and governmental structures. * say that few votes are decided on the basis of the number twos - there is no single litmus test for what constitutes a nation * seek to both describe and explain political phenomena. * study a wide range of subjects - both the theories of politics and how they actually come to be applied * study the formal and informal political processes that shape public policy - functions and workings of government - ideologies, processes and policies of governments - origin, development, and operation of political systems - political systems and public policy * think that women tend to favour more government intervention in peoples lives. * use different methodologies to study each - systematic inquiry and analysis to examine political reality * write about the Catholic vote.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| social scientist: Sociologist * All sociologists engage in analyzing ideas and data on how society works. * Many sociologists believe gender is the most important division in society - social class is the most important division in society - recognize today that marriage great civilizer of unruly men * Most sociologists read, conduct research, and write reports, articles, and books - study the groups which people form in their association with others - teach, do research, and write - utilize the deductive-inductive, or scientific , method in their researches * Most sociologists work in a special field, such as criminology, urban studies, or the family - one or more specialties * Some sociologists believe that deviance is socially defined - combine different research methods * Some sociologists conduct research, others teach in schools, polytechnics and universities - surveys or social experiments - define religion as a belief system shared by a group of individuals - even go so far as to say the media shapes our personalities - feel that young people learn more from their peers than adults - focus on crime and law enforcement - have private practices in counseling, research, or consulting * Some sociologists study how segments of society interrelate - social problems, deviant behavior, juvenile delinquency or criminology - work as organizers in social movement type organizations * also focus on environmental issues - investigate how people, through interaction, sustain or change society - study the ways in which people, as they interact, shape their social systems * also work in areas such as the media, public communications and marketing - the media, public communication and marketing * analyze social institutions such as family, education, medicine, religion and politics. * approach problem-solving with a wider orientation than other disciplines - their study of society in different ways based on their assumptions * are also active in some subfields that are fully interdisciplinary - the product of cultural conditioning as people and as sociologists - careful to separate sex form gender * are concerned with how social conditions influence our lives as individuals - the effect of social traits on daily life - understanding all aspects of society and social life - especially likely to be employed in the government or in the non-profit sector - human beings with deep emotions * are interested in everything about the social world - religion in so far as religion takes institutional forms - understanding the social world - more inclined to use descriptive methodology - quick to point to cases of abuse and emotional injury - specialists * argue for - population control on the basis of a shortage of housing, food, space, etc. * assign people to upper, middle, and lower classes. * attempt to identify patterns of behavior and to provide explanations for such patterns - understand the world of human relations * believe social class is the most important division in society. * blame it on the way that children are socialized from birth. * claim that people have an in-built sensor for determining their status in a group. * classify societies as either pre-industrial , industrial , or postindustrial - the Mexican society as high-context * collect data to support all theories. * commonly divide the areas of study within the field into macro and micro. * conduct research in an objective, value-free way - on organizations, groups and individuals * consider the everyday problems people encounter in their family and work lives. * continue to research and debate the role of being male or female in our society. * count the Italian family unit among the strongest in the world. * develop conceptual and methodological tools to make sense of such experiences. * differ in their own personal and characteristic approach to science. * distinguish between racial and ethnic groups. * do research, write, and teach. * emphasize and examine the diversity of human experience - the larger societal forces * examine the behaviour of people in society - complexities of racial and ethnic identity in America * fight over whether heredity or instincts influence social behavior. * follow the scientific method in conducting their research. * have keen senses of observation and analysis, and abundant and natural curiosity. * influence peoples lives through their research and public policy recommendations. * investigate the causes of social problems, such as crime, poverty, and racism - structure of groups, organizations, and societies * look at the social causes and consequences of behavior. * often contrast sex with gender - debate the place of personal experiences in the classroom - define cults by their cultural idiosyncracies - use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people act or behave * perform a wide variety of tasks. * primarily engage in performing research in their area of sociological interest. * pursue a general study of human behavior in the social setting. * refer to social institutions or conventions that influence individuals behavior. * report that denominationalism is declining in significance for congregational identity - people are ruder today than anytime in modern history * say men tend to be violent against women when they feel their power eroding - teen rebellion part of what draws some teenagers to satanic cults * say that more children are now living in single-parent homes than ever before - throughout history, marriage rates have varied * see many similarities between deviant and nondeviant behavior - religion as that which provides an agreed way of looking at the world * seek to describe and explain patterns of social change - develop self-knowledge - understand human behavior in the social context * sometimes work for think tanks, for governmental agencies, for nonprofit groups, etc. * speak about the institutional and the charismatic aspects of a community - of secularisation, philosophers of naturalism and materialism * study everything from love and marriage to war and revolution - small informal groups to entire countries * study how individuals are affected by each other and by the groups that they belong to - people relate to each other and how groups influence individuals * study human behavior in industrialized societies - society and social behaviour - people in natural, everyday settings, as well as in controlled settings - people, their organizations, and their cultures - social organization - the behavior and interaction of groups, tracing their origin and growth * suggest that our actions are shaped by the context in which they occur. * talk about feeling the walls of an institution. * teach and conduct research. * tend to argue that the problem is one of environment - use assimilation , while anthropologists prefer the term acculturation * try to stand back and look at human interaction from a broad perspective. * typically focus on patterned and group behaviors. * usually conduct surveys or engage in direct observation to gather data. * view the market as a social construction. * warn of losing an entire generation of youth to poverty-related diseases. * work in a wide range of areas, in government, private and community sectors - business, government, social service and education - one or more special fields * write libraries about gemeinschafts and gesellschafts. + Sociology, What do sociologists do? * Many sociologists also do research outside of the university. Their research helps teachers, lawmakers, and government administrators to make better institutions, government programs, and rules. * Sociologists often use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people act or behave. Sociologists also interview people or hold group discussions to find out why people behave in certain ways. Some sociologists combine different research methods.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| scientist \| social scientist \| sociologist: Demographer * agree that the fertility transition is ultimately caused by a drop in mortality. * also study sex composition, like the sex ratio. * are skilled workers * clearly have to take the role of men seriously in the study of fertility. * define suburbs based on either residential density or commuting patterns. * estimate that ninety-percent of the population has Jewish ancestors. * keep track of things such as the total population on the planet. * know that the population of the United States is aging. * like to shape their predictions by projecting existing trends in a straight line. * make projections about human population growth trends. * predict large increases in the multiracial population in the coming years. * say families run by single mothers tend to be younger and poorer than other families - older people make up one of the fastest-growing online populations - retirees are becoming more significant in the shaping of population patterns - younger families are replacing older residents as they die or move elsewhere * study age compositions, usually by age groups - migration into a population and out of a population * use a variety of rates, ratios, and other measures to study population.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| scientist: Soil scientist * Most soil scientists work in fields. * Some soil scientists conduct soil surveys, where they classify and map soils. * call each of the different layers a soil horizon. * can interpret soils in a way that describes the history of water exposure. * classify different types of soil by both their texture and color - soil particles in the categories of sand, silt, and clay * divide the soil into layers from the surface down to the underlying bedrock. * examine the composition of soil and how it affects plant or crop growth. * focus on the physical and chemical properties of soil. * look at all aspects of soil use, but especially at how it affects plant growth. * recommend injecting fertilizer to minimize nutrient loss and soil disturbance. * study what soil is made of and how it affects crops. * use air photos to delineate different soil types - shape, size, and strength to define it - such information to estimate soil depth and ground water height - the texture method as a standard part of their field soil analysis - with engineers and others to develop ways of improving soils for specific uses Visual scientist * have a number of tools at their disposal to record eye moves. * use it for rapid screening of visual function. Scoundrel * know how the world works and they can do their evil on the good and virtuous. * travel out to Aboriginal communities and buy paintings for less than they are worth. Seeker * are bands - books - people who are looking for specific information - projectiles * community where journeys come together. ### person \| seeker: Spiritual seeker * Many spiritual seekers take paths beyond organized religion. * are typically people who have learned to question conventional reality. Seer * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * is an intellectual * use power. ### person \| seer: Diviner * are often believers in various cult matters, such as faith-healing and spiritualism - visionaries * serve as go-betweens for humans and spirits. ### person \| seer \| diviner: Geomancer * are diviners - spiritual ecologists * hold only the earth and it's elements dear, loving all that loves it. * understand the cyclical nature of time. Lithomancer * make stuff and modify things. * naturally divide and define everything.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| seer \| diviner: Prophet * are able to prophesy into the lives of individuals, and are the eyes of the church - always unpopular, because they say hard things - healers and workers of wonders - honest men and women - human beings also and as much susceptible to the tricks of Satan as everyone else - kind of like new age folk, they channel the energies - ordinary people * are people who get wet before everybody else and start sneezing - know the answers - religionists - simply deeply sensitive people with a strong faith - stewards who preach and organize the work of redemption in each dispensation - teachers - the last word throughout the Bible * authenticate their message through miracles or sometimes through wisdom. * change the people and the world by their lives and their words. * grow in stature as people respond to their message. * have a tendency to hang around each other. * is also the name for the middle section of The Holy Bible - second only to apostle in the church * normally speak on issues in which the people are having difficulty. * seem to be present especially in times of great crisis. * sometimes become great leaders - predict the future * speak of eternal realities such as hell.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| seer \| diviner \| prophet: False prophet * Some false prophets are deliberate liars who have no intention of telling the truth. * are capable of showing signs and wonders - covetous of followers - from the world and they teach the world's viewpoint - the opposite of prophets * arise in every age. * bring true prophets into disrepute. * can have false dreams, from their own hearts. * deceive people via the working of miracles. * love to take advantage of peoples fears to win followers for themselves. * pray and capture sign seekers. * roam the earth. * seek to exploit people through stories they have made up. * stress the bondage of environmental pollution. * tell people what they want to hear. * tolerate and even encourage sexual immorality - heterosexual and homosexual. + False prophet, Christianity: Religion :: Phrases * In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible. Forecaster * apply techniques. * have tools. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * look at constant potential temperature - output * make predictions. * predict depressions. * rely on measurements. * talk about humidity. * use approaches - computers - similar approaches * work nights.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| seer: Futurist * are people engaged in an organized study of the future - theologians * describe change in terms of long-term trend analysis or scenarios. * discuss the possibilities of sports on the moon and in orbital stations. * even predict the advent of spiritual machines to be embedded within humans. * have several methods for gathering their information. * predict a continued slow steady growth of the American population. * work at seeing things in new ways. + Michio Kaku, Current, Other professions, Futurist: 1947 births :: Living people :: American physicists :: Scientists from California * A futurist is a notable scientist who can seemingly predict the future. Futurists often use PPPW to evaluate the future. Soothsayer * control the access to ancestors. * try to prophecy the future.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| seer \| soothsayer: Astrologer * Many Astrologers believe in a natural synchronicity between the stars and events - astrologers have their own personal collection of data and charts, often in thousands * Most astrologers are capable of working with a number of different systems. * Some astrologers claim that astrology science - consider rectified times more accurate than birth times - only focus on the spiritual aspects of astrology * also compute the distance between planets, using a variety of degrees. * behave like psychologists when they make predictions about someone's life - sophists * believe higher spiritual laws explain the success and value of astrology. * believe that all things in our universe are intimately and deeply connected - the basis behind astrology is, as above, so below * can accurately predict future events. * consider Mars and the moon to be male and female respectively - the moon to be the personality and the sun to be the individuality * determine tendancies and predispositions of characteristics of persons and events. * divide a year into twelve equal sections called the zodiac. * do it with heavenly bodies. * generally consider Venus to be the planet of love. * have no way of knowing the exact future. * inspire self-awareness and spiritual growth. * learn more about astrology through the study of the charts of famous individuals - to interpret a chart by first memorizing * love to debate house systems. * place different attributes under the headings of the various planets and Zodiacal signs. * plot the state of the heavens at someone's birth on what they call a natal chart. * read the fate of individuals and nations in the signs of the zodiac. * say each sign of the zodiac is an extreme reaction against the preceding sign. * spend years studying and developing their craft. * use a representation of the zodiac to draw a chart called a horoscope - astrology to see patterns of time and meaning that subtly shape reality - several techniques to look at upcoming trends in a person's life - the South Node to describe where a person came from in the previous life ### person \| seer \| soothsayer \| astrologer: Modern astrologer * see astrology as a symbolic language. + Astrology * An astrologer looks at the planets' positions and tries to understand a person's character or tries to predict the future. Modern astrologers see astrology as a symbolic language. It is also seen as an art, or a kind of divination. Astrologers often say that the position of the stars help them know the future, but they can not really do it. Astrologist * frequently worry about the position of Jupiter relative to the Earth. * say that stubborness can be a trait, and they tend to cherish material goods. Fortune teller * Some fortune tellers educate children. * are artwork - charlatans - common in Korea - located in fairgrounds * predict future that later comes true.<\|endoftext\|>### person: Sensitive individual * appear to be sensitive to nicotine. * can have long-term health effects - swell up as a result of stings and occasionally die * develop blisters. + Sick building syndrome, Symptoms: Syndromes :: Environment :: Air pollution :: Buildings and structures * Several sick occupants may report individual symptoms which do not appear to be connected. The key to discovery SBS is if a number of people first experience their illnesses within a period of weeks. National Safety Council. Retrieved April 27, 2009. However, there can be lasting effects of various neurotoxins, which may not clear up when the occupant leaves the building. Sensitive individuals can have long-term health effects. ### person \| sensualist \| bisexual person: Androgyne * are hermaphroditic, having both sex organs. * bisexual person	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| sensualist \| bisexual person: Hermaphrodite * Many hermaphrodites exchange sperm with a mate increasing the potential of producing offspring. * Most hermaphrodites can father children, and also conceive children - take on the role of a male or female to reproduce * Some hermaphrodites can self-fertilize, but most mate with another member of the same species * also exist in fish species. * are able to change sex as needed. * are animals that have both female and male reproductive organs - whose individuals produce both sperm and egg cells - both girls and guys - caused by stress, plants feel stress too - creatures who are both male and female simultaneously - female animals that make both sperm and oocytes - humans - organisms that have both male and female reproductive organs - persons born with both a female vagina, and a penis - transgenders born with both a penis and vagina * carry out self-fertilization, or, preferentially, are fertilized by males. * give rise to both kinds of germ-cells. * have two ovaries , oviducts , spermatheca , and a single uterus. * produce both male and female gametes - oocytes and sperm and can reproduce by self-fertilization * usually mate with each other, but self-fertilization can occur. + Sex, Sex determination: Biological reproduction * Hermaphrodites produce both male and female gametes. This system can be found in some animals, for example snails, and in most flowering plants. ### person \| sensualist \| bisexual person \| hermaphrodite: Protogynous hermaphrodite * are most often haremic fish. * have populations in which every individual starts out life as a female. True hermaphrodite * Many true hermaphrodites are female in external appearance. * are rare and have combinations of both male and female gonads and genitalia. * have both testicular and ovarian tissues in their gonads. ### person \| sensualist \| foodie: Raw foodie * report increased longevity and reproductive capacity in their dogs. * say cooking destroys nutrients. Hedonist * are located in beachs - people * differ as to the type of pleasure they regard as the good. * hold that one ought to pursue only pleasure or happiness for oneself and others. * tend to think that pleasure and happiness are the same thing. ### person \| sensualist \| pleasure seeker: Playboy * are hedonists - magazines * pleasure seeker Several individual * exhibit behavior. * experience lower temperature * feed on animals. * hold offices.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Shrew * All shrews are comparatively small, most no larger than a mouse - small, with dense, velvety fur, long tails, and tiny eyes and ears - have a long snout, which gives their head a triangular shape when seen from above * Many shrews starve to death during the winter. * Most shrews are a rather drab gray or gray-brown - active all year and by day and night, with regular periods of rest - less than half the size of adult mice - smaller than the average mouse and only weigh a few ounces - terrestrial animals - cause damage - eat prey - enter water - feed on insects * Most shrews have brown fur - claws - dark-brown fur, though some tend toward yellow, reddish, or gray - distribution - feet - fluffy tails - kidney weight - senses - identify mates * Most shrews live in habitats - on or under the ground, searching through the vegetation for food - look for mates * Most shrews lose body heat * Most shrews possess powerful scent glands * Most shrews produce sound - ultrasonic sound * Most shrews reach maturity - sexual maturity * Most shrews vary in color * Some shrews are aquatic - bitten by tarantulas - can echolocate - carry diseases - consume small animals - develop life * Some shrews eat animals - beetles - caterpillars - grasshoppers - enter ranges * Some shrews exhibit skeletal characteristics - territorial behavior - feed on earthworms - generate heat * Some shrews have arch brows - digestive tracts - digits - eyesights - faint rings - fringes - long snouts - poison * Some shrews have poor eyesights - vision - short digestive tracts - keep in cages * Some shrews live for months - in gardens - produce venom - rely on milk - require protection - share common ancestry - use pitch * are Maine's smallest mammals - Washington's smallest mammals - a nuisance when living near houses and other dwellings * are active day and night, but mostly after dark - in bouts throughout the day, both summer and winter - also very smart animals - always hungry - among the smallest mammals on Earth - blackish or brownish in color with a pale belly - chiefly terrestrial, living among ground litter - extremely nervous animal - fiercely territorial, driving off rivals, and only coming together to mate - fossorial, i.e., they burrow, dig, and forage in the leaf litter of wooded areas * are found all over the world - only in the northwestern portion of South America - generally solitary except when they pair off during the breeding season * are good burrowers and swimmers - highly territorial animals and only socialise with one another in the mating season - insectivores - more closely related to the mole and weasel - our smallest mammals - preyed on by owls, snakes, and Pacific giant salamanders - rodents - short-legged and have a long pointed nose with long whiskers - short-lived - small highly active mouselike mammals * are small mammals with cylindrical bodies, short and slender limbs, and clawed digits - short legs, relatively long tail, small ears and small eyes - small, short-legged, mouselike animals with long, pointed noses - the most common mammals caught in discarded bottles and drink cans - tiny, nondescript mammals, and all look very similar in external appearance - unusual among mammals in a number of respects * are very active and consume large amounts of food for their size - active, solitary, surface dwellers * are very small and very aggressive mammals - mammals which spend most of their lives underground * become a residential pest when they migrate indoors. * belong to an entirely different order from rodents like mice. * bite prey. * can eat their own body weight in earthworms, insects, nuts, and mice on a daily basis - enter homes through a hole the size of a dime * communicate with one another by shrill high pitched squeaks. * eat insects and feed owls, hawks and snakes - insects, spiders and other small invertebrates - insectsand other protein sources - seeds * exist in practically all terrestrial habitats, from montane or boreal regions to arid areas. * feed manily on insects, worms, and other small animals. * feed on insects, and usually eat three times their body weight in food each day - primarily on invertebrates like earthworms, slugs, grubs, snails and insects * find food by burrowing through loose soil or grass, leaves, and other material above ground. * form an important part of their winter diet. * generally are nocturnal and diurnal, timing activity to prey activity patterns - live above ground and build burrows for shelter and sleeping * have a a toxin in their salivary glands that enable it to subdue larger prey than themselves - foul odour caused by scent glands on the flanks as well as other parts of the body - good sense of smell and hearing, but their eyesight is poor - very short life span and high reproductive rate - extremely rapid metabolic rates - musk glands that give off a strong odor, especially when handled - poor eyesight , but use their excellent sense of smell and good hearing to locate food - short, dense fur, clawed feet, a long snout, sharp teeth, and big ears * have small eyes because they live underground - home ranges that cover less than a city block * have the highest metabolism of any mammal in North America * hunt grasshoppers. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * leave behind pyramid shaped mounds of feces and have a very distinct smell. * live everywhere but the southern half of South America , Australia , and Antarctica. * live in all continents except Australia and Antarctica * often live in the same area as voles. * possess glands * prefer moist, well-vegetated habitats. * probably mature, breed and die on an annual turnover basis. * raise several litters each year. * resemble shrews. * sometimes conflict with humans, however - stay beneath the snowpack for a long time * usually inhabit moist areas. - widely in habitat preferences throughout North America * weigh grams.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| shrew: Desert shrew * Most desert shrews eat prey - feed on insects * Most desert shrews have eyes * Some desert shrews develop life.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| shrew: Elephant shrew * All elephant shrews are semi-digitigrade. * Most elephant shrews have feet. * Most elephant shrews vary in color - size * Some elephant shrews have faint rings - share common ancestry * are diurnal and sleep at night in nests on the forest floor - insectivorous and do most of their foraging at night - mammals - more like their mammoth cousins than shrews - small mammals that have a long nose and feed on insects - terrestrial and are active during the day - very active animals and are always out hunting for food during the day * eat crickets. * make a variety of sounds. + Elephant shrew, Description * Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day. Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles. Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young. Least shrew * are active at all hours, but mainly at night - common, nocturnal and warm-blooded * have an extremely high metabolic rate. * rely mainly on their senses of touch and smell.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| shrew: Pygmy shrew * Most pygmy shrews have distribution - tails - live in habitats * Most pygmy shrews reach maturity - sexual maturity * Some pygmy shrews have ranges - size - keep in cages - starve to death * are distributed throughout the boreal areas of North America - found in the northern forests of North America * are good at digging in soft, soil and leaf litter - climbers, and have been found in bird nest boxes, making use of an old nest * make sharp squeaks, low purrs, and high-pitched whistling sounds. * spend about half of their time on the ground surface in comparison to underground. Smoky shrew * appear to be social animals, with populations fluctuating from year to year. * resemble shrews. Tiny shrew * Some tiny shrews have ranges. * devour the insects, and frogs catch insects as they fly by. Virago * Some viragos have wings. * have shocks. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles Single individual * Most single individuals reach skeletal maturity. * reach maturity Single person * Every single person has a skeleton made up of many bones - capacities, abilities and gifts - feelings of shyness in one area of life or another - is created in order to perfect a particular aspect of the world * Single people become experts - consume high protein diets * Single people have different ideas - know answers - suffer from symptoms<\|endoftext\|>### person: Slave * Most slaves sleep with animals, in quarters separate from their master's house - work in agriculture * Some slaves enjoy diets. * Some slaves live on farms - large farms * Some slaves raise families - large families - run households * Some slaves work in fields - industries * always speak in the third person. * appear in age groupings by name of owner. * are located in dungeons - history books - plantations - poor countries - servers - souths - often deeds of gift - people who work for no money and have no choice - property - to be inherited forever in the Bible * are used for hard work - labor - working - workers * can have, earn, and save money. * give birth to slaves. * have tasks. - cells - material bodies - sections ### person \| slave: Modern slave * Many modern slaves are, for example, debt slaves and bonded laborers. * live in worse conditions than when the practice was lawful.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Sleeper * are achievers - coins that are undervalued in terms of their relative rarity - furniture - hits - powerless as they lie unconscious and helpless - saboteurs - serpent people who have hibernated for thousands of years and are just awakening now - spies - terrorists * lower their metabolic rate, thereby conserving energy. * work by pressure on the carotid artery, which shuts off the blood supply to the brain.<\|endoftext\|>### person \| sleeper: Dreamer * Most dreamers wake themselves up once they realize that they are only dreaming. * are serpent people who escaped long ago to the Dreamlands - sleepers * are the architects of greatness - only people who seem genuinely content * become immobilized and brain activity is the same as it is during waking hours. * belong in mathematics. * blossom when they are around people who encourage their dreaming. * can dream, wishers can wish as long as they are living. * develop large cities, construct nations, and write constitutions. * never sleep. * require tools to make their dreams come true. Sleepwalker * Most sleepwalkers have no memory of sleepwalking - their sleepwalking * are clearly capable of quite complex tasks - sleepers - usually unaware of their activity * can have conversations, albeit disjointed ones. * don t appear to be sleeping but are deep in a sleep state. * usually appear to be awake, but stare blankly ahead with eyes wide open - remember little to nothing Smasher * are the ones that have the reputation for being able to crack glass. * eat hard-shelled prey including clams, crabs and snails. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * is success	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Smoker * Every smoker knows the multiple health dangers associated with smoking. * Many Smokers believe they continue to smoke because of their self-destructive attitude. * Many smokers become depressed, or more depressed, after they stop smoking - ill or die from the effects of tobacco - blame their littering behaviour on a lack of well placed bins for cigarette butts * Many smokers develop a chronic hacking cough, which can lead to emphysema and bronchitis - circulatory problems, are short of breath, and have low energy levels * Many smokers feel conflicted about the role smoking plays in their lives - that prohibiting smoking in dorm rooms is an infringement on their rights - have less physical endurance than nonsmokers, mainly due to decreased lung function - light up when drinking alcohol or eating particular foods - lose wages from work days lost from smoking-related illnesses * Many smokers report a sense of relaxation when they smoke a cigarette - having problems sleeping after they stop smoking - that they enjoy the taste, smell and feel of cigarettes - say that smoking after a meal is relaxing * Many smokers say they are worried that they'll gain weight if they stop smoking - enjoy smoking - select different shapes for different times of the day * Many smokers tend to deceive themselves about the actual number of cigarettes they smoke each day - use smoking in controlling their moods * Many smokers use cigarettes as a crutch or stress reliever - reward when they finish an unpleasant task - worry about weight gain if they stop smoking * Most smokers admit they're addicted. * Most smokers are aware of the consequences of smoking - convinced smoking is essential in performing many normal daily activities - drug addicts - fearful of being able to handle some situations without a cigarette * Most smokers begin smoking during their teenage years - the deadly tobacco habit as kids * Most smokers develop respiratory problems - same respiratory problems * Most smokers die of cancer - lung cancer - get cigarettes - go through five states of quitting * Most smokers have a cough, so change is important - health outcomes - little difficulty refraining from smoking for an hour or two - proteins - their own smoking habits, often tied to certain moods, events or places - waists - initiate tobacco use as children * Most smokers know that cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use are harmful - nicotine is the force behind their addiction - live in developing countries * Most smokers possess incredible physical strength - say they began smoking as teenagers * Most smokers smoke cigarettes - more when they are upset or bothered - on a daily basis * Most smokers start as teenagers, and by the time they're old enough to know better, it's too late - teens - at early age thus developing a substance dependence - early in life - in their teens - young - take up smoking in their school years - tend to gain a little weight when they quit smoking - try to quit at least five or six times before they succeed, researchers say - use tobacco regularly because they are addicted to nicotine * Some smokers are more dependent on nicotine than others - assume that chewing tobacco safe alternative to cigarettes - benefit from medications that decrease depression or anxiety - buy pipes rather than cigarettes - can achieve long-term smoking cessation through willpower alone - consume cigarettes - die from smoke * Some smokers have a built-in temperature indicator - babies - excretion - few or no withdrawal symptoms - high risks of injury * Some smokers increase growth - population growth - primarily have emphysema and some primarily have chronic bronchitis - refuse to quit smoking because they're afraid that they'll gain weight - report that smoking produces relaxation * Some smokers say nicotine reduces their appetite, so they eat less - they smoke because they are nervous - turn to food during the quitting process * Some smokers use their cigarettes to deal with anger or embarrassment or loneliness - tobacco to combat depression * account for most lung cancer deaths. * actually develop an increased number of nicotine receptors in the brain. * also are more likely to die early - breathe in nicotine - expose themselves to nicotine found in cigarettes - get wrinkles at an earlier age * also have a higher frequency of respiratory illnesses than nonsmokers do - incidence of hand contraction and nerve problems - rate of cardiovascular and respiratory disease - risk of several other forms of cancer - higher intakes of fats, increasing their risk of heart disease - more pain than nonsmokers - three times more cavities than nonsmokers - learn that regular smoking prevents abstinence symptoms from developing - pay taxes with each pack of cigarettes they buy - report smoking less when they smoke a combination of the new and existing cigarettes - run an increased risk of developing refractory periodontitis - tend to get colds and other respiratory tract infections more often than nonsmokers * also tend to have a shorter menstrual cycle than non-smokers - thinner build and reach menopause earlier - earlier menopause - more problems with heartburn - heal more slowly when they do have back injuries due to decreased oxygen flow * always bear the costs of their consumption choices. * appear to have different dietary habits and health behaviour. * are also at increased risk of gum disease and tooth loss * are also more at risk of fractures as their bone mineral density is lower than non-smokers - likely than non-smokers to suffer from stomach ulcers * are also more likely to develop periodontal disease that non-smokers - die quickly and suddenly than nonsmokers * are also more likely to experience ectopic pregnancy - premature facial wrinkling and other skin problems - give birth to babies with health problems - somewhat less critical of tobacco companies - are also more likely to die from their heart attack - as much victims as people making free choices * are at a greater risk for lung cancer due to exposure to radon than are nonsmokers - of developing macular degeneration than nonsmokers - an even higher risk of developing radon-induced lung cancer * are at greater risk if they also live in homes which have high radon levels - of significant medical problems than non-smokers - higher risk for hip fracture, and smokers' bones heal more slowly * are at higher risk of developing asbestos induced lung cancer - asbestos-induced lung cancer - radon induced lung cancer - increased risk as their skin has a less abundant blood supply - much greater risk from radon in air than nonsmokers * are at risk for many diseases and unpleasant situations - significant bronchitis and pneumonia - aware that their addiction is bad - capable of smoke - close to eight times more likely to suffer an aortic aneurysm than non-smokers - consumers - especially at risk for cancer * are even more at risk when inhaling asbestos fibers - likely to develop hearing loss and problems with eyesight * are far more likely to develop serious diseases, like lung cancer, than non-smokers - serious diseases, like lung cancer, than nonsmokers - five times more likely to have periodontal disease than non-smokers - four times more likely to have gum disease than nonsmokers are - likely to exhibit a variety of symptoms that reveal the damage caused by smoking - litterbugs - located in bus stops - more likely than most individuals to have a Vitamin C deficiency * are more likely than nonsmokers to contract heart disease - experience tooth decay and gum disease - have menopausal symptoms * are more likely to become diabetic - develop macular degeneration than are nonsmokers - experience early disability from the workplace * are more likely to get diseases like cancer and heart failure than non-smokers - oral infections than non-smokers * are more likely to have fertility problems than nonsmokers - insomnia than non-smokers - problems with backache, tooth decay and high blood pressure - smaller babies * are more likely to suffer broken bones, cervical cancer, and heart disease - from periodontal disease - heart disease and chronic bronchitis - hypoxia symptoms at lower altitudes than non-smokers * are more prone to sinusitis - upper respiratory infections - much more likely to suffer oral cancer than non smokers - often short on energy and get out of breath quickly - particularly at risk of chemical inhalation or ingestion - passenger cars - responsible for disposing of their cigarette ashes and butts appropriately - sick more often than others, and often have colds, coughs or asthma - smoking cigarettes * are ten times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers - die from lung cancer than nonsmokers - the only people that have tasted the cyanide * are twice as likely as non-smokers to snore because their airways get inflamed and blocked - nonsmokers to develop cervical cancer * are twice as likely to develop cataracts as nonsmokers - get ulcers as nonsmokers - have a heart attack as a non-smoker - lose teeth as nonsmokers - two to three times more likely to develop bladder cancer than non-smokers * bite on the gum when they feel a craving for a cigarette. * break down vitamin C twice as fast as nonsmokers. * breathe in poisons that make their lungs unhealthy. * call in sick about two more days a year than non-smokers. * can become physically and psychologically dependent - cut their heart attack risk in half by giving up nicotine - experience colds of longer duration, increased severity, and with more complications - lower their risk by stopping three weeks before surgery and three weeks after - markedly reduce their risk of cancer by quitting - smoke elsewhere and believers can act out their beliefs in their own homes and churches - stave off cravings for nicotine by wearing a series of patches over a period of weeks - transmit tobacco mosaic virus from a cigarette to tomato plants * carry double the risk of a stroke. * chew gum laced with nicotine to replace the substance found in cigarettes. * closely associate it with finishing a meal, driving a car or having a drink. * come to enjoy the smoking behavior and are used to lighting up in certain situations. * commit crime disproportionately. * complain about taste. * contribute to a large part of our forest fires. * cough more, get more chest infections and shortness of breath. * create chimneys as material precipitates when the plume is cooled. * desire smoke. * develop black lungs because airborne particulates accumulate in lungs - bladder cancer two to three times more often than do nonsmokers - problems with smaller exposures to carbon monoxide * develop same problems - tolerance to the effects of tobacco * die an average of six to eight years earlier than nonsmokers - earlier than non-smokers - four times more often from ruptured aneurysms than nonsmokers - from ruptured aneurysms four times more often than nonsmokers * die of heart disease, cancer and emphysema - stroke, cancer and emphysema - prematurely and the cost of smoking-related disease is monumental - younger on average than non smokers * drink black tea - more beer than non-smokers * enjoy blowing smoke in others' faces. * enter menopause earlier than non-smokers. * exhibit gender differences in the way they gather outside buildings to smoke... * experience more bouts of acute bronchitis and have a higher incidence of acute pneumonias - mortality * generally exhibit significantly higher cadmium body burdens than non-smokers - have lower bone density than non-smokers, so have a much higher risk of fractures - colds and respiratory infections easier * get tired and short of breath more easily than non-smokers of the same age - more easily than nonsmokers the same age - ulcers more often than nonsmokers * go through more cigarettes a day to compensate for lower nicotine levels. * have a fivefold increased risk for cancer of the larynx , oral cavity, and esophagus - greater number of neutrophils and macrophages in their alveoli * have a greater risk of death or disability at a younger age due to cancer and heart disease - getting lung cancer than people exposed to radon - skin loss and wound healing complications - greatly increased risk from asbestos fibers * have a higher incidence of stomach and duodenum ulcers - the tissue dying off - nickel uptake through their lungs - rate of vertebral fractures than nonsmokers * have a higher risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and neonatal death - than non-smokers of developing bladder cancer - lower diet quality than nonsmokers overall - much greater risk of developing oral cancer than nonsmokers - right to breathe the foul air that comes from the end of a cigarette - significantly increased risk of early heart attack - two-fold higher risk of heart disease - about twice as much cadmium in their bodies as do nonsmokers - almost double the risk of ischemic stroke - ambitions * have an increased risk for developing cataracts - urothelial malignancies * have at least a ten-fold increased risk of lung cancer - twice the risk of disability from heart disease and stroke as nonsmokers - difficulty falling asleep, and also staying asleep - double the risk of a heart attack than non-smokers - eight times the risk from radon as non smokers - excesses of injuries * have higher breast cancer death risk - incidences of coronary disease, cancer, and other catastrophic illnesses - levels of periodontal pathogenic bacteria than nonsmokers - rates of deadly pancreatic cancer * have less antioxidants in their blood than nonsmokers - lung capacity - lower beta-carotene levels in plasma and oral mucosal cells than nonsmokers * have more back pain than non-smokers, and heal slower - cervical cancer and toxins have also been found in cervical cancer cells - cold and flu then non-smokers and find it harder to recover from minor illnesses - peptic ulcers and their ulcers respond poorly to treatment - wrinkles and their skin tends to have a greyish pallor compared to non-smokers - reasons to stop smoking, but they find it is very difficult to quit cold turkey - significantly higher risk for developing lung cancer - symptoms such as frequent coughing , chest pain , and breathlessness - ten times the risk of developing diseases as non-smokers - the misconception that quitting smoking with medication sign of weakness * have twice as many job related injuries as nonsmokers - much cadmium in their bodies compared to nonsmokers * have twice the accident rate of non-smokers - breath ethane as non-smokers - death rate as nonsmoker * have twice the risk for heart attack as nonsmokers - of a heart attack than a nonsmoker * have twice the risk of dying of heart attack as do nonsmokers - of heart attacks as non-smokers do * have two to four times the risk of nonsmokers - ten times the risk for heart attacks for several reasons * impose costs on society in the form of higher health-care costs. * includes arms - cell membranes - heads - legs - personality * increase the risk of heart disease by a factor of four. * influence others to smoke. * inhale more because arsenic is one of many hundreds of chemicals present in cigarette smoke. * know how to enjoy life more than non-smokers - the risks of their habit when they start * know what the bad things smoking does to their health and their social life - they are getting themselves into when they start smoking * leave rooms. * lose calcium, too. * lose their teeth at a rate three times greater than nonsmokers - three tunes greater than nonsmokers - zip to their immune system and catch more colds than non-smokers * may have problems * may have same problems * need enough nicotine * often begin menopause earlier than non-smokers - lose their interest in smoking - notice symptoms of menopause two to three years earlier than nonsmokers - try to quit more than once before they succeed - undergo exercise stress tests because they are more likely to have heart disease * quit because they feel good about themselves and want to feel even better. * receive decreasing doses of nicotine from a patch that adheres to the body. * remove caffeine from their blood twice as fast as nonsmokers. * report that a doctor's guidance is an effective aid to quitting smoking. * require a liquid to create the moist, hot smoke needed for cooking. * risk health problems - vision loss in twilight years * routinely report that their senses of taste and smell improves dramatically after they quit. * run a high risk because of nicotine's constrictive affect on the blood vessels - ten times the risk of death from lung cancer that nonsmokers do - three times the risk of sudden death compared with non-smokers * save money and also time. * seem to have a low level of tolerance in terms of anxiety and frustration. * smoke cigarettes because they are smokers * sometimes believe they contribute to the economy by supporting the huge tobacco industry - enter menopause at a younger age - procrastinate efforts to quit due to fears of weight gain * spend more than that on cigarettes. * subject their families to secondhand smoke. * suffer from more gum disease than non-smokers - poor night vision due to a poisoning of their bloodstream with carbon monoxide * support the economy by paying all that tax. * take longer to fall asleep and wake up more often during the night. * take longer to fall asleep, awaken more often and experience disrupted, fragmented sleep - more often and spend less time in deep sleep * tend to be from lower income groups - older than nonsmokers, for example - sick more than non-smokers - become disabled and retire early six times more than non-smokers - die younger, thereby generating lower total health care bills * tend to eat fattier foods, drink more alcohol, use more illegal drugs , and exercise less - poorer quality diets, drink more, get less exercise, etc - experience higher mortality than do non-smokers * tend to have earlier menopause, leading to lower estrogen levels in later life - high health care costs during their lifetimes - that distinctive odor that lingers in their clothes and their hair - reach menopause at an earlier age than nonsmokers - take larger drags on cigarettes than machines * to engage in behavior - other unhealthy behavior * use bongs and pipes or sprinkle powdered meth in hand-rolled cigarettes - tobacco to fill many different needs * usually die years earlier than nonsmokers. * vary tremendously in heat output and air circulation. * wake more during the night and have more trouble falling back to sleep than non-smokers. + Cigarette, Dangers: Smoking	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| smoker: Black smoker * absorb more nicotine. * are chimney-like structures created by underwater geysers - volcanic chimneys protruding from the Earth's oceanic crust * exist in an even blacker world. * have a relatively high incidence of lung cancer. * look like miniature volcanoes in a constant state of eruption. * suffer from a higher incidence of smoking-related illnesses than white smokers. Female smoker * are three times as likely to have moderate to severe wrinkling as nonsmokers. * enter menopause an average of five years earlier than nonsmokers. * have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. * increase their risk for chronic health problems and early death. * seem to show greater psychological reactivity to smoking than do male smokers. Few smoker * begin after adolescence. * know their own cigarettes have filter vents. Former smoker * can completely lower their risk of sudden cardiac death within ten years of quitting. * carry a lifelong increased risk for lung cancer. * have a somewhat reduced incidence of bladder cancer compared to active smokers - health outcomes * live longer and healthier than their smoking counterparts. Frequent marijuana smoker * develop problems - respiratory problems * develop same problems<\|endoftext\|>### person \| smoker: Heavy smoker * Most heavy smokers have some chronic bronchiolitis and respiratory bronchiolitis - smoke cigarettes - use tea to alleviate harm * are more likely to develop stress even though most claim they smoke to relax - feel tired after quitting - prone to developing ulcers, and have greater trouble getting ulcers to heal - two to four times more likely to have a heart attack than nonsmokers * can run like the wind yet never get tired or out of breath. * experience feelings of hunger more often after quitting than lighter smokers. * generate large amounts of beta activity and very little alpha activity. Male smoker * are at higher risk of developing cancer of the penis - least two times more likely to be completely impotent than non-smokers * have a higher incidence of impotence due to vascular problems in the pelvic area - fewer healthy shaped sperm than non-smokers * suffer decreased sperm count and have a more difficult time maintaining erections. * tend to be loners, females tend to gather in social groups. Marijuana smoker * develop same problems * may have problems - respiratory problems * may have same problems Pregnant smoker * Some pregnant smokers have babies. * are more likely to have low birth weight babies and complications during birth. * have higher rates of miscarriage and premature babies. * have higher rates of miscarriage, still births and babies who are born too soon - stillbirths, and babies who are born early * transfer potent carcinogen. Regular smoker * Most regular smokers start in their teens. * connect smoking with hundreds of activities during the day. * have waists. Tobacco smoker * are in a chronic state of nervous stimulation. * develop a craving for nicotine. * gain weight after quitting smoking with women usually gaining more weight than men. Young smoker * are more likely to use other drugs. * consume nearly one billion packs of cigarettes a year. Sniffer * Use hardware encryption. * also have different methods of logging. * are a device used by computer criminals to learn passwords - devices that capture network packets - people - programs that monitor traffic on the Internet - software tools that read all computer traffic * is one of the main causes of mass break-ins on the Internet today. * monitor the data traveling over a network. * represent a high level of risk. Solitary individual * Some solitary individuals live in tubes - vertical tubes * are responsible for producing the long aggregate chains by asexual budding.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person: Son * Most sons celebrate baby boy birthdays - die from natural causes - get mothers - grow into men - have growth hormones * Some sons are diagnosed with genetic conditions - rare genetic conditions - have food allergies - kill parents * are more highly valued than daughters because they stay with the family in which they are born. * ask fathers - moms * assume roles. * attend public schools * become suspicion - the only way for women to assert their status and provide for their old age * deal with infection. * die from causes * drink milk. * eat food - plant food * enjoy breakfasts. * enter armies. * explore scenes. * follow examples. * get ages - arms - out of cars * go to schools. * have arms - beginnings, but that which is eternal never had a beginning - expectancy - grandchildren - identities - jobs - life expectancy * have many problems - normal life expectancy - own identities * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - cells - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - legs - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * know ideas * learn about butterflies. * leave homes. * live at homes. * lose possessions - precious possessions * love fathers. * move from places. * open mouths. * play games. * point out odor. * pursue careers. * raise issues. * reach adulthood * require assistance - medical assistance * see dads. * start grades - own life * survive years. * take actions - up residences * to go to courts. * use bathrooms - cellular phones * watch computer games * weigh pounds. ### person \| son: Old son * Some old sons die in accidents - automobile accidents * Some old sons have albinism - growth hormone deficiencies - pinworms * Some old sons suffer from cystic fibrosis * have problems. Sovereign * are heads of state - rulers * chief of state * have separate secretaries and often have separate itineraries. - human bodies - material bodies - necks - sections - vacuoles<\|endoftext\|>### person: Speaker * are chairpersons - components that receive the boosted signal from the amplifiers and convert it to sound * are located in concerts - conferences - demonstrations - desktops - headphones - shelfs - made by placing a one layer coil of wire, wound onto a tube, into a magnetic field - one of the most important parts of any sound system - part of stereos - products - transducers * convert electrical energy into sound waves - electromagnetic energy - mechanical energy * find examples. * give explanations. * have conditions - excellent presentation - grandpas * includes arms - personality * leave positions. * play music. * take digital input * use ceramic magnets - large magnets * will have power. + Computer speaker: Computer hardware :: Audio technology * Computer speakers' are speakers external to a computer. Speakers contain amplifiers which vibrate to produce the sound. They come in many different forms. Some speakers are already attached to a computer. Some speakers are wireless. They work by Bluetooth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### person \| speaker: Dictator * Most dictators are selfish and rule over the people just for power - determine social choices - have growth habits - make decisions * Some dictators have early growth. * are bands - by nature unpopular in democracies - fond of using nationalism to suppress peasants - part of dictatorships - usually morally blind and impervious to love, humility and humanity * believe that public order is more important than the rule of law. * come to offices. * control the ruling class by rewarding loyalty. * desire power. * determine choices * have advantage - coercive powers - cells - plasma membranes * rule countries. * use a controlled press to silence opposition and to feed lies to their citizens. * usually suppress human rights. + Dictatorship: Forms of government * A dictatorship that is ruled by soldiers is called a military dictatorship or junta. A dictatorship is usually not liked by the people, because most don't like to be dictated around. Most dictators are selfish and rule over the people just for power. English speaker * rely as much on rhythm to identify words as on the consonant and vowel sounds. + Uyghur language: Languages of China :: Turkic languages * English, the name of the ethnicity and its language is spelled variously as 'Uyghur', 'Uighur', 'Uygur' and 'Uigur', with the preferred spelling being 'Uyghur'. Many English speakers pronounce it as , though the native pronunciation is. Narrator * advance knowledge. * are speakers. * describe events - realm - situations - wonderful sound * explain situations. * have mothers. * includes arms - body substances - cell membranes - corpi - cytoplasm - heads - human bodies - legs - material bodies - necks - nuclei - personality - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * play roles. * write stories. Professional speaker * Many professional speakers use physical activity to release stress right before a speech. * are the pro athletes of the business world. ### person \| speaker \| questioner: Pollster * are skilled workers. * hold a variety of responsibilities in the realm of politics. * still measure public opinion by telephone. Storyteller * Some storytellers tell stories from their own imagination. * are deaf to one another - liars - the oceans that hold the lands together - tribal elders passing on the stories and legends of the tribe to the children * can be people, animals or even made-up creatures - motivate and encourage others by sharing their successes and experiences * pass on their cultures' traditions by telling the stories of the past. * play with time and space. Subwoofer * Most subwoofers produce an inordinate amount of heat as a byproduct of operation. * are components - loudspeakers - part of speaker systems Tester * analyze customer requirements * are canopies - body substances - cells - cytoplasm - material bodies - nuclei - vacuoles * investigate habits - spawn habits * suggest ideas. * work in control environments Tweeter * are located in speakers - much smaller units, designed to produce the highest frequencies * specialize in producing high frequencies.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }

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